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+{"id": "24959", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24959", "title": "Good Friday", "text": "Good Friday is a religious holiday usually observed by Christians. It is also called Holy Friday, Black Friday, or Great Friday. It is observed to remember the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, his death, and his rising from the dead. The holiday is often at the same time as the Jewish holiday of Passover.\nThe estimated year of Good Friday is AD 33, by two different groups, and at first as AD 34 by Isaac Newton by the differences between the Biblical and Julian calendars.\nBiblical account.\nAccording to the Gospels, Jesus was arrested in the Garden of Gethsemane by the Temple Guards. This was done through the help of his disciple Judas Iscariot. Judas received money (30 pieces of silver) () for betraying Jesus. He had told the guards that whomever he kisses was the one they were to arrest. Jesus was brought to the house of Annas. Annas was the father-in-law of the high priest at that time, Caiaphas. There he was questioned. However, it was with little result. Tied up, he was sent to Caiaphas the high priest, where the Sanhedrin had come together ().\nLots of people came and said conflicting things about Jesus to make him look bad. As he heard these, Jesus said nothing. At last, the high priest tells Jesus, \"I adjure you, by the Living God, to tell us, are you the Anointed One, the Son of God?\" Jesus said yes: \"You have said it, and in time you will see the Son of Man seated at the right hand of the Almighty, coming on the clouds of Heaven.\" The high priest ripped his clothes, crying out that Jesus had blasphemed God. The trial ended with a sentence of death (). While they were questioning Jesus, Peter was waiting in the courtyard. He also said that he did not know Jesus three times to people standing by. According to the Bible, Jesus already knew that Peter would say this.\nIn the morning, the people brought Jesus to the Roman governor Pontius Pilate. They said he was troubling the nation. They also said he tried to stop people from paying taxes to Caesar, and wanted to make himself a king (). Pilate questioned Jesus. He told the people that Jesus had nothing to be sentenced for. When he learned that Jesus was from Galilee, Pilate said that Jesus should be judged by the ruler of Galilee, King Herod. At that time, Herod was in Jerusalem for the Passover Feast. Herod questioned Jesus, but Jesus did not answer. Herod sent Jesus back to Pilate. Pilate told the people that neither he nor Herod have found Jesus guilty. Pilate wished to have Jesus whipped, then let him go ().\nIt was a custom during the feast of Passover for the Romans to let one prisoner go free as requested by the Jews. Pilate asked the crowd whom they would like to go free. The crowd asked for Barabbas, another prisoner. He had gone to prison for murdering people. Pilate asked what they would have him do with Jesus. At this, and they demanded, \"Crucify him!\" (). Pilate's wife warned Pilate to \"have nothing to do with this righteous man\" (). She had had a dream about him earlier that day.\nPilate had Jesus whipped, then tried to let him go. The chief priests demanded that Jesus be sentenced to death \"because he claimed to be God's son.\" This filled Pilate with fear. He brought Jesus back inside the palace and demanded to know from where he came ().\nComing before the crowd one last time, Pilate declared Jesus innocent. He washed his own hands in water to show he has no part in this. However, Pilate handed Jesus over to be crucified so that the crowd would not get angry () and that he could keep his job.\nJesus carried his cross to \"A Place of the Skull\", or \"Golgotha\" in Hebrew. In Latin it is called \"Calvary\". There he was crucified with two criminals ().\nJesus is hung on the cross for six hours in extreme pain. During his last 3 hours on the cross there is darkness over the whole land (; ; ). At last, Jesus cried, \"It is finished\". He then \"gave up his spirit\". There is an earthquake. Tombs break open, and the curtain in the Temple is torn from top to bottom. The centurion on guard at the crucifixion declares, \"Truly this was God's Son!\" () \nJoseph of Arimathea, a member of the Sanhedrin and secret follower of Jesus, who had not said yes to his death, went to Pilate. He asked for the body of Jesus (). Another secret follower of Jesus and member of the Sanhedrin named Nicodemus brought a mix of spices and helped wrap the body of Christ (). Pilate asked the centurion to make sure that Jesus is dead (). A soldier pierced the side of Jesus, causing blood and water to flow out (). At this, the centurion told Pilate that Jesus was dead ().\nJoseph of Arimathea took the body of Jesus, wrapped it in a clean linen shroud, and placed it in his own new tomb that had been carved in the rock (). The tomb was in a garden. Nicodemus () also came bringing 75 pounds of myrrh and aloes, and placed them in the linen with the body of Jesus, according to Jewish burial customs (). They rolled a large rock over the entrance of the tomb (). Then they went back home and rested, because at sunset began Shabbat (). According to the Bible, on the third day, Sunday, which is now known as Easter Sunday (or \"Pascha\"), Jesus rose from the dead.\nCelebration.\nSpecial prayer services are usually held on this day with readings from the Gospel accounts of the events leading up to the crucifixion. Major Christian churches say that Christ's crucifixion was a voluntary act that he did for everyone who believed in him. It is also said that his crucifixion and resurrection on the third day caused death itself to be crushed."}
+{"id": "24960", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24960", "title": "Archaea", "text": "The Archaea (or \"Archea\") are a group of single-celled organisms. The name comes from Greek \u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03b1, \"old ones\". They are a major division of living organisms.\nArchaea are tiny, simple organisms. They were originally discovered in extreme environments (extremophiles), but are now thought to be common to more average conditions. Many can survive at very high (over 80\u00a0\u00b0f) or very low temperatures, or highly salty, acidic or alkaline water. Some have been found in geysers, black smokers, oil wells, and hot vents in the deep ocean. Recent research has found ammonia-eating archaea in soil and seawater.\nIn the past they had been classed with bacteria as prokaryotes (or Kingdom Monera) and named archaebacteria, but this is a mistake. The Archaea have an independent evolutionary history and show many differences in their biochemistry from other forms of life. They are now classified as a separate domain in the three-domain system. In this system, the three distinct branches of evolutionary descent are the Archaea, Bacteria and Eukaryota.\nArchaea are, like bacteria, prokaryotes: single-celled organisms that do not have nuclei and cell organelles of the eukaryote type.\nComparison to other domains.\nThe following table compares some major characteristics of the three domains, to illustrate their similarities and differences. Many of these characteristics are also discussed below.\nInteresting facts about archaea:"}
+{"id": "24963", "revid": "1548156", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24963", "title": "Jared Diamond", "text": "Jared Mason Diamond (September 10, 1937 \u2013 ) was an American author and biologist. His book \"Guns, Germs, and Steel\" won a Pulitzer Prize in 1997.\nLife.\nDiamond was born in Boston, Massachusetts. His father was a doctor and his mother was a teacher. He received his college degree from Harvard University in 1958, and then he received a doctorate degree from the University of Cambridge in 1961.\nIn 1966, he became a teacher at UCLA, a university in Los Angeles, California. He has also traveled to some islands called New Guinea, which are far away from the United States, in the South Pacific Ocean. Diamond is famous for knowing a lot about the birds that lived on that island, and he has traveled there many times.\nWriting.\nDiamond writes about science in ways that people can understand, and he has written many articles for magazines like \"Discover\" in the United States.\nHe also writes books. One of his first books was called \"The Third Chimpanzee\", which talked about the way that people evolved from monkeys, and how many things are the same between humans and monkeys.\nHis most famous book is \"Guns, Germs, and Steel\". In his book, Diamond explained why he thought that different parts of the Earth had people on them at different times, and why some people in some parts of the world had more science or farming than people in other parts of the world. The book went over thousands of years of human history.\nIn 2004, he wrote another book, called, \"Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed.\" In this book, Diamond wrote about why he thought that some groups of people from many hundreds of years ago were able to have their groups get very big and strong, while other groups fell apart. His book talked about what people today can maybe learn from the studying the problems from history."}
+{"id": "24964", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24964", "title": "Iglesia ni Cristo", "text": "The (IPA: ; Filipino for Church of Christ), or INC, is a religious denomination which was founded in the Philippines by Felix Manalo in 1914. The INC states the church was founded by Jesus Christ but that Felix Manalo restored it. The church does not believe in the religious teaching that Jesus is God and part of the Trinity.\nHistory.\nFelix Manalo was born a member of the Roman Catholic Church, but joined a number of Protestant churches until he believed that God gave him a mission to teach the gospel and to bring back the first church made by Jesus. The INC began with a handful of followers on July 27, 1914 in Punta, Santa Ana, Manila, with Manalo as highest minister. It has now spread to many different countries.\nBeliefs and teachings.\nSome of the teachings INC believes in are:"}
+{"id": "24965", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24965", "title": "LAN", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24966", "revid": "1350807", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24966", "title": "State court (United States)", "text": "In some countries, a municipal court is a court with limited jurisdiction, both in people and laws. Most commonly, municipal courts only deal with the laws and citizens of one city or town. But in some places, they make decisions for an entire county and may be involved with early hearings of cases that will be tried in a higher court. Some things that often involve municipal courts are traffic tickets, leash laws, and building code violations and death.\nMississippi.\nMunicipal courts in Mississippi are \"Judge Alone\" courts. This means that judges alone hear the presented cases and offenders (and alleged offenders) have no right to jury trials. In felony cases in Mississippi, the Municipal court holds a preliminary hearing and then sends the case to the grand jury of the state. The Municipal court is not a court of record and its cases are summarized by docket.\nNorth Carolina.\nThere are no municipal court facilities in the state. All courthouses are done at the county level. For example, if a speeding ticket violation occurred, it automatically goes to the county seat in which the violation occurs whether it is in a municipality or unincorporated. In the case of some elongated counties like Chatham County, there is an alternate courtroom in Siler City as well as Pittsboro, the county seat. In other cases where there are multiple large population centers like in Guilford County, court cases are handled in Greensboro and High Point. Although a federal issue, traffic violations occurring in military bases are not subject to civilian courts."}
+{"id": "24968", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24968", "title": "Emma Goldman", "text": "Emma Goldman (June 27, 1869 \u2013 May 14, 1940) was an Russian-American anarchist and labor organizer. She was an anarcho-communist who was an early supporter of atheism, gay rights and feminism.\nLife.\nGoldman fought for women\u2019s rights and equality, workers' rights, queer rights, and anarchism (anarchism is the belief that society should be run without authorities or a government). She was also known for being one of the first women\u2019s reproductive rights activists. In addition, Goldman wrote many books. Her most famous book, \u201cLiving My Life,\u201d is an autobiography. \nActivism.\nGoldman was born in a part of the Russian Empire, which is now known as Lithuania. She moved to the United States with her family when she was 17. She was upset by the way workers and labor activists were treated in the US. In 1889, she moved to New York. In New York, she joined an anarchist group. In the anarchist group, she met a new friend and someone she would work with for a long time, Alexander Berkman. In 1892, they attempted to assassinate (kill) Henry Clay Frick, for the way he treated workers. Berkman was unsuccessful and spent fourteen years in prison, but Goldman was not punished.\nLater, in 1901, President William McKinley was assassinated by an anarchist who said he was inspired by Goldman. Goldman defended the murderer by saying \u201cif the people want to do away with assassins, they must do away with the conditions which produce murderers.\"\nBesides being a defiant radical, Emma was very well known for being incredibly influential in women\u2019s reproductive rights activism. She fought for women\u2019s sexual and economic freedom. Goldman was a nurse and midwife and taught other women about birth control. She was imprisoned in 1916 for this because at the time spreading information about birth control was illegal. \nTroubles.\nGoldman faced many legal troubles. In 1893, she was convicted of starting a riot and spent a year in prison. She was arrested in 1901 for allegedly conspiring in the assassination of President McKinley, but was never found guilty.\nIn 1917 she was arrested and spent two years in prison for not supporting World War I. \nBack to Russia.\nIn 1919, Goldman and Berkman were sent back to Russia because the American government thought they were too dangerous. The Russian Revolution had just happened and Goldman was hopeful that Russia might end up being a good place. She ended up deciding that the revolution in Russia was not as good as she thought and that the Bolsheviks tricked many of the people in Russia. She thought the Bolsheviks were too controlling and were too powerful. She also did not like that the Soviet Union put lots of anarchists in jail for not agreeing with them.\nMoving to Europe.\nShe and Berkman left after two years and Goldman lived in many places in Europe, including England and France. In 1936 she moved to Spain to help the anarchists fight the fascists during the Spanish Civil War.\nDeath.\nShe died in Toronto of a stroke. She is buried near Chicago."}
+{"id": "24970", "revid": "9327913", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24970", "title": "Computer engineering", "text": "Computer engineering is the practice of making computers and their parts. Computer engineers are always trying to make new parts smaller and better. They can also work on software, especially software for embedded systems (specialized electronics like cell-phones and satellite receivers, not a general-purpose computer).\nComputers are electrical machines that run programs.\nComputer engineering has parts of both electrical engineering and computer science/software engineering. In computer engineering classes, students learn about the hardware and software of computers. They start with learning how transistors and computer chips are made and how they work (which uses quantum mechanics). Then the student learns how the chips talk to each other and how to make a complete printed circuit board (PCB), which is the electrical part. They also learn how to program the ROM or Flash memory so the computer can do something useful.\nBecause computer engineering is closely related to electrical engineering and computer science, the fields are found in the same department at many universities. Students also need to learn fundamental science subjects and mathematics, such as calculus and differential equations.\nComputer engineering is difficult to learn, but computer engineers are needed. Software engineering companies, telecommunications firms, designers of digital hardware, and many other companies hire computer engineering majors upon graduation and pay them well."}
+{"id": "24971", "revid": "1463501", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24971", "title": "Spanish Civil War", "text": "The Spanish Civil War (18 July 1936 \u2013 1 April 1939) was a civil war between Republicans and Nationalists. The war ended on 1 April 1939, when the last Republican troops surrendered. Francisco Franco became dictator of Spain until he died in 1975.\nThe civil war began after a \"pronunciamiento\" (revolt) against the Republican government by the Nationalists. The nationalists were supported by FE de las JONS, a far right political party. During this time, fascist General Francisco Franco and his nationalist troops wanted to take control of the Spanish Republic. The Army split, with about half of the troops being loyal to the Republic. \nMany different groups worked together to help the democratic Spanish Republic stop Franco, including Basques, Catalans and other groups.\nForeign involvement.\nSupport for Republicans.\nThe Soviet Union, Mexico and French Third Republic sold the Republican weapons, the International Brigades was a left wing international militant group formed to fight Franco, many anti-fascist partisans internationally volunteered to fight against Franco, including people from the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Belgium, Germany, and Italy.\nSupport for Nationalists.\nThe governments of Nazi Germany, Kingdom of Italy and Second Portuguese Republic provided troops and supplies for Franco.\nDeath toll and atrocities.\nAround half-a-million people died in the war, and many atrocities were committed by both sides. The most famous atrocity was the bombing of Guernica. On 26 April 1937, the city was bombed by Legion Condor, a Nazi military unit working for Franco. It was the first time that an air bombing caused so many civilian casualties. The bombing was reported all over the world in newspapers and made people aware of the German involvement."}
+{"id": "24975", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24975", "title": "Fyodor Tyutchev", "text": "Fyodor Ivanovich Tyutchev (rus: \"\u0424\u0451\u0434\u043e\u0440 \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0422\u044e\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0432\", fy\u00f4'd\u0259r \u0113v\u00e4'n\u0259v\u012dch ty\u016b'ch\u012df) (December 5 1803 \u2013 July 27, 1873) was one of the most significant Russian poets. Almost 20 years of his life he spent in Munich and Turin. Tyutchev was a good friend of Heinrich Heine, knew Schelling as well. Tyutchev didn\u2019t want people to know him as a poet. He didn\u2019t take any part in a literary life.\nWorks.\nHe has around 400 of his poems. Russian people quote them very often. His early poems are made in Russian poetic tradition of the XVIII century. In the 1830s we can find an influence of European (especially German) romanticism on Tyutchev\u2019s lyrics. He writes philosophic poems about the universe, nature and human being. In 1840s Tyutchev wrote several articles about relations between Russia and Occidental civilization. In 1850s Tyutchev created several heartfelt poems, in which we can see love as a tragedy. These poems are combined into one cycle, named \u201cDenisievsky\u201d. \u201cDenisievsky\u201d means dedicated to a mistress of Tyutchev \u2013 Elena Alexandrovna Denisieva. In 1860s\u20131870s Tyutchev wrote mainly political poems.\nThe most famous Tyutchev's poem is \u201cSilentium!\u201d. This is a hard appeal to be silent. Because a man never can understand another person. A line \u201cA word once uttered is untrue\u201d is one of the most popular aphorisms of Tyutchev. As well as \u201cWe can't understand Russia by the reason\u201d and \u201cWe are not know, what will be the respond for our word\u201d. "}
+{"id": "24978", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24978", "title": "Bolsheviks", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24980", "revid": "45220", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24980", "title": "Computer games", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24989", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24989", "title": "Erythropoietin", "text": "Erythropoietin, or Erythropoetin (EPO) is a hormone produced by the kidneys. Epoetin is a synthetic version.\nErythropoietin acts on the bone marrow so that it makes more red blood cells. It is made to treat some kinds of anemia. Anemia can happen in kidney failure, or from chemotherapy to treat cancer. The man-made hormone is made with cell cultures. The hormone can be used for blood doping in endurance sports although this is illegal in all athletic competitions.\nIt is also responsible for inhibiting the body process \"Gluconeogenesis\" (a process in your body which makes glucose from products other than carbohydrates), thus contributing to cure of type2 diabetes, glucose intolerance."}
+{"id": "24993", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24993", "title": "Anarcho-punk", "text": "Anarcho-punk is a subculture that combines punk music and anarchist politics. Some important anarcho-punk bands include Crass, Conflict, Chumbawamba, and Subhumans. Common ideas that many anarcho-punks support are anti-war, animal rights, feminism, environmentalism, equality, anti-capitalism and other common anarchist causes."}
+{"id": "24994", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24994", "title": "L33t", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24995", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24995", "title": "CPU", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24996", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24996", "title": "Household hardware", "text": "Household hardware describes various things used mostly at home. Those things can be equipment such as fasteners, keys, door knobs, locks, hinges, latches, handles, wire, chains, tools, screws and machine parts, especially when they are made of metal."}
+{"id": "24997", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24997", "title": "Hard disk drive", "text": ""}
+{"id": "24998", "revid": "124212", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=24998", "title": "Sheltie", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25000", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25000", "title": "Breton", "text": "Breton can mean:"}
+{"id": "25001", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25001", "title": "Slavs", "text": "Slavs live in Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, Central Asia and North Asia. Present-day Slavic peoples are classified into\u00a0West Slavs\u00a0(mainly Poles, Silesians,\u00a0Czechs, Moravians and\u00a0Slovaks),\u00a0East Slavs\u00a0(mainly Ukrainians,\u00a0Belarusians, and\u00a0Russians), and\u00a0South Slavs (mainly Serbs,\u00a0Bulgarians,\u00a0Croats,\u00a0Bosniaks,\u00a0Pomak, Torbesh, Gorani, Macedonians,\u00a0Slovenes, and\u00a0Montenegrins).\nAustrians, Hungarians, Romanians (although 1/3 of Romanian population is made of Slavic population, mainly Serbians and Bulgarians), Estonians, Lithuanians and Latvians (and these 3 countries have sizable Russian and Poles population, so much so that they make a majority ethnic groups in those countries) live near the Slavic nations but are not Slavs themselves. There are more Slavs than any other ethnic group in Europe. Russians make up the most Slavs, followed by Poles and Ukrainians.\nThere are many small historic Slavic nations like Lusatia (and Lusatian Serbs, typically referred to as Sorbs, who still live in eastern Germany), Rusyn, Kashubia and others. Russia is now the most powerful and populated Slavic country, but in the 10th century Bulgarians and Czechs were powerful, and in the 16th century Poland was the strongest nation in the area.\nThe Slavic languages are closely related. The largest similarities can be found within the same group (for example, Polish and Slovak, both West Slavic languages), but similarities exist even between Slavic languages from other different subgroups (such as Bulgarian and Russian).\nHowever, the greatest similarities are between Serbian, Bosnian and Croatian, which are South Slavic languages. They are considered separate by the Bosnian and Croatian governments (the separation is of political nature), but linguistically they are one language- Serbo-Croatian (since Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin are more similar than those variants of English, German, Dutch, or Hindi\u2013Urdu, and mutual intelligibility between their speakers \"exceeds that between the standard variants of English, French, German or Spanish).\nSlavic languages are spoken natively by 300 million people and as second or third languages by many more people in countries as far away as Germany and China."}
+{"id": "25004", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25004", "title": "Maharbal", "text": "Maharbal was Hannibal's cavalry-leader during the Second Punic War. Many times he was important in Carthage's successes over Rome. In his Italian campaign, Hannibal always was able to have more cavalry than Rome, and so relied on them and Maharbal to give himself a big advantage.\nMaharbal is most famous for what he said to Hannibal after the Battle of Cannae. According to Livy, a Roman historian, the conversation went like this after Maharbal said he wanted to go with the army to Rome immediately:\n\"I commend your zeal\", Hannibal said to Maharbal; \"but I need time to weigh the plan that you propose.\" \"Assuredly\", Maharbal replied, \"no one man has been blessed with all God's gifts. You know, Hannibal, how to gain a victory; you do not know how to use it.\" -Livy, The History of Rome 22.51\n\"In Simple English:\"\n\"I like your enthusiasm\", Hannibal said to Maharbal; \"but I need time to think about what you want to do.\" Maharbal said back, \"It is true that no one is perfect. You know how to win, Hannibal; you do not know what to do after.\"\nLivy wrote this in Latin, so Maharbal's reply is often quoted in Latin, and is a famous phrase: \"Vincere scis, Hannibal; victoria uti nescis.\""}
+{"id": "25005", "revid": "10482533", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25005", "title": "Hannibal", "text": "Hannibal (H\u01cennibal Barca, 247 BC \u2013 ? 183/2/1 BC), was a Carthaginian statesman and general who was the greatest enemy of the Roman Republic. He was the son of Hamilcar Barca, a Carthaginian general who thought him how to become a general also in the Barcid Spain (Hispania) conquest for paying the Romans silver and getting more supply and money for the war Hamilcar planned (for revenge). Hamilcar also commanded the Carthaginian land forces in Sicily from 247 BC to 241 BC, at the end of the First Punic War.\nHannibal is most famous for what he did in the Second Punic War. He marched with an army from Iberia over the Pyrenees and the Alps into northern Italy and defeated the Romans in a series of battles. At the Battle of Cannae, he defeated the largest army Rome had ever put together even though Carthage was heavily outnumbered. The Roman army at Cannae is reckoned at 16 legions and a total of 86,000 men. Over 80% of the army was killed or captured, including many of its commanders.\nHannibal kept an army in Italy for many years. Eventually, a Roman invasion of North Africa made him return to Carthage. He lost, and the Romans made him leave Carthage. He lived at the Seleucid court and convinced its emperor to fight Rome. When he lost a naval battle, Hannibal fled to the Bithynian court. When the Romans told him to surrender, he committed suicide by drinking poison.\nHannibal is listed as one of the greatest military commanders in history. The military historian Theodore Ayrault Dodge once called Hannibal the \"father of strategy\" because even his greatest enemy, Rome, copied his military ideas.\nEarly life and career.\nHannibal's father, Hamilcar, was the commander of the Carthaginian forces at the end of the First Punic War. After Carthage had lost the war, Hamilcar crossed to Hispania to conquer the tribes of what is now Spain. At the time of this invasion, Carthage was in a poor condition. Its navy could not carry its army to Iberia (Hispania). Hamilcar had to march towards the Pillars of Hercules and to go across the Strait of Gibraltar. According to a story in Livy, Hamilcar made Hannibal promise that he would never be a friend of Rome. \nIn return, Hamilcar agreed to take Hannibal with him to Spain. Hamilcar spent two years finishing the conquest of Iberia south of the Ebro. He died in 229/228 in battle, most likely by drowning in the Jucar River. His son-in-law Hasdrubal took command but was assassinated in 221 BC.\nWith Hasdrubal's death, Hannibal became the leader of the army. Rome feared the growing strength of Hannibal. They made an alliance with the city of Saguntum and claimed to be protecting the city. Saguntum was south of the Ebro River and so. Hannibal attacked the city. It was captured after eight months. With the attack of a Roman ally, Rome wanted justice from Carthage. Instead, the Carthaginian government saw nothing wrong with Hannibal's actions. The war that Hannibal wanted was declared at the end of the year. \nSecond Punic War.\nOverland journey to Italy.\nHannibal's army was made up of as many as 75,000 foot soldiers and 9,000 horsemen. Hannibal left New Carthage in late spring of 218 BC. He fought his way north to the Pyrenees. He defeated the tribes by clever mountain tactics and stubborn fighting. After marching 290 miles through Hispania and reaching the Ebro, Hannibal chose the most trustworthy and loyal parts of his army of Libyan and Iberian mercenaries to keep going with him. He left 11,000 troops to keep watch over the newly conquered region. At the Pyrenees, he let go of another 11,000 Iberian troops. Hannibal entered Gaul with 50,000 foot soldiers and 9,000 horsemen. \nHannibal needed to cross the Pyrenees, the Alps and many important rivers in the region starting in the spring of 218 BC, he fought his way to the Pyrenees. He made peace deals with the Gaulic tribal leaders and reached the Rh\u00f4ne River. Arriving at the Rh\u00f4ne in September, Hannibal's army numbered 38,000 infantry, 8,000 horsemen, and 37 war elephants.\nHannibal got away from a Roman force sent to fight him in Gaul. He then went up the valley of one of the streams of the Rh\u00f4ne River. By Autumn, he reached the foot of the Alps. His journey over the mountains is one of the most famous achievements of any military force. After this journey, Hannibal came down from the foothills into northern Italy, to the surprise of the Romans. He had arrived with only half the forces he had started with and only a few elephants. Hannibal had lost as many as 20,000 men crossing over the mountains.\nBattle of Trebbia.\nPublius Cornelius Scipio commanded the Roman force sent to stop Hannibal. He did not expect Hannibal to cross the Alps but expected to fight Hannibal in Spain. With a small army still in Gaul, Scipio tried to stop Hannibal. He moved his army to Italy by sea in time to meet Hannibal. \nHannibal made the area behind him safer by defeating the tribe of the Taurini (now Turin). The opposing forces fought at Carthage, where Hannibal forced the Romans to get out of the plain of Lombardy. This victory did much to weaken Roman control over the Gauls, who decided to join the Carthaginians. Soon, all of northern Italy was unofficially allied. Gallic and Ligurian troops soon raised his army back to 40,000 men. Hannibal\u2019s army was ready to invade Italy. Scipio retreated across the River Trebia. He camped at the town of Placentia and waited for more troops. \nThe Senate had ordered Sempronius Longus to bring his army from Sicily to meet Scipio and to face Hannibal. Hannibal was in position to head him off. Sempronius avoided Hannibal and joined Scipio near the Trebbia River near Placentia. At Trebia, Hannibal defeated the Roman infantry by a surprise attack from an ambush on the flank.\nBattle of Lake Trasimene.\nArriving in Etruria in the spring of 217 BC, Hannibal decided to lure the main Roman army led by Flaminius into battle. Hannibal found Flaminius camped at Arretium. He marched around his opponent\u2019s left side and cut Flaminius off from Rome. Hannibal made Flaminius chase him. On the shore of Lake Trasimenus, Hannibal destroyed Flaminius's army in the waters or on the nearby slopes. He killed Flaminius as well. He had got rid of the only force that could stop him from getting to Rome. He realized that without siege engines, he could not hope to take the capital and so he decided to continue into central and southern Italy. He hoped this show of strength would create a revolt against the Roman government. After Lake Trasimene, Hannibal said, \u201cI have not come to fight Italians, but on behalf of the Italians against Rome.\u201d\nFabian strategy.\nRome was put into an immense state of panic and appointed a dictator, Quintus Fabius Maximus. He was an intelligent and careful general.\nFabius adopted the Fabian strategy\" He refused open battle with his enemy and put several Roman armies near Hannibal to limit his movement. Fabius sent out small forces against Hannibal\u2019s foraging parties. Residents of small northern villages were told to post lookouts. They could gather their livestock and possessions and go to fortified towns to wear down the invaders\u2019 endurance. \nHannibal decided to march through Samnium to Campania. He hoped that the destruction would draw Fabius into battle, but Fabius refused to be drawn into battle. His troops became irritated by his \u201ccowardly spirit\u201d. His policies were not liked since Romans were used to facing their enemies in the field, and the people wanted to see a quick end to the war. \nThe rest of autumn continued with frequent skirmishes. After six months, Fabius was removed from his position in accordance with Roman law.\nBattle of Cannae.\nIn the Spring of 216 BC Hannibal captured the large supply depot at Cannae in the Apulian plain, effectively placing himself between the Romans and their source of supply. The Roman Senate resumed their consular elections in 216. They chose Caius Terentius Varro and Lucius Aemilius Paullus as consuls. The Romans raised largest army so far their history to defeat Hannibal. It is estimated that the total strength of the army was around 80,000 men.\nThe Roman army marched southward to Apulia. After two days of marching, they found Hannibal at the Audifus River. Varro was a reckless man full of pride and was determined to defeat Hannibal. Varro's arrogance got the better of him and allowed Hannibal to draw him into a trap. With brilliant tactics, Hannibal surrounded and destroyed most of this force even though he was heavily outnumbered. It was a great show of his coordination and strategic mind. \nIt is estimated that 50,000-70,000 Romans were killed or captured at Cannae. Among the dead were 80 senators. The Roman Senate was no more than 300 men: 25%\u201330% of the governing body. The Battle of Cannae one of the worst defeats in the history of Ancient Rome. It is also one of the bloodiest battles in all of human history in terms of the number of lives lost in a single day. After Cannae, the Romans refused to fight Hannibal in battles but tried instead to defeat him by wearing him down. They relied on their advantages of supply and manpower. \nBecause of that victory, most of southern Italy joined Hannibal's cause. That same year, the Greek cities in Sicily revolted against Roman control. Macedonian King Philip V supported Hannibal. That started the First Macedonian War against Rome. Hannibal made his new base in Capua, the second-largest city of Italy.\nStalemate.\nWithout resources from his allies or reinforcements from Carthage, Hannibal could not do much more and began losing ground. He continued defeating the Romans whenever he could bring them into battle but could never score another decisive victory.\nEnd of war in Italy.\nIn 212 BC, plotters in Tarentum let Hannibal into the city. They then blew the alarm with some Roman trumpets. This let Hannibal's troops pick off the Romans as they stumbled into the streets. Hannibal told the Tarentines to mark every house in which Tarentines lived so that they would not be looted. Even with the looting, the citadel held out. That stopped Hannibal from using the harbuor, and Rome was slowly gaining ground over Hannibal. In the same year, he lost Campania.\nIn 211 BC, the city of Capua fell. That summer the Romans destroyed the Carthaginian army in Sicily. Meanwhile, Hannibal had defeated Fulvius at Herdonea in Apulia, but lost Tarentum. With the loss of Tarentum in 209 BC and the Romans capturing of Samnium and Lucania, his hold on south Italy was almost lost. \nIn 207 BC, he retired to Bruttium. Those events marked the end to Hannibal's success in Italy. In 203 BC, Hannibal was recalled to Carthage to lead the defence of his homeland against a Roman invasion.\nBattle of Zama.\nBoth Scipio Africanus and Hannibal met on the field of Zama. Hannibal had about 50,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry. Scipio had 34,000 infantry and 8,700 cavalry. For years, Hannibal had won victories with his experienced army. He now faced the best of the Roman army, and he led a makeshift army, which did not do well against the Romans. Hannibal was defeated, and 20,000 men of his army were killed at Zama, with the same number of men being taken as prisoners. The Romans lost as few as 500 dead and 4,000 wounded. With their best general defeated, the Carthaginians accepted defeat and surrendered to Rome.\nExile and death.\nSeven years after the victory of Zama, the Romans demanded Hannibal's surrender. He went into voluntary exile and went to Tyre, the mother-city of Carthage, and then to Ephesus and Syria.\nIn 190 BC, he was placed in command of a Phoenician fleet, but it was defeated in a battle off the Eurymedon River. Hannibal went to Crete but soon returned to the Asia Minor. At Libyssa, on the eastern shore of the Sea of Marmora, he was going to be turned over to the Romans. Rather than letting himself be taken, he committed suicide by drinking poison. The precise year of his death is not certain. It is believed to be 183 BC. He died in the same year as Scipio Africanus."}
+{"id": "25020", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25020", "title": "Hominoid", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25021", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25021", "title": "Veganism", "text": "Veganism is a philosophy that says people should not use animals. There are vegans who choose not to eat animals, and vegans who choose not to use them in any other way either.\nVegans do not eat or drink food that comes from animals, including meat, eggs and dairy products (like milk, cheese, and yogurt). A vegan diet is sometimes called a strict vegetarian diet. Some vegans also do not eat honey. Many vegans try not to use any other animal products, such as leather, wool, feathers, bone, or pearl. They also try not to buy or use products that have been tested on animals. They may support animal welfare and animal rights, and may campaign for these causes.\nVegans eat fruits, vegetables, beans, grains, nuts, and seeds, and types of food made from them like vegan sweets, vegan cheese and vegan cakes.\n Dorothy Morgan and Donald Watson invented the word \"vegan\" in 1944 when they formed the Vegan Society in the United Kingdom.\nOrigins.\nSome people become vegan because they disagree with the treatment of animals in the modern animal farm industry. Other reasons to become vegan are for health, religious reasons, to protect the environment, or because of world hunger. Animals eat a lot and take up a lot of resources. By not producing meat, milk, or eggs, a lot of food, land (as of 2006, 30% of the earth's land mass is used raising animals for food) and water can be saved. For example, it takes about 16 pounds of grain to make 1 pound of grain-fed meat, so eating plants directly takes fewer resources. There is also the issue of antibiotic use in the industry. Animals are given antibiotics so often that the risk of bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics is very possible in the near future.\nSome vegans only eat foods that have not been cooked. Their diet is called raw veganism. Another more restrictive type of veganism is fruitarianism. Fruitarians only eat foods that can be harvested without harming or killing a plant. \nVitamin B12 concerns.\nVegans must make sure their diet includes enough vitamin B12, because it does not occur reliably in plant foods. Vitamin B12 deficiency can have serious bad effects on the person's health. These might include anaemia and neurodegenerative diseases. California-based dietitian nutritionist Ashley Lytwyn said \u201cNutrients like B12 can be tough to get with a vegan diet, and the iron in vegetables isn\u2019t as bioavailable as iron in animal proteins.\u201d \u201cEven if he ate enough iron-rich vegetables, the body can\u2019t always absorb what it needs.\u201d Vegan societies recommend that vegans either eat foods with added B12 or take a B12 supplement. Tempeh, seaweed, spirulina, organic produce, and intestinal bacteria \"do not have enough B12 for a vegan diet\". Vitamin D deficiency is possible in the absence of dairy products (which are normally fortified with vitamin D). Vitamin D deficiency can lead to rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. In rickets, bones do not mineralize normally, causing growth retardation and skeletal deformities. It can be prevented by supplements, and by direct injections.\nA typical vegan diet contains more iron than other diets. Yet, the incidence of iron deficiency in vegans is similar to omnivores. While legumes, nuts, vegetables, and dried fruits are rich in iron, vegans absorb iron less effectively.\nHealth.\nMany people think that it is not healthy to be vegan. However, a vegan diet can have all of the nutrients needed for health. It is just more difficult to get the nutrients because there are fewer foods to choose from."}
+{"id": "25027", "revid": "985658", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25027", "title": "Necrophilia", "text": "Necrophilia is a paraphilia of being sexually attracted to dead bodies. Some necrophiliacs have sex with dead bodies. It is usually considered morally wrong. In addition sexual contact with dead bodies carries the risk of disease if the body has started to decay. It is illegal in many parts of the world, but not all."}
+{"id": "25028", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25028", "title": "Niggers", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25034", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25034", "title": "Racial discrimination", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25035", "revid": "9316058", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25035", "title": "Strait of Magellan", "text": "The Strait of Magellan is a passageway from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. It is just south of mainland South America and north of Tierra del Fuego. It goes through Argentina and Chile and for a long time the two countries argued over which one owned the land around it. Chile now owns it. The strait is named after Ferdinand Magellan. It is very foggy and stormy."}
+{"id": "25038", "revid": "2929", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25038", "title": "Sir Paul McCartney", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25039", "revid": "124460", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25039", "title": "Dusseldorf", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25042", "revid": "10346447", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25042", "title": "Fenerbah\u00e7e S.K.", "text": "Fenerbah\u00e7e is a sports club in Istanbul, Turkey. It was officially founded in 1907.\nFenerbah\u00e7e's home stadium is the Fenerbahce \u015e\u00fckr\u00fc Sara\u00e7o\u011flu Stadium in Kad\u0131k\u00f6y, Istanbul.\nThey have won the Spor Toto Super League 28 times and Ziraat Turkish Cup 6 times."}
+{"id": "25045", "revid": "124527", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25045", "title": "Skinheads", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25047", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25047", "title": "Cesium", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25048", "revid": "314538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25048", "title": "Homo sapiens", "text": "Homo sapiens is the modern human species. \"Homo sapiens\" is a name in binomial nomenclature. It means that modern humans belong to the genus \"Homo\" and the species \"sapiens\". It is abbreviated \"H. sapiens\".\nModern humans are the only living species of the genus \"Homo\". There were other species in this genus (like \"Homo habilis\" and \"Homo erectus\"), but they are extinct.\n\"Homo sapiens\" are sometimes called \"anatomically modern humans\".\nOrigin.\nMost scholars agree that modern humans originated in East Africa. This is the near-consensus position held within the scientific community.\nThe hypothesis that humans have a single origin was published in Charles Darwin's \"The Descent of Man\" (1871). Modern studies of mitochondrial DNA support this theory. So does evidence based on physical anthropology of fossil humans. \nAccording to genetic and fossil evidence, older versions of \"H. sapiens\" evolved only in Africa, between 200,000 and 100,000 years ago. Then members of one branch of \"H. sapiens\" left Africa by 90,000 years ago. Over time, it replaced earlier human populations such as Neanderthals and \"Homo erectus\".\nNeanderthal genome.\nSequencing of the full Neanderthal genome suggests Neanderthals and some modern humans share some ancient genetic lineages. Some populations may have as much as 4% Neanderthal DNA, according to the authors of this study. The reason for this admixture is not known. \nThis DNA overlap may exist because both Neanderthals and modern humans had a common ancestor, according to an August 2012 study.\nEvolution.\nThe genus \"Homo\" evolved out of the last common ancestor roughly 10 to 2 million years ago. The species \"H. sapiens\" evolved from \"Homo erectus\" roughly 1.8 to 0.2 million years ago.\nScientific study of human evolution focuses mostly on how the genus \"Homo\" developed. However, it usually involves studying other hominids and hominines as well, such as \"Australopithecus\". \nExtinct subspecies.\nWithin the \"Homo sapiens\" species, modern humans belong to the only living subspecies: \"Homo sapiens sapiens\". \"Homo sapiens idaltu\", the other known subspecies, is now extinct. \n\"Homo neanderthalensis\", which became extinct 30,000 years ago, has sometimes been classified as a subspecies, \"Homo sapiens neanderthalensis\". Genetic studies now suggest that the functional DNA of modern humans and Neanderthals diverged 500,000 years ago.\nSimilarly, some scientists have classified the discovered specimens of the \"Homo rhodesiensis\" species as a subspecies, but this classification is not widely accepted.\nEarliest fossils of the species.\nUntil recently it was thought that anatomically modern humans first appeared in the fossil record in Africa about 195,000 years ago. However, studies of molecular biology suggest that 200,000 years ago, modern humans diverged from the common ancestor of all human populations. \nA broad study of African genetic diversity found the \u01c2Khomani San people had the greatest genetic diversity among the 113 distinct populations sampled. This makes them one of 14 \"ancestral population clusters\". The research also placed the origin of modern human migration in south-western Africa, near the coastal border of Namibia and Angola.\nIn the 1960s an archaeological site at Jebel Irhoud in Morocco was dated as about 40,000 years old. However, it was re-dated in the 2000s. It is now thought to be between 300,000 and 350,000 years old. The skull form is almost identical to modern humans, though the jaw is different.\nThe forces of natural selection have continued to operate on human populations, with evidence that certain regions of the genome show selection in the past 15,000 years."}
+{"id": "25049", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25049", "title": "James Paul McCartney", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25050", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25050", "title": "Sir James Paul McCartney", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25051", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25051", "title": "Teeth", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25052", "revid": "1628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25052", "title": "Interwiki", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25053", "revid": "9796043", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25053", "title": "Lake Tanganyika", "text": "Lake Tanganyika is a large lake in the Great Rift Valley of central Africa. The lake is divided between four countries \u2013 Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Tanzania and Zambia. It is the longest fresh water lake in the world and the second deepest."}
+{"id": "25108", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25108", "title": "Pinocchio (1940 movie)", "text": "Pinocchio is the second animated Disney movie, made by Walt Disney Productions and first released to movie theaters by RKO Radio Pictures on February 7, 1940. Based on the story \"Pinocchio\" by Carlo Collodi, it was made in response to the huge success of \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\". Along with Fantasia, it was one of the first ever Disney animated movies released in the same year as each other.\nThe movie tells the story of Pinocchio, a wooden puppet made by a man named Geppetto and brought to life by the Blue fairy, after Geppetto wishes he could have a son. She tells him he can become a real boy if he proves himself \"brave, truthful and unselfish.\" Pinocchio must try to be good so he can become a real boy, with the help of his friend, Jiminy Cricket. Thus begins the adventures of the puppet into a real boy, which involve many encounters with a series of unpleasant characters.\nThe movie was adapted by Aurelius Battaglia, William Cottrell, Otto Englander, Erdman Penner, Joseph Sabo, Ted Sears, and Webb Smith from Collodi's book. The production was supervised by Ben Sharpsteen and Hamilton Luske, and the film's sequences were directed by Norman Ferguson, T. Hee, Wilfred Jackson, Jack Kinney and Bill Roberts.\nIt features the song, \"When You Wish Upon A Star\", which has immediately become the official anthem of the Walt Disney Company and has been used at the start of most Disney movies since 1985.\nThe story.\nA man called Geppetto makes a wood puppet called Pinocchio. He wishes that Pinocchio were a real boy, and the Blue Fairy makes Geppetto's wish come true. But to become a real boy instead of a live puppet, Pinocchio has to prove that he's good. The Blue Fairy assigns a cricket named Jiminy Cricket to guide him and keep him out of trouble. This is a hard job, and Pinocchio does a lot of things wrong.\nOn his first day of school, two crooks, a fox named Honest John and his mute sidekick named Gideon, trick Pinocchio to join Stromboli's puppet show instead. Pinocchio is popular in the show, but Stromboli is cruel to him and locks him in a bird cage. The Blue Fairy asks Pinocchio how this happened, but Pinocchio lies, and his nose grows longer. With the help of the Blue Fairy and Jiminy, Pinocchio escapes from the cage.\nThe crooks trick Pinocchio again, and tell him to go to Pleasure Island. He meets Lampwick, a bad boy who convinces him to gamble, smoke, drink, vandalize and other bad things. The island is magical, and the boys who act like \"jackasses\" (donkeys) \"turn into\" donkeys. These donkeys are sold to work in the circus and in the salt mines.\nLampwick becomes a donkey, but Pinocchio only changes part way, with donkey ears and a donkey tail. He escapes from Pleasure Island and returns to Geppetto's house. But Geppetto is not there. He has gone to sea, to search for Pinocchio on Pleasure Island.\nPinocchio and Jiminy go looking for Geppetto, but they are eaten by the huge whale Monstro. Monstro has also swallowed Geppetto while trying to look for Pinocchio on Pleasure Island. Pinocchio builds a fire to make Monstro sneeze, and this frees them all. But they are lost in the ocean and Geppetto is drowning. He tells Pinocchio to swim to shore and save himself, but Pinocchio grabs Geppetto and carries him to shore. Geppetto survives, but Pinocchio appears to be dead.\nGeppetto and Jiminy are sad and return home with Pinocchio's body. The Blue Fairy decides that Pinocchio has proven that he is good enough, and brings him back to life... and also turns him into a real boy. Everyone is happy and they celebrate. The movie ends with Jiminy Cricket getting a badge of solid gold and a chorus sings a reprise of the song \"When You Wish Upon A Star\" as the word \"The End\" appears, and the movie ends as the song finishes.\nProduction.\nThe original plan for the movie was very different from what they made. Many characters and events from the original book were used in early versions. Producer Walt Disney was unhappy with this version and had them change a lot of the story and characters.\nAt first, Pinocchio was going to look like a real wooden puppet, with a long pointed nose, a pointed hat, and bare wood hands. He was going to act more grown-up and do bad things on purpose, instead of being tricked into doing bad things. But Walt Disney did not think that people would like this character, so they changed his appearance and the way he acted. They made him look more like a real boy, with a small nose, a child's hat, and regular hands with gloves. The only parts of him that still looked like a puppet were his arms and legs.\nJiminy Cricket (voiced by Cliff \"Ukelele Ike\" Edwards) became a more important character. He was not included in the first version of the story. When they added him, he looked more like a real cricket, but Walt wanted more people to like him, so Ward Kimball changed him into \"a little man with no ears. That was the only thing about him that was like an insect.\"\nRelease.\nWith the re-release of \"Snow White and the 7 Dwarfs\" in 1944 came the tradition of re-releasing Disney movies every seven to ten years. \"Pinocchio\" has been theatrically re-released in 1945, 1954, 1962, 1971, 1978, 1984, and 1992. The 1992 re-issue was digitally restored by cleaning and removing scratches from the original one scene at a time, getrting rid of blurry sound, and making the color lighter. The movie also received four video releases (and two DVD releases), being a big-seller in 1985 (this print was re-mastered and re-issued in 1986). Then the more complex digital restoration that was done for the 1992 re-issue was released on VHS, followed by the final VHS release (which was also the movie's first release on Disney DVD as well as the first in the Walt Disney Gold Classics Collection VHS/DVD line) in 1999. The second Disney DVD release (a 60th anniversary) premiered the following year in 2000. The third DVD release and first Blu-ray Disc release (the second Blu-ray in the Walt Disney Platinum Editions series) were released on March 10, 2009 (March 11, 2009 in Australia), and like the 2008 Sleeping Beauty release, the Blu-ray package featured two discs, and a bonus DVD of the movie also included.\nReception.\n\"Pinocchio\" was not successful at the box office when first released, and Disney only earned $1.9 million against a $2.6 million budget. The movie made some success at the American box office, but was not able to profit, due to its poor performance in Europe. The timing of the movie's release was a reason, with World War II cutting off European markets. Although the United States had not yet gotten into the war, people's interests may have not have meant much among Americans in seeing fantasy stories as they were in the days of \"Snow White and the 7 Dwarfs\". It also lacked the romance element that had proven popular in \"Snow White\".\nNevertheless, there were positive reactions to the movie as well. Archer Winsten, who had criticized \"Snow White\", said that \"The faults (mistakes) that were in \"Snow White\" no longer exist. In writing of \"Pinocchio\", you are limited only by your own power of expressing enthusiasm\". Also, despite the poor timing of the release, the movie did do well both critically and at the box office in the United States. Jiminy Cricket's song, \"When You Wish Upon a Star,\" became a major success and still is today, and is the fanfare for The Walt Disney Company. \"Pinocchio\" also won the Academy Award for Best Song and the Academy Award for Best Scoring of a Musical Picture. In 1994, \"Pinocchio\" was added to the United States National Film Registry as being very important in culture, history, or aesthetic. In 2001 Terry Gilliam picked it as one of the ten best animated movies of all time and in 2005 Time.com named it one of the 100 best movies of the last 80 years. Many movie historians consider this to be the movie that is the closest to technical perfection of all the Disney animated features.\nPinocchio earned $84,254,167 at the box office.\nIn June 2008, the American Film Institute revealed its \"Ten top Ten\"\u2014the best ten movies in ten \"classic\" American movie genres. After polling over 1,500 people from the creative community, \"Pinocchio\" was acknowledged as the second best movie in the animation genre, after \"Snow White\". Pinocchio was re-released a lot of times after the war and ended up making a lot of money. After inflation, it's the ninth highest grossing animated movie that anyone has made yet. In 2014, Time Out magazine named Pinocchio the best animated film ever in a ranking of 100 animated films.\nSongs.\nThe songs in \"Pinocchio\" were composed by Leigh Harline, Ned Washington and Oliver Wallace, who had no screen credit as the film conductor while Paul J. Smith composed the incidental music score.\nThere is a collection of CDs named Classic Disney: 60 Years of Musical Magic. It includes \"When You Wish upon a Star\" on the second disc (the blue one), \"Give a Little Whistle\" on the fourth disc (the purple one), and \"I've Got No Strings\" on the fifth disc (the orange one).\nAnother collection of CDs named Disney's Greatest Hits includes \"When You Wish upon a Star\" on the Volume 1 disc (another blue one), \"I've Got No Strings\" on the Volume 2 disc (the green one), and \"Give a Little Whistle\" on the Volume 3 disc (the red one).\nIce show.\nDisney on ice \"starring\" Pinocchio, toured nationally & internationally from 1987 - 1992. A Shorter version of the story is also presented in the current Disney on ice production \"100 Years of Magic\""}
+{"id": "25109", "revid": "1687730", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25109", "title": "Lubbock, Texas", "text": "Lubbock is a city in the United States. It is in the state of Texas. More than 250,000 people live there.\nIt is the home of Texas Tech University."}
+{"id": "25111", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25111", "title": "Pearl", "text": "Pearls are made of a kind of material made by mollusks, like oysters. Pearls are small and often white but sometimes in pale colors or even black. They are often round, but sometimes half-round, oval, or in different shapes. Pearls are often used for jewelry. The pearl is the birthstone for the month June.\nHow a natural pearl is formed.\nA natural pearl is formed when nacre-producing cells are displaced from the mantle tissue of an oyster. These cells are genetically programmed to produce nacre, the substance that lines the inner sides of an oyster's shell. When the cells become displaced, often by a boring parasite or damage to the outer shell, they continue to do what they are programmed to do -- produce nacre and form a pearl.\nThey can be very tiny (as tiny as a peppercorn) or quite big (as big as a human's fist). The world's largest pearl, found in 1934 and called the Pearl of Lao-tze, is about the size of a basketball.\nTypes of pearls.\nThere are two kinds of pearls: saltwater pearls and freshwater pearls. Saltwater pearls come from oysters that live in the oceans. Freshwater pearls are found in mussels that live in rivers, lakes, or ponds. \nThere is also a \"natural pearl\" and a \"cultured pearl.\" Natural pearls are made by oysters accidentally, and are very rare. Cultured pearls are made by inserting small beads and a piece of donor mantle tissue (in the case of saltwater pearls) into the reproductive organ of a saltwater oyster, or simply inserting a piece of donor mantle tissue (in the case of freshwater pearls) into a small incision in the mantle of a freshwater mussel."}
+{"id": "25112", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25112", "title": "Warner Bros.", "text": "Warner Bros. Entertainment Inc. (commonly called Warner Bros.) is a large entertainment group and movie studio. It is owned by Warner Bros. Discovery (WBD). Warner Bros. is known for Looney Tunes, Scooby-Doo, The Flintstones, Tom and Jerry and Cartoon Network. DC Comics well known original comics for Superman, Batman and Wonder Woman. They own the copyrights to the Harry Potter movie series, Superman movie series, Batman movie series, DC Extended Universe and It duology. They also produced the TV shows \"Wonder Woman\", \"The Big Bang Theory\", \"The Dukes of Hazzard\", \"Animaniacs\", \"Two and a Half Men\" and \"Friends\". \nWarner Bros. is a very large company. Warner Brothers was founded on April 4, 1923. Its founders were Jack L. Warner, Albert Warner, Harry Warner, and Sam Warner. It was founded in Hollywood, California. It has won several awards including the Academy Award for Best Picture."}
+{"id": "25115", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25115", "title": "Quarter", "text": "Quarter may mean:"}
+{"id": "25120", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25120", "title": "Free country", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25121", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25121", "title": "Free World", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25122", "revid": "487619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25122", "title": "Freedom of religion", "text": "Freedom of religion, also known as freedom of worship, is the human right and civil liberty to be able to practice a religion without fear of being persecuted for it. It usually involes tolerating religions that are not the majority religion and usually comes alongside a separation of church and state, although not always. According to the United Nations, freedom of religion is part of international law.\nBy country.\nUnited States.\nIn the United States, freedom of religion is part of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, which states:Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances."}
+{"id": "25137", "revid": "10315024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25137", "title": "MDC (band)", "text": "MDC are an anarcho-punk and hardcore punk band that started in Austin, Texas in 1979. They helped make hardcore punk popular in Austin, but in 1982 they moved\nTheir lyrics were very political. They did not like the police, war, capitalism or racism. They did like gay people and thought that they should be treated to San Francisco, California, where they continued to become popular in the hardcore punk community. In 1993 the band stopped playing music, but they began again in 2000 and still play music today. fairly. \nThe name MDC is an abbreviation and has meant many things. The band changes what it means a lot. It has meant \"Millions of Dead Cops\", \"More Dead Cops\", \"Millions of Dead Children\", \"Multi Death Corporations\", \"Millions of Damn Christians\", \"Missile Destroyed Civilization\" and \"Magnus Dominus Corpus\". "}
+{"id": "25139", "revid": "3141", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25139", "title": "MDC", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25140", "revid": "10070402", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25140", "title": "Optimus Prime", "text": "Optimus Prime, otherwise known as formerly Orion Pax, currently Victory Leo or Star Optimus Prime, Optimus Convoy, Super Ginrai or Star Optimus Convoy in Japan and Star Prime or Star Convoy for short, is a character from the \"Transformers\" franchise. Prime is the leader of the Autobots, a group of transforming robots from the planet of Cybertron. The Autobots are constantly at war with another group of transforming robots called Decepticons. According to Bob Budiansky, co-writer of the Transformers series, Dennis O'Neil made his name. In the 1986 animated film Transformers: The Movie, he is killed by his archenemy Megatron, who is the leader of the Decepticons. Optimus Prime is voiced by Peter Cullen.\nGeneration 1.\nIn the Transformers Generation 1 cartoon series, Optimus was originally a naive and defenceless dock worker named Orion Pax. Some time later, Orion was killed by Megatron and rebuilt by Alpha Trion as Optimus Prime.\nFilms.\nIn the films, Optimus does not have his original Generation 1 look or voice due to the fact they were not based on the cartoon series. In Transformers (2007), and , he had his original body, the one from the 2007 film. In , Optimus appears battle damaged but was revealed to have been hiding from humans with the other Autobots, according to his friend Ratchet. In the movie, he was given a new look after being fixed by a human named Cade Yeager. In The Last Knight, Optimus is seen floating around in space after running low on Energon, a source of energy that transformers run on. When he appears on Cybertron, Optimus had no memory of what had happened to Cybertron, which had imploded on itself in Transformers: Dark of the Moon. In the film, Optimus is brainwashed by Quintessa, the prime of life and turned into Nemesis Prime. He also has the look he had in ."}
+{"id": "25142", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25142", "title": "Comic strip", "text": "A comic strip is a series of panels with cartoon drawings in them that make a story. Sometimes comic strips are humorous, and sometimes they are serious. Famous examples of comic strips are:\nThere are comic strips in newspapers and on the web. Comic strips on the web are called webcomics. Penny Arcade and xkcd are famous webcomics."}
+{"id": "25145", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25145", "title": "Franz Ferdinand", "text": "Franz Ferdinand could mean:"}
+{"id": "25147", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25147", "title": "First ScotRail", "text": "ScotRail was a train operating company in the United Kingdom owned by Abellio operating the ScotRail franchise.\nHistory.\nNational Express operated the ScotRail franchise from March 1997 until October 2004.\nOn July 28, 2003, Transport Scotland announced Arriva, First and National Express had been chosen to bid for the new franchise.\nOn June 11, 2004, Transport Scotland awarded the new franchise to First with the services operated by ScotRail moving to First ScotRail on October 17 2004. It originally traded as \"First ScotRail\" before being rebranded as \"ScotRail\" in September 2008.\nOn October 8 2014, Abellio were awarded the franchise beating First. They started running the trains in April 2015.\nReferences.\n \n "}
+{"id": "25150", "revid": "9626969", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25150", "title": "Waste container", "text": "A waste container (known more commonly in British English as a dustbin, rubbish-bin or simply a bin, and American English as a trash can) is a container, usually made of plastic or metal, used to store refuse.\nRubbish (trash) is usually kept in these until it is emptied by collecters, who will take it to a landfill or incinerator.\nSome bins are used specifically for recycling."}
+{"id": "25151", "revid": "1654790", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25151", "title": "Vijayanagara Empire", "text": "Vijayanagara empire (1336\u20131646 CE) was an Indian Hindu empire. From 1336 and afterwards, it was in the Deccan, in the peninsula and in southern India. It was founded by Harihara (Hakka) and his brother Bukka Raya. The empire is named after its capital city Vijayanagara, now Hampi in modern Karnataka, India. It began in 1336 and ended in 1660, though in its last century it began losing its power. Stories of the empire's creation and history are not certain, though tales of the empire's wealth and power were described by European travellers such as the Portuguese travelers Domingo Paes and Nuniz, and the Venetian traveler Niccol\u00f2 Da Conti.\nDynasties and kings.\nThe Empire was ruled by four different dynasties from 1336 CE to 1646 CE and maintained control over most of South India during most of its history."}
+{"id": "25152", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25152", "title": "Delhi Sultanate", "text": "The Delhi Sultanate (\u062f\u0644\u06cc \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u062a), or Sultanate-e-Hind (\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u062a\u0650 \u06c1\u0646\u062f or Empire of India) or Sultanate-e-Dilli (\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0646\u062a\u0650 \u062f\u0644\u06cc or Empire of Delhi) were the Sunni Islamic PersianHindavi speaking dynasties of Turkic, Punjabi and Pashtun origin, which were controlling most of the Indian subcontinent from 1210 to 1526. Most of these dynasties ruled from Delhi. This includes the Slave dynasty (1206-90), the Khilji dynasty (1290-1320), the Tughlaq dynasty (1320-1413), the Sayyid dynasty (1414-51), and the Lodi dynasty (1451-1526). The reign of the Delhi Sultans ended after Ibrahim Lodi of the Lodi Dynasty was defeated by Babur and killed in action in the Battle of Panipat.\nSultans of Delhi.\nLodi (Lodhi) dynasty (1451 - 1526).\n1526-1540: Mughal rule after the First Battle of Panipat"}
+{"id": "25153", "revid": "1649820", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25153", "title": "Hoysala Empire", "text": "The Hoysala Empire (Kannada: \u0cb9\u0cca\u0caf\u0ccd\u0cb8\u0cb3) was an Indian empire. It controlled part of southern India from 1000 to 1346 A.D. Belur, Karnataka was the empire's capital. The Hoysala Empire is remembered today mostly because of its architecture. The hundreds of temples found across Karnataka are good examples of temples that were in the cities of Belur, Halebid and Somnathpura. The Hoysala kings were affected majorly by two religions, Jainism and Hinduism. King Vishnuvardhana and the kings after him believed in Vaishnavism.\nIn the beginning, the Hoysalas were a small part of the Chalukyas of Kalyani. However, they began to grow until they made their own empire in Karnataka. Some famous Hoysala kings were Vishnuvardhana, Veera Ballala II and Veera Ballala III. Kannada was the main language of the Hoysala kings. The Hoysalas helped to increase Kannada and Sanskrit writing."}
+{"id": "25156", "revid": "1539758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25156", "title": "Macedonia (ancient kingdom)", "text": "Macedonia (Greek: \u039c\u03b1\u03ba\u03b5\u03b4\u03bf\u03bd\u03af\u03b1) or Macedon was an Ancient Greek kingdom of the Archaic and Classical Greece, and later the most powerful state of Hellenistic Greece. The kingdom was established and was at first ruled by the royal Argead dynasty, which was followed by the Antipatrid and Antigonid dynasties. Home to the ancient Macedonians, the earliest kingdom was centered on the northeastern part of the Greek peninsula, and bordered by Epirus to the west, Paeonia to the north, Thrace to the east and Thessaly to the south.\nAlexander the Great made it the most powerful kingdom in the Near East for a few years. When he died the empire fell apart and the Antigonid dynasty ruled Macedonia as a small empire. Centuries later the Roman Empire conquered Macedonia and much of Alexander's empire."}
+{"id": "25157", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25157", "title": "Macedon", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25161", "revid": "1475106", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25161", "title": "Burger King", "text": "Burger King (BK for short) is an American chain of fast food restaurants that comes from the United States. It sells hamburgers, french fries, and soft drinks. It was created in 1954 in Miami, Florida, by James McLamore and David Edgerton. Edgerton bought a restaurant named Insta Burger King and changed it to Burger King. More than 34,000 people work for the company.\nThere are more than 18,000 Burger King restaurants world-wide in 100 countries, and almost all of them are franchises. But in Australia, since the name \"Burger King\" was already trademarked there, BK franchises there are called Hungry Jack's.\nBurger King is owned mostly by 3G Capital, a Brazilian investment company. But it is also owned by shareholders and used to publicly trade on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker BKW. In 2014, the chain's operations was merged with that of Tim Hortons from Canada, under the name Restaurant Brands International (). Burger King is an American global chain of hamburger fast food restaurants. Headquartered in the unincorporated area of Miami-Dade County, Florida, the company was founded in 1953 as Insta-Burger King, a Jacksonville, Florida\u2013based restaurant chain."}
+{"id": "25162", "revid": "813423", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25162", "title": "Lech Kaczy\u0144ski", "text": " (18 June 1949 - 10 April 2010) was the President of the Republic of Poland from 2005 until his death in a plane crash in Smolensk, Russia on 10 April 2010. Kaczy\u0144ski served as Mayor of Warsaw from 2002, until the day before he became president. He was a Roman Catholic and was the identical twin brother of the Prime Minister of Poland, Jaros\u0142aw Kaczy\u0144ski."}
+{"id": "25163", "revid": "1539758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25163", "title": "Argead dynasty", "text": "The Argead dynasty (, ) was an ancient Macedonian royal house. They were the founders and the ruling dynasty of the kingdom of Macedon from about 700 to 310 BCE. From about 700 BCE, the founder of the dynasty, Perdiccas I, led the people who called themselves Macedonians eastward from their home on the Haliacmon River. Aegae (today Vergina) became the capital, and by the reign of Amyntas I (6th century BCE) Macedonian power extended eastward beyond the Axius (Axi\u00f3s) River to dominate the neighbouring Thracian tribes. \nPeople of the Argead royal house supposedly believed they were descended of Heracles' family. Famous kings included Philip II of Macedon (reigned 359-336 BC) who subdued Greece and famously united the defeated Greek city states as the League of Corinth with the Macedonians as Hegemon, and his son Alexander the Great (reigned 336\u2013323 BC) who led his army along with allied armies to conquer much of the known world at the time, creating a vast Empire stretching from Macedonia and Greece, to Egypt, and the Indus River, also defeating the Persian Achaemenid Empire. \nThe Argead family dynasty ended during the wars of the Diadochi when Alexander IV of Macedon and his mother Roxana were murdered."}
+{"id": "25164", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25164", "title": "Antipatrid dynasty", "text": "The Antipatrid dynasty was a Macedonian dynasty. It was created by Cassander in 302 BC, who was the son of Antipater. However it was not a long dynasty. It ended in 294 BC when it was taken over by the Antigonid dynasty."}
+{"id": "25165", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25165", "title": "Antigonid dynasty", "text": "The Antigonid dynasty was a Macedonian dynasty. The kings were part of the family of Alexander the Great's general Antigonus I Monophthalmus (\"the One-eyed\"). The dynasty ended when the Roman Empire conquered the area after the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC. "}
+{"id": "25167", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25167", "title": "Futurama", "text": "Futurama is an American adult animated science fiction sitcom created by Matt Groening and developed by Groening and David X. Cohen for the Fox Broadcasting Company. It is in \"New\" New York City during the 31st century. The shows were first shown on Fox on March 28, 1999, until August 10, 2003. \nIn 2008, Comedy Central in the United States began airing episodes, Comedy Central later said that the seventh season would be the final season. The series finale aired on September 4, 2013, though Groening has said he will try to get it picked up by another network. Also, 4 DVD movies were made.\nPlot summary.\nThe series is about Philip J. Fry (Billy West), a lazy New York City pizza delivery boy, who froze himself by mistake on New Year's Eve, 1999. He wakes up one thousand years later on New Year's Eve, 2999, and finds himself in \"New\" New York City. Fry wants to get a new job, though in the end he is forced to be a delivery boy. Fry tries to escape from his job and afterwards goes to Planet Express, a small delivery company that goes around the galaxy owned by his distant nephew, where he becomes a delivery boy. The series then describes the adventures of Fry and the other workers as they go around the universe making deliveries.\nSetting.\nThe first episode begins in the year 2999 later 3000, a time where there are many technological advancements, as well as a place where 21st century problems are treated as everyday situations. In a jab at segregation, for example, the series depicts the human prejudice against mutants as being so great that the latter have been forced to live underground in the sewers. The characters' home on Earth is the city of New New York, built over the ruins of present-day New York City, referred to as \"Old New York\".\nThere is a fictional religion named Robotology in the television show. It is similar to United States black churches.\nNetworks.\nOld episodes are now seen on Adult Swim (a part of Cartoon Network) and Too Funny To Sleep (a part of TBS) in the United States, on Teletoon in Canada, on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom plus Sky One, Sky Two, Sky Three and TV6 in the UK and Republic of Ireland, on Fox8 and Network Ten in Australia, on Pro 7 in Germany and on Canal Fox in Latin America, including Colombia, Argentina, Mexico, etc.\nOther websites.\n "}
+{"id": "25169", "revid": "1530097", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25169", "title": "Radar", "text": "A radar is a machine that uses radio waves for echolocation to find objects such as aircraft, ships, and rain. \nThe basic parts of a radar are:\nBy doing this, the radar can locate the object. Radar is used in many different ways. It can measure the speed and number of cars on a road, the amount of water in the air, and many other things. \nThe radar transmitter sends radio pulses. By controlling how often the rapid pulses of radar energy are sent out by a radar transmitter (called the transmitter's \"pulse repetition rate\"), and how long it takes for the reflected pulse energy to come back to the radar receiver, one can tell where objects are, and how far away. Digital circuits in a radar receiver calculate the distance to an object by knowing the time interval between energy pulses. The radar receiver's digital circuits count how long it takes between pulses for an object's reflected energy to be detected by the radar receiver. Since radar pulses are sent and received at approximately the speed of light, the distance to an object can easily be calculated. This is done in digital circuits by multiplying the speed of light by the time it takes to receive the radar energy reflected back from an object.\nThe time between pulses influences how far away an object can be detected. That distance is called the \"range\" of a radar transmitter and receiver. Radar transmitters and receivers use slow repetition frequencies to find the distance to objects that are far away. This makes it possible to accurately determine the distance to the moon, for example. Fast repetition is used to detect objects that are much closer, like ships at sea, high flying aircraft, or to determine the speed of fast moving automobiles on highways.\nRadar was first used in 1904 by Christian H\u00fclsmeyer. He was given a patent for radar (Reichspatent Nr. 165546). Radar was vital in the Battle of Britain and other parts of World War II. The Axis countries failed to keep up with British and American radar technology during the war.\nThe word \"RADAR\" was created in 1942 as an acronym for Radio Detection and Ranging. This acronym replaced the British initialism \"RDF\" (\"Radio Direction Finding\"). The word is now thought of by many people as a regular word, no longer as an acronym. \nThe FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) use several kinds of radar:"}
+{"id": "25170", "revid": "1458798", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25170", "title": "GameSpot", "text": "GameSpot is a website that was created in June 1996 by Pete Deemer, Vince Broady and Jon Epstein.\nHistory.\nIn the beginning the website was mainly about PC games. Another similar site, videogamespot.com was created in December of the same year to talk about console video game systems. In 1997, videogamespot.com became videogames.com for a short time. Afterward in 1998, videogames.com and GameSpot.com joined together to become a single site.\nGameSpot makes video game and PC reviews, previews, downloads, news, and information. It is known as one of the biggest game websites on the Internet. ZDNet bought GameSpot later on. However ZDNet was later bought by CNET Networks, who were then bought by CBS Corporation in March 2008. CBS Interactive are the owned GameSpot until they sold it in 2020 to Red Ventures. Fandom purchased GameSpot in 2022.\nOn October 3, 2005, GameSpot changed how the website looked, making it similar to what TV.com looks like."}
+{"id": "25171", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25171", "title": "TV.com", "text": "TV.com is a popular website owned by the CNET Games & Entertainment family of websites, which also includes GameSpot, GameFAQs and MP3.com. The website replaced the popular TV Tome website.\nThe website has information about television (mostly English-language television in the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and Ireland). Other than episode guides, TV.com also has news, reviews, photos, trailers and TV listings.\nPeople can also get accounts on TV.com like other CNET websites. Users get a user page and can keep track of television shows. They can also add things like episode details and cast members."}
+{"id": "25172", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25172", "title": "1159", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25174", "revid": "373511", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25174", "title": "Olive (color)", "text": "Olive is a color which looks like green or yellow. (when gray or black is added to yellow, the various shades of the color olive are produced). Some dark shades of olive can also be made by mixing a darker color (like brown) with green.\nThe most common place you will find the color olive is on an olive. It is the color of the outside of an olive. An olive's center is usually brown or sometimes orange or red.\nThere is a mineral called olivine that is colored a pale olive color."}
+{"id": "25175", "revid": "3164", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25175", "title": "Olive(color)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25176", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25176", "title": "400s", "text": "The 400s was a decade that started on 1 January 400 and ended on 31 December 409."}
+{"id": "25177", "revid": "1639749", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25177", "title": "South Asia", "text": "South Asia (or Southern Asia) is a region and the southern part of the continent of Asia.There are 8 countries that are generally included in this region. It is surrounded by (clockwise) West Asia, Central Asia, Eastern Asia, Southeastern Asia and the Indian Ocean. The Indian subcontinent makes up a large part of South Asia and is primarily a geographical term while South Asia is more of a geopolitical term that is used to refer to a group of modern nations as a whole. \nCountries included in South Asia:\nThe natural resource most used by the people is the rich land. Most of the people living there are farmers. They produce a lot of cashews, rice, peanuts, sesame seeds, and tea. A lot of natural gas is there, but these resources are usually underdeveloped. Many people there raise cattle and sheep. The cattle are raised for their milk or to carry things in Hindu areas. In India, the cattle are very important to the environment because the manure is a fertilizer for farmers.\nThe climate of South Asia can be divided into three basic types: tropical, dry, and temperate. The northeast is from tropical to subtropical. Moving west the moisture and elevation change, causing a steppe and a desert climate like in the Middle East. There is also a steppe climate in the center of the lower peninsula. Two parts of the South Asian climate especially affect the people. One is the \"monsoon\". These changing winds bring lots of the area's rain, so when they do not come early, the land becomes very dry. Hurricanes also happen every year and sometimes destroy many things and kill and injure people. In the extreme north of India and Pakistan, the climate is affected by the mountains. There is a mild climate near the Indus river where farmers grow crops like rice and tea.\nThe South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is the largest organization here."}
+{"id": "25178", "revid": "10228897", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25178", "title": "Thermodynamics", "text": "Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that studies the relations between heat, temperature, and energy. A branch of math called statistics is often used in thermodynamics to look at the motion of particles.\nThermodynamics is useful because it helps us understand how the world of the very small atoms connects to the large scale world we see everyday.\nThermodynamics also has two main branches called classical thermodynamics and statistical thermodynamics. An important idea in thermodynamics is that of a thermodynamic system.\nAn example of a thermodynamic system is a brick. A brick is made up of many atoms which all have their own properties. All thermodynamic systems have two kinds of properties, \"extensive\" and \"intensive\". For the brick, the extensive properties are the ones you get by adding up all the atoms. Things like the volume, energy, mass, and charge are extensive because two of the same brick put together have twice as much mass as one brick. The intensive properties of the brick are the ones you get by looking at the average over all atoms. Things like temperature, pressure, and density are intensive because two of the same brick still has the same temperature as one brick alone.\nLaws of thermodynamics.\nThere are four laws of thermodynamics that say how energy can be moved between two objects in the form of heat. The laws of Thermodynamics point out how the energy in a system changes and if the system can work well with its surroundings.\nUses of thermodynamics.\nEarlier, thermodynamics was studied to make steam engines work better. Now, ideas from thermodynamics are used in everything from making engines to studying black holes.\nScientists use thermodynamics for many reasons. One is to make better engines and refrigerators. Another is to understand the properties of everyday materials so that they can make them stronger in the future. Thermodynamics is also used in chemistry to explain which reactions will work and which will not (this study is known as chemical kinetics). Thermodynamics is powerful because simple models for atoms work well in explaining the properties of large systems like bricks."}
+{"id": "25179", "revid": "1166", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25179", "title": "Gamespot", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25182", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25182", "title": "Brookhurst, Wyoming", "text": "Brookhurst is a census-designated place in Natrona County, Wyoming, USA. About 205 people live there."}
+{"id": "25183", "revid": "1237047", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25183", "title": "Bollywood", "text": "Bollywood (\u092c\u0949\u0932\u0940\u0935\u0941\u0921), refers to the Hindi language movie industry in India.\nThe word is often used to describe Indian cinema as a whole, but more precisely it means Hindi language movies only. The term \"Bollywood\" combines Bombay (where most Hindi movies are made) and Hollywood (where most American movies are made).\nTop 10 Bollywood actors are. Read \nBollywood makes many movies each year. Many Bollywood movies are called \"Masala\" movies. In Hindi, \"Masala\" means spice. These movies usually have higher levels of emotions, songs, revenge and differences between rich and poor in them.\nLanguages used in Bollywood movies.\nThe movies made in Bollywood are usually in Hindi and Urdu. Some are made in Marathi, which is the main and official language of the state of Maharashtra, where Bollywood is located. Some are also in English. Often, poetic Urdu words are used; see also Lollywood (Pakistan Cinema).\nThe number of dialogues and songs in English has increased lately. There are movies now where parts of the dialogue are in English. There is also a growing number of movies which are in English. Some movies are also made in more than one language. This is either done with subtitles, or by using several soundtracks.\nWhat Bollywood movies are like.\nIn general, Bollywood movies are like musicals. The audience expects to hear music. There are usually song-and-dance numbers as a part of the script. Often, the success of a movie depends on the quality of these musical numbers. Very often, the movie music is released before the movie. It helps make the audience bigger.\nA good entertainer is generally referred to as \"paisa vasool\". This means \"money's worth\". Songs and dances, love triangles, comedy and thrills are all mixed up. Such movies are called \"masala\" movies, after the Hindustani word for a spice mixture, \"masala\". Like \"masalas\", these movies are a mixture of many things.\nBollywood movies are often longer than those made in Hollywood. A normal Bollywood movie is about 3 hours long. Bollywood movies are movies made for the masses. Other Indian movies are made inside or outside of the Bollywood tradition. They sometimes try to set higher standards. They often lose out at the box office to movies with more mass appeal.\nBollywood plots are usually melodramatic. They often use common ideas such as star-crossed lovers and angry parents, love triangles, family ties, sacrifice, corrupt politicians, kidnappers, scheming villains, hookers with a heart of gold, long-lost relatives and siblings separated by fate, dramatic reversals of fortune, and convenient coincidences.\nBollywood songs are called Hindi film songs or filmi songs. Most of the movies have songs in them. Bollywood songs along with dances are a characteristic part of Hindi cinema. They give these movies their popular appeal, cultural value and context. Songs are sung by playback singers which actors and actresses lip sync on screen.\nChange.\nBollywood ways of doing things are changing, however. A large Indian diaspora in English-speaking countries, and increased Western influence at home, have moved Bollywood movies closer to movies made in Hollywood. Kisses in the movies are now allowed. Plots tend to show Westernised city people dating and dancing in discos instead of arranged marriages.\nMovie critic Lata Khubchandani writes,\"..our earliest movies...(had) liberal doses of sex and kissing scenes in them. Strangely, it was after Independence the censor board came into being and so did all the strictures.\"\nIn 2001 five percent on Indian movies were shown in the United Kingdom which has a large Indian minority.\nThe emergence of streaming media and OTT platforms has disrupted the Bollywood industry as well. With COVID-19 affecting the entertainment industry worldwide, focus has shifted in recent year from cinema to web series. A number of successful web series are produced in Bollywood and overall the trend is shifting from musical films to different genres. This has also given rise to a trend of method acting in Bollywood, which more and more young actors are now taking up. \nAfter the COVID-19 pandemic, a significant change has been observed in the Bollywood industry. Nowadays, people prefer watching movies and web series at home, and streaming platforms like Netflix and Amazon Prime play a major role in this shift. Most of Bollywood's content is now available on these platforms. We cannot say that the overall business of Bollywood has decreased; in fact, the revenue has increased due to these different streaming platforms. However, cinema houses have certainly been affected."}
+{"id": "25184", "revid": "3901", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25184", "title": "Kingston", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25185", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25185", "title": "Dinah Washington", "text": "Dinah Washington (born Ruth Lee Jones; August 24, 1924 - December 14, 1963) was an American R&B and jazz singer. She was an African American who was born in Tuscaloosa, Alabama and raised in Chicago. She died of an accidental drug overdose in Detroit."}
+{"id": "25186", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25186", "title": "Robin Ward", "text": "Robin Ward (born Jacqueline McDonnell in 1941) was an American singer. She had a hit with her song \"Wonderful Summer\" in 1963."}
+{"id": "25187", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25187", "title": "Adrenal gland", "text": "The adrenal gland is a gland in most mammals. It is near the kidneys. Its name tells its position (\"ad\" \u2013 \"near\", and \"renes\" \u2013 \"kidneys\"). The gland is made up of two types of tissues: the centrally located tissue is called the adrenal medulla and outside this lies the adrenal cortex.\nThe adrenal glands are known as suprarenal glands in humans. In many animals the glands are next to the kidneys, but they are cap-like structures on top of the kidneys in humans.\nThe adrenal cortex produces three main types of steroid hormones: mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens. Mineralocorticoids (such as aldosterone) help in the regulation of blood pressure and electrolyte balance.\nThe adrenal gland makes hormones which control stress. It is involved in the production of steroid hormones. Among these hormones are cortisol and adrenaline.\nCortex.\nThe hormones secreted from the cortex region are called adrenocorticosteroids or corticoids. These are the hormones it makes:\nMedulla.\nThe adrenal medulla, in the center of the gland, makes:"}
+{"id": "25188", "revid": "39458", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25188", "title": "Chiswick", "text": "Chiswick is a district in the London Borough of Hounslow in West London. It is most famous as the home of the artist William Hogarth."}
+{"id": "25189", "revid": "1669142", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25189", "title": "The Golden Girls", "text": "The Golden Girls was an American comedy television series. It ran from 1985 to 1992 on NBC. It was about a group of older women who lived in the same house in Miami, Florida. The series was produced by Paul Junger Witt.\nCharacters.\nThe women were:"}
+{"id": "25190", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25190", "title": "Muppets", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25191", "revid": "1424781", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25191", "title": "Bark", "text": "Bark is the covering of the stems of woody plants, like trees. Bark protects the tree. Bark of different plants and trees can look very different, it can be rough or smooth and can have different colors. It is the outer layer of tree trunks.\nMost of the bark grows from the vascular cambium. Some outer parts of the bark sometimes come from a cork cambium. In the bark are lenticels which allow gases to move in and out of those inner tissues which have living cells.\nBark of one kind or another has been on trees from the Carboniferous period. It is obvious on stems and branches, and on some kinds of storage organs."}
+{"id": "25192", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25192", "title": "Tartar", "text": "Tartar could mean:"}
+{"id": "25195", "revid": "1688521", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25195", "title": "Cowboy", "text": "Cowboy is a broad term for men who work on ranches in North America. Etymologists trace the use of the term cowboy back to 1000 AD in Ireland. Being the oldest use of the word, in Irish it\u2019s \u201c buachaill b\u00f3 \u201c. Other languages have used other words, such as \"Bo\u00f6tes\" in Ancient Greek The word \"cowboy\" was used in England in the early 19th century but its use in the late 19th century in North America comes from the Spanish word . The cowboy has deep historic roots tracing back to Spain and the earliest European settlers of the Americas. In the United States the Native Americans and cowboys have a rich history, Still today, Native American cowboys are making a big impact in the world of rodeo.\nOver the centuries Movies about cowboys are often called western movies. Movies often show them as fighting rather than working. Cowboys can be recognized by their big brown hats and lassos. Men who do similar work in Australia are called \"stockmen\".\nCommon clothing includes a belt with a big buckle, a cowboy hat, a lasso, a buttoned polo shirt, chaps, boots, and sometimes include another belt for carrying things while riding a horse.\nJob.\nA Cowboy is simply a person who works on a ranch and rides on a horse while he herds cattle. However, on the modern day ranch, the job has evolved into more duties such as branding, fencing, hay production, and machine and animal maintenance. Cowboys are also gunfighters, a lawman, outlaw, or a shooting exhibitionist, but was more commonly a hired gun who made a living with his weapons in the Old West.\nIn American culture.\nIn American culture, the idea of cowboys is of freedom and independence. It is part of the myth of the Wild West. In movies and other stories, white actors usually play cowboys, for example Dale Robertson, Clint Eastwood and John Wayne. In real life, many cowboys of the 1800s were white Irish, black or Latino.\nThe fictional cowboy called Sheriff Woody is played by Tom Hanks.\nIn British culture.\nIn Britain, a \"cowboy\" is someone who charges money but is unskilled. For example, a \"cowboy roofer\" is someone who offers to fix a roof but does not know how to fix roofs."}
+{"id": "25196", "revid": "40117", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25196", "title": "Janet Reno", "text": "Janet Reno (June 21, 1938 \u2013 November 7, 2016) was the United States Attorney General from 1993 to 2001 under President Bill Clinton. She was the first woman to ever have this job.\nReno died on November 7, 2016 from complications of Parkinson's disease, aged 78."}
+{"id": "25206", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25206", "title": "Dong", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25208", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25208", "title": "1493", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25211", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25211", "title": "1285", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25214", "revid": "1547780", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25214", "title": "Alex Haley", "text": "Alexander Murray Palmer Haley (August 11, 1921 \u2013 February 10, 1992) was an African-American writer. He also had Irish and, according to his own telling, some Cherokee ancestry. He was born in Ithaca, New York. He is best known for \"The Autobiography of Malcolm X\", which he helped Malcolm X write, and his book \"\", which was about his family history and inspired a television mini-series. He died of a heart attack in Seattle, Washington.\nHaley family lineage.\nMembers of his family lineage that can be confirmed:\nRoots.\nAccording to Haley, he based his novel \"Roots\" on oral tradition and research, including a visit to Africa.\nAbout the first third of the book is of Haley's possible ancestor, Kunta Kinte, growing up in Africa in the 1700s. This part of the book describes the culture he lived in.\nWhen Kinte is a teenager, he is kidnapped and taken across the Atlantic Ocean to Annapolis, Maryland. He is sold in Spotslvania County Virginia to John Waller and then to his brother William Waller. He tries to escape and fails. Part of his foot is cut off as punishment and so he cannot run away again. He marries a female slave cook named Bell. They have a daughter Kizzie who is sold at age sixteen. She is raped by Tom Lea and gives birth to a son, \"Chicken George\" Lea. Chicken George becomes a famous cockfighter, meaning he trains chickens for people to bet on as they fight. George marries and has six children, but his father sells him to a British man who takes him overseas. While George is away, his family is sold to a slave trader who sells them to the Murray family of Alamance County, North Carolina. George eventually returns to them. After the US Civil War of 1861-1865 rather than sharecrop, the family moves to Henning Tennessee. Chicken George's granddaughter Cynthia marries Will Palmer and they become Alex Haley's grandparents.\nRoots won a Pulitzer Prize and a National Book award. It is unusual for a novel to do both.\nAt first, Haley said \"Roots\" was not a novel but non-fiction. But when scholars looked into his facts, they found many of them were wrong. Today, scholars think that the griot, the African scholar who talked to Haley, made up parts of the story. They think Haley was guessing or imagining things as well. Later, Haley would also admit that he copied parts of his book from a 1967 book called \"The African\".\nEven though the book is not historically accurate, American scholars still say it is one of the most important novels in the country because it inspired African Americans to write more about Africa and slavery.\nFactual accuracy questions.\nTrying to confirm the facts in Haley novel in regards to Africa and the Waller, Lea, and Murray families raised doubts.\nIronically, the Millses discovered a better fit to the Haley oral history in the written record than Haley himself had found. Dr. William Waller's father was \"Colonel\" William Waller, who owned a slave named Hopping George, a description consistent with a foot injury. Colonel Waller also owned a slave named Isbell, who may be the Bell in Haley family legend. Tom Lea's father lived in Spotsylvania County, Virginia, and he may have purchased some of Haley's ancestors from the Wallers. When the Lea family moved to North Carolina, they would have taken their slaves with them. The Leas lived in close proximity to the Murrays and Holts, and there are three Kizzies associated with the Lea and Murray families in the post-Civil War records.\nHistorian Henry Louis Gates Jr. was a friend of Haley, but years after Haley's death, Gates acknowledged doubts about the author's claims:\nMost of us feel it's highly unlikely that Alex found the village whence his ancestors sprang. \"Roots\" is a work of the imagination rather than strict historical scholarship. It was an important event because it captured everyone's imagination.\" Gates later hosted the TV series \"African American Lives\" and \"Finding Your Roots\", which used DNA testing to corroborate family histories and genealogies. Haley wrote another novel in regard to his paternal grandmother Queen [Jackson] Haley but died before he could finish it; it was published posthumously as \"\". Ironically Subsequent DNA testing of Alex Haley's nephew Chris Haley revealed that Alec Haley, Alex's paternal grandfather (and Queen Haley's husband) was most likely descended from Scottish ancestors via William Harwell Baugh, an overseer of an Alabama slave plantation."}
+{"id": "25215", "revid": "631927", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25215", "title": "Harold Robbins", "text": "Harold Robbins (born Harold Rubin; May 21, 1916 \u2013 October 14, 1997) was an American author."}
+{"id": "25216", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25216", "title": "Palatine", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25217", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25217", "title": "Black holes", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25218", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25218", "title": "Engines", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25219", "revid": "10369798", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25219", "title": "Baptism", "text": "Baptism is a rite or ceremony performed by Christians and Sikhs. It is done as a symbolic cleansing. For Christians it shows that the person being baptized has become a follower of Jesus, and it can represent the joining of the Christian family. For Sikhs, taking Baptism or Amrit Sanskar is most important and it represent followers of Sikhism.\nMethods.\nRoman Catholics baptize infants to mark their becoming members of the church. It is a sacrament usually performed by a priest. Anglicans, Methodists, Lutherans and Presbyterians also baptize babies. Baptists and many other churches, baptize only when the person is old enough to decide that they are ready to declare their faith in Christ.\nSome religious groups practice baptism by sprinkling a small amount of water on the person, usually their head. Other groups put the person under the water. Almost all Christians baptize in the name of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit. A few baptize only in the name of Jesus. \nBiblical era.\nIn the Old Testament, a similar washing ceremony was done when priests were ordained. Jesus was baptized by John the Baptist before he began his ministry. The usual form of baptism among the earliest Christians was for the person to be immersed totally or partially. But sprinkling, or pouring, was also practiced at an early day with sick and dying persons when total or partial immersion was not practical."}
+{"id": "25220", "revid": "824311", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25220", "title": "List of ethnic groups in China", "text": "There are many people in China. They all have many different cultures, histories and beliefs. The Chinese government officially says there are 56 small groups of people. They are called \"z\u00fa\" or \"m\u00ednz\u00fa\" in China. Of these, almost all of them (about 90%) are Han people (\u6c49\u65cf : H\u00e0n Z\u00fa). The rest, called \"ethnic minorities\", from biggest to smallest in population, are: \nWomen's chastity was guarded by keeping them in the inner quarters of the house in Han culture and Manchus adopted this practice from Han after the Qing was founded. the Jurchens (Manchus) were former Ming subjects but were rejecting their previous status and revolting when Nurhaci declared the Later Jin dynasty in 1616 and his Seven Grievances in 1618 calling for revenge against the Ming killing his father and grandfather."}
+{"id": "25221", "revid": "10175706", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25221", "title": "Shang dynasty", "text": "The Shang dynasty (existed from 1600BC - 1046BC) was the second dynasty in China following the Xia dynasty. Most of what we know about the Shang Dynasty is from reading pictures on oracle bones and bronze objects. A dynasty is a series of rulers which are considered to be part of the same family because they are ruling a country over generations. According to tradition, the last Shang king was overthrown in 1046 BC. The succeeding dynasty was called the Zhouh dynasty. \nCapitals.\nThe Shang moved their capital c. five times.\nOther websites.\n "}
+{"id": "25223", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25223", "title": "Tang of Shang", "text": "King Tang of Shang, in Chinese:\" \", born Zi Lu, in Chinese:\" \" (1617 BC - 1588 BC) was the first king of the Shang dynasty in Chinese history. He fought Jie, the last king of the Xia dynasty.\nHe was the leader of his \"tribe\", or group of people, for more than 17 years. When he was a leader, he made many smart men officials to help fix his government. \nWhen he saw that the Xia Dynasty was starting to be weak, Tang started 16 wars fighting the Xia Dynasty, getting many lands. Tang finally defeated the dynasty in 1600bc.\nMany people of his country thought he was a good leader. He made taxes smaller and did not force his people to be soldiers for a long time. He affected many people from foreign places."}
+{"id": "25224", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25224", "title": "Baptise", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25225", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25225", "title": "Baptize", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25226", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25226", "title": "Baptised", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25227", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25227", "title": "Baptized", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25228", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25228", "title": "Baptising", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25229", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25229", "title": "Baptizing", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25232", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25232", "title": "Bu Bing", "text": "King Bu Bing of Shang of China, in Chinese:\"\u535c\u4e19\", born Zi Sheng, in Chinese:\"\u5b50\u52dd\". He was the forth king of the Shang Dynasty (1600 BC - 1046 BC). He was the second son of King Tang. \nIn Records of the Grand Person, he was recorded as the second king of the Shang Dynasty. In that book he is given the name \"Wai Bing\", in Chinese:\"\u5916\u4e19\". But in the oracle script, he was recorded as the forth king of the Shang Dynasty. In these records his name is \"Bu Bing\",in Chinese:\"\u535c\u4e19\"."}
+{"id": "25233", "revid": "1590957", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25233", "title": "New Year's Eve", "text": "New Year's Eve is the holiday before New Year's Day, on 31 December, the last day of the current year. \nToday, Western countries usually celebrate this day with a party which ends with a group countdown to midnight. Party hats, noisemakers, fire crackers and drinking champagne are fairly common during this holiday.\nMany towns also have firework shows or other noisy ways to start the new year. Places like Berlin, Chicago, Edinburgh, Los Angeles, London, New York, Paris, Rio de Janeiro, Sydney, Toronto, and Tokyo are well known for their New Year's Eve celebrations.\nNew Year's Eve is also a work holiday in some countries, such as Australia, Argentina, Brazil, France, Mexico, the Philippines, and Venezuela."}
+{"id": "25234", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25234", "title": "Chen dynasty", "text": "The Chen dynasty () was the fourth and the last of the southern dynasties in China. It was an ethnic Han dynasty.\nThe Chen dynasty \u9673 (557-589) was the last of the Southern Dynasties \u5357\u671d (420~589). It was founded by Chen Baxian \u9673\u9738\u5148 (r. 557-559).\nChen Baxian \u9673\u9738\u5148 (posthumous title Emperor Wu of the Chen \u9673\u6b66\u5e1d, r. 557-559) inherited the imperial throne as King of Chen \u9673 because he forced the last Liang emperor to hand over to him the \"Heavenly Mandate\". After the collapse of the Northern Wei empire, there was a new time of political unrest and military activity in the north and along the borders with southern China. During the disturbances of the last decade of the Liang period, the empire of the Northern Zhou \u5317\u5468 (557-581) was able to conquer the whole western part of southern China, that is modern Sichuan and Yunnan. Chen Baxian's empire was therefore only half the size of the Liang dynasty's. Furthermore, Chen Baxian was never able to fully control all territories of his empire as well as the political and military activities of the local gentry. It took him a long time to subdue all claimants to the throne from the Xiao family that had survived the foundation of the Chen dynasty. Several Liang princes continued the rule of the Liang dynasty in the so-called Later Liang empire \u5f8c\u6881 (555-587) in the middle Yangtze valley.\nThe most powerful person in the Chen empire after Chen Baxian's death was Hou Andu \u4faf\u5b89\u90fd who replaced the new emperor Chen Chang \u9673\u660c immediately with Chen Qian \u9673\u84a8 (posthumous title Emperor Wen \u9673\u6587\u5e1d, r. 559-566). Chen Qian's son Chen Bozong \u9673\u4f2f\u5b97, called the Deposed Emperor \u9673\u5ee2\u5e1d (r. 566-568) was toppled by his own uncle Chen Xu \u9673\u980a (posthumous title Emperor Xuan \u9673\u5ba3\u5e1d, r. 569-582). Chen Xu's reign was a relatively calm and peaceful period, except the few successless military campaigns of Wu Mingche \u5433\u660e\u5fb9 against the north.\nMeanwhile, at the northern frontier a serious change had taken place. The Northern Zhou empire had conquered its neighbouring state, the Northern Qi \u5317\u9f4a (550-577) and thus controlled the whole north and west of China. The Northern Zhou dynasty itself was destroyed by general Yang Jian \u694a\u5805, who founded the Sui Dynasty \u968b (581-618). For Yang Jian, it was an easy game to conquer the small state of Chen in the south and to reunite China under his rule.\nFew records survive from the time of the Chen dynasty. However, the records that exist say that the dynasty was strong and rich. Legend says that the Chen dynasty had ten times more wealth than Europe at the time. The Chen dynasty's rulers had a tax system and ruling system similar to the Kang-Qian 'flourishing age'. (The Kang-Qian age was the last and richest Chinese feudal dynasty).\nThe Chen dynasty took in an enormous amount of silver, which was used as money at the time. The records that still exist say that the dynasty had as much as 30 million taels of silver in their reserves. (A silver tael weighed about 30 grams.) During the Chen dynasty, there was also a huge demand for Chinese silk, spices, porcelain, artwork, and many other products.\nIn the year 589, the Sui dynasty took over the Chen dynasty after the last Chen Emperor abdicated (gave up his position as Emperor)."}
+{"id": "25235", "revid": "10249323", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25235", "title": "Fighter aircraft", "text": "Fighter aircraft are small military planes that are made to fight other airplanes. They are often fast, having aerodynamic shapes (shapes that make them move through air easily) and very powerful engines for their size. \nFighters may carry many different kinds of weapons, including missiles, machine guns, and bombs. Fighters may be used as attack aircraft to attack vehicles, soldiers, or buildings on the ground. They are different from bombers because they are mainly designed to fight other airplanes. \nSpecialized fighters have been made, such as night fighters, interceptors, and air superiority fighters.\nFighter aircraft also usually are maneuverable (turn well). \nOther websites.\nhttps://techvozone.com/best-fighter-jets-in-the-world/ "}
+{"id": "25236", "revid": "9436547", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25236", "title": "Aircraft carrier", "text": "Aircraft carriers are warships that carry airplanes and other aircraft like helicopters. They are used by navies to allow aircraft to fight along with naval warships. Aircraft carriers are usually very large, carrying hundreds or thousands of sailors and tens or hundreds of aircraft.\nThe top of an aircraft carrier is called the flight deck and looks like a very small airport. Old aircraft carriers carried airplanes that could takeoff and land in the short distance of the flight deck without help. Similarly, small modern aircraft carriers only carry helicopters or specially designed airplanes such as the Harrier that can take off and land straight up and down or in the short distance of the flight deck. \nThe flight deck of a large, modern aircraft carrier has a landing area and a take-off area. The landing area is in the back and has a short runway. Airplanes stop by using a hook on the back of the airplane to grab wires stretched across the runway. In the front, the flight deck has a steam-powered catapult that connects to the front wheel of an airplane. The catapult pulls and throws the airplane off the deck, helping it take off quickly. So, aircraft carriers are basically small, floating, mobile airports. \nBecause they are big ships and need much electric power, big modern aircraft carriers are steamships. Some have on-board nuclear power plants Others burn fuel oil.\nExcept for their airplanes, aircraft carriers usually have few weapons, so other warships escort them. Together, the aircraft carrier and these warships form a carrier group."}
+{"id": "25238", "revid": "1530097", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25238", "title": "Edward Kasner", "text": "Edward Kasner (1878\u20131955) was an American mathematician. He is famous for creating the word googol and the word googolplex.\nKasner went to Columbia University and received his Ph.D. (a degree (measure) of learning) in 1899.\nAround 1920, Kasner decided to make a good, catchy name for a very big number (one, followed by a hundred zeros). While he was walking with his nephews Milton (c. 1911\u20131980) and Edwin Sirotta in New Jersey's Palisades, Kasner asked them to think of good names. Milton was the one who said \"googol\".\nIn 1940, with James Roy Newman, Kasner made a book about math called \"Mathematics and the Imagination\" . It was in this book that the name \"googol\" was first used.\nThe website Google was named after Kasner's number googol."}
+{"id": "25239", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25239", "title": "Bay of Bengal", "text": "The Bay of Bengal is a bay in the northeastern part of the Indian Ocean, west of the Malay Peninsula and east of India. It looks like a triangle. It is called the \"Bay of Bengal\", because to the north are the Indian state of West Bengal and the country of Bangladesh. It is an extended part of the Indian Ocean, but part of the sea landed on part of Bangladesh. It has four sea ports on part of Bangladesh.\nBIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation) supports free trade internationally around the Bay of Bengal between Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Thailand. "}
+{"id": "25240", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25240", "title": "Malay Peninsula", "text": "The Malay Peninsula (Malay: \"Semenanjung Tanah Melayu\") is a big peninsula in Southeast Asia. The place is divided into three political parts. This includes:"}
+{"id": "25247", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25247", "title": "Jubilee line", "text": "The Jubilee line is a line on the London Underground. It runs from Stanmore in north-west London to Stratford in east London. The colour of the Jubilee line on tube maps is grey.\nHistory.\nThe line opened on 1 May 1979, taking over one of the Bakerloo Line's two branches to relieve the main part of the line. To the Baker Street to Stanmore part a new four-kilometre part into central London was added, terminating at a new station at Charing Cross railway station.\nThe old Charing Cross station, on the Circle, District, Bakerloo and Northern lines, was renamed Embankment. The new Charing Cross tube station created a new interchange, from the stations of Strand on the Northern Line and Trafalgar Square on the Bakerloo.\nThe Jubilee Line of 1979 was to be the first part of the project, but because of the lack of money the line stayed the same until the late 1990s. Phase 2 would have extended the line along Fleet Street to stations at Aldwych, Ludgate Circus, Cannon Street, Fenchurch Street, St Katherine's Dock, Wapping and then under the River Thames to New Cross, terminating at Lewisham. An alternative plan was created in the late 1970s to extend the Jubilee Line in parallel with the River Thames, this would taken the Line from Wapping to Thamesmead Via Surrey Docks North, Canary Wharf, North Greenwich, Custom House, Silvertown, Woolwich Arsenal and to Thamesmead. However the 'river line' extension as it was called was too expensive and construction of the extension never started.\nChanges in land use, particularly the new areas in the Docklands area, caused the project to change considerably in the 1990s. The Jubilee Line Extension, opened in three stages in 1999, split from the existing line at Green Park, creating a one-station branch to Charing Cross, which is now closed (although it is still sometimes opened for occasional use as a film set). With the extension, the Jubilee Line is the only line on the London Underground network that crosses all other lines.\nTrains.\nWhen the Jubilee Line was opened, it was run with 1972 trains. In 1984 the 1972 trains were replaced by the new 1983 trains. The old 1972 Stock were used on the Northern Line. The 1983 trains proved to be unreliable in service, with their single doors making passenger loading and unloading slower than on other trains with wider doors. With the opening of the Jubilee Line Extension, the opportunity was taken to introduce new trains, and today the line is worked by 1996 trains."}
+{"id": "25253", "revid": "9916562", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25253", "title": "Medical emergency", "text": "A medical emergency is an injury or illness that poses an immediate threat to a person's long-term health or life. It needs to be treated immediately. Doctors that are trained in emergency medicine are taught how to react to medical emergencies, and often have to resuscitate patients.\nResponse.\nCalling emergency services (numbers).\nWhen there is a medical emergency, emergency medical services should be notified as soon as possible by calling for help using a local emergency telephone number, such as \"911\" in the United States or Canada, \"112\" in most of continental Europe and on GSM cell phones, \"999\" in the UK and most of its former colonies (112 works as well, and 111 calls non-urgent emergency services), \"15\" in France, \"118\" in Italy, \"119\" in South Korea and Japan, \"000\" in Australia, \"101\" in Israel and \"111\" in New Zealand. Calls to emergency services are usually free of charge; they can be made from any phone; in the case of a prepaid phone no credit is required.\nEmergency services responders.\nThe people that answer emergency calls, emergency medical dispatchers, will ask questions about the person who needs immediate treatment; some of the questions are whether the person is conscious, how badly injured they are, their name if it is known, and if they have any other illnesses. They will also ask some basic information about the called, such as the name of the person calling. \nMany countries have laws that require anyone to help those in immediate danger. Help can mean as little as alerting emergency services, or telling other people that the person is having a problem. People that know first aid are expected to help as much as they can. Moving the victim to a safe place can sometimes do more harm than good, and should be left to people that know how to properly move injured people unless there is no alternative (for example, in wilderness first aid). Many states have laws that protect those helping.\nIf the victim is not breathing, or if a heartbeat cannot be felt, artificial respiration and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) could be needed to keep a person's blood circulating long enough for medics to attempt revival. Emergency medical technicians, Outdoor Emergency Care technicians or paramedics can use airway management techniques to help a person who is not breathing.\nClinical response.\nWhile in a hospital environment, staff members that are on duty are trained to deal with emergency situations. Emergency medical physicians are trained to deal with many medical emergencies, and have up-to-date cardiopulmonary resuscitation and advanced cardiac life support certificates. In major incidents, most hospitals have protocols to have staff that are not at work at the hospital to go on duty as fast as they can.\nEmergency departments follow basic advanced cardiac life support protocols, which include keeping a patient's blood pressure and blood saturation at acceptable levels. Possible exceptions include the clamping of arteries in severe haemorrhage.\nStatistics.\nMost emergencies are unspectacular. They will happen close to home.\nOf all emergencies:"}
+{"id": "25254", "revid": "1539758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25254", "title": "Southeast Asia", "text": "Southeast Asia or Southeastern Asia, is the southeastern part of Asia. There are 11 countries in this region. All the countries in Southeast Asia are a part of ASEAN, except East Timor. Some of the countries are mostly on the Asian mainland; they were formerly called Indochina. The others are only on islands. All of the countries in Southeast Asia are in the tropics except for the northernmost areas of Myanmar, which is in the subtropics. \nThese are the countries and territories in Southeast Asia:\nThe United Nations also includes the region of Northeast India and Southeast Bangladesh traditionally, due to ethnicity similarities and culturally as part of Southeast Asia."}
+{"id": "25256", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25256", "title": "Southeastern Asia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25263", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25263", "title": "17 August", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25264", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25264", "title": "World war ii", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25266", "revid": "1540039", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25266", "title": "Sprint", "text": "Sprints are short running races in athletics. They are events in which runners will not have to \"pace themselves\", but can run as fast as possible for the entire distance. These are often some of the more popular events in the Olympic Games. The most common distances are 60 meters, 100 meters, 200 meters ,400 meters and 1500 metres. "}
+{"id": "25267", "revid": "1174418", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25267", "title": "Boxer (dog)", "text": "The Boxer is a breed of dog. Boxers were originally bred for fighting, but today they are one of the most popular dog breeds in the United States. They are so popular that over-breeding is a concern. \nThe average lifespan of a healthy Boxer is 9\u201311 years.\nHistory.\nThe Boxer was originally bred in Germany for bull-baiting and dog fighting. After these were outlawed, Boxers became hunting dogs, farm dogs, and family pets. \nThe Boxer breed was created by breeding the brabanter and Bullenbeiser (two existing dog breeds). Boxers were originally bred to fight and were later used as military sentry or police dogs. Today, though, many decades of breeding have produced a Boxer that is too gentle for this type of activity.\nCharacteristics.\nBoxers can range from medium size (weighing around 65\u00a0pounds) to medium large (around 75 pounds). On average, male boxers are 22-25 inches tall at the withers (tops of the shoulders); females are 21-24 inches at the withers.\nBoxers' coats can be various colors, like fawn, brindle, fawn-brindle mix, white, white-fawn mix, and brindle-white mix. \nBoxers are good guard dogs. They are strong and like to run in open spaces. \nTemperament.\nRelationships with people.\nBoxers are loyal dogs, and unlike certain breeds, they are not \"one-person\" dogs. They can become loyal to a person, family, group of persons, and family friends. They are well-suited to be with children and elderly persons, though they can knock people down while playing. \nThese dogs may be feared because their stance can look intimidating. However, they make friends by nature and are curious dogs who love to explore. They rarely bark without a reason.\nBoxers are easily trained and want to please. While not aggressive, they will show some protective behaviors over their owners and families, especially children. Boxers do well with other dogs and pets like cats, if the owner has gotten the animals used to each other and socialized them together. \nEnergy & play.\nBoxers have a high energy level and require lots of exercise. They love to play and have fun. Owners note that they act \"puppy-like\" their entire lifetime. Their temperament is jovial. Mean Boxers are rare. \nBoxers love to chase, run, play tag and get any form of attention whenever possible. Boxers are easy to train to do tricks, especially for rewards including attention, love and recognition. They are clever dogs with a good memory. They love to ride in vehicles and are good \"road trip\" dogs. \nTraining.\nThese dogs can have some neurotic behaviors and can become anxious if left alone. If they are left alone, \"crate-training\" is important. Dogs who are crate-trained do not mind the practice and often feel secure in a den-like setting. But being in an open house may make the dog agoraphobic, causing them to destroy things. \nBecause Boxers are very bright dogs, they may challenge an owner mentally by being defiant or by being openly obstinate. This type of behavior requires training and patience.\nSometimes people get a Boxer, then give it up to a rescue or pound because they are not ready or willing to devote the time that Boxers require for training and attention. A Boxer will not be ignored and will go to great lengths to draw attention to itself, good or even bad. Jumping on people is a common complaint, so positive reinforcement training is a must. They are affable, lovable, clown-like, yet dedicated dogs who adore their owner(s).\nHealth and care.\nBefore buying a Boxer, experts say, it is crucial to make sure a breeder is responsible (and is not an abusive \"puppy mill\"). 'Puppy mill' dogs may have hidden medical problems. \nCropping.\nBoxers have naturally floppy ears. It is common for owners to have their Boxers' ears \"cropped\" (cut, bandaged, and splinted to produce points). However, many veterinarians now refuse to crop Boxers' ears. Many owners prefer the ears' original look and/or want to avoid painful and possibly cruel cosmetic surgery. \nMost Boxers have their tail cropped at birth. \nWhite Boxers, which were drowned at birth for much of the breed's span, are now sold or allowed to be distributed as pets. However, most are neutered or spayed to prevent breeding. \nCommon medical problems.\nMedical issues common to Boxers include inherited conditions such as hip dysplasia, certain forms of heart defects, and certain forms of cancer. \nLike all dogs, they should get all necessary and regular vaccinations, have regular veterinarian checkups and teeth cleanings, along with a good diet and plenty of exercise."}
+{"id": "25270", "revid": "10499896", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25270", "title": "American Graffiti", "text": "American Graffiti is a 1973 American teen comedy-drama movie directed by George Lucas. This was Lucas' second movie and made him very well known. It is about what happens to a group of teenagers one night in August 1962 in Modesto, California, while they are driving around town and listening to radio DJ Wolfman Jack.\nIn 1995, the Library of Congress selected American Graffiti into the United States National Film Registry."}
+{"id": "25275", "revid": "10441", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25275", "title": "Lake Vostok", "text": "Lake Vostok is the biggest of the seventy lakes in Antarctica that are under sheets of ice. It is at 77\u00b0 S 105\u00b0 E. It is under Russia's Vostok Station. It is 4,000 meters (13,000 feet) under Antarctica's surface. \nThe lake was found by Russian and British scientists. They used radar to find it. \nThe lake consists of fresh water. The temperature of the water is about -3 \u00b0C. The freezing point of water is at 0 \u00b0C, but the water in the lake remains liquid because of the high pressure produced by the ice. \nThere are two separate basins in the lake. These are separated by a ridge. It has been suggested that the ecosystems of the two basins are different.\nPressure and oxygen.\nLake Vostok is an oligotrophic extreme environment. It is supersaturated with oxygen. The levels of oxygen are fifty times higher than those typically found in ordinary freshwater lakes on Earth. \nThe weight of the ice on top of Lake Vostok is believed to add to the high concentration of oxygen. Oxygen from the ice gets dissolved into the water of the lake. Deposits of oxygen and other gases are trapped in the lake as well. The structure that traps them is called a clathrate. Gases trapped in clathrates are enclosed in ice and look like packed snow. These structures form at the high-pressure depths of Lake Vostok; they would become unstable if brought to the surface.\nLife.\nNo other natural environment on Earth is as rich in oxygen. For this reason, if there are any forms of life in the lake, they would probably need to have adapted to the high levels of oxygen to be able to survive. Some adaptations might include high concentrations of protective enzymes.\nThe environment in the lake is very similar to that on Jupiter's moon Europa or Saturn's moon Enceladus. Finding life in the lake would therefore make it more probable that life has existed on one of these moons."}
+{"id": "25276", "revid": "3164", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25276", "title": "Loofah", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25277", "revid": "1521690", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25277", "title": "Infrared", "text": "Infrared (IR) radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation (a wave with electricity). The wave is longer than light which humans can see and shorter than microwaves. The word \"infrared\" means \"below red\". It comes from the Latin word \"infra\" (meaning \"below\") and the English word \"red\". (Infrared light has a frequency \"below\" the frequency of red light). Red light has the longest wavelength that human eyes can see. Infrared waves cannot be seen by the eye.\nNear-infrared waves are between 800\u00a0nm and 1.4\u00a0\u00b5m. Most infrared from the Sun is near-infrared. Thermal imaging is mostly done with thermal radiation waves between 8 and 15 \u00b5m.\nPeople sense infrared as heat.\nMost remote controls use infrared to send the control signals. Many missiles for anti-aircraft warfare find their target by infrared.\nTelecommunications.\nBefore Bluetooth was invented, some computers, personal digital assistants, and cell phones used infrared technology to send files to other devices. Bluetooth replaced infrared in the early 2000s. Infrared is limited by the need to have both devices in a \"line of sight\" with each other.\nInfrared lasers are used to provide the light for optical fiber communications systems. Infrared light with a wavelength around 1,330\u00a0nm (least dispersion) or 1,550\u00a0nm (best transmission) are the best choices for standard silica fibers."}
+{"id": "25278", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25278", "title": "Electromagnetic waves", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25279", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25279", "title": "Infra-red", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25280", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25280", "title": "Infra red", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25281", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25281", "title": "Infrared radiation", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25282", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25282", "title": "Infrared light", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25283", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25283", "title": "Infra-red radiation", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25284", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25284", "title": "Infra red radiation", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25285", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25285", "title": "Infra red light", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25286", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25286", "title": "Infra-red light", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25289", "revid": "656019", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25289", "title": "Municipalities of Republika Srpska", "text": "In 1994, the \"Law on Territorial Organization and Local Self-Government\" was created. It made the Republika Srpska into 80 parts, called municipalities. However, because of the Dayton Peace Agreement in 1996, there are now 63 parts. "}
+{"id": "25291", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25291", "title": "Republika Srpska", "text": "\"This page is not to be confused with the page of Republika Srbija which redirects to Serbia\"\nRepublika Srpska (Serbo-Croatian: \u0420\u0435\u043f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0421\u0440\u043f\u0441\u043a\u0430 / Republika Srpska) is one of the two parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The other part is the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and there is also a special city that is not in either, the Br\u010dko District. It is located in Southeastern Europe, more precisely in the western part of the Balkan Peninsula. The largest city is Banja Luka and is the seat of most of the institutions of the Republika Srpska, as well as its political, administrative, economic and university center. Srpska shares a state border with the Republic of Serbia, Montenegro and the Republic of Croatia, and the inter-entity demarcation line with the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Srpska was created due to the Bosnian War.\nRegions.\nRepublika Srpska has seven main parts (called regions). They are:"}
+{"id": "25292", "revid": "1674404", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25292", "title": "Kenneth Branagh", "text": "Sir Kenneth Branagh (born 10 December 1960) is a British actor, movie director and television producer. He played Hamlet. He has directed and acted in many Shakespeare adaptations. He has acted alongside popular actors including: Emma Thompson, Keanu Reeves, Michael Keaton, Maggie Smith and Alan Rickman. He is also known for being the director and star of his Hercule Poirot movie adaptations.\nSince Richard Attenborough's death in August 2014, Branagh has been the president of the Royal Academy of the Dramatic Arts in London.\nIn 2022, he won a Golden Globe Award and Academy Award for screenplay writing for his movie \"Belfast\". Branagh is known for his William Shakespeare film adaptations (1989-2006). He has also portrayed Agatha Christie's Belgian detective character, Hercule Poirot, appearing in \"Murder on The Orient Express\", \"Death on The Nile\", and \"A Haunting in Venice.\" \nHe is set to star in \"Mayday,\" Apple TV's upcoming action thriller movie\",\" alongside Ryan Reynolds."}
+{"id": "25295", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25295", "title": "Sculpture", "text": "Sculpture is a type of art. It must be three-dimensional (meaning it must have height, width, and depth like a cube). There are many kinds of sculptures from different parts of the world, like China and India, or from different time periods, like the Renaissance and modern times. The pictures below are of sculptures:"}
+{"id": "25296", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25296", "title": "Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor", "text": "Charles V (24 February 1500 21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1519, King of Castile and Aragon from 1516, and Lord of the Low Countries as Duke of Burgundy from 1506.\nPhilip the Handsome (son of Maximilian I of Austria and Mary of Burgundy) and Joanna the Mad (daughter of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile) were his parents. He ruled Austria, Spain, Two Sicilies, Sardinia, Germany, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg, Hungary, Bohemia, Croatia, Mexico, Peru, and Venezuela.\n\"His Majesty\" or \"His Imperial Majesty\" was first used when he was king. His Empire became large and was known as \"in which the sun does not set\". He was also known as \"The Emperor of Universal Dominion.\"\nHe divided his empire between his brother Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor and his son Philip II of Spain.\nIssue.\nCharles and Isabella had seven legitimate children, but only three of them survived to adulthood. Charles also had natural children before he married and after he was widowed.\nDue to Philip II being a grandson of Manuel I of Portugal through his mother he was in the line of succession to the throne of Portugal, and claimed it after his uncle's death (Henry, the Cardinal-King, in 1580), thus establishing the personal union between Spain and Portugal.\nCharles also had six children out of wedlock:"}
+{"id": "25297", "revid": "1682408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25297", "title": "Renaissance", "text": "The Renaissance is a period in European history that followed the Middle Ages and ended in the 17th century. \"Renaissance\" is a French word for \u201ccultural rebirth.\u201d During this period, there was a \u201crebirth\u201d of classical learning. People started relearning the teachings of scholars from Ancient Greece, Rome, and other ancient societies. The Renaissance is often said to be the start of the modern age.\nDuring the Renaissance, there were many advances in art, literature, the sciences, mathematics, and culture. Many famous artists, writers, philosophers, and scientists lived during this period. A person who is clever at a great number of things is sometimes called a \"Renaissance man.\" The most famous Renaissance man was Leonardo da Vinci, a painter, scientist, musician, and philosopher.\nThe Renaissance started in Italy but soon spread throughout Europe. In Italy, the period is divided into three parts:\nFollowing the Mannerist period was the Baroque period, which also spread across Europe starting around 1600. Outside Italy, it can be hard to tell when the Renaissance period ended and the Baroque began.\nCauses.\nReading and printing.\nIn the Middle Ages, most artistic, legal, and historical production took place in and around books. Monasteries, churches, universities, and rich people them produced and owned books. They were produced entirely by hand and so were called manuscripts; illuminated manuscripts include handcolored, drawn, and gilded pictures.\nMost books were written in Greek or Latin, which was used in the Catholic Church. Only priests and well-educated people could read Latin. People were forbidden by church law from translating the Bible into Italian, English, German, French, or other local languages.\nAround 1440, the first printed books were made in Europe. The printing press made it possible to print copies of large books like the Bible and to sell them cheaply. It took 300 calf skins or 100 pig skins to print the Bible. Printers soon began to print everything that they thought was interesting: Ancient Greek and Roman writings, poetry, and plays; stories about the lives of the saints; mathematics textbooks; medical textbooks; Christian stories; erotic stories; books about animals and monsters; maps of the world; and advice to princes about on to rule.\nBefore the invention of the printing press, knowledge had belonged to priests, monasteries, and universities. Suddenly many thousands of people, even merchants, could learn far more than they ever could before.\nAncient Roman things.\nFrom about 400 BC to 400 AD, Europe experienced a Golden Age. In Ancient Greece and Rome, there were many philosophers, writers, painters, sculptors, architects and mathematicians. Things were beautiful, well-organized, and well run.\nHowever, by the year 1400, the city of Rome was in ruins. Inside the broken walls, which had been smashed in 410 AD, were the remains of huge temples, sports arenas, public baths, apartment blocks and palaces. Nearly all of them were half-buried and ruined and so they could not be used. Many were pulled down to use as building stone.\nAmong the ruins of the once-great city, the people of Rome lived in cottages. They still went to church in the huge churches (basilicas) that had been built by the first Christian emperor, Constantine the Great, in the 4th century. They still held market day in the ancient Roman market place of \"Campo dei Fiori\" (\"Field of Flowers\").\nIn 1402, Filippo Brunelleschi and the teenager Donatello came to Rome. They were probably the world's first archaeologists. They were fascinated by everything that they saw. They measured ancient ruined buildings, drew things, and dug around for weeks looking for bits of broken statues and painted pottery that they could put back together. When they went back home to Florence, they knew more about ancient Roman architecture and sculpture than anyone had known for about a thousand years. Brunelleschi became a very famous architect, and Donatello became a very famous sculptor.\nMoney and politics.\nThe Renaissance really began in the city of Florence. In those days, Italy was not one single country but was made of many little states. All of them were governed in different ways and were constantly making alliances and fighting one other.\nRome was politically powerful, because the city had the Pope, the head of the Roman Catholic Church. Because of his very great importance as a spiritual leader, most people and most cities did not want to argue with him. After a pope died, a new pope was elected. Rich and powerful people hoped that a member of their family would be chosen. It was always a good idea to have several young men in the family trained as priests just in case. It also helped to be good friends with other rich families. One way to do so was to have many daughters and to get them to marry rich and powerful men from different cities, which was how politics then worked.\nThere were other powerful cities in Italy. Venice had a large and powerful navy. Milan controlled trade with Northern Europe and was very rich. Genoa was also very rich because it controlled trade with France and Spain. Florence, where the Renaissance is said to have started, was another important city.\nFlorence\u2019s strength came from a strong army, strong fortress, or control over trade but came from banking. The ruling Medicis were an important banking family and helped to make Florence a powerful city and the centre of Renaissance learning."}
+{"id": "25298", "revid": "3164", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25298", "title": "Similar", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25299", "revid": "3164", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25299", "title": "Rubber tree", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25307", "revid": "1458798", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25307", "title": "Lava", "text": "Lava is magma, hot molten rock that flows through holes in the Earth's crust and onto the surface. Like magma, lava can be either viscous (~thick) or fluid (~thin). Blocky lava is so thick and slow that it barely moves along the ground. Other types of lava, like \"pahoehoe\", \"aa\", and \"pillow lava\", are thinner and flow faster. Lava sometimes sets things on fire. Sometimes it even destroys towns.\nTypes of lava.\nBlocky lava.\n\"Blocky lava\" is cool, stiff lava that cannot travel far from where it was erupted. Blocky lava usually oozes out from a volcano only after an explosion has let out lots of the gas pressure from the place where there is magma. Blocky lava makes jumbled piles of sharp chunks.\nPahoehoe.\nPronounced \"pah HOY HOY\", \"pahoehoe\" gets its name from the Hawaiian word for \"ropy\" because its surface looks like coils of rope. Pahoehoe lava flows slowly, like wax dripping down from a candle, making a glassy surface with round wrinkles.\nAa.\n\"Aa\" is a Hawaiian word that is pronounced \"AH-AH\". This lava that has a sharp, jagged surface. This stiff lava pours out quickly and makes a crust that breaks easily. The crust is torn into sharp pieces as the hot lava underneath still moves.\nPillow lava.\nPillow lava is made when lava erupts underwater. It makes round lumps that are the size and shape of pillows. Pillow lava has a round shape because the lava cools very quickly when it touches water.\nThey occur wherever mafic or intermediate lavas push out under water. This happens along marine hotspot volcano chains and the constructive plate boundaries of mid-ocean ridges. Pillow lavas occur in the oldest preserved volcanic sequences on earth, the Isua and Barberton greenstone belts. This shows that large bodies of water were on the Earth's surface early in the Archaean. Pillow lavas are used generally to show volcanism occurred underwater in metamorphic belts. Pillow lavas are also found where volcanoes were under ice early before an eruption.\nLava tube.\nA lava tube is a natural channel formed in flowing lava. The lava continues flowing under the tube's upper surface. Later, when the lava is cooled and solid, the tube remains as a feature in the landscape."}
+{"id": "25308", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25308", "title": "Greenwich Village", "text": "Greenwich Village is an area on the western part of southern/downtown Manhattan. It is sometimes called \"The Village\". The Village is mainly residential.\nGreenwich Village is bordered by Broadway to the east, Hudson River to the west, Houston Street to the south and 14th Street to the north.\nOriginally, Greenwich Village was a hamlet separate to New York City. The grid plan for its streets is less orderly than in parts of Manhattan that were built later. \nHistory.\nThe village is located on what used to be marshland. In the 16th century, Native Americans called it \"Sapokanikan\" which means \"tobacco field\". In the 1630s, it was turned into pasture by the Dutch, who called it \"Noortwyck\". In 1664, when the English captured the Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam, and Greenwich Village developed as a hamlet.\nIn 1712, it officially became a village, and was named Grin'wich in the 1713 Common Council records. Following a yellow fever epidemic in 1822, many New York residents moved to the healthier air of Greenwich; where many stayed. In the 19th century, it was known as Washington Square."}
+{"id": "25353", "revid": "1041406", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25353", "title": "Yoshiki", "text": " is a Japanese musician. He is a co-founder of the Japanese band rock X Japan. He also founded an independent record label Extasy Records. X Japan ended in 1997. They got back together in 2007 and are currently touring worldwide.\nYoshiki's solo career includes two classical studio albums: \"Eternal Melody\" (1993), and \"Eternal Melody II\" (2005)."}
+{"id": "25359", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25359", "title": "Aragon", "text": "Aragon is an autonomous community in the northeast of Spain. In the various dialects of Spain it is: in ; in ; in .\nAragon covers the area of the medieval Kingdom of Aragon. It is named after the Arag\u00f3n river, a tributary of the Ebro.\nAragon has three provinces (from north to south): Huesca, Zaragoza and Teruel. Its capital is Zaragoza (sometimes called \"Saragossa\" in English).\nGeography.\nAragon is one of the 17 Spanish autonomous communities. It has a surface area of , 9.4 percent of the territory of Spain. By area, it is the fourth largest Spanish autonomous community after Castile and Le\u00f3n, Andalusia and Castile-La Mancha.\nAragon is bordered to the north by France (Nouvelle-Aquitaine region). Within Spain, the community is bordered to the east by Catalonia (Lerida and Tarragona provinces), to the south by Valencian Community (Castell\u00f3n and Valencia provinces) and Castile-La Mancha (Cuenca and Guadalajara provinces), and to the west by Castile and Le\u00f3n (Soria province), La Rioja and Navarre.\nRelief.\nMost of Aragon has an altitude of . The highest point is the Aneto peak with high; it is the highest mountain of the Pyrenees.\nThe lowest point in Aragon is on the Ebro river, close to Zaragoza, with an altitude of high.\nThe three main geographical regions of Aragon are:\nRivers.\nMost of the Aragonese rivers are tributaries of the Ebro, Spain's largest river in volume and which divides Aragon into two. Some important tributaries on the left side of the river (rivers that come from the Pyrenees) are the Arag\u00f3n, born in Huesca but flows into the community of Navarre, the G\u00e1llego and Cinca, which joins the Segre just before ending up in the Ebro. Right tributaries are the rivers Jal\u00f3n, Huerva and Guadalupe.\nOn the Ebro, near the border with Catalonia, lies the Mequinenza Reservoir, with a length of about 110\u00a0km, and that is popularly known as the \"Sea of Aragon\".\nClimate.\nClimatically, Aragon can be divided into three areas:\nIn the middle of Aragon, which is only above sea level, the annual average temperature is around . To the north and south of the Ebro valley, where the elevation rises to above sea level, the temperature drops by two degrees. In the mountains, between , the temperatures are between .\nAdministrative divisions.\nAragon consists of three provinces named after their capitals: Huesca, Teruel and Zaragoza. Each province is divided in \"comarcas\" (a \"comarca\" is a local administrative division) and these are divided in municipalities.\nPopulation.\nAragon has a population, in 2013, of 1,347,150, for a population density of inhabitants/km2, one of the lowest in Spain. The most densely populated areas are around the valley of the Ebro river, particularly around Zaragoza, and in the Pyrenean s (the hills at the base of the Pyrenees), while the areas with the fewest inhabitants tend to be those that are higher up in the Pyrenean mountains, and in most of the southern province of Teruel.\nThe province of Zaragoza is the one with more inhabitants, with 978,638 people living there, representing % of the population of Aragon.\nThe city with more people living in it is the capital, Zaragoza (620,419). The other provincial capitals Huesca and Teruel have, respectively, 47,923 and 31,506 inhabitants.\nMost important cities.\nThe 10 most important cities in the department are:\nLanguage.\nSpanish is the native language in most of Arag\u00f3n. The only official language, it is understood and spoken by virtually everyone in the region.Also, Aragonese is still spoken, in several local varieties, in the mountainous northern counties of the Pyrenees, particularly in western Ribagorza, Sobrarbe, Jacetania and Somontano. In the easternmost areas of Arag\u00f3n, along the border with Catalonia, varieties of Catalan are spoken, including the comarcas of eastern Ribagorza, La Litera, Bajo Cinca, Bajo Arag\u00f3n-Caspe, Bajo Arag\u00f3n and Matarra\u00f1a."}
+{"id": "25360", "revid": "1438187", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25360", "title": "Aragonese language", "text": "The Aragonese language is a Romance language spoken in the north of Aragon by 10,000 people.\nIt is similar to nearby languages: Spanish, Catalan and Occitan. Also, many Aragonese words are similar to Basque words.\nHistory.\nAragonese, which developed in parts of the Ebro basin, can be traced back to the High Middle Ages. It spread throughout the Pyrenees to areas where languages almost the same as modern Basque might have been spoken before. The Kingdom of Aragon (formed by the counties of Aragon, Sobrarbe and Ribagorza) expanded to the south from the mountains. It pushed the Moors farther south in the Reconquista and spreading the Aragonese language.\nThe union of the Catalan counties and the Kingdom of Aragon which formed the 12th-century Crown of Aragon did not merge the languages of the two areas; Catalan continued to be spoken in the east and Navarro-Aragonese in the west. The Aragonese Reconquista in the south ended when James I of Aragon gave Murcia to the Kingdom of Castile as dowry for an Aragonese princess.\nThe best-known writer in Aragonese was Johan Ferrandez d'Heredia, the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller in Rhodes at the end of the 14th century. He wrote a lot of works in Aragonese and translated several works from Greek into Aragonese (the first in medieval Europe).\nThe spread of Spanish, the Castilian origin of the Trast\u00e1mara dynasty, and the similarity between Spanish and Aragonese helped the decline of the latter. A turning point was the 15th-century coronation of the Castilian Ferdinand I of Aragon, also known as Ferdinand of Antequera.\nIn the early 18th century, after the defeat of the allies of Aragon in the War of the Spanish Succession, Philip V ordered the prohibition of the Aragonese language in the schools and the institution of Spanish as the only official language in Aragon. This was ordered in the Aragonese Nueva Planta decrees of 1707.\nIn recent times, Aragonese was mostly seen as a group of rural dialects of Spanish. After the 1978 Spanish transition to democracy new books and studies of the language have been published."}
+{"id": "25361", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25361", "title": "Tom Skeritt", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25362", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25362", "title": "1161", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25363", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25363", "title": "1168", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25364", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25364", "title": "1178", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25365", "revid": "10249270", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25365", "title": "251", "text": "251 (CCLI) was ."}
+{"id": "25366", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25366", "title": "1280", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25368", "revid": "10249387", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25368", "title": "675", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25369", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25369", "title": "1195", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25371", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25371", "title": "1106", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25372", "revid": "10249358", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25372", "title": "525", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25373", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25373", "title": "1380", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25374", "revid": "10249289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25374", "title": "303", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25375", "revid": "10249389", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25375", "title": "687", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25376", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25376", "title": "1221", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25377", "revid": "10413895", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25377", "title": "1304", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25378", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25378", "title": "20 July", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25379", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25379", "title": "1156", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25380", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25380", "title": "1226", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25381", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25381", "title": "1181", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25382", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25382", "title": "1219", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25383", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25383", "title": "1711", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25384", "revid": "10249808", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25384", "title": "1765", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25385", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25385", "title": "1590", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25386", "revid": "10249964", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25386", "title": "1628", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25387", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25387", "title": "1105", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25388", "revid": "10249977", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25388", "title": "1618", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25389", "revid": "10249972", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25389", "title": "1622", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25390", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25390", "title": "Levi Eshkol", "text": "Levi Eshkol (born Levi Shkolnik, 25 October 1895 \u2013 26 February 1969) was the 3rd Prime Minister of Israel from 1963 until his death in 1969. He is buried in Mount Herzl in Jerusalem."}
+{"id": "25391", "revid": "10389589", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25391", "title": "1580", "text": "1580 (MDLXXX) was a leap year starting on Friday in the Julian calendar."}
+{"id": "25392", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25392", "title": "Sidney Sheldon", "text": "Sidney Sheldon (February 11, 1917 - January 30, 2007) was an American screenwriter and novelist. He wrote the screenplays for twenty-three motion pictures including \"Easter Parade\" and \"Annie Get Your Gun\". He also created four long-running television series. He is also included in the \"Guinness Book of Records\" as, \"The Most Translated Author\".\nNovels.\nHis novels include:"}
+{"id": "25393", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25393", "title": "Mackenzie Bowell", "text": "Sir Mackenzie Bowell, PC, KCMG (December 27, 1823 \u2013 December 10, 1917) was the sixth Prime Minister of Canada from 21 December 1894 to 27 April 1896.\nEarly life.\nBowell was born in Rickinghall, Suffolk, England to John Bowell and Elizabeth Marshall. In 1832 his family moved to Belleville, Ontario. He started work helping the printer at the town newspaper, \"The Intelligencer\". He became printer and editor with that newspaper, and later its owner. He was a Freemason and an Orangeman, becoming Grandmaster of the Orange Order of British North America, 1870 \u2013 1878. In 1847 he married Harriet Moore (1829 \u2013 1884). He had four sons and five daughters.\nPolitics.\nBowell was elected to the House of Commons in 1867, as a Conservative, for North Hastings, Ontario. In 1878 he became Minister of Customs. In 1892 he became Minister of Militia and Defence. He was a skilled and hardworking administrator. He later became Minister of Trade and Commerce. He was elected to the Senate. His visit to Australia in 1893 led to the first meeting of British colonies and territories. It was held in Ottawa in 1894. He became Leader of the Government in the Senate on October 31 1893.\nIn December 1894 the Prime Minister Sir John Thompson died suddenly. Bowell was the most senior Cabinet minister and was appointed Prime Minister by the Governor General. Bowell was the second of two Canadian Prime Ministers to serve in the Senate rather than the House of Commons. (The first was John Abbott.)\nManitoba Schools Question.\nAs Prime Minister, Bowell faced the difficult Manitoba Schools Question. In 1890 Manitoba stopped giving money to Catholic schools. This was the opposite of an earlier law called in the Manitoba Act of 1870. Bowell other political leaders could not solve the problem. It had divided the country, the government, and even Bowell's own Cabinet. He could not make up his own mind on how to fix the problem. As a Senator he could not speak in the arguments in the House of Commons. Bowell supported a law that would have forced Manitoba to restore funding the Catholic schools. His Cabinet did not agree. Normal government activities stopped. His Cabinet decided he did not have the ability to be Prime Minister and he was forced to resign. Seven government ministers resigned and stopped new people from being appointed. Bowell called them \"a nest of traitors\". After ten days, the Governor General stepped in and the problem was solved. Six of the ministers went back to their jobs. Charles Tupper was the person who was seen as the real leader. Tupper had been Canadian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom. He had been asked to come back and taker over from Bowell. Bowell resigned at the end of the parliamentary session.\nBowell was the Conservative leader until 1906. He stayed in the Senate until his death. He died of pneumonia in Bellville, just before he turned 94. He was buried in the Belleville Cemetery. His funeral was attended by a full group of the Orange Order.\nBowell's descendants live in Hertfordshire, England."}
+{"id": "25397", "revid": "10085309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25397", "title": "Rugby World Cup", "text": "The Rugby World Cup is the most important tournament in the sport of rugby union. The first one was in 1987. The cup happens every four years. The competition is one of the biggest sporting events in the world (along with the FIFA World Cup and the Olympics).\nThere are only 20 spots available in a Rugby World Cup, so teams must compete for them in a qualifying competition. Teams that reached the knockout stages of the previous tournament automatically qualify for the next tournament.\nThe 2019 competition was held in Japan, with South Africa winning.\nThe current 2024 champions are South Africa.\nOther websites.\n<br>"}
+{"id": "25402", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25402", "title": "Ball bearing", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25410", "revid": "1547528", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25410", "title": "1996 U.S. campaign finance scandal", "text": "The 1996 United States campaign finance controversy was an alleged effort by the People's Republic of China to influence domestic United States politics during the 1996 federal elections. The Chinese government denied all accusations. Twenty-two people were eventually convicted of fraud or for funneling Asian funds into the United States elections, and others fled U.S. jurisdiction. \nIn late 1996, the Justice Department opened a task force to investigate allegations of illegal donations to the Clinton/Gore re-election campaign and to Clinton's legal defense fund. Ultimately, Justice Department prosecutors secured the conviction of several fund-raisers for various offenses. John Huang served 500 hours of community service and paid a $10,000 fine. Johnny Chung served 3000 hours of community service. Charlie Trie served four months of in-home detention. Maria Hsia served 90 days of home detention and paid a $5,300 fine. Indonesian billionaire James Riady was fined $8.6 million. Ernest Green served three months home detention. Michael Brown served 150 hours of community service and paid a $5000 fine. In all, the Justice Department task force secured criminal convictions against 22 people by 2001."}
+{"id": "25411", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25411", "title": "1008", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25412", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25412", "title": "1045", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25413", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25413", "title": "URL", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25415", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25415", "title": "Kick", "text": "In hand-to-hand combat, in martial arts and sports, a kick is a blow with the foot, the knee or the leg. It is used in combat as an attack. Generally, the kicks are slower than the punches although stronger than the blows with hands.\nThe kicks are a fundamental part in many martial arts. The examples are: wushu, karate, kickboxing, tangsudo or taekwondo; whereas other arts do not use any kick, as it is in the case of judo or of boxing. Other martial arts can use kicks, although they limit them to attacks to the legs and to the lower parts of the body of the opponent.\nThere exists a great number of kicks, and a lot of them have typical names for each one. Frequently the same movement has different names in different martial arts. This is obvious especially when comparisons are done between western arts and oriental arts. \nExample in kickboxing.\nUsual kicks.\n(1) The front kicks and side kicks, in \"penetrating\" form, on the lower member are entitled between the professionals especially for certain titles, but not in all the lands.\n(2) There exist numerous hybrid kicks, such as the \"side-front\" que the \"side kick\" with the hips rather frontal what allows an instant connection of the techniques of fist much useful in active defense\nLess practised kicks.\nCategory of the straight-legged kicks, called stick kick:\nSpinning and jumping kicks.\n(*) Certain techniques can be spinning and jumping at the same time."}
+{"id": "25423", "revid": "10249948", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25423", "title": "1644", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25432", "revid": "1628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25432", "title": "Tower of Pisa", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25444", "revid": "10489432", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25444", "title": "Islam and clothing", "text": "Muslims have different dress codes for different contexts. Conservative ideas of \"hijab\" require people to dress modestly both for outside and religious contexts. Clothing for everyday wear, inside and outside the house is different, and very much depends on the family.\nClothes for men.\nMuslim men are required to dress modestly, especially during prayer. The minimum requirement for covering the awrah (the area from the navel to the knees) is essential for the validity of prayer. It is encouraged for men to wear loose-fitting garments, such as thobes, that cover the body modestly and ensure that the awrah is properly concealed. Tight or revealing clothing is discouraged, as it detracts from the focus on prayer and modesty. Muhammad is reported to have encouraged covering the shoulders during prayer in addition to the awrah, emphasizing modesty and dignity in worship.\nClothes for women.\nIslam says that women should dress in a very special way. This dress code applies to women and adolescent girls, but not to children. Usually, women who travel to Muslim countries should also wear such dress."}
+{"id": "25447", "revid": "1628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25447", "title": "Hen", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25448", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25448", "title": "Rooster", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25454", "revid": "1654730", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25454", "title": "Charles I of England", "text": "Charles I (19 November 1600 \u2013 30 January 1649), was the king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution. He was a son of James VI and I. He was married to Henrietta Maria of France. He was executed in 1649, during the English Civil War.\nEarly life.\nCharles was born at Dunfermline Palace in Fife, Scotland, before his father James VI and I came to the throne of England.\nCharles came to England in 1604. He had an elder brother, Henry Frederick, who was clever, handsome, popular, and rich, was next in line for the throne. Henry Frederick died suddenly in 1612, and his brother Charles was made Prince of Wales and the heir apparent to his father's kingdoms..Charles was less suited to be king than Henry had been, because he was small and weak and not as clever.\nCharles became closer to George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham, than anyone else. The Duke of Buckingham was his father's best friend and was very powerful and rich, but he was not popular with most common people. He took Charles to Spain in the hope of finding him a Spanish princess as a bride, but they had many problems on the journey and could not persuade the Spanish king to give them his daughter as a wife for Charles.\nCharles sat in the Parliament of England's House of Lords in 1621. King James wanted Charles to marry Maria Anna of Spain because she was the sister of Philip IV of Spain. Charles travelled to Spain to meet Maria in 1623, but the journey was a disaster, the two did not marry, and Charles became an enemy of Spain.\nOn the way home, Charles went through France again, where he met the French royal family.\nCharles married Henrietta Maria of France because she was the sister of the French king, Louis XIII, and planned to fight Spain. The Parliament of England convened in 1624 because of Charles's plans. James I did not want a war but died in 1625.\nReligion.\nHis religious policies and his marriage to a Roman Catholic made him mistrusted by Reformed groups such as the English Puritans and Scottish Covenanters, who thought his views were too Catholic. He supported High Church Anglican ecclesiastics and gave little help to Protestant forces enough during the Thirty Years' War. His attempts to force the Church of Scotland to adopt High Anglican practices strengthened the position of the English and Scottish Parliaments and were a cause for his downfall.\nKing.\nCharles, now the king, convened the English Parliament again in 1625. The Parliament did not give the king what he wanted, and its men did not like Charles's friend theDuke of Buckingham , who had gone with Charles to Spain and later helped him to marry Henrietta Maria. When Buckingham led the Royal Navy to attack Cadiz in Spain, the campaign was a failure, and Parliament impeached him. That made Charles dissolve (stop) the parliament. Charles also wanted to send soldiers to help Protestants in the France and demanded more money to pay for the army. That campaign was also a failure, and the king had to agree to the Petition of Right in 1628. An army officer assassinated Buckingham that summer.\nParliament convened again in 1629. There were many disagreements about religion and the organization of the Church of England. Charles gave support to the High Church, but the parliament gave their support to the Low Church. Charles supported Arminianism, but Parliament's House of Commons tried to make Arminianism illegal. To stop the House of Commons, the king again dissolved the parliament. Some Members of Parliament in the House of Commons tried to continue their session, but the king put them in prison. Charles continued to support Arminians in the Church of England by making William Laud the Archbishop of Canterbury, the highest bishop of England The population disliked Laud, the Arminians and Charles's taxes. Between 1629 and 1640, the king controlled the government alone. There was no parliament. This time has the name \"Personal Rule\" or the \"Eleven Years' Tyranny\".\nThat made Charles very unpopular with the people, who did not like the different taxes that they had to pay directly to him since Parliament could not vote to give him any budget. Many also did not like the King's closest adviser, Laud, who was trying to force the Church of England to use the same Anglican prayer book and end the many other Protestant denominations that were becoming popular at that time.\nWhen the king and Laud tried to force a prayer book on Scotland, which was even more Protestant since it was Calvinist, armed rebellion broke out there. The Wars of the Three Kingdoms started in 1639 with the Bishops' Wars.\nThe Members of Parliament, angry at the things that had been going on for 11 years, did not want to give him money to fight his war. Instead, they spent the session complaining about what had been going on in the country for the last 11 years. After only three weeks, Charles dissolved Parliament again. For that reason, it was known as the Short Parliament. Without enough money, Charles lost the war badly and had to pay the Scots even more money that he did not have. \nThe wars were a failure for the king, and his position forced Charles to convene the Parliament of England in 1640. Parliament voted that the King had to call Parliament and could not shut it down again. Charles had no choice but to agree. The Parliament is known as the Long Parliament because it ended up lasting for 20 years.\nCharles was in a weak position, and he had to agree to acts of parliament that took away many of his royal powers. Laud and Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, were impeached and later executed. Parliament also tried to take control of the army away from the king. Many political conservatives were not pleased with this plan. Acting on the advice of his wife, Queen Maria Henrietta, the king went with soldiers to the House of Commons in 1642 and tried to arrest his political enemies, but they had gone. After that failure, the king left London and went to travel the country to look for help. With a collection of his political friends, Charles began the English Civil War with an army at Nottingham and then moved to Oxford. \nParliament's got the upper hand in the war, and Charles, after a crushing defeat in 1646, went to the Scots for protection. They decided to hand him over to the Parliament of England in 1647.\nThe war was a failure for the king, and he was made a prisoner. The king got out of Hampton Court Palace in 1647 and ran away to Carisbrooke Castle, on the Isle of Wight.\nThe governor of the Isle of Wight supported Parliament and made the king a prisoner again. While he was being held at Carisbrooke Castle, Charles made an agreement with the Scots who joined his side, and the fighting started again in 1648. \nCharles's many enemies then fought among themselves in spring 1648. Because he was still making trouble for them even after his capture, Parliament voted to put the king on trial. \nThe army then removed the conservatives from Parliament in a political purge in December to prevent more fighting. The men left in Parliament then formed a court in order to hold a trial of the king. The court gave the king the death penalty. That had never been done to a king of England.. \nDeath.\nThe found him guilty. He was decapitated in a public execution outside the Banqueting House of the Palace of Whitehall. Some of the Members of Parliament who opposed killing Charles were purged, and from then on, what was left of the Long Parliament became known as the Rump Parliament. It took complete power in England, and there was not a new king at all until 1660, when Parliament called his son Charles II, which started the Restoration.\nOn 19 May 1660, King Charles I was made a Saint by the Church of England. Anglicans considered him as a martyr for the church system known as the Episcopacy."}
+{"id": "25455", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25455", "title": "Pepin the Short", "text": "Pepin the Short or Pippin (714 \u2013 September 24, 768), often known as Pepin the Younger or Pepin III, was King of the Franks from 751 to 768.\nPepin was the son of Charles Martel and Chrotrud (690 - 720), and was born in Jupille, Belgium.\nIn 740 Pepin married Bertrada of Laon. She was the daughter of Caribert of Laon. They had two sons and a daughter who lived long enough to become adults:\nPepin died at Saint Denis and is buried in the basilica with his wife, Bertrada of Laon. His sons, Charlemagne and Carloman, were each King of half the Kingdom of the Franks after him."}
+{"id": "25457", "revid": "801958", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25457", "title": "Sense and Sensibility", "text": "Sense and Sensibility is a novel by Jane Austen. It was her first novel, and was published in 1811. The novel is mostly about two sisters, Elinor and Marianne Dashwood, and their life and loves. The story takes place in southern England in the 1790s.\nAusten paid to have the book published. The publisher got a commission on sales. She made a profit of \u00a3140 (almost \u00a35,000 in 2008 currency) on the first edition, which sold all 750 printed copies by July 1813. A second edition was advertised in October 1813."}
+{"id": "25458", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25458", "title": "Pride and Prejudice", "text": "Pride and Prejudice is a book by Jane Austen. It was published in 1813. It was made into a movie in 1940 and again in 2005. There were two BBC television productions, in 1980 and 1995, and a 2005 movie.\nPlot.\n\"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife\". (first line)\nThe story starts with Mr. Bingley, a wealthy, handsome young gentleman, who comes to town and rents a place near the Bennet family. He comes with quiet Mr. Darcy and his pretty sisters. Jane Bennet and Mr. Bingley begin to spend a lot of time with each other, even though the sisters of Mr. Bingley try to cut the attraction. Mr. Bingley is loved and admired by almost every woman in the town. Mr. Darcy is disliked by everybody, because of his arrogant way of talking and his mean attitude. Elizabeth Bennet, the second daughter of Mrs. Bennet, seems to despise Mr. Darcy. She despises him even more after he refused to dance with her at the ball.\nElizabeth soon grows to admire an officer named Wickham. He seems to equally hate Mr. Darcy. He tells her a sad story about how Mr. Darcy was mean to him. This story makes Elizabeth hate Mr. Darcy even more. Meanwhile, Mr. Darcy begins to fall in love with Elizabeth.\nBingley slowly begins to declare his proposal of marriage to Jane, when he suddenly has to leave to Netherfield. Netherfield is the house he lives at most of the time. He did not plan to leave for a long time but his sisters use this chance to move Bingley and Jane away from each other. The sisters follow Bingley to London. Bingley's quick leave makes Jane sad and confused. Elizabeth finds out that it is because of his sisters.\nBefore Mr. Bingley leaves, Mr. Collins, the man who was supposed to inherit all of Longbourn (where the Bennet family lives), appears. The rich and pompous Lady Catherine de Bourgh had employed him as a clergyman. Collins wanted to find a good wife from the daughters of Mr. Bennet. He tries to take Jane as his wife, but after learning about the relationship between her and Mr. Bingley, he tries to marry Elizabeth. He proposes, but Elizabeth rejects him. Her mother is angry because Elizabeth could have lived in Longbourn if she married Mr. Collins. Then Mr. Collins turns his attention to Elizabeth's friend, Charlotte Lucas. He decides to marry Charlotte. They marry and Charlotte invites Elizabeth over to her house for a short visit.\nElizabeth goes to Charlotte's house in the Spring. It is quite close to Rose Park. Rose Park is Lady Catherine de Bourgh's land. Mr. Darcy's aunt is Lady Catherine de Bourgh. He is staying there when Elizabeth visits and they meet. Elizabeth finds out that Mr. Darcy was the one who put an end to Mr. Bingley and Jane's love. She later rejects Mr. Darcy's proposal. She says all the mean thoughts she had about his cruelness towards Wickham and Jane and Mr. Bingley's relationship.\nDarcy writes an explanation to Elizabeth in a letter. Mr. Wickham almost eloped with Darcy's 15-year-old sister, Georgianna. Mr. Wickham had only wanted her money. Also, Darcy told Bingley not to propose marriage to Jane because he thought that she did not actually love him. Elizabeth returns home soon after and thinks about Darcy's explanations and all her misunderstandings about him.\nA few months later, Elizabeth visits Pemberly during her tour with her aunt and uncle. Pemberly is Darcy's land. Mr. Darcy meets them there. and is very kind to them during their visit. Mr. Darcy's kindness makes Elizabeth even more attracted to him. She also becomes friends with his sister Georgianna. Later, Elizabeths receives a letter from Jane. It contains sad news that their younger sister Lydia, has run off with Wickham. They find out that Wickham does not want to marry Lydia, but this would cause a scandal. Elizabeth and her uncle and aunt hurriedly return home. Elizabeth thinks that now Mr. Darcy will never speak to her again because of her sister's behavior.\nThen, Lydia and Wickham are found and are married. They later visit Longbourn. While describing her wedding to Elizabeth, Lydia talks about Mr. Darcy. Elizabeth sends an inquiry to her aunt because she is surprised. She learns that Mr. Darcy had paid for all the wedding expenses and paid Wickham to marry Lydia.\nBingley and Darcy come to Longbourn. Bingley proposes to Jane, and she accepts. Mr. Darcy proposes to Elizabeth, even though Lady Catherine does not like Elizabeth. Elizabeth accepts the proposal. Jane and Elizabeth marry their lovers on the same day."}
+{"id": "25460", "revid": "1229", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25460", "title": "Sense and Sensibilty", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25470", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25470", "title": "Emma (novel)", "text": "Emma is a book by Jane Austen. It was first published in the year 1815. Jane Austen teased readers with the idea of a \"heroine whom no one but myself will much like\" when she began writing \"Emma\". It is a comedy about Emma Woodhouse, a rich young lady growing up in the fictional community of Hartfield, in 19th century England. The book is about the troubles Emma causes when she tries matchmaking.\nPlot.\nEmma Woodhouse is a rich and beautiful young woman. The book starts by introducing her, and with her governess, Miss Taylor's wedding with Mr. Weston, a cheerful neighbor. Emma quickly becomes friends with Harriet Smith, a \"natural daughter\"."}
+{"id": "25476", "revid": "10324488", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25476", "title": "Chris Martin", "text": "Christopher Anthony John \"Chris\" Martin (born 2 March 1977) is an English singer, songwriter and musician for the band Coldplay. He also plays the guitar. He was born in Whitestone, Exeter, Devon, England. He married Gwyneth Paltrow in 2003. They have two children, a daughter, Apple (born 2004) and a son, Moses (born 2006). The couple separated in 2014. \nHis band members are called Jonny Buckland (lead guitarist), Guy Berryman (bass guitarist) and Will Champion (drummer). They met while studying at University College London. In January 1998, they formed the rock band Coldplay. They were influenced by the Scottish rock band Travis. U2 was another important influence on Martin both musically and politically. \nIn 2003 it was reported that Chris Martin does not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol. PETA said he was the World's Sexiest Vegetarian in 2005."}
+{"id": "25477", "revid": "744335", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25477", "title": "Joseph Fiennes", "text": "Joseph Alberic Fiennes is an English actor. He was born on 27 May 1970 in Salisbury, Wiltshire, England. His parents were Jennifer Lash and Mark Fiennes. Joseph is the youngest of six children. His brothers and sisters are Ralph Fiennes, Sophie Fiennes, Martha Fiennes, Magnus Fiennes and his twin brother, Jacob Fiennes. He is best known for acting in the movie \"Shakespeare in Love\"."}
+{"id": "25480", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25480", "title": "1179", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25482", "revid": "814900", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25482", "title": "Wikibooks", "text": "Wikibooks (previously called Wikimedia Free Textbook Project and Wikimedia-Textbooks) is a collection of free books. It is one of many projects that are run by the Wikimedia Foundation. It is a wiki, which makes it possible for anyone to edit.\nSome books are original, but others have started as text copied from other sources of free-content textbooks found on the Internet.\nThe CC-BY-SA license covers all the content that is in Wikibooks.\nIn February 2010, the Simple English Wikibooks was locked and closed. It can still .\nWikijunior.\nWikijunior is a subproject of Wikibooks that has books for children. The project consists of both a magazine and a website and is currently being developed in English, Danish, Finnish, French, German, Italian, Japanese, and Spanish. It is funded by a grant from the Beck Foundation.\nPages in Wikijunior will have the <samp>Wikijunior:</samp> prefix in front of the page's name."}
+{"id": "25485", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25485", "title": "Catherine de Medici", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25489", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25489", "title": "Charles IX of France", "text": "Charles IX of France (June 27, 1550 \u2013 May 30, 1574) was a King of France and a member of the House of Valois.\nBirth.\nCharles was born in Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, on June 27, 1550. His parents were Henry II of France and Catherine of Medici.\nMarriage.\nCharles was married to Elizabeth of Austria on November 26, 1570. They had one child, Mary Elizabeth of France (October 27, 1572 \u2013 April 9, 1578), who died young.\nDeath.\nCharles died in Vincennes, France, on May 30, 1574. He is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica. The next King was Henry III of France."}
+{"id": "25490", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25490", "title": "Henry III of France", "text": "Henry III of France (September 19, 1551 \u2013 August 2, 1589) was a King of France and a member of the House of Valois. He was also a King of Poland.\nBirth.\nHenry was born in Fontainbleau, France, on September 19, 1551. His parents were Henry II of France and Catherine de Medici. He was Catherine de Medici's favourite son.\nMarriage.\nHenry was married to Louise of Lorraine on February 13, 1575. They had no children.\nDeath.\nHenry died in Saint-Cloud, France, on August 2, 1589, after being stabbed with a knife. He is buried in the Saint Denis Basilica. Henry was the last King of the Valois Dynasty. The next King was Henry IV of France, who was a member of the Bourbon Dynasty."}
+{"id": "25498", "revid": "10249474", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25498", "title": "981", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25499", "revid": "10251207", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25499", "title": "997", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25500", "revid": "10345095", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25500", "title": "999", "text": "999 (CMXCIX) was a common year starting on Sunday in the Julian calendar."}
+{"id": "25501", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25501", "title": "1015", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25502", "revid": "10249340", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25502", "title": "418", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25503", "revid": "10249930", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25503", "title": "1660", "text": "1660 (MDCLX) was a leap year starting on Thursday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Sunday in the Julian calendar."}
+{"id": "25505", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25505", "title": "Constance of Arles", "text": "Constance of Arles (c. 986 \u2013 28 July 1032), also known as Constance of Provence, was queen of France as the third spouse of King Robert II of France, They were married in 1003 after Robert had divorced his second wife, Bertha. She was buried in the Saint Denis Basilica with Robert II of France.\nThey had several children:"}
+{"id": "25506", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25506", "title": "19 November", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25507", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25507", "title": "27 March", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25508", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25508", "title": "Matilda of Boulogne", "text": "Queen Matilda of Boulogne (1105 \u2013 May 3, 1152) was the wife of Stephen of England. She also became the Countess of Boulogne when her father died in 1125.\nMatilda was born in Boulogne, France. She was the daughter of Eustace III of Boulogne and Mary of Scotland. Matilda's mother, Mary, was the daughter of Malcolm III of Scotland and Saint Margaret of Scotland.\nMatilda married Stephen I of England in 1125. They were deeply in love until two of their children died Baldwin and Matilda.\nMatilda died at Hedingham Castle, Essex, England. She was buried in Faversham Abbey."}
+{"id": "25509", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25509", "title": "Marie of Boulogne", "text": "Marie of Boulogne was the Countess of Boulogne from 1159 until 1170.\nMarie was the daughter of Stephen of England and Matilda of Boulogne. She was placed in a convent when she was young so that she could become a nun. When her brother, William of Blois, died, she became the heir of the Count of Boulogne. She had to leave the convent and was married to Matthew of Alsace. Marie and Matthew ruled Boulogne together, but their marriage was not happy and they got a divorce in 1170. \nAfter Marie died, Matthew continued to be the Count of Boulogne until 1173. After this Marie and Matthew's daughter, Ida of Boulogne, became Countess of Boulogne. Marie and Matthew's other daughter, Maud of Boulogne, became the wife of Henry I of Brabant."}
+{"id": "25510", "revid": "440188", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25510", "title": "Marie of France", "text": "Marie of France was the eldest daughter of Louis VII of France and Eleanor of Aquitaine. In 1164 she was married to Henry I of Champagne. Their children included:"}
+{"id": "25511", "revid": "1174120", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25511", "title": "Alix of France", "text": "Alix of France (July/August 1150 - 1197/1198) was the youngest daughter of Louis VII of France and Eleanor of Aquitaine. She was married to Theobald V of Blois in 1164. Their children included:"}
+{"id": "25512", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25512", "title": "Margaret of Blois", "text": "Margaret of Blois was Countess of Blois from 1218 until 1230. She was the daughter of Theobald V of Blois and Alix of France. Her mother was the daughter of Louis VII of France and Eleanor of Aquitaine. \nMargaret was married to Otto I of Burgundy."}
+{"id": "25515", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25515", "title": "Flemish Region", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25519", "revid": "1549607", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25519", "title": "Feta cheese", "text": "Feta cheese (, feminine gender; pronounced ), or simply Feta is a kind of cheese. Usually it is made from the milk of sheep or goats. Feta cheese originally is from the Greek mainland, or from Lesbos in the Aegean Sea.\nIt is an ingredient in a Greek Salad.\nOther cheese (which is usually not from Greece and is usually made from cow milk) must not be called \"Feta\" from 2007. The European Court said so in its decisions C-465/02 and C-466/02 (from October 25, 2005).\nThis ruling is only valid for the European Union, and other countries in Europe. Several member state of the WTO still think that the term \"feta\" is generic. European Member states wanted to defend this protected designation of origin at the WTO talks in Doha.\nHistory.\nWhat is now called \"feta cheese\" was known to Ancient Greeks. Homer must have known about it. There were several references to the cheese in the \"Odyssey\". According to the myth, the cyclops Polyphemos was the first cheese manufacturer. He carried the milk in animal-skin bags. He had collected the milk from his sheep. He was very surprised to see that days later the milk had become solid. When Polyphemus tried to eat it, it tasted well. He also found that as such a solid, it would go bad later than with milk.\nThe name \"Feta\" has an Italian origin. It is derived from \"fetta\" (slice), and dates back to the 17th century. Very likely this referred to the method of cutting the cheese in slices to put it in barrels."}
+{"id": "25520", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25520", "title": "Feta", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25561", "revid": "824868", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25561", "title": "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band", "text": "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band is an album released by the Beatles. It was the eighth Beatles album released in the United Kingdom. It was released on 1 June 1967. It was at the top of music charts in the UK for twenty-seven weeks. It has many well-known songs, such as \"When I'm Sixty-Four\" and \"A Day in the Life\", which John Lennon and Paul McCartney worked on together. For a while before this album came out, The Beatles had been trying new things when they made records, but this album made a much bigger change in the way they sounded.\nThe album title was used later for a 1978 Universal Pictures movie. Peter Frampton and the Bee Gees played Sgt. Pepper's band, while Billy Preston was the Sergeant. George Burns played Mr. Kite (the mayor), Steve Martin (in his first film) played Maxwell Edison, and Aerosmith was the Future Villain Band. It consistently holds the top spot on critics' lists of the greatest albums of all time."}
+{"id": "25566", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25566", "title": "5 November", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25567", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25567", "title": "12 July", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25568", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25568", "title": "Provinces in Spain", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25570", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25570", "title": "Prefectures", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25572", "revid": "586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25572", "title": "Winter Palace", "text": "The Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, Russia, is one of the greatest and largest palaces. From 1732 to 1917, it was the official residence of the Russian Tsars. It was built on the shores of the Neva River between 1754 and 1762.\nTsar Nicholas I, in the 19th century, was responsible for the palace's present appearance and layout. He made many changes to the interior of the palace, and was responsible for its complete rebuilding after the fire of 1837.\nOn 30 October 1917, the palace was declared to be part of the Hermitage Museum. Today, the palace, as part one of the world's most famous museums, attracts an annual 3.5 million visitors."}
+{"id": "25574", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25574", "title": "Standing's day gecko", "text": "The Standing's day gecko (Phelsuma standingi Methuen & Hewitt, 1913) is a type of gecko. It is diurnal, which means that it sleeps during the night and is awake during the day. It lives in southwest Madagascar and usually is found on trees. Standing's day gecko eats insects and nectar (a type of drink created by flowers)."}
+{"id": "25575", "revid": "1641114", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25575", "title": "Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor", "text": "Charles VI (1 October 1685 \u2013 20 October 1740) was Holy Roman Emperor from 12 October 1711 to 20 October 1740. He was emperor after his elder brother, Joseph I. His daughter, Maria Theresia of Austria, inherited the throne after he died."}
+{"id": "25577", "revid": "10412802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25577", "title": "Pierre Trudeau", "text": "Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau (October 18, 1919 \u2013 September 28, 2000) was the nineteenth Canadian Prime Minister from 1968 to 1979 and then again as the twenty-first Prime Minister from 1980 to 1984. Previously, in 1968, Trudeau stood for the leadership of the Liberal Party of Canada, beating his main rival Robert Winters.\nHe is thought by many Canadian citizens today as having been the greatest Canadian Prime Minister ever. His son is the twenty-eighth and former Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau.\nAs Prime Minister.\nHe had many challenges during the 1970s, including the October Crisis, and in 1980 held the country together by defeating the referendum on Quebec sovereignty (the province of Quebec wanted to leave Canada and become its own country), and keeping Quebec a member of the Canadian state. Another popular event associated with Pierre Trudeau is Trudeaumania, which referred to how much he was liked by the Canadian people. As a relatively young man, he was very close to the youth of the time, as well as funny, and he appealed to everyone by being so understanding and just like a normal person. This kind of Prime Minister had never been seen before, and it made people feel like he was a good, friendly person.\nRetirement and death.\nTrudeau retired from being the Prime Minister in 1984, after he did not speak to the public very much. He died of prostate cancer and Parkinson's disease in Montreal on September 28, 2000. After he died, his son, Justin Trudeau, spoke at his funeral, which was shown all over the country. He said \"je t'aime\" (French for \"I love you\") and cried on his father's coffin. After this moving eulogy (a speech at a funeral about the dead person), many Canadian people thought Justin would have a future in politics; Justin is the 23 Prime Minister of Canada, elected in 2015. "}
+{"id": "25578", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25578", "title": "Jennifer Lopez", "text": "Jennifer Lynn Affleck (n\u00e9e Lopez; born July 24, 1969), also known by her nickname J.Lo, is an American singer, actress, dancer, fashion designer, businesswoman and television personality. She's most known for her performances in \"Selena\", \"Maid in Manhattan\", \"Out of Sight\" (co-starring George Clooney), \"Monster-in-Law\", \"The Cell\", and \"An Unfinished Life\" (with Robert Redford and Morgan Freeman). She also was a judge for the talent reality series \"American Idol\" in 2011 and from 2014 until the show's series finale in 2016.\nShe began her career as a \"Fly Girl\" dancer on the 1990s TV series, \"In Living Color\". Her first album \"On the 6\" was released in 1999. It contains the hit singles \"If You Had My Love\", \"No Me Ames\", \"Waiting for Tonight\", \"Feelin' So Good\" and \"Let's Get Loud\". She released \"J.Lo\" in 2001, her most successful album to date. \"\" and \"This Is Me... Then\" were released in 2002. The album \"Brave\" was released in 2007, followed by \"Love?\" in 2011. She has released one greatest hits album, \"Dance Again... The Hits\", in 2012. Her most recent album is \"A.K.A.\", which was released in 2014.\nShe has many records, including record for having a movie and album (\"The Wedding Planner\", and \"J.Lo\") both #1 on the same week.\nPersonal life.\nLopez' first three marriages ended in divorce.\nFrom February 1997 until January 1998 Lopez was married to Ojani Noa.\nFrom September 2001 until June 2002 she was married to Cris Judd.\nOn June 5, 2004, Lopez married Marc Anthony. On February 22, 2008, she gave birth via c-section to their twins, a boy, Maximillian David, and a girl, Emme Maribel Mu\u00f1iz. The couple separated in July 2011 and divorced in June 2014.\nFrom 2011 to 2016, she dated backup dancer Casper Smart.\nFrom 2017 to 2021, Lopez has been in a relationship with former MLB star Alex Rodriguez. They were engaged in March 2019. They split in 2021. \nAfter dating from 2002 to 2004, Lopez reconciled with and began dating actor Ben Affleck in April 2021. She publicly confirmed their relationship on her 52nd birthday later that July. Affleck and Lopez were married in Las Vegas at the Little White Wedding Chapel on July 16, 2022. She files for divorce from Affleck after two years of marriage on August 20, 2024 and its finalized on February 21, 2025."}
+{"id": "25583", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25583", "title": "Anne of Brittany", "text": "Anne of Brittany (25/26 January 1477 \u2013 9 January 1514) was Duchess of Brittany from 1488 until her death and Queen of France twice\u2014first from 1491 to 1498 and again from 1499 until 1514. She is the only woman in history to have been Queen of France twice. During her life, she also held titles like Queen of Naples and Duchess of Milan.\nAnne became Duchess of Brittany at age 11 when her father, Francis II, died. As one of the richest heiresses in Europe, she was quickly sought after in marriage. She first married Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor by proxy, but Charles VIII of France saw this as a threat to his power. He waged war and forced her to break that marriage. In 1491, Anne married Charles VIII. Unfortunately, none of their children survived, and when Charles died in 1498, Anne had to marry his cousin and successor, Louis XII, to secure Brittany's continued connection to France. Together, Anne and Louis had two daughters.\nAnne worked hard to protect the independence of Brittany. She arranged for her daughter to be engaged to Charles of Austria, but after Anne's death in 1514, her daughter married her cousin, Francis I of France. This eventually led to the formal union between France and Brittany.\nAnne is remembered as a strong and dedicated ruler of Brittany. She defended her duchy against French control and left a lasting cultural impact, especially in the Loire Valley, where she contributed to the building of several ch\u00e2teaux. After her death, Anne became a symbol of Breton pride and patriotism.\nChildren.\nHer marriage with Charles VIII of France produced six documented pregnancies:\nHer marriage with Louis XII of France, produced at least another five recorded pregnancies:"}
+{"id": "25603", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25603", "title": "Ritual", "text": "A ritual (or a rite) is a set of actions people do. In a ritual, the actions are important because every action stands for something. Each ritual of a type is done in a certain way. Danger might be involved in carrying out the ritual. When the ritual has been performed successfully, it is often followed by a celebration.\nRituals can mark a personal change. For example, a rite of passage may show that a child has reached the age of majority. All societies seem to have had them.\nA religious rite is a religious ceremony. Many rituals have a religious significance and are part of the religion or traditions of a community. The rite signals that those who take part are members of the religion, or believers in the religion. The rite may signal status, qualification, prayer and commitment to the god or to the belief.\nA rite need not be to a religion as understood in the present day. Fervent support of a sports team, or kissing the ring of an organised crime lord, or a military enrollment is equally a rite, because it has consequences for the behaviour of the person, and for their beliefs.\nA ritual can also be linked to obsessive compulsive disorder, when a person believes that performing the ritual again and again is necessary."}
+{"id": "25605", "revid": "1641114", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25605", "title": "Maria Theresa", "text": "Maria Theresa (13 May 1717 \u2013 29 November 1780) was the only female ruler of the Habsburg Dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire.\nOverview.\nMaria Theresa was queen of Hungary and Bohemia, archduchess of Austria, and held many other titles. She changed the royal palace outside Vienna (Austria's capital) to look much like Versailles. Vienna itself became an important center for the arts, especially classical music. Maria Theresa added support to her absolute power by tightening her hold on the government. She also improved conditions for the peasants. She is generally known to history as the Empress Maria Theresa.\nBiography.\nMaria Theresa was born in Vienna, Austria, on 13 May 1717. Her parents were Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor and Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel. Her father had made the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713, a decree which allowed a female ruler despite the Salic law's prohibition. Maria Theresa married Duke Francis Stephan I of Lorraine. They had sixteen children:\nMaria Theresa died in Vienna, Austria, on 29 November 1780."}
+{"id": "25607", "revid": "1676765", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25607", "title": "Marie Antoinette", "text": "Marie Antoinette (2 November 1755 \u2013 16 October 1793) was the last Queen of France, as the wife of King Louis XVI, before the monarchy was ended in the French Revolution. She was born as Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna (Marie Antoinette Joseph Jeanne) as an Archduchess of Austria.\nShe married Louis in 1770, when she was 14 years old and four years before he became the king. They were not close at first, and at first it was difficult for them to have children. After seven years of marriage, she gave birth to a daughter, and later to three more children. She was the mother of Louis XVII of France, who never actually became king.\nAlthough she was not unpopular at first, many people in France did not want the country to have an Austrian queen. France's alliance with Austria was unpopular; the two countries had been enemies until 1756, and their alliance had led to France's defeat in the Seven Years' War. It was not until during the French Revolution that she became an unpopular symbol of the old French monarchy (\"Ancien R\u00e9gime\"). There were rumours that she spent too much money, had lovers and supported France's enemies. There was a rumour that when she learned that peasants were starving, she said \"Let them eat cake,\" but there is no evidence she said this. Many of these rumours were started by other people at the court, where Marie Antoinette had few friends. It is not clear what caused the French Revolution, but there were far bigger causes than her spending.\nShe helped plan the royal family's failed escape from Paris in 1791. This caused many people to think that the royal family, especially Marie Antoinette, were plotting with foreign governments to overthrow the elected government. The royal family were arrested in 1792 and the monarchy was abolished. She was executed by guillotine in 1793, nine months after her husband was executed.\nBiography.\nChildhood in Vienna (1755-1767).\nOn the morning of 2 November 1755, Maria Teresa, Queen of Hungary and Empress of the Holy Roman Empire, gave birth to Marie Antoinette, her fifteenth child and last daughter. The Empress quickly became well again after giving birth, and was reported to have looked happy and healthy. Marie's full name at her time of birth was Maria Antonia Josepha Johanna. But when she moved to France, she was called by the French version of her name, Marie Antoinette. Marie Antoinette was taken care of by Constance Weber, a wet-nurse of the royal family. When Marie Antoinette was a child, she often gave gifts to Constance Weber and her son, Joseph. According to Joseph, Marie Antoinette once said to Constance, \"Good Weber, have a care for your son.\"\nJoseph Weber added that the Archdukes and Archduchesses were allowed to make friends with \"ordinary\" (common) children. Except on formal celebrations, people who did not have a very high birth or title were still liked and allowed into the court. Marie Antoinette was known as \"Antoine\" when she was young. The Austrian court young Madame Antoine grew up in was already beginning to become much less formal. Antoine was taught by Countess Brandeis, who loved Marie Antoinette and treated her very kindly. Antoine's first recorded letter, written when she was 11 or 12, was to \"dearest Brandeis\" from \"your faithful pupil (student) who loves you dearly, Antoine\". However, though the countess taught Antoine about morality and religion, she did not educate her on many other subjects, and Antoine did not like to concentrate. Later, one of her friends said that when she talked, her words were not connected, \"like a grasshopper\". In fact, when Antoine was 12 she could not write or even speak French and German properly, though she spoke Italian well. She greatly loved music, though. In 1759, shortly before she became four years old, Antoine sang a French song at a party for her father, while her brothers and sisters sang Italian songs. She listened to and met Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart who was playing \"marvellously\" once, too. Mozart tried to propose to Antoinette. She would eventually be a fan of Mozart\u2019s music. She was also famous for her beautiful dancing and the graceful way she carried her head. She had been officially taught by the famous French ballet master Jean-Georges Noverre. She was much less skilled at reading.\nStill, she loved her childhood home in Vienna and later missed it very much. She once said about her mother, \"I love the Empress but I'm frightened (afraid) of her, even at a distance; when I'm writing to her, I never feel completely at ease (comfortable).\" She disliked her sister, the Archduchess Marie \"Mimi\" Christine, who her mother seemed to love most. But her relationship with her sister Maria \"Charlotte\" Carolina was quite different: they loved each other warmly. They were very close, and a painter later said that they \"resembled (looked like) each other greatly\". Charlotte was more forceful, and Antoine was usually thought to be prettier.\nA Political Marriage (1767-1770).\nAt the beginning of 1767 the Empress had five daughters with her. Marie Christine was already married to Prince Albert of Saxony. Elizabeth, who was very pretty, was 23, Amalia almost 21, Josepha was 16, Charlotte was 14, and Antoine was now 12. The Empress wanted Josepha, who was gentle and pretty, to marry Charles III of Spain. But then bad things started to happen. Her son Joseph's second wife died because of smallpox and was buried. After that Maria Teresa caught the smallpox and almost died.\nThen Maria Teresa took her daughter Josepha, who was about to begin her bridal journey to Naples, to go to the tomb of Joseph's wife to pray. But the tomb had not been closed tightly enough. Probably because of this, Josepha suddenly caught smallpox and died. Elizabeth also caught the disease. She lived, but her beauty was gone. Antonia, who had caught smallpox when she was two years old and become healthy again, did not catch the disease.\nBut a bride was still needed for King Ferdinand of Naples. Maria Teresa quickly wrote a letter explaining what had happened to Charles III of Spain a month after Josepha died. \"I grant of my daughters to make good the loss,\" she wrote. \"I do currently (right now) have two who could fit, one is the Archduchess Amalia who is said to have a pretty face and whose health should other is the Archduchess Charlotte who is also very healthy and a year and seven months younger than the King of Naples.\" Soon, the King of Naples married Charlotte and Amalia was married to Louis XV's grandson, Don Ferdinand of Parma. Amalia was not happy with her mother's decision.\nThe only daughter left was now Marie Antoinette. Empress Maria Theresa decided to use Antonia to make Austria become friendly with France. After long discussions, Antonia was engaged to Louis-Auguste, Dauphin of France. The duc de Choiseul from France and the Prince of Starhemberg from Austria helped arrange the wedding.\nThey immediately began preparing Marie Antoinette for her marriage. Her teeth were crooked, but a French dentist came to fix it. After a painful three months, Marie Antoinette had a smile that was \"very beautiful and straight\". Her thick \"mountain of curls\" were dressed by Larsenneur, a famous hairdresser who powdered and softened her hair. Marie Antoinette also had a high forehead which was thought unfashionable at that time. though she had a long, graceful neck.\nHer education was also changed. In November 1768, the Abbe Jacques-Mathieu de Vermond went to Vienna to teach Antonia. She was clever, but without the knowledge a future queen should have. She was also lazy and unable to concentrate. She could not read or write properly in French or German, but a year after Vermond had arrived, she could speak it well enough. By the time she left Austria, she was speaking French easily and well, even if it had a small German accent. The Abbe also found that Marie Antoinette did not know much about French history, which they studied carefully together. In the end, Marie received a fairly good education.\nDeath.\nMarie Antoinette was publicly executed by guillotine for treason in Paris, France, on 16 October 1793, months after the death of her husband. Her youngest son Louis-Charles, later died of tuberculosis and malnutrition during the revolution. She was buried in the Saint Denis Basilica. Her eldest daughter, Marie Therese, was the only one of their family to survive the revolution."}
+{"id": "25608", "revid": "1524822", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25608", "title": "Montesquieu", "text": "Charles-Louis de third, Baron de La Br\u00e8de et de Montesquieu (18 January 1689 \u2013 10 February 1755), was commonly known as Montesquieu. was a French political thinker who lived during the Age Of Enlightenment. He is famous for his theory of the separation of powers in government. Many constitutions all over the world use it. He helped make the terms \"feudalism\" and \"Byzantine Empire\" popular.\nPolitical views.\nBefore Montesquieu, the standard feudal system was called \"the three estates\":\nMontesquieu's work divided French people into three classes: three classes (or trias politica, a term he coined):\nThese should be balanced, so that no one power would be able to overcome the other two, either singly or in combination. This was a radical idea because it eliminated the three estates structure. Montesquieu's ideas are important because they ended the feudalistic structure. They also helped inspire the constitution of many countries, including the United States.\nSome of Montesquieu's ideas are still controversial. He believed that women could be leaders in government. But he thought women could not lead a family. Montesquieu argued that hereditary aristocracy was suitable for monarchy, in the sense that it provided a link between the people and the monarch. However, he opposed a hereditary aristocracy under aristocracy, arguing that it would prevent the nobles from exhibiting the necessary moderation on which aristocracy relies. \nMontesquieu describes an unusual idea in his essays \"The Spirit of the Laws\" and \"Persian Letters\". This idea is the climate theory. It says that climate, the weather of a place, influences the nature of man and his society. Montesquieu believed that some climates were better than others. He believed the mild climate of France is the best since it was the perfect temprature, making perfect individuals. He believed people from hot countries are \"too hot-tempered\". People in cold, northern countries are \"icy\" or \"stiff.\" The climate in middle Europe therefore breeds the best people. (This view is possibly influenced by similar statements in \"Germania\" by Tacitus, one of Montesquieu's favourite authors.)\nMontesquieu's philosophy that \"government should be set up so that no man need be afraid of another\" prompted the creators of the Constitution to divide the U.S. government into three separate branches."}
+{"id": "25615", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25615", "title": "Aristocracy", "text": "Aristocracy is a kind of government that puts power in the hands of a small, privileged ruling class. The word aristocracy comes from Ancient Greek, in which \"aristocracy\" means \"the rule of the best\", but it has come to mean rule by Nobility. The word aristocracy can also be used to refer to the ruling class of an aristocracy. A member of the aristocracy is called an aristocrat.\nThere are different kinds of aristocracy with different ways the government is set up. Historically, most aristocracies were hereditary, which means members of the ruling group passed on their roles to their heir after they died or gave up their role (abdication). In most cases, this was their oldest living son; daughters were usually excluded, or only made heir if there were no living sons. Aristocracies have often had higher and lower roles within them; for example, the role of duke/duchess is higher than the role of baron/baroness.\nSome examples of aristocracies in history are the Spartiates in Sparta, the eupatridae in Athens, the patricians in Rome, and the various feudal states in Europe. There were also aristocracies outside of Europe.\nForms of government.\nAristocracy can be combined with other kinds of government. \nNot consistent with aristocracies.\nThese types of governments are founded on ideals that see aristocracies as unfair, unefficient, and to be avoided. It is considered to be corrupt for small ruling groups to form in these kinds of government."}
+{"id": "25617", "revid": "10013495", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25617", "title": "Poseidon", "text": "Poseidon\u00a0() is the god of the sea, earthquakes, storms and horses in\u00a0ancient Greek religion\u00a0and\u00a0myth. He was one of the\u00a0Twelve Olympians. His parents were Cronos(Kronos)\u00a0and\u00a0Rhea. He was the older brother of Zeus yet not by much.\nPoseidon was generally regarded as an ill-tempered being. His mood was a reflection of the state of his realm. He was thought to conjure up violent storms at sea when angered. While he was married\u00a0to the goddess Amphitrite, one of the Nereids, like his brother Zeus, Poseidon had a number of affairs with other goddesses and mortal woman, siring such heroes as Theseus and Bellerophon. Lord of the waters, Poseidon was both patron and protector of both sailors and seafarers, who would pray to him for safe passage across the sea. Poseidon was often regarded as the \u201cFather of Horses,\u201d as they were thought to be his creations. He was additionally the chief deity and patron of the city of Corinth, whereupon the Isthmian Games\u00a0were held every other four years in his honor. Otherwise known as the Earf-Shaker\u00a0(), Poseidon was thought to be the cause of such disasters, striking the Earth with his trident (a three-pronged spear) whenever he was particularly enraged. The god's symbol was his trident and the bull, horse and dolphin were his sacred animals. The god Neptune is his Roman equivalent. Neptune was a more war-like figure. He is named after the ship which sank by a tsunami."}
+{"id": "25618", "revid": "95115", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25618", "title": "Neptune (god)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25620", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25620", "title": "Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Br\u00e8de et de Montesquieu", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25621", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25621", "title": "Charles de Montesquieu", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25622", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25622", "title": "Charles-Louis de Secondat", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25623", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25623", "title": "Baron de Montesquieu", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25624", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25624", "title": "Rite", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25626", "revid": "1292020", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25626", "title": "Object-oriented programming", "text": "Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a way of writing computer programs using \"objects\" to stand for data and methods. Often, computer programs that are not object-oriented are a list of instructions for the computer, telling it to do certain things in a certain way. This is called procedural programming. However, in object-oriented programming, computer programs use objects that talk to one another to change the data in those objects and to work in a way that the user wants. Because of the way object-oriented programming is designed, it helps the developer by allowing for code to be easily reused by other parts of the program or even by other people.\nMost programming languages are a mix of different ways of writing computer programs (called programming paradigms). For example, Python allows for computer programs to be written both in object-oriented programming and in procedural programming. There are many programming languages that allow you to write computer programs in object-oriented programming. Some of these programming languages are: C++, Java, Ruby, Perl, PHP, Python, C#, etc.\nFeatures.\nThe main idea of object-oriented programming is that everything is an object. However, the object can be of different types:\nObjects is a term used to refer to instances of classes.\nExamples.\nIn the examples below, we create a class called codice_1. This class contains the attributes codice_2 (for the name of the person) and codice_3 (for the name of the friend). Each of the methods in the codice_1 class contains a list of instructions that makes use of both the codice_2 and codice_3 attributes.\nPython.\nThis code is in Python.\nclass Human(object):\n def __init__(self, name, friend=None):\n self.name = name\n self.friend = friend\n def say_name(self):\n print(f\"My name is {self.name}\")\n def say_goodnight(self):\n if self.friend is None:\n print(\"Good night nobody.\")\n else:\n print(f\"Good night {self.friend.name}\")\nstephen = Human(\"Stephen\")\njoe = Human(\"Joe\", stephen)\nstephen.say_name() # Shows 'My name is Stephen'\nstephen.say_goodnight() # Shows 'Good night nobody.'\njoe.say_name() # Shows 'My name is Joe'\njoe.say_goodnight() # Shows 'Good night Stephen'\nJava.\nThis code is in Java.\npublic class Human {\n private String name; // the name of this Human\n private Human friend; // the Human's friend\n // This constructor creates a new Human object when given the name and friend\n public Human(String name, Human friend) {\n this.name = name;\n this.friend = friend;\n \n // This constructor creates a new Human object when only given the name\n public Human(String name) {\n this(name, null);\n \n public void sayName() {\n System.out.println(\"My name is \" + this.name);\n \n public void sayGoodnight() {\n if (friend == null) {\n System.out.println(\"Good night nobody.\");\n } else {\n System.out.println(\"Good night \" + friend.name);\npublic class Main {\n public static void main(String[] args) {\n // Create a new Human object stephen with name \"Stephen\"\n Human stephen = new Human(\"Stephen\");\n // Create a new Human object joe with name \"Joe\" and stephen as a friend\n Human joe = new Human(\"Joe\", stephen);\n stephen.sayName(); // Shows 'My name is Stephen'\n stephen.sayGoodnight(); // Shows 'Good night nobody.'\n joe.sayName(); // Shows 'My name is Joe'\n joe.sayGoodnight(); // Shows 'Good night Stephen'\nCriticism.\nEven though object-oriented programming is popular, some people think that it is bad and criticize it."}
+{"id": "25627", "revid": "1368380", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25627", "title": "Message passing", "text": "In computer science, a message is a bit of data, which is sent by a sender, to a recipient. This is usually done by copying the data around. In an event-driven model, the recipient will then act in a certain way to the message."}
+{"id": "25628", "revid": "1061539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25628", "title": "Handball", "text": "Handball (also known as team handball, field handball or Olympic handball) is a team sport similar to football (soccer). Two teams of 7 players each (six players and a goalkeeper) pass and bounce a ball using the hands, trying to throw it into the goal of the other team. Games are an hour of playing time, divided into 30-minute halves, with 15 minutes break at halftime. The size of the court is a little bigger than a basketball court, 40 meters by 20 meters, which is the same court as indoor soccer. It has a six-meter line which no one but the goalie is allowed to have possession of the ball and touching the ground. If this happens, a foul is called and the player committing the foul gets ejected, (sitting out of the game for two minutes, five minutes, or the rest of the game). There are seven players total on a handball team, six players and a goalie. Most historians agree that handball predates soccer, (football) but that is not for certain"}
+{"id": "25629", "revid": "1628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25629", "title": "Team handball", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25630", "revid": "1628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25630", "title": "Field handball", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25631", "revid": "1628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25631", "title": "Olympic handball", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25632", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25632", "title": "Tsars", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25633", "revid": "1628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25633", "title": "S\u00e3o paulo", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25634", "revid": "1628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25634", "title": "Sao paulo", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25641", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25641", "title": "Oscar", "text": "Oscar can refer to two things:"}
+{"id": "25642", "revid": "1628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25642", "title": "Oscars", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25652", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25652", "title": "Twelve Olympians", "text": "The Twelve Olympians are the most important gods of Greek mythology, who lived atop Mount Olympus (Mytikas peek 2917.727 m). Seventeen gods have been said to have been Olympians, but there were never more than twelve at the same time. \nZeus, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter, Ares, Hermes, Hephaestus, Aphrodite, Athena, Apollo, and Artemis are always considered to be Olympians. Hestia, Dionysus, and Hades are the gods who have sometimes been Olympians. Thus, it is theorised that Hestia gave up her place to Dionysus because she wanted to live amongst humans however no records of this actually exist\nThe Olympians became the most important gods when Zeus and his brothers and sisters won a war against the Titans. Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter, Hestia, and Hades are all brothers and sisters. All the other gods are Zeus's children and have different mothers."}
+{"id": "25655", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25655", "title": "Sandro Botticelli", "text": "Alessandro di Mariano di Vanni Filipepi ( \u2013 May 17, 1510), known as Sandro Botticelli (, ), was one of the greatest painters of the Florentine Renaissance. His The Birth of Venus and Primavera are often said to epitomize for modern viewers the spirit of the Renaissance. His most famous painting is Birth of Venus, however he does have a lot of famous artworks: Fortitude, Madonna and Child, Adoration of the kings and many more. His auction record tops 10 million. Sandro Botticelli was unique; he was influenced by the revival of Greek and roman ideas in Florence at the time, Botticelli was one of the first western artists since classical times to depict non religious subject matter\nYoung Botticelli.\nBotticelli was born in Florence in the working-class \"rione\" of \"Ognissanti\". At first he did an apprenticeship to become a goldsmith. Following the boy's wishes, his doting father sent him to Fra Filippo Lippi. Lippi was working on frescoing the Convent of the Carmine. Lippi's synthesis of the new control of three-dimensional forms, tender expressiveness in face and gesture, and decorative details inherited from the late Gothic style were the strongest influences on Botticelli. Another influence were the Pollaiuolo brothers.They were doing a series of Virtues for the Tribunale or meeting hall of the Mercanzia. This hall was a cloth-merchants' confraternity.Botticelli contributed to this the \"Fortitude\", dated 1470 in the Uffizi Gallery.\nHe was an apprentice too of Andrea del Verrocchio, where Leonardo da Vinci worked beside him, but he made his name in his local Church of Ognissanti, with a \"St. Augustine\" that successfully competed as a pendant with Domenico Ghirlandaio's \"Jerome\" on the other side \"the head of the saint being expressive of profound thought and quick subtlety\" (Vasari). In 1470 he opened his own independent \"studio\".\nBeing discovered by the Medici.\nLorenzo de' Medici was quick to employ his talent. Botticelli made consistent use of the circular \"tondo\" form and did many beautiful female nudes, according to Vasari. The \"Birth of Venus\" was at the Medici villa of Castello.\nInfluences of religion on Botticelli.\nSandro was intensely religious. In later life, he was one of Savonarola's followers. Botticelli burned his own paintings on pagan themes in the notorious \"Bonfire of the Vanities\". Earlier, Botticelli had painted an \"Assumption of the Virgin\" for Matteo Palmieri in a chapel at San Pietro Maggiore. In this painting, it was rumored, both the patron who dictated the iconic scheme and the painter who painted it, were guilty of heresy. People did not say what kind of heresy it was. The ideas that could be seen as heresy seem to be gnostic in character:\nThis is a common misunderstanding. It is based on a mistake by Vasari. The painting referred to here, now in the National Gallery in London, is by the artist Botticini. Vasari confused their similar sounding names.\nOther influences.\nThe \"Adoration of the Magi\" for Santa Maria Novella, ca1476, contains portraits of Cosimo de' Medici (\"the finest of all that are now extant for its life and vigour\"), his grandson Giuliano de' Medici, and Cosimo's son Giovanni, were effusively described by Vasari:\nIn 1481, Pope Sixtus IV summoned him and prominent Florentine and Umbrian artists who had been summoned to fresco the walls of the Sistine Chapel. The iconological program was the supremacy of the Papacy. Sandro's contribution was moderately successful.\nHe returned to Florence, and \"being of a sophistical turn of mind, he there wrote a commentary on a portion of Dante and illustrated the Inferno which he printed, spending much time over it, and this abstension from work led to serious disorders in his living.\" Thus Vasari characterized the first printed Dante (1481) with Botticelli's decorations; he could not imagine that the new art of printing might occupy an artist. As for the subject, when Fra Girolamo Savonarola began to preach hellfire and damnation, the susceptible Sandro Botticelli became one of his adherents, a \"piagnone\" left painting as a worldly vanity, burned much of his own early work, fell into poverty as a result, and would have starved but for the tender support of his former patrons."}
+{"id": "25656", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25656", "title": "Sandro Boticelli", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25657", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25657", "title": "Alessandro di Mariano Filipepi", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25660", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25660", "title": "Colors", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25661", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25661", "title": "Colours", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25665", "revid": "9606682", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25665", "title": "Hermes", "text": "Hermes is the \"messenger of the gods\". He is the god of winter, travellers and shepherds in Greek mythology. He is one of the Twelve Olympians, and is often shown with his caduceus. \nHermes is the son of Zeus and Maia. He was born on Mount Cyllene. The story of his birth was told in the Homeric Hymn, which means \"Hymn to Hermes\". It said that Maia was a nymph.\nHermes was very clever and on his first day invented the lyre, by using the shell of a tortoise. He carries a golden sword. One of the myths about Hermes is that he once stole his brother's oxen, and burned them as a sacrifice."}
+{"id": "25666", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25666", "title": "Maia", "text": "Maia is the goddess of the fields in Greek mythology. She is the oldest of the Pleiades. She is also the most beautiful and the shyest. \nThe Pleiades were the seven daughters of Atlas and Pleione. Maia and her sisters were all born on Mount Cyllene, which is in Arcadia. \nMaia was the mother of Hermes by Zeus, who is another god. She gave birth to Hermes in a cave in Arcadia. After Maia gave birth to Hermes she wrapped him in blankets and then went to sleep. When she woke up, Hermes had crawled away to Thessaly and had invented the lyre and stole some of Apollo's cattle.\nMaia also looked after Arkas when Hera had turned his mother, Kallisto, into a bear."}
+{"id": "25667", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25667", "title": "Pleiades (mythology)", "text": "The Pleiades or Seven Sisters are seven nymphs in Greek mythology, and companions of Artemis. They were the seven daughters of Atlas and the nymph Pleione. They were all born on Mount Cyllene, which is in Arcadia."}
+{"id": "25668", "revid": "10216278", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25668", "title": "Medieval commune", "text": "A medieval commune was a sworn allegiance of mutual defense. When a commune was formed, all participating members gathered and swore an oath together in public that they would defend one another in time of trouble. In addition, they would swear to maintain the peace within the city proper.\nMedieval townspeople in Western Europe during the High Middle Ages needed protection from lawless nobles and bandits. The walled city was protection from direct assault, but once townspeeople left the city walls,they were at the mercy of nobles in the countryside, who were often often violent and lawless. Because much of medieval Europe had nothing like a police force, each city had to provide its own protection for citizens both inside and outside the city walls. That made towns form what are called \"communes.\"\nObviously, if a commune member was attacked outside the city, it was too late to call for help since it no one would likely be around in time. Instead, the commune would promise to exact revenge on the attacker, which was a form of defence. However, if the attacker was a noble who had a castle that was too strong for the townspeople, as was often the case, and the town commune could certainly not gather the people to attack a castle. Instead, it might attack the noble's family, burn his crops, kill his serfs, or destroy his orchards. It was violent eye -or-eye revenge.\nThe commune movement started in the 11th century in northern Italy, which then had the most urbanized population in Europe, and in what is now Belgium, which then was also relatively urban. The movement then spread in the early 12th century to France, Germany, Spain and elsewhere. England never saw much of the commune movement because it was a comparitively quite well-run kingdom and so did not need local protection forces. Although in most cases, the development of communes was connected with that of the cities, there were also rural communes, notably in France and England, that were formed to protect the villagers' common interests.\nThe church and the king had mixed reactions to communes. On the one hand, they agreed that safety and protection from lawless nobles was in everyone's best interest. The communes' intention was to keep the peace through the threat of revenge, and the church was sympathetic to the result of peace. However, the church had its own ways to enforce the peace such as the Peace and Truce of God movement.\nOn the other hand, communes disrupted the order of medieval society. The eye-for-eye methods that communes used, an eye for an eye, were generally not acceptable to the church or the king since violence causes violence. Normally, only the noble lords are allowed to fight, and the merchant townspeople were the workers, not the fighters. There was a sense that communes were a threat to the medieval three-tiered social order: those who work, those who pray, and those who fight. Communes crossed the line between working and fighting. As such communes were sometimes accepted but at other times by the church and the king. One of the most famous cases of a commune being suppressed and the resulting defiant urban revolt occurred in the French town of Laon in 1112."}
+{"id": "25678", "revid": "687081", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25678", "title": "Imperialism", "text": " \nImperialism is a policy (way of governing) in which large or powerful countries seek to extend their authority beyond their own borders. The policy of imperialism aims at the creation of an empire. \nImperialist countries take control of other countries. They may use military force to do this. However, they may also avoid using military force. They may simply establish economic and/or political control over the other country. \nImperialist policies of countries or kingdoms have goals of taking over more land to create bigger empires. \nThe ruler of an empire gains natural resources such as agricultural and mining products. Human resources are also gained. Conquered peoples may be forced into slavery or into low-wage work. They may also be called into military service on behalf of the empire. Trade markets are also gained. The people under an imperial government may be forced to buy products from that government or from that government's industries. \nThus, a policy of imperialism can vastly enrich the imperialist country. This benefit can extend over a long period of time.\nImperialism has been practiced throughout recorded history. However, there is one historical period that is specifically known as the Age of Imperialism. This period extends from the early 18th century to the mid-20th century. \nDuring the Age of Imperialism, modern and industrialized countries competed for control of pre-industrial parts of the world. In pre-industrial areas, natural and human resources were widely and cheaply available. The imperialist countries that acquired the largest empires during the Age of Imperialism are The United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, and the United States.\nSome writers use the term \"imperialism\" informally. They use the term to mean any type of domination of one country over another part of the world. Domination especially happened in Asia and Africa."}
+{"id": "25679", "revid": "314538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25679", "title": "Heresy", "text": "\"Heresy\" means ideas or actions that do not agree with traditional religious doctrines. Some religious groups use the word \"heresy\" to describe beliefs that challenge theirs. A person who has these beliefs is called a heretic. \nHistory.\nJewish leaders during Jesus's lifetime called him a heretic because he did not preach traditional Judaism, according to the Gospel of Matthew (26:57-67).\nIn its first few centuries, the Roman Catholic Church accused religious doctrines like Monophysitism and Arianism of heresy. Later, throughout the Middle Ages, they accused a number of other religious sects (like the Cathars) of being heretical. In the 11th and 12th centuries, thousands of people were burned at the stake for heresy. This execution ritual was supposedly meant to save the heretic's soul. Under torture, many people accused of heresy falsely confessed.\nAs a result of the Protestant Reformation, the Catholic Church created the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. It is the official doctrine that decides what heresy is and how to deal with it.\nStill in the 21st century, Muslims who apostatize are often treated very harshly and frequently killed.\nCatholicism and Protestantism.\nThe Catholic Church sees several heresies in Protestantism. For example:\nThe Roman Missal contains heresies, according to Protestants."}
+{"id": "25681", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25681", "title": "Cossacks", "text": "The Cossacks () (from Cuman \"cosac\", meaning \"free man\") were a group of nomadic East Slavic Orthodox Christian warriors originating in the steppes of Ukraine. They are famous for their sense of being free. They are also well known for their military prowess and martial might, chiefly as cavalry mounted swordsmen and horse-archers. \nThe Ukrainian Cossacks first rose as a warrior group of East Slavic Orthodox Christian horsemen who took up a military tradition and eventually created a Cossack federation in the steppes of Ukraine. They first rose up in the 15th century in response to the raids of the Tatars and the conquests of the Ottoman Empire.\nDuring the Ottoman occupation of the western bank of Ukraine, the Cossacks rebelled against the Ottoman Empire and were responsible for destroying Ottoman influence in the region. The Ottomans also lost control over Ukraine and parts of Romania because of the Cossack resistance in the form of fast-attack raiding. The Cossacks captured many Ottoman outposts in the Ukrainian steppes and created a Cossack Hetmanate (State). They sometimes served the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth forces and later fought against them, ultimately seizing lands in modern-day Ukraine. Thus, the Cossacks are considered to be the founders of modern Ukraine by most Ukrainians themselves, since they expelled the Ottomans and Polish from Ukraine and created an independent state for themselves.\nThe name Cossack itself literally means \"free man\". The term was first used in the year 1395. The most well-known Cossacks are the Ukrainian Cossacks from Zaporizhzhia and the Russian Cossacks (Kazaks) from the Don, Terek, Kuban and Ural areas. They came about shortly after the Mongol sacking of Kievan Rus, modern-day Ky\u00efv. Eventually, the Russian Cossacks guarded land for the Russian Empire.\nRussian Army.\nCossacks were in the Russian Army in some wars throughout the 1800s and the 1900s. They were mostly responsible for conquering land in Central Asia and the Caucasus for the Russian Empire. On behalf of the Russian Imperial state, they conquered lands as far east as Siberia and even Alaska, which they attacked and subdued. Alaska was later sold to the United States, but the lands that they conquered in the Russian Far East such as Siberia are still part of Russia today, which contributed in making the modern Russian nation-state the largest country in the world by land area.\nThey captured a number of locales in the Caucasus, such as those of the rebellious states of Chechnya and Dagestan. They were also responsible for destroying many Turkic states in both the Caucasus and Central Asia by their conquests for the Russian Empire. They fiercely eliminated any resistance to the Russian Crown in Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan and were responsible for adding these nations and their peoples into the growing amalgam that was the Russian Empire. They also invaded Armenia due to calls of support by the native Armenians against the Ottoman Empire. This, in turn, would not only cause the Cossacks to attack Azerbaijan and annex both states into the Russian Empire, but also lead to crushing defeats against the Ottomans on numerous occasions in northeastern Turkey.\nDuring the Russian Civil War, most Cossacks fought against the Red Army, but a few, who were known as the, 'Red Cossacks', fought for the Bolsheviks. During the totalitarian rule of the Soviet Union, the Cossack peoples were subjected to many Bolshevik attacks, and the Cossack lands survived several famines. Cossack armies fought upon both sides during the Second World War, primarily, if not exclusively, upon the bloody Eastern front of WW2\nNowadays, in both Ukraine and iRussia, Cossacks are a complicated and divisive topic, with many in and outside of these nations claiming the Cossack peoples, and their heritage, sometimes as their own heritage, but also often using them as an example for contemporary actions. This divisiveness has only increased since the commencement of the full-scale Russo-Ukrainian War in 2022 by Vladimir Putin. The Cossack identity and iconography has and is actively being used by both sides to fuel support for their respective causes."}
+{"id": "25685", "revid": "5413", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25685", "title": "Triangle (shape)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25686", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25686", "title": "41", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25687", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25687", "title": "1341", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25688", "revid": "10250093", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25688", "title": "1522", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25698", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25698", "title": "American Sign Language", "text": "American Sign Language (old names: Amslan, Ameslan) is the most popular sign language for deaf people in the United States, in the English-speaking parts of Canada, and in parts of Mexico. Although the United Kingdom and the United States share English as a spoken and written language, British Sign Language (BSL) is different from American Sign Language. ASL actually comes from French Sign Language, as Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet went to England for help learning sign language to teach to his deaf neighbors. He could not find anyone willing to teach him the British Sign Language, but did find some French people who were willing to help, he convinced one of them to travel back to the United States with him to set up the first deaf school in the U.S.\nASL is also used (sometimes with other sign languages) in the Philippines, Singapore, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Puerto Rico, C\u00f4te d'Ivoire, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Togo, Benin, Nigeria, Chad, Gabon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Central African Republic, Mauritania, Kenya, Madagascar, and Zimbabwe. Like other sign languages, its grammar is different from any spoken language.\nASL includes fingerspelling. Fingerspelling is a way to show the written letter. ASL uses one hand to show the English alphabet, although there are ways to show alphabets from other languages. Names of people and places can be fingerspelled. Fingerspelling is also used for words that have no sign, or for when people are confused about what a used sign means.\nStatistics.\nCounting the number of ASL speakers is difficult because ASL users have never been counted by the American census. ASL use in the general American population has not been directly measured. The ultimate source for current estimates of the number of ASL users in the United States is a report for the National Census of the Deaf Population (NCDP) by Schein and Delk (1974). Based on a 1972 survey of the NCDP, Schein and Delk provided estimates consistent with a signing population between 250,000 and 500,000. The survey did not distinguish between ASL and other forms of signing.\nIncorrect figures are sometimes cited for the population of ASL speakers in the United States based on misunderstandings of statistics. Demographics of the deaf population have been confused with those of ASL use. This accounts for cited estimations which are greater than 500,000. Such mistaken estimations can reach as high as 15,000,000.\nASL is sometimes incorrectly cited as the third- or fourth-most-spoken language in the United States. These figures misquote Schein and Delk (1974), who said ASL speakers constituted the third-largest population \"requiring an interpreter in court\"."}
+{"id": "25699", "revid": "1260226", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25699", "title": "Sign language", "text": "A sign language is a way of communicating by using the hands and other parts of the body. It should not be confused with body language. Sign languages are an important way for deaf people to communicate. Deaf people often use them instead of spoken languages. Spoken languages use sounds from the mouth and are understood with the ears. Sign languages use hands and are understood with the eyes. Deaf people can use sign languages more easily than spoken languages.\nLanguage learning and use.\nDeaf people sometimes learn a sign language from their family, especially if their parents are deaf. But, most deaf children have hearing parents, so they learn a sign language from other deaf people. They may meet other deaf people at school or in the streets. Hearing people may learn to sign directly from deaf people. Or, they may learn a sign language by going to signing classes or by studying a sign language workbook, which can come with an interactive DVD.\nSometimes deaf people do use a spoken language, especially when talking with hearing people. Sometimes hearing people use a sign language with each other, rather than speaking. But, deaf people tend to use sign languages, and hearing people tend to use spoken languages.\nSome deaf people can also understand spoken words by looking at a speaker's lips. This is known as lip-reading. It is hard to learn, and few people do it well. Sometimes signing and lip-reading are combined, especially when deaf and hearing people are talking to each other.\nHistory.\nSign languages have always existed in deaf communities. In ancient texts we see authors commenting about deaf people and sign language. In the western world, the first studies dedicated to sign languages date from the 17th century. In 1620, in Spain, the priest Juan Pablo Bonnet published a text about teaching deaf people to speak, using gestures as a tool. The language of signs created by Bonet was used by Abb\u00e9 Charles-Michel de l'\u00c9p\u00e9e, to create a fingerspelling alphabet in the 18th century. This alphabet has changed very little since then, and is used with sign languages in many countries.\nThe sign alphabet created by Charles-Michel de l'\u00c9p\u00e9e, however, is not the origin of French Sign Language, the sign language that has influenced many other sign languages around the world. Even before Charles-Michel de l'\u00c9p\u00e9e started teaching deaf people, they already used Old French Sign Language, and could read and write in French. This was a great advance, because it proved that deaf people could be educated and didn\u2019t needed speech to think and learn.\nDifferent sign languages.\nSign languages are not universal. That means there is not one single sign language for all deaf people around the world. There are many different sign languages. Each deaf community can develop its own sign language. Usually there is a different sign language in each country. Linguists have identified at least 137 different sign languages.\nHere are some well-known sign languages:\nHowever, sign languages are not totally independent from each other. Sign languages can develop from the same source. For example, ASL, LSM, and LSQ all developed from Old French Sign Language. They are part of the same language family. Sign languages can be similar to each other. BSL, Auslan, and NZSL are very much alike. Linguists sometimes talk about them as if they are one language. They call it \"BANZSL\" (an acronym for \"British Australian New Zealand Sign Language\"). Sign languages can influence each other. They sometimes copy signs from other sign languages, the same way spoken languages copy loanwords.\nGrammar of sign languages.\nAccording to the \"American Heritage Dictionary\", signing is \"a language that uses a system of manual, facial, and other body movements as the means of communication, especially among deaf people.\" Sign languages have their own grammar rules: syntax, morphology, phonology and semantics. Sign languages are not simply mime. They are not gestures strung together without any rules. Sign languages are real languages.\nPeople sometimes also use the term \"sign language\" to talk about a \"method of communication, as between speakers of different languages, that uses hand movements and other gestures.\" This article is about the earlier use of the term \"sign language\". It is talking about a real language that must be learned, not just a set of simple gestures that anyone can dream up to communicate. A sign language is not a way of encoding the sounds of a spoken language or the letters of an alphabet. \nFor example, American Sign Language (ASL) and British Sign Language (BSL) are not copies of English. They are different from each other, even though they are both used in countries that speak English. Sometimes sign languages may copy a few elements from a spoken language, but usually they are very different. For example, sign languages often use different locations in space around the signer to represent people or objects that are being talked about. These locations are used like pronouns in spoken languages.\nThe main difference between sign languages and spoken languages is that sign languages use hand and body movements to form signs while spoken languages use sounds to form words. Really, each sign in a sign language is like a word in a spoken language. Both types of languages use grammar rules to combine words/signs into sentences. That's what makes them languages, and why both types of languages are different from mime or simple gestures.\nSpoken words are made up of smaller pieces: individual sounds like \"p\" or \"o\". In the same way, signs are made up of smaller pieces: handshapes, movements and locations of the hands, facial expressions and other body movements. These pieces are used in different combinations to make the signs in the language Some signs are made with only one hand, and others are made with both hands. Some signs include movements of the mouth or other parts of the body; without those other movements, the sign is not correct. Other body movements are also important in the grammar. For example, in many sign languages, raised eyebrows indicate a question that has a \"yes\" or \"no\" answer.\nThe grammar rules of different sign languages are similar to each other, but they aren't the same. There is not a universal grammar for sign languages; each sign language has its own grammar. For example, sign languages use different handshapes to form signs; each sign language has its own set of handshapes.\nSometimes a sign looks like the object or action it represents, but this is not always true. For many signs, a person just has to learn the meaning, like words in a spoken language. It's not easy to guess the meaning from what the sign looks like. This is another thing that makes sign languages different from mime; in mime, the meaning of a gesture is obvious, it doesn't have to be learned. However, signs aren't totally arbitrary either. Once a person knows the meaning of a sign, the form of the sign can often help remember the meaning.\nFingerspelling.\nBesides normal signs, many sign languages use fingerspelling. Fingerspelling is also known as a \"hand alphabet\" or \"dactylology\". In fingerspelling, each letter in the alphabet of a spoken language has its own sign. Fingerspelling is a tool. People use it to spell names, acronyms and other words from spoken languages. Sometimes people do this when there is not a sign yet. Sometimes people use a fingerspelled word even when there is a normal sign for the same meaning. For example, when talking about a person, a signer might spell their name using fingerspelling. Or, they may use a \"name-sign\"\u2014a special sign for that person.\nFingerspelling is not universal. It is different in different sign languages. Two sign languages may have a similar fingerspelling system. Or, their fingerspelling systems may be very different. Some fingerspelling systems use only one hand. ASL uses a one-handed system. Other sign languages use both hands for fingerspelling. The BANZSL languages use a two-handed system. There are different fingerspelling systems for different writing systems. Japanese is written with different letters than English. This means fingerspelling in Japanese Sign Language is different from fingerspelling in ASL or BANZSL. ASL uses a lot of fingerspelling. Most sign languages use less fingerspelling than ASL. Some sign languages don't use fingerspelling at all.\nWriting sign languages.\nThere is not any official way of writing signs. Some deaf and hearing people think there should be. Some have invented different ways of writing sign languages. Here are some of them.\nOther users of sign language don\u2019t think writing signs is something useful. Usually, deaf people just write the spoken language in their country. They don't try to write the sign language.\nSign languages in deaf culture.\nDeaf people have their own culture. It is similar to the culture of hearing people around them, but there are important differences. Deaf people have different experiences from hearing people. This makes their culture different.\nSign language is the most important part of deaf culture. Through a sign language deaf people can create a social and cultural identity for themselves. They can communicate naturally with each other. The shared sign language helps hold their deaf community together. Hearing people use spoken languages to do the same things.\nSome children are born deaf. Others lose their hearing because of illness when they are very young. These children often learn how to sign and become a part of the deaf community and deaf culture.\nHowever, some people who are physically deaf do not participate in deaf community and deaf culture. Some people lose their hearing later in life. These people usually continue to interact with hearing people using a spoken language. They do not learn to sign. They do not make friends with deaf people who sign. They depend on hearing aids, lip-reading, or writing notes to communicate with their hearing friends.\nSome deaf children learn to speak and lip-read a spoken language. This is a difficult skill, but some children succeed. Also, some may have surgery to get a cochlear implant. A cochlear implant helps some deaf children hear better. It is not the same as normal hearing, but it can help them learn to speak. These deaf people can interact with hearing people using a spoken language.\nThe term \"deaf culture\" usually refers only to the culture of deaf people who sign."}
+{"id": "25701", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25701", "title": "Saint-Di\u00e9-des-Vosges", "text": "Saint-Di\u00e9-des-Vosges is a city in the northeast of France, in Lorraine.\nDemography.\nNow about 23,000 people live there.\nTourism.\nSurrounded by the Vosges mountains, it is a popular resort for tourists.\nEvents.\nThe city is famous for the International Festival of Geography, which takes place every autumn. \nHigher education.\nElectronics, computer science, graphic design and communication are studied at the University Institute of Technology.\nIn French it is called \"IUT\" (Institut universitaire de technologie)."}
+{"id": "25708", "revid": "1204528", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25708", "title": "Rhodesian Ridgeback", "text": "Rhodesian Ridgeback is a breed of dog. \nIt has a red-brown coat of fur on its body and a line of hair down its back which is different from the rest of hair on its body. They are sometimes called \"The African Lion Dog\", because they were used by hunters in Africa to find and confuse lions while the hunter shot the lion."}
+{"id": "25718", "revid": "10386350", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25718", "title": "Glove", "text": "A glove is a piece of clothing that covers a hand. There are many different kinds of gloves. Gloves are made of many different fabrics and materials, and gloves are used in many ways.\nGloves worn for protection.\nPeople wear thick gloves, usually made of wool or fabric, to keep their hands warm in cold weather. They wear thin gloves (usually made of rubber or plastic) to keep their hands clean. People also wear thin gloves made of rubber or plastic to keep things they touch clean. Some workers wear gloves made of heavy rubber to protect their hands from chemicals. A mitten is a glove which has a separate place for the thumb, but the other four fingers are together. There are also mittens, which are very similar to gloves. Gloves and mittens are usually used to protect people from cold, and chemicals. People use latex gloves during Earth day to clean up.\nGloves worn for fashion.\nThere are also gloves that are worn for fashion, because they look good. These type of gloves are made from leather, fur, or different fabrics.\nGloves worn in sport.\nGloves are worn in sports, the most common reason being for extra grip for the competitors hands. Like in golf, baseball and goalkeepers in soccer.\nMittens.\nThe word is used for certain kinds of usually knitted gloves. Some don't have separate finger pieces, and are made for children. Others have separate finger pieces without tips, so the wearer can use his fingers for delicate work, and keep his hands warm at the same time. some are fingerless gloves ."}
+{"id": "25720", "revid": "1591142", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25720", "title": "Sky High (2005 movie)", "text": "Sky High is a 2005 movie from Walt Disney Pictures, starring Kurt Russell.\nPlot.\nThis movie is about superheroes. Will Stronghold has two superhero parents. His dad, Steve, is The Commander, who is very strong. His mother, Josie, is Jetstream, who can fly. Will is expected to have great powers of his own, but he finds that he does not have any. He enters his school, Sky High, where the students are sorted into \"hero\" and \"sidekick.\" Will is given the position of a sidekick and takes different classes than the hero track. He later tells his dad about this, who is not happy that his son will not be like him.\nAt school, Will also has an enemy named Warren Peace. The Commander put Warren's father away for three life terms. During a lunch, Warren gets very mad at Will and starts throwing fireballs, which is his superpower. Will dives under a bench. It is here his power comes to him; super strength, like his dad. He manages to defeat Warren and both are put in a time out room where their powers do not work. His mother is not happy, but his dad is very happy that Will has powers. Steve shows Will the hiding place where the Stronghold family does all of their activities.\nWill's new powers put him up in the hero track, where he is partnered with a girl named Gwen Grayson. Will soon falls for Gwen and does not keep up with the friends he made as a sidekick. Will has an old friend named Layla, whose power is to grow plants. Will gets more popular. Gwen gets him to invite all the popular kids for a party. When Layla comes over to tell Will that she loves him, Gwen stops her and tells her that Will has new friends. Layla is upset. When Will learns about it, he breaks off the date. He was going to go to the prom with Gwen, but now decides to stay home.\nHis parents go to the prom instead. There was going to be a ceremony to honor the best superhero of all time. During the prom, however, it is revealed that Gwen is really a villain named Royal Pain. The Commander thought he killed her off, but when he zapped her, she simply became a baby instead. The years passed and she grew into another teenager. Royal Pain puts on her suit and uses her weapon to make everyone become babies.\nWill comes on down to the school. He is very sorry for how he acted as a hero and tells his sidekick friends that he needs all of their help to beat Royal Pain. Lash and Speed, two bullies on Royal Pain's side, are knocked out. Ethan tricks Lash and stuffs his head down the toliet. Then he becomes a puddle of ooze, which causes Speed to slip. Warren, now on Will's side, throws fireballs to knock Speed down. \nMagenta, whose power is to become a rat, climbs into the system and tries to disable it, otherwise the school will fall from orbit and everyone will die. Penny, a cheerleader who can make multiple copies of herself, surrounds Layla. Layla does not want to fight, but when they hit her, she uses her power to make all the plants come out and bind the cheerleaders down.\nWill finds Royal Pain outside. She has loaded all the babies onto the bus and will retrain them to be bad people. He tells her to put his father down. They fight. Will is winning when Layla bursts in, distracting Will. Royal Pain manages to throw Will out of the window. All seems lost when Will appears in the window \u2013 he too has Josie's power of flying. He then kicks Royal Pain out of the window. The school begins to fall down. Will goes outside and uses his power to try to keep the school from hitting the ground. Magneta cuts the wire in time and saves the school from crashing into the ground.\nSteve and Josie give their award to all of the sidekicks that helped out. All of the villains re put into the time-out room. As Will and Layla become a couple, the final narration states that Ron Wilson became a superhero after falling into a vat of toxic waste, Will and Warren became best friends and Sue and her henchmen are now Will's archenemies."}
+{"id": "25723", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25723", "title": "Tales of Symphonia", "text": "Tales of Symphonia is a role-playing video game released in 2004 for the Nintendo GameCube. It is a fantasy RPG.\nStory.\nThe main character Lloyd Irving and his friends, Genis Sage and Colette Brunel, are sent away from the town where Lloyd lived. Genis' sister Raine and the mercenary Kratos join them. While traveling, Colette begins to change into an angel. Lloyd learns that she is in charge of saving the world. Two groups of people want her to stop. They are the Desians, bad guys that enslave humans, and Sheena, a woman that wants to kill Colette. Sheena and Colette save each other from the Desians and become friends. Eventually, they get ready to save the world. Kratos betrays Colette and the others to Cruxis, the angels who control the Desians. Lloyd and the others manage to escape. They go to a different world called Tethe'alla. There, they make three new friends called Zelos, Presea, and Regal. Kratos still wants to find them and the Cruxis leader, Mithos, is very angry. Lloyd's group learns that if they want to save the world, they need to have Sheena gain the power of the eight \"Summon Spirits\". The spirits are magical creatures. After using the power of the summon spirits, the problem gets worse. Lloyd and Kratos need to work together to save the world from being destroyed by the Giant Kharlan Tree. Yuan uses a drug where it puts people to sleep on everyone. After this, Lloyd wakes up in the middle of the night. Kratos is with Yuan and two of Yuan's henchman. Lloyd learns that Kratos is his father. Kratos dives in front of Lloyd to stop him from being hurt. Kratos then tells Lloyd that there is a ninth Summon Spirit by the name of Origin. Lloyd has to fight Kratos to get its help because Origin was sealed by Kratos himself. The Summon Spirit helps Lloyd use the eternal sword. After this, they go to Derris Kharlan and there is one last battle with Mithos."}
+{"id": "25726", "revid": "18539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25726", "title": "Reformation", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25730", "revid": "10364254", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25730", "title": "Protestant Reformation", "text": "The Protestant Reformation was a series of events that happened in the 16th century in the Catholic Church. Because the Catholic Church had been accused of corruption, some people believed changes were needed to the way the Church worked.\nPeople like Erasmus, Huldrych Zwingli, Martin Luther and John Calvin protested the corruption and tried to stop it. This led to a split in the church, into Catholics and various Protestant churches. The Protestant reformation triggered the Catholic Counter-Reformation.\nHistory.\nIn 1517, Martin Luther posted the Ninety-Five Theses at Wittenberg. Historians consider this the start of the Protestant Reformation. John Knox brought Luther's ideas to Scotland and founded the Presbyterian Church. \nAt this time, the printing press had just recently been invented. This made it possible to spread awareness of the Church's abuses to many people. \nReformers translated the Bible into various local languages. For example, John Wycliffe and William Tyndale worked on an English translation. Much of Tyndale's translation was used in the King James version of the Bible. Luther translated the Bible into German.\nAs various countries adopted Protestant ideas, wars broke out between Catholic and Protestant factions and countries. Many people died in these wars, which included the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War. These wars were not just about religion. Since most countries have recognized (state) religion, many of the disputes were political. \nIn 1648 the Peace of Westphalia recognized Protestants when the signers agreed not to interfere in the internal affairs of other countries. This included their chosen religion.\nCauses of the Reformation.\nMany events in the early 16th century helped to cause the Protestant Reformation. Clergy abuse caused people to begin criticizing the Catholic Church. The greed and scandalous lives of the clergy had created a split between them and the peasants. Furthermore, the clergy did not respond to the population's needs, often because they did not speak the local language, or live in their own diocese. The papacy lost prestige.\nPoints of criticism.\nHowever, the split was more over doctrine than corruption. The main points of criticism were:\n95 Theses.\n\"See the main article: Ninety-Five Theses\"\nIn 1515, the Pope started a new indulgence campaign to raise money for rebuilding St. Peter's Basilica, an important church in Rome. Preachers came to Germany to sell the indulgences, promising that money could release souls from purgatory. \nMartin Luther, a German Catholic monk, thought this went too far. On October 31, 1517, he sent his 95 Theses to the local archbishop in protest. It is said he nailed a copy to the door of a church in Wittenberg. These theses, written in Latin, were points that Luther wanted to debate. Most of them related to the problems caused by the sale of indulgences. \nLuther said that the idea that money could buy forgiveness prevented people from turning away from sins. He said that it also made people give less money to the poor. Luther did not attack the Pope; he blamed the abuses on others. Nevertheless, his ideas implied that the Pope was corrupt too. \nWithout Luther's permission, the 95 Theses were translated into German and sent to many places. Many people agreed with Luther. The Catholic Church tried to stop these new ideas, but without much result. Luther was considered an enemy of the Pope, and when he refused to change his ideas he was excommunicated (put out of the church). In the beginning, Luther had not planned to separate from the Catholic Church or to create a new religion; he wanted to reform the Catholic Church.\nConsequences.\nReforms.\nIn many countries, Christians put Luther's reforms into practice. People began to read the Bible in their own language, and many could see for themselves how the Catholic Church had let the Christian faith become corrupted. Many who stayed in the Catholic Church adopted some of Luther's ideas.\nInquisition & Counter-Reformation.\nThe Pope reestablished the Inquisition to combat heresy. The Catholic Church responded to the Protestant reformation with the Counter-Reformation. \nBetween 1545 and 1563 the Council of Trent met to decide what to do. Some of the worst abuses were eliminated, but many of the old teachings were kept. The Inquisition tried to force people to keep those ideas. \nFinding force not very successful, the church utilized religious orders like the Jesuits, Theatines, Capuchins, and the Ursulines. These new religious orders were told to combat Protestantism by educating the population about Catholicism. \nThe Pope made the Index Librorum Prohibitorum, a list of banned books. It had a big influence in its first centuries and was not ended until the 1960s. The Catholic Church also used baroque art to touch the religious feeling of the faithful and bring them to the Catholic religion.\nPolitical consequences.\nIn addition to the conflict in the churches, there were political consequences. Common people became more willing to question their leaders. In 1524-1525, millions of peasants rebelled against the nobles in the name of equality of humanity in front of God. \nMany countries in Europe chose Protestantism as their state religion. This divided Europe by religion. Religious wars such as the French Wars of Religion resulted. \nFor a short time, Protestant and Catholic had managed to live with one another and with the Peace of Augsburg in 1555. This Peace recognized the confessional division of the German states and gave the right to Protestants to practice their religion.\nLonger-Term Impacts.\nFor a long time, Catholic countries like Spain and Italy didn't allow Protestants to live there, while Protestant countries kept out Catholics. With the American Revolution, the idea of freedom of religion began to expand. Protestants became influential in the United States and the English Canada. \nQuebec.\nQuebec was a (formerly French) Catholic province of Canada. After the Seven Years War the British imposed the Quebec Act granting freedom of religion in Quebec. This law also said that some of the present-day United States (like Ohio and Michigan) were part of Quebec. Catholics were granted religious freedom in those areas. Protestant colonists saw this as one of the Intolerable Acts. In later centuries, many Protestant churches were established in the province of Quebec. Many Catholic churches also began in Ohio and Michigan. Eventually most Christian countries allowed some religious freedom.\nNew churches.\nChurches based on Reformation ideas have multiplied into different forms, especially in historically Protestant countries. Even in much of Latin America, which is historically Catholic, Evangelical churches (which follow many of the Protestant ideas) have greatly expanded. \nIn the 20th century, some countries still had state churches, but also allowed full freedom of religion. In these countries, conflict between Protestant and Catholic Christians became less important. They have to work together to confront a more secular society. \nIn 2016 Pope Francis praised Luther in a prayer service that commemorated the 500th anniversary of the Reformation. In turn, some Protestant churches have embraced some Catholic worship traditions, and others have praised them for their stand on social issues."}
+{"id": "25732", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25732", "title": "Sermon", "text": "A sermon is a speech that a priest or other speaker gives during church service. The speech has a theological, religious or moral content. The purpose of a sermon is to give hope to the people who hear it, or to encourage them to do right things in their lives. The speaker may also talk about the current problems of the community, and offer ways to solve them.Very often, sermons given by priests or other clergy are based on passages from the Bible."}
+{"id": "25734", "revid": "744335", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25734", "title": "Sand", "text": "Sand is a mixture of very small pieces of different rocks or minerals. It is the same minerals from which those pieces are broken, such as granite and feldspar. Sand is gritty to touch. It is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. Sand is also formed various rocks by weathering and erosion. Erosion breaks large boulders into smaller rocks. They get smaller and smaller until they reach the beach or a low-lying area as sand.\nSand grains are smaller than gravel grains, (from to ), and larger than silt, (around to ). Sand is mostly found on beaches, and in deserts. The most common types of sand are made of silica, or silicon dioxide (SiO2). Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is the second most common. Sand dunes are made when wind or a river pulls sand into a mountain-like shape. They can be found in deserts, but sometimes high up on beaches too.\nApplications.\nSand is crucial in the process of mixing concrete. It can also be used to make sand castles. Sand is sometimes used in households for aesthetic purposes."}
+{"id": "25738", "revid": "9325170", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25738", "title": "Alsatian language", "text": "Alsatian (, ) is a Germanic language. It is spoken in Alsace (eastern part of France). It is used for a number of dialects, spoken in Alsace, Franche-Comt\u00e9, and Jura. Linguistically, we are looking at a number of dialects, with common properties. \nMost of the Alsatian dialects are Germanic. Alsatian is also used for a few dialects that are based on French, and that are spoken in the Vosges, Franche-Comte, territoire de Belfort, and Jura (on both sides of the border). \nThere are slight differences in the dialects, the one in the north have a sligtly different vocabulary and grammar to the ones in the south. The dialect spoken in the city of Strasbourg is also slighlty different from those in the sourrounding areas. \nStatistics.\nIn 2012, the Office pour la Langue et la Culture d\u2019Alsace did a survey:\nOf those who speak Alsatian:\nThose who speak Alsatian are generally older:\nIn the three big cities of the region (Strasbourg, Colmar and Mulhouse), Alsatian is spoken less. There, fewer than a third of the adults say they speak Alsatian. Around Wissenbourg, Haguenau, and Saverne, over half the people answered they were good speakers."}
+{"id": "25744", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25744", "title": "Tales of symphonia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25753", "revid": "837344", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25753", "title": "Ian McEwan", "text": "Ian Russell McEwan , , , (born 21 June 1948), is an English novelist (who is also called \"Ian Macabre\" because of the type of his early work).\nBiography.\nMcEwan was born in Aldershot, Hampshire, England and spent much of his childhood in the Far East, Germany and North Africa where his father, an officer in the army, was posted. He was educated at the University of Sussex and the University of East Anglia, where he was the first graduate of Malcolm Bradbury's pioneering creative writing course.\nHe has been married twice. His second wife, Annalena McAfee, is the editor of the Guardian's Review section.\nIn March and April 2004, just months after the British government had invited him to a dinner with First Lady of the United States Laura Bush, McEwan was denied entry into the United States by the United States Department of Homeland Security for not having the proper visa for earning a living (McEwan was preparing to give a series of paid lectures). Only after several days and publicity in the British press was McEwan admitted because, as he said a customs official had told him, \"We still do not want to let you in, but this is attracting a lot of unfavourable publicity.\"\nHe is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature, a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He was awarded the Shakespeare Prize by the Alfred Toepfer Foundation, Hamburg, in 1999. He was awarded a CBE in 2000.\nWorks.\nHis first published work was the collection of short stories \"First Love, Last Rites\" (1975), which won the Somerset Maugham Award in 1976.\n\"The Cement Garden\" (1978) and \"Black Dogs\" (1992) were his early novels.\nHis 1997 novel, \"Enduring Love\", about a person with de Clerambault's syndrome, is regarded by many as a masterpiece, though \"Atonement\" has received equally high acclaim.\nIn 1998, he was controversially awarded the Booker Prize for his novella, \"Amsterdam\".\nHis 2005 novel, \"Saturday\", follows an especially eventful day in the life of a neurosurgeon. Mr Henry Perowne, the main character, lives in a house on a square in central London where McEwan himself lives after relocating from Oxford.\nThe 2007 novel, \"On Chesil Beach\", was a short novel about one couple in England and how they experience love and sexuality in the early 1960s. The novel was on the short list of possible Booker Prize winners.\nHis most recent novel, \"Solar\", is a comedy. A fictional Nobel Prize winning physicist with a disorganized personal life is the main character."}
+{"id": "25754", "revid": "1620141", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25754", "title": "Mahjong", "text": "Mahjong is a tile-based game for four players that was created in China. It is a game of skill, intelligence, calculation and luck.\nThe Set-Up.\nA Mahjong game is played at a square table (four sides all the same length). The dealer is called the \"east\" player and everyone else is called a different direction because of where they are sitting - so the person to East's left is South, the person across from East is West, and the person to East's right is North. If East wins, he is the dealer again for the next round; if he does not, the dealer is the person to his right (North). That person then becomes East. A game of Mahjong ends when every player has been the dealer four times, or when they have played the number of rounds they said they would play before they started.\nSolitaire.\nA single-player version of this game exists, called Mahjong Solitaire. It is based on the four-player game, but can be played by one person, so it is one of the games that are played often on computers (such as Solitaire, Spider Solitaire, or Minesweeper). Mahjong Solitaire is much simpler than four-player Mahjong: it is played without dice or chips, by removing tiles (set up in the shape of a pyramid) from the board in sets of two. Each set of two has to match - they are either exactly the same, or go together (two \"flowers\" tiles, for example). A Mahjong Solitaire player wins when he picks up all the tiles, or he loses when he runs out of sets of two that he can pick up."}
+{"id": "25755", "revid": "1351064", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25755", "title": "Ionia", "text": "Ionia was a region in the west of Asia Minor in Ancient Greek times. It was in what is now Turkey. It was the birthplace of the Hellenic civilization. The Dorian invasion of the Peloponnesus, caused the migration of Ionic Greeks across the Aegean sea to Anatolia about 1000-900 BCE. The original Greek settlements in the region were numerous and small, but by the 8th century BCE they had consolidated themselves into 12 major cities\u2014Phocaea, Erythrae, Clazomenae, Teos, Lebedus, Colophon, Ephesus, Priene, Myus, and Miletus on the mainland, with the islands Chios and Samos.By the end of the 7th century the Ionian cities had achieved great prosperity through their trading enterprises, their colonization efforts, and their manufacture of ceramics, textiles, and metalware. After World War One it was granted to Greece from Turkey in the Treaty of S\u00e8vres, along with most of the islands in the Aegean sea, Thrace, and Turkey's most important city, Istanbul. The Turkish army drove the Greeks out soon after, killing many Greek people. They did not challenge the Greeks on the Aegean Islands, though."}
+{"id": "25756", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25756", "title": "Novelist", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25764", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25764", "title": "Interharmonic", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25765", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25765", "title": "Harmonic", "text": "A harmonic of a wave is the part of a signal's frequency that is a whole multiple (an integer) of the fundamental frequency. The fundamental frequency is the lowest frequency of a periodic waveform. If \"f\" is the fundamental frequency (that is, 1\"f\"), then the \"harmonics\" have frequencies 2\"f\", 3\"f\", 4\"f\"..., and so on. The second harmonic (2\"f\") has a frequency twice that of the fundamental frequency, the third harmonic three times, and so on. This concept applies to wave motions of any form of energy, but is most often related to acoustics.\nFrequencies that lie between one harmonic and another harmonic are called \"interharmonics\". For example, 1\"f\" is an interharmonic between the fundamental frequency (or first harmonic) and the second harmonic. Interharmonics is a term invented, or at least standardised, by the international electronics industry about 1999, particularly for use in electrical energy. However, interharmonic frequencies also occur naturally in other radiant energies, for example music or any type of sound."}
+{"id": "25766", "revid": "1313189", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25766", "title": "Art Ross Trophy", "text": "The Art Ross Trophy is given to the top scoring player each year in the National Hockey League (NHL). The player with the most points (goals plus assists) is given the trophy. If two players have the same number of points, the award goes to the player with the most goals. If they are tied in goals, it goes to the player who has played fewer games. If they are tied in games, it goes to the player who scored his first goal of the year the soonest.\nWayne Gretzky has won this trophy ten times, the most of any player. Gordie Howe and Mario Lemieux each won six trophies; Phil Esposito and Jaromir Jagr won five; Stan Mikita won four; and Bobby Hull and Guy Lafleur each won it three times.\nThe Art Ross Memorial Trophy was first awarded in 1948. This list includes all NHL scoring champions:\nWinners.\nBold Player with the most points ever scored in a season."}
+{"id": "25778", "revid": "1451694", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25778", "title": "Towel", "text": "A towel is a form of cloth or paper used for drying things. There are many types of towels, such as a beach towel and a washcloth, a small towel used for cleaning dishes and bodies. Towels have many different uses, such as drying yourself after a shower, or wiping a table clean.\nFor the body, fabric terry towels are mainly used, consisting mainly of cotton fibers due to their high absorbency (reaching up to 300%).\nFabric towels belong to the group of piece textiles. Textile towels often have a sewn loop with which they can be hung on wall furniture hooks for use (previously it was recommended to sew a loop at both ends so that the towel wears out more evenly). In addition to hooks, towels can also be placed in a state thrown over a barbell, and thanks to this straightened suspension, they dry faster. Fabric towels can have finishes such as lace, embroidery, appliques and others.\nDisposable towels can be made both in piece form and in a roll, both from paper and non-woven material."}
+{"id": "25780", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25780", "title": "Harmonics", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25781", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25781", "title": "Interharmonics", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25782", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25782", "title": "Earthquakes", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25785", "revid": "1325085", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25785", "title": "South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands", "text": "South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands are an overseas territory of the United Kingdom claimed by Argentina. They are in the southern part of the Atlantic Ocean. The territory was started in 1985, before that it was classed as part of the Falkland Islands. The islands do not have a native population, but in 2006 they had around 20 people on the islands. Most of these people were scientists who are at Bird Island, museum staff at Grytviken and the British Government Officers."}
+{"id": "25792", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25792", "title": "Vein", "text": " \nA vein is a type of blood vessel in the body. All veins carry blood to the heart. Most veins carry blood that is low in oxygen, except for the pulmonary vein and the umbilical veins which carry blood that is high in oxygen. \nA vein has a large lumen (width) and less pressure than an artery. There are smaller amounts of smooth muscle and elastic fibres in the vessel wall. Most veins have one-way valves that keep blood from going backwards. \nThe vena cava, the biggest vein in human body, collects blood from the other veins and delivers it to the heart. Other important veins are the coronary veins (veins on the heart) and renal veins (veins on the kidney). Veins are mainly seen just below the skin, and are easily seen from the outside, where they look blue because of the lack of oxygen. The blood carried by veins is dark red, but when a vein is cut or pierced, the dark blood immediately reacts with the oxygen in the air and becomes bright red colored. The vein appears blue because of the scattering of light through the skin and the way the eye perceives color and light. Veins contain blood even after death. This is why a dead body appears blue. "}
+{"id": "25793", "revid": "1669984", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25793", "title": "Ottawa Senators", "text": "The Ottawa Senators are a professional ice hockey team based in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. They are members of the Northeast Division of the Eastern Conference of the National Hockey League (NHL). The Senators play their home games at the 21,347-seat Canadian Tire Centre, which opened in 1996.\nThe team was started by Ottawa real estate developer Bruce Firestone, the team is the second NHL franchise to use the Ottawa Senators name. The original Ottawa Senators, founded in 1883, had a rich history, winning 11 Stanley Cups and playing in the NHL from 1917 until 1934. On December 6, 1990, after a two-year public campaign by Firestone, the NHL awarded a new franchise, which began play in the 1992\u201393 season. The current team owner is Eugene Melnyk, and in 2011, the club was valued by \"Forbes Magazine\" at $201 million.\nThe team has had success, qualifying for the Stanley Cup playoffs in twelve of the past fourteen seasons, four division titles, the Presidents' Trophy in 2003 and appeared in the 2007 Stanley Cup Finals. The success has been reflected in attendance. The club has averaged over 20,000 fans per game since 2005\u201306, peaking at 21,821 in 2007\u201308.\nPlayers and personnel.\nHead coaches.\nStatistics are accurate through the hiring of D.J. Smith.\nGeneral managers.\nSource: \"Ottawa Senators 2009\u201310 Media Guide\", p.\u00a0206.\nTeam record.\nSeason-by-season record.\n\"This is a partial list of the last five seasons completed by the Senators. For the full season-by-season history, see List of Ottawa Senators seasons\"\n\"Note: GP = Games Played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, OTL = Overtime Losses, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals against, PIM = Penalties in minutes\"\nTeam scoring leaders.\nThese are the top-ten regular season point-scorers in franchise history. Figures are updated after each completed NHL regular season.\n\"Note: Pos = Position; GP = Games Played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; P/G = Points per game average;\"\nSource: Ottawa Senators Media Guide\nNHL awards and trophies.\nPrince of Wales Trophy\nPresidents' Trophy\nCalder Memorial Trophy\nNHL Plus-Minus Award\nJack Adams Award\nJames Norris Memorial Trophy\nKing Clancy Memorial Trophy\nMark Messier Leadership Award\nBill Masterton Memorial Trophy\nNHL All-Rookie Team\nNHL First All-Star Team\nNHL Second All-Star Team\nTeam records.\nSource: Ottawa Senators."}
+{"id": "25794", "revid": "9473484", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25794", "title": "Calgary Flames", "text": "The Calgary Flames are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They began in 1972 in the city of Atlanta, and moved to Calgary in 1980. They won the Stanley Cup in 1989. They also made the Stanley Cup finals in 1986, losing to the Montreal Canadiens, and in 2004, losing to the Tampa Bay Lightning four games to three. The Flames won the Presidents' Trophy as regular season champion in 1988 and 1989.\nThe Flames play in the Scotiabank Saddledome in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. It is called the \"Saddledome\" because the roof is shaped like a saddle.\nSome of the best players to play for the Flames include Al MacInnis, who won the Conn Smythe Trophy as most valuable player in the playoffs in 1989; Jarome Iginla, who won the Art Ross Trophy as top point scorer in 2001-02, as well as the Rocket Richard Trophy as top goal scorer in 2001-02 and 2003-04; Lanny MacDonald, who scored 500 career goals, mostly in Calgary; Gary Suter, who won the Calder Trophy as \"rookie of the year\" in 1985-86 and captained the team to their only Stanley Cup win; goaltender Mike Vernon; and forwards Joe Mullen, Joe Nieuwendyk, and Theoren Fleury."}
+{"id": "25796", "revid": "862041", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25796", "title": "Edmonton Oilers", "text": "The Edmonton Oilers are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They joined the NHL in 1979, after seven years in the World Hockey Association. They were named the \"Oilers\" because Edmonton, Alberta is the center of Canada's petroleum industry.\nThe Oilers have won the Stanley Cup five times, in 1984, 1985, 1987, 1988, and 1990. They also won the President's Trophy as top team in the regular season in 1984, 1986, and 1987. They lost the 1983 Stanley Cup final to the New York Islanders and the 2006 Stanley Cup Final to the Carolina Hurricanes.\nWayne Gretzky won the Hart Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player (MVP) eight times on the Oilers. He also won the Art Ross Trophy seven times on Edmonton, the goal-scoring title (now known as the Richard Trophy) five times, and the Conn Smythe Trophy as MVP in the playoffs twice. Gretzky set many NHL records on the Oilers, including most goals (92), assists (163), and points (215) in a season.\nThe Oilers have had many other great players: Mark Messier won the Hart Trophy in 1990 and the Conn Smythe Trophy in 1984; Paul Coffey won the Norris Trophy as best defenceman in 1985 and 1986; Grant Fuhr won the Vezina Trophy as best goaltender in 1988; Jari Kurri led the NHL in goals in 1986; Bill Ranford won the Conn Smythe Trophy in 1990; and Connor McDavid won the Hart Trophy in 2017, 2021, and 2023, while teammate Leon Draisaitl won the award in 2020. Glenn Anderson and Curtis Joseph are among their other top players."}
+{"id": "25797", "revid": "10459506", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25797", "title": "Philadelphia Flyers", "text": "The Philadelphia Flyers are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They began in 1967, and have been a strong team for most of their history. The Flyers won the Stanley Cup championship in 1974 and 1975. They also made the finals in 1976, 1980, 1985, 1987, 1997, and 2010. They won the President's Trophy as top team in the regular season in 1975, 1980, and 1985.\nHistory.\nTheir championship team in the 1970s was led by Bobby Clarke, who won the Hart Trophy as most valuable player (MVP) in the NHL in 1973, 1975, and 1976. Bernie Parent was also an important part of this team: he was named the NHL's top goaltender in 1974 and 1975, and those same years won the Conn Smythe Trophy as MVP in the playoffs. Reggie Leach was the NHL's top goal scorer in 1976; he also won the Conn Smythe Trophy that year. Bob Dailey, Rick MacLeish, and Bill Barber were also important members of the 1970s Flyers.\nIn 1979-80, the Flyers set an NHL record for most games in a row without a loss: 35. No team in North America in hockey, baseball, football, or basketball has had more games unbeaten. Goaltender Pete Peeters was one reason they set this record.\nIn the 1980s, the team was led by (son of Gordie Howe), a defenceman who also played well on offence. Pelle Lindbergh (1985) and Ron Hextall (1987) both won the Vezina Trophy as the NHL's top goaltender; Hextall also won the Conn Smythe Trophy in 1987. Tim Kerr was a high goal scorer.\nEric Lindros won the Hart Trophy in 1995. John Leclair, Mark Recchi, and Eric Desjardins were also strong players in the 1990s.\nThe Flyers continued to be a strong team in the early 21st century, coming very close to making the Stanley Cup finals twice. Keith Primeau, Peter Forsberg, and Simon Gagne have been among their top players. They lost the 2010 Stanley Cup finals to Chicago Blackhawks in six games, but did not make the playoffs in four out of the last eight seasons (2012-13, 2014-15, 2016-17, 2018-19)."}
+{"id": "25799", "revid": "484975", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25799", "title": "Pittsburgh Penguins", "text": "The Pittsburgh Penguins are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They began in 1967. They have won the Stanley Cup championship five times; in 1991, 1992, 2009, 2016 and 2017.\nHistory.\nEarly history.\nThe Penguins had many poor seasons in their first 20 years. They had a good team in the mid-1970s, with players such as Peter Mahovlich, Pierre Larouche, and Jean Pronovost. They missed the semi-finals in 1975 because they lost four games to three to the New York Islanders after being ahead three games to none.\nComeback.\nMario Lemieux helped turn the Penguins into a strong team. He won the Art Ross Trophy as NHL scoring champion six times, in 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1996, and 1997; the Hart Trophy as most valuable player in 1988, 1993, and 1996; the Conn Smythe Trophy as MVP in the playoffs in 1991 and 1992; and the goal scoring title in 1988, 1989, and 1996. Lemieux did all this even though he had many injuries.\nAfter their two Stanley Cups (which included a record-tying 11 wins in a row in the playoffs in 1992), the Penguins set the NHL record for most wins in a row, with 17 in 1992-93. They won the President's Trophy that year as the top team in the regular season.\nToday.\nIn 2005, the Penguins were one of the worst teams in the league, but they were able to draft Sidney Crosby. Crosby was 6th in NHL scoring in his rookie (first) season in 2005-06, at the age of 18. In 2007, the Penguins made the playoffs, but were eliminated in five games by the Ottawa Senators in the first round. The next year, the Penguins advanced to the Stanley Cup final. However, the Detroit Red Wings beat them in six games.\nReturning the next season with new players such as Matt Cooke, Ruslan Fedotenko, Chris Kunitz, Craig Adams, Pascal Dupuis, Bill Guerin, Miroslav Satan, Hal Gill and more. The Pittsburgh Penguins finished the 2008-2009 season in 2nd place in the Atlantic Division behind the New Jersey Devils with 99 points (( 45 wins, 28 loses, and 9 overtime loses)). Pittsburgh went into the NHL Playoffs with the forth seed. Playing rival Philadelphia Flyers in the first round, the Pens went up on the Flyers two games to none winning in OT in game 2. The Flyers won game 3 in Philadelphia, but lost game 4 at home to send it back to Pittsburgh where the Flyers shut the Pens out 3-0 in game 5, but in game 6 the Pens rolled over the Flyers to win game 6 to advance to the 2nd round of the NHL Playoffs facing the Washington Capitals. Losing the first two games in Washington by a goal a piece in each game Pittsburgh had to change up there game to get back into the series. Behind 2-0 going into game three in Pittsburgh Mellon Arena would see another OT Thriller win by the Pens. To keep the series alive Pittsburgh won games 4 and 5 but losing in game 6 in OT to force a game 7 back in Washington. Pittsburgh came out strong to win the game to advance to the Eastern Conference Finals against the Carolina Hurricanes. With Players Stepping up in the series Pittsburgh sweeps the Cains in 4 straight games to send them back into the Stanley Cup Finals for the second time in a row. With the Detroit Red Wings winning the Western Conference Final series against the Blackhawks there would be another face off in Detroit with the same two teams. Last season Detroit won the first 3 games and losing games 4 and 5 (game 5 in triple over time) but to win the Stanley Cup in game 6 at Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh already knowing how it feels to lose in the Stanley Cup Finals, Pittsburgh knew what could happen. With a repeat of Detroit, the Red Wings won the first 2-game, making it look like it the Penguins would lose again. Pittsburgh came back to tie up the series 2-2. Pittsburgh lost 5-0 to make the series 3-2, giving Detroit a chance to win it in Pittsburgh for the second time. Pittsburgh scoring the first two goals, which were by Jordan Staal and Tyler Kennedy. With 11:59 left, Chris Draper of Detroit scored on a rebound to put the game at 2-1. With 1:43, Detroit player Dan Cleary had a huge break away but was stopped by goaltender Marc-Andr\u00e9 Fleury. Also, with 13 seconds left in regulation, Detroit crashed the net to attempt to send it into OT but Fleury and Rob Scuderi making big stops in front of the net to force a game 7 in Detroit. With no Scoring in the first period someone had to score soon. Scoring the Penguins only two goals, Max Talbot scored early in the second and also in the middle of the 2nd period. With Detroit getting shut out, the Red Wings made the game interesting with 6:07 left in the 2009 NHL season John Ericson scored to make the game 2-1. Pulling Osgood giving Detroit the extra skater, Detroit had a chance to put the puck in the back of the net with just seconds left, but Fleury with an amazing \"Martin Brodeur roll\" like save the Pittsburgh Penguins would become the 2009 Stanley Cup Champions.\nMembers.\nJarom\u00edr J\u00e1gr was also a big star on the Penguins. He won the Art Ross Trophy five times, in 1995, 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2001; and the Hart Trophy in 1999. Tom Barasso, Paul Coffey, Ron Francis, and Kevin Stevens have also been strong players over the years.\nThe Penguins almost moved to Portland, Oregon in the late 1990s, but Lemieux (along with some investors) bought the team. Lemieux then came back to play in late 2000 (he had retired in 1997), and continued until 2006."}
+{"id": "25800", "revid": "1654591", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25800", "title": "Conn Smythe Trophy", "text": "The Conn Smythe Trophy is a trophy in the National Hockey League awarded to the most valuable player in the playoffs each year. It was first awarded in 1965. Montreal Canadiens and Colorado Avalanche goaltender Patrick Roy has won it three times, more than any other player.\nNormally the trophy goes to a player of the Stanley Cup champion. Sometimes it goes to someone on the losing team. Trophy winners on losing teams are marked with as asterisk (*) in the list below."}
+{"id": "25801", "revid": "1669736", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25801", "title": "Los Angeles Kings", "text": "The Los Angeles Kings are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL).\nHistory.\nThe team began in 1967. They were named at least in part for a former minor league hockey team called the Los Angeles Monarchs. They made the finals in 1993, and lost to the Montreal Canadiens. They won their first Stanley Cup in team history on June 11, 2012, defeating the New Jersey Devils 4 games to 2. The team won their second Stanley Cup on June 13, 2014 after they defeated the New York Rangers in double overtime of Game 5.\nThe Kings have been known for their high scoring teams. Marcel Dionne won the Art Ross Trophy as NHL scoring champion in 1980, and Wayne Gretzky won it on the Kings in 1990, 1991, and 1994. Gretzky also won the Hart Trophy as the NHL's most valuable player on the Kings in 1989. Charlie Simmer tied for the most goals (now the Richard Trophy) in 1980. Luc Robitaille, one of the ten highest goal scorers in NHL history, spent most of his years on the Kings.\nPlayers.\nOther strong players have included Rob Blake, who won the Norris Trophy as best defenceman in 1998; goaltender Rogie Vachon, who was second in voting for the Hart Trophy in 1975; and Dave Taylor, Bernie Nicholls, and Larry Murphy."}
+{"id": "25802", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25802", "title": "St. Louis Blues", "text": "The St. Louis Blues are an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They began in 1967. They have won the Stanley Cup championship once in 2019, though they made the finals in each of their first three seasons. The Blues won the President's Trophy as top team in the regular season in the year 2000.\nOrigin.\nThe name \"Blues\" is a pun (play on words) between the colour blue and Blues music; thus a blue note is the team's logo. There is a song entitled \"St. Louis Blues\".\nHistory.\nFirst years.\nIn their first years, they had a good team because of experienced players such as goaltender Glenn Hall. In 1968 Glenn Hall won the Conn Smythe Trophy as most valuable player in the playoffs. But the team did not win in 1968. They had some trouble in the 1970s. In 1980-81 Mike Liut was named best goalie in the NHL. The 1980s were a good decade for the Blues. Mike Liut, Bernie Federko, Doug Gilmour, and Joe Mullen were all important players for the team in the 1980s.\nLater years.\nThe 1990s also were a good decade. Brett Hull led the NHL in goals in 1990, 1991, and 1992, with the help of centre Adam Oates. Hull is the son of Chicago Blackhawks star Bobby Hull. Brett Hull won the Hart Trophy as most valuable player in 1991. Curtis Joseph was a strong goaltender in the 1990s. Al MacInnis (1999) and Chris Pronger (2000) each won the Norris Trophy for best defence; Pronger also won the Hart Trophy in the year 2000. Doug Weight, Pavol Demitra, and Keith Tkachuk were also strong players in the early 21st century. On June 12, 2019, the Blues won their first after defeating the Boston Bruins in game seven of the 2019 Stanley Cup Finals."}
+{"id": "25803", "revid": "10360591", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25803", "title": "Ratio", "text": "A ratio between two or more quantities is a way of measuring their sizes compared to each other. A ratio can be indicated using colon (\":\") as a separator (as in 1:4:9), or it can be simply expressed as a fraction (as in formula_1). \nFor example, if a school has 20 teachers and 500 pupils, then the ratio of teachers to students is written as 20:500 (and pronounced as \"20 to 500\"). As another example, if a cake mix asks for 100 grams of flour, 300 grams of butter and 25 grams of sugar, then the ratio of flour to butter to sugar is written as 100:300:25 (and pronounced as \"100 to 300 to 25\"). \nThe first term of a ratio is called antecedent, and the second term is called consequent. This type of ratio has no units. If different quantities are compared, this special type of ratio is called a rate and it has units. \nRatios can be simplified. In the school example, there were 20 teachers to 500 students. If we divided the children up into equally sized classes, then each of the 20 teachers' classes would have 25 students. That means that for each teacher there are 25 students, or alternatively, the teacher-to-student ratio is 1:25. Another way to work this out is to divide both sides of the ratio 20:500 by 20. Note that 20:500 is the same as 1:25. Just like there are different ways of writing a fraction (for example ), there are different ways of writing one ratio. "}
+{"id": "25804", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25804", "title": "Fraction", "text": "In common usage a fraction is any part of a unit.\nFraction may also mean:"}
+{"id": "25805", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25805", "title": "Integers", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25806", "revid": "917214", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25806", "title": "Proportionality", "text": "A proportionality relationship happens when two quantities or numbers \"x\" and \"y\" are related multiplicatively by a fixed number. This can occur when either their ratio \"x\"/\"y\" is a fixed number (direct proportionality), or their product \"xy\" is a fixed number (inverse proportionality). If \"x\" is directly proportional to \"y\", then we write formula_1. The fixed number of a proportionality relationship is called the constant of proportionality."}
+{"id": "25808", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25808", "title": "Alexander The Great", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25812", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25812", "title": "Mitochondria", "text": "Mitochondria (sing. mitochondrion) are organelles, or parts of a eukaryote cell. They are in the cytoplasm, not the nucleus.\nThey make most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a molecule that cells use as a source of energy. Their main job is to convert energy. They oxidise glucose to provide energy for the cell. The process makes ATP, and is called cellular respiration. This means mitochondria are known as \"the powerhouse of the cell\".\nIn addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in a range of other processes, such as signalling, cellular differentiation, cell death, as well as the control of the cell division cycle and cell growth.\nStructure.\nA mitochondrion contains two membranes. These are made of phospholipid double layers and proteins. The two membranes have different properties. Because of this double-membraned organization, there are five distinct compartments within the mitochondrion. They are:\nFactor\nThe mitochondria's main role in the cell is to take glucose and use the energy they stored in its chemical bonds to make ATP in a process called cellular respiration. There are 3 main steps to this process: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle or Krebs cycle, and ATP Synthesis. This ATP is released from the mitochondrion, and broken down by the other organelles of the cell to power their own functions.\nDNA.\nIt is thought that mitochondria were once independent bacteria, and became part of the eukaryotic cells by being engulfed, a process called endosymbiosis.\nMost of a cell's DNA is in the cell nucleus, but the mitochondrion has its own independent genome. Also, its DNA shows substantial similarity to bacterial genomes.\nThe shorthand for mitochondrial DNA is \"either\" mDNA or mtDNA. Both have been used by researchers.\nInheritance.\nMitochondria divides by binary fission similar to bacterial cell division. In single-celled eukaryotes, division of mitochondria is linked to cell division. This division must be controlled so that each daughter cell receives at least one mitochondrion. In other eukaryotes (in humans for example), mitochondria may replicate their DNA and divide in response to the energy needs of the cell, rather than in phase with the cell cycle.\nAn individual's mitochondrial genes are not inherited by the same mechanism as nuclear genes. The mitochondria, and therefore the mitochondrial DNA, usually comes from the egg only. The sperm's mitochondria enter the egg, but are marked for later destruction. The egg cell contains relatively few mitochondria, but it is these mitochondria that survive and divide to populate the cells of the adult organism. Mitochondria are, therefore, in most cases inherited down the female line, known as \"maternal inheritance\". This mode is true for all animals, and most other organisms. However, mitochondria is inherited \"paternally\" in some conifers, though not in pines or yews.\nA single mitochondrion can contain 2\u201310 copies of its DNA. For this reason, mitochondrial DNA is thought to reproduce by binary fission, so producing exact copies. However, there is some evidence that animal mitochondria can undergo recombination. If recombination does not occur, the whole mitochondrial DNA sequence represents a single haploid genome, which makes it useful for studying the evolutionary history of populations.\nPopulation genetic studies.\nThe near-absence of recombination in mitochondrial DNA makes it useful for population genetics and evolutionary biology. If all the mitochondrial DNA is inherited as a single haploid unit, the relationships between mitochondrial DNA from different individuals can be seen as a gene tree. Patterns in these gene trees can be used to infer the evolutionary history of populations. The classic example of this is where the molecular clock can be used to give a date for the so-called mitochondrial Eve. This is often interpreted as strong support for the spread of modern humans out of Africa. Another human example is the sequencing of mitochondrial DNA from Neanderthal bones. The relatively large evolutionary distance between the mitochondrial DNA sequences of Neanderthals and living humans is evidence for a general lack of interbreeding between Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans.\nHowever, mitochondrial DNA only reflects the history of females in a population. It may not represent the history of the population as a whole. To some extent, paternal genetic sequences from the Y-chromosome can be used. In a broader sense, only studies that also include nuclear DNA can provide a comprehensive evolutionary history of a population."}
+{"id": "25813", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25813", "title": "Menominee, Michigan", "text": "Menominee is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. Around 8500 people live in Menominee. It is part of the twin-city area with Marinette, Wisconsin. It is on the north bank of the Menominee River where the river empties into Lake Michigan. Marinette, Wisconsin is on the south bank of the river."}
+{"id": "25826", "revid": "1061539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25826", "title": "Mortar and pestle", "text": "A mortar and pestle are two tools used together to mill (grind) and mix substances.\nThe \"mortar\" is bowl-shaped, and used to hold the substance to be ground. Mortars have smooth, rounded bottoms and wide mouths. The \"pestle\" is a stick used for pounding and grinding. \nMortars and pestles are sometimes used in pharmacies to crush various ingredients to make drugs. They can also be used in cooking to grind herbs."}
+{"id": "25827", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25827", "title": "Pestle", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25828", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25828", "title": "Mortar", "text": "Mortar can refer to different things:"}
+{"id": "25829", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25829", "title": "Mortar & pestle", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25830", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25830", "title": "Pestle and mortar", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25835", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25835", "title": "Republic of Namibia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25839", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25839", "title": "1212", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25840", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25840", "title": "10 July", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25842", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25842", "title": "1192", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25843", "revid": "586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25843", "title": "Hiram E. McCallum", "text": "Hiram Emerson McCallum (August 14, 1899 \u2013 January 13, 1989) was a mayor of Toronto, Ontario, Canada, from 1948-1951."}
+{"id": "25845", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25845", "title": "Walter Cronkite", "text": "Walter Leland Cronkite, Jr. (November 4, 1916 \u2013 July 17, 2009) was an American news reporter. He was the anchor of CBS News from 1962 to 1981. Important events he reported included when President John F. Kennedy was assassinated. He reported the Apollo 11 moon landing. He also reported on the Watergate scandal, which led to President Richard Nixon resigning from his position. He was often called \"the most trusted man in America.\" People across the country tuned in nightly to hear his coverage of the Vietnam War as it progressed.\nThe Walter Cronkite School of Journalism and Mass Communication at Arizona State University is named after Walter Cronkite.\nCareer.\nCronkite was born on November 4, 1916 in St. Joseph, Missouri. He studied at the University of Texas at Austin. In 1935 he left school to work for the Houston Post. He later worked for several midwestern radio stations. In World War II he was a war correspondent for United Press International. After the war he was chief correspondent at the Nuremberg trials. He went to work for CBS News in 1950. In 1962 he helped start the CBS Evening News. He served as the news anchor until he retired in 1981.\nAfter retiring, in 1981 he was a co-producer of a PBS program, \"Why in the World\". In 1982 he hosted \"CBS's Universe\". He was the host of A&E's \"Dinosaur\". He did \"Cronkite Remembers\" for CBS and the Discovery Channel. He also wrote several books. He won several awards during his career. In 1981 he was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom. He won two Peabody Awards and several Emmy Awards.\nKey stories.\nCronkite was known for his coverage of the U.S. space program, from Project Mercury to the Moon landings to the Space Shuttle. He was the only non-NASA recipient of a Moon-rock award. Cronkite was well known for his departing catchphrase \"And that's the way it is,\" followed by the date on which the appearance aired.\nCronkite made history when he became the first television reporter to announce the assassination of John F. Kennedy. In the newsroom at CBS, the cameras were not ready when the news came in over the wire service. Cronkite's voice was broadcast over a blank CBS placard on the screen: \"Bulletin . . . In Dallas, Texas, three shots were fired at President Kennedy's motorcade. The first reports say the President was seriously wounded, that he slumped over in Mrs. Kennedy's lap, she cried out, 'Oh, no!' and the motorcade went on . . . The wounds perhaps could be fatal . . .\" For three and a half days there was no entertainment, no commercials, just the news.\nCronkite's reporting of Vietnam was controversial. He reported the events on the evening news. But at the Tet Offensive he traveled there to see the results. What he saw upset him. On February 27, 1968, Cronkite reported the war in Vietnam could not be won. This was a major change from his usual objective reporting. He was voicing his own opinion on national television. It was the view of David Halberstam and others that Cronkite's broadcast turned many Americans against the war. Also that it played a part in Lyndon B. Johnson's decision not to run for another term as President. The other viewpoint is that Americans had already turned against the war before Cronkite's broadcast. After watching Cronkite's broadcast, Lyndon Johnson said to his press secretary, George Christian, \"If I have lost Walter Cronkite, I\u2019ve lost Middle America.\" Whatever effect Cronkite's broadcast had, by 1967 Johnson's approval rating on the war was down to 32%.\nPersonal life.\nCronkite was married to Mary Elizabeth \"Betsy\" Maxwell from 1940 until her death in 2005. They had three children. Cronkite died on the morning of July 17, 2009 in New York City, New York from cerebrovascular disease, aged 92."}
+{"id": "25846", "revid": "9749749", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25846", "title": "Dog Day Afternoon", "text": "Dog Day Afternoon is a 1975 American crime drama movie directed by Sidney Lumet, written by Frank Pierson and based on an article from Life magazine. The movie stars Al Pacino, John Cazale, Chris Sarandon and Charles Durning. The story is about bank a robbery in New York City.\nCast.\nThe \"Life\" article described Wojtowicz as \"a dark, thin fellow with the broken-faced good looks of an Al Pacino or Dustin Hoffman\". Hoffman was offered the role when Pacino briefly quit. An 18-year-old actor was originally to be cast in the role of Sal to match the age of the actual Salvatore. The table below shows the main cast of \"Dog Day Afternoon\".\nHistorical accuracy.\nThe movie was based on the story of John Wojtowicz. It keeps the basic facts of what happened, according to the \"Life\" article \"The Boys in the Bank\". According to the article, Wojtowicz, along with Sal Naturile, held up a Chase Manhattan Bank branch in Brooklyn, New York on August 22, 1972.\nAfter being arrested, Wojtowicz was convicted in court and sentenced to twenty years in prison. He served six years.\nWojtowicz wrote a letter to \"The New York Times\" in 1975. He said the movie was not completely true. He said the way his ex-wife was shown was not accurate. He also said there was not a talk with his mother. He did say Al Pacino and Chris Sarandon's portrayals of him and his boyfriend Ernest Aron were good. Also, Sal was 18 years old, but is played by a 39-year-old.\nWojtowicz died of cancer in January 2006.\nAwards.\n\"Dog Day Afternoon\" won the Academy Award for Writing \u2013 Original Screenplay (Frank Pierson) and was nominated for other Oscars:\nThe movie was also nominated for the following seven Golden Globes, winning none:\nThe movie won other awards, including an NBR Award for Best Supporting Actor (Charles Durning) and a Writers Guild Award for Best Drama Written Directly for the Screen (Frank Pierson) as well as the British Academy Award for Best Actor (Al Pacino). It was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Screenplay.\nIn 2009, it was named to the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress."}
+{"id": "25856", "revid": "1652218", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25856", "title": "Cursor", "text": "A cursor is a shape on a computer screen that shows where actions made with the keyboard or mouse will make a change. Before modern computers, a cursor marked a point on a slide rule. \nThere are 2 types of cursor that most people will use.\nMost keyboards also have 4 cursor keys to move the text cursor up, down, left or right."}
+{"id": "25857", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25857", "title": "Kurt G\u00f6del", "text": "Kurt G\u00f6del (28 April 1906 Brno, then Austria-Hungary, now Czech Republic \u2013 14 January 1978 Princeton, New Jersey) was a logician, mathematician, and philosopher.\nImpact.\nSome people believe G\u00f6del was one of the most significant logicians of all time. G\u00f6del's work has had a big impact on scientific and philosophical thinking in the 20th century. Many people, such as Bertrand Russell, A. N. Whitehead, and David Hilbert, tried to use logic and set theory at that time. They wanted to understand the foundations of mathematics.\nFame.\nG\u00f6del is best known for his two incompleteness theorems. The theorems were published in 1931. He was 25 years of age, and had just finished his doctorate at the University of Vienna one year earlier. \nThe more famous of the two theorems says that if there are consistent axiomatic systems that are powerful enough to describe themselves, there will be things that are true in those systems that can not be proved within the system itself. \nProof.\nTo prove this theorem, G\u00f6del developed a technique now known as G\u00f6del numbering, which codes formal expressions as natural numbers.\nHe also showed that the continuum hypothesis cannot be disproved from the accepted axioms of set theory, if those axioms are consistent. He made important contributions to proof theory. He did this by clarifying the connections between classical logic, intuitionistic logic, and modal logic.\nLater life.\nLater in his life, G\u00f6del probably suffered from paranoia. He thought that some people would come and poison his food. So when his wife Adele was no longer able to prepare his food, he stopped eating. He died of starvation."}
+{"id": "25858", "revid": "76268", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25858", "title": "Kurt Goedel", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25859", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25859", "title": "Logician", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25863", "revid": "1620199", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25863", "title": "Tyrannosaurus", "text": "Tyrannosaurus (meaning \"tyrant lizard\") was a large predatory dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous, around 72.7 to 66 million years ago. It was the last known tyrannosaurid. \"Tyrannosaurus\" became extinct in the Cretaceous\u2013Tertiary extinction event, which wiped out half of all species on Earth. \"Tyrannosaurus\" was a bipedal carnivore with a massive skull balanced by a long, heavy tail. Compared to the large and powerful hind limbs, its forelimbs were small, but powerful for their size. They had two clawed digits. There is discussion as to whether it was a hunter or a scavenger. Like most dominant meat-eaters of today, such as lions and hyenas, \"Tyrannosaurus\" might have been both. It had a very strong jaw, and its bite force was massive: twice as strong as a hippo's, 3 times stronger than a crocodile's, and four times a lion's. With this bite power, \"Tyrannosaurus\" could snap the bones of smaller dinosaurs.\nThe most famous species of \"Tyrannosaurus\" is \"Tyrannosaurus rex\". Paleontologists have found more than 30\u00a0specimens of this species. Some of them are nearly complete skeletons, and at least one included soft tissue and proteins. Research has studied the dinosaur's biology, life history and biomechanics. Topics of debate include its feeding habits, physiology, and potential speed. \nSome scientists think \"Tarbosaurus bataar\" from Asia is a second species of \"Tyrannosaurus\", but others think \"Tarbosaurus\" is a separate genus. A second species, T. mcraeensis, was recently describried as distinct species, living between 4 to 6 milion years ago before \"T. rex\".\nDescription.\nSize.\nExperts' estimates about \"Tyrannosaurus's\" size have changed many times. Packard and colleagues tested dinosaur mass calculations on elephants. They concluded that dinosaur estimations were flawed and typically too high. Thus, the weight of \"Tyrannosaurus\" could be much less than usually estimated. \nNevertheless, \"Tyrannosaurus\" was one of the largest known land predators. It was up to in length, up to tall at the head and up to in weight. \nOne of the longest-running debates in paleontology is about whether \"Tyrannosaurus\" was an apex predator, a scavenger, or both. It was by far the largest carnivore in its environment, and may have preyed on hadrosaurs and ceratopsians, or it may have been a scavenger. \nFor a long time, \"Tyrannosaurus\" was the largest known \"carnivorous\" dinosaur. Recently, skeletons of other, slightly larger, carnivores have been found, such as \"Giganotosaurus\", \"Spinosaurus\", and \"Carcharodontosaurus\". Skeletons of \"Tyrannosaurus\" were found on the North American continent, but relatives, such as \"Tarbosaurus\", have been found in Asia.\nSkull.\nThe largest known \"Tyrannosaurus rex\" skulls measure up to in length. Large openings ('fenestrae') in the skull reduced weight and gave places for muscle attachment, as in all carnivorous theropods. \nBut in other respects \"Tyrannosaurus\"'s skull was significantly different from those of large non-tyrannosaurid theropods. It was extremely wide at the rear but had a narrow snout. This permitted good binocular vision. \nThe skull bones were massive. Some bones were fused, preventing movement between them; but many were pneumatized, with a \"honeycomb\" of tiny air spaces. This may have made the bones more flexible as well as lighter. \nMost non-tyrannosauroid carnivores had V-shaped upper jaws. Tyrannosaurids were different: the tip of their jaws was U-shaped. This increased the amount of tissue and bone a tyrannosaur could rip out with one bite (although it also increased the stresses on the front teeth). These features are part of the tyrannosaurid trend towards an increasingly powerful bite. These features made its bite strength easily surpass that of all non-tyrannosaurids.\nFirst discovery.\nThe earliest \"Tyrannosaurus\" skeletons were found in 1902 by Barnum Brown. Henry Fairfield Osborn, president of the American Museum of Natural History, named the species \"Tyrannosaurus rex\" (meaning \"tyrant lizard king\") in 1905. \nThe most complete skeleton was found in 1990 in South Dakota and named \"Sue\" after its finder, Susan Hendrickson. Several tyrannosaurids found later are also known by individual names. \n\"Tyrannosaurus\" has become well known. Many movies and television shows have featured it, such as \"Jurassic Park\". Its skeletons are popular exhibits in many museums. \nFossil specimens.\nJane.\nJane is a fossil specimen of a small tyrannosaurid. It is either \"Nanotyrannus\" or a juvenile \"Tyrannosaurus\". The skeleton was found in the Hell Creek Formation in southern Montana in 2001.\nIt took experts four years to make the partial skeleton ready for a museum. Jane went on display at Rockford, Illinois in the Burpee Museum of Natural History. \nSome paleontologists think Jane was a young tyrannosaurid who died around 11 years old. Jane measures 6.5 metres (21.5\u00a0ft) long, about half as long as the largest known complete \"T. rex\" specimen, which is 13\u00a0m (42.6\u00a0ft) long. Experts think Jane weighed about 680\u00a0kg (1,500\u00a0lbs) when she was alive. \nHer large feet and long legs show she could perhaps run as fast as 20\u201330 miles per hour. Her lower jaw has 17 teeth. Her teeth are curved and serrated.\nThe scientists named her 'Jane' even though they do not know whether she was female. She was named after Jane Solem, a person who helped the Burpee Museum.\nScientists disagree whether \"Nanotyrannus\" is really a separate genus of tyrannosaurids. Some say that Jane's skull is almost exactly the same as the skull of the original \"Nanotyrannus\" specimen, which means they are the same species. At a Burpee Museum conference in 2005, paleontologists discussed whether these \"pygmy tyrants\" were adults from a small tyrannosaurid species or young \"Tyrannosaurus rexes\". A few scientists thought they were adult small tyrannosaurids, but most believed they were probably young \"T. rexes\".\nScotty.\nIn August 1991, Robert Gebhardt was a high school principal who joined Royal Saskatchewan Museum palaeontologists on a prospecting expedition. They went to the exposed bedrock along the Frenchman River Valley in southwest Saskatchewan, Canada. There, Gebhardt discovered the base of a worn tooth and a tail vertebra. Both looked like they belonged to a \"T. rex\". \nIn June 1994, RSM palaeontologists began excavating the \"T. rex\". The 66-million-year-old skeleton was the first \"T. rex\" skeleton found in Saskatchewan and one of only 12 known in the world at the time. It was named Scotty. \nScotty is one of the largest and most complete dinosaur skeletons: paleontologists found 70% of the skeleton. A complete articulated cast of the skeleton was finally completed in 2012 and is now on display at its permanent home at the T.rex Discovery Centre in Eastend, Saskatchewan, Canada. \nMuseum staff think Scotty is the biggest T. rex specimen ever found. It weighed about . Scotty was perhaps in its early thirties when it died, and was long, including its tail. \nScotty's skull has a scar from the eye socket to the nostril. It was probably caused by another T. rex or large carnivore that gripped Scotty's skull in its jaws. \nIn popular culture.\nMany people call \"Tyrannosaurus\" the \"king of the dinosaurs\". \n\"Tyrannosaurus rex\" appears in many works of fiction and literature. A \"T. rex\" is important in \"A Sound of Thunder\" by Ray Bradbury. A \"T. rex\" is a big part of the novel \"Jurassic Park\" by Michael Crichton and the later movie by Steven Spielberg, whose crew built a life-sized robot \"T. rex\" and a CGI \"T. rex\" for the set. Many other \"T. rexes\" have appeared in books, movies and animated works."}
+{"id": "25875", "revid": "1631657", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25875", "title": "Brno", "text": "Brno (-Czech, German: \"Br\u00fcnn\") is the second largest city in the Czech Republic. About 400,000 people live there. It is in the center of the historical region Moravia. Brno is the capital of the South Moravian Region. \nThere are many historical monuments in the city, for example: \u0160pilberk Castle, Villa Tugendhat, or the St. Peter and Paul Cathedral.\nMasaryk University, the second largest university in the Czech Republic, is there. Among other universities in the city are Taryho University of Youtube Jan\u00e1\u010dek Academy of Music and Performing Arts or Brno University of Technology.\nThe City technically belongs to the germans as of the 1686 clause of Stuttgard And Brno "}
+{"id": "25876", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25876", "title": "David Hilbert", "text": "David Hilbert (K\u00f6nigsberg, Prussia, 23 January 1862 \u2013G\u00f6ttingen, Germany, 14 February 1943) was a German mathematician, logician, and philosopher of mathematics. He is widely considered to be one of the most influential and greatest mathematicians of the 19th and 20th centuries.\nHilbert discovered and developed a range of fundamental ideas in many areas. He worked on invariant theory, the axiomization of geometry, and the notion of Hilbert space. This is one of the foundations of functional analysis. Hilbert and his students supplied much of the mathematics needed for quantum mechanics and general relativity. He was one of the founders of proof theory and mathematical logic. He was also one of the first people to make the distinction between mathematics and metamathematics, and warmly defended Georg Cantor's set theory and transfinite numbers.\nThe G\u00f6ttingen school.\nIn 1895 Hilbert became Chairman of Mathematics at the University of G\u00f6ttingen, at that time the best research center for mathematics in the world. He remained for the rest of his life. Among his students were: Hermann Weyl, the champion of chess Emanuel Lasker, Ernst Zermelo, and Carl Gustav Hempel. John von Neumann was his assistant. At the University of G\u00f6ttingen, Hilbert was surrounded by a social circle of some of the most important mathematicians of the 20th century, such as Emmy Noether and Alonzo Church.\nAxioms and problems.\nHilbert's axioms.\nThe text \"Grundlagen der Geometrie\" (\"Foundations of Geometry\") was published by Hilbert in 1899. It proposed a formal set, Hilbert's axioms, instead of the traditional axioms of Euclid. They avoid weaknesses in those of Euclid, whose works at the time were still used textbmathematics is his 1900 presentation of a set of problems that set the course for much of the mathematical research of the 20th century.\nHe put forward a number of unsolved problems at the International Congress of Mathematicians in Paris in 1900. This is reckoned the most successful and deeply considered compilation of open problems ever to be produced by an individual mathematician. Later he expanded his list to 23 problems.\nHilbert's program.\nIn 1920 he proposed explicitly a research project in \"metamathematics\", which became known as Hilbert's program. He wanted mathematics to be formulated on a solid and complete logical foundation. He believed that in principle this could be done, by showing that:\nHe seems to have had both technical and philosophical reasons for formulating this proposal.\nPhysics.\nAfter 1912, Hilbert turned his focus to physics. At that time, he worked in general relativity and mathematical physics. His work in these fields is also important."}
+{"id": "25878", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25878", "title": "Bertrand Russell", "text": "Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell (18 May 1872 \u2013 2 February 1970) was a British philosopher, logician, and mathematician. He was born in Wales, but spent most of his life in England. He worked mostly in the 20th century. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1950.\nBertrand Russell wrote many books and articles. He also tried to make philosophy popular. He gave his opinion on many topics. He wrote the essay, \"On Denoting\", which has been described as one of the most influential essays in philosophy in the 20th Century. He wrote on very serious issues as well as everyday things. \nHe was a well known liberal as well as a socialist and anti-war activist for most of his long life. Millions looked up to Russell as a prophet of the creative and rational life. At the same time, his stances on many topics were extremely controversial. From 1931 until his death, he was a member of the House of Lords.\nPersonal life.\nBorn at the height of Britain's economic and political ascendancy, he died of influenza nearly a century later when the British Empire had all but vanished, its power dissipated in two victorious, but debilitating world wars. Russell's voice carried enormous moral authority, even into his early 90s. Russell supported nuclear disarmament a lot, but did not support the American war in Vietnam even when it was popular.\nIn 1950, Russell was made a Nobel Laureate in Literature \"in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought.\"\nEarly life and family.\nRussell was born at Ravenscroft, a country house in Trellech, Wales. His parents were Viscount and Viscountess Amberley. They were quite modern for their time and believed in things like birth control, which many people found shocking. His father even asked the famous philosopher John Stuart Mill to be Russell's godfather. Mill died shortly after Russell was born, but his ideas influenced Russell later.\nRussell's grandfather, Lord John Russell, was twice the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in the 1840s and 1860s. The Russell family had been important in England for hundreds of years, playing a part in major historical events like the Glorious Revolution.\nRussell's mother's family, the Stanleys of Alderley, were also influential. His grandmother, Lady Stanley of Alderley, was a strong supporter of women's education.\nChildhood and growing up.\nTragedy struck Russell's family early. His mother and younger sister died from diphtheria in 1874. His father died of bronchitis in 1876 after a long period of sadness. This left Bertrand and his older brother, Frank, to be raised by their grandparents at Pembroke Lodge in Richmond Park.\nHis grandfather died in 1878. His grandmother, Countess Russell, became the main figure in his life. She was religious but also had progressive ideas, like supporting Darwinism and Irish Home Rule. Her favorite Bible verse, \"Thou shalt not follow a multitude to do evil,\" became very important to Russell. The house was strict and formal, and Russell learned to hide his feelings.\nRussell felt lonely as a teenager and even thought about ending his life. He said that nature, books, and especially mathematics saved him. When he was eleven, his brother showed him the work of Euclid, which Russell called \"one of the great events of my life.\" He also loved the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley.\nAs he got older, Russell began to question religious ideas. By age 18, after reading John Stuart Mill's autobiography, he became an atheist, meaning he did not believe in God.\nIn 1890, he traveled to Paris and saw the Eiffel Tower soon after it was finished.\nEducation.\nRussell went to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1890 to study mathematics. He was very good at it and also studied philosophy. He became friends with other important thinkers like George Edward Moore and Alfred North Whitehead. He finished his math studies in 1893 and became a Fellow in philosophy in 1895.\nEarly work.\nIn 1896, Russell published his first book, German Social Democracy, showing his interest in politics. He also taught at the London School of Economics.\nHe then started to study the basic ideas of mathematics. In 1897, he wrote a book about the foundations of geometry. In 1900, he met Italian mathematicians who were working on set theory. Russell was very impressed by their ideas and later discovered \"Russell's paradox,\" a problem in set theory. In 1903, he published The Principles of Mathematics, where he argued that mathematics and logic are closely related.\nIn 1901, Russell had a powerful experience he called a \"mystic illumination\" after seeing the suffering of a friend's wife. This made him want to find a philosophy that could make human life bearable.\nIn 1905, he wrote a famous essay called \"On Denoting.\" In 1908, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, a very important scientific group.\nFrom 1910 to 1913, he worked with Alfred North Whitehead to write Principia Mathematica, a three-volume book that made Russell famous in his field.\nIn 1907, he tried to become a Member of Parliament for the Liberal Party but was not elected.\nIn 1910, he became a lecturer at Trinity College, Cambridge. He taught Ludwig Wittgenstein, an Austrian student who later became a very important philosopher. Russell saw Wittgenstein as someone who could continue his work on logic.\nFirst World War.\nDuring World War I, Russell was one of the few people who actively spoke out against the war. Because of this, Trinity College fired him in 1916. He said this was wrong and went against free speech. He also supported Eric Chappelow, a poet who was jailed for refusing to fight.\nIn June 1917, Russell spoke at the Leeds Convention, a meeting of many \"anti-war socialists.\" He received a great cheer from the crowd.\nIn 1916, Russell was fined \u00a3100 for his anti-war activities. He refused to pay, hoping to be sent to prison, but his books were sold to raise the money. Friends bought them back for him.\nIn 1918, he was sent to Brixton Prison for six months for speaking publicly against the United States joining the war. He later said he found prison quite bearable.\nRussell was allowed to return to Trinity College in 1919 but resigned in 1920. He lectured there again in 1926 and was a Fellow from 1944 to 1949.\nBetween the wars.\nIn August 1920, Russell went to Soviet Russia as part of a British government group to see the effects of the Russian Revolution. He met Vladimir Lenin but was not impressed by him. His experiences made him lose his earlier support for the revolution. He wrote a book about his trip called The Practice and Theory of Bolshevism. His girlfriend, Dora Black, also visited Russia at the same time and was much more positive about the revolution than he was.\nThe next year, Russell and Dora went to Peking (now Beijing) in China, where he lectured on philosophy. He was hopeful about China's future. He became very sick with pneumonia there, and newspapers in Japan wrongly reported that he had died.\nRussell supported his family by writing popular books about science, ethics, and education.\nFrom 1922 to 1927, Russell and Dora lived in London and Cornwall. He ran for Parliament twice in the 1922 and 1923 elections as a Labour Party candidate but did not win.\nAfter his children were born, Russell became very interested in education. In 1927, he and Dora started an experimental school called Beacon Hill School. He wrote a book called On Education, Especially in Early Childhood. Dora continued to run the school after Russell left in 1932.\nRussell's marriage to Dora ended because she had children with another man. They divorced, and in 1936, Russell married his third wife, Patricia Spence, who had been his children's governess. They had one son, Conrad.\nIn 1931, when his older brother Frank died, Russell became the 3rd Earl Russell.\nIn the 1930s, Russell became good friends with V. K. Krishna Menon, who was working for India's independence. Russell led the India League from 1932 to 1939.\nSecond World War.\nRussell's views on war changed over time. Before World War II, he was against fighting Nazi Germany. In 1937, he even wrote that if Germans invaded England, they should be treated as visitors. However, in 1940, he changed his mind, realizing that Adolf Hitler taking over Europe would be a threat to democracy. By 1943, he believed that war could sometimes be the lesser of two evils.\nBefore the war, Russell taught at the University of Chicago and UCLA. In 1940, he was offered a job at the City College of New York (CCNY), but a public uproar about his views on sexual morality led to the job being taken away. Many thinkers, including John Dewey and Albert Einstein, supported Russell and protested the decision. Russell then lectured at the Barnes Foundation, and these lectures became the basis for his book \"A History of Western Philosophy\". In 1944, he returned to Trinity College.\nLater life.\nBy the 1940s, Russell was well-known beyond academic circles and appeared on BBC radio often. In 1948, he was one of 24 survivors of a plane crash in Norway. He joked that smoking saved his life because the people who drowned were in the non-smoking part of the plane. \"A History of Western Philosophy\"(1945) sold very well and provided him with money for the rest of his life.\nIn 1942, Russell supported a moderate kind of socialism. In 1943, he also supported Zionism, believing that Jews needed their own country.\nAfter the atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945, Russell wrote and spoke about the dangers of nuclear weapons. He initially argued that it might be justified to go to war against the USSR using atomic bombs while the United States was the only country that had them, to prevent a future, more destructive war. However, after the USSR developed its own atomic bomb in 1949, Russell strongly argued for getting rid of all atomic weapons.\nIn 1948, Russell gave the first \"Reith Lectures\" on the BBC, a series of talks that are still broadcast today. He talked about the role of individuals in society and the role of government.\nIn 1949, he received the Order of Merit from King George VI, and in 1950, he won the Nobel Prize in Literature.\nIn 1952, Russell divorced his third wife, Patricia, and soon after married his fourth wife, Edith Finch. Their marriage was very happy and loving, and Edith stayed with him until he died.\nRussell remained politically active. In 1962, he played a public role in the Cuban Missile Crisis, exchanging telegrams with Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev and President Kennedy to try to prevent war.\nAfter the assassination of John F. Kennedy, Russell questioned the official story and helped form a committee to investigate. He also wrote articles criticizing the official findings.\nFinal Years and Death\nIn 1955, Russell moved to Plas Penrhyn in Wales, which became his main home.\nHe published his three-volume autobiography between 1967 and 1969. In 1967, he appeared in a Hindi anti-war film called Aman, his only acting role.\nEven in his late 90s, Russell continued to speak out on political issues. In 1969, he protested against show trials in Czechoslovakia and the expulsion of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn from the Soviet Union of Writers.\nHis final political statement, issued on January 31, 1970, condemned \"Israel's aggression in the Middle East.\" This statement was read at a conference in Cairo the day after he died.\nBertrand Russell died of influenza on February 2, 1970, at his home in Wales, at the age of 97. His body was cremated without a religious ceremony, and his ashes were scattered over the Welsh mountains.\nHis daughter, Lady Katharine Jane Tait, started the Bertrand Russell Society in 1974 to keep his work and ideas alive. The society publishes a bulletin and holds meetings.\nIn 2022, to celebrate 150 years since his birth, McMaster University's Bertrand Russell Archive held an exhibition about his anti-nuclear work, and the Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation held a commemoration in London.\nBangladesh's first leader, Mujibur Rahman, even named his youngest son Sheikh Russel in honor of Bertrand Russell.\nBeliefs.\nIn his 1949 speech, \"Am I an Atheist or an Agnostic?\", Russell expressed his difficulty over whether to call himself an atheist or an agnostic:\nIn Russel's book \"The Impact of Science on Society\" he wrote:\nFurther reading.\nSelected bibliography of Russell's books.\nThis is a selected bibliography of Russell's books in English sorted by year of first publication.\nNote: This is a mere sampling, for Russell also authored many pamphlets, introductions, articles and letters to the editor. His works also can be found in any number of anthologies and collections, perhaps most notably, \"The Collected Papers of Bertrand Russell\", which McMaster University began publishing in 1983. This collection of his shorter and previously unpublished works is now up to 16 volumes, and many more are forthcoming. An additional 3 volumes catalogue just his bibliography. The Russell Archives at McMaster also have more than 30,000 letters that he wrote.\nAdditional references:\nA. Russell\nB. Secondary references:"}
+{"id": "25880", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25880", "title": "Bertrand Arthur William Russell", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25882", "revid": "572817", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25882", "title": "Alfred North Whitehead", "text": "Alfred North Whitehead, OM (15 February 1861 \u2013 30 December 1947) was an English mathematician who became a philosopher. He was born in Ramsgate, Kent, and died in Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. He wrote on algebra, logic, foundations of mathematics, philosophy of science, physics, metaphysics, and education. He is the co-author, with Bertrand Russell, of the important \"Principia Mathematica\"."}
+{"id": "25883", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25883", "title": "A. N. Whitehead", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25891", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25891", "title": "Mask", "text": "A mask is a type of clothing which covers the face. It is similar to a veil, but more close-fitting.\nUses.\nThere are different reasons why people use masks. A person can use a mask so others do not know who they are (as when committing a crime). Or, a mask may keep someones face safe from harm (like a gas mask so harmful gases do not get into the lungs).\nThere are many practical uses for masks in everyday life. Mostly, the masks used are \"semi-masks\" which cover only the bottom half of the face, the mouth and nose. An example is the use of masks in operating theatres, and\nby wood-workers. In surgery, the purpose is to keep bacteria off the patient; in wood-working the purpose is to keep wood fibres out of the lungs.\nIn Venetian masks only the top half of the face is covered, to prevent recognition. Ice hockey masks, used in the Hannibal Lecter movies, cover the whole face to protect it from the hockey puck moving at high speed.\nOrigin.\nThe word.\nThe word 'mask' might have come from other languages. The French \"masque\", the Italian \"maschera\", the Spanish \"m\u00e1scara\", the Latin (not classical) \"mascus/masca (meaning \"ghost\")\" or the Arabic \"maskharah (meaning \"jester\" or \"man in masquerade\")\" all use the same word.\nHistory.\nOne of the oldest masks found is the Death Mask. This stone mask is 9000 years old and is probably the oldest mask in the world. It is kept in Mus\u00e9e de la bible et Terre Sainte, Paris.\nThere are also three masks from the same period, kept in The Israel Museum, Jerusalem.\nMasks are used in many magical or shamanistic rituals in non-western societies. The celebration or appeasement of animistic spirits takes place with dance and song in ancient performances in many parts of the world. In these events performers use costumes and masks to mimic the supposed spirits.\nFrom this kind of beginning, the use of masks in ancient Greek theatre may have started. The actors and chorus in this early theatre all used masks.\nMasks in recent times.\nMasks have been used to protect people against air-borne diseases. They were worn during the plague in the Middle Ages; during the influenza epidemic of 1918, and the COVID-19 epidemic. Gas masks were issued in World War II even though phosgene gas was never used in that war (it had been in WWI).\nFigurative uses.\nThere are some other uses of the word 'mask', which arise by extension. That means using 'mask' as a metaphor. In film a mask is a screen which cuts out part of the image. In social theory, a mask is the behaviour a person takes on in his role or job. Thus policemen, head teachers, army commanders, prime ministers act as they are expected to act (most of the time). The inference is that behind the mask is the 'real' person. Their role is a mask. As a verb, 'to mask' means to cover or hide."}
+{"id": "25892", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25892", "title": "Masks", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25893", "revid": "1555874", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25893", "title": "Holiday", "text": "A holiday is a regularly reoccurring festive day. Usually, but not always, the festive day is observed every year. The word \"holiday\" is derived from the words \"holy\" and \"day.\" In British English, the word \"holiday\" is used to refer to a Vacation as well as a public holiday.\nReligious holidays.\nCeltic and Norse holidays.\n\"In the order of the Wheel of the Year:\"\nChristian holidays.\nCatholics also celebrate saint's days."}
+{"id": "25896", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25896", "title": "Spokane, Washington", "text": "Spokane (Pronounced: ) is a city in the U.S. state of Washington. Spokane is in the eastern half of the state, about from Idaho. Spokane is south of Canada.\nSpokane is the second largest city in Washington, while Seattle is the largest. Spokane's nickname is the \"Lilac City\" because of how many of those flowers grow in the area.\nThe population of the city in 2020 was 228,989, and the population of the metro area of Spokane is 585,784.\nHistory.\nSpokane was founded in 1871 when a sawmill was built on the Spokane Falls. In 1889 a fire burned down the downtown area of Spokane. In 1892 the railroad came to Spokane, and this made it easier for people to get into and out of the city.\nIn 1974 Spokane hosted the World's Fair. This brought a lot of people and business into Spokane.\nSpokane River.\nThe Spokane River flows through the city. In downtown Spokane, there is a large waterfall called the Spokane Falls. The first buildings in Spokane were built near the falls.\nThe Spokane River has many dams that make energy for the people of Spokane.\nClimate.\nIn the Summer, Spokane is hot and dry. Spokane has cold and snowy Winters. Spring and Fall are very short.\nTemperatures over or less than do not usually happen in Spokane. However, the hottest temperature in Spokane was , and the coldest was ."}
+{"id": "25898", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25898", "title": "Fenerbah\u00e7e", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25899", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25899", "title": "Fenerbace", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25900", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25900", "title": "Fenerbache", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25901", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25901", "title": "Fenerbache fc", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25902", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25902", "title": "Fenerbahce fc", "text": ""}
+{"id": "25962", "revid": "9935854", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25962", "title": "M16 rifle", "text": "The M16 is an assault rifle used by the United States since the Vietnam War in 1963, based on the AR-15. Since 1975, the M16 has been used by many different countries. First designed by Eugene Stoner in the United States of America, although it is currently being replaced by the shorter M4A1 as the standard infantry rifle used by the United States Military Forces. The rifle and its variants are still being used by over 80 nations around the world.\nThe M16 uses the 5.56mm NATO (.223) caliber cartridge, with a muzzle velocity (the speed of bullet leaving the rifle) of over 900 meters per second (over 3,000 feet per second), and has a maximum effective range of 600 yards, with a rate of fire (how fast the gun shoots) of approximately 800 rounds per minute. The M16A1 can shoot semi automatic and fully automatic fire. The M16A2 can shoot semi automatic and three-round-burst fire. The M4A1 Carbine retains full automatic and semi automatic fire. The M16 normally holds 30 cartridges in its magazine, but there are variants of the magazine that hold only 20 or 10 cartridges.\nThere is also an M16 variant for the Canadian Army called \"Diemaco C-7\". The \"Diemaco C-7\" rifles have maple leaves on the left side."}
+{"id": "26028", "revid": "1693923", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26028", "title": "Foreskin", "text": "Male mammals have a tubular external genital organ for urination and reproduction called a penis. The bell-shaped tip is called the glans penis. Usually, some skin covers and protects the glans penis. This skin is called foreskin. Most male mammals either have a foreskin that covers the glans penis or a sheath in which the whole penis can retract.\nCircumcision is the removal or shortening of this skin. It's often done for religious reasons. Sometimes it's done for medical reasons. \nFemale mammals have a clitoris. It also has a piece of skin protecting it, called the clitoral hood.\nHuman foreskin.\nThe outside of the foreskin is like normal skin but the inside of the foreskin is a membrane like the inside of an eyelid or mouth. The foreskin is attached to the penis by the frenulum, but it can move. It is very stretchy. On the penis, the most sensitive areas to fine-touch are located on the foreskin. The foreskin can be pierced (have a hole for jewelry put through it) or slit (cut) for fashion reasons. If the foreskin is not cared for (by washing the inside) daily it produces smegma. Smegma is a mixture of epithelial (skin) cells, skin secretions and fluid, which accumulate under the foreskin of the penis. Smegma has strong bad-smelling odor and a bad taste, caused by lactic acid bacteria. The foreskin must be rolled back and washed to prevent smegma.\nRetractability.\nIn older boys and adult males, the foreskin can be pulled back. In baby boys, the foreskin is usually attached to the glans of the penis and should not be forcibly pushed or pulled back for cleaning. In the United States, medical advice is usually that parents should gently pull back their son's foreskin part way back for cleaning after the baby is one year old. Soap should not be used -- just warm water. Pulling a baby's foreskin back too early (especially before six months of age) can damage it and cause scar tissue to form. When a parent is able to pull the foreskin back, it is important to do so gently and only pull it back as far as it will go. The parent should not make the baby cry or bleed. When the foreskin can be pulled back, the area under the foreskin needs to be cleaned every day. In Europe, where uncircumcised penises are much more common, parents are often told they do not need to pull back a boy's foreskin for washing. \nAmerican doctors may be more worried about possible kidney damage, especially scarring inside the kidneys. That can happen because of a bacterial infection that starts in the foreskin and urethra. The urethra is the tube urine (pee) comes out of. The infection often spreads to the bladder. While not as common, the infection can spread further to the kidneys. A serious kidney infection (called pyelonephritis) can cause scarring of the kidney. The boy may have very serious kidney problems and may even die because of a childhood urinary tract infection. Acute (very serious) pyelonephritis in the first years of life often leads to significant renal (kidney) damage that may progress to end-stage renal disease during adolescence. End-stage renal disease means the kidneys no longer function well enough to meet the body's needs. If the person does not receive frequent kidney dialysis or a kidney transplant, the person will die. \nEuropean doctors may think it is more important that parents not touch their young boy's penis too much. The European attitude is that a boy should discover how to pull back his foreskin on his own. \nIn any case, sometime between infancy and the onset of puberty, the foreskin separates from the glans of the penis and can slide back and forth over the glans of the penis. Often this happens sometime after age five. This happens because of normal erections during childhood. Erections stretch the foreskin. There is no \"right\" age for this to happen. Each child is different. 99% of foreskins are retractable by puberty. Once the foreskin becomes retractable, usually it will automatically retract with an erection. Alternatively, a male (or his sexual partner) may slide the foreskin back and forth over the glans of the penis to cause an erection. \nFor a few boys, the foreskin does not separate on its own from the glans of the penis. In the few cases where a boy can't pull his foreskin all the way back by puberty, the boy should ask a doctor or nurse. Usually a doctor will correct the problem or give advice about how to gradually stretch the foreskin. The doctor may give a prescription for a steroid cream which will help to stretch the skin. Circumcision is another common option, especially in the United States.\nSensitivity in humans.\nThe foreskin contains Meissner\u2019s corpuscles, which are nerve endings involved in fine-touch sensitivity. They are most numerous in the \u201cridged band\u201d, the junction of the inner and outer foreskin layers, and least numerous in the smooth inner layer of foreskin. Compared to other hairless skin areas on the body, the Meissner's index was highest in the finger tip (0.96) and lowest in the foreskin (0.28). The foreskin is the least sensitive hairless tissue of the body. A study also found that \u201cthe number of these nerve endings decreases significantly after the teenage to young adult years when sexual activity begins. This makes it very difficult to propose any sexual function for Meissner\u2019s corpuscles. A more feasible hypothesis is to regard them as a juvenile phenomenon, perhaps serving to protect the penis until the onset of puberty reveals its sexual function.\u201d\nStudies in sexual sensation concluded that the glans, not the foreskin, is involved in sexual sensation, particularly the corona and frenular (the area under the frenulum) areas. Thus, speculation and outdated opinion pieces claiming special properties of the foreskin, such as in penile function and masturbation, should be viewed with skepticism.\nPerhaps sensitivity of the foreskin to fine touch might have served as an \u201cearly warning system\u201d in our naked upright forebears from the intrusion of biting insects and parasites while protecting the glans.\nUse.\nThe foreskin can keep the glans penis comfortable, moist, and protect it.\nIn modern times, there is controversy regarding whether the foreskin is a vital or vestigial structure. During the physical act of sex, the foreskin reduces friction, which can reduce the need for additional sources of lubrication. \"Some medical researchers, however, claim circumcised men enjoy sex just fine and that, in view of recent research on HIV transmission, the foreskin causes more trouble than it\u2019s worth.\" The area of the outer foreskin measures between 7\u2013100 cm2, and the inner foreskin measures between 18 and 68 cm2, which is a wide range. Regarding vestigial structures, Charles Darwin wrote, \u201cAn organ, when rendered useless, may well be variable, for its variations cannot be checked by natural selection.\u201d In the March 2017 publication of the Global Health Journal: Science and Practice, Morris and Krieger wrote, \"The variability in foreskin size is consistent with the foreskin being a vestigial structure.\" It has been found that larger foreskins place uncircumcised men at an increased risk for HIV infection most likely due to the larger surface area of inner foreskin and the high concentration of .\nMoses and Bailey (1998), say that \"it has not been demonstrated that [the foreskin] is associated with increased male sexual pleasure.\"\nCircumcision of the foreskin.\n\"Circumcision\" is when some or all of the foreskin is cut off. The removal of the foreskin can protect against certain medical conditions and infections. It is done to satisfy medical, religious, hygienic, ritual, and aesthetic views. Circumcision is common in many countries such as the United States, South Korea, Israel and Muslim countries."}
+{"id": "26032", "revid": "9729871", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26032", "title": "Sid Vicious", "text": "Sid Vicious (10 May 1957 \u2013 2 February 1979) was an English punk musician. His real name was \"John Simon Ritchie\" and he was born in Lewisham, London. He was a member of the band The Sex Pistols from February 1977 to January 1978, but played his instrument (the bass guitar) very badly. His bad behaviour was more important to the band than playing his instrument well.\nOn 22 October 1978, his American girlfriend Nancy Spungen (19581978) was stabbed to death with a knife in New York City. It is not clear if Vicious killed her. He was charged with murder, and released on bail. Before he was due to go to court, he died of an accidental overdose of heroin in New York City.\nA movie was made about the lives of Vicious and Spungen. The name of this movie is \"Sid and Nancy.\" Gary Oldman plays Vicious."}
+{"id": "26033", "revid": "1660632", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26033", "title": "Wii", "text": "The Wii (, ; also known as the Nintendo Wii) is a discontinued video game home console made by Nintendo. It first came out on November 19, 2006, in North America. It played video games made just for the \"Wii.\" The original model also played games for the Nintendo GameCube. It was succeeded by the Wii U on November 18, 2012 which could play and use all Wii games and controllers. With over 101 million units sold, the Wii was Nintendo's second-highest-selling home console, after the Nintendo Switch. The original Wii and Wii Family Edition were discontinued on October 21, 2013, although the Wii Mini was still in production until November 13, 2017. The Wii received positive reviews.\nWii Channels.\nThere were many things called Channels on the Wii. They were called channels because, just like on TV, you could look through channels by pressing \u2212 and +. Each Wii Channel does something different. Some of them needed to connect to the Internet to work, using either Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection or WiiConnect24, but some information that has been saved could be viewed without a connection to the Internet. WiiConnect24 could not be used anymore on June 27, 2013. \nDisc Channel.\nGames could be played on this channel after a Wii game disc or Nintendo GameCube disc was put in the disc slot.\nWii Shop Channel.\nThe Wii Shop Channel was used to buy and download Virtual Console (old) games, WiiWare games, and other Wii channels. An Internet connection was needed to use this channel. The Wii Shop Channel closed on January 31, 2019.\nMii Channel.\nThe Mii Channel was where a player could make an avatar called a Mii to represent themselves, either in the Mii Channel's online feature Mii Parade, or in games that allowed using Miis and most other Wii channels mentioned here.\nNews Channel.\nThe News Channel was used to look up news on different topics, ranging from national news to sports and entertainment. An Internet connection was needed to use this channel.\nForecast Channel.\nThe Forecast Channel was used to check the weather forecast for most cities around the world. There was a feature that let you select your local area to receive weather updates. An Internet connection was needed to use this channel.\nEverybody Votes Channel.\nThe Everybody Votes Channel was a channel containing regularly updated polls. There were three national polls (updated on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays) along with one worldwide poll. An Internet connection was needed to use this channel.\nInternet Channel.\nThe Internet Channel allowed users to access the web. It was based on the Opera Browser. You would need an Internet connection to use this channel. On September 1, 2009, the Internet Channel became free to download after an update was released to support Adobe Flash. Refunds consisting of a free Virtual Console NES title worth 500 Wii Points were offered by Nintendo to Wii owners who had downloaded it before for the same price.\nCheck Mii Out Channel.\nThe Check Mii Out Channel (known as the Mii Contest Channel in Europe) was used to send and pick up other Miis, and was also used in voting contests to see which Mii was the best. An Internet connection was needed to use this channel.\nNintendo Channel.\nThe Nintendo Channel was used to watch videos, collect and send feedback on certain Wii titles, and download Nintendo DS game demos to a Nintendo DS using the DS Download Service. An Internet connection was needed to use this channel.\nToday and Tomorrow Channel.\nThe Today and Tomorrow Channel was a channel that was only released in Europe on September 9, 2009, used to view daily horoscopes. Up to six Mii characters could be registered. It offered advice on five topics: love, work, study, communication, and money. It also offered hints on food, fun, and care. Another feature was a Mii compatibility check.\nHomebrew Channel.\nThe Homebrew Channel was an unofficial (it was not approved by Nintendo) channel used for loading unofficial software, or homebrew. With Homebrew, you could do many things that the Wii could not normally do on its own (play DVDs, play backups, stream media from a computer, run emulators, etc.).\nWii Speak Channel.\nThe Wii Speak Channel was downloadable once you bought the Wii Speak, used in certain games like \"\". An Internet connection was required to use the Wii Speak Channel.\nWii Remote.\nThe Wii Remote is a controller that is like a regular television remote. The Wii Remote uses accelerometers and infrared light sensors (from LEDs inside a 'sensor bar') to know where it is in 3D space. This lets people control the game using physical movement and by pressing buttons. The controller connects to the console using Bluetooth. It has a rumble feature (the controller shakes when the game being played tells it to do so) and a speaker inside the remote.\nAn attachment to the Wii Remote that comes with the Wii console and can also be bought by itself in stores is the \"Nunchuk\" controller. It also has an accelerometer and an analog stick with two buttons, and it connects to the bottom of the Wii Remote with a wire. A wrist strap can also be used to stop the player from dropping or throwing the Wii Remote. Because of problems with the straps, Nintendo has given all players a free stronger replacement for all straps. It also comes with a cover called the Wii Remote Jacket, which protects the Wii Remote and the thing that it hits from being damaged or broken. It also gives a stronger grip, which makes it harder for the Wii Remote to slide out of players' hands.\nAttachments for the Wii Remote.\nNintendo and many other companies have made attachments for the Wii Remote. They are usually connected by a wire or by a small plug at the bottom of the Wii Remote.\nNunchuk.\nThe Nunchuk is the most common attachment for the Wii Remote. It is made to fit perfectly into someone's hand. It comes packaged with the Wii. The Nunchuk has an analog stick on the front and two buttons on the back. A Nunchuk is needed for many Wii games, as it is required to move characters around the game. The name \"Nunchuk\" is a play on the word \"Nunchuck\" or \"nunchaku\".\nWii Motion Plus.\nThe Wii Motion Plus connects to the bottom of the Wii remote to help the sensors find the remote more accurately. It improves the playing of some games.\nClassic Controller.\nNintendo has released a \"classic\" controller for the Wii. The design is similar to the SNES's controller, but it has two analog sticks and four shoulder buttons instead of two. It was mainly made for playing older games that can be bought from the Wii Shop Channel.\nZapper.\nThere is also a case that looks like a gun for the Wii Remote and Nunchuk. It is named the Zapper after a NES gun controller. When the Wii Remote and the Nunchuk are placed inside it, the shape of the controller in the player's hands changes. The Zapper does not actually plug into the Wii Remote. It just holds it in place. The Zapper also included a free, short game to help the player get used to it.\nInstruments.\nThere are many pretend instruments made by Nintendo and other companies for playing music video games like \"Guitar Hero\" and \"Rock Band\". So far, they have made guitars and drums. They plug into the bottom of the Wii Remote. There are also microphones that plug into the USB port on the back of the Wii console.\nWheel.\nThere is also a plastic wheel. These came with \"Mario Kart Wii\" and other racing or car driving games. The Wii remote goes into the middle of the wheel. There are some built-in buttons on the wheel to make it easier to reach the buttons on the remote.\nModels.\nWii Family Edition.\nA revision of the Wii (also called the RVL-101) that was released close the end of its lifecycle was announced on August 17, 2011. This model is designed to only sit horizontally (with the buttons changed accordingly) and is incompatible with the Nintendo GameCube's software and its accessories. This model was released in North America on October 23, 2011, in Europe on November 4, 2011, and in Australia on November 11, 2011. It was not released in any Asian countries. The Wii Family Edition includes a black console, the game \"New Super Mario Bros. Wii\", and the \"Super Mario Galaxy: Original Soundtrack\".\nWii Mini.\nAnother late-cycle revision of the Wii (also called the RVL-201) was announced on November 27, 2012. As its name suggests, the Wii Mini is the smallest model of the Wii. Like the Family Edition, it is not compatible with GameCube games or its accessories. In addition, it also does not have online features and several built-in channels, such as the Photo Channel and the Weather Channel, similar to the Wii Mode on the Wii U. It also can only sit horizontally. The main feature is its notable redesign. Unlike the original Wii and Family Edition, which are mostly white, the Wii Mini is black with a red frame. All the buttons are located on the top of the console, and it lacks online support for Wii games. Additionally, the Wii Mini has a manually operated top-loading disc drive (similar to that of the GameCube) instead of the slots that former models have. The console launched in Canada on December 7, 2012 for $99.99. It was then released in Europe on March 15, 2013 at a cost of at least $79.99. It was then launched in the UK on March 22, 2013 for $99.99. It was finally launched in North America on November 17, 2013, bundled with a red Wii Remote Plus and a red Nunchuk for $99.99. Like its predecessor, the Wii Mini was not released in any Asian countries and it was not released in Australia either. The Wii Mini is the third home Nintendo console since the SNES and NES to receive a redesign right after their respective successors launched though the NES 101 model launched two years after the SNES launched. The N64 received no redesigns of any kind, and the GameCube had a small revision that lacked the unused Serial Port 2 (though the cover still remains) and the unpopular Digital AV Out port.\nReception.\n\"The Guardian\" titled the Wii one of the 10 most influential video game consoles.\n\"IGN\" ranked the Wii 10th among the best video game consoles."}
+{"id": "26035", "revid": "1166", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26035", "title": "DS", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26037", "revid": "440188", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26037", "title": "Joseph Strutt", "text": "Joseph Strutt was an English engraver in 1749. He put patterns into objects (like words into stone) and collected things from the past. He died in 1802."}
+{"id": "26038", "revid": "3295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26038", "title": "Britian", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26039", "revid": "8990589", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26039", "title": "Tricia Nixon Cox", "text": "Patricia \"Tricia\" Nixon Cox was born on February 21, 1946 in Whittier, California. She is the daughter of former US president Richard Nixon and Pat Nixon. She is the older sister of Julie Nixon Eisenhower.\nUnlike her sister, Tricia performed many ceremonial jobs, like going with her father to campaign stops and state visits. She married Edward F. Cox on June 12, 1971. she has 1 son \nShe tutored inner-city children."}
+{"id": "26041", "revid": "45940", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26041", "title": "Grocon", "text": "Grocon Pty Ltd is a big Australian construction company based in Melbourne. It is owned by the Grollo family.\nThe company was involved in building the Eureka Tower and Rialto Towers."}
+{"id": "26042", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26042", "title": "G\u0142ucho\u0142azy", "text": "G\u0142ucho\u0142azy (\"Bad Ziegenhals\") is a town in Poland, in Opole Voivodeship, in Nysa County. It had a population of 15,052 in 2004."}
+{"id": "26044", "revid": "10249938", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26044", "title": "1652", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26045", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26045", "title": "1124", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26047", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26047", "title": "Columbia River", "text": "The Columbia River is a river in British Columbia, Canada, and the U.S. states of Washington and Oregon. The Columbia River is about 1,243 miles long. It is the fourth-largest river in the United States by volume. The Columbia has the greatest discharge (flow) of any North American river entering the Pacific.\nIts largest tributary is the Snake River, which flows west from the state of Idaho. The lower part of the Columbia forms the border between the states Washington and Oregon. The Columbia drains 254,000 square miles (657,857\u00a0km2) of land, beginning in the Canadian Rockies and flowing west through the Cascade Range, to where it empties into the Pacific Ocean.\nThere are 14 dams on the Columbia River. Three are in Canada, and the other 11 are in the United States. The dams generate hydroelectricity and provide flood control and water for farms. There are also dams on the Snake River and many other tributaries. These dams have, along with their benefits, caused salmon populations in the river to go down."}
+{"id": "26048", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26048", "title": "1597", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26049", "revid": "1547473", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26049", "title": "Martyr", "text": "A martyr is someone who suffers persecution and later assassination or death for advocating, renouncing (giving up), or refusing to renounce (not giving up) a religious belief or other cause, despite another person or group demanding that they do so.\nOriginally it was applied only to those who suffered for their religious beliefs but now the term has come to be used in connection with people killed for a political or nationalist cause as well."}
+{"id": "26050", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26050", "title": "Whittier, California", "text": "Whittier is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. It is near Pico Rivera, Santa Fe Springs, La Habra and La Mirada. It is one of the oldest cities in the Los Angeles Area. Early settlers included Manuel Nieto and Pio Pico. In the 1880s, the land that is now Whittier was bought by Quakers, who named the city after John Greenleaf Whittier, a Quaker poet. These Quakers started Whittier College. In the early 1900s, Whittier was mostly orange groves, but became a suburb of Los Angeles after World War II. In 1987, a large earthquake hit the city, destroying many buildings and leading to a wave of civic activism. This activism helped save many old buildings, including the Bank of America Building, the Southern Pacific Railroad Depot, and the Hoover Hotel.\nThe 2020 United States Census reported that Whittier had a population of 87,306.\nWhittier's largest employers are Whittier College, Presbyterian Hospital, and Whittwood Mall. There has been talk of new development on the site of Nelles School for Boys and in Uptown. Besides Whittier College, Whittier has a community college, Rio Hondo College, five public high schools (Whittier, California, Pioneer, Santa Fe, and La Serna High), and several elementary and middle schools.\nMany famous people have lived in Whittier, including Richard Nixon, who attended Whittier High and was a lawyer in the Bank of America Building."}
+{"id": "26051", "revid": "2897", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26051", "title": "List of German institutions", "text": "This is a list of German institutions."}
+{"id": "26052", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26052", "title": "List of French institutions", "text": "This is a list of French institutions."}
+{"id": "26065", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26065", "title": "Spokane", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26068", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26068", "title": "Sailors", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26074", "revid": "1458798", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26074", "title": "EarthBound", "text": "EarthBound (called Mother 2 in Japan) is a role-playing video game made by Ape, Inc. and published by Nintendo for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System game console. It is the second game in the \"EarthBound\" series, after \"Mother\". It has a sequel called \"Mother 3\".\nPlot.\nSetting.\nThere are many places in the world of \"EarthBound\". It starts in Eagleland, \"EarthBound\"'s version of the United States. The player can explore many other areas, including Winters, a snowy country based on the United Kingdom, Dalaam, an oriental land, and Scaraba, an Egyptian-themed land. \nTwo areas from the series have been used in the \"Super Smash Bros.\" series. \"Super Smash Bros. Melee\" had a level about the first area, Onett, and another level called Fourside. Onett was reused in \"Super Smash Bros. Brawl\".\nCharacters.\nThere are many characters in \"EarthBound\", but only four main playable characters.\nBesides playable characters, there are other important characters.\nStoryline.\n\"EarthBound\" takes place in the year 199X (meaning somewhere in between 1990 and 1999). Ness is sleeping, when a large crash is heard, which wakes him up. He goes to see what it is, and arrives to see a meteor had crashed. His friend, Pokey, tells Ness to go away because he's bothering the cops, even though the cops are finding Pokey annoying. He returns home, and is awoken by a loud knocking, and Pokey comes in. He tells Ness that his brother is missing, and Ness, Pokey, and Ness' dog King go to the meteor to find Picky. After they find Picky, a being that is at first thought to be a bee flies out of the meteor, and tells them about the future, Giygas, and that legends say that three boys and a girl would save the universe. When Picky and Pokey are returned to their house, their mom is frightened by Buzz Buzz and swats him. This fatally injures him, and before he dies, he gives Ness an item called the Sound Stone, and tells him to find the eight \"Your Sanctuary\" spots. Ness goes to find these Your Sanctuary spots, as well as the two other boys and the one girl.\nGameplay.\n\"EarthBound\" is a turn-based role-playing game. When in battle, the player can do many different things, including Fight, PSI, Goods, Auto-Fight, and Run Away. Fight has a character use his or her weapon on an enemy, PSI lets the character use PSI if he or she has any to use, Goods lets the player use an item in the selected character's inventory, Auto-Fight lets the computer take control of the characters, and Run Away has a chance to end the battle. \nCensorship.\nNintendo removed many things from the English version of \"EarthBound\". They removed any reference to child abuse, any talking about death, any reference to religion, and the Red Cross logo. Despite people thinking the red crosses were removed because of religious references, they were actually removed because Nintendo did not want to deal with a law suit over it, as the Red Cross has copyright.\nCult following.\n\"EarthBound\" and its series has had a strong cult following in and outside of Japan. It has its own web site called Starmen.net, and has had multiple petitions, including one to release \"Mother 1 + 2\" in English and one to release \"Mother 3\" in English. Both of these petitions had very many signatures, but have not been successful.\nLater titles.\n\"EarthBound\" was re-released for the Game Boy Advance along with \"Mother\" as \"Mother 1 + 2\", only in Japan. It has been rated by the ESRB for release on the Wii's Virtual Console, but it has no release date. It was going to have a sequel on the Nintendo 64 called \"EarthBound 64\", and it was going to be in 3D. However, after being delayed for many years, it was cancelled. Five years later, \"Nintendo\" announced that it was being re-released for the Game Boy Advance as \"Mother 3\", and would feature the same plot and characters."}
+{"id": "26075", "revid": "1458798", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26075", "title": "Mother (video game)", "text": "Mother (\u30de\u30b6\u30fc Maz\u0101) is a 1989 video game sold only in Japan for the Family Computer (FC). They planned to sell the game in the USA, but Nintendo of America chose not to release it. This is because when they finished making it into English, the Super Nintendo Entertainment System was already being sold. The game was released on the Wii U Virtual Console in the US in 2015."}
+{"id": "26076", "revid": "3164", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26076", "title": "Earthbound", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26077", "revid": "19628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26077", "title": "EarthBound 64", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26078", "revid": "1458798", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26078", "title": "Mother 1 + 2", "text": "Mother 1 + 2 is a video game for the Game Boy Advance which includes \"Mother\" and \"Mother 2\" (known as \"EarthBound\" outside of Japan). Much of the music is different than the console games (\"Mother 2\" is mostly the same, but \"Mother\" was changed a lot to make it similar to the United States one that was not sold)."}
+{"id": "26079", "revid": "10332009", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26079", "title": "Mother 3", "text": "Mother 3 is a video game for the Game Boy Advance, made by Brownie Brown and HAL Laboratory. It was released on April 20, 2006 and it is the third game in the \"Mother\" video game series, called \"EarthBound\" outside of Japan.\nThe game was kept secret until it appeared in June 2003 during a \"Mother 1 + 2\" commercial in Japan. Once it appeared, the game stayed near the top of Famitsu's Most Wanted Games list.\nDevelopment.\n\"Mother 3\" was first going to be made for the Nintendo 64 and then later for the Nintendo 64DD. It was going to be called \"Earthbound 64\". It was canceled after the developers were having problems making the 3D graphics work. It was moved to the Game Boy Advance, and came out in 2006. It uses much stuff from \"EarthBound 64\", including the characters Lucas, Claus, Flint, and Boney, as well as the villain of the game, Porky\nStoryline.\n\"Mother 3\" takes place on Nowhere Islands. The Nowhere Islands are a large amount of islands in the middle of the ocean. They contain one volcano, two mountains, a castle, and one small village called Tazmily. The story takes place when Lucas, his brother Claus, and his mother Hinawa take a vacation to his grandpa's house. During the vacation, Lucas and Claus play with a race of peaceful T-Rex like creatures called Dragos. After a long day of playing, they head home, not after Hinawa sending a message to Flint, her husband, that they are heading back.\nMeanwhile, the forest near Tazmily is lit on fire mysteriously.\nFan translation.\nAs a Japan-exclusive video game, it was not localized, so some American fans of the franchise have worked to make an unofficial English version of the game. This fan-made English version of the game was released for free online in 2008. Though, the project took over a thousand hours to make."}
+{"id": "26081", "revid": "3164", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26081", "title": "Mother 2", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26085", "revid": "1674404", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26085", "title": "Cardcaptor Sakura", "text": "Cardcaptor Sakura is a manga and anime series. It is sometimes abbreviated as CCS.\n\"Cardcaptor Sakura\" was created in 1996 by a team of artists named CLAMP. CLAMP has created many other series, but \"Cardcaptor Sakura\" is one of the most popular. The manga was first published in \"Nakayoshi\" from 1996 to 2000. The story is about Sakura Kinomoto, an elementary school student who accidentally frees a deck of magical cards from a book hidden in her father's study. The book's guard, Keroberos, gives Sakura the task to find and capture the troublemaking cards. The series focuses on themes of love and family, Sakura and her friends, and their different relationships.\nThe anime aired on Japanese television from 1998 to 2000, changing parts of the manga's story and introducing new characters, and has two films as well. The English version of the anime was licensed by Nelvana, renamed \"Cardcaptors\", and the story was changed a lot to suit an American audience.\nStory.\nTen-year old Sakura Kinomoto is an athletic girl in elementary school. She lives with her father Fujitaka, an archaeology professor, and her older brother Toya. One day she finds a strange book, named the Clow Book, in her father's study. She finds the Clow Cards inside. She learns the cards are magical, accidentally setting them free when she calls the name of the Windy Card. The book's guardian, Kero, gives Sakura the task of finding and capturing the cards, using the Clow Wand to seal them in their card forms. \nIn between all this, Sakura tries to live the life of a normal school girl. Few people know about Sakura's secret life. One of the few is her best friend and second cousin Tomoyo Daidouji. She admires Sakura and supports her in her adventures, while designing Sakura battle costumes and recording her adventures on a video camera. The other is Toya, who also has magical powers. His powers, however, are different to those of Sakura's. For instance, he has the power to communicate with spirits, such as that of their late mother Nadeshiko.\nSakura meets Syaoran Li, a boy of her age and a distant relative of the Clow Cards' creator Clow Reed. Syaoran wants to capture the cards himself, becoming Sakura's rival, though they later become friends. Syaoran gains a crush on Sakura and starts to develop feelings for her. It later occurs to him that he is in love with Sakura. Tomoyo, who becomes friends with Syaoran, notices this. Syaoran is worried about telling Sakura that he loves her, concerned that his feelings may burden her due to the double life she leads. Tomoyo nevertheless encourages him to do so. He does attempt to tell Sakura on numerous occasions how he feels about her, but unexpected developments prevent this from happening.\nSakura and Syaoran capture all of the cards between them but have to face the second guardian of the Clow Cards, Yue, to decide who will become the new master of the cards. Yue is revealed to be the true form of Yukito Tsukishiro, the friend of Sakura's older brother Toya. After a lengthy battle Sakura defeats Yue and becomes the new owner of the Clow Cards.\nEriol Hiiragizawa, a student from England, arrives in Sakura's town and begins causing magical troubles around town. He has 3 allies. One is Ruby Moon; a magical being like Yue, who leads a double life as a student at Toya's school called Nakura. She comes to know Toya and Yukito, who is friends with Toya. She enjoys flirting with Toya, much to his annoyance. This is partly due to the fact that he loves Yukito, who loves Toya in return. Another is Spinel Sun, a magical beast like Kero. The other is Kaho Mizuki, a teacher at Sakura's school who has magical powers. \nSakura learns that Eriol caused these troubles in order to prompt her to transform the cards into Sakura Cards to continue using their magic or they would become normal cards. Eriol is revealed to be a reincarnation of Clow Reed. Although a different person to Clow Reed, he is the heir to Reed's memories. After tasking Sakura with one last challenge, involving a duel between them, all of the cards are successfully transformed. Eriol returns to England with Kaho, Nakura and Spinel. Syaoran confesses to Sakura that he loves her, who later admits to herself and to Syaoran that she loves him in return. Syaoran reluctantly returns home to Hong Kong but returns to Japan for good two years later to be with Sakura. \nIn the ending of the manga version, Sakura is starting Middle School, and on the way finds to her joy Syaoran waiting for her. Syaoran tells Sakura that he finally finished what he had to do in Hong Kong and can now stay in Tomoeda for good. The two happily embrace, with a tearful Sakura proclaiming that from now on, they will be together forever. \nCharacters.\nThe characters' Japanese names are followed by their English names.\nMedia.\n\"Cardcaptor Sakura\" is shown in many countries around the world. CCS is popular, because it is very cute. There are many posters and many toys about CCS.\nBonus manga stories.\nTwo additional bonus manga stories were released as part of some Cardcaptor Sakura Illustrated Collections that came out in Japan.\nThe first story focuses on Toya caring for Sakura while she has a cold. While cooking curry with Yukito, Toya receives a call from Tomoyo, who is outside the Kinomoto house with Sakura, who Tomoyo walked home with. Toya finds Tomoyo holding a poorly Sakura, who has a fever from a cold she caught. Toya comes to her aid, who is worried about her. Yukito also enquires Sakura about her health. A worried Toya takes Sakura to her room, and they both reflect on how long its been since she last had a cold. While Kero watches over her, Sakura thinks about how this is like the last time she had a cold. She reflects on how she feels so lonely whenever she catches a cold or gets sick, feeling like there is no one else in the world. \nSakura reassures herself that Toya will soon come for her, remembering how he was there for her when she last had a fever and cold when they were kids. Sakura regrets not being able to go to school, telling Toya that they will be learning a new song at kindergarten and likes the teacher a lot. Toya assures Sakura that he will take her if her temperature goes down. Happy, Sakura promises to teach him the new song too. Sakura\u2019s head starts to spin. Toya places his hand on her head, which comforts her. \nToya asks Sakura if she would like him to make her a drink, and asks if she can have warm milk with honey. She remembers being given this drink when she had a fever when she was very little. Toya sadly remembers that it was their mother who made that for Sakura, and does the same for her. In the present day, Toya makes Sakura the same drink, telling Yukito (smiling) that Sakura always likes to have that drink whenever she has a fever. Back in her room, Sakura knows that her big brother will bring her that drink she likes, and knows that when he does so, she will definitely be fine the next day.\nThe second bonus manga story appeared in the second Illustrated Collection. It focuses on the love that had developed between Sakura and Syaoran during the course of the series. \nWhile in class, Sakura and Tomoyo look worried about Syaoran; noting how red he looks. Tomoyo wonders if Syaoran has a cold. Sakura places her hand on Syaoran\u2019s forehead who sees that he is burning up. Syaoran slumps on his desk which worries Sakura, and Tomoyo reckons his temperature has gone up. Sakura asks Syaoran if he really is okay. He says that he will go home and have some sleep and medicine. Tomoyo asks him to stay warm and Sakura gives him a worried look. He assures her that he is fine. Tomoyo hopes he will get better soon. Sakura does as well, who watches Syaoran as he heads home. \nBack at her house, where Yukito and Toya are cooking. Yukito notices that Sakura looks down and she explains that Syaoran has a high fever. Yukito thinks it is a cold given that it is cold at night at that time. Although Toya gets annoyed at hearing Syaoran\u2019s name being mentioned, he gives Sakura some food to give to him. Happy, Sakura gets changed and heads to Syaoran\u2019s apartment. Syaoran is feeling groggy and unable to cook for himself even though he needs to eat something with his medicine. \nSyaoran lets Sakura in and blushes at seeing her. He soon calms down and smiles at Sakura when she goes to the kitchen to make something for him. While eating the food she brought to Syaoran, Sakura gives him some warm milk and honey. She tells Syaoran that she always drinks that when she has a cold. She also hopes his fever goes down quickly. Syaoran smiles and drinks it. Although worried it may be too sweet, Syaoran tells her that it is delicious. A smiling Sakura tells him to keep drinking that and get lots of rest. She also says that it will be great if he feels better tomorrow. Sakura and Syaoran smile at each other, with Syaoran noting that everything will be all right.\nSakura and the 2 Bears animated special.\nIn 2017, an animated special was released called \u201cSakura and the 2 Bears.\u201d Serving as a prologue to the Clear Card sequel series. The special adapted several events from Chapters 46 to 50 of the original manga series. These events dealt mainly with Sakura and Syaoran coming to terms with their love for each other.\nWhile going to class one morning, Sakura is surprised to find that she has arrived before Syaoran. When he comes in, he says that he got a call from his mother. Sakura asks him what its about, but before he can say anything their teacher Mr. Terada announces that Eriol will be returning to England. This shocks Sakura, Syaoran, and the others in class. While heading home, she finds Syaoran waiting for her. They go the local park, where Syaoran finally tells her the truth about his feelings for her. He tells Sakura that he loves her and that she is the one he loves the most. Sakura is stunned at his revelation. Syaoran looks sad, saying that is all he wished to say. He also tells Sakura to be careful on her way home. \nBack at her house, Sakura lies in her bed, struggling to understand the feeling within her that she has for Syaoran. She realises that what she feels for him is different to that of a friend. Toya is aware of what\u2019s going on, having long suspected that Sakura and Syaoran would get romantically involved. Sakura confides in Tomoyo, who is happy that Syaoran finally told Sakura how he feels, but Sakura is still unsure about her own feelings for him. Sakura tells Tomoyo that her chest feels tight when she thinks of Syaoran, and gets tighter when she wonders what he is thinking of her. Tomoyo assures Sakura that the answer is in her.\nSakura and Syaoran pay one final visit to Eriol, Kaho, Spinel Sun and Nakura before their departure, while Kaho gives Sakura presents for her and Syaoran. When Sakura goes to Syaoran\u2019s apartment building to give him Kaho\u2019s gift to him, he reveals to her anguish that he is returning to Hong Kong. He tells Sakura that there is something he has to do there. Sakura runs away upset. She finally realizes what Syaoran means to her. She makes a teddy bear to give to Syaoran to express her love for him. Yukito sees this, and asks Sakura if she found the one she loved the most. Sakura happily says she did. Yukito asks Sakura if he can reintroduce them to him someday (not asking Sakura who the person is), but she isn\u2019t sure when Syaoran will be back. Yukito assures Sakura that if she and Syaoran feel the same way, and want to see each other again, then they will.\nThe next morning, Sakura learns from Tomoyo that Syaoran is taking a morning flight, but with Toya's help, reaches Syaoran in time to give it to him. Sakura reveals to Syaoran (who was unsure if Sakura felt the same way about him) that she also loves him, telling Syaoran that he is her \u201cNumber One\u201d (the person that she loves the most). Knowing for sure now that Sakura loves him the same way, Syaoran smiles and thanks her for the bear. They both agree to name their respective bears after the other. As the bus begins to leave, Syaoran promises to return to Tomoeda when he is finished with his business in Hong Kong. Syaoran desperately asks Sakura, shouting, if she will wait for him. Sakura promises that she will. Syaoran smiles lovingly back at her, happy to know this. Sakura vows that she wait for as long as she has to, thinking about how Syaoran is the person she loves the most.\nA few years later, Sakura is starting Middle School. On the way she walks pass the falling cherry blossoms. She regrets that Syaoran isn\u2019t there to watch them with her. She suddenly sees Syaoran waiting for her, holding the bear she gave him so long ago, and happily runs into his arms. The two embrace; reunited and truly together at long last.\nThe name of the special refers to a made up Japanese tradition in the series. If two people love each other, one way they can express it is by giving each other teddy bears. Also, if they name the bears after each other, it means they will be together forever."}
+{"id": "26086", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26086", "title": "1173", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26087", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26087", "title": "August 9th", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26091", "revid": "165650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26091", "title": "Allies", "text": "Allies are people or groups that are working together to achieve some common purpose.\nAllies may also refer to:"}
+{"id": "26092", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26092", "title": "Sunderland", "text": "Sunderland is in North East England. It was a county borough, and is now part of the City of Sunderland in Tyne and Wear. It sits at the mouth of the River Wear.\nSunderland started as three small villages:\nSunderland grew as a port, mostly selling coal and salt. In the 1300s people began to build ships along the river bank. By 1835, the port of Sunderland was so important that its name was used when the three old villages became a borough. Sunderland became a city in 1992.\nA person born in Sunderland is sometimes called a \"Mackem\".\nHistory.\nEarly history.\nIn 674, Benedict Biscop built the Wearmouth (\"St. Peter's\") monastery. He was given the land by King Ecgfrith of Northumbria. Biscop's monastery was the first monastery built of stone in Northumbria. Biscop brought glass makers from France. This was the start of glass making in Britain.\nIn 686, the community was taken over by Ceolfrid, and Wearmouth monastery and its other site in Jarrow became very important places of learning in Anglo-Saxon England. The library had about 300 books; all of them were hand written and painted.\nThe Codex Amiatinus, was written and painted at the monastery and was probably worked on by Bede who was born at Wearmouth in 673.\nBede wrote the \"Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum (The Ecclesiastical History of the English People)\" in 731. This is why he is often called \"The father of English history\".\nIn the late eighth century, the Vikings began to raid the coast, and by the middle of the ninth century, the monastery had been abandoned.\nIn 930, King Athelstan of England gave the land on the south bank of the river to the Bishop of Durham. This is why the area is still called Bishopwearmouth.\nBy 1100, the Bishopwearmouth parish included a small fishing village at the mouth of the river (modern day East End) known as 'Soender-land', or Asunder-land which became Sunderland. This settlement was granted a charter in 1179 by Hugh Pudsey, then the Bishop of Durham.\nBy 1346, ships were being built at Wearmouth. The merchant Thomas Menville started building ships so he could transport the things he wanted to sell.\nIn 1589, salt making started in Sunderland. Large vats, called \u2018\u2019panns\u2019\u2019, of seawater were put on coal fires. When the water boiled, the salt was left behind. This is known as salt panning. Today, the road leading to where the pans were is still called Pann's Bank. It is on the river bank near the city centre. As more coal was needed to heat the salt pans, coal mining started in the area. Only poor quality coal was used in salt panning; the best coal was sold and shipped out of the town. This is why the port began to grow. This put Sunderland in competition for the first time with its coal-trading neighbour Newcastle.\n17th and 18th centuries.\nBefore the English Civil War in 1642, King Charles I said Newcastle could be the only town in the east of England which could send coal by ship. This had a big impact on Sunderland, which was selling more and more coal. This created resentment towards Newcastle and towards the idea of having a king. When the civil war began, the mainly Protestant Sunderland sided with Parliament against the mostly Catholic Newcastle. This was good for Sunderland's business, because Parliament blockaded (blocked) the Tyne. This stopped the Newcastle coal trade and allowed the Sunderland coal trade to grow. When an army from Scotland came to fight the King, its base was set up in Sunderland.\nThe River Wear was not very deep, so the coal had to be loaded onto big boats called \"keels\" and taken downriver to the coal ships which were called \"colliers\".\nIn 1719, Sunderland and Bishopwearmouth were too big for the only parish church, which was in Bishopwearmouth. A new parish of Sunderland was created and Holy Trinity, Sunderland parish church was built. The three original settlements of Wearmouth (Bishopwearmouth, Monkwearmouth and Sunderland) had started to join up. This was because of the success of the port of Sunderland as well as the salt panning and the shipbuilding along the banks of the Wear. Around this time, Sunderland was also known as 'Sunderland-near-the-Sea'.\n19th century.\nCholera.\nLocal government was divided between the three churches (Holy Trinity, Sunderland, St. Michael's, Bishopwearmouth, and St. Peter's Church, Monkwearmouth). When cholera broke out in 1831, the \"select vestrymen\", as the church councillors were called, did not know what to do about the epidemic. Many were frightened to say that a disease has started because it might stop their businesses from making money. They printed notices which said there was no disease in the town, and saying that the doctors who said that there was disease did not know what they were talking about.\nSunderland was a big trading port at the time. It was the first British town to be affected by 'Indian cholera' epidemic. The first victim, William Sproat, died on 23 October 1831. Sunderland was put under , so that people could not leave the town. The port was blockaded, so that ships could not spread the disease to other ports. But in December of that year, cholera was in Gateshead and it spread across the country, killing about 32,000 people.\nJack Crawford was one of the first to die in the epidemic. There are two statues honouring Jack, one in Mowbray Park near the Civic Centre, and the other next to Holy Trinity Church.\nSunderland got its first Member of Parliament after the Reform Act of 1832, and the Borough of Sunderland was created in 1836, although impatient citizens elected Andrew White to be Mayor in December 1835.\nRobert Rawlinson was sent to Sunderland in February 1850 by the General Board of Health. His report showed the problems because there was no sewage system or drains.\nBridges.\nThe river at Sunderland is in a narrow valley, and the town grew up on plateaus high above the river. This meant it never had the problem of allowing people to cross the river without stopping high masted vessels. Rowland Burdon MP pushed for the Wearmouth Bridge, which was built in 1796. It was the second iron bridge ever built. Only the famous Iron Bridge itself is older, but Wearmouth bridge was over twice as long and only three-quarters the weight of the Iron Bridge. Wearmouth Bridge was the biggest single span bridge in the world. Farther up the river, another bridge, the Queen Alexandra Bridge, was built in 1910, linking the areas of Pallion and Southwick. It was designed for trains to run across, too, but the railway section was never completed.\nVictoria Hall Disaster.\nThe Victoria Hall was a large concert hall on Toward Road facing Mowbray Park. On 16 June 1883, 183 children died. During a variety show, children rushed down the stairs for treats. At the bottom of the staircase, the door only opened inward and was bolted so that only one child at a time could get through. The children pushed down the stairs to the door. Those at the front were trapped, and were crushed by the weight of the crowd behind them.\nThe Victoria Hall disaster is still the worst of its kind in Britain. A memorial statue, which is a crying mother holding a dead child, is now back in Mowbray Park with a protective canopy. The newspaper reports of the tragedy were so shocking that an inquiry was set up. This committee said that public buildings should have outward opening emergency exits. This led to the invention of 'push bar' emergency doors. This law still remains in full force to this day. The Victoria Hall was used until 1941 when it was destroyed by a German bomb.\n20th century to present.\nAs the traditional industries have declined, electronics, chemicals, and paper making have replaced them. Some of these new industries, are in Washington, which has more space to allow purpose built factories. The Nissan car plant and the nearby North East Aircraft Museum are on the site of the old Sunderland Airport.\nSince 1990, industries along the banks of the Wear have changed a lot. Housing, shopping parks and business centres have been built where the shipbuilding yards were. The National Glass Centre is also there, next to the University of Sunderland\u2019s new \"St Peter\u2019s Campus\". On the south side of the river, the old Vaux Brewery site has been cleared so that new houses, shops and offices can be built close to the city centre.\nSunderland was the one of the most heavily bombed areas in England during World War II. As a result, much of the town centre was rebuilt in a boring concrete style. But some fine old buildings remain. These include Holy Trinity, built in 1719 for an independent Sunderland, St. Michaels's Church, built as Bishopwearmouth Parish Church and now known as Sunderland Minster and St. Peter's Church, Monkwearmouth, part of which dates from 674\u00a0AD, and was the original monastery.\nSt. Andrew's Roker, so-called \"Cathedral of the Arts and Crafts Movement\", contains work by William Morris, Ernest Gimson and Eric Gill.\nCivic history.\nSunderland was made a municipal borough of County Durham in 1835. Under the Local Government Act 1888, it was given further status as a county borough with independence from county council control. In 1974, under the Local Government Act 1972, the county borough was abolished and its area combined with that of other districts to form the Metropolitan Borough of Sunderland in Tyne and Wear. See City of Sunderland.\nMotto.\nSunderland has the motto of Nil Desperandum Auspice Deo. This means Never Despair, Trust In God\nGeography.\nMuch of the city is on a low range of hills running parallel to the coast. On average, it is around 80\u00a0metres above sea level. Sunderland is divided by the River Wear which passes through the middle of the city in a deep valley, part of which is known as the Hylton gorge. The only two road bridges connecting the north and south halves of the City are the Queen Alexandra Bridge at Pallion and the Wearmouth Bridge just to the north of the City centre. A third bridge carries the A19 trunk road over the Wear to the West of the City.\nMost of the suburbs of Sunderland are west of the city centre with 70% of its population living on the south side of the river and 30% on the north side. The city extends to the seafront at Hendon and Ryhope (on the south) and Seaburn (on the north).\nThe area is part of the Anglican Diocese of Durham. It has been in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Hexham and Newcastle since the Catholic bishops returned in 1850.\nAlphabetical street naming of suburbs.\nSome Sunderland suburbs have most streets beginning with the same letter:\nClimate.\nSunderland has cool winters and warm summers. Being on the coast, Sunderland is a little warmer in the winter than the national average, but a little cooler in summer. Average rainfall is below the UK national average due to an east coast location.\nAs with most UK east-coast towns, Sunderland sometimes gets sea fog known locally as \"Fret\". This is most common in the summer months (April - September). These frets can be very dense, are often very localised, and can appear and disappear in a matter of minutes.\nDemographics.\nSunderland is the largest city, by population and area, between Leeds and Edinburgh.\nThe City of Sunderland is the 22nd largest borough in England and the largest in the North East. However, as well as including the Sunderland it also includes a number of surrounding towns and villages, such as Washington, Houghton-le-Spring and Hetton-le-Hole.\nEthnicity.\n98.1% of the population are white, with 1% Asian and 0.4% mixed-race.\nIn 2001, the most ethnically mixed ward of the city was the (now abolished) Thornholme area - just to the south of the city centre Thornholme included the suburbs of Ashbrooke and Eden Vale. Here, 89.4% are white, 7.8% are Asian and 1.3% are mixed-race.\nThe least ethnically diverse wards are in the north of the city. The area of Castletown is made up of 99.3% white, 0.4% Asian and 0.2% mixed-race.\nReligion.\nAccording to census statistics, 81.5% of Sunderland residents class themselves as Christian, 9.6% have no religion, 0.7% are Muslim and 7.6% did not wish to give their religion.\nOnly 114 people of Jewish faith live in Sunderland. There was no Jewish community before 1750, but then a number of Jewish businessmen from across the UK and Europe settled in Sunderland. A Rabbi from Holland was working in the city in 1790. The Jewish community has been shrinking since the mid 20th century. Many Sunderland Jews left for bigger Jewish communities in Britain or to Israel. The Jewish primary school, the Menorah School, closed in July 1983. The synagogue on Ryhope Road (opened in 1928) closed at the end of March 2006.\nCulture and attractions.\nLiterature and art.\nLewis Carroll often visited to the area. He wrote most of \"Jabberwocky\" at Whitburn as well as \"The Walrus and the Carpenter\". Some parts of the area are believed to be the inspiration for his Alice in Wonderland stories, such as Hylton Castle and Backhouse Park. There is a statue to Carroll in Whitburn library. Lewis Carroll was also a visitor to the Rectory of Holy Trinity Church, Southwick, beforeSouthwick became a part of Sunderland. Carroll's connection with Sunderland, and the area's history, is documented in Bryan Talbot's 2007 graphic novel \"Alice in Sunderland\".\nMore recently, Sunderland-born Terry Deary, writer of the series of Horrible Histories books, has become famous, and many others such as thriller writer Sheila Quigley, are following his lead.\nThe Manchester painter, L S Lowry, was another frequent visitor, staying in the Seaburn Hotel in Sunderland. Many of his paintings of seascapes and shipbuilding are based on Wearside scenes.\nThe Northern Gallery for Contemporary Art on Fawcett Street and Sunderland Museum and Winter Gardens have exhibitions and installations from new and established artists alike. Sunderland Museum has a big collection of LS Lowry. The National Glass Centre on Liberty Way also exhibits a number of glass sculptures.\nMusic.\nSunderland has produced a number of musicians that have gone on to reach international fame, most notably Dave Stewart of the Eurythmics. Kenickie, which featured Lauren Laverne on vocals, also achieved a top ten album and wide critical acclaim in the mid-to-late-1990s.\nIn recent years, the underground music scene and the Sunderland Music Project have helped the likes of The Futureheads and Field Music gain national recognition. In 2004, music magazine NME put Sunderland came 8th in a list of the \"coolest\" music places in the UK.\nOther famous Mackem musicians include punk rockers The Toy Dolls, who broke the top five of the charts with \"Nellie the Elephant\" in December 1984; the lead singer of dance outfit Olive, Ruth Ann Boyle, who now works with Enigma; A Tribe of Toffs made number 21 with their cult hit \"John Kettley is a weatherman\" in December 1988; Alex Kapranos of the band Franz Ferdinand also grew up in Sunderland and South Shields.\nOn the 7 and 8 May 2005, Sunderland hosted the BBC Radio 1 Big Weekend concert - the UK's largest free music festival. The event was held at Herrington Country Park, in the shadow of Penshaw Monument and was attended by 30,000 visitors.\nSunderland does not have a big music venue such as the MetroRadio Arena or the Carling Academy in Newcastle. The Empire Theatre sometimes plays host to music acts, and has attracted Deacon Blue and Journey South to the city in recent years. McFly played there in April 2007. In the past it has also welcomed major bands such as The Beatles and The Kinks.\n\"Independent\", a city centre nightclub/music venue, satisfies underground music lovers, having previously played host to Keane, Franz Ferdinand, Kasabian, Kaiser Chiefs, Max\u00efmo Park and Snow Patrol when they were largely unknown. More recently, Doves and Tim Burgess have performed DJ sets on club nights, and in summer 2007 the club hosted gigs from established bands such as The Zutons and The Maccabees. The Manor Quay, the students' union on the campus of the University of Sunderland has also hosted the Arctic Monkeys, Max\u00efmo Park, 911, the Levellers and Girls Aloud in the past three years.\nClint Boon sometimes deejays in indie venue \"Ku Club\", and the Bluetones did a set there in 2006.\n\"CoSMOS\", the City of Sunderland Millennium Orchestral Society\u2019\u2019 was set up in 2000 to mark the millennium.\nTheatre.\nThe Sunderland Empire Theatre, opened in 1907, is the largest theatre in the North East. It reopened in December 2004, following a big redevelopment, making the stage bigger. Now it can stage West End shows such as \"Miss Saigon\", \"Starlight Express\" and \"My Fair Lady\". The Empire is the only theatre between Leeds and Glasgow big enough to put on such shows.\nThe Birmingham Royal Ballet have a season at the Sunderland Empire every year, and it is thought of as the company's north-east home.\nThe Royalty Theatre is the home to the (amateur) Royalty Theatre group who also put on a number of low-budget productions throughout the year. Well-known movie producer David Parfitt belonged to this company before achieving worldwide fame.\nEvents.\nEach year on the last weekend in July, the city hosts the Sunderland International Airshow. It takes place along the sea front at Roker and Seaburn, and is attended by over 1.2 million people annually. It is the largest free airshow in Europe.\nSunderland also hosts the free International Festival of Kites, Music and Dance, which attracts kite-makers from around the world to Northumbria Playing Fields, Washington.\nEvery year, the city hosts a large Remembrance Day memorial, believed to be the largest in the UK outside of London.\nHMS Ocean, a Helicopter Landing Ship is Sunderland's adopted Royal Navy ship. The crew of HMS Ocean regularly visit the city.\nAt Christmas, Sunderland has a German market in the city centre selling German-made wooden goods, and German food. It also hosts a large ice rink in Mowbray Park, which is part of the wider, regional North East Winter Festival.\nAttractions.\nTraditional attractions for visitors to Sunderland include Penshaw Monument, the Souter Lighthouse (the first electrically powered lighthouse in the world), the 15th century Hylton Castle, the Wildfowl park in Washington, and the beaches of Roker and Seaburn.\nThe National Glass Centre opened in 1998, reflecting Sunderland's distinguished history of glass-making. The centre has never been as successful as hoped.\nSunderland Museum and Winter Gardens, on Borough Road, was the first publicly funded museum in the country outside London. It was opened by Ulysses S. Grant shortly after he stopped being US President. The museum has a big collection of the locally produced Sunderland Lustreware pottery. The new City Library Arts Centre, on Fawcett Street, also houses the Northern Gallery for Contemporary Art.\nThe City of Sunderland has been commended several times on its commitment to preserving its natural environment. Sunderland has won awards from the Britain in Bloom group in 1993, 1997 and 2000.\nEconomy and industry.\nSunderland is one of the most deprived cities in the North of England. 11 of the 25 wards featuring in the list of the 2000 most deprived wards in England. The most deprived areas are Southwick to the north of the river and Thorney Close to the south - both with chronic levels of unemployment, although the city is performing better than the North East as a whole.\nTraditional industry.\nOnce called the \"Greatest Shipbuilding Town in the World\", ships were built on the Wear from at least 1346 onwards. The Port of Sunderland was expanded in the 1850s when the Hudsons Dock were built for the River Wear Commissioners. Robert Stephenson helped the engineers.\nCompetition from overseas caused a downturn in demand for Sunderland built ships toward the end of the twentieth century. The last shipyard in Sunderland closed in 1988.\nSunderland, part of the Durham coalfield, has a coal-mining heritage that dates back centuries. At the peak in 1923, 170,000 miners were employed in County Durham alone, as labourers from all over Britain, including many from Scotland and Ireland, entered the region. As demand for coal fell after World War II, mines began to close across the region, causing mass unemployment. The last coal mine closed in 1994. The site of the last coal mine, Wearmouth Colliery, is now the Stadium of Light, and a miner's Stephenson lamp monument stands outside of the ground to honour the heritage of the site.\nGlass has been made in Sunderland for around 1,500 years. But overseas competition has forced the closure of all of Sunderland's glass-making factories. Corning Glass Works was one of the last. It was in Sunderland for 120 years, until 31 March 2007\nVaux Breweries was established in the town centre in the 1880s and for 110 years was a major employer. The brewery was finally closed in July 1999. Vaux in Sunderland and Wards Brewing Company in Sheffield had been part of the Vaux Group, when both breweries closed the group started to concentrate on its hotels which were in The Swallow Group. In the autumn of 2000 even this was taken over by Whitbread PLC.\nRejuvenation.\nSunderland's economy began to get better after the 1980s.\nThe giant Nissan factory moved in, and new service industries arrived. Doxford International Business Park, in the south west of the city, has attracted a host of national and international companies.\nThe former shipyard areas along the River Wear have also been transformed. Instead of the old industry new developments have been built, including:\nSunderland Corporation's massive post-war housing estate developments, such as Farringdon, Pennywell, Grindon, Hylton Red House, Hylton Castle, Thorney Close and Town End Farm, together with earlier developments, have all passed into the ownership of Gentoo (once called Sunderland Housing Group), a private company and a \"Registered Social Landlord\". Since the transfer in 2000 there have been a lot of improvements to the quality of social housing in the city.\nThe central business district of Sunderland has also been redeveloped and improved. In 2000, The Bridges shopping centre was extended to attract national chain stores. In November 2004, after several years with no cinema, a Cineworld multiplex opened in the new River Quarter, an entertainment complex towards the east of the City Centre. The Cinema was taken over by the Empire Multiplex Cinema Company in mid 2006. The previous ABC Cinema, situated on the corner of Park Lane and Holmeside, had been derelict for a number of years until it reopened late in 2005 as The Point, with three bars and the Union nightclub.\nThe arrival of Roy Keane as Sunderland AFC's new manager in August 2006 has had a massive impact in Sunderland's once limited tourism industry. Keane has proved a big pull for the city in terms of attracting tourists to Sunderland, with the Tourism Office reporting a dramatic rise in the number of football fans coming to the city \"mentioning his name\" as early as October 2006, just six weeks after Keane's appointment as manager. Airline Ryanair, moreover, recorded a 10% increase in passenger numbers travelling to Newcastle Airport on Fridays before a Sunderland home game, some 600 more than on other Fridays. The Tourism Office believes Keane's attachment to the city is causing a knock-on effect on local restaurants, bars and attractions in that more tourists are \"making a weekend of it\" after watching the football.\nTransport.\nRail.\nSunderland station was rebuilt in November 1965 for football teams and officials from countries who were playing at Roker Park when England hosted the 1966 World Cup. It is served by Northern Rail services between Newcastle and Middlesbrough, and Grand Central services to York and London\nMetro.\nIn 2002, the Tyne and Wear Metro system was extended to Sunderland. The local Metro ends at South Hylton after calling at Sunderland Rail Station and Park Lane Bus Station. Metro trains are quite frequent and travel between Newcastle International Airport and Newcastle upon Tyne in the north and South Hylton at the southern end of the line. However, the Metro extension has not been viewed as a huge success with frequency of services cut due to a lack of demand.\nBus.\nA multimillion-pound transport interchange at Park Lane was opened on 2 May 1999 by the then \"Brookside\" actor Michael Starke. With 750,000 passengers per year it is the busiest bus and coach station in Britain after Victoria Station in Central London, and has won several design awards. A new Metro station was built underneath the bus concourse to provide a direct interchange as part of the extension to South Hylton in 2002.\nCycle.\nThere are a number of cycle routes that run through and around Sunderland. The National Cycle Network National Route 1 runs from Ryhope in the south, through the centre of the city, and then along the coast towards South Shields. Britain's most popular long distance cycle route - The 'C2C' Sea to Sea Cycle Route - traditionally starts (or ends) when the cyclist dips their wheel in the sea on Roker beach. The 'W2W' 'Wear-to-Walney' route, and the 'Two-Rivers' (Tyne and Wear) route also end in Sunderland.\nFamous residents.\nDeveloper of the electric lightbulb Joseph Swan, agony aunt Denise Robertson, rockers 'The Futureheads' and Alex Kapranos of 'Franz Ferdinand', Civil liberty campaigner Chris Mullin MP, radio DJ and singer Lauren Laverne, football manager Bob Paisley, actor James Bolam, movie producer David Parfitt, lead singer of 'Olive' Ruth-Ann Boyle, author Lewis Carroll, artist LS Lowry, journalist Kate Adie, and the Venerable Bede are a few of the many famous people born in or associated with Sunderland. "}
+{"id": "26094", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26094", "title": "List of monarchs of Carthage", "text": "Until 308 BC, Carthage was ruled, at least officially, by Monarchs.\nMonarchs of Carthage, 814 BC-308 BC\nMagonids\nHannonian\nIn 480 BC, following Hamilcar I's death, the King lost most of his power to an aristocratic Council of Elders. In 308 BC, Bomilcar attempted a coup (rebellion) to restore the monarch to full power, but failed, which led to Carthage becoming in name as well as in fact a republic."}
+{"id": "26099", "revid": "90801", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26099", "title": "Iodized salt", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26100", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26100", "title": "Wilhelm Busch", "text": "Wilhelm Busch (born 14 April 1832 in Wiedensahl, near Hannover; died 9 January 1908 in Mechtshausen) was a German painter and poet who is known for his satirical picture stories.\nAfter studying first mechanical engineering and then art in D\u00fcsseldorf, Antwerp, and Munich he started drawing caricatures.\nWilhelm Busch also wrote a number of poems in a style similar to his picture stories. Besides that he produced more than 1,000 oil paintings that were not sold until after his death in 1908."}
+{"id": "26103", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26103", "title": "Esports", "text": "Esports (short for electronic sports) is a term for video games that are played competitively. Popular electronic sports games are \"Counter-Strike\", \"League of Legends\", \"Warcraft\", \"Starcraft\", \"Dota 2\", \"Quake\", \"Fortnite\" and \"Valorant\". Electronic Sports is played over the Internet or via LAN. There are professional leagues and tournaments like the \"Cyberathlete Professional League\", \"ClanBase\", \"Electronic Sports League\" and the \"World Cyber Games\" where electronic sports players can earn thousands of US Dollars. One example is \"Starcraft\" in Korea where they have many players who are very competitive.\nEsports has been around since the dawn of arcades when players would battle it out for number one.\nAccording to TechCrunch, the game maker Epic Games is providing $100 million in prize money in 2019 for participants in esports."}
+{"id": "26104", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26104", "title": "Marklohe", "text": "Marklohe is a municipality in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is an amt in the district of Nienburg (Weser) in Lower Saxony. Marklohe has about 4000 inhabitants."}
+{"id": "26105", "revid": "1621972", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26105", "title": "Skunk", "text": "A skunk is a mammal, usually black with a white stripe on its back and a fluffy tail. Skunks are also able can be brown or gray. Its most special part is that it can shoot out a bad-smelling spray from under its tail; it does this to scare away things that could hurt it.\nIt can eat both plants and small animals like earthworms, frogs, snakes, birds and eggs. It usually eats berries, leaves, grasses and nuts. In places where humans live, skunks often steal food from garbage or pet bowls.\nThe striped skunk is the most well-known kind of skunk. It weighs 2.5 to 14 pounds (1.2\u20136.3\u00a0kg) with a body length (without the tail) of 13 to 18\u00a0inches (33\u201346\u00a0cm). The tail is 7 to 10\u00a0inches long (18\u201325\u00a0cm), and sometimes has a white tip.\nMost types of skunk live in the United States and Canada, but there are also types that live in Indonesia and the Philippines. \nThere are ten living species of skunks in four genera: \"Conepatus\" (hog-nosed skunks, four species); \"Mephitis\" (the hooded and striped skunks, two species) and \"Spilogale\" (spotted skunks, four species). All wild skunks inhabit the Americas, ranging from Canada to central South America. \nSome people keep skunks as pets, but not everyone agrees if this is a good idea. Because the skunk\u2019s spray would ruin furniture (the bad smell is almost impossible to remove) and the smell would affect other people, the skunk\u2019s glands (the organs that produce the spray) are removed. However, professionals think that this harms the skunk, so in many places this is illegal. Because of this, in many places it is illegal to keep a skunk as a pet. "}
+{"id": "26108", "revid": "10499151", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26108", "title": "Cerebellum", "text": "In all vertebrates, including human beings, the cerebellum is one of the main divisions of the brain. \nThe cerebellum works mainly to control balance and coordinate movement. It combines signals from eyes, muscle spindles, and ears with motor commands from the forebrain and helps to coordinate control of the body. More advanced regions of the human cerebellum may be crucial to language and mental dexterity. Bands of axons extend from the cerebellum into the pons.\nDisease.\nIllnesses or \"cerebellar disorders [can come from, or] have numerous causes, including ... ataxias\", and birth defects, according to media.\nCommon tumors, or cerebellar tumors, include "}
+{"id": "26109", "revid": "1237303", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26109", "title": "Sustainable development", "text": "Sustainable development means improving things in a way that reduces harm and is mindful of the future. It means building things without harming the natural world.\nThe Brundtland Commission said it \"meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs\".\nEveryone wants a good place to live. Some people want better homes, while others might want better schools, good jobs, better shops, green spaces or safer streets. Others may want all these things. Whatever the problems in any neighbourhood, they can usually be grouped into three issues. People need:\nRapid increases in population can increase demands on things like food and nature and make sustainable development challenging.\nThis is not just a local issue. The same problems are faced at a national level. If the governments of the world are to deal with poverty, they do not just need to provide money and food aid, they need to help local people get educated and get jobs. People also need a safe environment with adequate homes and drinking water. To make these things work, governments also need to make sure that people have an effective voice in deciding what happens where they live and government money to spend on things.\nThis approach is called \"sustainable development\". While this phrase can be confusing, it's now used in many government documents and in funding programmes. Sustainable development has three parts: environmental sustainability, economic sustainability and social sustainability.\nMost people in the rich nations have most of these needs, but there are still many people living in poverty and in poor quality homes. Even if these basic needs are met there are still plenty of ways in which their \u2018quality of life\u2019 is under threat: from crime, from pollution, or from living in neighbourhoods where no-one in authority seems to care.\"Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs\". \nMany areas have programmes to promote local sustainability: many are called \u2018Local Agenda 21\u2019 plans, named after the international action plan for sustainable development agreed at the United Nations Earth Summit held in 1992. \nThe UN developed a set of 17 goals aiming at sustainable development. They are:-"}
+{"id": "26112", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26112", "title": "Ribose", "text": "Ribose is a five-carbon sugar. It is found in RNA (ribonucleic acid).\nD-Ribose is taken as a herbal supplement. Victims of fibromyalgia often report reduced pain and increased energy with little or no side effects."}
+{"id": "26113", "revid": "1616965", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26113", "title": "Deoxyribose", "text": "Deoxyribose is the sugar component of deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA, having one less hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of ribonucleic acid or RNA.Due to its various attributes it has numerous appellations ie d-2-deoxyribose, a five carbon monosaccharide, and pentose sugar.Deoxyribose is most notable for its presence in the DNA which was first track down by a Russian-born-American biochemist Phoebus Aaron Theodore Levene (1869 \u2013 1940) who discovered ribose (the sugar that forms the alternating backbone of RNA by binding to phosphate group) in 1909 and Deoxyribose in 1929. "}
+{"id": "26114", "revid": "18539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26114", "title": "Henry Royce", "text": "Sir Henry Royce was born 27 March 1863 and died 22 April 1933. He made cars, and with Charles Stewart Rolls started the Rolls-Royce company.\nHe was born in Alwalton, Huntingdonshire which is near Peterborough as the youngest child of five."}
+{"id": "26123", "revid": "1673395", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26123", "title": "Seizure", "text": "A convulsion or seizure happens when the body muscles contract and relax rapidly and repeatedly, resulting in uncontrolled shaking. Because epileptic seizures typically include convulsions, the term \"convulsion\" is sometimes used as a synonym for \"seizure\". However, not all epileptic seizures lead to convulsions, and not all convulsions are caused by epileptic seizures. \nA seizure happens when the nerves in a person's brain act strangely. Nerves send information, partly through electrical signals. Usually, nerves in the brain (called neurons) do not fire at the same time. During a seizure, groups of nerves start firing together, too fast. This causes there to be too much disorganized electrical activity in the brain.\nSeizures mostly occur through one\u2019s that are prone to them whether it be a preexisting condition or a newly acquired illness/disorder.However anybody can be at risk of a stroke or seizure. The most common cause of an unexpected seizure usually involves a surplus of stress on the brain. This can be many from many variables including: A new job, the loss of a loved one, or changing medication. \nTypes of Seizures.\nThere are many different types of seizures. They are named by how much of the brain they affect and what happens to the person when they are having that type of seizure.\nPartial seizures.\nIn partial seizures, only a small part of the brain is involved in the seizure. These seizures can be more specifically called:\nGeneralized seizures.\nIn generalized seizures, a larger part of the brain is involved in the seizure. Often, parts of both hemispheres (halves of the brain) are affected. These seizures can be more specifically called:\nStatus epilepticus: A medical emergency.\n\"Status epilepticus\" is a medical emergency. A person is \"in status\" when:\nStatus epilepticus is a medical emergency because the brain will not get enough oxygen during a long seizure. This can cause brain damage or death.\nWhat Causes Seizures?\nCertain types of seizures point to a disorder called epilepsy, where the nerves do not work as they should. They carry the wrong messages to the brain so that the person moves uncontrollably or sees, hears, smells, feels, or tastes things that are not there. Medicine can be taken to prevent this from happening.\nOther than epilepsy, many other things can cause seizures.\nIllnesses.\nDiseases that can cause seizures include:\nDrugs and alcohol.\nDrugs and alcohol can cause seizures:\nOther causes.\nOther things that can cause seizures include:\nPossible first aid.\nMost seizures only last a short time. The best thing to do is to prevent the person with the seizure from hurting themselves. During a seizure, reflexes do not work, and the people with the seizure do not have control over their muscles. "}
+{"id": "26131", "revid": "3609", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26131", "title": "America On-line", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26132", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26132", "title": "1236", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26133", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26133", "title": "1238", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26135", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26135", "title": "Profession", "text": "The profession is a job at which someone works and for which they have had training. It is what they do to get money or a living. People often study for years to do their job. Medieval Europe recognized three professions: divinity, medicine, and law. These were called \"learned professions\". In modern times other occupations such as teacher or engineer or scholar are often called \"learned\". \nSometimes \"profession\" only means learned professions, but the word may also be used for other jobs. Someone who works in a profession is called a professional. Sometimes this is in contrast to amateur which means someone who does similar things but is not paid."}
+{"id": "26140", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26140", "title": "International Nuclear Event Scale", "text": "The International Nuclear Event Scale (INES) is a system introduced by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). It was introduced to allow people to communicate how serious a nuclear accident is. Other people are then able to react faster to take protection measures. For each level, there is a list of things that must be there, for the accident to be of that level. \nThere are 7 levels on the INES scale:\n 7Major accident(maximum credible accident)\n 6Serious accident\n 5Accident with off-site risk\n 4Accident without off-site risk\n 3Serious incident\n 2Incident\n 1Anomaly\n 0Deviation, no safety relevance\nDetails.\nLevel 7 is the highest level. Accidents of this type have a large impact (pollution, radiation) outside the site where they occur. The health of many people is put in danger. There are big effects on the environment. Examples: Fukushima nuclear disaster - 2011, Chernobyl disaster (former Soviet Union) - 1986.\nLevel 6 Accidents of this type have a large impact (pollution, radiation) outside the site where they occur. Several governments may need to do a lot to protect their population. Example: Mayak (former Soviet Union) 1957. Because of the levels of radioactive materials released, the Mayak accident would probably be rated at level 7 today.\nLevel 5 Accidents of this type release some radiation. Some groups of people which are at risk may need special countermeasures. Examples: Windscale fire (United Kingdom) - 1957, Three Mile Island accident (United States) - 1979.\n\"The Levels 5-7 are related to severe damage of the reactor core and the radiological barriers.\" \nLevel 4 is for significant damage of the reactor core / radiological barriers and/or a fatal exposure of a worker (or more), but the off-site impact is minor, resulting in public exposure of the order of the prescribed limits. Examples: Windscale (United Kingdom) - 1973, Saint-Laurent (France) - 1980, Buenos Aires (Argentina) - 1983.\nLevel 3 is for very small off-site impact, although related to severe spread of contamination on-site / acute health effects to a worker (or more). It is a \"near accident\" event, when no safety layers are remaining. Example: Vandellos (Spain) - 1989, THORP plant Sellafield (United Kingdom) - 2005.\nLevel 2 is an incident with no off-site impact, related to significant spread of contamination on-site / overexposure of a worker.\nLevel 1 is an anomaly beyond the authorized operating regime.\nLevel 0 is a \"below-scale event\" of no safety significance.\nThere are also events of no safety relevance, characterized as \"out of scale\"."}
+{"id": "26143", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26143", "title": "Hafnarfj\u00f6r\u00f0ur", "text": "Hafnarfj\u00f6r\u00f0ur is a city found on the western coast of Iceland. It is about 10 kilometres south of Reykjav\u00edk. It is the third biggest city in Iceland.. Around 25,400 people were living in Hafnarfj\u00f6r\u00f0ur as of 2008."}
+{"id": "26144", "revid": "1275011", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26144", "title": "Level", "text": "Level might refer to;"}
+{"id": "26148", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26148", "title": "Harnarfjordhur", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26151", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26151", "title": "Bloomington, Illinois", "text": "Bloomington is a city in McLean County, Illinois, United States. It is considered a \"Twin City\" of Normal, Illinois. It is probably best known as the headquarters of State Farm Insurance."}
+{"id": "26152", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26152", "title": "1252", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26153", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26153", "title": "Giverny", "text": "Giverny is a village in Normandy, France. It was the temporary home of Claude Monet. At Giverny Monet paintings became much more popular. Here he painted the famous \"Poppy Field Near Giverny\", Grain stacks\" and \"The Japanese Bridge\":"}
+{"id": "26168", "revid": "551548", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26168", "title": "Fort Collins, Colorado", "text": "Fort Collins is a city in the U.S. state of Colorado. It is near the Cache la Poudre River and home of Colorado State University."}
+{"id": "26169", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26169", "title": "Silver Spring, Maryland", "text": "Silver Spring is a community in the U.S. state of Maryland. It is a suburb of Washington, DC. It is the fifth biggest place in Maryland by population. Its population in 2020 was 81,015. Francis Preston Blair founded Silver Spring in 1840."}
+{"id": "26170", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26170", "title": "Austin Texas", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26175", "revid": "1655714", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26175", "title": "Iraq", "text": "Iraq is a country in southwestern Asia. Iraq borders Saudi Arabia and Kuwait to the south, Turkey to the north, Syria to the northwest, Jordan to the west, and Iran to the east. The capital of Iraq is Baghdad.\nIraq has been known by the Greek name Mesopotamia, which means \"(Land between the rivers)\" and has been home to successive civilizations since the 6th millennium BC. The region between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers is often referred to as a cradle of civilization and the birthplace of writing. Iraq was part of several empires, including the Safavid and Afsharid dynasties. During World War I's Mesopotamian Campaign, British troops conquered the Ottoman Empire provinces of Basra and Baghdad and later added the province of Mosul to form Iraq.\nMost Iraqis are Shia Muslims, though there is a significant Sunni Muslim minority.\nPolitics.\nFrom 1968 to 2003, Iraq was ruled by the Ba'ath Party. Saddam Hussein was the president from 1979 until the disbandment of the Iraq Ba'ath Party in 2003.\nAfter the 1990 Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, the United States led a 42-country coalition including the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, France, Italy, and Pakistan to free Kuwait from Iraqi occupation. Later, agents believed to be sent by Saddam Hussein tried to kill former President George H. W. Bush with a truck bomb in Kuwait.\nThe Kurdistan Region gained autonomy in the 1990s. Kurdistan has its own parliament and army known as the Peshmerga.\nThe March 2003 invasion of Iraq was led by American, British, Australian, French, Danish and Polish forces. This began the Iraq War. They captured Baghdad and forced the ruling Ba'ath Party of Iraq to surrender. The publicly stated reason for the invasion was that Saddam Hussein refused to let United Nations inspectors look for suspected nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons. In 1988, Saddam Hussein used chemical weapons to kill Iraqi Kurds while trying to suppress a Kurdish rebellion in the northern part of the country. Iraq had researched how to make biological and nuclear weapons.\nThe country was initially split into three zones: the American occupation zone, the British occupation zone, and the Polish occupation zone, similar to the way Germany was divided after World War II. Forces from Denmark controlled areas in the British occupation zone. A new temporary government was formed on June 28, 2004.\nU.S., British and multinational troops stayed in the country until December 15, 2011 when the Iraq War ended and coalition forces withdrew from Iraq. Tensions between religious groups (Shia and Sunni Muslims, as well as Christians) led to much instability in the country.\nGeography.\nThe country lies between two rivers; for this reason the area was called Mesopotamia in ancient times. The rivers Euphrates and Tigris bound what is called the Fertile Crescent. Iraq also has a small coastline along the Persian Gulf, and this coastline was considered the heart of the petroleum trade in Iraq before the First Gulf War. The weather is extremely hot and dry because Iraq is far from seas and oceans and even the close ones are blocked by mountains so that the rainy wind can not reach the inlands. This region has fertile land because of the two rivers.\nIraq is divided into 18(discluding partially recognized halabja)Governorates (\"muhafazah\"). also the Iraqi Constitution has recognized only one autonomous federal region inside Iraq, the name of the region is Kurdistan Region, this region consists of the three Governorates(and one partially recognized one)of Duhok ( \u062f\u0647\u0648\u0643 ), Erbil ( \u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0644 ), As-Sulaymaniyah (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 ) and Halabja (\u062d\u0644\u0628\u062c\u0629)\nKurdistan Region Governorates are marked in bold.\nPartially recognized Governorate are marked in \"Italic\".\nEconomy.\nIraq has a large amount of oil. Iraq is the world's number four in petroleum production and the world's number two in petroleum reserves. In the past, Iraq sold much of this oil to other countries. After Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990, the United Nations stopped Iraq from selling the oil. The United Nations later allowed Iraq to sell some oil to buy food, clothes, and medicine so the people would not suffer as much. This was called the \"Oil-for-Food\" program."}
+{"id": "26182", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26182", "title": "Neutron star", "text": "A neutron star is a very small and dense star made almost completely of neutrons. They are small stars with a radius of about 1111.5 kilometres. They have a mass of about twice that of the Sun. They are the smallest and densest stars known to exist in the Universe. They are what is left of a huge star which exploded as a supernova.\nThe density of the star is like that of the nucleus of an atom. They have strong magnetic fields, between 108 and 1015 times as strong as that of Earth. The gravitational field at the neutron star's surface is about 2\u00d71011 times stronger than on Earth.\nTo imagine how dense a neutron star is, take all of the mass of our sun (which has a diameter of ) and push it down into a size that would fit into a ball with a diameter. Another way to understand the density is this: one teaspoon of matter from the neutron star would weigh 6 billion tons.\nNeutron stars spin very fast, from 0.001 second up to 30 seconds to turn. They come in different types. They may emit beams of electromagnetic radiation as pulsars. Other types are magnetars and binary pulsars.\nNeutron stars are very hot, usually around at their surface.\nHistory.\nIn 1934, Walter Baade and Fritz Zwicky proposed the existence of neutron stars, only a year after the discovery of the neutron by James Chadwick.\nLooking for the origin of a supernova, they suggested that in supernova explosions ordinary stars are turned into stars that consist of extremely closely packed neutrons, which they called neutron stars. Baade and Zwicky suggested that the release of the gravitational binding energy of the neutron stars powers the supernova: \"In the supernova process, mass in bulk is annihilated\".\nNeutron stars were thought to be too faint to be detectable. Little work was done on them until November 1967, when Franco Pacini (1939\u20132012) pointed out that if the neutron stars were spinning and had large magnetic fields, then electromagnetic waves would be emitted. Radio astronomer Antony Hewish and his research assistant Jocelyn Bell at Cambridge soon detected radio pulses from stars that are now known as pulsars."}
+{"id": "26183", "revid": "1391751", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26183", "title": "Parent", "text": "Parents are the mother and father or caretaker of their offspring. \nIn humans, a parent is the mother or the father figure of a child. They are either biologically or legally related to the person. When parents separate and choose who takes care of a child it is called \"custody\". Parents who fail in their duty may be guilty of child abuse."}
+{"id": "26212", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26212", "title": "Lee Hsien Loong", "text": "Lee Hsien Loong (born 10 February 1952) is a Singaporean politician who is currently serving as the Senior Minister of Singapore. He had served as the Prime Minister of Singapore from 2004 to 2024.\nLee was born in 1952 at Kandang Kerbau Hospital (presently known as KK Women's and Children's Hospital). He is the first child of Lee Kuan Yew and Kwa Geok Choo. Lee Kuan Yew, was the first Prime Minister of Singapore.\nAfter leaving the SAF in 1984, he entered politics during the 1984 general elections. In 1987, he became a full member of the Cabinet as Minister for Trade and Industry and Second Minister for Defence. In 1990, Lee Hsien Loong was made a deputy prime minister.\nBackground and education.\nOn his grandmother (father's side), Chua Jim Neo is a Hokkien Nyonya. His mother's ancestors are from Tong'an District, Xiamen, Fujian, China. He studied at Nanyang Primary School, Catholic High School and National Junior College.\nIn 1971, Lee joined the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF). Lee was promoted to very high rank quickly in the Singapore Army. In July 1983, he became the youngest Brigadier General in Singapore. He left SAF in 1984.\nEarly political life.\nIn the 1980s, Lee Kuan Yew said he will step down as Prime Minister in 1984. Lee Hsien Loong was considered in the list of new leaders in PAP.\nIn 1984, at 32, He was elected an MP. His father immediately assigned him as a Minister of State for some ministries.\nIn 1987, he joined in the Cabinet as the Minister for Trade and Industry and Second Minister for Defence.\nSalary.\nFrom 2008 to 2012, Lee's salary was S$3.87 million every year. He had a salary increase of 25%, it was originally S$3,091,200.\nIn January 2012, his salary was reduced to S$2.2 million due to the public having complained then about his unfair salary. But, he is still the prime minister with the highest salary in the world."}
+{"id": "26220", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26220", "title": "Adam and Eve", "text": "Adam and Eve are the parents of all humans in the Abrahamic religions. In the Book of Genesis in the Bible, as well as the Qu'ran and the Aqdas, they are the first two people made by God.\nThe Bible says that the \"N\u0101\u1e25\u0101\u0161\" (translated as serpent) tempted Eve so she could eat the forbidden fruit of the tree of knowledge of good and evil in the middle of the garden, disobeying God's command. When Adam and Eve sinned, they were cast out of the Garden of Eden and cursed with pain, death, and sickness.\nIn the Christian religion, the serpent is the Devil, a fallen angel and chief demon, who carries the titles of \"Lucifer\" (\"Light bringer\" or \"Shining One\") and \"Satan\" (\"Accuser\" or \"Adversary\").\nAdam.\nThe second chapter of Genesis says that God made Adam from the dust of the ground. Then, God breathed life into him. God made a garden, called the Garden of Eden, for him to live in and take care of. Adam named the animals that God made. God did not provide clothing for Adam or Eve until they disobeyed him. He gave them tunics made out of animal fur when he banished them from Eden. .\nEve.\nGod knew that the animals were not good enough friends for Adam, who needed a partner like him. So God took a rib from Adam and used it to make Eve (meaning \"mother of all living\"). Adam did not give her this name until God banished them from Eden when he provided clothing for them out of animal fur after they disobeyed him.\nThe fall and punishment.\nChapter three of Genesis says that Adam and Eve had everything they needed in the garden. There was only one thing that God told them that they should \"not\" do: eat from the Tree of Knowledge; only from the Tree of Life. The serpent told them that God does not want you both to be as intelligent as he is, so this convinced Eve to disobey God's orders. Once they ate the forbidden fruit, they were forced to leave Eden. Not only that, but God said that women would experience pain during childbirth, that men would have to work hard to grow food, and that he would return to the dust from which he came at death.\nResults of Adam's fall for everyone.\nMany Christians believe that because Adam sinned, his descendants are born inclined to evil. They cannot turn to God unless God first gives them Divine grace. This way God makes it possible for them to respond to Him and be saved. "}
+{"id": "26221", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26221", "title": "Ramadan", "text": "Ramadan (sometimes spelled Ramazan, Ramzan, Ramadhan) is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, during which Muslims fast or do not eat or drink during the daytime. It is the holiest month in Islam. As mentioned in Sura Bakarah, verse number 183: \nO ye who believe! Fasting is prescribed to you as it was prescribed to \nthose before you, that ye may [learn] self-restraint.\nOverview.\nThe date for the start of Ramadan is slightly different each year, depending on the position of the moon. Once Ramadan starts, Muslims should not eat or drink between dawn and sunset. This usually continues for thirty days, but sometimes twenty-nine days.\nFasting is supposed to teach Muslims about patience and ibadah (faith). It is a time for Muslims to think about how the poor and homeless suffer without lots of food. It helps Muslims to be more obedient, and less greedy. During Ramadan, Muslims ask to be forgiven for their sins, and they pray for help in stopping them from doing bad things. Muslims believe Ramadan is the month in which the first verses of the Qur'an were revealed to Muhammad. \nNot everyone has to fast in Ramadan. Children do not have to fast. They should start when they reach the age of puberty, so long as they are healthy. People who are travelling long distances do not have to fast. While menstruating, women do not have to. Pregnant women do not have to if they think it might harm their unborn baby. Sometimes sportsmen do not observe the fast, although there are disagreements about this. For example, the Olympic Games in 2012 fell in the middle of the holy month. This made it very difficult for the sportsmen who could not eat or drink during daytime.\nWhen the sun goes down and it gets dark the Muslim people will start eating again (this is called \"breaking the fast\"). This meal is known as Iftar. There are often big meals enjoyed together by lots of Muslims. Sometimes markets open after Iftar and stay open during the night. Ramadan is also the month when the \"Quran\" was sent down into Earth by an Angel called \"Jibrill\" (\"Gabriel\")."}
+{"id": "26226", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26226", "title": "Caykur Rizespor", "text": "Caykur Rizespor is a sports club in Rize, Turkey. It was started in 1968. Caykur Rizespor 's home stadium is the Caykur Didi Stadyumu in Rize. Caykur Rizespor is in Turkish Super League."}
+{"id": "26232", "revid": "10124289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26232", "title": "Tenzing Norgay", "text": "Tenzing Norgay (May 29, 1914 \u2013 May 9, 1986) was a Sherpa climber. Norgay and Sir Edmund Hillary were the first people to reach the top of Mount Everest on May 29, 1953. During his life he had several wives, as it is part of Sherpa lifestyle. Norgay was born in Kharta Valley, Nepal. He died aged 71 in Darjeeling, India.\nEarly Life.\nThere are different views about his early life. The account that he gave in his first autobiography, accepted for several years, is that he was a Sherpa born and brought up in Khumbu in Nepal. However more recent research has led to the claim that he was born a Tibetan in Kharta valley, Tibet, but his family were left destitute when their yaks were killed by disease, and he was sold as a bonded servant to a Sherpa family in Thamey in Nepal. Khumbu lies near Mount Everest, which the Tibetans and Sherpas call Chomolungma which in Tibetan means Mother Goddess of the Earth.\nHis exact date of birth is not known, but he knew it was in late May by the weather and the crops. After his ascent of Everest on 29 May, he decided to celebrate his birthday on that day thereafter.\nHe was originally called \"Namgyal Wangdi\", but as a child his name was changed on the advice of the head lama and founder of the famous Rongbuk Monastery, Ngawang Tenzin Norbu. Tenzing Norgay translates as \"wealthy-fortunate-follower-of-religion.\" His father, a yak herder, was Ghang La Mingma (d. 1949) and his mother was Dokmo Kinzom (who lived to see him climb Everest); he was the 11th of 13 children, most of whom died young.\nHe ran away from home twice in his teens, first to Kathmandu and later Darjeeling, and, at age 19, eventually settled in the Sherpa community in Too Song Bhusti in Darjeeling, West Bengal, India.\nOne of his autobiographies is \"Tiger of the snows: The Autobiography of Tenzing of Everest\", written in 1955.\nJourneys.\nTenzing Norgay had been on several attempts to reach the top of Mount Everest. Two of the attempts were stopped by bad weather which caused them to turn around. One of failed attempts was in 1935 with Eric Shipton. Eventually, after 6 failure attempts, Norgay finally reached the top of Mount Everest in 1953 along with Sir Edmund Hillary. They came back down from the top of the mountain on May 29, 1953 .\nAfter Mount Everest.\nTenzing later became director of field training for the Himalayan Mountaineering Institute in Darjeeling. In 1978 he started Tenzing Norgay Adventures, a company providing trekking adventures in the Himalaya.\nAs of 2003 the company was run by his son Jamling Tenzing Norgay, who himself reached the summit of Everest in 1996.\nHe was honored with the prestigious Padma Bhushan, India's third highest civilian honour, in 1959.\nThe Government of India instituted the Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Awards in his honour, awarded annually.\nIn 2024, \"Tezning\" an adventure film making right was acquired by Apple and the movie is releasing in 2026. \nDeath.\nTenzing Norgay died of a cerebral hemorrhage on 9 May 1986.\nReferences.\nTenzing Norgay also great grand father of Tseten lama"}
+{"id": "26233", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26233", "title": "Sherpa", "text": "The Sherpa are an ethnic group in Nepal, who live in the higher parts of the Himalayas. They often help guide people through the mountains. They also sometimes live on the trail of Mt. Everest. A well known Sherpa is Tenzing Norgay, who helped Edmund Hillary climb to the top of Mt. Everest."}
+{"id": "26234", "revid": "2785", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26234", "title": "Marske by the Sea", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26259", "revid": "1213304", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26259", "title": "Charlotte Eagles", "text": "The Charlotte Eagles are a soccer club that plays in Charlotte, North Carolina. The team's first season was 1993. They play in the 2nd Division of the United Soccer Leagues."}
+{"id": "26260", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26260", "title": "Charlotte, North Carolina", "text": "Charlotte is the most populous city in the U.S. state of North Carolina and the 15th most populous city in the United States. In 2020, the population of Charlotte according to the U.S. Census Bureau was 874,579. In addition, the population of Charlotte's metro area is listed as 2,660,329. \nHistory.\nThe first people settled at the place where Charlotte is in 1755 when a man named Thomas Polk built a house near two Native American trading paths. More people started living in the area and in 1768 it became a town named Charlotte Town. It was named after Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, the wife of King George III, because the townspeople wanted him to like them and not have him pass unfair laws. For this reason, the city is nicknamed the 'Queen City'. However, despite naming the city after his wife, George III still passed laws that the people in Charlotte did not like. So, on May 20, 1775, the people in Charlotte signed a proclamation that later was called the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence. They did not want to be ruled by the king anymore so eleven days later they had a meeting and made new laws for their town.\nIn the early 1800s, many churches started to form in Charlotte. That is why Charlotte is sometimes called \u201cThe City of Churches.\u201d\nIn 1799, a boy found a big rock. When a jeweler told his family that it was gold, the first gold rush in the United States started. A lot of gold was found. More gold was found in North Carolina then any other state until the California Gold Rush of 1848. Some people in Charlotte still enjoy looking for gold.\nAfter the Civil War Charlotte became a busy town. Cotton farmers brought their cotton to Charlotte to ship it on trains. Even more people started living in Charlotte during World War I. When the war ended a lot of people stayed in the city.\nToday the city is known for its many banks. Charlotte is the second biggest banking city in the United States. Only New York City has more banks.\nWeather.\nCharlotte has many different kinds of weather throughout the year. In the winter the temperature sometimes goes below 32\u00a0\u00b0F (0\u00a0\u00b0C) and in the summer it has gone up to 104\u00a0\u00b0F (40\u00a0\u00b0C). The city usually gets about 43.52\u00a0inches (1105.3\u00a0mm) of precipitation a year. Most of it is rain. It does not snow much in Charlotte.\nThis table shows the average temperature and rainfall each month:\nEconomy.\nBanking is very important in Charlotte. Many banks, such as Bank of America and Wachovia have headquarters in the city. There are also many other big companies in Charlotte. There are many skyscrapers (tall buildings) in Charlotte.\nNASCAR also has many offices in Charlotte and in the towns around Charlotte.\nGovernment.\nCharlotte has a council-manager kind of government. This means that there two main leaders in Charlotte: the city council who makes the laws, and the city manager who makes sure everybody follows the laws.\nThe Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department is in charge of keeping everyone in the city safe. The are about 1600 police officers in the Police Department.\nSchools.\nThe city\u2019s public school system, called Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools, is the second biggest school system in North Carolina. The school system has about 146,000 students.\nThere is a university, called the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, in Charlotte. Right now there are about 29,000 students who go to this university. There is also a community college, called Central Piedmont Community College, in the city. It is the biggest community college in both North or South Carolina. Charlotte has many private universities as well.\nSports.\nThere are many professional sports teams in Charlotte. Some of them are:\nCharlotte also has several parks and other public places for people to enjoy.\nTransportation.\nMass Transportation.\nThere are many public busses to help people get around the city. In 2007 Charlotte began a mass transit light rail system. Charlotte also has a system of small trains called LYNX.\nAirport.\nCharlotte's International Airport is named Charlotte/Douglas. which is the 11th busiest airport in the world.\nRoads.\nBecause Charlotte is in the middle of the east coast of the U.S., a lot of people drive through the city every day. Charlotte has many big interstates to handle all the traffic. But many people think Charlotte does not have good roads. They are big, but they were not planned well.\nTrains.\nAmtrak runs three different trains every day in Charlotte. People can ride these trains to the following cities:"}
+{"id": "26263", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26263", "title": "Parents", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26264", "revid": "10393513", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26264", "title": "Carolina Panthers", "text": "The Carolina Panthers are an American Football team in the National Football League or the NFL. The Panthers play at Bank of America Stadium in Charlotte, North Carolina. They played their first game in 1995. Their current quarterbacks are Bryce Young And Andy Dalton. The team has gone to the playoffs 7 times and to the Super Bowl twice. The most recent appearance was in the . \nThey are most recently known for their terrible 2023 season, in which they only won two games and lost fifteen. They would have had the first overall pick in the 2024 NFL Draft, but they traded it to the Chicago Bears. They are ranked as one of the worst teams in the NFL, along with the New England Patriots and the New York Giants. "}
+{"id": "26265", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26265", "title": "Georgia (U.S. State)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26270", "revid": "18539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26270", "title": "ADD", "text": "ADD or Add can mean:"}
+{"id": "26314", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26314", "title": "Selgovae", "text": "The Selgovae were a Brythonic tribe in Scotland, who lived in what is now the Borders. Their capital was on the North Eildon hill, near the current town of Melrose. This was a large hillfort covering an area of about 40 acres. It is believed that there were about 2500 people living in the fort. The Selgovae left the fort in 79 AD when the Roman army invaded the area. There are other Selgovae hillforts at Caidemuir Hill (near Peebles), Dreva Craig (near Broughton), Rubers Law (near Hawick), Whiteside Hill (near Romannobridge), Abory Hill (near Abington), Cow Castle (near Coulter), Quothquan Law (near Thankerton), Bodsberry Hill (near Crawford) and at Crawford. At Tamshiell Rigg there is evidence of a walled settlement. The Roman forts at Birrens, Netherby and Bewcastle were all built in Selgovae lands, north of Hadrian's Wall.\nIn the second century, the Selgovae are said to be one of the four kingdoms of ancient Scotland. By the end of the fourth century, the area had been taken over by Coel Hen and his kingdom of North Britain."}
+{"id": "26316", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26316", "title": "Browse", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26317", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26317", "title": "Harrison Ford", "text": "Harrison Ford (born July 20, 1942) is an American movie actor and producer. He is famous for his roles as Han Solo in the original \"Star Wars\" movie series and the title character of the \"Indiana Jones movie series\". He won an Saturn Award in 1981 and an Bambie Award in 1997.\nFord's role in the thriller movie \"Witness\" (1985) earned him his only Academy Award nomination for Best Actor. His other well known roles include \"The Mosquito Coast\" (1986), \"Working Girl\" (1988), \"Presumed Innocent\" (1990), \"The Fugitive\" (1993), \"Sabrina\" (1995), \"The Devil's Own\" (1997), \"Air Force One\" (1997), \"Six Days, Seven Nights\" (1998), \"What Lies Beneath\" (2000), ' (2002), \"Cowboys & Aliens\" (2011), \"42\" (2013), \"The Age of Adaline\" (2015), and ' (2025). \nFord has also worked on television, notably in the Paramount+ western series \"1923\" (2022\u2013present) and the Apple TV+ comedy series \"Shrinking\" (2023\u2013present).\nEarly life.\nHarrison Ford was born on July 20, 1942 in Chicago, Illinois, USA. His family has Irish, German, Russian and Jewish ancestry. Ford has described himself as \"Jewish as an actor, Irish as a person.\" He studied at Maine East High School in Park Ridge, Illinois and at Ripon College in Wisconsin.\nCareer.\nBefore he became successful as an actor, he worked as a carpenter during the 1970s. He is one of the most successful actors in the world. During his early years, he used the name '\"Harrison J. Ford\"' to stop the confusion between him and silent movie actor Harrison Ford. His movies have made a worldwide profit of US$5.65 billion. He is most known for his roles as Han Solo from \"Star Wars\" and as Indiana Jones in all four \"Indiana Jones movies\". Since then he formed a career relationship with both Steven Spielberg and George Lucas.\nIn 2025, he played Thaddeus Ross / Red Hulk in the Marvel Cinematic Universe in the movie \"\".\nPersonal life.\nFord was married to Mary Marquardt from 1964 until they divorced in 1979. Then he was married to Melissa Mathison from 1983 until they divorced in 2004. Then he was married to Calista Flockhart since 2010. He has two sons, Benjamin and Willard with Marquardt and a son, Malcolm and a daughter, Georgia with Mathison. Ford now lives in Los Angeles, California."}
+{"id": "26320", "revid": "1539758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26320", "title": "Prehistory", "text": "Prehistory (or better known as Pre-history) is the time before people began to write. The word comes from the Ancient Greek words \u03c0\u03c1\u03bf (\"pre\" = \"before\") and \u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03c1\u03af\u03b1 (\"historia\" = \"history\"). Paul Tournal first used the French word \"Pr\u00e9historique\". He found things made by humans more than ten thousand years ago in some caves in France. The word was first used in France around 1830 to talk about the time before writing. Daniel Wilson used it in English in 1851.\nThe term is mostly used for the period from 4.5 billion BC 3000 BC, roughly speaking, the Neolithic. Sometimes the term \"prehistoric\" is used for much older periods, but scientists have more accurate terms for those more ancient times.\nLess is known about prehistoric people because there are no written records (history) for us to study. Finding out about pre-history is done by archaeology. This means studying things like tools, bones, buildings and cave drawings. Pre-history ends at different times in different places when people began to write.\nIn the more ancient stone age pre-history, people lived in \"tribes\" and lived in caves or tents made from animal skin. They had simple tools made from wood and bones, and cutting tools from stone such as flint, which they used to hunt and to make simple things. They made fire and used it for cooking and to stay warm. They made clothing out of animal skins, and later by weaving. Society started when people began doing specialized jobs. This is called the division of labour. The division of labor made people depend on one another and led to more complex civilizations.\nSome important sciences that are used to find out more about pre-history are palaeontology, astronomy, biology, geology, anthropology, and archaeology. Archaeologists study things left over from prehistory to try to understand what was happening. Anthropologists study the traces of human behavior to learn what people were doing and why.\nAfter people started to record events, first by drawing symbols (called \"pictographs\") and then by writing, it became much easier to tell what happened, and history started. These records can tell us the names of leaders (such as Kings and Queens), important events like floods and wars, and the things people did in their daily lives. The time when \"prehistory\" ended and \"history\" started is different in different places, depending on when people began to write and if their records were kept safe or lost so they could be found later on. In places like Mesopotamia, China, and Ancient Egypt, things were recorded from very early times (around 3200 BC in Ancient Egypt) and these records can be looked at and studied. In New Guinea, the end of prehistory came much later, around 1900."}
+{"id": "26321", "revid": "314538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26321", "title": "Early Middle Ages", "text": "The Early Middle Ages were a period in European history that lasted from the 5th century to the 10th century. This period in history is called the \"Middle\" Ages because it came between ancient history and modern history. It is also called the Medieval Age. The Early Middle Ages were followed by the High Middle Ages and the Late Middle Ages. \nThe early Middle Ages has also been called \u201cthe Dark Ages\u201d because scholars in early modern times could not find much information about that time. They thought that there was very little culture, good literature, art, good architecture, technology or progress during this period.\nFall of Rome.\nThe Early Middle Ages started with the fall of the Western Roman Empire, which had ruled much of Europe in ancient history. Eventually, the empire started to weaken. In 410, Rome was sacked by Alaric, the leader of the Germanic tribe known as the Visigoths. Rome survived but had been greatly weakened. \nIn 476, when Rome was again invaded and sacked by Odoacer, he took the city for himself. He made himself the king of Italy. This ended the Western Roman Empire. After that, Europe entered the Early Middle Ages.\nLife in the Early Middle Ages.\nAs the Early Middle Ages began, Europe was experiencing the effects of the fall of the Western Roman Empire. Before, the empire\u2019s communication systems made it possible for people all over Europe to share ideas and facts. Now these communication systems were no longer working. This made it much more difficult to exchange knowledge and new ideas.\nFor many years, the Roman army had defended the empire and kept peace between different parts of Europe. Now, wars became common as people all over Europe started to fight each other for territory and resources.\nThe Catholic Church was very powerful during the Early Middle Ages. Most Europeans were Christian at this time. "}
+{"id": "26326", "revid": "1254198", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26326", "title": "KGB", "text": "KGB is the Russian-language abbreviation for State Security Committee. It was the main internal security agency for the Soviet Union from 1954 until its break-up in 1991. It was formed in 1954 as a successor of earlier agencies, the Cheka, NKVD, and MGB, after the deaths of Joseph Stalin and Lavrentiy Beria in 1953. \nDuring the Cold War, the KGB suppressed \"ideological subversion\". This meant suppressing unorthodox political and religious ideas, and the people who held those ideas. It was Soviet policy for the KGB (and the secret services of the satellite states) to monitor public and private opinion, internal subversion and possible counter-revolutionary plots in the Soviet Bloc.\nThe KGB was instrumental in crushing the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, and the Prague Spring of \"Socialism with a Human Face\", in 1968 Czechoslovakia. A record of some of its doings is contained in the Mitrokin Archive.\nDifferent stages.\nFrom 13 March 1954 to 6 November 1991, KGB was the main name for the main Soviet security agency, intelligence agency or spy agency, and the secret police agency.\nIn March 1953, Lavrenty Beria merged the MVD and the MGB into one agencythe MVD. In December of that year, Beria and six associates were executed and the MVD split. The re-formed MVD retained its police and law enforcement powers, while the second, new agency, the KGB, did the internal and external security functions, and reported to the Council of Ministers. \nOn 5 July 1978 the KGB was renamed as the \"KGB of the Soviet Union\", with its chairman holding a ministerial council seat. The KGB ended when its chief, Colonel-General Vladimir Kryuchkov, used the KGB's resources to help the August 1991 coup attempt to overthrow Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev. On 23 August 1991 Colonel-General Kryuchkov was arrested, and General Vadim Bakatin was appointed KGB Chairmanand mandated to dissolve the KGB of the Soviet Union. On 6 November 1991, the KGB officially ceased to exist, although Russia's new national security organization, the Russian \"Federalnaya sluzhba bezopasnosti\" (FSB), works in the same things that the Soviet KGB did.\nBelarus is the only post-Soviet Union era country where the national security organization is still called \"KGB\". Belarus is where Felix Dzerzhinsky started a group called the Cheka, which was an organization in the Soviet Union before the MVD or the KGB was started."}
+{"id": "26327", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26327", "title": "Federal Security Service", "text": "The FSB (\u0424\u0421\u0411) is an organisation in Russia that takes care of security of the country. It is the organisation that came after the KGB, relating to internal affairs inside the country. It is usually simply called the FSB in English-language sources. \nIts main responsibilities are within the country. It does counter-intelligence, internal and border security, counter-terrorism, and surveillance. It also investigates some other types of serious crimes. Its headquarters are in Lubyanka Square, Moscow's centre, in the main building of the former KGB. The Director of the FSB since 2008 is army general Aleksandr Bortnikov."}
+{"id": "26332", "revid": "1674078", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26332", "title": "Nicolaus Copernicus", "text": "Nicolaus Copernicus (19 February 1473 \u2013 24 May 1543) was a Polish astronomer. People know Copericus for his ideas about the sun and the earth. His main idea was that our world is \"heliocentric\" (\"helios\" = sun). His theory was that the sun is in the middle of the solar system, and the planets go around it.\npublished in his book, \"De revolutionibus orbium coelestium\" (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) in the year that he died.\nLife.\nCopernicus was born in 1473 in the city of Thorn (Toru\u0144) in Royal Prussia, a mainly German-speaking state that was ruled by the Polish king since 1466. He was the son of the merchant Niklas Koppernigk and his wife Barbara Koppernigk (born Barbara Watzenrode). His native language was German. He was taught first in Cracow and then in Italy, where he graduated as a lawyer of the church. He also studied medicine to serve his fellow clerics. Copernicus spent most of his life working and researching in Frauenburg (Frombork), Warmia, Royal Prussia where he died in 1543.\nCopernicus was one of the great polymaths of his age. He was a priest, mathematician, astrologer, jurist, physician, classical scholar, governor, administrator, diplomat, and economist . During all these jobs, he treated astronomy as a hobby. However, his doctrine of heliocentrism that the sun, rather than the earth, is at the center of the solar system, is one of the most important scientific hypotheses in history. It was the beginning of modern astronomy."}
+{"id": "26333", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26333", "title": "Claudius Ptolemaeus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26334", "revid": "826545", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26334", "title": "Projection (mathematics)", "text": "A projection in geometry is something like finding a shadow that an object casts onto another object. When a three-dimensional sphere is projected onto a plane, its projection will either be a circle or an ellipse.\nIn higher mathematics, projections are more broad. A projection is an idempotent function from a set onto a subset. When a function is idempotent, it means that no matter how many (positive) times one uses the map, it is the same as using the map one time.\nOften, projections pick coordinate from elements in a Cartesian product. For example, formula_1 can denote the map defined by formula_2."}
+{"id": "26338", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26338", "title": "Drizzle", "text": "Drizzle is the name given to light rain. The drop size of drizzle is smaller than that of rain, about 0.5\u00a0mm (millimeters) in diameter."}
+{"id": "26339", "revid": "1143533", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26339", "title": "Lightning", "text": "Lightning is a very powerful electrical discharge made during a thunderstorm. The electric current makes the air very hot. The suddenly heated air expands very quickly, which causes thunder. Sometimes lightning happens between clouds. Sometimes (in the rain) lightning goes from cloud to ground. If it goes from cloud to ground, it can strike a person. Around 2000 people are struck by lightning each year. A few of them are not killed.\nAbout 50 to 100 lightning bolts strike the Earth every second. Lightning has hit the Empire State Building as many as 500 times a year. A bolt of lightning can reach temperatures hotter than the surface of the sun.\nWhen lightning strikes, the surface rubs electrons from the lightning, and a spark of electricity shoots from the lightning to the surface. In a thunderstorm, the lower cloud has as many as 100 million volts of electricity. This electricity is given out either within the cloud, to the ground, to another cloud, or into the air. Lightning has been known to travel from the ground upwards to the cloud. In 1993, scientists discovered lightning bolts that shot upward from the top of a cumulonimbus cloud.\nPeople can make and study lightning with a Tesla coil or a Van de Graaff Generator.\nFranklin experiment.\nBenjamin Franklin experimented with electricity and was interested in lightning. He discovered many things about lightning. In 1772, he was the first to show that a thunderstorm lets out electricity. In his book he suggested an experiment to test it. Joseph Priestley said that Franklin flew a kite to prove the presence of electricity in the storm, using a dry silk string to protect himself from the electricity in the wet hemp kitestring. "}
+{"id": "26340", "revid": "9052854", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26340", "title": "Roseau", "text": "Roseau is the capital city of the Caribbean island of Dominica. It is home to more than fourteen thousand people.\nRoseau (Dominican Creole: Wozo) is the capital and largest city of Dominica, with a population of 14,725 as of 2011.[1] It is a small and compact urban settlement, in the Saint George parish and surrounded by the Caribbean Sea, the Roseau River and Morne Bruce. Built on the site of the ancient Island Carib village of Sairi, it is the oldest and most important urban settlement on the island of Dominica.\nIt is on the west (leeward) coast of Dominica and has a combination of modern and colonial French architecture.\nRoseau is Dominica's most important port for foreign trade. Some exports include bananas, bay oil, vegetables, grapefruit, oranges, and cocoa. The service sector is also a large part of the local economy. There are several private institutions registered in Dominica, like Ross University, Ballsbridge University, international university for graduate studies, All Saints University, New World University, Western Orthodox University.\nThere is a prominent diocese called Roman Catholic Diocese of Roseau."}
+{"id": "26349", "revid": "642202", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26349", "title": "Event", "text": "An event is something which happens or takes place. An event is brief, possibly extremely brief. Not like a process, which takes time. "}
+{"id": "26351", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26351", "title": "HIV/AIDS", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26365", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26365", "title": "Paint", "text": "Paint is the general term for liquid that is used to add colour to the surface of an object by covering it with a pigmented (coloured) coating. As a verb, painting means \"applying paint\" (putting paint onto something). Someone who paints is called a painter.\nPaint is made from a coloured pigment which is usually a powder. The powder is made from different chemicals. Some of the pigments come straight from natural things like clay. The pigment must be made wet by mixing it with something that will make it stick onto the surface and not come off easily. The wet stuff is called the \"medium\" or \"vehicle\". Water-based paints are mixed with water. Other paints are mixed with oils or chemicals of different sorts. Most painters buy paint that is already mixed. House-painters use paint already mixed in large cans. Artists buy paint in tubes. Some artists buy dry pigment and mix it for themselves.\nThe paint is usually put onto the surface with a paint brush. Paint brushes are used by painters of all sorts. House painters also use rollers and spray-guns to put on paint. A modern invention is paint in a pressurized can which can be sprayed on. Some modern artists also use spray paint. Factory paint shops have machines which spray paint onto objects. Cars are usually painted in this way.\nPaint must be allowed to dry. Some paints such as watercolour, dries in a few minutes. Other paints, such as artist's oil paint, can take days or even weeks to dry. Most other types of paints fit between these two. Many types of paint are best if they are put on in several layers. The painter must first prepare the surface so it is smooth, clean and dry. The first layer of paint is often an \"undercoat\" or \"ground\" which is smooth and sticks very well. The coloured paints are put on over the top. A house-painter who is using oil paint on a wooden window frame might used three layers of paint to give very good protection from the weather. Other types of modern house paint only need one layer, particularly on the inside. Artists using oil paint and tempera often use many layers to get just the right effect.\nUses of paint.\nPaint has four important uses.\nProtection.\nPaint is used to protect all sorts of buildings and structures from the effects of water and sun. Wooden buildings such as houses are usually painted because a coat of paint prevents water seeping into the wood and making it rot. The paint also helps to prevent the wood from drying out in the hot sun.\nMetal structures and objects of all sorts are painted to stop them from rusting. A very large steel structure such as a bridge must have a team of painters who keep the paint in good condition all the time.\nDecoration.\nPaint is used to decorate all sorts of objects. Since pre-historic times, people have painted the inside walls of their houses to make them look attractive. Painting and decorating the exterior (outside) and interior (inside) of houses is an important industry in many countries. There are many types and colours of paint to chose from.\nAll sorts of other objects are painted to make them attractive. This includes furniture, toys, tools and utensils, and street fittings. Sometimes things made of wood such as furniture are painted in decorative patterns. In some countries, many people enjoy decorating furniture and other small things like trays and boxes. This is one form of what is often called Folk Art. In other countries such as Japan, painting furniture is a very skilled profession and an antique piece of decorated furniture is very valuable. \nOther people enjoy the hobby of painting small objects such as model planes or soldiers.\nArt.\nPaintings are pictures that are done in paint. Many different types of paint are used for paintings. They include tempera, oil paint, gouache, watercolours and acrylic paints. The paintings are usually done on board, canvas or paper. Many other famous paintings are done on the walls and ceilings of buildings, such as the Sistine Chapel ceiling which was painted by Michelangelo.\nMany artists are famous for their painted pictures. Old, beautiful and famous paintings are very valuable and are sometimes sold for millions of dollars. Famous painters include Giotto, Leonardo da Vinci, Titian and Rembrandt.\nInformation.\nPaint is a very good way to give important information to people, using painted signs. Painted signs include lane markings on the road, street signs of all sorts, advertising signs and warning signs."}
+{"id": "26367", "revid": "1076232", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26367", "title": "Mark Antony", "text": "Mark Antony (Latin: Marcus Antonius, 14 January \"circa\" 82 BC \u2013 1 August 30 BC), was a Roman patrician from an upper-class family. He became a general and politician. He was an important supporter of Julius Caesar as a military commander and administrator.\nEnemy of the state, and the second triumvirate.\nAfter Caesar's assassination, Antony, left as sole Consul, surrounded himself with a bodyguard of Caesar's veterans. He forced the senate to transfer to him the province of Cisalpine Gaul, at the time administered by Brutus, one of the conspirators. Brutus refused to surrender the province and Antony set out to attack him in the beginning of 43 BC, besieging him at Mutina. \nEncouraged by Cicero, the Senate denounced Antony. In January 43 they granted Octavian \"imperium\" (commanding power), and sent him to relieve the siege. In April 43, Antony's forces were defeated at the battles of Forum Gallorum and Mutina, forcing Antony to retreat to Transalpine Gaul. \nNews came that Brutus and Cassius were assembling an army in order to march on Rome. Antony, Octavian and Lepidus joined as allies, in November 43 BC, to stop Caesar's assassins. The trio were the Second Triumvirate. Brutus and Cassius were defeated by Antony and Octavian at the Battle of Philippi in October 42 BC. After the battle, a new arrangement was made: while Octavian returned to Rome, Antony went on to govern the east of the Republic. Lepidus went to govern Hispania (Spain) and the province of Africa. The triumvirate's enemies were subjected to proscription, including Mark Antony's archenemy Cicero, who was killed on 7 December 43 BC.\nEgypt.\nAntony followed in Caesar's footsteps by going to Egypt and becoming Cleopatra's lover. They had three children together. His absence from Rome allowed the intelligent Octavian to build up support. \nThe triumvirate broke up in 33 BC, and disagreement turned to civil war in 31 BC. Antony was defeated by Octavian at the naval Battle of Actium and then at Alexandria. He committed suicide, as did his lover, Cleopatra VII of Egypt, in 30 BC.\nWilliam Shakespeare wrote a play \"Antony and Cleopatra\" based on this historical event."}
+{"id": "26368", "revid": "944", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26368", "title": "Marcus Antonius", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26370", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26370", "title": "Maps", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26374", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26374", "title": "Hats", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26377", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26377", "title": "Digg", "text": "Digg.com is a social news, sharing, discovering, bookmarking and rating information website. Digg started out as a popular technology news sharing destination.\nTopics.\nDigg allows users to submit 3 types of topic:\nHow Digg Works.\nThe Digg website works by allowing users to vote topic up (Digging);then displays popular stories on the front page of Digg. "}
+{"id": "26380", "revid": "814900", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26380", "title": "Crossword", "text": "A crossword, or crossword puzzle, is a popular type of puzzle that uses words. They are usually found in newspapers, magazines, and in books which contain a collection of them. They can also be played over the Internet and using mobile apps.\nThe first crossword puzzle was created by Arthur Wynne, a journalist from Liverpool. It first appeared in the December 21, 1913 issue of the New York World. Today, there are many newspapers and magazines that are known for their crossword puzzles, such as the New York Times. A different crossword is typically printed every day or in every issue, and the answer (or solution) is either found somewhere else or often is not seen until the next day or issue.\nHow to play.\nA traditional crossword is made up of black and white squares, called a grid. All the white squares appear in horizontal rows or vertical columns, but are not always separated with black squares. Another way to say this is that every white square must have at least one other white square touching it on any side. The kind of crossword that appears in newspapers and magazines, such as the one in the image, often has lots of white squares beside each other.\nThe goal of solving the puzzle is to write different words, letter-by-letter, in the white squares. Next to the grid is a list of clues. The answer to each clue is a word or sometimes a phrase. The place in the grid where the answer to each clue should go is shown by a number and the direction in which the answer appears, for example, \"1 Across\" or \"15 Down\". Many computer programs have been created to find the answers to these clues.\nThere are many types of crosswords. Straight (or Quick) crosswords are usually made up of simple definitions - which means that other words are used to describe the answer. Some crosswords, called cryptic crosswords, use riddles and word play and are usually more difficult than straight crosswords.\nExample.\nHere is a small example of a (British-style) straight crossword:\nAcross.\n1. Sheep sound (3)\n3. Neither liquid nor gas (5)\n5. Humour (3)\nDown.\n1. Road passenger transport (3)\n2. Permit (5)\n4. Short for \"Dorothy\" (3)\nThe solution (answer) to this crossword is:"}
+{"id": "26381", "revid": "3346", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26381", "title": "Crosswords", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26382", "revid": "3346", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26382", "title": "Riddles", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26385", "revid": "3346", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26385", "title": "Thames", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26387", "revid": "9854098", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26387", "title": "Bob Geldof", "text": "Robert Frederick Zenon Geldof, (; born 5 October 1951) is an Irish singer, songwriter, and political activist. He was born in D\u00fan Laoghaire, County Dublin. Geldof is a member of the band \"\". He also helped to organise the Live Aid and Live 8 events, and to form the Band Aid charity group. He also served as an actor for the Pink Floyd film The Wall, a musical about the album titled the same.\nGeldof was married to Paula Yates from 1986 until they divorced in 1996. They had three daughters together, Fifi Trixibelle (born 1983), Peaches (1989-2014) and Little Pixie (born 1990). In 1996, Yates had a daughter called Tiger by her partner Michael Hutchence, who died in 1997. Yates died in 2000. Geldof adopted their daughter. He lives in Battersea, London with Tiger and his partner Jeanne Marine.\nHe has an honorary knighthood. Because he is not a British citizen, he may never be called \"Sir.\" He was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006 and 2008."}
+{"id": "26388", "revid": "1674917", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26388", "title": "Bullseye (British game show)", "text": "Bullseye is a British television game show. It is hosted by Jim Bowen. In \"Bullseye\", people play darts and answer questions to win money. The person who wins the most money has a chance to win Bully's special prize. It ran from 1981 to 1995 on ITV and there was another series in 2006 on Challenge, hosted by Dave Spikey. The series ran on ATN in Great Britain from 1987 to 1996, hosted by Robert Shukoff."}
+{"id": "26391", "revid": "1673037", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26391", "title": "Coronation Street", "text": "Coronation Street (commonly known as Corrie) is the longest-running television soap opera in the world. It began on 9 December 1960. It is one of the two most popular soap operas in the UK, the other being \"EastEnders\" (since 1985). It has won many awards. It is set in Weatherfield, a fictional town based on inner-city Salford. It is currently filmed in Salford Quays, It used to be filmed at Granada Studios in Manchester from 1960 to 2014. William Roache has played Ken Barlow in it since the very first episode in 1960 by Tony Warren. He has acted in the show for longer than anyone else. Eileen Derbyshire, who played Emily Bishop, started in 1961 and departed in 2016 and returned for one appearance in 2019. Rita Sullivan played by Barbara Knox first appeared in one episode in 1964 and returned in 1972 and has continued as a regular cast member ever since. Gail Platt played by Helen Worth, who was at first meant to be a very small character, has appeared continuously since 1974. There are six half-hour episodes a week: two on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays. There have been more than 5000 characters in the show's history.\nThe soap opera is shown in many countries around the world. In the UK it is on ITV, the third television channel.\nCompare The Market was the show's sponsor from 2012 until 2020. Since 2021, Argos has been the show's sponsor.\nThe video of the 1984 Queen single \"I Want to Break Free\" parodies the show's characters.\nOther websites.\n "}
+{"id": "26392", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26392", "title": "European plaice", "text": "European plaice (\"Pleuronectes platessa\") is the name for a kind of fish. They are a commercially important flatfish. They live on the sandy bottoms of the European shelf. Its geographical range is from the Barents Sea to the Mediterranean. Plaice are characterised by their smooth, brown skin, red spots and bony ridge behind the eyes.\nThe fish feeds on polychaetes, crustaceans and bivalves. They can be found down to about 200 m.\nGastronomy.\nIn England they are often used as the fish in fish and chips.\nIn Danish cuisine they are one of the most commonly eaten fishes. Filleted, battered and pan-fried plaice is popular hot or cold as an open sandwich topping together with remoulade sauce and lemon slices. Battered plaice can also be served hot with french fries and remoulade sauce as a main dish; this fish and chips variant is commonly available as a children's special in Danish restaurants. Breaded frozen plaice, ready to be baked or fried at home, are readily available in supermarkets. Fresh plaice is also oven-baked."}
+{"id": "26393", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26393", "title": "Plaice", "text": "Plaice is the common name of three species of flatfishes:\nPlaice can also mean:"}
+{"id": "26394", "revid": "10363012", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26394", "title": "Taboo", "text": "In a group or society, a taboo is something that is not acceptable to talk about or do. An activity or behavior can be taboo in one culture, but not in another. Some things like cannibalism and sexual relationships between siblings are taboo in almost all societies. Sometimes even talking about taboos is taboo. Some taboos may also be against the law, and people who break them may be punished. Breaking taboos can seem rude, and can cause embarrassment or shame.\nOrigins of the word.\nThe English word \u201ctaboo\u201d comes from the Tongan word \"tapu\" or the Fijian word \"tabu\". These words usually mean \"not allowed\", or \"forbidden\". In its current use in Tonga, the word \"tapu\" also translates to \"sacred\" or \"holy\", this means something that is protected by custom or by law. For example, the main island in the Kingdom of Tonga, where the capital Nuku'alofa is located and most of the population resides, is called \"Tongatapu\".\nIts first recorded use in English dates back to 1777. An English explorer, Captain James Cook, went to a place he named \"the Friendly Islands\" (now Tonga). Writing about the Tongans, he wrote:\nSome Solomon Islanders say that their languages have a word \"tabu\" (said like \"ta-boo\") that means \u201choly.\u201d This word refers to places in the bush where holy spirits live. Local customs say that nobody should disturb these places unless a ceremony or ritual is taking place. As taboo, they are places that should not be touched. \nCommon taboos.\nMany world religions have taboos about food. Islam and Judaism both say there are some foods which people should never eat. A halal diet does not include any of the foods that are taboo in Islam. A kosher diet does not include any of the foods that are taboo in Judaism. Other religions say that people should be vegetarians. In these religions, eating meat is taboo. Many societies also have taboos about food. For example, cannibalism is taboo in most societies in the world.\nSome sexual activities, gender roles, and relationships are taboo in many religions, societies, and cultures. For example, fornication, adultery, endogamy violations, miscegenation, homosexuality, incest, bestiality, pedophilia, necrophilia and paraphilias are taboo in many groups.\nIn many societies, performing bodily functions in public is taboo. Taboo activities in public might include burping, flatulence, defecation, urination, masturbation, nosepicking, and spitting. In some societies, menstruation is taboo, and women are expected not to talk about it in public.\nSome religions say that certain types of genitalia are taboo. For example, Judaism says that boys should be circumcised. In some societies, having sex reassignment surgery is taboo.\nPornography, nudity, drug addiction, alcoholism, slavery, and vulgarity are taboo in many societies. Some cultures see certain gestures as taboo.\nIn some groups and societies, talking about race or racism is taboo.\nOrigin.\nThere are two major theories about why taboos exist. The '\u2019Anthropological approach\u2019\u2019 says that taboos are the result of history and culture. The \u2018\u2019Psychoanalytical approach\u2019\u2019 says there are psychological reasons for why taboos exist.\nAnthropological approach.\nThe anthropological approach says that taboos are the result of history and certain cultural experiences. Steven Pinker, A psychologist and writer, says that taboos have developed culturally from more basic instincts. He thinks that humans have a reflex to feel disgust when they see some things that carry disease (including dead bodies). He says that people created taboos regarding the dead because of this natural disgust for dead bodies. He thinks that some actions can also cause this reflex of disgust. He says many people have a reflex of disgust about incest (sexual relationships between family members). For this reason, taboos about incest developed.\nPsychoanalytical approach.\nThe psychoanalytical approach says that taboos exist because of people\u2019s unconscious thoughts and feelings. For example, Sigmund Freud thought that children naturally have sexual desires towards family members. In his book \u2018\u2019Totem and Taboo,\u2019\u2019 Freud wrote that taboos about incest developed to make sure people would not act on these sexual desires. Freud thought that incest and patricide are the only \u201cuniversal\u201d taboos (meaning these behaviors are taboo in almost all societies and cultures). He said that these taboos formed the basis of modern societies.\nGerman psychologist Wilhelm Wundt explains that taboos come from people\u2019s fear of a \"demonic\" power. When people think this demonic power lies hidden in an object, that object becomes taboo. Sigmund Freud disagreed. Freud thought that Wundt\u2019s ideas did not consider the psychological reasons for taboos. Writing about the history of taboos, Freud said:\nFreud added: \"Anyone who has violated a taboo becomes taboo himself because he possesses the dangerous quality of tempting others to follow his example.\""}
+{"id": "26396", "revid": "1530097", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26396", "title": "Flatfish", "text": "A flatfish is a type of fish which is a member of the order Pleuronectiformes. There are several different kinds of flatfish. Some of them are fished commercially, like flounder, sole, turbot, plaice, and halibut. They are part of the Percomorpha.\nAll flatfish are rather flat, and are ray-finned fish. During their evolution, their eyes have moved so that they are on the same side, which the fish keeps uppermost. They swim like this, and can hide in the sand waiting for prey on the ocean floor. They have a capacity for dynamic camouflage, which is under nervous control, and can change in 'real time' to match their background.\nIt is a group of fish which are all adapted to the same habitat. They share those features which suit their life-style. They have both eyes on one side of the head: the upper side. This is their main adaptation to living on the seabed (benthos). Other distinguishing (different from others) features are the protrusible eyes: they can stick the eyes up a bit to see round.\nEvolution.\nThe flatfish life-style or 'habit' evolved several times independently, so the group is polyphyletic. Their young are perfectly symmetrical, but the head is remodelled during a metamorphosis. One eye moves to the other side, close to the other eye. Some species have both eyes on the left (turbot), some on the right (halibut, sole). All living and most fossil flatfish show an 'eyed' side and a 'blind' side.\nCharles Darwin predicted a gradual migration of the eye in evolution, mirroring the metamorphosis of the living forms. A recent examination of two fossil species from the Eocene shows \"the assembly of the flatfish bodyplan occurred in a gradual, stepwise fashion\". The intermediate stages survived for quite a long time: over two geological stages. They are found in sites together with flatfish with the full cranial asymmetry. That shows the intermediate stages were at no particular disadvantage. Eventually, the more complete forms did survive. The evolution of flatfish falls squarely within the evolutionary synthesis.\n\"Amphistium\" is a 50-million-year-old fossil fish which has been identified as an early relative of the flatfish, and as a transitional fossil. In \"Amphistium\", the transition from the typical symmetrical head of a vertebrate is incomplete, with one eye placed near the top-center of the head. Paleontologists concluded that \"the change happened gradually, in a way consistent with evolution by natural selection.\nToday a large number of fish from various groups are flatfish. One report says over 800 species in 16 families of fish are flatfish.\nFamilies.\nSuborder Psettodoidei\nSuborder Pleuronectoidei\nCharacteristics.\nThe most obvious characteristic of flatfish is their asymmetry. If you see an adult flatfish, you can see the eyes lying on the same side of the head.\nSome species.\nThis is not a complete list of flatfish."}
+{"id": "26397", "revid": "40117", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26397", "title": "Trey", "text": "Trey is a frequently used name for male children in the United States. It is a concise and straightforward name with a significant historical background. The name Trey is derived from the Latin term \"tres,\" which translates to \"three.\" It is commonly employed as a moniker for boys who are the third-born in their family or were born on the third day of the month. Nonetheless, the name Trey has evolved over time to have a wider connotation and is now frequently used as a standalone name. The pronunciation of the name is [ trey ]. This name was ranked #653 on the US Popular Names in 2021. "}
+{"id": "26401", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26401", "title": "Monopoly", "text": "A monopoly (from the Greek \"monos\", one + \"polein\", to sell) is when a product or service can only be bought from one supplier for a specific market. If other firms serve the market, they may be too small compared to the largest, thus allowing the large firm to have a lot of market power. A monopoly usually happens when there is no economic competition to produce the product or service and there is no available substitutes to the product or service.\nIn economics, a monopoly is a single producer of a product or service. In law, a monopoly is a firm that has a lot of market power and is able to charge very high prices for a product or service. As long as the firm has a lot of market power, it does not matter if the firm is large or small, as size is not used to decide if a firm is a monopoly.\nA monopoly can be formed by the government, by merging a few firms to form a large one, or form naturally to become a natural monopoly. In many places, utilities such as telephone service or cable television are monopolies, as it is very costly to build the infrastructure for another firm to compete in the market. Such natural monopolies is hence allowed by the government, but is usually strictly controlled to prevent the monopoly from charging a very high price for a product or service.\nMany countries, including the United States, have laws to stop companies from having a monopoly or to limit the actions that they can do as a monopoly.\nFeatures of a monopoly.\nIn classical economics, a monopoly does this:\nMonopoly model and efficiency.\nA monopoly is a type of firm that wants to make its profits as big as possible, and as the market does not have any other large firms, the monopoly is able to set prices on their products or services. Hence, the monopoly would set a price that would maximize the profits that they gain, but cause the consumers to have to pay more for the same good.\nFor all types of firms (including monopoly), firms make their profits biggest at the output level in which the marginal revenue and marginal cost curves meet, known as the profit maximizing output. But when a firm is a monopoly, the price that the firm sets is the price level of the demand curve for that amount of output. However, it is better for society if the output level is when the marginal cost and the demand curve meet, which is of a higher output and a lower price than what the monopoly produces. Hence, since society could be better if more of the good is produced, a deadweight loss is created. A monopoly is hence not allocatively efficient.\nDepending on the total cost that the monopoly has, a monopoly may be able to earn supernormal profits in the long run. This thus allows the monopoly to have money to do costly innovation or become more cost efficient in producing the products or services. However, there are people who believe that a monopoly may become complacent and not do innovation at all as there is no competition in the market.\nNatural monopoly.\nA natural monopoly can happen when there is very high barriers to entry that it is not profitable for more firms to enter the market for the level of demand that is present in the market. A natural monopoly keeps getting increasing economies of scale for the level of demand in the market, and relatively high fixed costs. The average cost of production would then keep decreasing for the whole demand of the product or service. It is thus cheaper for a single firm to produce the product or service, as it would not be profitable for two or more firms to be in the market.\nA natural monopoly is similar to a normal monopoly and can be inefficient. Hence, governments tend to make laws that controls what the natural monopoly does, mainly to set prices at an affordable level."}
+{"id": "26403", "revid": "10348247", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26403", "title": "Pluto (Disney)", "text": "Pluto is a fictional non-anthropomorphic dog that belongs to Mickey Mouse. He is a golden-yellow bloodhound dog with a green collar. He was introduced in 1930 and got his name from the dwarf planet Pluto.\nPluto taught many kids lessons such as sharing, not to have jealousy, and many others. Pluto was very energetic. Pluto was created by Walt Disney."}
+{"id": "26404", "revid": "1417126", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26404", "title": "Even number", "text": "An even number is an integer that can be divided by two and remain an integer or has no not real remainder. For example, formula_1 is an even number, because formula_2, and formula_3 is an integer. An even number may be either a negative integer like -16, a positive like 20 or Zero Integer.\nDefinition.\nIf an even number is divided by two, the result is another integer. Another way to say this is that even numbers are divisible by two. If formula_4 is an even number, we can write this as formula_5, which means \"formula_6 divides formula_4\".\nAn integer that is not an even number is an odd number. The quality of being odd or even is called the parity of a number.\nSince even numbers are integers, negative numbers can be even. For example, formula_8 is an even negative number. Also, formula_9 is an even number, because formula_10."}
+{"id": "26405", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26405", "title": "Mardi Gras", "text": "Mardi Gras (Fat Tuesday) is a festival held the day before Ash Wednesday (shrove Tuesday) which signifies the end of the Carnival season and the start of Lent. Many cities (especially those with large Catholic populations) like New Orleans are famous for their Mardi Gras. \nDuring Mardi Gras, almost everyone takes part in celebrating with lavish parades and parties. Many different people celebrate Mardi Gras in their own way, some people have small parties and eat many of the tasty pastries and some people have huge parties and celebrate in a big way. Some of the pastries they eat are called king's cake, hot cross buns, punchskis, tricolor scrolls and thick sugar cookies. There are many more things that other people eat but these are the usual American celebration food for mardi gras. There are so many different parades and kinds of celebrations.\nIn some countries, including the United Kingdom, Ireland and Australia, the day is called Shrove Tuesday, Fat Tuesday, Pancake Tuesday or Pancake Day.\nMardi Gras is also celebrated in French speaking countries. "}
+{"id": "26406", "revid": "1291270", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26406", "title": "R\u00f8ldalsvatnet", "text": "R\u00f8ldalsvatnet is a lake in Odda, Hordaland, Norway. The length around it is 20.64 km, its area is 6.99\u00a0km\u00b2 and it is 380 meters above sea level."}
+{"id": "26407", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26407", "title": "Technorati", "text": "Technorati was a search engine for weblogs. As of August 2006, Technorati indexed over 55 million sites. \nTechnorati was founded by Dave Sifry and its headquarters was in San Francisco, California, USA."}
+{"id": "26411", "revid": "7706364", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26411", "title": "Stuart, Florida", "text": "Stuart is a city in the U.S. state of Florida. It is the county seat of Martin County, part of the Treasure Coast."}
+{"id": "26412", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26412", "title": "Astoria, Oregon", "text": "Astoria is a city in the American state of Oregon. It is named after John Jacob Astor, who started a fur trading post, there in 1811. Many movies have been filmed there like \"The Goonies\", \"Kindergarten Cop\", and \"Free Willy\"."}
+{"id": "26414", "revid": "10504572", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26414", "title": "The Goonies", "text": "The Goonies is a 1985 American adventure movie about of a group of children living in a part of Astoria, Oregon called The \"Goon Docks\", who go on a search for a pirate's treasure, to save their neighborhood from being bought and destroyed, to enlarge the (fictional) Astoria Country Club and golf course. The movie was produced by Steven Spielberg and directed by Richard Donner. It stars Sean Astin, Josh Brolin, Corey Feldman, Jonathan Ke Huy Quan, Martha Plimpton, Anne Ramsey, Robert Davi, and Joe Pantoliano\nCast.\nDirector Richard Donner makes a cameo appearance as a sheriff's deputy. The movie's cinematographer, Nick McLean, also has a cameo as Mouth's father. The part of the dead FBI agent was played by stuntman Ted Grossman."}
+{"id": "26416", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26416", "title": "Cruise liner", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26417", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26417", "title": "Press Your Luck", "text": "Press Your Luck was an American game show that aired from 1983 to 1986 and later in reruns, and was hosted by Peter Tomarken. The three contestants on each show would earn spins by answering questions that they could later use on \"The Big Board\". On the board, they could earn thousands of dollars in cash and prizes but had to beware of the Whammy, a cartoon demon who stole players' money and prizes. If a Whammy was hit, the contestant lost all earnings up to that point. Four Whammies took a player out of the game. The winner returned on the next show.\nThe show came back on the air in 2002 on Game Show Network as \"Whammy! The All-New Press Your Luck\". It featured a new \"Big Bank\" feature, which gave the player a chance to earn all the money and prizes lost to the Whammy. It was hosted by Todd Newton and ran until 2003.\nThe original version of \"Press Your Luck\" was called \"Second Chance\", which aired on television in 1977. Instead of the Whammy, players had to face a cartoon \"Devil.\" It was hosted by Jim Peck, but did not last very long.\nABC Revival.\nThe show returned to ABC in 2019 with Elizabeth Banks as the host and is due to make its fourth season premiere on July 7, 2022. In the 2019 series, the contestant who wins with the highest amount of money goes to a bonus round in which the contestant tries to go through 6 rounds and try and win the jackpot prize of $1 million. Neil Ross is the announcer and Whammy voice for the current series."}
+{"id": "26418", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26418", "title": "Newar language", "text": "Nepal Bhasa is a language spoken by indigenous Newa people of Nepal. It is a Himalayan language of Tibeto-Burman branch of the Sino-Tibetan languages group. \nNewah Bhaaye is the term used for Nepal Bhasa by its native speakers. The term 'Newari' has been used in derogatory form to replace the original name of the language. \nLinguistics.\nNepal Bhasa shares the feature of Kirant and Tibetan dialects of Northern Himalayas. It consists of five major dialects and several sub-dialects spoken by Newa people living throughout the country."}
+{"id": "26419", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26419", "title": "Narcolepsy", "text": "Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder. It happens when the nervous system does not work properly or if there is a hormonal imbalance. Mental health issues like depression and ADHD, and drug use can cause narcolepsy. This condition is categorised as excessive daytime sleepiness. Very often, a person with the condition does not sleep well at night, and during the day they fall asleep uncontrollably. \nNarcolepsy affects the way the nerves work. It is not a mental illness, or caused by psychological problems[source?]. It is estimated that between 25 and 50 people, per 100,000 suffer from narcolepsy. Very few cases are reported.\nThe first description was given in 1877. Jean-Baptiste G\u00e9lineau, a military doctor, first used the name narcolepsy in 1880.\nIn certain countries, people diagnosed with narcolepsy may not drive a car. \nForms of narcolepsy.\nThere are two different forms of narcolepsy. There is NT1 which frequently involves cataplexy, the sudden and brief loss of muscle tone, where the individual becomes unconscious. This can be triggered by strong emotions like laughter, anger, and surprise. \nNT2 shares many symptoms with NT1 however does not involve cataplexy. \nSymptoms.\nThings that people with narcolepsy may experience:\nHallucinations, sleep paralysis, and automatic behaviour can also occur in people who are not narcoleptics. This usually happens when people are very tired, and have not slept for a long time.\nCauses.\nNarcolepsy with cataplexy (NC) is caused by the loss of hypocretin neurons. Hypocretin is a chemical in the brain that alerts the brain when to wake up and regulates sleep. Quite a few sufferers also have another family member with the disease. This may point to the fact that some of the things that cause the disease may be passed from the parents to the children through genes.\nTreatments.\nThere are certain drugs that can treat the effects of narcolepsy. In most cases special kinds of stimulants are used such as methylphenidate, modafinil, dextroamphetamine sulfate, methamphetamine, and amphetamine, a dopamine/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor to reduce daytime sleepiness . General stimulants, like coffee, usually do not help. Some strategies for treatment do not rely on drugs:"}
+{"id": "26422", "revid": "1671886", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26422", "title": "Danny Phantom", "text": "Danny Phantom, is an American animated television series on the Nickelodeon cable network. The show was created by American animator Butch Hartman.\nThe show \"Danny Phantom\" is about a fourteen-year-old boy named Danny Fenton His parents, Jack Fenton and Maddie Fenton, are ghost hunters and also create machines that help them to catch ghosts. Danny's parents were creating a portal, but when they were finished and tried to make it work, it failed to work and they quit. Danny, however, who had been watching them, put on a white suit and went inside the machine out of curiosity. He accidentally pressed a button and got an electric shock, which gave him his ghost powers.\nOnly his friends, Samantha (often called Sam) and Tucker know about his powers. Later Danny's sister, Jasmine (often called Jazz) accidentally discovered and learned about his powers.\nDanny's powers include the following:\nPlaces.\nThe series is set in Amity Park. Fenton Works is Danny's house. Manson Residence is Sam's house. Foley Residence is Tucker's house. Casper High School is a school. Principal Ishiyama is the principal, Mr. Lancer teaches English, math, science and history. Mrs. Tetslaff is the gym teacher. Mr. Falluca is a math and science teacher.\nOther Facts.\n\"Danny Phantom\" is distributed outside the United States by the Canadian company, Nelvana. The series was originally going to be called \"Danny Phantom and the Spector Detectors\". The creator thought that the series would be more interesting if the ghost were a teenage boy, so he changed it to \"Danny Phantom\"."}
+{"id": "26429", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26429", "title": "Cane", "text": "A cane is a stick from a piece of wood, or sometimes of metal. It is used by someone to help support themself when they are walking. A person might need a cane because of their age, or weight, or for another reason."}
+{"id": "26430", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26430", "title": "Pipe", "text": "Pipe or pipes can be several things:"}
+{"id": "26431", "revid": "9637503", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26431", "title": "Homicide", "text": "Homicide is when one person kills (causes the death of) another person. Homicide is often a crime but sometimes it is not. If the killer wanted to cause death, it can be a crime called murder. If the killer did not want to cause death, but had no care for their own behavior, it can be a crime called manslaughter. Fighting to keep oneself safe from harm is called self-defense. If a person needed to kill for self-defense, it is usually not a crime. If a person killed in self-defense when they did not need to kill, it may be a crime. "}
+{"id": "26432", "revid": "10429309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26432", "title": "Amazon (company)", "text": "Amazon.com, Inc., known as Amazon (), is an American multinational technology company focusing on selling things online, cloud computing, online advertising, digital streaming, and artificial intelligence. It is considered to be one of the Big Five American technology companies, alongside Alphabet (parent company of Google), Apple, Meta and Microsoft.\nAmazon was founded by Jeff Bezos from his garage in Bellevue, Washington, on July 5, 1994. It started selling books online. Now it sells many things online, so it is sometimes called The Everything Store. It has multiple subsidiaries including Amazon Web Services (cloud computing), Zoox (autonomous vehicles), Kuiper Systems (satellite Internet), and Amazon Lab126 (computer hardware R&D). The company owns Ring, Twitch, IMDb, and Whole Foods Market. Its acquisition of Whole Foods in August 2017 for US$13.4 billion substantially increased its footprint as a physical retailer.\nOn July 30, 2025, Amazon will pay the New York Times up to $25 million a year for the rights to its journalism content for AI model training, reports The Wall Street Journal. The Times will allow Amazon to use content from its daily journalism, NYT Cooking, and The Athletic for AI-related uses as part of the agreement.\nCompanies owned.\nAmazon owns over 40 smaller companies, including Twitch, Whole Foods Market, Zappos, Shopbop, Diapers.com, Kiva Systems (now Amazon Robotics), Audible, Goodreads, Teachstreet and IMDb. Amazon.com makes money by letting other people sell things and taking a percentage of the price. Amazon also allows companies to advertise their products by paying to be listed as featured products."}
+{"id": "26435", "revid": "487619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26435", "title": "Summer Olympic Games", "text": "The Summer Olympic Games or the Games of the Olympiad are an international sporting event which are held every four years by the International Olympic Committee. The \"Games\", as they are often called, are held in a different city each time. It is a great honour for a city to be \"awarded\" (given) the right to hold the Olympic Games. Two years after the Summer Olympics, the Winter Olympic Games are held. The Winter Games were held in the same year as the summer Games from 1924 to 1992 and then switched to two years apart in 1994. These are always in a cold, mountainous place because the sports are all snow and ice sports such as skiing. Many more countries send athletes to the Summer Olympics than to the Winter Olympics\nThe Olympic Games were first held in Ancient Greece more than two thousand years ago. The first modern Summer Olympic Games were held in Athens in 1896. There were 200 athletes from Greece and 45 athletes from 13 other countries. Since 1904, medals have been given to the three best athletes or teams in each sport.\nThe earliest Games consisted of 42 events only, but it was expected that 10,500 athletes would compete in the 302 events on the program for the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing.\nList of modern Summer Olympic Games.\nGames in \"italics\" were cancelled or have not yet been held."}
+{"id": "26437", "revid": "131501", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26437", "title": "Summer Olympics", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26439", "revid": "10325432", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26439", "title": "Alpha Centauri", "text": "Alpha Centauri (also known as Rigil Kentaurus) is the brightest star in the southern Centaurus constellation. It is the fourth brightest star in the night sky, with a magnitude of -0.01. It is visible in the Southern Hemisphere, and is too far south for most of the Northern Hemisphere to see.\nAlpha Centauri is a binary star system of two stars A & B. The distance between them is quite close. To the naked eye, the stars are too close for the eye to be able to see them as separate. Their orbit is about the distance of the giant planets from our Sun.\nThere is a third star, Proxima Centauri (or Alpha Centauri C). This is usually considered separately, but in fact it is also gravitationally connected to the other two. It is actually slightly closer to us, with a very much larger orbit around A and B.\nSystem.\nViewed as a triple star system, Alpha Centauri is the closest to our own, being 4.2-4.4 light years (ly) away. It consists of two main stars, Alpha Centauri A and Alpha Centauri B (which form a binary star together) at a distance of 4.36 ly, and a dimmer red dwarf named Proxima Centauri at a distance of 4.22 ly. Both of the two main stars are rather similar to the Sun. The larger star, Alpha Centauri A, is the most similar to the Sun, but a little larger and brighter.\nDiameter and radius.\nAlpha Centauri is 1,702,240 km in diameter and 851,120 km in radius.\nFuture exploration.\nAlpha Centauri is going to be the first target for a crewed or a robotic spacecraft mission. Using current spacecraft technology, reaching Alpha Centauri would take thousands of years. However, with nuclear propulsion and solar sails, it could take several decades.\nThe existence of Proxima Centauri b, announced by the European Southern Observatory, could be a target for the first interstellar missions.\nIn 2069, NASA plans to send a space probe to Alpha Centauri, the closest star system to the Sun. The mission is supposed to launch on the 100th anniversary of Apollo 11."}
+{"id": "26440", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26440", "title": "Last call bell", "text": "The last call bell is a bell found in bars. \nThe last call bell is rung to:\nLast call bells are related to bells used on ships. "}
+{"id": "26444", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26444", "title": "TGV", "text": "The TGV (Train \u00e0 Grande Vitesse, French for \"high-speed train\"), is a category of high speed trains. They are used in France. They are also used for some travel between France and England, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Italy and Spain. The trains normally travel at speeds between 270\u00a0km/h and 320\u00a0km/h. They were the fastest normal trains in the world, their average travel speed is at 279,4\u00a0km/h.\nIn 2007, a special TGV set the speed record for rail vehicles, reaching 574,8\u00a0km/h.\nInside France, there are the following high speed lines\nLines to Spain and Italy are being planned. A High speed line to Germany is being built.\nThe building of the network has made travel times much shorter. Paris to Marseille (750\u00a0km) can now be done in 3 hours. Two thirds of the traffic volume is done by the TGV, only one third is done by airplanes.\nTGVs for other uses.\nSince the beginning of the high-speed rail network, the French Poste uses TGVs to transport mail, mostly between Paris, M\u00e2con and Cavaillon, but the train was retired in 2015. These use the high-speed lines (LGV Sud-Est) during the night.\nIn the north of France, the high-speed lines are also used to run regional trains over longer distances. There are currently train from Lille to Dunkerque. This takes half an hour. Other lines run to Calais, in forty minutes, or to Boulogne-sur-Mer in 55. In 2007, a line to Arras was opened, which is also very successful. Unfortunately, there are some problems with this approach. First, only high-speed lines can be used that are not saturated, because these trains run slower than regular TGVs. Secondly, using a TGV line costs more to the client, they have to pay extra. This makes these services more expensive."}
+{"id": "26448", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26448", "title": "Light-year", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26449", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26449", "title": "Lightyears", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26450", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26450", "title": "Light-years", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26451", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26451", "title": "Light years", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26452", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26452", "title": "Rigel Kentaurus B", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26453", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26453", "title": "Bungula", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26454", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26454", "title": "Rigel Kentaurus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26455", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26455", "title": "Rigil Kent", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26456", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26456", "title": "Rigel Kentaurus A", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26458", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26458", "title": "Alpha Centauri A", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26459", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26459", "title": "Alpha Centauri B", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26460", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26460", "title": "HR 5459", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26461", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26461", "title": "HD 128620", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26462", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26462", "title": "LHS 50", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26463", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26463", "title": "GCTP 3309.00A", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26464", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26464", "title": "CP -60\u00b05483", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26465", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26465", "title": "HD 12862", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26466", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26466", "title": "GCTP 3309.00B", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26467", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26467", "title": "HR 5460", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26468", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26468", "title": "Alpha Centauri system", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26469", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26469", "title": "Rigel Kent", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26470", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26470", "title": "Alsacien", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26471", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26471", "title": "Els\u00e4ssisch", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26472", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26472", "title": "Lee Iacocca,", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26473", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26473", "title": "Standard temperature and pressures", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26477", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26477", "title": "Pharoah", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26478", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26478", "title": "Duchess", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26488", "revid": "1055293", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26488", "title": "Slur", "text": "Slur might mean:"}
+{"id": "26491", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26491", "title": "Caregiver", "text": "A caregiver, or carer, is someone who has the job of caring for people. They usually care for people who are unable to care for themselves, for example, children, disabled people, or the elderly. When a caregiver is assigned to look after a baby or a child they are sometimes called a babysitter."}
+{"id": "26492", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26492", "title": "Carer", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26496", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26496", "title": "Binoculars", "text": "Binoculars are a kind of tool that lets people see far-away things more clearly. The technology is called optics. Binoculars are made of a pair of matched telescopes which are held in front of the user's eyes. \nThe two telescopes of the pair have lenses that focus light and magnify the image. When someone looks through the binoculars at a far-away object, they can see details. \nEarly binoculars had two Galilean telescopes without prisms. Today most have prisms inside, which fold the light path to shorten the length of the tubes. That is why a binocular is shorter than standard telescopes of similar power.\nBinoculars were invented in the 17th century. They allow a telescope user to use both eyes. The Royal Navy used single telescopes, but now all ships have heavy binoculars. Heavy ones can be mounted on swivels to scan the horizon. Binoculars are also standard issue in all armies. Night vision binoculars use photocathode electronics to intensify the image.\nBinoculars are also used for theatre (opera glasses), birdwatching amateur astronomy, and generally watching the scenery.\nFeatures.\nThese features are present in some or all binoculars:"}
+{"id": "26497", "revid": "1660006", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26497", "title": "Odd number", "text": "An odd number is an integer when divided by two, either leaves a remainder or the result is a fraction. One is the first odd positive number. Some examples of odd numbers are 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11.\nAn integer that is not an odd number is an even number. If an even number is divided by two, the result is another integer. On the other hand, an odd number, when divided by two, will result in a fraction. \nSince odd numbers are integers, negative numbers can be odd.\nRelated pages.\nffffe"}
+{"id": "26499", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26499", "title": "Coup", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26501", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26501", "title": "Light speed", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26506", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26506", "title": "Lightspeed", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26507", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26507", "title": "Velocity of light", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26508", "revid": "944", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26508", "title": "Press your luck", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26509", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26509", "title": "1343", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26510", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26510", "title": "1342", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26511", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26511", "title": "1344", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26542", "revid": "1530097", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26542", "title": "Tent", "text": "A tent is a movable, lightweight shelter which uses fabric to protect people from wind, rain and from the cold. The fabric walls of a tent are supported by wood or metal poles and thin ropes (called \"guy lines\"), and the tent or the ropes are usually attached to the ground with plastic or metal pointed stakes, or lattice frames and internal posts in the cases of yurts and marquees. Tent camping exploded in popularity in the 1960s. Manufacturers introduced poles made of fiberglass or aluminum alloys, allowing for a greater range of shapes and a lighter weight tent to transport. Zippered tent doors replaced the traditional flap opening.\nUses.\nTents are usually used as shelter during camping, hiking, and other outdoor recreational activities. Large tents are also used to provide temporary shelter for events such as outdoor weddings or circuses. Tents are also used to provide temporary sleeping quarters for military personnel or homeless, or for people who have been displaced by a disaster (such as refugees)."}
+{"id": "26543", "revid": "3366", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26543", "title": "Power plant", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26544", "revid": "1626716", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26544", "title": "Cottage", "text": "A cottage is a term often used for a small house. This word comes from England where it is used to mean a house that has one main storey, with a second, lower storey of bedrooms which fit under the roof upstairs. In many places the word cottage is used to mean a small old-fashioned house. In the United States the word cottage is often used to mean a small holiday home.\nCottages are usually found in villages or in the countryside, rather than in the town. They are nearly always built from material that can be found nearby. A cottage may be built of stone, of brick or of timber. It may have a roof of tiles, slates, shingles, shakes or thatch."}
+{"id": "26596", "revid": "806900", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26596", "title": "Bullseye", "text": "Bullseye might mean:"}
+{"id": "26611", "revid": "3441", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26611", "title": "Pleuronectes platessa", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26636", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26636", "title": "Alaska plaice", "text": "Alaska plaice (\"Pleuronectes quadrituberculatus\") are salt water fish that live in the north Pacific Ocean. Like most flatfish, they live on the bottom of the continental shelf, up to 600 metres deep. Their geographical range is from the Gulf of Alaska in the east, to the Chukchi Sea in the north, to the Sea of Japan in the west. Alaska plaice feed mostly on polychaetes, but also eat amphipods and echiurans.\nMost commercial fisheries do not want to catch Alaska plaice; but many are caught by trawlers trying to catch other bottom fish. So many Alaska plaice get caught anyway that, for example, the 2005 total allowable catch in the Bering Sea and Aleutian Islands management area (BSAI) was reached before the end of May of that year.\nAlaska plaice can live for up to 30 years, and grow to 60 centimetres (24 inches) long, but most that get caught are only seven or eight years old, and about 30\u00a0cm (12\u00a0in)."}
+{"id": "26637", "revid": "10499619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26637", "title": "Sleep paralysis", "text": "When people are dreaming, their muscles do not move, even if in their dream they are moving. This is a natural process which prevents that people actually perform the movements they do in their sleep. In general, people are not aware of this inability to move, as it usually stops as soon as they wake up. People suffering from sleep paralysis wake up and find that they are unable to move. This is because the paralysis has not stopped. Usually it lasts for only a few minutes, and people have said they feel a \"presence\" or \"ghost\" during it.\nPossible causes.\nLittle is known about the physiology of sleep paralysis. However, some have suggested that it may be linked to post-synaptic (neurons sending signals to other neurons) inhibition (restraint) of nerves in the pons (back) region of the brain. In particular, low levels of melatonin may stop the depolarization current in the nerves, which stops stimulation of the muscles.\nHallucinations of ghosts, demons and Out of Body Experiences during sleep paralysis may be caused by a part of the brain called the parietal lobe (top-middle part of the brain), and by neurons known as mirror neurons.\nStudies suggest that many people get sleep paralysis at least once in their lives. People who have narcolepsy often get it much more. Many people try to induce sleep paralysis, to have an Out of Body Experience. \nSome report that various factors make paralysis and hallucinations happen more. These include:\nTreatment.\nThere are few treatments available for sleep paralysis. One treatment is called Meditation-Relaxation Therapy. The treatment includes four steps: (1) one should close their eyes and remind themself that the experience is not dangerous in any way, and it is common around the world; (2) and that since it is not dangerous, they should not be afraid as that will only make the experience worse. (3) They should then focus very strongly on a positive thought or mental image (meditate); (4) and also relax their muscles and avoid movement. "}
+{"id": "26638", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26638", "title": "Prey", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26640", "revid": "35925", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26640", "title": "American plaice", "text": "American plaice (\"Hippoglossoides platessoides\") are salt water fish that live in the northwest Atlantic Ocean. Like most flatfish, they live on the bottom of the continental shelf, up to 700 metres deep, but spend most of the time at 90 to 200 meters. Their geographical range is from the coast of Labrador, south to the coast of the U.S. state of Rhode Island. The most are found off the eastern tip of Newfoundland. American plaice feed on sand dollars, brittle stars, crustaceans, polychaetes, and fish such as capelin and launce.\nLike many flatfish, American plaice are sometimes said to be a flounder or dab, even though both are names for other fish species.\nThe U.K.-based Marine Conservation Society rates American plaice as 5, the most threatened category of over-harvested animals."}
+{"id": "26641", "revid": "10441993", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26641", "title": "Spider web", "text": "A spider web is a sticky net that spiders make from silk to trap their prey. When insects fly or crawl into the web, they get stuck and the spider eats them. Most spider webs are very thin, but are also very strong. Different kinds of spiders make different types of webs. Spiders make different webs in different places to trap many kinds of prey. "}
+{"id": "26645", "revid": "1687742", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26645", "title": "World Series", "text": "The World Series in Major League Baseball, is when the best team from the American League (the winner of the American League Championship Series) and the best team from the National League (the winner of the National League Championship Series) keep playing games of baseball until one of the two teams wins four games total and win the Commissioner's Trophy. The winners of the most recent World Series in 2024 were the Los Angeles Dodgers. They defeated the New York Yankees. \nThe New York Yankees have 27 World Series championships, the most of any team. The Cleveland Indians currently hold the longest active drought, having last won the Series before expansion teams were formed. Recently, the three longest championship droughts were ended by the Boston Red Sox, Chicago White Sox, and the Chicago Cubs."}
+{"id": "26651", "revid": "1687742", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26651", "title": "Janet Jackson", "text": "Janet Damita Jo Jackson (born May 16, 1966, in Gary, Indiana) is an American singer, dancer, actress, songwriter and model. She is the younger sister of Michael Jackson and has had many popular songs such as \"Nasty,\" \"Rhythm Nation,\" and \"That's the Way Love Goes.\" Jackson also plays Patricia in the 2007 movie \"Why Did I Get Married?\" She is one of the best-selling artists in the history of pop music, with over 160 million records sold worldwide. In 2011, \"True You: A Journey to Finding and Loving Yourself\", a book written by Jackson and David Ritz, was published. The book reached number five in \"The New York Times\"' Best Seller list.\nEarly life and career.\nJackson was born to Katherine and Joe Jackson on May 16, 1966 at St Mary's Mercy Hospital in Gary, Indiana. She was raised as a Jehovah's Witness. She did not want to be an entertainer. She wanted to become a race-horse jockey. However her father planned for her to go into the show business. When Jackson was seven she went on stage in the Las Vegas Strip with her siblings in a routine show at the MGM Casino.\nIn September 1979, Jackson started acting in \"A New Kind of Family\". Her first album, \"Janet Jackson\", was released on September 21, 1982, by A&M Records.\n1986\u201395: Rise to fame.\nJackson had several hit singles worldwide. Among them are \"What Have You Done for Me Lately\", \"Control\", \"Nasty\", \"Rhythm Nation\", \"Miss You Much\", \"Escapade\", \"Love Will Never Do (Without You)\", and \"That's the Way Love Goes\".\nJackson won her first Grammy Award in 1987. On September 19, 1989 Jackson's fourth album \"Janet Jackson's Rhythm Nation 1814\" was released. Eight singles were released from the album. In 1993, Jackson was on the cover of \"Rolling Stone\" magazine. On May 31, 1995, \"Scream\", a song that Janet made with her older brother Michael Jackson, was released as the first single from Michael's album \"\". This song reached the top five on the US \"Billboard\" Hot 100.\n1996\u20132007.\nJackson released the album \"The Velvet Rope\" in 1998, it sold over 10 million copies. The album had provocative lyrics. The single \"Together Again\" became her eighth number-one song in the US, it sold over 6 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best selling singles of all time.\nIn 2000, she contributed to the movie \"\". A single from the soundtrack, \"Doesn't Really Matter\", became her ninth chart-topper.\nIn 2001, she released the album \"All for You\". A single, also called \"All for You\", reached number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 for seven weeks, making it the longest reigning number one hit of the year. The next single, \"Someone to Call My Lover\", reached the top three.\n2008\u201309.\nJackson released her album \"Discipline\" in 2008. The lead single, \"Feedback\", reached the top 20 in the US and Canada.\nIn June 2009, Jackson's brother Michael died. In September 2009, she performed \"Scream\" at the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards as part of a tribute to Michael.\n2010\u2013present.\nIn 2010, Jackson acted in \"For Colored Girls\".\nShe released her first studio album in seven years, \"Unbreakable\", in 2015. It entered at number one on the US \"Billboard\" 200 album chart. Jackson canceled her ongoing Unbreakable World Tour because she announced that she was \"planning her family\" with her husband, Wissam Al Mana.\nPersonal life.\nJackson has been married three times. It was announced that Jackson was pregnant shortly before her 50th birthday in May 2016. She gave birth to her first child, a son, with current husband, billionaire Wissam Al Mana, in January 2017.\nIn April 2017, it was reported that Jackson and Al Mana had separated."}
+{"id": "26652", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26652", "title": "Melissa Joan Hart", "text": "Melissa Joan Catherine Hart (born April 18, 1976) is an American actress. She was born and raised in Long Island, New York.\nShe played the title roles in the television series \"Clarissa Explains It All\" and \"Sabrina, the Teenage Witch\". In 1999 she played the lead role in the movie \"Drive Me Crazy\". From 2010 to 2015, she starred as Mel Burke in the ABC Family show \"Melissa & Joey\".\nPersonal life.\nSince July 19, 2003, Hart has been married to musician Mark Wilkerson (born 1976). They have three sons together: Mason Walter Wilkerson (born January 11, 2006), Braydon Hart Wilkerson (born March 12, 2008) and Tucker McFadden Wilkerson (born September 18, 2012)."}
+{"id": "26653", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26653", "title": "Colleen Fitzpatrick", "text": "Colleen Ann Fitzpatrick (born July 20, 1972 in Old Bridge, New Jersey) is an American singer and actor. Her stage name is Vitamin C. Before she started her solo career, she was the lead singer of the band Eve's Plum."}
+{"id": "26656", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26656", "title": "Jamie Lynn Spears", "text": "Jamie Lynn Marie Spears (born April 4, 1991) is an American actress and singer. She is the younger sister of pop singer Britney Spears. She played the lead role in the television series \"Zoey 101\".\nSpears is now a country music singer. In November 2013 Spears released her first single, \"How Could I Want More\". She has been a celebrity contestant on \"Dancing with the Stars\" and \"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here\".\nPersonal life.\nIn late December 2007 it was revealed that Jamie Lynn was pregnant. Jamie Lynn's daughter, Maddie Briann Aldridge, was born on June 19, 2008."}
+{"id": "26657", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26657", "title": "Opel", "text": "Opel, full name Adam Opel AG, is an automobile maker from Germany, founded in 1862. From 1929 to 2017, Opel is the German brand of the American automaker General Motors. Opel has about 35,000 workers. The company headquarters are in R\u00fcsselsheim, Germany. Other German plants are in Eisenach and Kaiserslautern. In Great Britain, Opel cars are called Vauxhall. Opel would later engineer cars for GMDAT and GM Korea until the Opel brand was bought by PSA. From 2007 to 2009 three Opel models (the Antara, the Astra and the Vectra) were sold in the United States under the Saturn marque. Upon the discontinuation of the Saturn marque, Buick became responsible for importing the Opel models. The only Buick cars to not be Opels are the Enclave CUV and the full sized LaCrosse sedan. In March 2017, Opel and its parent brand Vauxhall were bought by PSA, the company who owns Peugeot and Citro\u00ebn. 1862\nCar models.\nPassenger cars:\nRocks-e | Astra | Corsa | Mokka | Crossland | Grandland | Zafira\nCommercial cars:\nCombo | Vivaro | Movano\nConcept cars:\nAntara GTC | Astra OPC X-Treme | Eco Speedster | Flextreme | Flextreme GT/E | Frogster | GTC Concept | GT Concept | Insignia Concept | Monza Concept | Manta GSe Electromod | RAK e | Snowtrekker | Trixx\nHistoric cars:\nAdam | Antara | Ampera | Agila | Admiral | Ascona | Blitz | Calibra | Cascada | Commodore | Diplomat | Frontera | GT | Insignia | Karl | Meriva | Kadett | Kapit\u00e4n | Manta | Monterey | Monza | Olympia | Omega | Rekord | Senator | Signum | Sintra | Speedster | Tigra | Vectra | Zafira Tourer"}
+{"id": "26658", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26658", "title": "JAG (TV series)", "text": "JAG (the American military acronym for Judge Advocate General) is an American legal, crime drama television show created by Donald P. Bellisario. It was on air between 1995 and 2005. The series is about the JAG officers Harmon \"Harm\" Rabb, Jr. (David James Elliott) and Sarah \"Mac\" MacKenzie (Catherine Bell) in Washington, D.C. In 2003, the series spawned the spin-off \"NCIS\", which had the spin-offs called ' and '."}
+{"id": "26664", "revid": "3366", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26664", "title": "Socialist", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26671", "revid": "844779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26671", "title": "Indoors", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26678", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26678", "title": "Burn (disambiguation)", "text": "Burning is the process of combustion, a reaction between a substance (the fuel) and a gas (the oxidizer).\nBurn, burning or burned can mean:\nIn music.\nBands:\nAlbums:\nSongs:"}
+{"id": "26680", "revid": "1558358", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26680", "title": "Adobe Photoshop", "text": "Photoshop is a popular image changing software package. It is widely used by photographers for photo editing (fixing colors, reducing noise, adding effects, fixing brightness/contrast) and by graphic designers and Web designers to create and change images for web pages. The first version was introduced in 1990. Version Photoshop CC 2018 was launched on October 18 2017.\nPhotoshop works on computer systems like Windows and Mac. The software is made by the company Adobe Systems. A simpler version named Photoshop Elements is made for home users who do not want to buy the more powerful, more expensive full version. Photoshop Express, a free version, is even more limited. There are different pricing plans for the application."}
+{"id": "26682", "revid": "45220", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26682", "title": "Santa", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26683", "revid": "10471850", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26683", "title": "Finger", "text": "A finger is a type of digit attached to the hand. Our type of fingers are similar to those of other primates. They are used for doing things and things.\nHumans have five digits, the bones of which are termed phalanges. The first digit is the thumb, followed by the index finger, middle finger, ring finger, and little finger or 'pinky'. According to different definitions, the thumb can be called a finger, or not. The four fingers have three phalanges each; the thumb has two."}
+{"id": "26684", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26684", "title": "Bronze", "text": "Bronze is a metal alloy. Bronze is mostly copper, with some tin added (usually between 5% and 20% tin) to make it stronger. The most common alloy is just made of copper and tin. Some bronzes add other metals. \nOther bronzes are:\nBronze should not be confused with brass which is a different alloy of copper and zinc.\nHistory.\nBronze was the first alloy that was used by humans. The first nation that used bronze was Egypt about 3500 years B.C. This gave the name for the Bronze Age.\nBronze is stronger than copper or tin alone. Bronze lasts longer than copper. Pure copper can be oxidized by air and also by water. When copper is oxidized by air or water, it turns green (the color of \"copper oxide\"), and falls apart.\nWhen people learned how to make and work iron, the Bronze Age ended, and the Iron Age started. Iron can be made harder than bronze, but is susceptible to corrosion (see rust). Iron also wears away faster than bronze, when different pieces are moving against each other. Iron is very common, and easy to make. For this reason, iron costs less than bronze. This is the reason why iron is now used where bronze used to be used.\nCurrent use.\nBronze is still used to make many parts of machines. We use bronze when the part must last for a long time around water and air, or must not wear away. The main things that are made out of it are pump parts, bearings, bells, electrical components, gears, valves, and other things.\nBronze parts are usually cast in a foundry. After they are cast, bronze parts can also be worked in a lathe or milling machine, or drilled. Bronze is not normally worked with a hammer as iron is."}
+{"id": "26685", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26685", "title": "Flight", "text": "Flight or flying is a process of movement of an object in a gaseous environment or a vacuum. In practice this means it moves through the air.\nAnimals.\nBest adapted for long controlled powered flight are flying birds and insects, bats (Chiroptera), and the extinct pterosaurs. \nAll of these animals use (or used) the aerodynamic principles of flight, using the load-bearing properties of the wing for active flight. There are also many animals that glide and parachute flight, such as some spiders' webs, aeroplankton, flying clams, flying fish, and various forest-dwelling mammals and reptiles. \nThe fastest flying animal is the peregrine falcon. The speed of its dive is over .\nFloating flight.\nAn aerostat is a system that remains in the air by the use of floating. Man-made aerostats include balloons and airships. An aerostat's main structural component is its envelope, a lightweight skin containing a lifting gas to provide floating, to which other parts are attached. By contrast, aerodynes use aerodynamic lift, which requires the movement of the aircraft through the surrounding air mass.\nThere are a huge number of plants which distribute their spores or seeds by air. Many bacteria and viruses do so as well. With these very small objects, the surface area is great in proportion to its weight. That is why they lift off."}
+{"id": "26686", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26686", "title": "Pound", "text": "Pound or Pounds may refer to:"}
+{"id": "26687", "revid": "1686803", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26687", "title": "Reindeer", "text": "The reindeer (\"Rangifer tarandus\") is an even-toed ungulate mammal of the deer family. In North America it is also called caribou.\nThere are about 10-20 reindeer subspecies. The reindeer is the only deer that has been domesticated. However, in at least one country, there are at least one flock of reindeer that is not domesticated.\nAppearance.\nThe different reindeer subspecies have different sizes and slightly same fur colors. Male reindeer are usually bigger and heavier than the females. Reindeer are about 1.20 - 2.20 meters long and about 0.90 - 1.40\u00a0meters high. They weigh between 60 - 300 kilograms. Reindeer mostly have a grey-brown fur. The fur is dark in summer and becomes a lighter color in winter. Reindeer have big feet that help them walk on soft ground.\nNorth American Caribou and Eurasian Reindeer are the same species, but there are some noticeable differences in the subspecies.\nReindeer: - most commonly found as domesticated animals\n- sedentary\n- breeding starts mid-Aug\n- can be pinto colored\n- dark brown calves\n- more fat\n- thicker fur\n- shorter face and muzzle\n- males have larger antlers than female caribou\nCaribou:\n- wild\n- migratory\n- breeding starts mid-September\n- never pinto colored\nlight brown calves\nAntlers.\nReindeer are the only deer where both sexes have antlers. The antlers of female reindeer are smaller than the antlers of males.\n\"The antlers start growing in April and are fully developed by Autumn\";\n\"reindeers shed their antlers, the bucks just before Christmas and the females later in the spring\".\n\"On a large buck, the antlers can grow up to a centimeter a day\".\nRange.\nReindeer can be found in S\u00e1pmi (Northern Finland, Sweden, Norway and Russia), North America (All over Canada and on farms across North America where they are raised in captivity), and Siberia. They were first used by people to do work in S\u00e1pmi and Siberia.\nHabitat.\nReindeer live in coniferous forest and Arctic conditions. The historic range of the reindeer is threatened by global warming.\nLife.\nReindeer are herd animals and live in groups. They live in groups of 10-100 reindeer, which are herds of only females or herds of only males. Reindeer go on long journeys between the warm and cold seasons. For this journeys the smaller groups form big herds of up to several 100,000 animals. Reindeer mate in October, and the males mate with as many females as possible.\nFeeding habits.\nReindeer eat mostly grass, but eat also almost any other plant. In winter they often eat lichen, moss and fungi. \"During winter, they find lichen by using their hooves to get under the snow\"\nPregnancy.\nAfter a pregnancy of 230 days the female gives birth to a single baby, usually in May or June. \"Reindeer fawns\" (or so-called reindeer babies) do not have spots on their fur, like most other deer babies have. Young reindeer become mature when they are 2 year old. Reindeer usually live to be 12\u201315 years old, sometimes they can live to be 20 years old.\nHeat stroke.\n\"During early spring when the daytime temperature rises and they have not yet shed their fur or winter coats\", they \"sometimes ... get heat stroke\".\nReindeer and humans.\nReindeer have been hunted by humans since the stone age. People, especially in the northern regions, used the reindeer's meat, fur, skin, antlers and bones.\nThe reindeer was domesticated about 3 thousand years ago. It was first domesticated in Siberia and Scandinavia. Since then, reindeer have also been used for transport, for example for pulling sleds. Because reindeer can live in very cold climates, domesticated reindeer are used in most northern parts of the world.\nAmong the ethnic groups that use reindeer - for fur, and food - are the S\u00e1mi in S\u00e1pmi.\nIn popular culture.\nIn western/European culture, it is said that Santa Claus' sled is pulled by reindeer."}
+{"id": "26688", "revid": "487619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26688", "title": "Deer", "text": "A deer is a even-toed ungulate mammal in the family Cervidae. They form the family Cervidae. The word 'deer' is both singular and plural.\nA male deer is called a \"stag\" or \"buck\", a female deer is called a \"hind or doe\", and a young deer is called a \"fawn, kid or calf\". \nThere are about 60 species of deer. They originally lived in the Northern Hemisphere, and now are native to Europe, Asia, North America and South America. Humans have introduced deer to places where they did not live naturally, such as Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii and South Africa.\nAntlers.\nAlmost all adult deer have antlers, except one, the water deer, which has tusks. Only male deer have antlers, except for reindeer (caribou), where both sexes carry antlers. The antlers are deciduous, and drop off after the mating season. Their main use is for males to fight for groups of females during the rutting season (mating season).\nMusk deer (family Moschidae) and chevrotains (Tragulidae) have no antlers, and are \"not\" deer. They are ruminants (Ruminantia). They are no more closely related to deer than any other even-toed ungulates. Their evolutionary history is not well-known, and they are often described as \"not true deer\".\nBehaviour.\nDeer do not make nests or dens. They find a safe and comfortable place to rest under low hanging evergreen branches. They stay close to where they can find food. In summer, they eat grasses, plants and weeds. In the fall, they like mushrooms and small branches. They do not store their food for the winter. If the snow is not deep, they use their hooves to uncover moss and leaves. If the snow is deep, they eat twigs and branches. \nThe doe usually has one or two fawns in the spring. The fawn is precocial, and can stand immediately after birth, but is weak. The doe will hide each fawn in a different place. They are camouflaged by spots on their backs.\nDeer have many predators. Wolves, cougar, dogs and people will eat deer. They are always looking, listening and smelling for danger.\nGroup behaviour.\nGenerally speaking, deer prefer mixed forest and grassland areas. In former times, wolves were the number one enemy of deer. Even though deer today rarely need to defend against attack, their behaviour is adapted to succeed in mating, and protect themselves and their relatives from predators.\nThe rut establishes which males are dominant, and each successful male has a group of females. The group stays together until the fawns are born, about four or five months. Deer are by nature gregarious (social) and like to live together. This helps their defence against predators. The details vary between species. The actual defence against attack is decided by the dominant male. He decides whether to stand and, if necessary, to fight. Males keep their antlers for half a year. If they run, deer are outstanding runners. If they stand, they can kick. They will not attack humans unless the male senses danger. He gives warning by posture and sound. Stags tend to join up in male groups for mutual defence once their antlers are shed. The females also join up in large herds which can defend themselves fairly well. Deer stay in these single-sex groups for much of the year.\nDiet.\nDeer are browsers, and feed mainly on leaves. Deer choose easily digestible shoots, young leaves, fresh grasses, soft twigs, fruit, fungi, and lichens. This is mostly low-fibre food. The male deer need minerals such as calcium and phosphate for their antler growth.\nEvolution.\nDeer are a monophyletic group. They originated in the northern hemisphere and arrived in some Gondwana continents much later. Red deer are found in the Atlas Mountains of North Africa, and some deer arrived in South America via the Great American Interchange. \nBelow North Africa there are no deer. Their place in the ecosystems is taken by antelopes, which occupy a niche similar to the deer. Antelopes are not a monophyletic group. The antelope types have evolved from several bovid groups, and are an example of convergent evolution.\nTaxonomy.\nThe deer family has about 62 species. \nMiscellaneous.\nThe most famous fictional deer is Bambi."}
+{"id": "26690", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26690", "title": "Caribou", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26691", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26691", "title": "Fingers", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26692", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26692", "title": "Vegetarians", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26699", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26699", "title": "Congo", "text": "Congo can refer to several things:"}
+{"id": "26701", "revid": "1694597", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26701", "title": "Dalton (unit)", "text": "The dalton or unified atomic mass unit (symbol: Da, amu or u) is a unit of measurement for measuring the mass of atoms, equalling \u00b9\u2044\u2081\u2082 of the mass of the carbon-12 isotope, the most abundant form of carbon atoms in nature.\nHistory.\nThe unit is named after English chemist and physicist John Dalton (1766 \u2013 1844). 1 atomic mass unit is approximately 1.66 \u00d7 10-27 kg, or 1.66 \u00d7 10-24 g.\nAtomic physics.\nIn atomic physics, 1 amu can be expressed as roughly 931 MeV (M = 106, 1 eV \u2248 1.60 \u00d7 10-19 J) due to mass-energy equivalence, illustrated by \"\u0394E = \u0394mc2\"."}
+{"id": "26704", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26704", "title": "Anion", "text": "Anions are atoms or groups of atoms that have a negative electric charge. An anion has more electrons in its atomic orbitals than it has protons in its atomic nucleus. The opposite of an anion is a cation, which has a positive charge.\nThe name \"anion\" comes from the words anode and ion. In an electrochemical cell, anions are attracted to the positively charged anode.\nAnions can be monatomic, made of only one atom, or polyatomic, made of multiple atoms. Anions can exist on their own only as gases: to make a solid, ionic liquid, or solution the total electrical charge must be zero, meaning a mix of anions and cations.\nProperties.\nIn many crystals the anions are bigger; the little cations fit into the spaces between them.\nAll anions are Br\u00f8nsted bases: they can make a chemical bond with a proton, , to form a conjugate acid.\nExamples.\nOxide is the most common anion on Earth. It is made from an oxygen atom with two extra electrons. The formula for oxide is written . The oxide ion reacts with water, so it cannot be dissolved to make a solution.\nChloride is a monatomic anion made from an atom of chlorine with an extra electron. The chemical formula is written . Chloride is the most common anion in seawater.\nSulfate is the second most common anion in seawater after chloride. It is made of a sulfur atom, four oxygen atoms, and two extra electrons. The formula for sulfate is written . Sulfate is a special type of anion called an oxyanion, which are made of a central element (like sulfur) surrounded by oxygen atoms.\nHydroxide is a polyatomic anion made of one oxygen atom, one hydrogen atom, and one extra electron. It has the formula . Hydroxide is the conjugate base of water, so it is the strongest base that can be mixed with water. Other strong bases, including the oxide anion, react with water to make hydroxide."}
+{"id": "26707", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26707", "title": "Anions", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26709", "revid": "1246625", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26709", "title": "David (Michelangelo)", "text": "David is a statue by Michelangelo, begun in 1501 and completed in 1504. It is made of marble and is 17 feet tall. It is a statue of a shepherd, David, whose story is told in the Bible. David fought a battle with a giant soldier called Goliath. He beat Goliath by knocking him down with a small stone from his slingshot. David later became King of Israel. \nMichelangelo has carved the figure naked, in the way that Ancient Roman statues of Classical Gods were often made. He shows David before the fight, just as he is looking at Goliath and planning what to do. \nThe statue was paid for by the wool-workers of Florence. To the people of the Republic of Florence, David, the teenage boy who fought a giant, was a symbol of how a small fierce town could battle off powerful invaders. David was a particularly important symbol to the wool-workers as well, because as a boy, he took care of his father\u2019s sheep, and as a king, he was like a shepherd to his people. \nThe statue of David is a symbol of the City of Florence, Italy, and is Michelangelo's most famous work of sculpture. It is often called \"The David\". \nMaking the statue.\nFrom about 1464 the members of the Wool Guild wanted to have twelve statues of people from the Old Testament of the Bible carved for the Florence Cathedral. These statues were to go on the buttresses all around the outside walls, high up near the roof. Two statues had already been made by Donatello and his assistant, Agostino di Duccio. Duccio was asked to carve a statue of David. He began carving the statue's feet, chest and a hole between the legs. He stopped making the statue when his master, Donatello, died in 1466. Antonio Rossellino then worked on the statue for two years. The block of stone was untouched for 33 years and was left in the cathedral workshop where it was getting damaged by the weather. Michelangelo began working on David on September 13, 1501. It was finished on September 8, 1504.\nWhere the statue was placed.\nWhen it was finished, the statue was placed in front of the entrance to the Palazzo Vecchio. During 1873 it was moved to the Accademia Gallery in Florence to protect it from damage. The statue currently attracts many visitors to the Accademia Gallery.\nDamage to the statue.\nIn 1991, the statue of David was attacked by a person with a hammer. Before the person with the hammer could be stopped, damage was done to the toes of the left foot.\nRelated pages.\nOther statues by Michelangelo:"}
+{"id": "26712", "revid": "1398040", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26712", "title": "Moses (Michelangelo)", "text": "Moses is a statue that was made by Michelangelo. It is a statue of Moses from the Bible. The statue is unusual because Moses has horns on his head. This was one of Michelangelo's last projects. \nRelated pages.\nThe following are other statues by Michelangelo:"}
+{"id": "26713", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26713", "title": "The Birth of Venus", "text": "The Birth of Venus is a painting by Sandro Botticelli (1445 \u2013 May 17, 1510). It is of a Roman goddess who was called Venus. He pictured her standing on a shell because Venus was said to have been born from foam on the sea in \"Stanze per la giostra\", a poem written by Angelo Poliziano. The painting shows Zephyr, god of the winds holding the gentle breeze Aura, blowing her toward the shore where Horae, goddess of the seasons, is awaiting her with a cloak. She is pictured naked to show her innocence and divinity."}
+{"id": "26714", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26714", "title": "Primavera (Botticelli)", "text": "The Primavera is a painting by Sandro Botticelli, which was painted in about 1482.\nWhat is the painting of?\nThe painting is set in the garden of Venus, who is in the middle of the painting. Above her head is Cupid, who is aiming a bow and arrow at \"The Three Graces\". The Three Graces are dancing a rondel. Mercury is on the left of the painting. He is wearing a helmet and is carrying a sword. This means that he is the guard of Venus's garden. On the right of the picture is Zephyr. Zephyr is the god of the wind. He is chasing a nymph called Cloris. Next to Cloris is Flora, the goddess of Spring, scattering flowers. She was originally Cloris but was turned into Flora by Zephyr.\nWhere is the painting?\nThe Primavera is in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence."}
+{"id": "26715", "revid": "888555", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26715", "title": "Cupid", "text": "Cupid, also called Amor (Latin for \"love\"), is the god of sexual desire in Roman mythology. He fired golden arrows at people to make them fall in love, and lead arrows to make people fall out of love. He was mainly drawn as a cherub, but he might have looked like a normal teenager. He had large feathery wings which he used to fly around in the sky and mainly shot people with his love arrows by flying above them. He secretly did this. And many people asked him for help."}
+{"id": "26716", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26716", "title": "Eros (disambiguation)", "text": "Eros is the Greek god of love.\nEros can also mean:"}
+{"id": "26717", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26717", "title": "Moses (Michelangelo", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26718", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26718", "title": "The Creation of Adam", "text": "The Creation of Adam is part of a painting by Michelangelo which can be seen on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in the Vatican City. It is of Adam and God touching hands so that God can give the spark of life to Adam."}
+{"id": "26720", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26720", "title": "Amor", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26723", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26723", "title": "Heterosexual", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26726", "revid": "13132", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26726", "title": "Graphics card", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26729", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26729", "title": "Newbury, Berkshire", "text": "Newbury is a small historical market town in Berkshire, England, with many buildings from the 16th century, the world famous Newbury racecourse, and the Lambourn horse training stables.\nNewbury is home to many kinds of people from different cultures. It is easy to get there from the M4 motorway and has airport and train links."}
+{"id": "26730", "revid": "10055522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26730", "title": "Dvorak Simplified Keyboard", "text": "The Dvorak Simplified Keyboard ( ) is an alternative way of putting letters on an English keyboard. Most English keyboards have the keys lined up in a \"QWERTY layout.\" The point of QWERTY was to prevent typewriter keys from sticking, but it is not the most \"ergonomic\", or comfortable, keyboard to type on. August Dvorak invented the Dvorak keyboard, where letters are arranged based on how often they are used. For instance, the most common letters (like \"e\") are in the center row of keys, so less hand movement is needed when a person is typing.\nProponents of the Dvorak keyboard feel that with the use of computers rather than typewriters, there is no reason to keep the QWERTY keyboard. Many Dvorak keyboard users think that more people should use the Dvorak keyboard, as it aims to prevent typing injuries (like repetitive strain injury and carpal tunnel syndrome). But most users are used to the QWERTY keyboard, and do not want to switch."}
+{"id": "26731", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26731", "title": "Microsoft FrontPage", "text": "Microsoft FrontPage (Full name: Microsoft Office FrontPage) is a program made by Microsoft to help people make webpages and full websites. It was one of Microsoft Office programs until 2003.\nMicrosoft FrontPage was commercially available in four versions:\nFrontPage 98, FrontPage 2000, FrontPage 2002 & FrontPage 2003.\nA freeware version was also included in earlier releases of Internet Explorer. It was called FrontPage Express. It was a useful web editor without costing as much as professional software. FrontPage express is compatible with Windows XP and some other versions of Windows. FrontPage Express downloads are still available online from third-party hosts, such as stormthecastle.com.\nFrontPage is a WYSIWYG, \"What You See Is What You Get\", Web Editor. All versions of FrontPage are still in use by web developers all over the globe.\nThe 2003 version is the last installment to the series. It was discontinued in 2006, being replaced by Microsoft Expression Web and Microsoft Office SharePoint Designer.\nThe first version of the app was made by Vermeer Technologies in 2005, before its acquisition by Microsoft."}
+{"id": "26732", "revid": "2131", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26732", "title": "Frontpage", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26733", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26733", "title": "Staff (stick)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26734", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26734", "title": "Martial arts", "text": "A martial art is any form of fighting and an art that has a set way of practice. There are many martial arts that come from certain countries. They are practiced for many reasons: fighting, self-defense, sport, self-expression, discipline, confidence, fitness, relaxing, meditation. A martial art is a style of combat, in many instances directed towards the self-defence. In the common usage, the word applies to the systems of combat developed all around the world.\nMartial arts may be used for self-defense, combat, and fitness.\nThe idea of \"martial art\" appeared first time in the English language in the 1920 \"Takenobu's Japanese-English Dictionary\" as a translation of the word \"bu-gei\" or \"bu-jutsu\" which means \"\"art\" or \"solution\" of the military matters\".\nIntroduction.\nThe martial arts are fighting systems. There are many schools and styles of martial arts, but all share the same goal: self-defence. Some of them, like taiji quan also can be used to improve health and the form as flowing of the \"qi\".\nSome martial arts were not born in Asia. For example, savate appeared in France and the movements of sport of the capoeira came from Brazil.\nMany martial arts include punches (boxing, karate), kicks (taekwondo, kickboxing, karate), holds and throws (judo, jujutsu, wrestling), weapons (iaijutsu, kendo, kenjutsu, naginatado, fencing, Filipino eskrima) or certain combination of these elements (several styles of jujutsu).\nMartial arts are divided in two main sets: the so-called \"hard martial arts\" like karate and kickboxing which give special consideration to the attack to beat the opponent, and the \"soft martial arts\" like judo and aikido which fight the opponent in a less aggressive manner, using the force of the other to surrender him.\nIt is difficult to compare the effectiveness of the different existing arts. Recently, people developed competitions like the Ultimate Fighting Championship in the United States of America or Pancrase in Japan. These competitions also are known as \"mixed martial arts\" or MMA. But these competitions only test the fighting styles in limited situations (fighting against an expert, only fighting one opponent, fighting while wearing the right clothes - none of which would be true in other situations such as self-defense).\nThe martial arts are defined in this method: through the history, to the soldier in the battlefield, the only thing that was important for them was to beat the enemy that one have before himself. Whether a style is soft or hard or how many points are gained with a blow are details and subjects of discussion that appear in periods of peace, when there were hand to hand combats.\nMartial arts are part of the art of war. If the main goal in a competition depends on noting points to somebody's advantage, then it could be said that this is a sport, not a martial art.\nThe history of martial arts is long. The act of developing of the fighting systems dates from when the man had been able to cause to pass the knowledge, along with the strategies of war. Part of the most ancient written material on the subject dates from the 15th century in Europe and the authorship fall to famous masters, like Hans Talhoffer and George silver. Also transcriptions of still more ancient texts had been brought to our days, one of them is a document written by hand. That document is called I.33 and dates from the end of the 13th century.\nThe persons who train martial arts disagree with relation to the matter of the competitions. Some arts, like the boxing or the Thai boxing, give attending to the sparring -fights during training - and to taking part in competitions, yet the most common of aikido and krav maga reject the competitions. The reasons that cause these opinions are different. Many of the arts desiring to compete argue that the competitions give place to better and more efficient techniques. However, certain styles not desiring to compete claim that the rules with which people developed these competitions ruin the art and does not represent what can happen in a real situation.\nIn recent years, there have been tries to return to life some martial arts thought to be important to history. Examples of this historical reconstruction of the martial arts are the pankration and the school of Shaolin that have not a continual tradition."}
+{"id": "26736", "revid": "1255323", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26736", "title": "Soda", "text": "What is soda made of Sodas and other carbonated soft fizzy drinks usually contain carbonated water (water with dissolved carbon dioxide), some kind of sweetener, and natural or artificial flavoring."}
+{"id": "26739", "revid": "1661621", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26739", "title": "Gonad", "text": "A gonad is a gland that makes gametes and sex hormones. The male gonad is the testicle. Testicles make sperm cells. The female gonad is the ovary. Ovaries make egg cells. Some animals have different gonads because they are hermaphroditic. They may have gonads such as the ovotestis. This is a gland that is similar to testicles and ovaries."}
+{"id": "26742", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26742", "title": "Felix Mendelssohn", "text": "Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy (born Hamburg 3 February 1809; died Leipzig 4 November 1847) was a German composer.\nHis grandfather was the German-Jewish philosopher Moses Mendelssohn. He was one of the great composers of the Romantic period. He loved the music of earlier composers like Bach, Handel and Mozart and he built on the traditions they had made. Mendelssohn was a child prodigy. He was already composing great music when he was a teenager. He wrote music for orchestra, piano, organ as well as chamber music and music for singing. His violin concerto is one of the most popular concertos ever written and is played by all the famous violinists. Two of his tunes are known by almost everybody: the hymn tune \"Hark the Herald Angels Sing\", and the \"Wedding March\" which is played so often at the end of weddings.\nLife.\nMendelssohn\u2019s family had plenty of money. They were also very interested in music, literature, painting etc. His grandfather Moses Mendelssohn was famous in German national literature. His father was a banker and his mother came from a family who owned a lot of factories in Berlin. The young Felix was educated at home by his parents. Although the family was Jewish his parents had Felix baptized and his father became a Christian a few years later. The Mendelssohn family added the name of Bartholdy to their name at this time.\nSoon Felix was being taught by private tutors including Ludwig Berger who taught him the piano. He also learned music theory and composition. He played the piano at a concert when he was nine, and started to compose little plays with music (called a Singspiel in German). In 1821 he was taken to meet the famous writer Goethe in Weimar. It was to be the first of several visits and Goethe\u2019s way of thinking and his works of German literature had a big influence on the young Mendelssohn. He composed several works at this time including Singspiels, symphonies and chamber music. He traveled with his father and met many famous musicians.\nIn 1825 the family moved to Berlin. They had regular concerts on Sunday mornings in their large house. Many rich and famous people were invited to their private concerts. In October 1825 he wrote a \"String Octet\" (a piece for eight string instruments) which is one of his best works. He studied the music of Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) whose music people had almost forgotten. He found the music of Bach\u2019s \"St Matthew Passion\" and conducted a performance of it in 1829. It was a famous performance in music history, because people suddenly realized how great Bach was. Bach\u2019s music has never been forgotten again since then.\nDuring the years 1829 to 1835 Mendelssohn traveled all over Europe. He visited London several times and he also performed Beethoven's \"Emperor Concerto\" there. He travelled to Scotland where he sailed to Fingal\u2019s Cave in the Inner Hebrides. This inspired him to write the overture called \"The Hebrides\". When he was returning the stagecoach had an accident and he hurt his knee. He stayed with the composer Thomas Attwood for some time before he could return to Berlin. Next he travelled to Italy where he wrote the \"Italian Symphony\". In Italy he met Hector Berlioz and on his way back he met Chopin.\nHe spent some time in D\u00fcsseldorf where he performed several oratorios by Handel as well as his own music. In Frankfurt am Main he stayed with a family who had two daughters. He married one of them, C\u00e9cile Charlotte Sophia Jeanrenaud, in 1837. They had a happy marriage and had five children.\nFelix and his young wife went to live in Leipzig where he became the conductor of the famous Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra. This was one of the highest musical jobs in Germany. He conducted a lot of music by 18th century composers who had been forgotten. He also gave the first performance of Schubert's which had been discovered by Robert Schumann nine years after Schubert\u2019s death. Mendelssohn got some of the most famous musicians to come to Leipzig and perform with the orchestra: Clara Schumann, Franz Liszt, Anton Rubinstein, the young violinist Joseph Joachim and the Swedish soprano Jenny Lind. Mendelssohn improved the playing of the orchestra, making them one of the best orchestras in the world. He also made sure that the players were paid well.\nIn the early 1840s Mendelssohn spent some time in Berlin. The new king, Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, was very keen on music and had lots of ideas about new plans for concerts. He wanted Mendelssohn to be in charge of this. The king wanted to see Greek plays performed and Mendelssohn had to write incidental music for the performances of \"Antigone\".\nIn June 1842 Mendelssohn was twice received by Queen Victoria at her palace in London. Mendelssohn thanked the Queen by dedicating his \"Scottish Symphony\" to her. He continued to conduct in Leipzig and helped to make Berlioz\u2019s music famous in Germany. He became director of the new Conservatoire in Leipzig. In Berlin the king asked him to provide incidental music for Shakespeare's play \" A Midsummer Night\u2019s Dream \". He had already written some of this music 17 years earlier but now he finished it and performed it in 1843.\nFor his piano performances Mendelssohn was using instruments from a Viennese piano maker Conrad Graf. Mendelshohn was so pleased with this instrument, that he decided to order from Graf two more pianos: one for himself and one for his brother\u2019s bride.\nDuring his last years Mendelssohn suffered from bad health. He continued to work and travel as much as he could, but after a stroke in 1847 he died in Leipzig aged 38. His body was taken by a special train to Berlin where he was buried near the grave of his sister Fanny.\nMusic.\nMendelssohn\u2019s most famous works are his 5 symphonies (especially the \"Scottish\" and \"Italian\" symphonies), his concertos (especially his violin concerto), his overtures (especially \"The Hebrides\") and his Incidental Music to \"A Midsummer Night\u2019s Dream\" which includes the famous \"Wedding March\". He wrote some very good chamber music: string quartets and piano trios and two very famous oratorios: \"Elijah\" and \"St Paul\". His piano music includes a large collection of short pieces called \"Songs without Words\" (German: \"Lieder ohne Worte\") which many pianists like to play. His organ music shows his love for J.S.Bach, often sounding more Baroque than Romantic. After his death Mendelssohn\u2019s music became less popular for a time. This may have been because of the rise of anti-semitism in the mid-19th century, it may also have been because some musicians played Mendelssohn\u2019s music in a rather delightful way. But many great musicians saw his greatness and his music is well-loved today.\nReferences.\nThe New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie, 1980; "}
+{"id": "26743", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26743", "title": "Emma", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26745", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26745", "title": "Joseph Mallord Turner", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26746", "revid": "1521690", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26746", "title": "Watercolour", "text": "Watercolour (UK), also called watercolor (US) or aquarelle (French), are paintings whose colours are water-based pigments. \nWatercolours were first created in China, appearing shortly after paper was invented. Watercolours soon became popular in Japan as well. Pigment is mixed first with a binder which is most of the time, gum arabic, then add water and then using a brush add the pigment to material like paper. When the water dries, the pigment is stuck to the material from the binder."}
+{"id": "26748", "revid": "940472", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26748", "title": "Expert system", "text": "An expert system is a program running on a computer. Like a human expert, it knows a lot about a subject. People can ask the expert system a question. The expert system will then use a set of rules and give answers to the question. This method of automated reasoning belongs to a field of computer science called artificial intelligence.\nDifferent groups of people can have different kinds of access to an expert system. The people managing the network of computers have different needs than the office worker or secretary.\nHow expert systems work.\nExpert systems are made of\nWhen they are asked a question, they will filter the data with the rules they have. They might give back a result, or ask an additional question."}
+{"id": "26755", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26755", "title": "Hermann Hesse", "text": "Hermann Hesse (2 July 1877 \u2013 9 August 1962) was a German-Swiss poet, novelist, and painter. In 1946, he received the Nobel Prize in Literature. His best known works include \"Steppenwolf\", \"Siddhartha\", and \"The Glass Bead Game\" (also known as \"Magister Ludi\")."}
+{"id": "26758", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26758", "title": "OOP", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26760", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26760", "title": "Flying", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26761", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26761", "title": "Pink floyd", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26766", "revid": "1662932", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26766", "title": "Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol", "text": "The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, is a protocol related to computers and networks of computers. It is referred to as DHCP for short. It was made so that computers could connect to other computers (on a network) automatically. \nTo be able to access the Internet (or any computer network), an IP address is needed. DHCP allows for this IP address to be obtained automatically by a router. If DHCP was not used, a user would have to manually give an available IP address to their device. This is also known as giving a device a static IP. \nOther data, like a DNS Nameserver, or a time server can also be obtained that way. Computers that support network booting can get a disk image that they can boot from through the network.\nThe address can be dynamic (it can change), or it can be static (it stays the same). After a certain time, the address lease has to be renewed.\nDHCP is one of the most complicated IP protocols in networks of computers."}
+{"id": "26767", "revid": "9859604", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26767", "title": "Communication protocol", "text": "In computing, a communication protocol refers to the set of rules that computers use to communicate with each other. The protocol defines the signals that the computers will give each other, and other details such as how communication begins and/or ends. "}
+{"id": "26768", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26768", "title": "Protocol", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26769", "revid": "10235749", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26769", "title": "Aldi", "text": "Aldi is a supermarket in Germany and in most parts of the European Union. Aldi shops are also in Australia, the UK and the United States. Most German towns and villages have at least one Aldi shop. There are about 4,100 stores in Germany, and 7,600 worldwide. The name of the shop stands for \"ALbrecht-DIscount\".\nThe company is a food retailer, but it also sells non-food at times. In the 1990s, Aldi often sold computers that were sought after. Aldi has a reputation for being cheap. It forces its suppliers to sell to them at low prices.\nHistory.\nThe company was started in 1913 as a family grocery business in Essen. In 1946, brothers Karl Albrecht (1920-2014) and Theo Albrecht (1922-2010) took over the business from their mother. Theo had been held by the US in a prisoner of war camp. They started the idea of discount shops in Germany. They decided to have a limited range of goods and sell them at a discount price. In 1960, the company was split into Aldi Nord (Aldi North) under the control of Theo, and Aldi S\u00fcd (Aldi South) under the control of Karl. The brothers became billionaires. In 2009 Karl's wealth was estimated to be \u20ac25 billion. Theo was kidnapped in 1971 and held prisoner for 17 days until a seven million mark ransom was paid. The family have avoided publicity and there are few known photographs of them.\nAustralia.\nAldi started in Australia in 2001. At the end of 2010 there were 210 Aldi stores in eastern Australia and the company were planning to open 20-30 stores each year. In 2009 the Australian stores made a profit of AU$91.94 million, up 27% on 2008. In January 2024 Aldi was operating 591 stores in Australia.\nUnited Kingdom.\nAldi opened its 1000th store in the UK in September 2023 - in the affluent town of Woking. It is the UK\u2019s fourth-biggest grocer by market share and plans to open 500 more. Sales had increased by 21% in August from a year earlier. It has lower operational costs than other supermarkets and sells mostly own-label products. "}
+{"id": "26771", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26771", "title": "DHCP", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26772", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26772", "title": "AI", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26774", "revid": "2063", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26774", "title": "Pic", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26777", "revid": "1671886", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26777", "title": "Channel Tunnel", "text": "The Channel Tunnel (or Chunnel) (French: le tunnel sous la Manche) is a long underwater tunnel between England and France that runs under the English Channel at the Strait of Dover. It is only for trains. Some of the trains in the Channel Tunnel carry freight, including automobiles. Others, like the Eurostar, carry only passengers.\nThe tunnel, which was once called the Eurotunnel, opened in 1994. It is 50 kilometres (31 miles) long and its deepest point is 75 metres (250 feet) beneath the surface. It connects Folkestone, Kent in the United Kingdom to Calais in northern France. This has reduced travel time between London and Paris to a little over two hours with high-speed trains."}
+{"id": "26779", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26779", "title": "Mimes", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26780", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26780", "title": "Miming", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26784", "revid": "1467751", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26784", "title": "Katowice", "text": "Katowice (pronounce: , also known as \"Kattowitz\" in German) is a city in Poland. It is in the south of Poland in the historical region called Silesia on K\u0142odnica and Rawa river. It received city rights in 1865. Between 1953 and 1956 Katowice had the name Stalinogr\u00f3d - \"Stalin City\". It was given by the polish communists. There are about 315,123 people living there. The mayor of the city is Marcin Krupa. For a long period of time the city was ruled by Germans, as it was a part of Germany until 1918. There is a little airport called \"Airport Muchowiec\". There are both modern and old buildings in Katowice. It was the center of the coal mining and metallurgy."}
+{"id": "26785", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26785", "title": "Daylight", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26786", "revid": "1676620", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26786", "title": "Mobile phone", "text": "A mobile phone (also known as a hand phone, cell phone, or cellular telephone) is a small portable radio telephone.\nThe mobile phone can be used to communicate over long distances without wires. It works by radio wave connection to a nearby base station (also called a \"mobile tower\"), which links the phone to the main telecommunications network. When moving, if the mobile phone gets too far away from the cell it is connected to, that cell sends a message to another cell to tell the new cell to take over the call. This is called a \"hand off,\" and the call continues with the new cell. The hand-off is done so smoothly that the user will usually not know that the call was transferred to another cell.\nAs mobile phones became more popular, they began to cost less money, and more people could afford them. Mobile service providers started offering monthly plans for as low as US$30 or US$40. Cell phones have become so cheap to own that they have mostly replaced pay phones and phone booths except for urban areas with many people.\nIn the 21st century, a new type of mobile phone, called smartphones, have become popular. Since the 2010s, smartphones have become more widely used than traditional feature phones.\nHistory.\nMobile phones in the 1950s through 1970s were large and heavy, and most were built into cars. In the late 20th century technology improved so people could carry their phones with ease.\nAlthough Dr. Martin Cooper from Motorola made the first call using a mobile phone in 1973 (using a handset weighing 2 kilograms), it did not use the type of cellular mobile phone network that we use today.\nThe first cellular mobile phone networks were created in 1979 in Japan. Now almost all urban areas, and many country areas, are covered by mobile phone networks.\nTechnology.\nA cell phone combines technologies, mainly telephone, radio, and computer. Most also have a digital camera inside.\nCell phones work as two-way radios. They send electromagnetic microwaves from base station to base station. The waves are sent through antennas. This is called wireless communication.\nEarly cell telephones used analog networks. They became rare late in the 20th century. Modern phones use digital networks.\nThe first digital networks are also known as second generation, or 2G, technologies. The most used digital network is GSM (Global System for Mobile communication). It is used mainly in Europe and Asia, while CDMA (Code-Division Multiple Access) networks are mainly used in North America. The difference is in communication protocol. Other countries like Japan have different 2G protocols. A few 2G and 3G networks are still used. 4G are more common, and many places have 5G.\nThe radio waves that the mobile phone networks use are split into different frequencies. The frequency is measured in Hz. Lower frequencies can send the signal farther. Higher frequencies provide better connections and the voice communications are generally clearer. Four main frequency bands are used around the world: 850, 900, 1800 and 1900\u00a0MHz. Europe uses 900 and 1800\u00a0MHz and North America uses 850 and 1900\u00a0MHz.\nToday there are mobile phones that work on two, three or four frequency bands. The most advanced phones work on all frequencies. They are called 'world' phones and can be used everywhere.\nShapes.\nThere are different kinds of phones. A flip phone flips open. A bar phone is shaped like a candy bar, and the keys and screen are on one face. A slate phone is a phone that has almost no buttons, and uses a touchscreen. Most smartphones are slates. A slider phone slides on rails. It can slide out number keys or a mini keyboard, and some do both. A swivel spins on an axle.\nHow mobile phones work.\nWhen a mobile phone is switched on, its radio receiver finds a nearby mobile phone network base station, and its transmitter sends a request for service. Computers in the base station check if the phone is allowed to use the network. The base station covers an area called a cell. A phone can move between different cells, but will only communicate with one cell at a time. This is why mobile communications are sometimes called cellular communications.\nOnce connected to a station, the mobile phone can make calls. Because the network knows that the phone is connected to that particular cell, it can also route calls to the mobile phone. Sometimes the radio connection to the cell is lost, for example when you go underground. The phone cannot make or receive calls until the connection is made again.\nNetworks and payment.\nThe network is the company that provides the phone service. In most areas there will be more than one mobile network. Customers choose networks based on how well the different networks work in their area, or by price.\nThere are two main ways to pay for mobile phone calls: \nMobile phones use different technical standards. GSM phones use a separate microchip, called a Subscriber Identity Module or SIM card, to work. The SIM has information like the phone number and payment account and this is needed to make or receive calls. The SIM may be supplied by the same company as the phone, or a different one. In unlocked phones you can change the network by using a SIM from another network, but some companies do not want this to happen and they lock the phone so that you have to use their SIM. \nLocked phones only makes phone calls when the phone is activated. When someone buys a contract, the network gives them a code, that if they enter it into the phone, the phone will then make calls. It is usually impossible to switch to a different network's code on this type of phone. The majority of these CDMA phones are used in the United States and nearby countries.\nSmartphones.\nA majority of new mobile phones from the 21st century are smartphones. These phones are basically small computers. Besides calling, they can be used for email, browsing the internet, showing local maps, playing music and games, and many other functions that computers can perform. \nMost smartphones run a common mobile operating system. This allows developers to make mobile apps that work on many different phones without needing to change the code. Examples of smartphones include Apple's iPhone (which uses iOS software) and Samsung's Galaxy series, one of many phones that use the Android platform made by Google.\nMobile case.\nCases are designed to attach to, support, or otherwise hold a smartphone. They are popular accessories. Some have a keyboard (computer) built in. Case measures are based on the display inches (e.g. 5 inch display). There are different types:\nHolsters are commonly used alone for devices. They have rubberized padding, and/or are made of plastic and without exposed rigid corners. Heavy duty cases are designed to protect from drops and scratches."}
+{"id": "26787", "revid": "1521690", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26787", "title": "Amazon", "text": "Amazon can be:"}
+{"id": "26791", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26791", "title": "Giorgio Napolitano", "text": "Giorgio Napolitano (29 June 1925 \u2013 22 September 2023) was an Italian politician who was the 11th President of Italy from 2006 to 2015. He was the first Italian president to be re-elected to the office. From 1992 to 1994, he was the President of the Chamber of Deputies. From 1996 to 1998, he was the Minister of the Interior during the Romano Prodi government.\nBefore becoming president, Napolitano was a member of the Chamber of Deputies, Senate and European Parliament.\nIn office for 8 years and 244 days, he was the longest-serving president, until the record was passed by Sergio Mattarella in 2023. He also was the longest-lived president in the history of the Italian Republic.\nHe was elected on 10 May 2006 on the fourth ballot, with 543 votes out of 1009 (the required number was 505), but he took office as president only on 15 May 2006, after Carlo Azeglio Ciampi's time was finished.\nHe was voted mostly by the left-wing coalition led by Prime Minister Romano Prodi, head of the Italian Government. Napolitano was preceded at his job by Carlo Azeglio Ciampi. He was nicknamed King George by his critics. \nNapolitano resigned as President of Italy on 14 January 2015 due to his old age.\nNapolitano was born in Naples. He studied at University of Naples Federico II. In 1959, he married Clio Maria Bittoni. They had two children.\nNapolitano was hospitalized in Rome on 29 June 2023, shortly after his 98th birthday. He died on 22 September 2023 at the age of 98."}
+{"id": "26800", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26800", "title": "Robert Byrd", "text": "Robert Carlyle Byrd (born Cornelius Calvin Sale Jr.; November 20, 1917 \u2013 June 28, 2010) was a Senator of the state of West Virginia from 1959 until his death in 2010. He is the longest-serving U.S. senator in history and was the longest-serving member in the history of the whole United States Congress until his record was beaten by Representative John Dingell of Michigan. Byrd is the only West Virginian to have served in both chambers of the state legislature and in both chambers of Congress.\nHe was dean of the United States Senate from 2003 to 2010. He was president pro tempore four times. He was elected to the Senate in 1958. He served as majority leader from 1977 to 1981 and again from 1987 to 1989. He was also minority leader from 1981 to 1987. He was a member of the KKK.\nEarly life.\nByrd was born on November 20, 1917 in North Wilkesboro, North Carolina. On May 29, 1937, Byrd married Erma Ora James (June 12, 1917 \u2013 March 25, 2006) who was born to a coal mining family in Floyd County, Virginia. Her family moved to Raleigh County, West Virginia, where she met Byrd when they attended the same high school.\nRobert Byrd had two daughters (Mona Byrd Fatemi and Marjorie Byrd Moore), six grandchildren, and seven great-grandchildren.\nPolitical career.\nByrd was fourth person in the state (as President \"pro tempore\" of the Senate, usually longest serving Senator from majority party) from January 1989 to January 1995, from January 3, 2001 to January 20, 2001 and again from June 2001 to January 2003 and January 2007 until his death in 2010.\nAfter Republicans retook control of the Senate, he became the honorary President \"pro tempore emeritus\" In 2007, Byrd became President Pro Tempore of the Senate again. Before he was elected to the Senate he served in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1953 until 1959 (he is dean of all Congress).\nHe was a vocal opponent of President George W. Bush's war in Iraq. In January 2006 he was one of the only four (alongside Ben Nelson of Nebraska, Kent Conrad of North Dakota and Ken Salazar of Colorado) democratic Senators, who voted for Samuel Alito.\nDeath.\nOn June 27, 2010, it was reported that Byrd had been admitted to Inova Fairfax Hospital in Fairfax County, Virginia, earlier that weekend; while he was first admitted for suspected heat exhaustion, \"more serious issues\" emerged and he was said to be \"seriously ill\". He died at approximately EDT the next day at age 92 from natural causes. At the time of his death in office, he was the last living U.S. senator who assumed office in the 1950s."}
+{"id": "26805", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26805", "title": "Artemis", "text": "Artemis is the Greek goddess of the Moon, hunting, archery, virginity, wilderness, forests, animals, hills and midwifery. She is one of the members of the Twelve Olympians who ruled the world on top of Mount Olympus. She is the daughter of Zeus and Leto, older twin sister of Apollo. Her Roman equivalent is Diana. \nArtemis is generally depicted as a beautiful huntress wearing a sleeveless tunic and carrying a bow and arrow. She is accompanied by a group of nymphs huntresses. Bow, arrow, quiver and knives serves as her symbols. Deers/stags is her sacred animal. \nAncient Greek myths involving Artemis.\nBirth.\nHera, who was Zeus's wife, discovered that Leto was pregnant and became very angry. She banned Leto from giving birth on any mainland or island known.\nLeto found the island of Delos, which floated and so was not an island or mainland, and gave birth there. Hera then locked up the goddess of childbirth, Eilethyia, so she could not give birth to the twins. Then, all the other goddesses convinced her to let her free so she could finally give birth. Leto gave birth to Artemis without any problem. However she was in labor with Apollo for nine days. Artemis helped Leto to give birth to Apollo.\nActeon.\nA mortal hunter named Acteon stumbled upon Artemis while she was bathing. Artemis discovered him and was enraged. She inflicted a punishment upon him for spying on her whilst she was bathing, by transforming him into a stag. She then sent his own hunting dogs to tear him apart.\nHippolytos.\nHippolytos, a companion and devotee of Artemis, was slain through the machinations of Aphrodite, as punishment for his scorning of love and neglecting her worship. Artemis avenged the death of Hippolytos by killing Aphrodite's favourite lover, Adonis. She later petitioned Asclepius to bring the boy back to life, and spirited him away to her sacred shrine in Aricia."}
+{"id": "26806", "revid": "10225337", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26806", "title": "Apollo", "text": "Apollo is a god in Greek mythology, and one of the Twelve Olympians. He is the son of Zeus and Leto and the twin brother of Artemis. He is the god of healing, medicine, archery, music, dance, poetry, prophecy, knowledge, light and the sun. He is the leader of the Muses. He also is a god of prophecy, and his Oracle at Delphi is very important. He also is the god of justice. During the 5th century BC, Apollo became also known as the god of Sun, becoming one with the god Helios, and getting the name Phoebus. He is shown as a handsome young man, wearing a laurel wreath and playing the lyre or kithara. It is known as his symbol. His other symbols include the raven.\nMyths about Apollo.\nApollon (Roman) or Apollo (Greek) was one of the Twelve Olympians, the 12 most important gods in Greek mythology. Because of this, there are many myths about him:\nBirth of Apollo.\nApollo and his twin sister Artemis were the children of Zeus, the king of the Greek gods, and the goddess Leto. When Leto became pregnant, Zeus already had a wife, the queen of the gods Hera. Hera was angry that Zeus was having children with Leto, and cursed Leto so that she could not ever give birth to her children anywhere on the earth where the sun shone. Hera then sent a dragon serpent called Python to eat Leto. Python chased Leto to the edge of the sea, where Leto swam to the island of Delos. Python could not swim, however, and had to leave her alone. The island of Delos was at that time just a big rock floating on the sea, not an island yet, so it wasn't \"on the earth\". So Leto climbed under the shade of a palm tree and gave birth to her daughter, Artemis, and then her son, Apollo. Delos then became Apollo's and Artemis' sacred land. It varies from myth to myth what twin was born first.\nApollo and Delphi.\nWhen Apollo grew up, he went to his father, Zeus, and asked for a golden bow with arrows as bright and sharp as the sunshine. Then he went looking for a place to build his temple. He came to a spring that belonged to a nymph called \"Telphusa\" and tried to build his temple there, but Telephusa suggested he build his temple at Delphi instead, since there was already a shrine there to Themis, the goddess of telling the future. Apollo went to Delphi but found out it was taken over by Python, the dragon who had tried to eat his mother. He killed the Python with a hundred arrows and claimed Delphi as his temple. He got two sailors to be his priests and then gave a girl the power of telling the future. The girl became his priestess or oracle. The little god, Eros, the son of the love goddess, Aphrodite, had watched Apollo kill Python and worshiped Apollo as his idol. Apollo, however, was annoyed by Eros and insulted him. Eros got angry and shot Apollo with his magic arrow, making him fall in love with a nymph named Daphne. Daphne didn't love Apollo and shunned him. Apollo chased her, and she turned herself into a laurel tree to escape him. Apollo still loved her and made the laurel one of his symbols.\nApollo and Hermes.\nApollo looked after the cattle of the sun-god Helios while Helios was driving the sun through the sky. While Apollo was chasing Daphne, the mischievous baby god, Hermes, stole the cattle and confused Apollo by making the cattle walk backward as they left their pen. When Apollo went looking for them, it looked like they had walked into the ranch instead of out. Hermes also told a nearby man that he would make him rich if he told no one about what he saw Hermes do. The man, Battos, told Apollo anyway and was later turned into stone by Hermes as punishment. Apollo took Hermes in front of all the gods to be judged. Hermes acted innocent, though, and finally convinced Apollo to forgive him by giving him the lyre. Apollo loved this lyre so much that he not only let Hermes keep the cattle but also gave him the caduceus, a magic wand that could heal wounds and cause sleep. Hermes tried the caduceus out on two dying snakes, who came back to life and curled around the wand for the rest of eternity. "}
+{"id": "26809", "revid": "9910355", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26809", "title": "Nike (mythology)", "text": " \nNike (Greek: \u039d\u03af\u03ba\u03b7) is the goddess of victory in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of Styx and Pallas and the sister of Cratos, Bia, and Zelus. Nike and her brothers and sister were all friends of Zeus. He had a sibling named Ella, Violet and Zoe \nNike could run very fast, had wings and brings good luck. She is usually worshipped at the same time as Athena. Nike is often linked with sport, with companies named for her like Nike Inc. A picture of Nike also appears in all the medals for the Summer Olympics. Her Roman name is Victoria.\nThe most famous statue of Nike is the Winged Victory of Samothrace. This is now in the Louvre, which is a museum in Paris, France. She is a symbol of victory displayed outside Olympic stadiums in Olympia and in other places where there are Olympics. She is believed to always be watching over sport stadiums ready to choose the victor of the game."}
+{"id": "26811", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26811", "title": "Daphne", "text": "Daphne can mean:"}
+{"id": "26812", "revid": "17988", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26812", "title": "Cratos", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26814", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26814", "title": "Montagu Island", "text": "Montagu Island is the largest island of the South Sandwich Islands."}
+{"id": "26815", "revid": "1628044", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26815", "title": "Styx", "text": "Styx is the goddess of the river Styx in Greek mythology, and was the only female river goddess. She was the daughter of Okeanos and Tethys, and with Pallas was also the mother of Zelus, Nike, Kratos, and Bia (and sometimes Eos). During the Titanomachy she sent the children to help Zeus. To reward her for helping the Olympians, Zeus did not throw her in Tartarus, but let her be the guardian of the river Styx. She is the wife of the ferryman, Charon, and the guardian of the river Coctylus, Archeon."}
+{"id": "26816", "revid": "10279490", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26816", "title": "Groucho Marx", "text": "Julius Henry Marx or Groucho Marx (October 2, 1890 \u2013 August 19, 1977) was an American actor and comedian. He was best known for work with his siblings in The Marx Brothers and then later on his own. He was also best known for portraying a fast-talking \"wise guy\" with bushy eyebrows, glasses, rectangle moustache, and a cigar."}
+{"id": "26817", "revid": "1092985", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26817", "title": "Greek mythology", "text": "Greek mythology is a large collection of stories, started in Ancient Greece, about the beginning of the world, and the lives and adventures of gods, goddesses, heroes, and heroines.\nGods and goddesses.\nThe gods and goddesses in Greek mythology have special parts in the world. For instance, Zeus is the god of the sky, Poseidon is the god of the sea and Hephaestus is the god of fire. They can make themselves invisible to humans and move to any place in a very short amount of time. The gods and goddesses also never get sick and can only be hurt by very unusual causes. This is called being immortal. The king of the gods was Zeus, who lived with the other gods on top of Mt. Olympus in Greece. The gods were children of the Titans such as Kronos and Rhea.\nGreek mythology has 12 main gods known as the Twelve Olympians, including Zeus, Poseidon, Hera, Hades, Hephaestus, Dionysus, Athena, Artemis, Apollo, Ares, Demeter, Aphrodite, Hermes, and Hestia. Before them there were the 12 Titans lead by the youngest Titan, Kronos. Hestia gave up her throne for Dionysus.\nThere are lots of monsters in Greek mythology. Many are hybrids of animals or people. Some important Greek monsters are minotaurs, satyrs, centaurs and chimera. Hybrid animals are called chimeras sometimes because of the monster.\nThe myth of the Sun.\nThe Greeks believed that the sun was pulled across the sky by a \"chariot\" driven by the god, Apollo. Apollo was the brother of Artemis (the goddess of the hunt and the moon) and he himself was the god of archery, poetry, and prophecies. Everyday, Apollo would drive the \"Sun Chariot\" across the sky and provide light and heat for the people of Greece.\nThe Greek creation myth.\nThe Ancient Greeks believed that in the beginning, the world was in a state of nothingness, which they called chaos. Suddenly, from light, came Gaia (mother earth) and Uranus (the sky). Gaia and Uranus had 6 sets of twins. The most important of the 12 children were Kronos and Rhea. \nGaia gave birth to some monsters called cyclops. Uranus disliked the cyclopes, so he forced Gaia to keep them in her womb. Gaia, angered by the amount of pain that Uranus had put her through by holding babies in her womb, sought revenge on Uranus. \nGaia used her son Kronos, who chopped off Uranus' genitals. Kronos threw Uranus into the ocean. From the blood of his genitals, came the goddess of love and beauty\u2014Aphrodite.\nKronos married his sister Rhea and gave birth to 6 children, who were called the gods.\nKronos, who was afraid of a prophecy delivered to him a while ago, swallowed each of his children each time they were born. Rhea did not like this, so she saved Zeus and gave Kronos a rock to eat instead. \nZeus was raised by a centaur named Chiron, who is also the son of Kronos, in a mountain cave.\nWhen Zeus was old enough, he tricked Kronos into drinking a mixture of wine and mustard. Kronos vomited up the rest of the gods, who, being immortal, had been growing up completely undigested in Kronos' stomach.\nZeus then banished Kronos to Tartarus.\nZeus was from then on the leader of the gods, and created man for his own entertainment."}
+{"id": "26819", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26819", "title": "List of Greek gods and goddesses", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26820", "revid": "10171529", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26820", "title": "Gaia (disambiguation)", "text": "Gaia is the Greek goddess of the earth and worlds. In Roman mythology, her other name was Terra, the wife of Caelus. The planet Earth is named after this goddess.\nGaia is mother and wife of the god of the sky and heavens, Uranus. The children of Gaia and Uranus are Titans, Cyclopes, Hecatonchires. Kronos, the youngest Titan, castrated his father Uranus with a sickle. From Uranus's shedded blood which came from his genitals that was fused to him by himself was born Aphrodite, the goddess of love and beauty by fusing with Gaia's powers. Others of Uranus and Gaia's children from his shedded blood and her powers are Giants, Erinyes, Meliae."}
+{"id": "26821", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26821", "title": "Gaea", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26822", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26822", "title": "Ge", "text": "Ge or GE may stand for:"}
+{"id": "26823", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26823", "title": "G\u00e6a", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26824", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26824", "title": "Ga\u00efa", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26825", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26825", "title": "Gaya (disambiguation)", "text": "\"See also: Gaia\"\nGaya may refer to:"}
+{"id": "26826", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26826", "title": "Nyx", "text": "Nyx was the goddess of the night in Greek mythology. She came out of Chaos.\nHer Roman equivalent was Nox.\nHesiod's Theogony.\nIn his theogony (How the gods came to be), Hesiod tells: \"Night is born of Chaos; her offspring are many, and telling. With Erebus, Night gives birth to the following deities:\"\nLater, on her own, Night gives birth to \nIn his description of Tartarus, Hesiod says further that Hemera \"day\", who is now Night's sister rather than daughter, left Tartarus just as Nyx entered it; when Hemera returned, Nyx left. This mirrors the portrayal of Ratri \"night\" in the Rig-Veda, where she works in close cooperation but also tension with her sister Ushas \"dawn\"."}
+{"id": "26827", "revid": "888555", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26827", "title": "Hemera", "text": "Hemera was the goddess of daylight in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of Erebus and Nyx, and the sister of Moros, Charon, Keres and Nemesis. \nHyginus lists their children as Uranus, Gaia, and Thalassa (the primordial sea goddess), while Hesiod only lists Thalassa as their child.\nAether was her brother and consort. Hyginus listed Gaia, Thalassa and Ouranos as their children. In Hesiod's \"Theogony\", Hemera was only mother of Thalassa.\nHemera's mother was the goddess of the night and her father was the god of darkness. they were brother and sister and married and had kids Hemera was one of them.\nHer grandmother was the goddess of air."}
+{"id": "26828", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26828", "title": "Aether", "text": "Aether was the God of light in Greek mythology. He was the son of Erebus and Nyx. Aether is one of the primordial deities, the first-born elementals.\nDamascius says that Aether, Erebus and Chaos were siblings, and the offspring of Chronos (Father Time). According to Epiphanius, the world began as a cosmic egg, encircled by Time and Inevitability (most likely Chronos and Ananke) in serpent fashion. Together they constricted the egg, squeezing its matter with great force, until the world divided into two hemispheres. After that, the atoms sorted themselves out. The lighter and finer ones floated above and became the Bright Air (Aether and/or Ouranos) and the rarefied Wind (Chaos), while the heavier and dirtier atoms sank and became the Earth (Gaia) and the Ocean (Pontos and/or Oceanus). See also Plato's Myth of Er."}
+{"id": "26829", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26829", "title": "Comedienne", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26830", "revid": "153541", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26830", "title": "Erebus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26831", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26831", "title": "Greek myth", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26832", "revid": "440188", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26832", "title": "Keres (spirits)", "text": "The Keres are female death spirits in Greek mythology, and were the daughters of Erebus and Nyx. They look very dark and have sharp teeth, claws and like the taste of blood. The Keres look around battlefields for hurt people and people who are dying."}
+{"id": "26833", "revid": "40117", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26833", "title": "Eris (goddess)", "text": "Eris (, \"Strife\") is the goddess of strife and discord in Greek mythology. She is the daughter of Nyx, but has no father. She is the opposite of Harmonia, who is the goddess of harmony.\nThe Romans called her \"Discordia\". In Roman statues of Discordia, and in other Roman art of her, she looks scary and ugly, and she is holding a knife. There are a few myths about this goddess, such as the one involving the golden apple.\nDiscordians.\nNowadays, there are some people who call themselves \"Discordians\". This idea comes from a book called \"Principia Discordia\", which was written by Greg Hill and Kerry Thornley in San Francisco in the year 1958 or 1959. The book says that Eris might not have been scary and ugly after all, but that she was just misunderstood.\nThe \"Principia Discordia\" describes the Discordian Society and its Goddess Eris, as well as the basics of Discordianism."}
+{"id": "26834", "revid": "380105", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26834", "title": "Geras", "text": "Geras is the god of age in Greek mythology. His mother is Nyx, but he has no father."}
+{"id": "26835", "revid": "6013538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26835", "title": "Hypnos", "text": "Hypnos is the god of sleep in Greek mythology. He is the son of Nyx and the twin brother of Thanatos, the god of death.\nHis sons are the Oneroi: Morpheus, Phobetor and Phantasos.\nHis Roman equivalent was \"Somnus\". Hypnos was represented as a gentle young man, usually with wings attached to his temples or shoulders."}
+{"id": "26836", "revid": "9696801", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26836", "title": "Momus", "text": "Momus is the god of blame, Mockery, criticism and satire in Greek mythology. His mother is Nyx, but he has no father. He was kicked out of Olympus after criticizing Zeus, Aphrodite, Poseidon and Athena."}
+{"id": "26837", "revid": "958774", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26837", "title": "Moros", "text": "Moros is the personification of doom in Greek mythology. He was the child of Nyx and brother to Thanatos. It is believed that he decided the destiny of each mortal."}
+{"id": "26838", "revid": "8282327", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26838", "title": "Metis", "text": "Metis is the goddess of wisdom in Greek mythology. She is one of the Titans and is the daughter of Oceanus and Tethys. She was the mother of Athena.\nThere is also a moon named after Metis.\nWhen she was inside Zeus, Metis made a helmet and a robe for her baby. The hammering noise caused Zeus to have a headache. To try and help Zeus with the pain, Prometheus, Hephaestus, Hermes, or Palaemon (depending on the myth) cut his head open with a Minoan axe. Athena then came out of Zeus's head. She was fully grown and had her armour on."}
+{"id": "26839", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26839", "title": "Eos", "text": "Eos\u00a0(Ionic and Homeric Greek: \u1f28\u03ce\u03c2, \"\u0112\u014ds\"; Attic: \u1f1d\u03c9\u03c2, \"\u00c9\u014ds\"; Aeolic: \u0391\u1f54\u03c9\u03c2, \"A\u00fa\u014ds\"; Doric: \u1f08\u03ce\u03c2, \"\u0100\u1e53s\") is the goddess of the dawn in\u00a0Greek mythology. She was the daughter of the Titans Hyperion and\u00a0Theia. She is the sister of Helios, god of the sun, and\u00a0Selene, goddess of the moon.\u00a0\nMyth.\nEos leaves her home, which was at the edge of ocean, every morning to wake her brother, Helios. She opens the gates of heaven so that Helios can ride his chariot across the sky each day."}
+{"id": "26840", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26840", "title": "Selene", "text": "Selene () is the goddess of the Moon in Greek mythology. She is the daughter of the Titans Hyperion and Theia. She is the sister of Helios, god of the Sun, and Eos, goddess of the dawn. She is often shown driving her chariot across the night sky, drawn by a team of winged horses. Many other goddesses, such as Artemis and Hecate, were associated with the moon, but only Selene was regarded as the personification of the Moon itself. Her Roman equivalent is Luna.\nEtymology.\nThe etymology of \"Selene\" is unknown, but if the word is from Greek, it is probably connected to the word \"selas\", meaning \"light\". \"Boreion Selas\" is the Greek name for Aurora Borealis. The word \"selenology\", the study of the geology of the Moon, comes from her name. The chemical element Selenium was also named after Selene.\nDepictions.\nIn post-Renaissance art, Selene is shown as a beautiful woman with a pale face. She is sometimes riding a silver chariot (cart) pulled by oxen or a pair of horses. Often, she is shown riding a horse or bull, wearing robes and a half-moon on her head and carrying a torch.\nMythology.\nGenealogy.\nIn the old pre-Olympian genealogy of the gods, Helios, the sun, is Selene's brother: after her brother, Helios, finishes his trip across the sky, Selene, freshly washed in the waters of the Earth-circling Ocean, begins her own trip as night falls upon the earth, which becomes lit from the light of her head and golden crown. When she is growing after mid-month, it is a \"sure token and a sign to mortal men\". Her sister, Eos, is goddess of the dawn. Eos also carried off a human lover, Cephalus, which is like a myth of Selene and Endymion.\nAs a result of Selene becoming one with Artemis, later writers sometimes said Selene was a daughter of Zeus, like Artemis, or of Pallas the Titan. In the Homeric \"Hymn to Hermes\", with its list of people's fathers, she is \"bright Selene, daughter of the lord Pallas, Megamedes' son.\"\nLovers.\nThe Apollonius of Rhodes tells how Selene loved a mortal, the handsome hunter or shepherd\u2014or, in the version Pausanias knew, a king\u2014 of Elis, named Endymion, from Asia Minor. He was so beautiful that Selene asked Zeus to grant him eternal sleep, she learned from her sister never to ask for eternal life or be left with a grasshopper in her hands so he would never leave her: her asking permission of Zeus is as an Olympian change to an older myth: Cicero \"Tusculanae Disputationes\" recognized that the moon goddess had done it by herself. Another story says Endymion made the decision to live forever in sleep. Every night, Selene went down behind Mount Latmus near MiletusPausanias geographerPausanias . Selene had fifty daughters, the Menae, by Endymion, including Naxos, the nymph of Naxos Island. The protected place of Endymion at Heraclea by Latmus|Heraclea on the southern slope of Latmus is a horseshoe-shaped room with an entrance hall and pillared front court.\nThough the story of Endymion is the best-known one today, the Homeric hymn to Selene tells that Selene also had a daughter by Zeus, Pandia, the \"utterly shining\" full moon. According to some sources, the Nemean Lion was her child as well. She also had a brief relationship with Pan, who seduced her by wrapping himself in a sheepskin and gave her the yoke of white oxen that drew the chariot in which she is shown in sculptures, with her windblown veil above her head like the arching canopy of sky. In the Homeric hymn, her chariot is drawn by long-maned horses.\nLuna.\nThe Roman moon goddess, Luna, had a temple on the Aventine Hill. It was built in the sixth century BC, but was destroyed in the Great Fire of Rome when Nero was king. There was also a temple to Luna Noctiluca (\"Luna that shines by night\") on the Palatine Hill. There were parties in honor of Luna on March 31, August 24 and August 29."}
+{"id": "26841", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26841", "title": "Leto", "text": "Leto is a goddess in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of Coeus and Phoebe, who were Titans. Leto was the mother of the twins Artemis and Apollo, whose father was Zeus.\nAfter the twins were born, Leto played very little part in Greek mythology. She is the goddess of motherhood and one of Zeus' many wives.\nBirth of Artemis and Apollo.\nHera, who was Zeus's wife, discovered that Leto was pregnant and became very angry. She banned Leto from giving birth on any mainland or island known.\nLeto found the island of Delos, which floated and so was not an island nor mainland, and gave birth there. Leto gave birth to Artemis without any problem. However she was in labour with Apollo for nine days and nine nights. Artemis helped Leto to give birth to Apollo."}
+{"id": "26843", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26843", "title": "Sioux Falls, South Dakota", "text": "Sioux Falls (pronounced \"sue falls\", ) is a city in the U.S. state of South Dakota. It is the largest city in the state; 192,517 people lived there at the 2020 census. The city is in the eastern part of South Dakota. It is the county seat of Minnehaha County, where most of the city is located. The southern part of the city is in Lincoln County. Sioux Falls became a city in 1876. The city is built around the Big Sioux River, and it gets its name from a set of waterfalls along the river that are located in a park in the city.\nSports.\nSioux Falls is home to four major sports teams. The Sioux Falls Skyforce play basketball in the NBA Development League, the Sioux Falls Canaries play baseball in the American Association, the Sioux Falls Stampede play ice hockey in the United States Hockey League, and the Sioux Falls Storm play American football in the Indoor Football League.\nTransport.\nTwo major Interstate highways go through Sioux Falls. Interstate 90 goes from east to west, and Interstate 29 goes from north to south. Sioux Falls also has a shorter route, Interstate 229, that serves the eastern part of the city and connects Interstate 90 to Interstate 29. The city is also home to the Sioux Falls Regional Airport, which has flights to many big cities across the country."}
+{"id": "26844", "revid": "10389440", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26844", "title": "30s", "text": "The 30s decade ran from 1 January 30 to 31 December 39."}
+{"id": "26845", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26845", "title": "Polytheist", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26846", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26846", "title": "Christopher Eccleston", "text": "Christopher Eccleston (born 16 February 1964) is an English actor. He played the Ninth Doctor on \"Doctor Who\" in 2005. Before playing the doctor, he played the Son of God in \"The Second Coming\". He has acted in movies, such as \"Let Him Have It\", \"Shallow Grave\", and \"Gone in 60 Seconds\".\nEccleston is an atheist."}
+{"id": "26848", "revid": "10501762", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26848", "title": "Deliverance", "text": "Deliverance is a 1972 American adventure thriller drama movie made by Warner Bros. It was directed by John Boorman and stars Burt Reynolds, Ronny Cox, Ned Beatty and Jon Voight. It was based on a book written in 1970 by James Dickey, who also wrote the screenplay and had a small part in the movie. It is set in rural northern Georgia. Four men from Atlanta take a trip in a canoe. One of them is raped by sadistic local men who force one of the other men to watch; the four take revenge on their attackers and swear each other to secrecy.\n\"Deliverance\" got good reviews from critics and is widely considered one of the best films of 1972.\nIn 2008, Deliverance was selected by the Library of Congress into the United States National Film Registry.\nAwards and nominations.\nNominated for:"}
+{"id": "26850", "revid": "45220", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26850", "title": "Jewellry", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26852", "revid": "10251618", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26852", "title": "The Adventures of Robin Hood", "text": "The Adventures of Robin Hood is a 1938 swashbuckler movie. It was directed by Michael Curtiz and William Keighley. It was shot in Technicolor. The movie stars Errol Flynn, Olivia de Havilland, Basil Rathbone, and Claude Rains. The story is based on the traditional tales of Robin Hood. It is the third of eight movies Flynn and De Havilland made together. The movie won three minor Academy Awards. In 1995, the movie was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry."}
+{"id": "26853", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26853", "title": "Speed (1994 movie)", "text": "Speed is a 1994 American action-thriller movie set in Los Angeles, California. It stars Keanu Reeves, Sandra Bullock, Jeff Daniels, Alan Ruck, and Dennis Hopper with Joe Morton. It is about a police officer (Reeves) who has to stop a extortionist (Hopper), who has put a bomb on a city bus. The movie was a box office success in many countries.\nIt was followed by a 1997 sequel, \"\"."}
+{"id": "26854", "revid": "1666707", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26854", "title": "Ares", "text": "Ares is a god in Greek mythology. He is the god of savage war, and represents the untamed, wild aspects of conflict. He is one of the Twelve Olympians. His parents are Zeus and Hera. He had a twin sister called Eris. Neither parent liked him. He is considered murderous and bloody. In the Trojan War, he fought on the side of the Trojans. He had six children with Aphrodite. His homeland is Thrace.\nEtymology.\nAres' name is believed to be derived from the Greek word \u1f00\u03c1\u03ae\u03c3 (\"ar\u0113\"), the Ionic form of the Doric \u1f00\u03c1\u03ac (\"ara\"), which translates to \"bane\" or \"ruin\"."}
+{"id": "26855", "revid": "824868", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26855", "title": "Anna Kavan", "text": "Anna Kavan (born Helen Emily Woods; 10 April 1901 \u2013 5 December 1968) was an English writer.\nKavan wrote stories before using the name Anna Kavan. During this time, she wrote six novels. They are very different from her other novels. When she changed her pen name, she started writing experimental novels. This change focused on dreams and addiction.\n\"I Am Lazarus\" is a collection of short stories. The stories are about mental illness and war-related post traumatic stress disorder.\nKavan travelled a lot during the Second World War. She was in New Zealand for 22 months. Because New Zealand is close to Antarctica, she was inspired to write \"Ice\"."}
+{"id": "26856", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26856", "title": "Voodoo", "text": "Voodoo is the name of an animist, spiritual worldview that began in West Africa. It has many different names and spellings (including \"vodun, vodou, voudou, vudu, vodoun, vowdown, vooodooo,\" and \"vundun\"). \nBeliefs.\nVoodoo is animist and spiritist. Its followers believe that all things have spirits, and these spirits survive the death of the body. \nPeople who practice Voodoo pray to many gods, and they call upon the spirits of their ancestors for inspiration, protection, or help. Voodoo often has rituals that include music and dancing. Drums are used to make most of this music.\nIn Voodoo, people often believe that a spirit is inside their body, controlling them. This is a wanted and important experience. The spirit can speak for the gods or dead loved ones, and can also help to heal or do magic.\nIs it a religion?\nSome people argue that Voodoo is a way of living or viewing the world - not just a religion. For example, Encyclopedia Britannica calls Voodoo \"a worldview encompassing philosophy, medicine, justice, and religion.\" \nPeople with this view say that Voodoo is a supernatural ancestral connection, passed from generation to generation by word of mouth (oral tradition), rituals, and spiritual practices. \nVoodoo has variations from tribe to tribe. Religion, on the other hand, is based on formal organization, myths and dogma in texts, buildings constructed for worship, and a hierarchy of ordained leaders.\nVodou in Haiti.\nIn Haiti, where the Haitian Creole language is based on French, voodoo is called \"vodu.\" \nVoodoo is an important religion in the country. Haiti won its independence from the French colonial empire through a country-wide slave rebellion. When they defeated the French, many Haitian people believed that Voodoo had helped them win.\nHaitian Voodoo is not identical to African Vodun. In African Vodun, animal sacrifice (killing an animal to honor the spirits) is common. It is much less common in Haiti. \nIn Haitian Voodoo, there are both good priests and \"dark\" sorcerers (called \"bokor\"). The \"bokor\" acts like a kind of religious policeman, and may curse bad people. \nChristianization.\n\"See the main article: Christianization\"\nIn addition, Haitian and American Voodoo have come to adopt some some Catholic ideas. These ideas were not known in African Voodoo. The use of Catholic saints and iconography may have developed as a means of adaptation and survival, but also as a safety precaution.\nEncyclopedia Britannica explains:[Haitian] Vodou represents a syncretism [a blend] of the West African Vodun religion and Roman Catholicism by the descendants of the Dahomean, Kongo, Yoruba, and other ethnic groups who had been enslaved and transported to colonial Saint-Domingue (as Haiti was known then) and partly Christianized by Roman Catholic missionaries in the 16th and 17th centuries. \nVoodoo in the United States.\nThe roots of Voodoo in the Americas come from the Fon, Ewe, and Yoruba people of Africa. The word \"vod\u00fan\" is the Fon-Ewe word for \"spirit\".\nVoodoo originally entered the United States via immigrants from Africa and Haiti such as Marie LaVeau, \"the voodoo queen of New Orleans\". Marie was a pacifist known for healing people. \nThough unprecedented, the local Catholic priest let Marie practice Voodoo in the Catholic Church. This made Marie famous. Along with many others, Marie helped lead many people in Louisiana to believe in Voodoo.\nVoodoo in popular culture.\nMovies.\nLike many other religions and practices, people learn about Voodoo through movies and TV shows, where it has gained the popularity it has today as a form of entertainment. \nZombies are a large part of popular horror culture. They originated in Voodoo folklore. The word \"zombie\" comes from the original word, \"nbzambi\", which refers to the primary spirit and/or soul. The 2009 release of Zombieland and the 2004 movie Shaun of the Dead are both horror-comedies.\nMusic.\nJust as there is Christian music, there is music that comes from Voodoo rituals. This music influenced jazz. Rumors say that many original jazz players had some connection to Voodoo (including Jelly Roll Morton and Louis Armstrong). \nAt nighttime in Storyville, a district in New Orleans, musicians played jazz. Jazz thrived there, featuring performances from Jelly Roll, Sweet Emma Barrett, and many others.\nThere are many songs and albums that reference voodoo. Examples include \"Voodoo\" by Gobsmack (1997), \"Voodoo Chile\" by the Jimi Hendrix Experience (1968), and \"Voodoo Daddy\" (1979). Another example is Rob Zombie, who started the band White Zombie.\nLiterature.\nLoa (spirits of Voodoo) are depicted in Zadie Smith's 2005 novel \"On Beauty\". Loa also appear in Terry Pratchett's book \"Witches Abroad\" (1991). One of the novel's characters is a powerful Voodoo woman named named Erzulie Gogol. \nBaron Samedi (the head of the Ghede family of Loa) is mentioned in the second novel in Ian Fleming's James Bond series of stories \"Live and Let Die.\" \nLoa Ogun is a title character in the short story \"Kum Ogun\" by Jorge Amado, and in the second part of the novel \"Shepherds of the Night\" (1964). \nThe character Galeb from \"Tales of Monkey Island\" was based on Loa Papa Legba. Papa Legba, Erzulie, Ogun, Ghede and other popular Loa (together with the adepts of Voodoo) are depicted in Andrei Gusev's 2020 novel \"Our Wild Sex in Malindi\"."}
+{"id": "26857", "revid": "1451744", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26857", "title": "Mercury (mythology)", "text": "Mercury\u00a0(Latin:\u00a0\"Mercurius\") is the god of trade, commerce, financial gain, messages/communication, travellers and boundaries, trickery, merchants and thieves\u00a0in\u00a0Ancient Roman religion\u00a0and\u00a0myth. Son of\u00a0Jupiter and Maia, Mercury was a major god in Roman state religion, being a member of the\u00a0Dii Consentes, the principal group of ancient Roman deities. The Roman counterpart to Hermes, the god is depicted as holding a caduceus\u00a0in his left hand. The planet Mercury and the element are named after him. "}
+{"id": "26858", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26858", "title": "Medusa", "text": "Medusa is a character in Greek mythology. Her story has been told and retold by ancient and modern storytellers, writers, and artists. \nThe Latin poet Ovid writes in Book IV of his \"Metamorphoses\" that Poseidon had raped Medusa in the temple of Athena. The goddess was angry, and changed Medusa into a monster with snakes for hair. To people in Ovid's time, Medusa, not Poseidon, was the one who had done something wrong.\nArtists have made statues and paintings of Medusa for thousands of years. Ancient Greeks and other ancient people painted Medusa's face on pots and doors and other things. In Greek art from this time, artists usually painted or carved people looking out to the side. Medusa was almost always carved looking out of the picture toward the viewer. This was so Medusa could scare evil things away. These pictures of Medusa are called Gorgoneions. They are an example of using one evil thing to make other evil things leave, the same way Perseus used Medusa against his other enemies.\nMyth.\nMedusa was one of three sisters, the Gorgons. Medusa's sisters were Stheno and Euryale. Medusa was mortal, but her sisters were immortal. They were all children of the sea gods, Phorkys and his sister Keto. Before they were monsters, all three sisters were beautiful young women, Medusa the most; however, she was a priestess in the temple of Athena and was bound by a vow of celibacy.\nAny man or animal who looked directly upon her was turned to stone.\nThe hero Perseus cut off Medusa's head. He snuck up on her by using his shiny shield as a mirror. He put Medusa's head in a special bag and then showed it to his enemies. They turned to stone. Then he gave Medusa's head to the gods. Either Zeus or Athena put her head on the shield called aegis.\nMedusa was pregnant by Poseidon at the time of her death. Pegasus, a winged horse, and Chrysaor, a golden giant, sprang from her blood.\nMedusa in art.\nMedusa was a subject for ancient vase painters, mosaicists, and sculptors. She appears on the breastplate of Alexander the Great in the Alexander Mosaic at the House of the Faun in Pompeii, Italy (about 200 BC). \nA Roman copy of Phidias' \"Medusa\" (left) is held in the Glyptothek in Munich, Germany. \nAmong the Renaissance depictions are the sculpture \"Perseus with the Head of Medusa\" by Benvenuto Cellini (1554) and the oil painting \"Medusa\" by Caravaggio (1597).\nBaroque depictions include \"Head of Medusa\" by Peter Paul Rubens (1618); the marble bust \"Medusa\" by Bernini (1630s); and \"Perseus Turning Phineus and his Followers to Stone\", an oil painting by Luca Giordano from the (early 1680s).\nRomantic and modern depictions include \"Perseus with the Head of Medusa\" by Antonio Canova (1801) and \"Perseus\", a sculpture by Salvador Dal\u00ed. Twentieth century artists whno tackled the Medusa theme include Paul Klee, John Singer Sargent, Pablo Picasso, Pierre et Gilles, and Auguste Rodin. The twenty-first century sculpture \"Medusa with the Head of Perseus\" by Luciano Garbati became part of the #MeToo Movement.\nThere are more than 485 depictions of Medusa though history of art in the world. It's possible that she may be the most represented mytological character of the Greco-Roman mythology."}
+{"id": "26860", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26860", "title": "Vodou", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26861", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26861", "title": "Voudou", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26862", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26862", "title": "Vodoun", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26863", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26863", "title": "Vodun", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26865", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26865", "title": "Vaudoux", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26866", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26866", "title": "Voodooism", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26867", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26867", "title": "Geologist", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26868", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26868", "title": "Geologists", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26871", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26871", "title": "2 June", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26873", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26873", "title": "Olga Bondarenko", "text": "Olga Bondarenko (maiden name Krentser, born 2 June 1960 in Slavgorod, Altai Krai, Russia) is a long-distance runner. Running for the U.S.S.R., she won the 10,000 metre race at the 1988 Summer Olympics, and the 3,000 metre race at the 1986 European Championships. Earlier she had set a world record for the 10,000 m event, at 31 minutes, 13.78 seconds, in Kiev in 1984. Her first world-class gold medal was a first-place finish in the 5,000 m race at the 1986 Goodwill Games in Moscow. She competed in the 1992 Summer Olympics."}
+{"id": "26877", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26877", "title": "Hephaestus", "text": "Hephaestus (, \"H\u0113phaistos\") is the Greek god of fire, metalworking, craftsmen, sculpture, metallurgy and volcanoes. His parent was Hera, Hephaestus was the blacksmith of the gods. He was married to the goddess Aphrodite, who cheated on him with his brother Ares. His symbols were a smith's hammer, an anvil, and a pair of tongs. The donkey was his sacred animal. The god Vulcan is his Roman equivalent. \nDescription.\nWho is Hephaestus? When Hephaestus was born, he was ugly and weak, with some broken bones. Hera did not like the way he looked and threw him off her castle which was on top of the clouds. Hephaestus fell for one day and one night before falling into the sea. The ocean animals rescued him and took him to an island called Lemnos. There Hephaestus built his forge underneath a volcano. He collected precious metals, pearls and pieces of coral to fashion extraordinary jewelry. Hephaestus built little robots of gold to help him get around. Hephaestus even worked with the Cyclopes (one eyed creatures). To impress the gods and goddesses, he made a set of golden thrones for them.\nHera realized her mistake of throwing Hephaestus off Mount Olympus and wanted Hephaestus back. Hephaestus politely refused, saying that he was quite happy where he was. Hephaestus denied her because he knew that Hera only wanted him back was so he could make things for her. He then set to work and fashioned a beautiful golden throne and sent it to Hera as a 'thank you, but not really' gift. Hera felt delighted by his present. The instant she sat on it, golden ropes and chains flew out and tied her into the chair.\nHephaestus was still very angry with Hera because she threw him off Mount Olympus because of his disability. Hera was trapped on the throne three whole days without being able to eat or sleep. Everyone tried to free Hera from the great trap, but Hephaestus\u2019 design was so clever that none of the gods could detach the ropes. So, Zeus sent his son Ares, god of war, to bring Hephaestus back to let Hera loose. Hephaestus threw firebrands at him, and Ares made a shameful retreat. Zeus used trickery next and sent Dionysus, the god of wine, to get Hephaestus drunk. Hephaestus was not a regular drinker, and Hephaestus got drunk very quickly. Soon Dionysus was making his proud return to Mount Olympus, with drunk Hephaestus on the back of a mule. Hephaestus still refused to let his mother out. Zeus offered him Aphrodite the goddess of beauty) as a wife if he let his mother out. Hephaestus agreed to his offer and finally freed Hera. He moved back to the forges because he did not like the busy life of the palace. But he still refused to forgive Hera.\nHera felt very guilty and gave him loads of supplies, materials, tools, and helpers for his workshop. Hephaestus made the best weapons, jewelry, and armor. Some of his greatest creations ever were the silver bows and arrows of Artemis and Apollo as well as Apollo\u2019s golden chariot. He also made the shield of Achilles, Athena's spear, and Hercules' breastplate. In addition to this he made the scepter of Zeus and the battle armor of the Olympian armies. He also made all of the gods and goddesses palaces (with help from Athena) and their unbreakable locks. On top of all this, Hephaestus was and is still credited with the invention of the three-legged stool and the world\u2019s first robots. His helpers included a complete set of life size golden maids who helped around the house.\nMarriage to Aphrodite.\nHephaestus married Aphrodite. When Aphrodite emerged from the sea (created by the sperm of the severed member of Uranus,) Zeus feared that the gods would battle over her hand in marriage, so Zeus arranged for Aphrodite to marry Hephaestus if he let his mother out of the golden throne. Hephaestus gave Aphrodite his best creations and even gave her a magic girdle that made her irresistible to men. However, Aphrodite did not love him, as she was married against her will and she didn't like Hephaestus' looks. She spent most of her time with Ares.\nIt is said that when his wife, Aphrodite, does something unfaithful, he smashes some of his materials through rage and makes the volcano he lives under erupt. One time, Hephaestus caught Aphrodite and Ares on a bed while they were making love. Hephaestus, out of rage, trapped them on the bed and sent them to Mount Olympus to be ridiculed and laughed at by the other gods.\nHephaestus was well liked by all of the Olympians. He was not involved in their plots. Hephaestus preferred to be alone in his workshop. Hephaestus was also worshiped by the Greeks because he proved that those who labor are also noble. Hephaestus reminds us of the value and dangers of losing ourselves in work."}
+{"id": "26878", "revid": "1657104", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26878", "title": "Vulcan (mythology)", "text": "Vulcan is a god of fire in Roman mythology. His Greek equivalent is the god Hephaestus. He is the son of Jupiter and Juno, and the husband of Venus. In Roman mythology, he was one of the top 12 gods in the heavens - the 12 gods that made up the Dei Consentes, the council of Gods.\nMythology of Vulcan.\nVulcan was born extremely ugly. His mother, Juno, tried to throw him off a cliff, but failed to kill her son. Instead, she put him in a volcano and told him to stay there for most of his young life. Little did she know that her young boy would grow to be a very talented blacksmith for all the gods and goddesses of Olympus.\nVulcan made thrones for the other gods to sit on in Mount Etna. Through his identification with the Hephaestus of Greek mythology, he came to be considered as the manufacturer of art, arms, iron, jewelry and armor for various gods and heroes, including the thunderbolts of Jupiter. He was the son of Jupiter and Juno, and husband of Maia and Venus. His smithy was believed to be underneath Mount Etna in Sicily.\nVulcan had a happy childhood with dolphins as his playmates and pearls as his toys. Late in his childhood, he found the remains of a fisherman's fire on the beach and became fascinated with an unextinguished coal, still red-hot and glowing.\nVulcan carefully shut this precious coal in a clam shell and took it back to his underwater grotto and made a fire with it. On the first day after, Vulcan stared at this fire for hours on end. On the second day, he discovered that when he made the fire hotter with bellows, certain stones sweated iron, silver or gold. On the third day he beat the cooled metal into shapes: bracelets, chains, swords and shields. Vulcan made pearl-handled knives and spoons for his foster mother, he made a silver chariot for himself, and bridles so that seahorses could transport him quickly. He even made slave-girls of gold to wait on him and do his bidding. From then on, Vulcan and Thetis lived like royalty.\nLater, Thetis left her underwater grotto to attend a dinner party on Mount Olympus wearing a beautiful necklace of silver and sapphires, which Vulcan had made for her. Juno admired the necklace and asked as to where she could get one. Thetis became flustered causing Juno to become suspicious and, at last, the queen god discovered the truth: the baby she had once rejected had grown into a talented blacksmith.\nJuno was furious and demanded that Vulcan return home, a demand that he refused. However he did send Juno a beautifully constructed chair made of silver and gold, inlaid with mother-of-pearl. Juno was delighted with this gift but, as soon as she sat in it her weight triggered hidden springs and metal bands sprung forth to hold her fast. The more she shrieked and struggled the more firmly the mechanical throne gripped her; the chair was a cleverly designed trap.\nFor three days Juno sat fuming, still trapped in Vulcan's chair, she could not sleep, she could not stretch, she could not eat. It was Jupiter who finally saved the day, he promised that if Vulcan released Juno he would give him a wife, Venus the goddess of love and beauty. Vulcan agreed and married Venus. He later built a smithy under Mount Etna on the island of Sicily. It was said that whenever Venus is unfaithful, Vulcan grows angry and beats the red-hot metal with such a force that sparks and smoke rise up from the top of the mountain, to create a volcanic eruption.\nAccording to Virgil, Vulcan was the father of Caeculus.\nTo punish mankind for stealing the secrets of fire, Jupiter ordered the other gods to make a poisoned gift for man. Vulcan's contribution to the beautiful and foolish Pandora was to mould her from clay and to give her form. He also made the thrones for the other gods on Mount Olympus.\nWorship.\nVulcan's oldest shrine in Rome, called the \"Volcanal\", was in the Roman Forum. It was said to have been built during the Roman Kingdom by Titus Tatius, the Sabine co-king, in the eighth century BC. The Etruscan haruspices thought a temple of Vulcan should be outside the city, and the Volcanal may originally have been on or outside the city limits before they expanded to include the Capitoline Hill. Vulcan also had a temple on the Campus Marius.\nThe Romans identified Vulcan with the Greek smith-god Hephaestus and he became associated like his Greek counterpart with the use of fire in metalworking. A fragment of a Greek pot showing Hephaestus found at the Volcanal has been dated to the 6th century BC, suggesting they were already associated. However, Vulcan had a stronger association than Hephaestus with fire's destructiveness, and his worshippers wanted to encourage the god to avert harmful fires.\nHis festival, the Vulcanalia, was celebrated on August 23, when the summer heat made a fire hazard. The people made bonfires, and threw live fish or small animals into the fires as animal sacrifice. Vulcan was among the gods placated after the Great Fire of Rome in AD 64. Also because of that fire, Domitian (emperor 81\u201396) established a new altar to Vulcan on the Quirinal Hill. A red bull-calf and red boar were added to the sacrifices made on the Vulcanalia, at least in that part of town."}
+{"id": "26879", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26879", "title": "Tyche (planet)", "text": "Tyche is the nickname given to a possible gas giant planet in the Solar System's Oort cloud. It is one of several proposed planets beyond Neptune. Tyche was first proposed in 1999 by astronomer John Matese of the University of Louisiana at Lafayette. \nMatese and Daniel Whitmire say that the points of origin for long-period comets gives a pattern that suggests Tyche's existence. They noted that Tyche, if it exists, should be seen in the archive of data that was collected by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) Infrared telescope. However, several astronomers disagree that Tyche exists. In 2014 NASA announced that WISE had not found such a planet. \nTyche is in the Nickelodeon TV show The Fairly OddParents. It is also called \"Yugopotamia\" and is where the character Mark Chang is from."}
+{"id": "26880", "revid": "9183217", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26880", "title": "Fortuna (mythology)", "text": "Fortuna was the goddess of fortune, luck and fate in Roman mythology. Fortuna could bestow good or bad luck onto people. She was sometimes represented veiled and blind. She was a daughter of Jupiter and like him, she could also be bountiful and generous to everybody. "}
+{"id": "26883", "revid": "9516265", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26883", "title": "Demeter", "text": " \nDemeter\u00a0(Attic Greek:\u00a0\u0394\u03b7\u03bc\u03ae\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1, \"D\u0113m\u1e17t\u0113r\";\u00a0Doric:\u00a0\u0394\u03b1\u03bc\u03ac\u03c4\u03b7\u03c1, \"D\u0101m\u0101\u0301t\u0113r\") is the goddess of the harvest and\u00a0agriculture in\u00a0ancient Greek religion\u00a0and\u00a0myth, one of the\u00a0Twelve Olympians. The elder sister of\u00a0Zeus, Demeter presided over\u00a0grains\u00a0and the\u00a0fertility\u00a0of the earth. She served as the patron goddess of farmers, and was believed to have taught men how to reap and cultivate the harvest. By Zeus, she is the mother of Persephone, the wife of Hades and queen of the underworld. Both she and Persephone were central figures of the\u00a0Eleusinian Mysteries, a series of festivals held in honor of the two goddesses in the region of\u00a0Attica. Her symbols were the scythe, cornucopia,\u00a0wheat,\u00a0bread and harvest grains, and the pig and snake were her sacred animals. Her Roman equivalent is Ceres.\nIn Greek Mythology, Demeter's daughter Persephone was kidnapped by Hades, and made her bride. Demeter grieved the loss of her daughter, bringing on a long famine. Eventually an accord was met by which Persephone would spend part of the year underground, and the rest above ground with her mother. This cycle is the Mythological explanation for the seasons. "}
+{"id": "26884", "revid": "1043157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26884", "title": "Ceres", "text": "In Roman religion and myth, Ceres (Latin: \"Cer\u0113s\") is the goddess of agriculture, especially the growing of grains and cereals, fertility and motherly relationships. The Roman equivalent of Demeter. Ceres was an important deity of the Plebeian or Aventine Triad. She was the mother of Proserpine. Her daughter was married to Pluto, the god of the underworld. At Roman weddings, a boy carried the torch of Ceres to light the way to happiness of the couple. The dwarf planet Ceres is named after her.\nCeres found out the spelt wheat (Latin far), the yoking of oxen and ploughing, the sowing, protection and the young seed, the gift of agriculture to human beings. Before this, man were going here and there without houses or rules. She had the power to fertilize, multiply and make plants bear fruit and animals produce seed. Her rules protected all the activities of the agricultural cycle. In January, Ceres (alongside the earth-goddess Tellus) was offered spelt wheat and a pregnant sow. It was done at the movable Feriae Sementivae. This was almost done before the annual sowing of grain. The divine part of sacrifice was the entrails (exta) put in a clay pot (olla). In villages, Cato the Elder describes the offer to Ceres of a porca praecidanea (a pig, offered before harvesting). Before the harvest, she was offered some grains (praemetium). Ovid tells that Ceres \"is content with little, provided that her offerings are casta\" (pure).\nCeres' main festival is Cerealia. It was celebrated from middle to late April. It was organised by her plebeian aediles. It included circus games (ludi circenses). It opened with a horse-race in the Circus Maximus. Its starting point was below and opposite to her Aventine Temple. Its turning post was at the far end of the Circus. It was holy to Consus, a god of grain-storage. After the race, foxes were released into the Circus. Their tails were burned with torches. It was done to clean the growing crop plants and protect them from disease. It is also to add warmness and strength to their growth.\nRules.\nCeres protected plebeian laws, rights and rules. Her Aventine Temple was the plebeian worship place, law place, treasure place and also law-court. Its foundation was almost at the same time with the passage of the Lex Sacrata. During that time, Lex Sacrata made the office and representatives of the Roman people. Tribunes were legally unable to do anything to capture or threaten the lives and wealth of those who broke the rules of Ceres."}
+{"id": "26885", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26885", "title": "Roman mythology", "text": "Roman mythology is a huge collection of stories, started in Ancient Rome, about the beginning of the world, and the lives and adventures the many Roman gods, goddesses, and heros. Each god, each goddess had a cult to take care of their temples or other holy places.\nThe myths of the Ancient Romans are often called Greco-Roman. Originally, they were similar to the Ancient Greek mythology, and later the Romans added Greek stories for their Roman gods, so they became even more similar.\nThe gods and goddesses in these stories have many different magic powers. They can make themselves invisible to humans and move to any place in a very short time. They can change people into animals or animals into people. They have no disease and can only be hurt by very unusual causes. This is called being immortal; they can never die."}
+{"id": "26886", "revid": "116449", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26886", "title": "List of Roman gods and goddesses", "text": "This is a list of Roman gods and goddesses that are in Roman mythology."}
+{"id": "26888", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26888", "title": "Lists of deities", "text": "This is a list of deities in different polytheistic religions, cultures and mythologies of the world.\nComparison.\nThis list includes Etruscan, Greek, Roman, Norse and Meitei versions of similar gods and goddesses. The table is ordered by the Greek god's name."}
+{"id": "26889", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26889", "title": "God versions of other mythologies", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26891", "revid": "1639749", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26891", "title": "Ancient history", "text": "Ancient history is all the events we know about between the invention of writing and the start of the Middle Ages. \nWriting is one of the greatest inventions of the human species. It was invented after the Neolithic revolution in which people settled in small towns and started agriculture. Writing dates from about 3,300 BC, which is over 5000 years ago, in the Middle East. The first people to use writing were the Sumerians and the Ancient Egyptians.\nBefore writing, the only things we have are the tools and monuments made by earlier people. This is studied by archaeology rather than history. The period of ancient history ends with the early Middle Ages.\nStudy of ancient history.\nFinding facts about ancient history is difficult because people wrote less in those times: only scribes could write. Most of what they did write has been lost. There were very few copies made because there was no printing at that time. What people wrote they wrote by hand. More people could read and write in Ancient Rome than in other places but much of what they wrote is now lost. \nArchaeology.\nArchaeology is looking at things that were made or used in the past to learn about that time. Things like clay pots, solid tools, and metal weapons often exist at the same time. Things like paper, wood, and cloth can be easily broken, burnt or damaged.\nSome ancient things found using archaeology are:\nPrimary sources.\nPrimary sources are written by people who lived in ancient times. They tell us most of what we know about ancient history. But people in ancient history may have believed different things from each other. They may also be wrong.\nSome famous people who wrote ancient history are:\nHerodotus, Josephus, Livy, Polybius, Suetonius, Tacitus, Thucydides and Sima Qian."}
+{"id": "26902", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26902", "title": "Andrzej Sapkowski", "text": "Andrzej Sapkowski (born June 21, 1948 in \u0141\u00f3d\u017a) is a Polish fantasy writer. His best known work is The Witcher (\"Wied\u017amin\") Saga (takes place in a fictional universe). Before starting his career in the late 1980s, he worked in foreign trade."}
+{"id": "26903", "revid": "1541887", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26903", "title": "Staten Island", "text": "Staten Island is one of the boroughs of New York City. Fewer than half a million people live there, the smallest population of any of the five boroughs. Three bridges connect Staten Island to New Jersey, and the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge connects to Brooklyn. A passenger railroad runs along the south shore to the northeast end of the island, which is called Saint George. The borough has the same boundaries as the county Richmond County.\nThe free Staten Island Ferry carries 21 million passengers each year the five miles (eight km) across New York Harbor between Saint George and Manhattan. Nine ferry boats provide the service which began in 1817.\nWhen England took control of New Netherland in the Second Anglo-Dutch War in the 17th century and split it into New York and New Jersey, Staten Island became part of New York."}
+{"id": "26904", "revid": "10388495", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26904", "title": "Borough", "text": "A borough is an administrative division in many countries. It is a kind of local government. \nThe term borough can means a self-governing township. \nIn medieval times, boroughs were settlements with some self-government. Boroughs were particularly common in England, Germany and Scotland. In medieval England, boroughs had also the right to elect members of parliament. (\"The Borough\" in Southwark, London is thought to have been the original 'borough' of which all others come from.)\nUsually a borough is a single town with its own local government. \nBut in some cities it is a sub-division of the city (e.g. London, New York City, Toronto, Montreal). In such cases the borough will normally have either limited powers delegated to it by the city's local government or no powers at all. For example London has no overall city government and London boroughs are instead part of the county of Greater London as the main unit of local government for Londoners. \nIn other places, such as Alaska, a borough does not mean a single township, but a whole region - in other words, it is similar to a county. In Australia borough can mean a town and its surrounding area, e.g. the Borough of Queenscliffe. Boroughs exist in United Kingdom, more specifically in England and Northern Ireland, in the Canadian province of Quebec, in several U.S. states, in Israel, and formerly they also existed in New Zealand. \nAt the end of a word, -borough (or -brough) is found in the name of many towns and cities in England; in southern England it is usually spelt -bury. The suffix -bury is also used in the New England region of the United States, while -burg (or -burgh) is more common in Scotland and the American South and West."}
+{"id": "26909", "revid": "7844857", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26909", "title": "Echo (mythology)", "text": "Echo was a nymph in Greek mythology, and an Oread (a mountain nymph). She was very beautiful, but loved her own voice.\nHera.\nAccording to \"Ovid\", Echo once had the job of distracting Hera from Zeus having relationships with other women. She did this by leading Hera away and flattering her. When Hera found out she was very angry with Echo. She put a curse on her that meant that she could only speak the last words of other people after she had heard them. It is due to this story that we get the meaning behind the word \"echo\".\nNarcissus.\nAfter she was cursed, Echo fell in love with Narcissus. Narcissus was very handsome and anybody who saw him always fell in love with him. However, Narcissus had no heart and could not fall in love with anybody. Echo could not speak to Narcissus but wanted to be able to see him. She therefore followed him everywhere, but made sure that he could not see her.\nNarcissus got lost and called out \"\"Is anyone here?\". Echo said back \"Here, here, here.\"\" Narcissus then asked Echo to come out of her hiding place. Echo did so and then told Narcissus that she loved him by hand movements. Narcissus, who was angry that so many people loved him, told Echo that he did not love her.\nEcho was very upset and prayed to Aphrodite for death. Aphrodite granted Echo's wish, but she liked Echo's voice so much she kept it alive.\nNarcissus also rejected Echo and broke her heart. She then went and haunted valleys and mountainous areas where echoes are able to be heard in all hollow places of the earth.\nPan.\nThis is a different story about Echo's death. Echo was a talented dancer and singer, but did not like the love of any man. This caused another god, called Pan, to become angry. He had Echo killed and split into pieces. These pieces were spread about the world, but were collected up by Gaia. Echo's voice was not collected, so it remains all over the world and still says the last words that other people have said. In some versions of the story, Echo and Pan have a child who was called Iambe."}
+{"id": "26910", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26910", "title": "God versions in other mythologies", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26911", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26911", "title": "Helios", "text": "Helios (, \"H\u0113lios\"; \u1f28\u03ad\u03bb\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2 in Homeric Greek) is the god of the Sun in Greek mythology. He is often thought to be the personification of the Sun itself. He is the son of the Titans Hyperion and Theia. He is the brother of Selene, goddess of the Moon, and Eos, goddess of the dawn. During the Hellenistic period, particularly the 3rd Century BCE, he became more and more identified with Apollo, the god of light, music and prophecy. Helios' equivalent in Roman mythology was Sol. "}
+{"id": "26912", "revid": "149141", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26912", "title": "Stanis\u0142aw Lem", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26919", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26919", "title": "Bia", "text": "Bia is the goddess of force in Greek mythology. She is the daughter of Styx and Pallas, and also the sister of Nike, Cratos, and Zelus. She and her brothers and sister were the friends of Zeus and were always with him. "}
+{"id": "26920", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26920", "title": "Zelus", "text": "Zelus (, \"zeal\") is the god of dedication and emulation in Greek mythology. He is the son of Styx and Pallas, and also the brother of Nike, Cratos, and Bia. He and his brothers and sister were the friends of Zeus and were always with him. He was a constant companion of Zeus and personified zeal."}
+{"id": "26921", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26921", "title": "Mnemosyne", "text": "Mnemosyne is the Titan of memory in Greek mythology. Her parents are Gaia and Uranos. With Zeus her children are the nine Muses. Her patron symbol is a mask and she is often seen wearing one. Her patron animal is the partridge."}
+{"id": "26922", "revid": "153482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26922", "title": "Coeus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26925", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26925", "title": "Harmonia", "text": "Harmonia (; ) is the goddess of peace, agreement and harmony in Greek mythology. She is the daughter of Ares and Aphrodite. She is the opposite of Eris, goddess of disagreement. Her Roman equivalent is Concordia.\nOrigins.\nHarmonia is the daughter of Ares and Aphrodite. Her children are Ino, Polydorus, Autonoe, Agaue and Semele with Kadmos. As goddess of peace, she is the opposite of Eris, the goddess of disagreement.\nAbout.\nHarmonia met Cadmus on a journey to Samothrace. He took her away with the help of Athena. When Cadmus wanted to leave Thebes, Harmonia followed him. When they came to the Enchelii, they helped them in their war against the Illyrians. They won over the enemy. Cadmus then became king of the Illyrians. But unfortunately, later he was turned into a snake. Harmonia was sad. She coloured herself with stripes. She asked Cadmus to come to her. As she was hugged by the snake Cadmus in wine, the gods then turned her into a snake. She was unable to stand in her snake form.\nStory.\nHarmonia is known for a dangerous necklace she had on her wedding day. When Athena made Cadmus the king of Thebes, Zeus gave him Harmonia. All the gods attended the wedding. Cadmus gave the bride with a cloth and the necklace. The necklace was made by Hephaestus. This necklace is commonly known as the necklace of Harmonia. It brought misfortune to all who had it. Other stories said that Harmonia took this necklace (\u1f45\u03c1\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2) from some of the gods. It might be either from Aphrodite or Athena.\nPolynices took the necklace. They gave it to Eriphyle. She asked her husband, Amphiaraus, to attack against Thebes. Through Alcmaeon, the son of Eriphyle, the necklace came into the hands of Arsinoe (named Alphesiboea in some stories). Then, the sons of Phegeus, Pronous and Agenor, took it. Lastly, the sons of Alcmaeon, Amphoterus and Acarnan, kept it in the temple of Athena Pronoea at Delphi. The necklace had brought bad luck to all who had took it. It continued to do so even after it was kept at Delphi. Phayllus stole it from the temple to make his lover happy. His lover was the wife of Ariston. She wore it for a time. Then, her youngest son became mad. He set fire to the house. In the fire, she died and all her treasures were burned.\nHyginus has another story. According to him, the thing which brought bad luck to the children of Harmonia is not a necklace. But it is a cloth given to Harmonia by Hepheastus and Hera. The necklace gave peace and had Harmonia's powers in it."}
+{"id": "26928", "revid": "680", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26928", "title": "Stanislaw Lem", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26930", "revid": "10149466", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26930", "title": "President pro tempore of the United States Senate", "text": "The president \"pro tempore\" ( or ), or president pro tem, of the United States Senate is the longest serving senator from the majority political party in the United States Senate. According to the Constitution, this is the fourth highest office in the United States. It is the third in the U.S. presidential line of succession (behind the vice president and the speaker of the House). Many state senates also use the office of President pro tem.\nOfficially the vice president is the person in charge of the Senate, but they are not a Senator. Chuck Grassley (R-IA) is the current president pro tempore . When the vice president cannot be in charge, the president pro tempore is in charge of the Senate. Many people still think of the president pro tempore as \"de facto\" president of the Senate. Benjamin Wade was only one vote away from becoming the president of the United States due to the impeachment of Andrew Johnson. No president pro tempore has ever taken over the presidency.\nProbably the most famous presidents pro tempore were John Langdon (first in this office), David Rice Atchison (D-MO), Benjamin Wade (R-OH), Arthur Vandenberg (R-MI), Carl Hayden (D-AZ) Richard Russell, Jr. (D-GA), Strom Thurmond (R-SC), Robert Byrd (D-WV), Daniel Inouye (D-HI), Orrin Hatch (R-UT), Chuck Grassley (R-IA) and Patrick Leahy (D-VT).\nWhen Senator Hubert Humphrey, a former vice president, was seriously ill, the Senate showed its respect for him by creating the office of Deputy President Pro tempore for any former president or vice president who is elected to the Senate. No vice president since Humphrey has held this.\nPresident pro tempore emeritus.\nSince 2001, the honorary title of president pro tempore emeritus has been given to a Senator of the minority party who has previously served as president pro tempore. The position has been held by:"}
+{"id": "26931", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26931", "title": "President pro tempore of the U.S. Senate", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26932", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26932", "title": "Papacy", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26935", "revid": "3424", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26935", "title": "Add", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26936", "revid": "3424", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26936", "title": "Substract", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26937", "revid": "1299044", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26937", "title": "David Tennant", "text": "David John Tennant (n\u00e9 McDonald; 18 April 1971) is a Scottish actor. He is known for portraying the Tenth Doctor on \"Doctor Who\" from 2005 to 2010, and portraying the Fourteenth Doctor in 2023, Giacomo Casanova in the television series \"Casanova, and as Crowley in the television adaptation of the book Good Omens.\"\nIn 2011, Tennant had a daughter with Georgia Moffett. Later that year, he adopted Moffett's son. The couple married in December 2011. In May 2013, the couple had a son. In November 2015, the couple had a daughter."}
+{"id": "26942", "revid": "1687742", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26942", "title": "American Broadcasting Company", "text": "The American Broadcast Company (ABC) is an American television network. Along with CBS, NBC and Fox, it is one of the country's four major television networks. The network is owned by The Walt Disney Company following the acquisition of the Capital Cities/ABC by the company in 1995."}
+{"id": "26943", "revid": "1691498", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26943", "title": "Fox Broadcasting Company", "text": "Fox (styled as FOX) is an American television network. It is owned by . "}
+{"id": "26944", "revid": "1401078", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26944", "title": "ABC", "text": "ABC are the first three letters in the Latin alphabet."}
+{"id": "26947", "revid": "1629162", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26947", "title": "Papua New Guinea", "text": "Papua New Guinea is an island country located on the Pacific Ocean. It is the east half of New Guinea island, plus some nearby islands. The capital city of Papua New Guinea is Port Moresby. The population of Papua New Guinea are mostly the Indigenous peoples of the island.\nThe island is in both Australasia and Oceania, which are two different terms for the continent of islands in the Pacific area. It borders Indonesia to the west and near Australia to the south.\nPapua New Guinea has more languages than any other country.\nHistory.\nLong ago, around 42,000 to 45,000 years ago, people came to Papua New Guinea. They were related to people who left Africa a long time ago and moved to other parts of the world. A study in 2016 found that it was about 50,000 years ago that these people came to a big land called Sahul, which is Australia and New Guinea combined. About 10,000 years ago, the sea level rose and New Guinea became an island. But even before that, the people in Australia and Papua New Guinea became different from each other about 37,000 years ago. Scientists found out that the ancestors of Papuans mixed with another group of people called Denisovans when they were in Asia a long time ago. They share 4% to 7% of their genes with these ancient people.\nAround 9,000 years ago, people in New Guinea started growing their own plants and farming. This was one of the few places in the world where people did this without learning it from others. Later, around 2,500 years ago, some people who spoke Austronesian languages moved to the coasts of New Guinea. They brought new things like pottery, pigs, and fishing methods with them.\nIn the 18th century, traders brought a new kind of food called sweet potato to New Guinea. It was from South America and introduced by Portuguese traders to the Moluccas. People in New Guinea liked it and it became a popular food. Sweet potato gardens produced more crops than the traditional taro, and this helped societies grow and become more prosperous.\nDivisions.\nAdministrative divisions.\nPapua New Guinea is divided into four regions. These regions are important for government, commercial, sporting and other activities.\nThe nation has 20 province-level divisions: eighteen, the Autonomous Region of Bougainville and the National Capital District. Each province is divided into one or more districts. The districts are divided into one or more Local Level Government areas.\nThe province-level divisions are as follows:\nParliament has approved two additional provinces by 2012: Hela Province, which will be part of the current Southern Highlands Province, and Jiwaka Province, which will be formed by dividing Western Highlands Province.\nIn Morobe (#11 on the map) there is a goldfield."}
+{"id": "26949", "revid": "1685493", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26949", "title": "Strom Thurmond", "text": "James Strom Thurmond Sr. (December 5, 1902 \u2013 June 26, 2003) was an American politician. He was the oldest serving member of the United States Senate to date and the only senator to reach 100 while in office. He was also Governor of his home state South Carolina and a Presidential candidate. He was a lawyer.\nThurmond spent more than 70 years of his life in public service. Before World War II he served as state senator and judge. During war he served in the US Army in Europe and briefly in Asia. In 1959 he was promoted to the rank of major general.\nEarly life.\nThurmond was born on December 5, 1902 in Edgefield, South Carolina. His family used to own slaves, including ancestors of Al Sharpton. He studied at Clemson Agricultural College of South Carolina. Thurmond graduated in 1923. He was married to Jean Crouch from 1947 until they divorced in 1960. Then he was married to Nancy Moore from 1968 until his death in 2003. He had five children.\nCareer.\nFrom 1947 to 1951 he served as Governor of South Carolina (as a Democrat). During 1948 U.S. Presidential Election he became the presidential candidate of the Democratic Party faction called \"Dixiecrat\" (States Rights Democrat, mostly from the South) - people who supported racial segregation and opposed civil rights laws. Thurmond and his vice presidential candidate, Mississippi Governor Fielding Lewis Wright finished the race in 3rd (behind Harry Truman and Thomas E. Dewey) with 39 electoral votes and they carried 4 states (Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi and, of course, Thurmond's home state).\nIn 1957, he filibustered (delayed) the 1957 civil rights act for 24 hours. Despite the long hours, he failed and the bill passed.\nHe was elected, as first write-in candidate for major national office, to the Senate in 1954. He was reelected for his first full term in 1956 and served until January 2003. He was originally a Democrat, but in 1964 he openly supported Barry Goldwater's presidential bid and became a Republican.\nLater career.\nAs the longest serving Republican he was President pro tempore of the United States Senate for three occasions (1981-1987, 1995-2001, and January 2001-June 2001), when Republican gained a majority. After Democrats took over the control of the Senate in June 2001 Thurmond became first honorary \"president pro tempore emeritus\".\nLongevity.\nThurmond turned 100 years old on December 5, 2002, while still in office, the oldest person ever to serve in the U.S. Senate.\nStarted his career as opponent of racial integration, in his later years Thurmond supported desegregation.\nHis longtime Senate rival, Robert Byrd of West Virginia surpassed Thurmond's record of length of senatorial service in 2006. Byrd died in 2010.\nEssie Mae Washington-Williams.\nAfter Thurmond's death in 2003, an attorney for his family confirmed that in 1925, when he was 22, Thurmond fathered a mixed-race daughter, Essie Mae Washington-Williams, with his family's housekeeper, Cassie Butler, then 16 years old. Thurmond paid for the girl's college education and provided other support. Washington-Williams died in February 2013 at the age of 87.\nDeath.\nThurmond died in his sleep on June 26, 2003, at 9:45\u00a0p.m. of heart failure at a hospital in Edgefield, South Carolina. He was 100 years old. Then-Senator Joe Biden delivered a eulogy, and later to the family burial plot in Willowbrook Cemetery in Edgefield, where he was buried."}
+{"id": "26950", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26950", "title": "Roman Forum", "text": "The Roman Forum is an area of the city of Rome which the ancient city developed around. It is the place where commerce, business, cult, and the administration of justice took place. \nIt was for centuries the centre of Roman public life. It was the site of triumphal processions and elections; the venue for public speeches, criminal trials, and gladiatorial matches. It was also the heart of commerce. Here statues and monuments mark the city's great men. It has been called the most celebrated meeting place in the world, and in all history. \nThe Forum is in the small valley between the Palatine and Capitoline Hills. Today it is a sprawling ruin of architectural fragments and excavations. It has 4.5 million sightseers each year.\nBuildings in the Forum.\nThe Roman Forum is famous for the number of buildings and other ancient ruins that it contains. These include:"}
+{"id": "26952", "revid": "1618275", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26952", "title": "Playwright", "text": "A playwright is a person who writes plays for the stage. Because the name of such a text is \"drama\", another word for this person is dramatist. Sometimes, dramas are written to be read and not played. In that case, they are called \"closet dramas\".\nThe word \"wright\" does not come from write. It is an ancient English term for a builder. For example, a \"wheelwright\" makes wheels. In a similar way, a playwright makes plays. When the term was first used, it was meant as an insult. Today it has lost this meaning.\nHistory.\nThe first playwrights in Western literature whose plays still exist were the Ancient Greeks. They were written around the 5th century BC. These playwrights are important as they wrote in a way that is still used by modern playwrights. Important among them are Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes.\nThe most famous playwright may be William Shakespeare. A lot of later work is based on his tragedies and comedies. For example, \"Kiss Me, Kate\" is based on Shakespeare's \"The Taming of the Shrew\", and his \"Romeo and Juliet\" has been made again many times. Tom Stoppard created the play \"Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead\" in 1966 which is a modern adaptation of \"Hamlet\".\nModern playwrights.\nModern playwrights are usually less famous than past playwrights. Since television and movies were invented, theater has become less popular. Because it is less popular, not as many tickets are sold now, and producers often do not have enough money to make plays, and many playwrights are not known."}
+{"id": "26953", "revid": "1540039", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26953", "title": "Iambe", "text": "Iambe was the goddess of rhyme and merriment in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of Pan and Echo.\nIambic pentameter.\nIambe is said to have created the iambic pentameter verse pattern in poetry. This is a metered verse with two different sounds, and it was named after Iambe. The iambic pentameter verse is used by many poets, one of which is William Shakespeare.\nDemeter.\nIn the myth, Demeter, was sad about losing her daughter, Persephone. It was only Iambe who was able to make Demeter laugh. She did this by using poetry and wit to cheer Demeter up. When Demeter was not sad any more, the earth became fertile again. Iambe then became Demeter's first priestess."}
+{"id": "26954", "revid": "10222827", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26954", "title": "Triangle (musical instrument)", "text": "A triangle is a musical instrument with three sides and curved corners. There is always one corner where the sides do not join. This makes it possible for the instrument to vibrate.\nThe player holds a small piece of string or leather from which the triangle is hanging, and they can make a sound by hitting the triangle with a triangle beater. In orchestras, where the percussionist may be playing several percussion instruments, the triangle may hang from a stand so that the player can move quickly to another instrument.\nTriangles come in different sizes. Smaller ones will sound higher than larger ones.\nThe triangle can always be heard clearly above the sound of the orchestra or band."}
+{"id": "26955", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26955", "title": "Speaker", "text": "Speaker could mean:"}
+{"id": "26956", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26956", "title": "FOX", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26957", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26957", "title": "Surinam", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26959", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26959", "title": "Bernie Little", "text": "Bernie Little (\"born\" in McComb, Ohio on circa 1926 - \"died\" April 25, 2003) was the most successful owner in Unlimited Hydroplane racing history. His \"Miss Budweiser\" team won 134 of the 354 hydroplane races they entered. They won the high points championship 22 years in 40 years of competition, and the Gold Cup 14 times.\nRacing career.\nLittle's team is also known for making an enclosed driver's seat to improve driver safety, after driver Dean Chenoweth was killed in a crash during a race in 1982.\nHis team employed some of the biggest names in their field, including designer Ron Jones, and driver Chip Hanauer who won more Gold Cup races than any other driver. He is second only to Bill Muncey in total races won.\nAwards and recognition.\nLittle has been inducted into the Unlimited Hydroplane Hall of Fame, the Florida Sports Hall of Fame, and the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America. Chenoweth, Hanauer, and another driver for Little, Tom D'Eath, are also in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America."}
+{"id": "26964", "revid": "1430994", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26964", "title": "Perseus", "text": "Perseus () is a hero in Greek mythology. He is the legendary founder of Mycenae and is most famous for killing the Gorgon Medusa. He is a demigod, the son of Zeus and the mortal princess Dana\u00eb. With his wife, the Ethiopian princess Andromeda, his children are the sons Perses, Alkaios, Sthenelos, Elektryon, and the daughter Gorgophone. Perseus is also the great-grandfather of Herakles, as well as his half-brother.\nBirth.\nKing Akrisios of Argos was told by an oracle that he would be killed by his grandchild. Because of that he put his daughter Dana\u00eb in a tower where no one was allowed to enter, so she could not have a child. But the god Zeus could enter in the form of a golden rain, and with him her child was Perseus.\nAkrisios then put Dana\u00eb and her baby Perseus in a box and threw it into the sea. But Zeus tells the sea-god Poseidon to help them, and so Dana\u00eb and her son come to the island Seriphos. There they are found by Diktys, who lets them live with him.\nA long time after that, the grown up Perseus takes part in some funeral games. During the games Perseus throws a discus, which accidentally hits Akrisios. Akrisios is killed by it: he was killed by his grandchild, like the oracle's prophecy said.\nPerseus and Medusa.\nPerseus was sent to retreive Medusa's head by King Polydectes, who wanted him dead so he could marry his mother. To do this, he was advised by Athena to seek the Gray sisters, who told him how to fight Medusa when he stole their eye. Hermes lent Perseus winged sandals, Hades lent him his helm of darkness (which makes the wearer invisible), and Athena lent him a shield which he could see Medusa's reflection in, since whoever looked her in the eye would turn to stone. With all these magic items, Perseus was able to cut off Medusa's head. On the way back home, he fights a sea monster to save Andromeda, who is chained to a cliff as a sacrifice, and marries her."}
+{"id": "26965", "revid": "48755", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26965", "title": "Cronos", "text": ""}
+{"id": "26971", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26971", "title": "Niccol\u00f2 Paganini", "text": "Niccol\u00f2 Paganini (27 October 1782 \u2013 27 May 1840) was an Italian composer and violin player. He is believed to be one of the greatest violinists who ever lived. He is known for 24 Caprices for Solo Violin and his La Campanella.\nBiography.\nPaganini was born October 27, 1782 in Genoa (in modern Italy). He started the violin at age seven and took private lessons from local violinists. Paganini repeatedly outperformed his teachers such that he always had to search for new ones. He would pick up the guitar, but rarely played the guitar in public. He would start giving concerts around Italy around 1800. For many years, Paganini performed primarily in regions surrounding his hometown.\nIn 1813, he performed at the La Scala in Milan and gained more attention beyond local regions. He receives Order of the Golden Spur from Pope Leo VII in 1827. Between 1828 and 1831 he toured cities in present-day Germany, Poland and Czech Republic and many other large cities across Europe. This tour spread his fame beyond Italy.\nPaganini was the perfect virtuoso during his time although many other violinists slowly approach and some appear to be as virtuosic as him too. He was said to be a show off during his time and many wanted to challenge his violin skills. Paganini once broke all of the strings on his violin except the G-string and played a piece just on one string to show how good he was. He intonated the violin in a different way to sound different. He was the master of violin technique and invented many new techniques such as ricochet bowing, flying staccato, and left hand pizzicato.\nHe met and became friends with Gioachino Rossini and Hector Berlioz. Paganini was also good friends with Franz Liszt, a similarly magnificent virtuoso. Liszt admired Paganini. In his teenage years he watched Paganini playing, and determined to be a virtuoso as Paganini in piano.\nDespite his success, Paganini was frequently sick and the concert tours did not help his health. In 1834, he gave up his concert tours. He would later be employed by Marie Louise, Duchess of Parma, former Empress of the French and be in charge of the court orchestra. He tried to open a Casino in Paris, but failed. He died from internal hemorrhaging in 1840 in Nice, France.\nInstruments.\nPaganini played violins by Giuseppe Guarneri. One was called \"Il Cannone Guarnerius\" (\"The Cannon of Guarnieri\"). Other violins and instruments connected to him include Stradivari. They include the \"Paganini-Desaint\" 1680 Stradivari, the \"Le Brun\" 1712 Stradivari, the \"Hubay\" 1726 Stradivari, the \"Mendelssohn\" 1731 Stradivari violas and the \"Ladenburg\" 1736 Stradivari cellos. Other Italian instrument names connected to him are Amati, Goffriller and Bertolotti.\nCompositions.\nHe primarily wrote for violin which he then performed. His most famous work is 24 Caprices for Solo Violin, Op. 1. They are \u00e9tudes dealing with different violin skills. Other notable works by Paganini include Violin Concertos No. 1 & 2, \"Moses Fantasy\", \"Centone di Sonate\", Vol. 1, \"Le Streghe, Op. 8, Caprice d\u2019Adieu, Op. 68, Ghiribizzi, Variations on \u2018God Save the King\u2019, Op. 9 and Moto Perpetuo.\""}
+{"id": "26978", "revid": "10492029", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26978", "title": "Samer Kamal", "text": "Samer Kamal is a Jordanian athlete. He won the bronze medal in Taekwondo (a form of martial arts) in the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea. He was the first Jordanian athlete to get a medal for Jordan in the Olympics in Seoul. This gave many Jordanians pride in this achievement during the 1980s.\nSamer Kamal holds 9th Dan Chung Do Kawan in 2017 and 9th Dan Kukkiwon Black Belt in Taekwondo in 2022 a 1st Class international referee since 1997 and an international trainer since 1990. He was given the Independence Badge of Honor (4th Degree) by His Majesty the late King Hussein Ben Talal in 1988 and was chosen seventh best Jordanian athlete for the century in 1999.\nEducation.\nSamer pursued his undergraduate higher education in Business Administration and Philosophy from the University of Jordan. He then received a graduate degree in Management Science from Robert Gordon University in Aberdeen, Scotland.\nTaekwondo Refereeing & Arbitration.\n\u2022 1st Class World Taekwondo Federation International Referee since 1999\n\u2022 WTF International Referee since 1989\n\u2022 Chairman of the Arab Referee Committee from the year 1997 until 1999\n\u2022 Chairman of the Jordanian Referee Committee for the years 91,92,94,96, and 97\nProfessional career.\nSamer began his sports career as a marketing manager at a Jordanian-based sports marketing company. He took the experience he gained there to Qatar where he became a general manager. He was responsible for the starting a sports marketing company with the purpose of promoting sports in Jordan and the region. Soon after, Samer decided to start his own sports marketing company \u201cSportUp Jordan\u201d to promote local athletes. Within a year, he was able to get sponsors for champion Jordanian athletes. He started the largest and only bilingual online sports business. He made an attractive product that was acquired by Maktoob Inc., an Arabic internet service provider.\nHis sports experience let him expand internationally. Samer was named the director of business development at Right To Play in Canada, that uses sport programs to help children who live in poverty and disadvantage communities to play sports and games. He helped raise funds to the organization.\nStaying active in Taekwondo, Samer opened Champions Taekwondo Center in the year 1990, his first Taekwondo school in Jordan.\nThe year 2012 was the year Samer has gotten his 8th Dan Black Belt in Taekwondo. 2012 also marked the opening of Champions Martial Arts Taekwondo Center in Mississauga, Canada. A few years after, another 3 branches were open Mississauga, Oakville and Stoney Creek, Canada.\nWith all his experiences, discipline, leadership and practice, today Samer has help developed Taekwondo and martial arts in the world and has promoted more than 2000 black belt students worldwide.\u00a0\nAuthor Book: The Grand Master Inspiring Generations.\nOn September 1, 2025, The release of his highly anticipated book, \"The Grand Master \u2013 Inspiring Generations\". Now available worldwide on Amazon in both paperback and eBook formats, the book offers an intimate look into the life, challenges, and triumphs of a global Taekwondo icon.\nDrawing from his journey, from winning an Olympic medal at the 1988 Seoul Games to founding Champions Martial Arts in Canada. Kamal shares powerful lessons on perseverance, discipline, and the spirit of leadership. His story transcends sports, aiming to inspire youth, athletes, and anyone striving for success in life.\nCommunity activities.\nOther than at work, Samer is active in many sports communities. In 2009, he was named an executive board member of the World Olympians Association (WOA). In November 2011, Samer become president of Asian Olympians Association (AOA).\nSamer is currently the president of the Arab Canadian Sports Association (ACSA)\nChampionship competitions.\nSamer Kamal competed in the following International Taekwondo Championships:"}
+{"id": "26986", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26986", "title": "Violet (plant)", "text": "The violet is a genus of flowering plants. The common blue violet (\"Viola sororia\") is the state flower of the U.S. state of Illinois. There is also a famous poem that refers to violets. It goes \"Roses are red, violets are blue\", and then the poet adds his or her own lines to it. It is also February's birth flower.\nSome \"Viola\" species are perennial plants, some are annual plants, and a few are small shrubs. Many species, varieties and cultivars are grown in gardens for their flowers. \nIn horticulture, the term pansy is used for the multi-coloured cultivars often used in bedding by professional gardeners. The terms 'viola' and 'violet' are normally used for small-flowered annuals or perennials, and the wild species."}
+{"id": "27005", "revid": "153444", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27005", "title": "Cronus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27006", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27006", "title": "Winnie the Pooh", "text": "Winnie the Pooh, also called Pooh Bear, is a fictional anthropomorphic teddy bear. He was created by A. A. Milne. He is based on a stuffed toy that belonged to Milne's son, Christopher Robin Milne. The toy was named after \"Winnipeg\" (\"Winnie\" for short), who was a black bear at the London Zoo, and \"Pooh\", which was a nickname Milne and his son had given to a swan. The first book was published in 1926. Other books were published later. Walt Disney made a series of cartoons based on the books. The Walt Disney Company still owns the character.\nPooh is a small yellow bear. He is nearly tall. He wears an old red t-shirt. His favorite food is honey. The first thing he says when he gets up in the morning is \"What's for breakfast?\". He invented the game \"Poohsticks\".\nPooh has several friends. Their names are Piglet, Eeyore, Tigger, Rabbit, Kanga and Roo, Owl, Gopher, and Christopher Robin. Piglet is a small timid pig. Eeyore is an old grey donkey. Tigger is an energetic tiger. Rabbit is a kind-hearted rabbit. Kanga is a female kangaroo. Roo is Kanga's son.\nBooks, adaptations and/or mainstream series.\nThe first book, \"Winnie-the-Pooh\", was published on October 15, 1926 by Methuen & Company. The second book was \"The House at Pooh Corner\", which was published on October 11, 1928. The poetry book \"When We Were Very Young\" was published in 1924 and \"Now We Are Six\" was published in 1927. \"Return to Hundred Acre Wood\" was written by David Benedictus and published on October 5, 2009. \"\" was published in 2016 to mark the 90th anniversary of the first Winnie-the-Pooh book.\nThere have been quite a few series created by Walt Disney based on these books. The stories are translated into many languages. A Disney movie about Pooh, \"The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\", was made in March 1977. \"Winnie the Pooh\" was made in July 2011. A live-action movie directed by Marc Forster and based on A. A. Milne's books, entitled \"Christopher Robin\", was released in 2018. \nOther creative works.\nAn Horror Film made By Rhys Frake-Waterfield titled \"\" Premiered on February 15, 2023.\nOther websites.\n<br><br>"}
+{"id": "27007", "revid": "10252067", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27007", "title": "960s", "text": "The 960s was a decade that started on 1 January 960 and ended on 31 December 969. It is distinct from the decade known as the 97th decade which began on January 1, 961 and ended on December 31, 970."}
+{"id": "27009", "revid": "1540412", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27009", "title": "Aleksander Kwasniewski", "text": "Aleksander Kwa\u015bniewski (; born 15 November 1954) is a Polish politician. He served as President for two terms (1995-2000 and 2000-2005). \nHe was born in Bia\u0142ogard in Northwest Poland. Before became a politician, he was a journalist. Before became president, he was minister and deputy to the Sejm. In the late 1980s, he participated in the Polish Round Table Agreement.\nIn 1995 election, he won in the second round, but five years later he won in the first round."}
+{"id": "27012", "revid": "11487", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27012", "title": "Joy Division (band)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27013", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27013", "title": "Samer kamal", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27014", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27014", "title": "Winnie-the-Pooh", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27015", "revid": "9986127", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27015", "title": "Viola sororia", "text": "Viola sororia, also known as Viola papilionacea, blue violet, common violet, meadow violet or purple violet, is a species of violet. It is a perennial flowering plant that lives in most of eastern North America.\nThe common blue violet is the state flower of the U.S. states of Rhode Island, Illinois, and New Jersey.\nIn developed areas it is often said to be a weed because it grows well in lawns."}
+{"id": "27016", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27016", "title": "Common meadow violet", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27017", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27017", "title": "Purple violet", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27018", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27018", "title": "Common blue violet", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27019", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27019", "title": "Viola papilionacea", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27020", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27020", "title": "Keydrive", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27021", "revid": "1063175", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27021", "title": "NAND gate", "text": "A NAND gate is a logic gate used to build digital logic circuits.\nIt is a combination of an AND and NOT gate.\nThe name refers to this.\nThe NAND gate is a \u201cuniversal gate\u201d, that means all other types of logic gates can be obtained by wiring exclusively one or more NAND gates in a particular manner.\nBehavior.\nGiven two inputs, A and B, A NAND B will be true if at most one of A and B is true.\nIn other words, A NAND B is false if both A and B are true, and true otherwise. \nSymbols.\nThere are three symbols for drawing NAND gates in electrical circuit schematics:\nthe \"distinctive shape\" symbol, the \u201cmilitary\u201d symbol, and the \u201crectangular\u201d symbol.\nFor more information see logic gate symbols.\nApplication.\nSince a NAND gate is a universal gate, microprocessors can be built using this type of gate only.\nFor example:"}
+{"id": "27022", "revid": "7693567", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27022", "title": "Under the Rainbow", "text": "Under the Rainbow is a 1981 comedy movie starring Chevy Chase, Carrie Fisher, Eve Arden, and Billy Barty.\nThe plot is loosely based on the gathering of little people in a Hollywood hotel, to audition for roles as \"munchkins\" in the movie \"The Wizard of Oz\". The movie also has nobility, assassins, spies, and tourists.\nThe movie was nominated for Razzie Awards for Worst Musical Score and Worst Supporting Actor (Billy Barty)."}
+{"id": "27025", "revid": "1670837", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27025", "title": "Gillidanda", "text": "Gilli '\u0917\u093f\u0932\u094d\u0932\u0940\" -danda \"\u0921\u0928\u094d\u0921\u093e\" is a game played by children in South Asia. It is usually played by using a small round stick, about as long as a baseball or cricket bat. This is the \"danda\". There is another smaller stick, round in the middle and tapering towards the ends. This is the \"gilli\". The game gilli-danda is similar to cricket. It is also believed to be the origin of cricket.\nPlayers.\nThis game is also know as \"Viti Dandu\", \"Kitti Pul\" and by other variations as well. It is a sport originated from the Indian subcontinent and is also played in the rural areas as well as in small towns over southern Asia, Cambodia, Turkey, South Africa, Italy, Poland and in some Caribbean Islands like Cuba.\nRules.\nTo play the game, one team uses the \"danda\" to hit one of the tapered ends of the \"gilli\" with force. This causes the \"gilli\" to flip through the air. While the \"gilli\" is airborne, the opposing team's hitter attempts to smack it like one would as if playing cricket. The one who hits the \"gilli\" the farthest will win. It is played with two teams. One side pitches the \"gilli\" using the big \"danda\" (not bare hands), to the other team's hitter. The hitter, using his \"danda\" hits the \"gilli\". In the course of play, if the \"gilli\" is caught, then those players who pitched with the big \"danda\" to the hitter, are out of the game.If the gilli falls on the ground the fielder closest to the gilli gets an opportunity to make the hitter out.He has to throw the gilli towards the danda if the danda is been hit by the gilli it means the striker is out if not then the fielder gains 1 point.When the striker gains 1 point he will get 3 tries to hit the danda if the gilli still doesn't hit the danda the striker is out.If he is successful,the 1 point which he gained will continue.At the end who has the maximum points wins the game.It was most popularly played around 1970 to 1980 throughout India and Pakistan and is played to this day."}
+{"id": "27026", "revid": "1572762", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27026", "title": "Southern United States", "text": "The Southern United States (also known as the Southern States or the South) is a term for the southeast of the United States. All of the states in the Confederacy were in the South, but not all Southern states joined the Confederacy. The slave states that did not join are called the \"border states.\" The Southern States that are the farthest to the south are called the \"Deep South.\"\nEven though Arizona, New Mexico, and Southern California are geographically south in the United States, they are usually classified as being part of the Southwest, not the South. Their climate, culture, and ethnic makeup of the Southwest are different from those of the South.\nMost of the South is a land of long, hot summers. Winters are mostly short and cool. There is much rainfall. That combination gives the South a long growing season. Important crops include cotton, tobacco, peanuts, and peaches.\nAlso, the cuisine of the Southern United States is distinct from those of other regions.\nAs defined by the United States Census Bureau, these states make up the South:\nThe border state of Missouri is also sometimes considered Southern although the Census classifies it as in the Midwest.\nExcept for Florida and Texas, most of the South had few immigrants, unlike the rest of the United States, in the late 19th and the 20th centuries. Most of the people in the South are of English, Scottish, or Irish ancestry or the descendants of African-American slaves. Some Southerners identify themselves as being of \"American\" ancestry."}
+{"id": "27027", "revid": "1626716", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27027", "title": "Redneck", "text": "A Redneck is a derogatory term for an American stereotype. It is a term for people who live in rural areas, especially on farms and ranches and is usually meant as an insult and considered offensive to most people. It is mostly used to describe people in the Southern United States."}
+{"id": "27028", "revid": "4767", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27028", "title": "Babelfish", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27031", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27031", "title": "Greenhouse gas", "text": "Greenhouse gas reflects radiation that the Earth emits, preventing it from escaping into space. This occurrence is known as the \"greenhouse effect\".\nMany greenhouse gases are natural, with water vapor being the most common and responsible for most of the greenhouse effect on Earth. Other significant greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbon (CFCs) and ozone. \nWithout greenhouse gases, life as we know it on earth would likely not be possible as heat is essential for sustaining life. Natural emissions of greenhouse gases vary, and events like massive volcanic eruptions such as those which created Siberian Traps around a quarter billion years ago, might have released enough gases to contribute to the Permian\u2013Triassic extinction which caused to destructive effects on life on earth. \nHowever, humans are introducing additional greenhouse gases to the atmosphere, leading to an enhanced greenhouse effect and increase in the planet's average temperature. The most significant greenhouse gas that contributed by humans is carbon dioxide, currently composing approximately 0.04% of the atmosphere. Human activities like burning fossil fuel such as oil, coal and natural gas for transportation, energy production and industrial processes are the main sources of carbon dioxide emission. The major contributor to these emissions is the industrial sector. The Food and Agriculture Organization has reported that emissions associated with livestock, contribute to 7.1 gigatons (GT) of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2-eq) per year, accounting for 14.5% of all human-caused greenhouse emissions. This exceeds the 13% that contributed by global transportation (including cars and planes) each year.\nWater vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas, and it responds to climate changes. When the atmosphere is warm, it holds more water vapor, which increase the probability of cloud formation and precipitation. \nIn addition to burning fossil fuels, human activities also reduce the earth's capacity to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere by deforestation. Methane emission is also increase due to the activities like raising cattle and other farm animals, including as geese, turkeys, pigs, chickens, and sheep. Scientists have shown that producing 1\u00a0kg of beef generated more CO2 emissions than a three-hour drive with all household lights on. Further, human activity introduces water vapor to the atmosphere through increased evaporation from cooling towers in thermal cycle power plants and creation of artificial lakes which contributes to the global warming."}
+{"id": "27040", "revid": "10308312", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27040", "title": "Omaha hold'em", "text": "Omaha Hold 'Em is a poker game, similar to Texas Hold 'Em. In Omaha, each player is given four cards. Then there is a round of betting. Then three community cards are placed on the table. Another round of betting is after that. Then a fourth community card is put down. After this, there is another round of betting. Then there is the final community card put down, there is a last round of betting, and each player uses exactly two cards from the hand and three from the table to form a five-card poker hand. Whoever has the best hand wins all the money put in the middle during betting.\nVariations.\nOmaha can also be played as Omaha Hi Lo, where the best hand and the lowest hand splits the pot.\nThe low hand's cards have to be 8 or lower ."}
+{"id": "27049", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27049", "title": "Leverkusen", "text": "Leverkusen (Low Franconian: \"Leverkuuse\") is a city near Cologne at the river Rhine in Germany. As of October 2005, about 162,000 people lived there."}
+{"id": "27050", "revid": "9825088", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27050", "title": "Tocotronic", "text": "Tocotronic is a German indie rock band. They were founded in 1993 in Hamburg."}
+{"id": "27053", "revid": "1188490", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27053", "title": "Boles\u0142aw Prus", "text": "Boles\u0142aw Prus () (20 August 1847 \u2013 19 May 1912), real name Aleksander G\u0142owacki, was a Polish writer.\nHe was born in Hrubiesz\u00f3w and died in Warsaw. As a 15-year-old high-school student, he fought in Poland's January 1863 Uprising.\nPrus is best known for his novels, \"Lalka\" (The Doll) and the historical novel \"Faraon\" (Pharaoh). He also wrote \"Anielka,\" \"Plac\u00f3wka\" (The Outpost), \"Emancypantki\" (The New Woman), and many other stories and novels. He was an advocate of Positivist philosophy and social progressivism.\nPrus is regarded as one of the greatest Polish writers, and one of the world's most prominent."}
+{"id": "27056", "revid": "1511703", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27056", "title": "2040", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27059", "revid": "1206838", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27059", "title": "Wayne Mixson", "text": "John Wayne Mixson (June 16, 1922 \u2013 July 8, 2020) was an American politician. He was born in New Brockton, Alabama, but was raised in Jackson County, Florida. He was a democrat.\nHe served in Florida's House of Representatives. In 1978 he was elected a lieutenant governor (deputy governor) to governor Bob Graham. They were reelected in 1982. Mixson served as lieutenant governor from 1979 to 1987. During his second term he was also state Secretary of Commerce. In 1987, Graham resigned from office to become U.S. Senator. Mixson was sworn in as governor for three days, from January 3 to January 6, when governor-elect Bob Martinez (Rep.) took over.\nDuring the 2004 presidential election, Mixson crossed party lines to endorse the re-election of President George W. Bush. \nMixson died on July 8, 2020 in Tallahassee, Florida at the age of 98."}
+{"id": "27060", "revid": "1540039", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27060", "title": "Neustadt an der Weinstrasse", "text": "Neustadt an der Weinstra\u00dfe is a town in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It has about 54,000 people. The main parts of the town's economy are tourism and winegrowing. Every year the town is the location of the German wine harvest festival with the election of the German wine queen.\nDistricts.\nIts districts are\nTraffic.\nNeustadt have two on-ramps (North and South) of the highway A 65.\nExcept for the central station, the town have a second railroad station (B\u00f6big) and a third (South).\nEconomy.\nNeustadt is the seat of the Hornbach Holding AG and Team Rosberg."}
+{"id": "27061", "revid": "1530097", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27061", "title": "Reubin Askew", "text": "Reubin O'Donovan Askew (September 11, 1928 \u2013 March 13, 2014) was an American politician. He was a Democrat from Florida. He was born in Muskogee (Oklahoma), but since 1937 he lived in Florida. He was a lawyer. He served both in US Army and US Air Force.\nEarly life.\nAskew was born in Muskogee, Oklahoma. He studied at Florida State University and at University of Florida Levin College of Law. Askew married Donna Lou Harper in August 1956.\nCareer.\nPrior to becoming governor, Askew served as state representative (1959-1963) and state senator (1963-1970). For a year (1969-1970) he was president pro tempore of this body.\nHe was elected governor in the same year and assumed duties in January 1971. He was one of the first southern governors (alongside Jimmy Carter of Georgia) to openly support desegregation. In 1972 then-democratic Presidential nominee, senator George McGovern of South Dakota offered him vice presidency, but Askew declined it. McGovern lost to Richard Nixon.\nAskew was reelected in 1974 and served until early 1979. After leaving office he was, for two years, United States Trade Representative under President Carter.\nIn 1984 he ran for president, but was defeated in the primary.\nPersonal life.\nAskew had two children; one son and one daughter. Askew lived in Tallahassee, Florida.\nDeath.\nAskew died at the age of 85 on March 13, 2014 at his Tallahassee home, after a recent stroke.\nLegacy.\nHe was regarded by many (including Harvard Scholars) as one of the best U.S. governors in the 20th Century."}
+{"id": "27063", "revid": "373511", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27063", "title": "Trabant", "text": "The Trabant (or \"Trabi\") was a series of cars built in the German Democratic Republic. When the first cars were released, people saw them as being innovative. The cars were also easy on fuel, they did not need much fuel. Trabant had a two-stroke engine. The outside of the Trabant was not made with steel or iron, because the German Democratic Republic did not want to import steel and iron for the cars, because that would have been too expensive. Instead, the Trabant was made of Duroplast, a special kind of plastic, made by mixing formica and bakelite, and made stronger with fibres of cotton. They could afford some steel from Russia, and this was used for the engine and the floor, and to give the plastic strength. After the Berlin Wall was opened the Trabant did not sell as much as before, because the people wanted bigger cars that they could get after the wall was opened. Trabants can still be found in East Europe, for example in Hungary.\nCriticism.\nThe Trabant was a small car, good for driving in the city. The two-stroke engine created lots of air pollution, but because of the plastic body, it was stronger and safer than western cars of the same time. It was famous for being better in a crash test than a VW Polo.\nVersions.\nBetween 1957 and 1990, about 3 million Trabants were built. As of January 2005, about 67.000 such cars were still registered."}
+{"id": "27064", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27064", "title": "Trabi", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27065", "revid": "1674929", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27065", "title": "Lindsay Lohan", "text": "Lindsay Dee Lohan (born July 2, 1986) is an American actress and singer. Lohan is most famous for her movies \"The Parent Trap, Freaky Friday, and\" \"Mean Girls\", which made her popular in the United States.\nEarly life.\nLindsay Lohan was born on July 2, 1986, in The Bronx borough of New York City, and grew up in Merrick and Cold Spring Harbor on Long Island, New York. She is the eldest child of Dina Lohan and Michael Lohan, both of whom are of Irish and Italian descent. She has a sister named Ali Lohan.\nMovie career.\nLohan has acted in several movies, including \"The Parent Trap\", Scary Movie 5, \"Life-Size\", \"Get A Clue\", \"Freaky Friday\", \"Mean Girls\", \"Confessions of a Drama Queen\", \"Herbie Fully Loaded\", \"Just My Luck\", \"Georgia Rule, Freakier Friday,\" and \"Labor Pains\".\nShe plays the guitar and has done many singing parts.\nMusic career.\nShe first sang in the soundtrack of the movie \"Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen\".\nIn 2004, she released her first album named \"Speak\". In 2005, her second album, \"A Little More Personal (RAW)\" was released. Now, in recent years she has been working on a new album with Ne-Yo, Snoop Dogg, Timbaland. This album was released at the end of 2008.\nPersonal life.\nBetween 2008 and 2009, Lohan dated Samantha Ronson. \nHowever, Lohan now identifies as heterosexual. Lohan has lesser tattoos. \nShe had a miscarriage in 2013. Leo Rivera, confirmed. In May 2011, Lohan was convicted of misdemeanor theft of a $2,500 necklace from a jewelry store in Venice Beach. \nOn November 28, 2021, Lohan announced her engagement to financier Bader Shammas after three years of dating. On July 2, 2022, it was confirmed that Lohan and Shammas were married.\nIn July 2023, Lohan gave birth to her son Luai."}
+{"id": "27066", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27066", "title": "US Army", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27067", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27067", "title": "U.S. Army", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27068", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27068", "title": "U. S. Army", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27069", "revid": "4608489", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27069", "title": "Postum", "text": "Postum is a drink first made by C. W. Post in 1895. It is a powder substitute for coffee that is mixed with water. The ingredients are wheat bran, wheat, molasses, and corn dextrin.\nIt is advertised as a healthier choice of drink than coffee."}
+{"id": "27070", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27070", "title": "Brok", "text": "Brok nad Bugiem (English: \"Brok near Bug\") is a small town in Mazowsze Voivodship, Poland. Brok is in Ostrowian County (head town of this region is Ostr\u00f3w Mazowiecka). Brok is one of the smallest places in Europe with town status (since 1500).\nBrok is regarded by many as one of the most beautiful places in this part of Poland. This is a tourist town near two rivers: Bug and one also named Brok.\nAttractions include:"}
+{"id": "27071", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27071", "title": "1480", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27072", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27072", "title": "1099", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27077", "revid": "10451809", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27077", "title": "Herb Alpert", "text": "Herb Alpert (born March 31, 1935 in Los Angeles, California) is an American musician. He is known for his trumpet playing with his group, Tijuana Brass. He is also the co-founder and one of the heads of A&M Records."}
+{"id": "27085", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27085", "title": "Teddy bear", "text": "A teddy bear is a type of toy that looks like a bear. The teddy bear normally looks like a cub or baby bear. It became popular in Germany and the United States in 1902 when the name was invented. In Russia, bears were used as children's toys and were the subject of folklore or stories, long before the 20th century. Teddy bears are often toys for children. They are also used to comfort people and to teach.\nThe teddy bear is named after President Theodore Roosevelt because he refused to kill a black bear during a hunting event.\nTeddy bear are popular and well-known. They may often have human-like features. They are usually small and soft. Teddy Bears are found all over the world. Early 20th century teddy bears were made from mohair, the hair of goats. Now they are usually made from synthetic fabrics.\nBackground.\nThe toy was created by former United States President Theodore Roosevelt, and Richard Steiff under his aunt Margarete Steiff's company in Germany in the early 20th century.\nTheodore Roosevelt.\nThere are many stories about how the Teddy Bear got its name. It may be a myth but the teddy bear is said to be named after Theodore Roosevelt, a hunter who disliked being called \"Teddy\". Roosevelt was the 26th and youngest President of the United States. He was president from 1901 to 1909. Friends of the president gave him the nickname \"Teddy\".\nThe most told story happened in November 1902. President Roosevelt was in Mississippi for a bear hunt. He and other men went out hunting for bear on horseback. They had hunting dogs to help find the bears. The dogs ran off following the scent of the bears. When the men could no longer hear the dogs, they turned around and went back to their camp. When they got to camp a bear was there. Everyone at the camp wanted President Roosevelt to shoot the bear. He would not do it or let anyone else do it. Another version has the bear captured alive and the President refusing to shoot it.\nTeddy Bears for adults.\nClothes.\nBritish soldiers in World War I, wore fur coats that they called Teddys. The American soldiers also wore a one piece fur overall they called a teddy. Women's nightgowns have also been nicknamed \"Teddy\" because they are comfortable.\nMascot.\nThe teddy bear has been a mascot and a companion for many adults. In 1972 Olympic Long Jump Gold Medal winner Randy Williams was pictured on Life magazine with a teddy bear at the Munich games. The bear was given to him by an ex-girlfriend.\nWhile playing baseball with the San Francisco Giants, Ron Bryant was nicknamed \"Bear\" for always taking his teddy bear everywhere with him. After playing for the Giants, he was traded to the Chicago Cubs. While he was playing with the Cubs, Bryant bought a bear from a girl on the street. He took the bear to the game and they won that day. After that, he brought the bear with him to all the games. The teddy bear was even fitted with a baseball uniform with Bryant's number.\nCollection items.\nSome adults collect \"Cherished Teddies\". They are figurines of teddy bears. They are considered knick knacks. Only a limited number from each mold is produced. Some are more common than others. As with other collectables the fewer made of a particular one, the more valuable.\nBeanie Baby bears are of the most popular in Beanie Baby collections. \"Princess Diana\" bear honors the late Princess of Wales. Her bear is of royal purple color with two flowers on its heart. Accessories for the bear such as a copy of Princess Di's actual license, a crown, and royal cape can be purchased to enhance the royal bear. Some bears that were defective in production are considered to have the highest worth, since limited amounts were effected. Collectors search for the defective ones to have the most rare collection. Just as with \"Cherished Teddies\" the less available ones are worth the most amount of money. The TY tags on the ears of the bears condition also attributes to their value. Children have a tendency to rip off these tags, making the collectibles an everyday toy.\nHealing, helping and learning.\nBears in the classroom.\nThe teddy bear is used in children's classrooms. According to \"The Much Maligned Teddy Bear\", teddy bears comfort and support children. The teddy bear is also used to teach children about different places. In story, the bear does traveling and sends postcards to the readers, which helps children learn. A child can learn a lot through teddy bears. There are books, logos that teach and comfort children. The teddy bear books help children learn to read and are also fond memories for parents and grandparents.\nTeddy Bear Cop.\nLaw enforcement in America gives children in traumatic experiences teddy bears for comfort. Several agencies provide the bears to children going through crisis. The bears are donated by citizens to help children deal with transitioning from their homes to foster care or when a parent is arrested for breaking the law and is taken to jail. Firemen also hand out bears to children victims of fire.\nEmotional support.\nBear Teddy is a popular toy not only among children but also among adults. Someone keeps their old plush friends, someone buys new ones. Psychologists explain such love for these toys at all ages by the fact that a person receives emotional support from those they trust. Recently, bear therapy has become widespread in the field of psychological care for patients.\nReferences.\nSteiff Teddy Bears"}
+{"id": "27096", "revid": "1686735", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27096", "title": "Hangul", "text": "Hangeul () is the alphabet (or alphabetic syllabary) used for the Korean language. It was created by Sejong the Great, the 4th King of the Joseon Dynasty in 1443. It is still being used now. When Hangeul was spreading, King Sejong published \"Hunminjeong'eum Haeryebon\" (). It was chosen as the 'Memory of the World' by UNESCO in 1997. \nIn this book, the design ideas of Hangeul and information about its use were written down in detail. The book \"Hunminjeong'eum Haeryebon\" states the two design ideas of Hangeul. The first one is that the consonants of Hangeul look like vocal organs. The second one is that the vowels of Hangeul are based on Cheonji'in (). Cheonji'in refers to the three elements of philosophy which are sky (), earth () and human (). Because of these ideas, Hangeul is well known for being easy to learn.\nAlthough it was only used by the lower classes at first, Hangeul became the official writing script of Korea in the late 19th century. Today it is the most used writing system of both North Korea and South Korea. North Korea abolished the use of Hanja, and today North Koreans write only in Hangeul. In South Korea, people write mostly in Hangeul, but sometimes Hanja is still used.\nVowels.\nThere are 21 letters for vowels in Hangul.\nThe vowels are transliterated into the Roman alphabet as follows:\nThose with two small lines are pronounced with an extra \"y\" first.\nConsonants.\nThere are 14 simple consonants: \u3131\u3134\u3137\u3139\u3141\u3142\u3145\u3147\u3148\u314a\u314b\u314c\u314d\u314e. Some of them can also be written next to each other at the end of syllables.\nTransliteration:\nThe consonants the Korean language uses written in Latin letters are:\nB, D, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, R, S, T, W, Y.\nBlocks.\nThe consonants and vowels are combined into blocks of syllables. A syllable means one vowel and a few consonants, like \"han\" and \"geul\".\nThe blocks look like these examples: \uc11c\uc6b8 \ud55c\uae00 \ud3c9\uc591"}
+{"id": "27100", "revid": "10453505", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27100", "title": "Lincoln Chafee", "text": "Lincoln Davenport Chafee (born March 26, 1953) is an American politician. He was the Governor of Rhode Island from 2011 to 2015. Before becoming governor, he was a junior U.S. Senator of Rhode Island from 1999 to 2007.\nIn 2016, he made a brief and unsuccessful bid for President of the United States in the 2016 Democratic primaries. In January 2020, Chafee announced he would run again, but this time for the Libertarian nomination. He ended his second campaign in April 2020. Chaffee is known for his advocacy of converting the US to the metric system.\nEarly life.\nChafee was born in Providence, Rhode Island. His father, John Chafee, was also a Senator from Rhode Island and member of the liberal wing of the Republican Party. His mother was Virginia Coates. Chafee was raised in Warwick, Rhode Island. He studied at Brown University and at Montana State University.\nEarly career.\nChafee entered politics in 1985 as a delegate to the Rhode Island Constitutional Convention. A year later, he was elected to the Warwick City Council, where he served until his election as Warwick's mayor in 1992, a post he held until his 1999 appointment to the U.S. Senate.\nU.S. senator (1999-2007).\nAfter his father died in office, Chafee was appointed to fill his vacancy. He was elected to his first full term in 2000.\nHe was a very liberal Republican senator. He is strongly pro-choice and supports gay rights and gun control. He was the only Republican senator in 2002 to voted against war in Iraq. He was the only Republican United States senator to vote against authorizing the use of force to remove Saddam Hussein from power.\nIn 2004, he did not endorse the reelection of President George W. Bush, and urged other Republicans to write-in in the November election George H. W. Bush, not his son. In January 2006, he was also the only Republican senator to vote against Samuel Alito to the United States Supreme Court.\nHe was defeated for re-election in the Senate in 2006 by Democrat Sheldon Whitehouse.\nGovernor of Rhode Island (2011-2015).\nChafee was elected as Governor of Rhode Island in 2010. He was sworn in on January 4, 2011. He became the first Independent to serve as Governor of Rhode Island since John Collins in 1790.\nIn 2012, he served as co-chair of Barack Obama's re-election campaign. Since then, he was a Democrat.\nOn May 1, 2013, Chafee signed a bill that legalized same-sex marriage in Rhode Island.\nChafee has shown some willingness to deviate from strict \"War on Drugs\" policies, in favor of alternative approaches to America's drug-crime problem.\nOn September 4, 2013, Chafee announced that he would not run for re-election as Governor of Rhode Island after months of low-approval ratings from the public and by election officials.\n2016 presidential campaign.\nOn April 9, 2015, Chafee announced that he had formed an exploratory committee in preparation for a potential candidacy for President of the United States as a Democrat in 2016. He formally declared his candidacy on June 3, 2015.\nFollowing a widely panned debate performance, poor polling numbers, and a poor fundraising campaign, Lincoln Chafee announced on October 23 that he would be suspending his campaign.\n2020 presidential campaign.\nOn March 11, 2019, Chafee officially switched from the Democratic to Libertarian Party, stating that, \"It's what I've always been \u2014 fiscally conservative and socially liberal.\"\nIn August 2019, Chafee said that he'd \"be open\" to running for president as a Libertarian.\nOn January 5, 2020, Chaffee formally filed to run for the Libertarian nomination. He is scheduled to make a formal campaign announcement on January 8 at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. He ended his campaign on April 5, 2020 after failing to win any of the primary contests.\nPersonal life.\nChafee married Stephanie Chafee in January 1990. They have three children. He now lives in Teton Village, Wyoming."}
+{"id": "27101", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27101", "title": "Sascha Fischer", "text": "Sascha Fischer (born 24 December 1970 in Stuttgart) is a German rugby union player. He started with volleyball, then he began to play rugby for DSV 1878 Hannover (Lower Saxony). Right now he is playing in France as a pro for C.A. P\u00e9rigueux-Dordogne. With his former team, C.S. Bourgoin-Jallieu, he took part at Heineken Cup. He is 6 feet, 8\u00a0inches tall (2.08 meters) and one of the tallest rugby players in Europe. He is a 27 time national player for Germany. He is a very aggressive player and with his height, he can overlook the whole rugby field."}
+{"id": "27103", "revid": "314538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27103", "title": "Bob Graham", "text": "Daniel Robert \"Bob\" Graham (November 9, 1936 \u2013 April 16, 2024) was an American politician. He was a well-known member of the Democratic Party.\nGraham has never lost an election. His career started with being a state legislator (Representative 1966-1969, and Senator 1971-1979).\nCareer.\nEarly career.\nIn 1978 he was elected Governor of Florida. His Lt. Governor was Wayne Mixson. Graham was reelected in 1982, when he won 65% over a Republican candidate, Skip Bafalis.\nHe was a popular Governor. He did much to protect the environment. He also oversaw restart of state executions (as first time since 1964), when 16 people were electrocuted. The first of them, John Spenkelink, was the first to die in the electric chair since 1966 in the United States. He was the second to be executed since 1967 (after Gary Gilmore in Utah in January 1977). In 1981, he pushed the Florida Legislature to eliminate motor vehicle inspections, after years of complaints from citizens stuck in their cars for hours in hot summer weather while they waited in line at poorly run State MV inspection stations.\nLater career.\nGraham was elected to the United States Senate in 1986, defeating sitting Senator Paula Hawkins. He served as Senator from 1985 to 2005, when he retired. He resigned from governorship on January 3, 1985, three days before the swearing-in of the governor-elect, Republican Robert Martinez. For this time Mixson assumed his duties, making him the shortest serving governor in Florida history.\nFrom 2001 to 2003 Graham was a chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence.\nGraham voted in 2002 against intervention in Iraq.\nPresidential campaign.\nIn early 2003 he decided to run for President but, after poor results in an opinion polls, he resigned and later supported John Kerry, who won the Democratic nomination. He was regarded as possible Kerry Vice Presidential candidate, but Kerry chose John Edwards.\nDeath.\nGraham died on April 16, 2024 in a retirement community in Gainesville, Florida from problems caused by a stroke, aged 87.\nPersonal life.\nHe was born in Dade County (now Miami-Dade County). He married Adele Khoury in 1959."}
+{"id": "27105", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27105", "title": "Americans", "text": "Americans are citizens of the United States.\nAlso, there are other groups that did not immigrate to the United States but became American because of American expansion in the late 19th century. In addition to the United States, Americans and people of American descent can be found around the world. Three to seven million Americans are estimated to be living outside the United States.:\nMost Americans are 48.95% of European descent.: The number of Latin Americans and Asians is more than ever 18.93% of American Society. About 14% of Americans are of African descent. People from many cultures, religions, and ethnic groups live in the U.S. This is why the United States is called the \"Melting Pot\".:\nThe United States is a diverse country. Six races are officially recognized by the U.S. Census Bureau for statistical purposes:White; or European American; African American; American Indian and Alaska Native; American Asian; Native Hawaiian; and other Pacific Islander.:.\nThe current population of Americans in the U.S. is over 345 million people as of July; 2025.:.\n<Ref>https://worldpopulationreview.com/continents</>.:"}
+{"id": "27106", "revid": "48755", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27106", "title": "Smurfs", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27107", "revid": "731605", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27107", "title": "USB port", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27108", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27108", "title": "24 December", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27114", "revid": "752027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27114", "title": "Ohio Wesleyan University", "text": "Ohio Wesleyan University is a private university in Delaware, Ohio and a member of the Five Colleges of Ohio. Wesleyan was founded in September 1844."}
+{"id": "27132", "revid": "9969861", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27132", "title": "Lakshmi", "text": "Lakshmi is the goddess of money, wisdom and good luck in Hinduism. Most Hindus pray to her on Diwali, which is a festival in India. She is regarded as an equivalent goddess of Emoinu, her Meitei counterpart.\nLakshmi has four arms, fair skin and sits on a lotus flower and is normally surrounded by elephants. She is covered in jewellery.\nShe also has several avatars (means a god coming to the earth in the form of a human being or in any other form). Her husband is the Hindu god Vishnu but her other avatars are usually married to Vishnu's avatars:"}
+{"id": "27136", "revid": "1391867", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27136", "title": "Ancient Australia", "text": "Ancient Australia (also called the Prehistory of Australia), is the time from when the first humans came to Australia to the arrival of the First Fleet in 1788.\nAboriginal artefacts have been found. They most likely lived in Australia for over 80,000 years.\nSea levels were lower because more water was in the form of ice. So migration from Asia to Australia was easier than it is now. Several long sea crossings would still be needed. These crossings would be across 90100\u00a0km of open sea. It is not known what kind of boat would have been used for these crossings, but they were probably a raft made from bamboo. These first Australians were perhaps the world's first ocean travellers.\nThe land bridge between Australia and New Guinea was blocked by rising sea levels about 8,000 years ago. The people of Australia and New Guinea are closely related by DNA. DNA evidence shows that the Australian Aborigines belong to the modern humans who left Africa between 50,000 and 70,000 years ago. Research shows that the Australian Aborigines were part of a group that left Africa 24,000 years before the groups that settled in Europe and Asia. This makes them one of the oldest indigenous peoples outside Africa. The DNA also shows that most migration to Australia stopped about 50,000 years ago, and the people here developed in isolation to the rest of the world. The Australian aboriginal population may be one of the oldest continuous cultures in the world. Many Aboriginal stories from northern Australia say that the people came to Australia from across the sea.\nIt is not known what the first Australians appearance looked like. The oldest place where humans lived in Australia dates to 55,000 years ago, the Malakunanja II rock shelter in the Northern Territory. The earliest human remains in Australia were found at Lake Mungo in New South Wales. These remains are 15,000 years younger. The bones of people born from 40,000 to 10,000 years ago, show they were more robust, and were more physically varied than later people. Several important archaeological sites show information about the life of these people. These sites include Lake Mungo, Kow Swamp, Coobool Creek, Talgai, and Keilor.\nThe first Australians had dark skin and black hair. Most of them were hunter-gatherers, hunting animals and collecting plants to eat. They were nomadic people moving from place to place in search of seasonal foods.\nThey developed into different ethnic groups and each group had its own language and traditions. In 1788 it is estimated that there were about 500 separate language groups in Australia. Each of these language groups was made up of many smaller groupings. These smaller groups often combined for ceremonial and trade activities. Because they were all different, it is difficult to make general claims about Aboriginal traditions and beliefs.\nChanges over time.\nThe changes to the fauna were even more dramatic. Megafauna, species larger than humans, disappeared, as well as many of the smaller species. About 60 different vertebrates became extinct, including the Diprotodon family (very large marsupials that looked rather like hippos), several large flightless birds, meat eating kangaroos, a five-metre lizard and Meiolania, a tortoise the size of a small car.\nThe direct cause of the mass extinctions of the megafauna is uncertain. It may have been fire, hunting, climate change, or a combination of all. Without large herbivores to eat the vegetation, the extra fuel made fires burn hotter, further changing the landscape.\nIn the period from 18,000 to 15,000 years ago, Australia became dryer, with lower temperatures and less rainfall. Between 16,000 and 14,000 years ago the sea levels rose quickly. One scientist has estimated sea levels rose 50 feet in 300 years. At the end of the Pleistocene, about 13,000 years ago, rising sea levels cut the land access across the Torres Strait to New Guinea, the Bass Strait between Victoria and Tasmania, and to Kangaroo Island.\nThe Tasmanian Aborigines were cut off from the rest of Australia. By 9,000 years ago there were no longer people living on the small islands in Bass Strait or Kangaroo Island.\nStudies of language and genes shows that there has been long-term contact between Australians in the far north and the people of modern-day New Guinea and the islands. This seems to have been mainly trade with a little intermarriage. Macassan praus are also recorded in the Aboriginal stories from Broome to the Gulf of Carpentaria. There were some semi-permanent settlements established, and cases of Aboriginal settlers finding a home in Indonesia.\nCulture.\nThe Aboriginal people did not develop writing but they painted pictures on rocks and bark. They also scratched or carved designs into rocks. They used paint that they made from crushed rocks and water in colours like brown, red, orange, and yellow. Many ancient cave paintings have been all over Australia. As the paints made form crushed rock and clay are not organic, it is not possible to use carbon dating to date these pictures. Some paintings have been found showing megafauna that became extinct over 40,000 years ago. These paintings are some of the oldest known paintings in the world. Another site in Arnhem Land has charcoal drawings that have been radiocarbon-dated at 28,000 years old.\nAboriginal people had a strong spirituality. They believed that everything had come from the Dreamtime and that the Earth was sacred. They believed that ancestor spirits such as the Rainbow Serpent had made the world and everything in it. The laws and customs of the Dreamtime are passed on from parents to children. They have complex ritual songs and dances which are performed at corroborees."}
+{"id": "27137", "revid": "1346795", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27137", "title": "Dreamtime", "text": "In Australian Aboriginal culture, life is based on a foundation of beliefs which are called the Dreamtime, or The Dreaming. This is a complex set of ideas with deep levels of meanings. The Dreamtime has four parts: The beginning of everything; the life and power of the ancestors; the way of life and death; and power in life. Dreamtime was all four of these things at the same time because it is more powerful than time and space. In it all things exist at once. The Aboriginal peoples call Dreamtime the all-at-once time because they think it is the past, present, and future at the same time. It is a beginning that has no end.\nThey meet The Dreamtime by doing special dances and singing special songs. Aboriginals believe that people have a part of them that will live forever. This part existed before a person was born and will exist after they die. It exists in The Dreamtime. \nAll Australian Aboriginals believe in the Dreamtime. Each group and each person has their own stories and traditions. In Central Australia, the Pitjantjatjara call it the Tjukurpa. The Tjukurpa provides the answers for questions about life. It also gives the rules for behaviour and how to live together. It explains the complex relationship between the people, animals, plants and the land. It teaches the how and why the land is to be looked after. It provided the information about what could be eaten, the rules of marriage, of growing up and the rituals of death. Some parts of the Dreamtime are only known to those who have inherited the right to the knowledge.\nDreamtime is often used to describe the time before time, or the time of the creation. Most Aboriginals believe that all life is connected to the great spirit ancestors of the Dreamtime. Every hill, water hole, river, the sky, every feature was created in the Dreamtime. The journeys of the ancestors across the country created the landscape, and populated it with plants and animals. These journeys are often told in cycles of stories, songs and dances, known as \"iwara\", or songlines. These great spirit ancestors have not gone, they are still present, even if they can not be seen. The ceremonies of songs and dance keep the people in contact with the spirits. \"Without ceremony the land soon dies...\" "}
+{"id": "27138", "revid": "17988", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27138", "title": "Loch Ness Monster", "text": "The Loch Ness Monster, also referred to as Nessie, is a supposed animal, said to live in the Scottish loch of Loch Ness, the second biggest loch in the country. The Loch Ness Monster story was big in the field of cryptozoology.\nMost scientists believe that the Loch Ness Monster is not real, and they say that many of the sightings are either hoaxes or pictures of other mistaken existing animals. However, a popular theory among believers is that \"Nessie\" is a plesiosaur, an extinct meat-eating aquatic reptile that lived in the Mesozoic era. The Loch Ness monster has also been described as an elephant, eel, and other animals.Although there has been many reported sightings of the loch ness monster\nSightings.\nSaint Columba (565).\nThe earliest report of a monster in Loch Ness goes back all the way to 565 in the \"Life of St. Columba\" by Adomn\u00e1n. According to him, Saint Columba stayed with the Picts when he saw the residents burying a man by the River Ness. They said the man was swimming in the river, only for him to be attacked by a sea monster. The creature mauled him and dragged him into the water. Columba sent Luigne moccu Min. The beast got close to him. Columba saw this and did the sign of the cross. He said, \"Don't touch the man. Go back at once.\" The creature halted and fled.\n\"Surgeon's photograph\" (1934).\nThe \"Surgeon's photograph\" was the only photographic evidence of a head and neck \u2013 all the others are humps or disturbances. Dr. Wilson claimed he was looking at the loch when he saw the monster, so grabbed his camera and snapped five photos. After the film was developed, only two exposures were clear. The first photo (the more publicised one) shows what was claimed to be a small head and back. The second one, a blurry image, attracted little publicity because it was difficult to interpret what was depicted.\nThe image was revealed as a hoax in 1994. \nSupposedly taken by Robert Kenneth Wilson, a London gynaecologist, it was published in the \"Daily Mail\" on 21 April 1934. Wilson's refusal to have his name associated with the photograph led to it being called \"Surgeon's photograph\".\nThe strangely small ripples on the photo fit the size and of circular pattern of small ripples as opposed to large waves when photographed up close. Analysis of the original uncropped image fostered further doubt. A year before the hoax was revealed, the makers of Discovery Communications's documentary \"Loch Ness Discovered\" analysed the uncropped image and found a white object was visible in every version of the photo. \"It seems to be the source of ripples in the water, almost as if the object was towed by But science cannot rule out it was just a blemish on the negative\", he continued. Additionally, analysis of the full photograph revealed the object was quite small, only about long.\nAfter Christian Spurling's confession, most agree it was what Spurling claimed \u2013 a toy submarine with a sculpted head attached. Details of how the photo was accomplished were published in the 1999 book, \"Nessie \u2013 the Surgeon\u2019s Photograph Exposed\". Essentially, it was a toy submarine with a head and neck made of plastic wood, built by Christian Spurling.\nSpurling was the son-in-law of Marmaduke Wetherell, a big game hunter who had been publicly ridiculed in the \"Daily Mail\", the newspaper that employed him. Spurling claimed that to get revenge, Marmaduke Wetherell committed the hoax. His co-conspirators were Spurling (a sculpture specialist), his son Ian Marmaduke, who bought the material for the fake Nessie, and Maurice Chambers (an insurance agent). Chambers asked surgeon Robert Kenneth Wilson to offer the pictures to the \"Daily Mail\".\nThe hoax story was disputed by Henry Bauer. Unfortunately for Bauer, he claimed that plastic wood did not exist in 1934, when actually it was a popular DIY and modelling material from the 1920s.\nNo animal has ever been discovered in the loch which resembles the mythical monster."}
+{"id": "27145", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27145", "title": "Kilometres", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27147", "revid": "1628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27147", "title": "Nyngan", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27150", "revid": "844779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27150", "title": "Wesleyan", "text": "Wesleyan is the adjective form of \"Wesley\", which could also mean:"}
+{"id": "27151", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27151", "title": "The Dreaming", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27152", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27152", "title": "Prehistory of Australia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27154", "revid": "15149", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27154", "title": "Simple english", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27155", "revid": "16647", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27155", "title": "Simple english wikipedia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27156", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27156", "title": "Macintosh", "text": "Macintosh, Mackintosh, or McIntosh can be:\nMacintosh and similar spellings is a surname:"}
+{"id": "27158", "revid": "10320548", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27158", "title": "Southern rock", "text": "Southern rock is a kind of rock music from the southern part of the United States. Some southern rock music groups include: Lynyrd Skynyrd, The Allman Brothers Band and Molly Hatchet."}
+{"id": "27159", "revid": "122067", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27159", "title": "Ostr\u00f3w Mazowiecka", "text": "Ostr\u00f3w Mazowiecka is a main town of Ostr\u00f3w County, Masovian Voivodeship, Poland."}
+{"id": "27163", "revid": "10249229", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27163", "title": "100", "text": "100 or one hundred (Roman numeral: C) is a common year of the Gregorian calendar. It started on a Friday.\nIt is one of only seven years to use just one Roman numeral. The seven are 1 AD (I), 5 AD (V), 10 AD (X), 50 AD (L), 100 AD (C), 500 AD (D), and 1000 AD (M)."}
+{"id": "27164", "revid": "3472", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27164", "title": "Nintendo Wii", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27166", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27166", "title": "Monicagate", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27167", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27167", "title": "Monica Lewinsky scandal", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27174", "revid": "1458798", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27174", "title": "Niue", "text": "Niue is a sovereign island country in the south Pacific. \nIt is located between Tonga, Samoa and the Cook Islands, it is commonly known as \"Rock of Polynesia\". \nIt has its own government, but it is an associated state of New Zealand. This means that Niue's head of state is New Zealand's sovereign (king) in right, and most diplomatic relations are conducted by New Zealand on Niue's behalf.\nNiue is not a member state of the United Nations, but it is a member of some United Nations agencies.\nThe territory is 2,400 kilometres northeast of New Zealand in a triangle between Tonga, Samoa, and the Cook Islands."}
+{"id": "27183", "revid": "2131", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27183", "title": "Nintendo Revolution", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27196", "revid": "314538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27196", "title": "Master race", "text": "Master race is an idea that one group of people is better than everybody else because of their race.\nThe idea first appeared in the 19th century. It was a key part of Nazi ideology during World War II and the Holocaust. It was also central to the Jim Crow laws in the United States, apartheid in South Africa, the White Australia policy and the Indian Act in Canada.\nClaims.\nThe idea claims there is a hierarchy of races (that some races are better than others).\nScientists today do not support this theory and such claims.\nDevelopment.\nEarly ideas.\nArthur de Gobineau first developed the idea of the Aryan master race in his book \"Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races\" (). The book was published in four volumes between 1853 and 1855. In it, de Gobineau wrote that people of different races were not equal, and that the white race was superior. He thought that major cultures and civilizations had declined because people of different races mixed.\nHis work was an early example of scientific racism.\nSocial Darwinism.\nIn 1859, Charles Darwin published his theory of evolution. Social Darwinists applied his theories about the \"survival of the fittest\" to human society. They believed that the stronger races would prove themselves better in the long run.\nHouston Steward Chamberlain was one well-known Social Darwinist. He wrote several popular books claiming that Aryans were the master race. In his view, the world's greatest achievements had all been the work of Aryans. He thought the Germanic race existed \"to save the world,\" and that without Aryans, civilization would collapse.\nIn colonialism.\nThe idea of the master race was central to colonialism. \nGermany and Great Britain had many colonies. They would pick an ethnic group and say that it was better than the other groups. This would then lead to an indirect rule in the respective colony. \nPeople who conducted African studies in Germany developed a whole system, to make this easier. The Hamitic theory said that the Hamitic people were superior and should rule over the other Black people people in Sub-Saharan Africa. John Hanning Speke (1827-64) and Charles Gabriel Seligman (1873-1940) were among the most prominent people with this idea. \nPeople such Johann Ludwig Krapf, Karl Richard Lepsius, or Carl Meinhof used the study of languages in this context. They said that languages that had a grammatical genus were Hamitic; those that did not were Negroid. \nUsing these criteria to find suitable candidates for indirect rule also led to problems: According to the theory, the Maasai were Hamitic, and should rule in German East Africa. Fortunately, they were unable to make such a system for political and economic reasons. The explanation was that \"out of bad luck\", the Maasai were a Hamitic people kept at a lower level of social development. In their place, the Swahili were picked, as the \"next-higher\" people. \nIn German South-West Africa, there was a similar problem: The theory identified the Khoikhoi as Hamitic, but they were too few to rule the country. For this reason, the Ovambo were picked for an indirect rule.\nArthur Schopenhauer liked this idea, but had the idea of \"\u00dcbermensch\": He said that the White race had become what it was though hardship and bad conditions in the North. Others who liked his theory were Guido von List and Lanz von Liebenfels.\nIn World War II.\nThe idea of a \"master race\" was central to World War II and the Holocaust.\nIn 1933 Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party took power in Germany. The Nazis were Social Darwinists. They claimed that \"Aryans\" were the \"master race\" and would someday rule over the weaker races. \nThe Nazis made laws based on their ideas about race. They prevented marriage between races, because they thought the \"master race\" would be weakened if Aryans mixed with non-Aryans.\nThey also made propaganda that blamed Jews and their religion, Judaism for many things. Jews was considered by Nazis, a weak race with a weak religion which its weak values would infect the better values of the Aryan race. German Jews were not allowed to own property. In many cases, they were attacked and killed because of their Race and Religion. When Germany invaded other countries in Europe, they also started putting people into death camps. This systematic killing is known as The Holocaust today.\nTo help increase the numbers of Aryans, the Nazis set up special homes called \"Lebensborn\". These were for unmarried pregnant woman who were likely to have children that had Aryan qualities. This mainly meant fair skin, blond hair, blue eyes. Though slight differences could still be considered Aryan as lots of people in Germany at the time had dark hair and eyes. Heinrich Himmler believed that this would help create more members of the master race. He arranged for nine Lebensborn homes to be built in Germany, and another ten in Norway. There were also Lebensborn in France, Belgium and Luxembourg. About 20,000 children were born in these homes during the Third Reich."}
+{"id": "27197", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27197", "title": "Reichstag", "text": "Reichstag is the name of:"}
+{"id": "27198", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27198", "title": "The Third Reich", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27201", "revid": "1650850", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27201", "title": "The Last Supper", "text": "The Last Supper is a mural by Leonardo da Vinci. It depicts a scene in the New Testament of the Bible where Jesus has his last supper with his disciples prior to his arrest and crucifixion. In the painting, Jesus's disciples react after Jesus says that one of them would betray him. The painting shows the unique reaction of each disciple.\nIt is a very large tempera painting on the wall of the Refectory of Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan, Italy. It measures 4.6 meters (15 feet) x 8.8 meters (28.9 feet). \nLeonardo began painting it in 1495 and finished it in 1498, but did not work on it all the time between these years. He used experimental techniques to create the mural. \nThe Last Supper has been called \"perhaps the most important mural paintings in the world.\"\nSome people think the painting has secret messages."}
+{"id": "27203", "revid": "39678", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27203", "title": "The Last Supper (Leonardo)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27204", "revid": "39678", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27204", "title": "The Last Supper (painting)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27207", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27207", "title": "Thomas the Apostle", "text": "Saint Thomas is one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. His name means \"the twin\". \nDoubting Thomas.\nThomas is most famous for not being present when the other apostles (Jesus's followers and friends) first saw Jesus after he has been risen from the dead. Thomas was not there and when he heard about it, he did not believe his friends, and he said he wanted to see it for himself, even the marks in his hands where Jesus had been nailed to the cross. Jesus did return and showed Thomas. The phrase \"Doubting Thomas\" (a term for a person who does not believe something at first) comes from this story. Thomas didn't believe Christ had returned until he was invited by the risen Jesus to put his finger into the nail holes in Jesus' hands and his hand into Jesus' wounded side.\nMissionary Travels.\nThough not recorded in the Bible, there are many stories about Thomas working as a missionary. The Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala, India believe that Thomas came to India to preach in 52 A.D. He is regarded as the patron saint of India. Other ancient accounts tell of him going to China and Indonesia."}
+{"id": "27208", "revid": "1432307", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27208", "title": "Bartholomew the Apostle", "text": "Bartholomew the Apostle is one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. He is the patron saint of Armenia, bookbinders, butchers, Florentine cheese and salt merchants, Gambatesa, Italy, leather workers; nervous diseases, plasterers; shoemakers; tanners, and trappers. Along with Saint Jude Thaddeus, he helped bring Christianity to Armenia. He is the patron saint of people who work with leather and animal skins because he was martyred (killed for his beliefs) by being skinned alive. He is usually represented by holding a large knife and his skin.\nBartholomew is also found in Islamic literature. In one such story mentioned by Suyuti, Ibn Arabi, Bayhaqi, and Abu Nuyam Bartholomew is described as one whom God has given extended life to and he meet the companions of the Prophet Muhammad in Iraq. This event took place during the reign of Umar."}
+{"id": "27209", "revid": "10106067", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27209", "title": "Matthew the Evangelist", "text": "Matthew the Evangelist is one of the twelve apostles of Jesus Christ and the traditional author of the Gospel of Matthew (AD 80-90). He is traditionally considered identical to the tax collector or \"Levi\" mentioned in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. \nModern scholarship.\nAccording to the consensus of modern biblical scholars Matthew the Apostle is not the writer of the Gospel of Matthew, who in fact is anonymous. If the Gospel was not written by Matthew as tradition states, then the author was probably a male Jew, standing on the margin between traditional and non-traditional Jewish values, and familiar with technical legal aspects of scripture being debated in his time."}
+{"id": "27210", "revid": "10498619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27210", "title": "John the Apostle", "text": "Brief Overview.\nJohn the Apostle was an Apostle of Jesus along with the Other Twelve with additions of and Paul later after. He wrote many books of the Bible: the Gospel of John, 1 John, 2 John, 3 John, and the Book of Revelation. \nExtended Overview.\nJohn was born in 6AD in Bethsaida in an area called Galilee which was ruled by Herod Agrippa at the time. John was the son of Zebedee and Salome. He was also the brother of James, the second Christian Martyr who along with him were part of the Twelve Original Apostles and followed Jesus Christ as one of his closest friends. John is mentioned many times in the New Testament and wrote a few books himself too. Some of these books include the Gospel of John, John 1, 2 and 3. He also wrote the last testament of the Bible: the Book of Revelation.\nFamily Life/Life before Jesus Christ.\nJohn was the first son of Zebedee and Salome and the only brother of James and he was a bright child growing up. Historians suggest John was privileged, if not rich and they have 3 points to support themselves:\nLife after Jesus' death.\nJohn would've been devastated. Jesus would have been like a second brother to him and he would be utterly shattered. Then with the resurrection and ascension he would have been overjoyed. Amazed, even. John stayed in Jerusalem until the spirit of the Holy Spirit promise of the Pentecost had passed and he travelled all the way\nAfter Pentecost, the next known place John went is unclear. He most likely went to his hometown in Galilee, Bethsaida and preached to the people there. He stayed in touch with the others when they went through Samaria and Jerusalem.\nFeast Day.\nThe feast day is celebrated on December 27."}
+{"id": "27211", "revid": "1633172", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27211", "title": "Saint Peter", "text": "Saint Peter is one of the twelve apostles of Jesus. He is often talked about in the New Testament of the Bible across the different Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke and John). \nOverview.\nMost of what we know about Peter comes from the Bible. In the Gospel it is written that Jesus Christ would make Peter the \"rock\" (foundation) of the Church (Gospel of Matthew 16:18, \"you are Peter (rock), and upon this rock I will build my church\"). \nIt is not known when Peter was born, but the date of his death is said to be about the year 64 AD. He died by being nailed to a cross in Rome, the modern capital of Italy. This type of death is called crucifixion. \nAccording to the apocrypha's \"Acts of Peter\", Peter asked to be crucified upside down, as he felt unworthy to die as Jesus did. Most historical sources only say that he was crucified this way.\nHistoricity.\nThe historical accuracy of the accounts of Peter's role in Rome is a matter of ongoing debate.\nPaintings from later centuries often show him holding the keys to the kingdom of heaven \u2013 a reference to Matthew . Peter was married according to the Gospel of Mark. The name of his wife is unknown.\nSaint and Pope.\nThe Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Lutheran Churches, as well as the Anglican Communion, consider Simon Peter a saint. Roman Catholics believe that the Pope is Peter's successor. For this reason, he is the rightful head of all other bishops. Eastern and Oriental Orthodox also recognise the Bishop of Rome as the successor to Saint Peter and the Ecumenical Patriarch sends a delegation each year to Rome to participate in the celebration of his feast.\n\"Ravenna document\".\nIn the \"Ravenna document\" of 13 October 2007, representatives of the Eastern Orthodox Church agreed that\nChristian tradition says Saint Peter was the first leader of an early apostolic community for at least 34 years. Back then, the word Pope or \"Papa\" was not used to name the leader of the Roman Catholic Church. At that time there was only one Christian Church. Later, the Roman Catholic Church would say that Peter was their first Pope. Tradition also locates his burial place where St. Peter's Basilica was later built, in Vatican City."}
+{"id": "27214", "revid": "21603", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27214", "title": "Saint Paul", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27216", "revid": "1243964", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27216", "title": "Sistine Chapel", "text": "The Sistine Chapel is a large chapel in the Vatican Palace, the place in Italy where the Pope lives. The Chapel was built between 1473 and 1481 by Giovanni dei Dolci for Pope Sixtus IV.\nThe Sistine Chapel is the Pope's own chapel. It is used for important Masses and ceremonies. When a pope dies, the College of Cardinals meet in the Sistine Chapel to elect a new pope.\nThe Sistine Chapel is famous for its fresco paintings by the Renaissance painter Michelangelo.\nArchitecture and paintings.\n \nThe Sistine Chapel is a brick building shaped like a rectangle. The outside is plain, with no decoration and no big door. It has a walk-way near the top, for soldiers. \nIt has six arched windows on its two side walls and a curved ceiling called a barrel vault.\nThe inside of the chapel is richly decorated. The floor is of coloured marble. The lower parts of the walls are painted to look like gold and silver cloth.\nThe other decorations in the chapel are paintings which tell stories to help people understand about Jesus Christ and about the Roman Catholic Church.\nThe middle part of the walls has 12 large paintings called frescoes, done by famous artists in 1481. The artists' names were Domenico Ghirlandaio, Sandro Botticelli, Perugino, Cosimo Rosselli, Pinturicchio, Benedetto Ghirlandaio, Luca Signorelli and Bartolomeo della Gatta.\nThe frescoes show stories from the Bible. On the north side, the stories are about the life of Moses. On the south side, they are about the life of Jesus.\nAbove the stories, near the windows, are painted pictures of Popes.\nSistine Chapel ceiling.\nThe ceiling is the most famous part of the Sistine Chapel, and many thousands of visitors go to see it. \nIn 1505 Pope Julius II asked Michelangelo to paint the ceiling. Michelangelo was a famous sculptor. He did not want to be a painter. Three years later, he agreed to paint the ceiling. He worked from 1508 to 1511, standing on a high platform with his arms stretched above his head. \n(Although some people think that he lay down to paint, this is not true.) Because he painted onto wet plaster, the smell and the heat was terrible. He wrote a poem about how sick he was.\nAlong the center of the ceiling are painted nine pictures that tell stories from the Book of Genesis in the Old Testament of the Bible. The stories start with three pictures of God making light, making the Earth, the Sun and the Moon, and making the Sea and Sky.\nThe next three pictures tell the story of the first man and woman, Adam and Eve. In the first scene, God has just made Adam. He reaches out his hand and touches his finger to give him Life.\nIn the next picture, Adam is asleep and God makes Eve from one of Adam's ribs.\nIn the third picture there are two scenes. Adam and Eve are tricked by the Devil to eat fruit from the tree that they have been told not to touch. In the other scene, an angel chases them out of God's Garden of Eden. This story tells how sin came into the world.\nThe last three pictures are about Noah's Ark. They tell about a sad and sinful world. Because of human sin and unkindness, God sends a flood. Only Noah and his family escape in the large boat that they build. When the flood has ended, they make an altar and kill a sheep as a sacrifice to God. But then Noah grows grape vines, makes wine and gets drunk. One of his sons sees Noah lying naked and laughs at his father. Noah is ashamed and curses his son. These stories show how people keep acting the wrong way, even when they get a second chance.\nAll around the wall, Michelangelo painted twelve big figures of wise men and women. These were the prophets and sibyls who told people that God would send Jesus Christ to save them from sin.\nAlso painted on the ceiling are 20 beautiful young men called the \"ignudi\". No-one knows what they are for sure, but perhaps they are angels.\nWhen the ceiling was finally uncovered, everyone was amazed. Giorgio Vasari, who wrote Michelangelo's life story, says that hundreds of people came every day to stare and stare.\nThe Last Judgement.\nMichelangelo was happy to get back to his sculpture. But in 1537 Pope Paul III ordered him to paint another large fresco. This time it was on the wall above the altar. It was finished in 1541.\nMichelangelo painted \"The Last Judgement\" which shows Jesus judging the people of the Earth and sending some to Hell while others are welcomed into Heaven by Saints. He painted most of the figures naked. This made some of the priests in the church very angry. They paid another artist to paint clothes onto the Blessed Virgin Mary and many of the other figures."}
+{"id": "27219", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27219", "title": "Pope Paul III", "text": "Pope Paul III (; February 29, 1468 \u2013 November 10, 1549), born Alessandro Farnese, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 221st Pope from 1534 to 1549.\nEarly life.\nAlessandro Farnese was born in an ancient Roman family. His grandfather was commander-in-chief of the papal troops under Pope Eugenius IV. \nCardinal.\nIn 1493, Pope Alexander VI made Farnese a cardinal.\nPope.\nCardinal Farnese was elected Pope in 1534; and he chose to be called Paul III.\nPope Paul was involved in Italian and European political disputes.\nCouncil of Trent.\nHe convened the Council of Trent in 1545."}
+{"id": "27220", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27220", "title": "Pope Sixtus IV", "text": "Pope Sixtus IV (; 21 July 1414 - 12 August 1484), originally \"Francesco della Rovere\", was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 213th Pope from 1471 until his death in 1484.\nHe is known for beginning construction of the Sistine Chapel.\nEarly life.\nDella Rovere was born in Celle Ligure, a town near Savona in Liguria. His family was important.\nAs a young man, he joined the Franciscan Order. He rose in the order to head of the Franciscans in Liguria.\nDella Rovere studied philosophy and theology at the University of Pavia; and he lectured at Padua, Bologna, Pavia, Siena, and Florence.\nCardinal.\nIn 1467, Pope Paul II raised della Rovere to the rank of Cardinal.\nPope.\nHe was elected pope on August 9, 1471. He took the name Sixtus because the first day of the conclave which elected him pope was the Feast Day of St. Sixtus.\nPope Sixtus was involved in Italian and European political disputes.\nLegacy.\nSixtus ordered the building of the Ponte Sisto (Sistine Bridge) across the Tiber River.\nThe Vatican Library was enlarged during the reign of Sixtus; and the number of manuscripts grew ten times larger\u2014from 360 during the reign of Pope Nicholas V to 3650."}
+{"id": "27221", "revid": "1555874", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27221", "title": "Pope Julius II", "text": "Pope Julius II (; December 5, 1443 - February 21, 1513), born \"Giuliano della Rovere\", was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 217th Pope from 1503 until his death in 1513. He was known as \"the Warrior Pope.\"\nHe was the nephew of Pope Sixtus IV.\nEarly life.\nGiuliano della Rovere was the son of Rafaello della Rovere.\nHis uncle would become Pope Sixtus IV.\nCardinal.\nIn 1471, Sixtus made Rovere a cardinal.\nPope.\nRovere was elected pope in 1503; and he chose to be called Julius II.\nPope Julius was involved in Italian and European political disputes.\nIn 1506, Pope Julius he established the Swiss Guard. "}
+{"id": "27222", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27222", "title": "Donato Bramante", "text": "Donato Bramante (c. 1444 - April 11, 1514) was an architect who introduced the High Renaissance style to architecture."}
+{"id": "27224", "revid": "1662135", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27224", "title": "Alexandre Dumas, p\u00e8re", "text": "Alexandre Dumas (born 24 July, 1802 at Villers-Cotter\u00eats, died 5 December 1870 at Dieppe) was a French writer of Haitian descent. He is famous for writing \"The Three Musketeers\" (1844), \"Queen Margot\", \"The Count of Monte Cristo\" (1844-1845) and about the Man with the iron mask.\nDumas's father was a general, who fought in the French Revolution. When his father died, his mother raised him. They didn't have much money when he was growing up.\nDumas wrote his first plays in 1825 and 1826 after reading Shakespeare, Sir Walter Scott, Friedrich von Scholler and Lord Byron.\nDumas was also a gourmand (lover of food), and wrote Le Grand Dictionnaire de cuisine, an encyclop\u00e6dia of food and cooking with 1152 pages. He finished it weeks before his death. It is not thought very reliable, because it relies on Dumas' opinions rather than fact.\nDumas was a member of the Club des Hashischins, or Hashish Club. The group of French writers experimented with hashish to get ideas."}
+{"id": "27226", "revid": "1508758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27226", "title": "Beastie Boys", "text": "Beastie Boys were an American rap group. According to an interview with Charlie Rose, the word \"Beastie\" is the backronym of \"Boys Entering Anarchic States Towards Internal Excellence\". They formed in 1981 as a punk rock band. Their most famous albums are probably \"Licensed To Ill\" (1986) and \"\" (1989). \"Licensed To Ill\" is their first album, and it is an album that is given credit for starting the type of music \"rap rock\", which is rapping done over rock guitar or beats. \"Paul's Boutique\" is an album famous for its use of samples, or snippets of music, and the fact that the samples were put together in creative, interesting ways.\nAdam Yauch (1964-2012) was one of the founding members of the band until his death on May 4, 2012 after almost 3-years with cancer of the parotid salivary gland. Former original guitarist, John Berry (1963-2016), died on May 19, 2016 from dementia at 52."}
+{"id": "27227", "revid": "1687742", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27227", "title": "Public Enemy", "text": "Public Enemy is an American hip hop group who are from Long Island, New York. They are also known as PE. They formed in 1982, and are still together today. They became famous for their politically charged, militant messages in their songs. They are also famous for using lots of jazz and funk samples in their songs, doneto create a loud, noisy sound and back their angry, powerful rapping. The group members include Chuck D. and Flavor Flav, as well as Terminator X and Professor Griff, who left the group in 1990, but rejoined in the late 1990s."}
+{"id": "27228", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27228", "title": "Macbeth", "text": "\"Not to be confused with the king of Scotland Macbeth of Scotland\"\nMacbeth is a play by William Shakespeare. Shakespeare wrote three types of plays: histories, comedies and tragedies. \"Macbeth\" is his shortest tragedy. Shakespeare wrote it between 1603 and 1607, during the reign of King James I of England.\nIn the play, the characters of Macbeth, Macduff, and Duncan are roughly based on records of real people. Shakespeare read these records in \"Holinshed's Chronicles\", a history book from 1587. However, the things that happen in the play are very different from what happened in real life.\nStory.\nAct 1.\nThe first characters we see in the play are the three Witches. They talk to each other in a mysterious way, and agree to meet with Macbeth on the heath. This scene includes the famous line \"fair is foul, and foul is fair\", a subject which becomes a main part of the play.\nIn Act 1 Scene 2, there is a war going on. King Duncan is at a camp, listening to reports from the battlefield. An injured officer (some scripts say a captain, others a sergeant) is brought in. He saved Malcolm's life. The officer tells Duncan about the battle. He says that it was going badly, until Macbeth fought his way to the rebel leader Macdonald and disembowelled him. But as soon as that happened, the Norwegians, led by their king Sweno, also attacked. They were joined by a traitor, the Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth and Banquo fought bravely until they were defeated. Duncan is pleased by the news. He orders that the Thane of Cawdor be executed and his title given to Macbeth.\nIn Act 1 Scene 3, the Witches appear again. They talk about using their powers on humans, and it becomes clear that they have a lot of power, but they cannot kill people. Macbeth and Banquo are returning from the battlefield to Forres, and meet the witches. Banquo is amazed by the way the witches look, because they look like women but they have beards. Macbeth is not afraid and asks them what they are. They do not answer him, but greet him as the Thane of Glamis, the Thane of Cawdor and the future King. Macbeth is surprised, because he knows that he is not the Thane of Cawdor, and does not think he will ever become the King. Banquo asks the witches what his future will be like. They answer in riddles, saying that he will be \"lesser than Macbeth, and greater\", \"not so happy, yet much happier\", and that he will be the father to a line of kings. Then the witches disappear.\nRoss and Angus come to find Macbeth, and tell him that the King has given him the title of Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth is surprised and happy, but he starts thinking of ways to become king. This frightens him, because he thinks that the only way he can become king is to murder Duncan.\nIn I.iv, Macbeth and Banquo return to Forres and Duncan thanks them for their courage and hard work. He also says that his son Malcolm will be his heir. Macbeth realizes that he will have to get past both Duncan and Malcolm to become king. Duncan says he is going to Macbeth's castle for the night.\nIn I.v, Lady Macbeth is reading a letter from Macbeth that tells her about the witches and their prophecy. She is very excited, and starts planning to murder Duncan. A messenger tells her that Duncan will be staying at their castle that night. She calls on evil spirits to make her strong and evil so that she can murder Duncan. Macbeth comes in and she tells him of her plans.\nI.vi shows Duncan, Banquo, Donalbain, Malcolm, Macduff and some of the thanes entering Macbeth's castle. Duncan and Banquo agree that the castle is sweet and pleasant. Lady Macbeth enters and greets them.\nI.vii is the last scene in Act I. Macbeth is talking to himself about why it is wrong to kill the king. He knows that it is a bad thing to do, especially because he is the host and Duncan trusts him. Lady Macbeth enters and scolds him for being a coward and says that he is not brave enough to be a man. She works out how they are going to kill Duncan, and convinces Macbeth to do it.\nAct 2.\nAct II starts with Banquo and his son Fleance walking in a courtyard in Macbeth's castle. They meet Macbeth, who lies to Banquo and says that he has not thought about the witches' prophecy. When they leave, Macbeth sees a hallucination of a knife. He knows it is not real, but before his sight it changes and becomes covered in blood. He leaves to kill Duncan.\nLady Macbeth enters in scene ii. She has already made Duncan's guards drunk. Macbeth comes in with his hands covered in blood, carrying the knifes of the guards. He is very troubled. Lady Macbeth comforts him and tells him to wash his hands and cover the guards with blood, so it looks like they did it. But Macbeth is afraid, so Lady Macbeth does it instead.\nIn II.iii, the porter is very drunk. He pretends to be the porter of the gate of hell, and takes a long time to open the gate for Macduff and Lennox. Macbeth greets them. Macduff says that he is there to wake the king, and Macbeth leads him to the king's room. Macduff is shocked to see the king murdered on his bed. He runs out shouting and wakes everybody up. Macbeth pretends he did not know about the murder, as everyone comes to see what is happening. He admits that he killed the guards, and says that he did it because he was so angry that they killed Duncan. Lady Macbeth faints and they rush to help her. Malcolm and Donalbain think that somebody is lying. They know it is not safe for them to stay in Scotland, so they run away. Malcolm goes to England, and Donalbain to Ireland.\nScene iv is a talk between Ross and an old man. They talk about how strange the night was. Nature seems to have turned into a mess now that Duncan is dead. Macduff comes in and says that Macbeth is going to become king. He does not trust Macbeth, and is not going to the coronation.\nAct 3.\nBanquo is alone on stage at the start of Act III. He realizes that Macbeth has become everything the witches said he would become. He thinks that Macbeth did wrong to get the crown, but he does not want to say anything. He hopes that his son will also be king, as the witches said. Macbeth, Lady Macbeth, and the lords enter. Macbeth asks Banquo if he is going riding that afternoon, and if Fleance is going with him. Banquo says yes to both. Two men come to see Macbeth, and he goes to meet them. He is angry that he has risked everything to become king, but that Banquo's sons will be kings after him. The men are actually murderers.\nMacbeth tells them that Banquo is the reason they are unhappy and have bad lives, and orders them to kill Banquo and Fleance.\nMacbeth talks to Lady Macbeth in scene ii. He says that he has nightmares and cannot sleep. He is jealous of Duncan, because he is dead and does not need to worry anymore. Macbeth also says that he is worried about Banquo being alive, but he does not tell his wife about the murderers.\nIn III, the two murderers meet another one, also sent by Macbeth. They kill Banquo, but Fleance escapes.\nIn Scene iv Macbeth has a banquet with the nobles. The murderers come in and inform him of Banquo's death and Fleance's escape. He returns to the table where the nobles are eating, and looks for a seat. Even though there is one empty, he cannot see it. He has a vision of the murdered Banquo sitting in his seat, and becomes hysterical talking to the vision. Lady Macbeth explains it to the nobles as an illness, and asks them to leave as Macbeth becomes more and more upset.\nMany editors say that scene v of Act III, along with a song in IV.i, is not written by Shakespeare. This is because the writing is different to the way Shakespeare usually writes. It has a witch called Hecate in it, who is not previously mentioned in the play. She seems to be in charge of the other witches and is scolding them for dealing with Macbeth without informing her.\nIn the final scene, Lennox is talking to another lord. They find out that Macduff has gone to England to convince Malcolm to return and claim his throne, and to ask for the help of King Edward of England.\nAct 4.\nScene (i) starts with the witches, who are standing in a circle around their cauldron, throwing things in, like the tongue of a dog. Then suddenly Macbeth arrives and asks them to tell him some more prophecies. As the first prophecy they tell him to be careful of Macduff, Thane of Fife. As the second prophecy they say he can't be killed by anyone who was born of a woman and as the third prophecy the witches say if Birnam Wood stays at its current position Macbeth is okay but if the wood moves he will have problems. Macbeth is happy because he thinks that all of these things are impossible. He wants to know a fourth thing but suddenly the witches dance crazily and then run away.\nNext Lennox enters and tells Macbeth that Macduff has fled to England. Macbeth orders Macduff's castle to be seized.\nIn scene ii Macbeth\u2019s men arrive at Macduff\u2019s castle and kill Macduff\u00b4s family and everybody else in the castle.\nIn scene iii Macduff finds out what Macbeth did to his family. He is very sad and angry, so he decides to go back to Scotland with Malcolm and they plan to kill Macbeth.\nAct 5.\nScene i takes place in Macbeth\u2019s castle. A doctor and a servant are talking about Lady Macbeth. They're talking about Lady Macbeth\u2019s sickness. She is sleepwalking and while she sleepwalks she says that she regrets having told her husband to kill Duncan and Banquo.\nIn scene ii Lennox and other Scottish thanes think that Macbeth is crazy and that he is killing too many people. Together they go to Malcolm and king Edward of England and tell them that they want to fight against Macbeth with the English army.\nScene iii takes place in Macbeth\u2019s castle. He is told that Malcolm and Macduff are coming with the English army and want to kill him. The doctor tells him that his wife is ill. She has become crazy and is sleepwalking.\nIn scene iv Malcolm, Macduff and the English army hide in Birnam Wood. They don't want to be seen, so they cut off some branches and cover themselves with them.\nIn scene V, the doctor comes to Macbeth and tells him that his wife is dead. Macbeth is depressed, and then he has a monologue about how meaningless life is. After that, a servant says that Birnam Wood is moving, but Macbeth doesn't believe him, so the servant shows him.\nIn scene VI, Macduff, Malcolm and the English army are planning to attack Macbeth.\nIn scene VII, Macbeth and an English Lord fight, and Macbeth says he cannot be killed by anyone born of a woman. Macbeth then kills him. Meanwhile, Macduff is looking for Macbeth.\nScene VIII shows the fight between Macduff and Macbeth, who says again that he cannot be killed by anyone born of a woman. Macduff replies that he was cut out of his mother\u2018s stomach (c-section). He then kills Macbeth. In the last scene Malcolm is declared king.\nPerformance.\nMany actors think it is bad luck to say the word \"Macbeth\", and will not say the play's name. Instead, they call it \"The Scottish Play\". One theory about where this superstition came from is that the play deals with witchcraft."}
+{"id": "27229", "revid": "576341", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27229", "title": "Love's Labour's Lost", "text": "Love's Labour's Lost is a comedy play by William Shakespeare which was written between 1588 and 1597.\nThe play contains a lot of wordplay and many characters are based off real kings and noblemen from around those years. This makes the play harder to understand for modern audiences, which is why it is less famous than most of Shakespeare's plays. However, it has been performed more often since the 20th century.\nPlot.\nFerdinand, the King of Navarre, and three of his men meet together and talk about their intellectual plans. Their plans then go wrong when the Princess of France and three of her ladies arrive. The men find that they are in love with the ladies and cannot hide it.\nName.\nThe exact original title is unknown. In early written versions of the script, it varied as to how many apostrophes were used in the title. In the first quarto, it is called \"Loues labors lost\", as a \"u\" was often used for a \"v\" sound back then. The title is now most often given as \"Love's Labour's Lost\"."}
+{"id": "27232", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27232", "title": "Titus Andronicus", "text": "Titus Andronicus (c. 1589\u20131592) is the first tragedy play by William Shakespeare. Most of its theme, structure and language comes from \"The Spanish Tragedy\" by Thomas Kyd. It is believed to be Shakespeare's first play, and also the bloodiest and least respected of his works. "}
+{"id": "27233", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27233", "title": "The Comedy of Errors", "text": "The Comedy of Errors (c. 1589\u201394) is one of the first plays by William Shakespeare. It is a comedy. Shakespeare's sources were \"Menaechmi\" by Plautus and \"Amphitruo\" by Plautus."}
+{"id": "27236", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27236", "title": "Piet\u00e0 (Michelangelo)", "text": "The Piet\u00e0 is a statue by Michelangelo. It is now in the first temple on the right of Saint Peter's Basilica in the Vatican City. \nRelated pages.\nThe following are other statues by Michelangelo:"}
+{"id": "27240", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27240", "title": "Raphael", "text": "Raffaello Sanzio, usually known as Raphael (April 6, 1483 - April 6, 1520) was a Renaissance painter and architect. With Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, he is one of the three greatest painters of the High Renaissance.\nHe is best known for his paintings of the Madonna and Christ Child and for his paintings in the Vatican in Rome, Italy.\nPerugia.\nRaphael was born in Urbino, in the region of Umbria, Italy. He was the son of Giovanni Santi (d. 1494), who was also a painter, and Magia di Battista Ciarla (d. 1491). Giovanni Santi was Raphael's first teacher, but he died when Raphael was only eleven.\nAt the age of 15, Raphael became an apprentice at the workshop of the painter Pietro Perugino, called by that name because he was the most famous painter in the town of Perugia. Perugino was famous, not only in Umbria, but also in Rome and in Florence, the home of Leonardo and Michelangelo. He had been one of the artists given the important job of painting the Pope's large chapel in the Vatican, the Sistine Chapel.\nPerugino was known to have expert ways of painting (technique), and was good at getting paintings finished on time which made him popular with his patrons. He painted some portraits of people alive in his day, but most of his pictures are of religious figures of the past. Some of his paintings are small pictures of the Madonna and Child that could be used in a family chapel for private worship. Because he was famous, Perugino also got lots of work from wealthy patrons and from churches, so he painted many very large pieces to go above the altars in churches. To do this, he needed the help of his \"apprentices\".\nRaphael was able to learn a great deal from Perugino - drawing, the anatomy of the human figure, paint chemistry, and the technique of putting the paint onto the picture in smooth layers. The figures in Perugino's paintings often have very sweet gentle faces. Many of Raphael's paintings are also sweet and gentle. Some painters, such as Leonardo, were quick to change their style and make their paintings show their own touch. But Raphael continued to paint in the style that Perugino taught him. He added new ideas that he learned by looking at the work of other artists. Unlike Leonardo and Michelangelo, Raphael did not give the world anything new in the Art of Painting. He is famous simply because he was so expert at what he did, and because people loved his paintings so much.\nFirst Works.\nThe painting that is thought to be his earliest known work is a small picture called \"The Vision of a Knight\". In this painting a knight lies asleep. In his dream there are two beautiful women. One woman, dressed in soft flowing clothes, offers him flowers. The other woman, dressed in dark clothing, offers the knight a sword and a book. The path behind the pretty woman runs beside a river. The other path leads up a steep mountain. Raphael was thinking about choices. Should the knight take the easy road, or should he try to change things?\nOther early pictures by Raphael are \"Three Graces\", and \"Saint Michael\".\nRaphael's first major work was \"The Marriage of the Virgin\" which was painted in 1504. It was influenced by Perugino's painting for the Sistine Chapel of \"Jesus giving the Keys to Saint Peter\". It is now in the Brera Gallery in Milan, Italy.\nFlorence.\nIn about 1504 Raphael went with another painter, Pinturicchio, to Florence, Italy. Florence was famous for its artworks, its artist's workshops, its new Renaissance buildings and its huge cathedral. Raphael wanted to see the work of Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and other important painters and sculptors.\n\"The Madonnas\".\nFlorence had a very strong tradition of making images of the Madonna and Child because the city was dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary. On almost every street corner there was a painting or a brightly coloured statue of the Madonna and Child.\nWhile he was in Florence, Raphael painted many of his famous \"Madonna\" paintings. The most famous of these paintings are:\nRome.\nIn 1508 Raphael was called to Rome by Pope Julius II. He became so popular whilst he was in Rome that he was known as the \"Prince of Painters\". He spent the last 12 years of his life in Rome and created many of his most famous paintings.\nWhile he was in Rome he was \"commissioned\" (given a job), to paint a fresco of the Prophet Isaiah in the Church of Sant'Agostino. While he was working on the painting, he went to visit his friend, the architect, Donato Bramante. Bramante was at the Vatican while Michelangelo was painting the Sistine Chapel ceiling. Of course Raphael wanted to see what the famous master was doing. While Michelangelo was away, Bramante took Raphael into the chapel. When Raphael saw the way that Michelangelo had painted the prophets, he was so excited that he went back to Sant'Agostino's Church, scraped his painting off the wall and started all over again. It is easy to see that Raphael's painting is in the style of Michelangelo. Raphael was not ashamed of this. He did it to give honour to the great master.\n\"The Stanze\".\nAmong Raphael's most famous paintings are the frescos that are painted on the walls of Julius II's own rooms in the Vatican Palace, known as the \"Stanze\". The paintings in the \"Stanza della Segnatura\" and the \"Stanza d'Eliodoro\" were created by Raphael himself, whilst the \"Stanza dell'Incendio\" was designed by Raphael and painted by his assistants.\nOne of the frescoes in the \"Stanza della Segnatura\" is of the greatest importance. This painting is called \"The School of Athens\". It shows a group of learned people from Ancient Greece, philosophers, poets, dramatists, mathematicians and others. They are listening to the central figure, who is the philosopher, Plato. The painting is meant to show that at that time, the early 1500s, there was a new birth of ideas and learning among the people of Rome that was equal to the learning of Ancient Athens.\nTo make this message clear, Raphael used the faces of the people that he knew. Michelangelo, with his broken nose, is sitting with his chin on his hand. The tall figure of Plato with long hair and flowing beard is a portrait of Leonardo da Vinci.\nOne of the excellent things about this painting is the way that Raphael has painted the building in which the figures are standing. The architecture looks as if it is opening up from the real room.\nArchitecture.\nIn the 1500s, painters were often asked to design architecture. Raphael's first work as an architect was the funeral chapel in the church of Santa Maria del Popolo. Pope Leo X also chose Raphael to help design Saint Peter's Basilica alongside Donato Bramante. After Bramante died, Raphael took over the designing of the basilica and changed its groundplan from a Greek Cross to a Latin Cross. Michelangelo went back to Bramante's plan but made it simpler. Then another architect, Maderna, made the building longer, as Raphael had planned.\n\"The Transfiguration\".\nRaphael's last work of art was a painting of the \"Transfiguration\". This was an altarpiece, but Raphael died before he could complete it. It was instead finished by Giulio Romano, who was one of Raphael's assistants.\nDeath.\nRaphael died on his 37th birthday. He was buried in the Pantheon in Rome. His funeral was at the Vatican. His \"Transfiguration\" altarpiece was put at the head of Raphael's funeral carriage."}
+{"id": "27262", "revid": "1570152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27262", "title": "Non-governmental organization", "text": "A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a group of people acting together, but not connected with the government of any country. Usually non-governmental organizations are non-profit - that is, they are trying to do something other than make money for the people who run them. They include organizations such as Oxfam and World Vision.\nNon-governmental organization is a term that has become widely accepted as referring to a legally constituted organization with no participation or representation of any government. In the cases in which NGOs are funded totally or partially by governments, the NGO maintains its non-governmental status and excludes government representatives from membership in the organization.\nGovernment funding of NGOs is controversial, since, according David Rieff, writing in \"The New Republic\", \"the whole point of humanitarian intervention was precisely that NGOs and civil society had both a right and an obligation to respond with acts of aid and solidarity to people in need or being subjected to repression or want by the forces that controlled them, whatever the governments concerned might think about the matter.\"\nUnlike the term intergovernmental organization, \"non-governmental organization\" is a term in general use but is not a legal definition. In many jurisdictions these types of organization are defined as \"civil society organizations\" or referred to by other names.\nPurpose Of NGOs.\nNGOs work for uplifting the poor and backward sections of the community. Moreover, the main function which is performed by NGOs is to bridge the gap of inequalities and unfair treatments."}
+{"id": "27263", "revid": "1695941", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27263", "title": "Wikipedia", "text": "Wikipedia is a free content online encyclopedia website in 344 languages of the world in which 342 languages are currently active and 14 are closed. It is written and maintained by a community of volunteers, known as Wikipedians. \nUsers can freely use it, share it, and change it, without having to pay. It is also one of the biggest wiki organizations. People can choose to give money to the Wikimedia Foundation to fund Wikipedia and its sister projects. It is an open content website. This means anyone can copy or edit it and make changes to it if they follow the for copying or editing. \nWikipedia is owned by an United States organization, the Wikimedia Foundation, which is in San Francisco.\nWikipedia's name is a combination of two words, \"wiki\" and \"encyclopedia.\"\nWikipedia was started on January 9, 2001, by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger as part of an earlier online encyclopedia named Nupedia. On January 15, 2001, Wikipedia became a separate website of its own. It is a wiki that uses the software MediaWiki (like all other Wikimedia Foundation projects).\nAnyone who wishes to can change the pages on Wikipedia, or even make new ones. Wikipedia has a standard page layout for all pages in the encyclopedia.\nAs of September 2011, Wikipedia had about 18 million pages in about 300 languages and more than 3.50 billion words across all Wikipedias. The regular English Wikipedia is the largest Wikipedia edition.\nHistory.\nWikipedia began as a related project for Nupedia. Nupedia was a free English-language online encyclopedia project. Nupedia's articles were written and owned by Bomis, Inc which was a web portal company. The important people of the company were Jimmy Wales, the person in charge of Bomis, and Larry Sanger, the editor-in-chief of Nupedia. Nupedia was first licensed under the Nupedia Open Content License which was changed to the GNU Free Documentation License before Wikipedia was founded and made their first article when Richard Stallman requested them.\nLarry Sanger and Jimmy Wales are the ones who started Wikipedia. Wales is credited with defining the goals of the project. Sanger created the strategy of using a wiki to reach Wales' goal. On January 10, 2001, Larry Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki as a \"feeder\" project for Nupedia. Wikipedia was launched on January 15, 2001. It was launched as an English-language edition at www.wikipedia.com, and announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list. Wikipedia's policy of \"neutral point-of-view\" was enforced in its initial months and was similar to Nupedia's earlier \"nonbiased\" policy. Otherwise, there weren't very many rules initially, and Wikipedia operated independently of Nupedia.\nWikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, Slashdot, and from people who looked it up. It grew to about 20,000 articles and 18 languages by the end of 2001. By late 2002 it had 26 languages, 46 by the end of 2003, and 161 by the end of 2004. Nupedia and Wikipedia both existed until Nupedia's servers were stopped in 2003. After this, its text was incorporated into Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia reached 2 million articles on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever. It is even larger than the Yongle Encyclopedia (1407), which had held the record for exactly 600\u00a0years.\nThe English Wikipedia reached 3 million articles in August 2009. The number of articles and contributors appeared to be growing less quickly around the spring of 2007.\nIn October 2014, the Wikipedia Monument was unveiled to the public in Poland to honor all the contributors of Wikipedia. \nAccording to the TechCrunch website, on 23 January 2020, Wikipedia reached more than 6 million articles on the English Wikipedia.\nOn 13 January 2021, the English Wikipedia reached one billion edits, where the billionth edit was made by Steven Pruitt.\nMIT Press published an open access book of essays \"Wikipedia @ 20: Stories of an Unfinished Revolution\", edited by Joseph Reagle and Jackie Koerner with contributions from prominent Wikipedians, Wikimedians, researchers, journalists, librarians and other experts reflecting on particular histories and themes.\nBy November 2021, Wikipedia had fallen to the thirteenth-placed website in the world for global internet engagement.\n20th anniversary.\nIn January 2021, was noted in the media."}
+{"id": "27280", "revid": "40117", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27280", "title": "Conservation law", "text": "A conservation law is a statement used in physics that says that the amount of something does not change in time. That thing could be as simple as mass or charge, or something that has to be calculated, like energy, or angular momentum.\nFor example, the \"law of conservation of mass\" is the conservation law that says that the amount of mass is always conserved, even if it is changed into another form. This means that if the mass of the universe could be measured right now, its mass would be known tomorrow because it will not change.\nHistory.\nFor a long time, people thought that these laws were true for the amount of mass and energy in the universe. Later on, Albert Einstein said that they were not completely true. He said that mass could change into energy (or the other way around). If this happened, it would be against the conservation laws because if mass was changed into energy, the total amount of mass goes down, and the total amount of energy goes up. \nEinstein said that conservation laws could still be used if all the mass and all the energy were combined. He said that even though the mass changes or the energy changes, the sum when they are added together does not change. So now there is just one conservation law for mass and energy together.\nProblems.\nOf course, mass is measured in kilograms, and energy is measured in joules. They cannot be added together directly, but Einstein found a way to add them together. He created the equation formula_1. This equation means is that before adding the amount of mass to the amount of energy, the mass must be multiplied by the speed of light and then by the speed of light again.\nPurpose.\nSome of the things that are thought to be conserved are:\nConservation laws are helpful for people when they do problems in Physics. This is because if they know that a thing is conserved, it gives them more mathematical information about the thing they are doing the problem about.\nEmmy Noether showed that conservation laws can be said to arise from symmetries in the laws of physics. This theorem, called Noether's theorem gives physicists an extremely powerful tool to try and solve complicated problems.\nFor example: \nTypes of Conservation laws.\nConservation laws can come in two types, global, or local. \nGlobal conservation.\nA global conservation law just says that the total amount of something in the universe does not change in time.\nLocal conservation.\nA local conservation law says a little bit more than that. It says that if the amount of something changed in one place, it is because it moved into or out of that place, and we can measure that movement."}
+{"id": "27285", "revid": "1530097", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27285", "title": "Animal rights", "text": "Animal rights is a term used for the general belief that non-human animals deserve rights. Most people that support animal rights believe that humans should not use animals in food, clothing, experimentation, and entertainment.\nPeople that support animal rights also believe that just as you have human rights simply because you are a human, other animals deserve animal rights simply because they are an animal.\nThings like Animal Farm, by George Orwell, is an allegory, showing that animals have rights, and the political side of things too."}
+{"id": "27287", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27287", "title": "Aaron Sorkin", "text": "Aaron Benjamin Sorkin (born June 9, 1961) is an American screenwriter and movie director. He was born in New York City, New York. He is most famous for creating and writing \"The West Wing\", a television series about the lives of people who work in the White House. He also wrote the movies \"The American President\" and \"A Few Good Men\" (which he took from a play he had written with the same name), and created and wrote the television series \"Sports Night\". \nA director, he is known for his works in \"Molly's Game\", \"The Trial of the Chicago 7\" and \"Being the Ricardos\"."}
+{"id": "27292", "revid": "10252090", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27292", "title": "470s", "text": "The 470s was the decade that began on January 1, 470. and ended on December 31, 479. It is distinct from the decade known as the 48th which began on January 1, 471 and ended on December 31, 480."}
+{"id": "27293", "revid": "10252057", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27293", "title": "1060s", "text": "The 1060s was a decade that began on 1 January 1060 and ended on 31 December 1069. It is distinct from the decade known as the \"107th decade which\" began on January 1, 1061 and ended on December 31, 1070."}
+{"id": "27294", "revid": "1601409", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27294", "title": "30s BC", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27295", "revid": "1041406", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27295", "title": "Aristophanes", "text": "Aristophanes (born around 450/445 BC \u2013 died around 385 BC) was a Greek writer who wrote 40 plays. However, only 11 of his plays survive in their entirety. He is famous for writing comedies. They were biting satires aimed at famous men of his day, and the all-too-human weaknesses of ordinary people.\nHis most famous play, \"Lysistrata\", is about a group of women who protest against a war by not having sexual intercourse with their husbands until the war is ended.\nAncient Greek theatre was first presented in competitions at the festival of Dionysia, dedicated to the god Dionysus. The interesting thing is that Aristophanes did not always win first prize. The plays which won ahead of his have been lost, so we cannot make comparisons.\nA licence for slander.\nGeorge Grote said of Aristophanes:"}
+{"id": "27296", "revid": "1601409", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27296", "title": "40s BC", "text": "This article talks about what happened in between 40 and 31 BC."}
+{"id": "27303", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27303", "title": "California Institute of Technology", "text": "The California Institute of Technology (called \"Caltech\" for short) is a major American research university in the city of Pasadena in the state of California. Caltech specializes - is especially good, or especially interested - in the study of engineering, computer science, and the physical sciences (some physical sciences are physics and chemistry, as well as others). Caltech is also in charge of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, also called JPL. JPL is part of NASA, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, which is the part of the United States government that explores space. Caltech is not owned or run by the United States, or NASA, but NASA pays Caltech to run JPL for them. By most measures, it is the most selective college/university in the world and has one of the highest faculty-to-student ratios in the world.\nCaltech's mascot is the beaver. Many schools that specialize in engineering have beavers for their mascot, because in the wild, beavers are known for making dams, and so people think that they are the animal most like engineers."}
+{"id": "27304", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27304", "title": "Secrecy", "text": "A secret is information or facts that only one person or group knows about. There are many reasons for not telling or sharing the truth with others. \nSome secrets are good. These are ones that should be kept secret. An example of a good secret is respect for a citizen's privacy. But some secrets are bad, if keeping facts hidden causes harm. An example of a bad secret is child abuse. Some things might be kept secret only for a short time, such as a surprise party. Other things may need to be kept secret forever. Sometimes things might be kept secret from someone because it is believed that it would upset them to know. \nSome things need to be kept secret for security reasons. If a person has a bank account they must keep their password secret. No one else should know it. Espionage is snooping for someone else's secrets. Criminals like to keep their crimes secret. \nIn a business, some information is kept secret. This is also called \"confidential\". Conversations at meetings are sometimes confidential. People who were at the meeting cannot go telling everyone else what was discussed. Usually, managers will make this a rule for an employee. Trade secrets are protected by law.\nAnother type of secret is Cryptography. These are codes that unlock other secrets. So, secrets are being used to protect secrets."}
+{"id": "27313", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27313", "title": "Oceanographer", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27317", "revid": "10241966", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27317", "title": "Chicago Cubs", "text": "The Chicago Cubs are a professional baseball team based in Chicago, Illinois. They compete in Major League Baseball (MLB). The Cubs became World Series Champions in 2016, ending a 108-year drought.\nHistory.\nThe Cubs were started in 1870. They originally wore all-white uniforms and were called the Chicago White Stockings. (The current Chicago White Sox got their nickname from the Cubs' original nickname.) By the 1890s the team was called the \"Colts\". In the early 1900s, the nicknames \"Colts\" and \"Cubs\" were both used. The name \"Cubs\" became official in 1906.\nThe team was very successful in its early years. They won the first National League championship in 1876. They won several pennants in the 1880s and then again in the early 1900s. After they won their second World Series in 1908, they went into the longest championship drought in the history of North American sports. They won the World Series in 1907, 1908, and 2016. They won the pennant, but lost the World Series in 1906, 1910, 1918, 1929, 1932, 1935, 1938, and 1945.\nThe Wrigley family, founders of the Wrigley Gum Company, owned the team from about 1920 to about 1980. The Chicago Tribune bought the team and operated them for close to 30 years. They were sold to the Ricketts family in 2009.\nStadium.\nWhen playing home games in Chicago, the Cubs play at Wrigley Field. The stadium was built in 1914 and has been the home playing field of the Cubs since 1916.\nDuring games, the stadium is filled with Cubs fans, who are known for always cheering for their team, even if they are not winning. Even when the Cubs held the record for the longest championship dry spell in all of American professional sports (until they won the World Series in 2016), their fans remain loyal to them.\nThe Billy Goat Curse.\nThe name \"Billy Goat \" comes from a bar known as the Billy Goat Tavern, located on lower Wacker drive in downtown Chicago. By the time the story of this \"curse\" started to get out, all the main characters were conveniently dead.\nThe story is:\nDuring the 1945 World Series, a man by the name of Vasili \"Billy Goat\" Sianis attended Game 4 of the series with his pet goat. During the 7th inning of the game, the Stadium's security guards asked Sianis to leave the stadium because his goat was bothering other fans. Sianis became angry and cursed the Cubs, saying that they would never win or even play in a World Series as long as they played at Wrigley Field. Although the curse is often seen as a joke for most Cubs fans, some fans thought it could be the reason for the Cubs' championship drought between 1908 and 2016. The drought ended and the \"curse\" was reversed in 2016 when the team won their third World Series title.\nIn the 2016 World Series, the Cubs beat the Cleveland Indians. They fell 3 games to 1 to the Indians, but then, on the brink of elimination, won the next three games, and thereby won the series. Game 7 went down as a classic. It was an exciting back-and-forth game, in which the Cubs won in 10 innings to win their first World Series since 1908. The Cubs became sixth team to win a World Series after trailing 3 games to 1."}
+{"id": "27318", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27318", "title": "Chicago cubs", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27330", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27330", "title": "Herpes simplex", "text": "Herpes simplex is an infection by a virus. The herpes simplex virus (HSV) causes two common diseases. Both diseases have painful, watery blisters in the skin or mucous membranes (such as the mouth or lips) or on the genitals.\nAn infection on the lips is commonly known as a cold sore or fever blister. A cold sore is not the same as a canker sore, which appears inside the mouth and is caused by something else.\nTreatment.\nThe disease is contagious, especially when it is active. \"Contagious\" means that it can spread from one person to another. There is no cure for this disease. This means that it cannot be stopped, once a person has got it. When a person has got the disease, he or she will get outbreaks from time to time. There are drugs that can make these outbreaks shorter, for many people. These antiviral drugs stop the virus from spreading. They will shorten the time people show symptoms.\nDifferent viruses.\nThe two types of herpes virus are known as simplex virus, type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). HSV-1 usually causes infections around the mouth. HSV-2 more commonly causes genital infections. Viruses are transmitted through body fluids, or lesions in the skin. Transmission can also occur, when there are no symptoms. Genital herpes is classified as a sexually transmitted infection. It may be spread to a baby during childbirth. Herpes outbreaks can occur, because of decreased immune function, stress, and sunlight exposure.\nHow to tell that someone is infected.\nUsually, herpes is diagnosed based on the symptoms. There are tests that can confirm this diagnosis. Testing the blood for antibodies against the virus can confirm a previous infection but will be negative in new infections.\nHow common it is.\nHerpes is very common. Worldwide rates of either HSV-1 or HSV-2 are between 60% and 95% in adults. Most people get HSV-1 when they are children. Since there is \"no cure\" for either HSV-1 or HSV-2, more people get it as they get older. Rates of HSV-1 are between 70% and 80% in poorer people and 40% to 60% in richer people. About 536 million people worldwide (16% of the population) were infected with HSV-2 as of 2003. It is more common among women and in developing countries. Most people with HSV-2 do not know that they are infected."}
+{"id": "27332", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27332", "title": "W\u0142adys\u0142aw Reymont", "text": "W\u0142adys\u0142aw Stanis\u0142aw Reymont, born as Stanis\u0142aw W\u0142adys\u0142aw Rejment, (May 7, 1867 in Kobielce Wielkie, Poland \u2013 December 5, 1925 in Warsaw, Poland) was a well-known Polish writer, who won the Nobel Prize in 1924 for his four-volume epic novel \"Ch\u0142opi\" (\"The Peasants\"). This novel was about life of this part of the society. He also wrote \"Ziemia obiecana\" (\"The Promised Land\"), about industrial capitalism in 19th century \u0141\u00f3d\u017a.\nMany people say he is one of the greatest and most prominent Polish writers of all time and one of the greatest in 20th century.\nBiography.\nReymont was born in the family of the organist. His father, J\u00f3zef Rejment, a well-read man, had a musical education and in tuszy\u0144skiej performed the parish duties of the organist, and also carried on Civil Status Registers and the correspondence of the parish priest with Russian authorities. Mother, Antonia from Kupczy\u0144skich, had talent for a story. She came from the impoverished Cracow gentry; in mature years the writer has often emphasized this fact."}
+{"id": "27333", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27333", "title": "Extraversion and introversion", "text": "Introversion and extraversion (also spelled extroversion) are ways of describing a person's personality. People who are more extraverted are called extraverts (or extroverts). People who are more introverted are called introverts.\nHistory.\nThis idea was proposed by psychiatrist Carl Jung in the 1920s. \nIdeas.\nHe said that introversion and extraversion affects how people behave socially (with other people), and also where they get mental energy from. Introverts prefer being alone and extraverts prefer being with other people. Introverts get energy and pleasure from self-reflection, and may feel tired after being around other people. Extraverts are the opposite. They get energy from spending time with other people, and may feel bored and tired after being alone.\nSpectrum.\nIntroversion and extraversion exists on a spectrum. Everyone has a different amount of introverted and extraverted personality traits. People with more extraverted traits are called extraverts (or extroverts), and people with more introverted traits are called introverts. People who are around the middle of the spectrum may be called ambiverts.\nIntroversion vs. shyness and social anxiety.\nSome people mistake introversion for shyness or social anxiety because they can appear similar, but they are separate things. Introversion is a personality trait, but shyness and social anxiety are caused by distress. Introverts usually prefer being alone, but are not scared of being around other people."}
+{"id": "27334", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27334", "title": "Sartell, Minnesota", "text": "Sartell is a city in the U.S. state of Minnesota. The 2020 census said 19,351 people live in the city. Sartell is in both Stearns County and Benton County.\nHistory.\nSartell started as a small town near the Mississippi River. It was first named \"The Third Rapids\" because it was the third rapids that French fur traders came to as they went north from St. Anthony Falls in Minneapolis.\nOne of the first people to live in this young town was Joseph B. Sartell. He came in 1854 and worked as a millwright at a local sawmill. In 1877, he started a flour mill at the nearby Watab River. In 1884, he started the Sartell Brothers Lumber Company with his sons. In 1905, some people started to build the Watab Pulp and Paper Company. They also started to build the Sartell Dam across the Mississippi near the \"third rapids\". Both of these things were finished in 1907. Seven people died when building the dam. Since that time, Watab Pulp and Paper was rebuilt several times and many people bought and sold it. Now a company called International Paper owns it.\nIt was in 1907 that residents of the town decided it was time to incorporate. Several influential people felt the town ought to be named \"Wengert\" after a local businessman. Another man lobbyied to have the town named \"Oberly\" after himself. However, because of his many relatives and generous contributions to the community, the town was incorporated as \"The Village of Sartell\" in honor of Joseph B. Sartell. From 1907 until 1973, there was a Sartell on nearly every City Council, the most prominent being Ripley B. \"Rip\" Sartell who was mayor for 31 years.\nThe town continued to grow slowly and developed a number of businesses and a \"downtown\" on the east side of the Mississippi along U.S. Highway 10. In the 1960s, the highway was re-routed and the downtown area suffered. The later construction of a new bridge over the Mississippi in the early 1980s replaced the remaining businesses. This and Sartell\u2019s move to St. Cloud, Minnesota's major retail center account for Sartell's lack of a traditional \"downtown\".\nBecause residents wanted to educate their children locally, Independent School District #748, Sartell-St. Stephen, was created in 1969. Despite not having a downtown the city continued to grow and the pace of the growth increased in the 1970s. From 1970 to the present, the population of the city has grown from 700 to nearly 20,000.\nGovernment.\nSartell's city council has a mayor and four council members. They are elected to represent the community. They also make policy for the city. The City Council also appoints a City Administrator who overseas the day-to-day operations of the city and implements the policies of the council.\nGeography.\nThe United States Census Bureau says that the city has a total area of 27.0 km\u00b2 (10.4 mi\u00b2). 26.3\u00a0km\u00b2 (10.2\u00a0mi\u00b2) of it is land and 0.7\u00a0km\u00b2 (0.3\u00a0mi\u00b2) of it is water. The total area is 2.5% water.\nThe city is on both sides of the Mississippi River. The area around the city has lots of farmland and forests.\nRecreation.\nBecause the Mississippi River goes through the city, people use the river to have fun. When it is warm, people ride boats, swim, catch fish and water ski on the river. When the river is frozen in winter, people ride snowmobiles, cross country ski, and catch fish through holes in the ice.\nThe city has also built places for people to have fun. These include 24 parks, walking pathways, playgrounds, a bike lane, tennis courts, baseball and soccer fields, ice rinks, a disc golf course and a wading pool.\nEconomy.\nSartell's largest employer is Verso Paper. They own a paper mill in the city. Another large employer is DeZurik Water Controls.\nSartell's Chamber of Commerce says that the city has many small business.\nDemographics.\nAs of the census of 2020, there were 19,351 people, 7,386 households, and 4,853 families living in Sartell. The population density was . There were 7,602 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the township was 89.2% White, 1.9% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 2.4% Asian, 1.2% other races, and 4.9% two or more races. Hispanic or Latino were 2.7% of the people.\nThere were 7,386 households. Of those, 37.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.2% were married couples living together. 25.6% had a female householder with no husband present, 15.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 34.3% were non-families. 27.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.62.\nIn the city, the population had 28.4% under the age of 18, 8.1% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 13.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35.3 years. There were 9,267 males and 10,084 females.\nIn 2022, the median (middle) income for a household in the township was about $74,177. The median income for a family was about $95,824. The per capita income for the township was about $39,501. About 3.7% of families and 7.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.9% of those under age 18 and 5.6% of those age 65 or over.\nTransportation.\nTransportation to and from Sartell is limited to surface roads, mainly U.S. Highway 10 and Minnesota Highway 15 which both pass along the outskirts of the city. A rail line runs through town but serves only as freight transportation for the local paper mill. The dams along the Mississippi River and the waterway's relatively shallow depth render it useless for anything more than recreational watercraft traffic.\nSartell's proximity to St. Cloud allows for convenient access to St. Cloud Regional Airport."}
+{"id": "27340", "revid": "8390175", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27340", "title": "50s BC", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27341", "revid": "9099012", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27341", "title": "1690s BC", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27343", "revid": "440188", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27343", "title": "1680s BC", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27344", "revid": "440188", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27344", "title": "1670s BC", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27346", "revid": "196884", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27346", "title": "1080s BC", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27347", "revid": "593910", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27347", "title": "Sunset", "text": "A sunset, which in some American dialects is called a sundown, is the time where the Sun goes below the horizon to the West. It is not dusk, which is the point when darkness begins, which can be sometime after the Sun sets, this begins twilight. The opposite of the sunset is the sunrise. "}
+{"id": "27361", "revid": "10369161", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27361", "title": "Pop punk", "text": "Pop punk (or punk-pop) is a form of pop music that blends punk rock with pop music and rock music. \nOverview.\nPop-punk music has a lighter, happier sound than most punk rock and hardcore punk music. Most punk rock and hardcore punk music sounds angry and harsh, and has lyrics about protest and anger.\nHistory.\nLate 1970s and 1980s.\nThere are several types of pop-punk. An early type of pop-punk was developed right after Punk rock became popular in the late 1970s. Most of this kind of music is very much like Punk rock, but it features things from other kinds of music like pop music and older rock music, and country music, so different people can enjoy it. Some people call the Ramones a pop-punk band. The Ramones were a band from the United States.\n1990s.\nIn the 1990s, pop-punk became very popular in North America. Bands such as Green Day, Blink-182 and Zebrahead sold millions of recordings and did many tours.\nToday.\nIn the 21st century, many bands have contributed to the pop punk genre. They include Fall Out Boy, Relient K, FM Static, Hawk Nelson, and Amber Pacific.\nControversies.\nSome people who like 1970s punk rock or 1980s hardcore punk do not like pop-punk. The 1970s punk rock or 1980s hardcore punk was usually angry, rebellious protest music. In contrast, 2000s pop-punk songs are nicer and lighter. Some people think 2000s pop-punk is too commercialized and nothing like the older punk music from the 1970s and 1980s."}
+{"id": "27362", "revid": "1628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27362", "title": "Punk-Pop", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27363", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27363", "title": "Pop-punk", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27365", "revid": "10288019", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27365", "title": "Sheryl Crow", "text": "Sheryl Crow (born February 11, 1962) is an American singer-songwriter and actress. She can also play guitar and bass guitar.\nMany of her songs have charted and are still popular. They include \"The First Cut Is the Deepest\", \"Soak Up the Sun\", \"If It Makes You Happy\" and \"All I Wanna Do\".\nPersonal life.\nCrow has never married. She has two adopted sons, Wyatt Steven Crow (born in 2007) and Levi James Crow (born in 2010).\nShe had breast cancer in 2006."}
+{"id": "27366", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27366", "title": "Chubby Checker", "text": "Ernest Evans (born October 3, 1941) better known as Chubby Checker, is a pop singer from the United States. He is most famous for his dance songs. After his famous appearance on American Bandstand, his cover version of Hank Ballard's \"The Twist\" hit #1 became a popular dance.\nReferences.\n<br>"}
+{"id": "27370", "revid": "10051774", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27370", "title": "Irish people", "text": "The Irish are an nation who come from or came from the island of Ireland. There are two countries on the island of Ireland: the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Historically, the Irish have been primarily a Celtic people. Many countries, especially English-speaking countries, have people with Irish roots.\nIn Northern Ireland, there have been violent fights between the Unionists, who identify as British people and are mainly Protestant, and the Nationalists, who identify as Irish and are mainly Catholic. Irish people have a strong culture and beliefs.\nDue to problems in Ireland, most importantly a famine between 1845 and 1852, caused by the potatoes in Ireland being destroyed by disease, many Irish moved out of Ireland, including Great Britain, and to other countries like the United States, Canada, and Australia. At present, many more Irish live in the United States than in Ireland, with many of them living in large American cities such as Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Chicago. The population of Irish people in the United States is over seven times more populated than that of those who live in the original homeland of Ireland."}
+{"id": "27374", "revid": "1671539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27374", "title": "Claude Debussy", "text": "Achille-Claude Debussy (born Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France, 22 August 1862; died Paris, France, 25 March, 1918) was a French composer who was one of the most important composers of the early 20th century. Most of his compositions are for orchestra or for piano. He also wrote some songs, chamber music and one opera. He made his music very different from the Romantic style, which other composers used at the time.\nHe is called an Impressionistic composer {citation needed: by who?} because he was influenced by the group of painters called the \"Impressionists\". They were less interested in making their paintings look exactly like the real world but preferred to paint things such as the effect of the sunlight shining on water. Debussy often did so in his music, which creates a special atmosphere.\nLife.\nClaude's father was a travelling salesman, and his mother worked as a seamstress. He learned the piano when he was young and joined into the Conservatoire de Paris at the age of 11. He did not do well enough in his examination to qualify as a concert pianist. After winning the Prix de Rome, he went to Rome for two years. He visited Bayreuth in 1888 and 1889 to hear Richard Wagner\u2019s operas. He preferred sounds of the Javanese gamelan, which he heard in Paris at the World Exhibition.\nIn 1899, he married Rosalie Texier. He was also employed as music critic of a journal called \"La revue blanche\", and wrote his opera \"P\u00e9lleas et M\u00e9lisande\", which was performed at the Op\u00e9ra-Comique. The opera was performed 100 times there during the next ten years. He wrote for orchestra--\"F\u00eates galantes\" and a work called \"La Mer\" (\"The Sea\")--which he wrote while he lived in Brighton, England. \nDebussy was starting to become very famous. His personal life changed. He left his wife because he had fallen in love with Emma Bardac who was an amateur singer for whom Gabriel Faur\u00e9 had written a song cycle: \"La Bonne Chanson\". Her husband was a banker. Bardac bought an apartment, where Debussy lived with her for the rest of his life. They had a daughter, called Chou-Chou, who was born in 1905. They married in 1908.\nDebussy\u2019s next orchestral work was called \"Images\". He began composing a set of preludes for piano. Other works followed: \"Khamma\", \"Le martyre de St S\u00e9bastian\" and the ballet \"Jeux\", which was produced in 1913 by Segei Dyagilev\u2019s company. People soon forgot about that work because only two weeks later, the same ballet company produced Igor Stravinsky\u2019s \"Rite of Spring,\" which caused a riot.\nBy this time Debussy was ill with colorectal cancer. His visit to London in 1914 was his last trip to another country. He wrote more piano works: a set of \"\u00c9tudes\" and a piano duet called \"En blanc et noir\" (\"In White and Black\"). He planned to write six sonatas, each for a different group of instruments, but he only wrote three of them: one for cello and piano, one for flute, viola and harp and one for violin and piano. The \"Sonata for violin and piano\" (1917) was the last work that he played in public; he played the piano. He died of colorectal cancer in 1918.\nMusic.\nCamille Saint-Sa\u00ebns, for example, did not understand the way that Debussy's musical ideas flowed gently into one another. He was always an opponent of Debussy.\nThere is a lot of variety in Debussy\u2019s piano music. Some of it is difficult to play like the \"\u00c9tudes\" and pieces such as \"L\u2019isle joyeuse\" (\"The Happy Island\"). Other collections are much simpler like \"Suite bergamasque\", which includes the very popular piece \"Clair de lune\" (M\"oonlight\"). He wrote two books of preludes. Each of the pieces has a title, but it is printed at the end of each piece, as if he did not want the listener to know what it was about until afterwards.\nDebussy wrote wonderfully for the voice, making the music just right for the rhythm of French. That can be heard in his songs and his opera. Using melodies and harmonies which are often quite simple he creates a special kind of dream-world which can be very powerful. He often uses the whole-tone scale and the pentatonic scale which give the music a hazy feeling because it does not seem to be clearly in one particular key. He liked to use unusual chords for their own sake, not for them to lead to a particular key. He also used old scales known as the church modes.\nDebussy\u2019s music had a great influence on many 20th-century composers. John Cage, Olivier Messiaen, Pierre Boulez, Karlheinz Stockhausen and Frederico Mompou all learned from listening to his music.\nReferences.\nGroves Dictionary of Music Online"}
+{"id": "27377", "revid": "10326238", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27377", "title": "P.O.D.", "text": "P.O.D. (which stands for Payable on Death) is a metal band from San Diego, California. Its fans are called \"The Warriors\", and the band is known for its Christian messages.\nMembers.\nThe members are Sonny Sandoval (lead singer), Marcos Curiel (guitar player), Wuv Bernardo (drummer) and Traa Daniels (bass player).\nHistory.\nThe band released an album in 1999 called \"The Fundamental Elements of Southtown\", which became very popular, and P.O.D. made a lot of fans who saw the band on MTV.\nIn 2001, P.O.D. made a second album called \"Satellite\", which had a more nu metal post-grunge vibe and several hit songs, like \"Boom,\" \"Alive,\" \"Youth of the Nation,\" \"Set It Off,\" \"Satellite,\" and \"Portrait.\" In 2003, P.O.D. made the album \"Payable On Death\", which had a heavy neo-grunge sound and a hint of reggae.\nTheir next album, \"Testify\", was released in 2006. It was similar to \"Satellite\" in sound and featured two duets with Matisyahu. In 2008, P.O.D. released the album \"When Angels & Serpents Dance\"."}
+{"id": "27378", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27378", "title": "Ernest Evans", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27379", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27379", "title": "Claud Debussy", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27393", "revid": "147677", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27393", "title": "Aegean", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27399", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27399", "title": "Differential", "text": "Differential can refer to different concepts:"}
+{"id": "27400", "revid": "273256", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27400", "title": "Blackbird", "text": "Blackbird may refer to:\nBirds.\nTwo groups of birds in the parvorder Passerida:"}
+{"id": "27403", "revid": "1455432", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27403", "title": "Geta (footwear)", "text": "Geta are traditional Japanese sandals. They are stilted to keep the hem of a kimono above the ground. They are worn with tabi socks. Geta makes the person's feet stay out of the mud.\nUsually Japanese people wear them with a casual kimono rather than formal one. It is common to wear them with bare feet when a yukata is worn. Also, they are sometimes worn with western clothes. \nToday, in Japan, most people rarely wear kimono and rarely wear geta. One reason for this is most gravel roads were changed to asphalt roads for Tokyo Olympic. Since 1995, the number of people who wear geta casually increased because of the pretty looks and sounds. In addition, the popularity of geta grew little by little through trend for yukata. At one time, Japanese people thought that it is hard to walk with geta and sometimes get injured by \"hanao\". \"Hanao\" is a rope which is set between the big toe and second toe when geta are worn. However, because of efforts by yukata makers and footwear makers, Japanese people are starting to like to wear geta again."}
+{"id": "27404", "revid": "1530097", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27404", "title": "Tabi", "text": "Tabi are traditional Japanese socks. The sock is divided at the toes that forms them into two groups. Tabi socks are worn with \"zori\" or \"geta\" sandals. \"Tabi\" can be found in many different colours but they are mainly white."}
+{"id": "27417", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27417", "title": "Bydgoszcz", "text": "Bydgoszcz (, ) is a city in the north of Poland, capital of Kujavia-Pomerania voivodship, on the Brda and Wis\u0142a rivers. As of 2020, 345 000 people live there. Bydgoszcz is one of the biggest cities in Poland - placed in the 8th position. The city was started in 1346 by the king of Poland Casimir III the Great. Patrons of the city are Saint Martin of Tours and Saint Nicholas.\nThe city is a big center of industry, trade, logistic and traffic cord. In the city is located the Ignacy Jan Paderewski International Airport. In Bydgoszcz, there's a big military garrison and headquarters of most NATO institutions present in Poland.\nTourism.\nBydgoszcz belongs to the greenest cities in Poland, has more than 30 parks which occupy more than 970 hectares. In the north part of the city, the biggest city park in Poland - My\u015bl\u0119cinek - is located. \nBydgoszcz has many monuments, starting with the gothic cathedral and ending with the downtown, which has Art Nouveau tenement houses. A unique monument is the oldest in Poland artificial waterway - Bydgoszcz Canal, which connects the Vistula and the Oder rivers.\nThe most visited place in Bydgoszcz is Old Town with the Mill Island. The most important monuments in this area are gothic churches, including a cathedral, fragments of city walls and granaries from the XVII century.\nBydgoszczy's downtown was built almost completely between 1850 and 1914 and is famous for Art Nouveau tenement houses. The east part of the downtown was built on assumptions garden city movement. The Music District - with the Pomeranian Filharmonija, the Bydgoszcz Academy of Music and the Polish Theatre are also located here.\nBydgoszcz has many museums. The biggest one is the Leon Wycz\u00f3\u0142kowski Regional Museum which has a wide collection including art, numismatics, archeology and souvenirs related to Bydgoszcz. \u00a0"}
+{"id": "27424", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27424", "title": "Tooth floss", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27428", "revid": "1572762", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27428", "title": "The Mystery of Edwin Drood", "text": "The Mystery of Edwin Drood is the last novel written by Charles Dickens. The novel was not finished at the time of Dickens's death (9 June 1870) and his ending for it is unknown.\nSummary.\nThe story is set in a fictional town called Cloisterham, which is believed to be based on Rochester. It begins as John Jasper is leaving a place in London where opium (a powerful drug) is taken by lots of people. Jasper leads a choir (group of singers) in a large church in Cloisterham. The next day Jasper is visited by his nephew Edwin Drood. Edwin tells Jasper he is worried about getting married to a girl called Rosa Bud. He has to get married to her because his parents and Rosa\u2019s parents said they had to.\nThe next day, Edwin finds Rosa in a nun\u2019s house which is a school. At the same time, Jasper wants to learn about the graveyard, so he goes to find a man called Durdles, who knows a lot about the graveyard. A person called Neville Landless has a twin sister called Helena. They are both sent to a school in Cloisterham. Helena goes to live with Rosa in the nuns\u2019 house, and Neville is taught by a reverend named Crisparkle.\nWe find out that Neville doesn\u2019t like his stepfather who is a nasty man. He tells this to Crisparkle. Rosa tells Helena that she doesn\u2019t like Jasper, who is her music teacher. She says she finds him scary. When Neville meets Rosa, he falls in love with her. He is angry that Edwin Drood doesn\u2019t like her very much, but still wants to get married. Edwin makes Neville angry, and Neville attacks him. Jasper tells everyone that Neville is a violent (hurts a lot of people) person.\nReverend Crisparkle wants Edwin and Neville to be friends. He wants to say sorry to Edwin, but only is Edwin accepts the apology (saying sorry). They all decide to have dinner the day before Christmas at Jasper\u2019s house, so that everyone can say sorry.\nMr. Gregious who takes care of Rosa, tells Rosa that she has a lot of money. This money is from her father who is dead. She asks him if they money will still be given to her if she doesn\u2019t marry Edwin. Mr Gregious says that she will still get the money even if she doesn\u2019t marry Edwin. Mr. Gregious meets Edwin and gives him a ring. The ring belonged to Rosa\u2019s father, and gave is to Rosa\u2019s mother when they got married. Mr Gregious says that if Edwin loves Rosa and wants to stay with her forever, he must give her the ring. If he doesn\u2019t love Rosa, and doesn\u2019t want to stay with her forever, he must give the ring back to Mr. Gregious. There is another man watching to make sure Mr. Gregious and Edwin follow the rules. Rosa and Edwin talk and they say they both don\u2019t want to get married anymore. They want ask Mr. Grewgious to tell Jasper this. Edwin says he will soon give the ring back.\nMeanwhile, Jasper is in the graveyard again with Durdles. Jasper gives Durdles some very strong wine, which makes him drunk. Jasper finds out that Durdles can tap the stone coffins and knows what is in them from this. Jasper is interested in this trick. Suddenly they see a boy called Deputy. Jasper thinks the boy was following them, so he holds him by the neck. He doesn\u2019t kill him though, and lets him go.\nOn Christmas Eve, Neville buys a stick for walking. He wants to do some walking in his spare time in the countryside. Edwin goes to a jewellery shop because his watch is broken. A woman who uses opium (powerful drug) asks him what his first name is. He tells her. She says that she is happy his name is not Ned. She says that Ned is in danger. Edwin doesn\u2019t listen to her, but he knows that Jasper sometimes calls him Ned.\nThey have the planned dinner, and everyone is friends again. Edwin and Neville go down to the river to see the storm. The next day, we find out that Edwin is missing. Jasper tells everyone that Neville killed him. Neville goes off for a walk, but the village people bring him back to the town.\nReverend Crisparkle stops Neville from going to jail by saying that he will look after him. He says that he will bring Neville forward whenever he is needed. Jasper is then told that Edwin and Rosa won\u2019t get married. He is very upset. Crisparkle finds Edwin\u2019s watch and other belongings at the river.\nHalf a year later Neville is living in London. A man called Mr. Tartar meets Neville and he wants to share his garden with him. He lives near Neville. A new character called Dick Datchery comes to Cloisterham. He lives near Jasper and watches him. Datchery meets Deputy and asks where Jasper lives. Deputy doesn\u2019t ever go near there because he is afraid Jasper will choke (grab his neck) him again.\nJasper goes and visits Rosa. He tells her that he loves her. She tells him to leave. He doesn\u2019t give up, and says he will destroy Neville unless she loves him. Because Neville is the brother of her friend Helena, Rosa is frightened. She goes to Mr. Grewgious in London, and Crisparkle follows her. Mr. Tartar meets him and asks him if he knows who he is. Crisparkle remembers that Tartar once saved him from dying in a river. They tell Rosa not to talk to Neville or Helena in case Jasper is watching. However, Tartar lets Rosa meet Helena. Grewgious finds a place for Rosa to live with another woman.\nWe see that Jasper is visiting the place where lots of people smoke opium in London. He has not been there for a long time. The woman who owns the place follows him. She promises not to lose him again like last time. She follows him all the way to Cloisterham. She meets Mr. Datchery, who tells her Jasper\u2019s name. He also says that he is going to sing in the church service in the morning. The woman is called Princess Puffer. She goes to the service and shakes her fist (a sign of anger and hate) at Jasper.\nEnding.\nDickens died before the story was finished. He made a summary of the story as planned in a letter to his friend John Forster.\nModern versions.\nDespite its lack of completeness, the novel has a history of media exposure. There are two films (1935 and 1993) and three television versions (1960 and 2012 in English, and 1980 in Russian). The novel has been on radio and in the theatre. There are a number of versions in print.\nIn general, people have believed what Dicken's friend John Forster reported: Jasper murdered Drood. In 2015, the UK newspaper \"The Daily Mail\" and the University of Buckingham asked the public for their solution to the mystery. Out of 15,000 responses, the overwhelming verdict was that Jasper killed his own nephew and stashed his body in the church crypt, the same solution proposed by Dickens' friends and family."}
+{"id": "27436", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27436", "title": "Soviet Socialist Republic", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27439", "revid": "1260226", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27439", "title": "Vientiane", "text": "Vientiane () is the capital city of Laos and the city with the largest number of people. It is in the Mekong Valley and over two hundred thousand people live in its central area.\nIt is on the Laos-Thailand border, being kept apart by the Mekong River. In other words, if one crossed the river from Vientiane, he/she would enter Thailand. The city is close to the First Thai-Lao Friendship Bridge, an bridge that is also a border crossing and port between Thailand and Laos.\nEven though it is the country's most populated city, many travelers to the city have said that Vientiane feels like a small town.\nPopular tourist sites of the city include the Patuxai Monument, the Lao Textile Museum, the Pha That Luang stupa, the Buddha Park, and Haw Phra Kaew.\nThe city has one of three universities in the entire country, the National University of Laos.\nDespite being the country's most populated city, many international companies do not exist in Laos. There is no McDonald's, Burger King, KFC, 7-Eleven, or Grab throughout the entire country. However, international companies like Big C, Chester's Chicken, and Texas Chicken do exist in Vientiane. Starbucks opened its first store in the country at the Parkson Mall in 2022.\nThere is now a 7-Eleven in the backpacker town of Vang Vieng selling local and imported items. "}
+{"id": "27444", "revid": "8533828", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27444", "title": "Dome", "text": "A dome is a building or roof that usually looks like the upper half of a sphere.\nAs a roof feature, domes make many religious and government buildings stand out, because if someone is speaking to others inside or under a dome, the voice sounds louder. Also a dome makes it easier to identify an important building, for example a temple or a palace. \nA large stadium with a roof over the playing field is often called a \"dome\". One example of that usage is the Metrodome."}
+{"id": "27447", "revid": "9799431", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27447", "title": "Address", "text": "An address (pronounced AD-dress or ad-DRESS) is a way to find or communicate with someone. It can be a postal address or an e-mail address. On forms, it is common to ask for someone's name, address and phone number, so that the person can be found easily.\nPostal address.\nA postal address is usually the location of someone's house, but sometimes it is the person's Post Office Box. It is the information that is put on a letter to have the letter delivered to a person.\nExample (in England):\nExample (in the U.S.):\nExample (in Nigeria):\nEmail Address.\nAn email address is used to send someone an e-mail. It has a username, and this is followed by the name of the person's email provider. The at sign (@) separates the two. For example:\nThe \"name\" part can be made up of any letters or numbers, and a few special characters, but it cannot contain spaces. The \"provider\" part can be made up of any letters or numbers, but no special characters and no spaces. Some providers may restrict the \"name\" part in other ways. For example, Gmail does not allow underscores."}
+{"id": "27449", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27449", "title": "Wadaiko", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27455", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27455", "title": "Great wall of china", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27461", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27461", "title": "T cell", "text": "A T cell is a type of lymphocyte, a white blood cell. T-cells play an important role in the immune system. They attack infected cells, foreign cells, and cancer cells and completely destroy them. This stops viruses or cancer from spreading to healthy cells.\nThe \"T\" in T cell stands for thymus. The thymus is where T cells mature."}
+{"id": "27478", "revid": "6997653", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27478", "title": "Biscuit", "text": "A biscuit is a type of food. They are small baked breads or cakes.\nBiscuits in British usage.\nIn British English, Australian English, Canadian English and New Zealand English, biscuits are usually sweet and can be eaten with tea, milk or coffee. In North America these are called \"cookies\".\nIn spite of the difference, this is the meaning in the name of the United States' most famous maker of cookies and crackers, National Biscuit Company (now called Nabisco).\nBiscuits in American usage.\nIn American English, a \"biscuit\" is a small form of bread, similar to scones, made with baking powder or baking soda as a leavening agent rather than yeast. (Biscuits, soda breads, and corn bread, among others, are sometimes referred to all together as \"quick breads\" to show that they do not need time to rise before baking.) "}
+{"id": "27480", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27480", "title": "Electromagnet", "text": "Electromagnets are temporary and artificial magnets. They are magnets that are only magnetic when there is a coil of wire with electricity running through it. The coil of wire is called a solenoid. The strength of the magnet is proportional to the current flowing in the circuit. The electricity running through the wire is called a current. The current is the flow of electrons, which are negatively charged particles. Electromagnets are used for a variety of purposes. In a simple example, an electromagnet can pick up pieces of iron, nickel, and cobalt.\nElectromagnets can be made stronger by adding more coils to the copper wire, or adding an iron core through the coils (for example a nail). The current can also be increased to make the magnetism stronger. British electrician William Sturgeon invented the electromagnet in 1825.\nAn electromagnet is useful because it can be turned on and off easily (using an electric current), whereas a permanent magnet cannot be turned off and will continue to affect its immediate environment. \nDifferent alloys act differently. Iron stops being an electromagnet very quickly, but steel takes time to wear off. To make an electromagnet, copper wire is wound around an iron rod. The two ends of the wire are connected to the + (positive) and - (negative) side of the battery.\nUsage.\nElectromagnets are used in everyday items such as burglar alarms, electric relays and fire bells. Electric motors are basically electromagnets. Their ability to change from the state of non-magnetic to magnetic just by passing an electric current through it allows it to be used in many different items. This ability is used in relays.\nElectromagnets can also be used to make electricity. Movement of a magnet back and forth in front of the electromagnet will make an electric current.\nWhy electromagnets work.\nElectromagnets work because when electricity flows through a wire it makes a magnetic field around the wire. The direction of the magnetic field can be found by using the \"right-hand rule\". This means that if a person points the thumb of their right hand in the direction of the current, the magnetic field would go around the wire the same way their fingers would wrap around the wire.\nThe magnetic field made by a single wire is not usually very strong. To make an electromagnet normally the wire is wrapped in many loops to make the fields of each piece of wire add together into one stronger magnetic field."}
+{"id": "27481", "revid": "1458798", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27481", "title": "Palau", "text": "Palau, officially the Republic of Palau, is an island nation. It is in the Pacific Ocean. Palau is 300 miles (500\u00a0km) east of the Philippines. It got independence from United Nations trusteeship administration (administered by the United States of America) in 1994. It is one of the world's youngest and smallest nations. It is sometimes referred to in English under its native name Belau. The capitol of Palau used to be Koror. It is now located in Melekeok State.\nStates.\nPalau is divided into sixteen (16) administrative states:\nClimate.\nPalau has a tropical climate all year round. Average yearly temperature is around 82\u00a0\u00b0F (27\u00a0\u00b0C)."}
+{"id": "27485", "revid": "1394004", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27485", "title": "Island country", "text": "An island country, island state or island nation is a country that is made up only of islands. A 25% of the world's countries are island countries. Island countries are historically more stable than continental countries but they're vulnerable for conquest by any naval superpowers. Indonesia is the island country with the most people in the world.\nThere are many variations between island country economies: they may rely mainly on extractive industries, such as mining, fishing and agriculture, and/or on services such as transit hubs, tourism, and financial services.\nList.\nThere are at least 45 island countries in the world, and there are countries that only consist of an island, such as Iceland or Nauru, an archipelago, such as Federated States of Micronesia or Palau. This list also includes Australia, though a continent.\nAustralia is a continent but an island."}
+{"id": "27486", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27486", "title": "Cloth", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27491", "revid": "836766", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27491", "title": "Llivia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27503", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27503", "title": "Monkey Island", "text": "Monkey Island is a well-known adventure game series made and published by LucasArts.\nThe games are known for their humor, and often use parody and clich\u00e9s, both from pirate stories as well as from films.\nThe story takes place in the Caribbean. In the different games. The first one involves main character Guybrush Threepwood, who wants to become a pirate, has many adventures. Each of the games usually involves the evil undead ghost/zombie pirate LeChuck and the island which gave the series its name."}
+{"id": "27510", "revid": "1616965", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27510", "title": "Port Arthur massacre", "text": "The Port Arthur massacre was a mass killing that took place at Port Arthur, Tasmania, Australia. Port Arthur is a caf\u00e9 and, hotel and historic site. \nOn Saturday 28 and Sunday 29 April 1996 35 people were killed, and 18 people hurt. Martin Bryant used two semi-automatic guns to shoot people who were visiting Port Arthur. Bryant is in jail for the crime.\nThe massacre was the worst single-day mass murder incident in Australian history. 35 people died on 28 April 1996, the middle day of the massacre. After the massacre, Australia made new laws about gun control. People could not buy guns easily anymore. New laws were adopted. This law also exists in New Zealand and many other countries.\nBryant first killed the owners of a small guesthouse. Then he went to the Port Arthur Historic Site. 20 of the people killed were shot in the Broad Arrow Cafe in two minutes of gunfire. Before Bryant started shooting in the caf\u00e9, he ate lunch. Bryant went into the caf\u00e9 and began shooting. There were more than 60 people in the caf\u00e9. He then went into the gift shop and continued shooting. Two minutes later he went back to his car to escape. He continued to shoot and kill people outside in the gardens.\nBryant then took a hostage and went back to the Seascape Guest House. He killed the hostage and then set fire to the house. He finally gave himself up to the police after 18 hours. He was burned in the fire.\nBryant was found guilty of killing 35 people. He was sentenced to a life sentence for each murder. The court said he was never to be released.\nThe ruins of the caf\u00e9 are now a memorial to the people who were killed in the massacre. A square pond has been built as a place for quiet thinking. The Prime Minister of Australia, John Howard spoke at the memorial in 2006. This was to remember 10 years since the massacre."}
+{"id": "27511", "revid": "1592761", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27511", "title": "Backpacker murders", "text": "Between 1990 and 1996, a total of seven people were killed in Australia. Since all of the people were backpackers, the events are known as backpacker murders today. All of their bodies were found in Belangalo State Forest, which is close to Sydney. Ivan Milat killed all of these people.\nWhat happened.\n7 people were found in Belangalo State Forest. Five of these people were visiting Australia - three Germans and two British people. The other two were visiting Sydney from other parts of Australia. Some of these people were by themselves. Some of these people were with a friend. The 7 people were all different from each other.\nTelevision report.\nOn the TV they said that tourists were killed, but not everyone who died was a tourist. \nThe crimescene.\nThe 7 people were found all over Belangalo State Forest, which is a big area. One of them had their head chopped off. Someone had sex with some of them. Some of them had their clothes taken off. Some of them had bits of their bodies cut off and put somewhere else. Some of the bodies were by themselves. \nDeaths.\nSome of the people had been killed with a knife. Some had been killed with a gun. Some seemed to have been strangled.\nThe 7 people who died had nothing in common. People who tried to find out who did it said that there may have been more than one person who killed them. They said that they may have been a part of a gang.\nCatching Ivan Milat.\nIvan Milat (born 1944 died 2019) was an Australian man from New South Wales who lived near Belangalo State Forest. So police arrested Milat and searched his house. They found out that:\nMilat went to court, and people in court said that he did kill all of these people.\nThe mystery.\nSome people think that other people helped Milat. Some people said his brothers helped him, or a girl, or lots of other people. Police have said that there are more than 30 people that went missing that might have been killed by Milat. "}
+{"id": "27512", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27512", "title": "Death of Azaria Chamberlain", "text": "Azaria Chamberlain (11 June 1980 \u2013 disappeared on 17 August 1980) was an Australian baby who was born in Mount Isa, Queensland, and went missing in 1980 near Ayers Rock, Northern Territory, Australia. The family were camping in a tent at the base of the rock. Her mother, Lindy Chamberlain, said that she had been taken by a dingo and killed. Police said that Lindy Chamberlain had murdered the baby and had lied about the dingo. After a long trial which was reported around the world, Chamberlain was convicted of murder and sent to jail. Chamberlain kept arguing that she was innocent. On August 24, 1980 Wally Goodwin found Azaria's bloodstained jumpsuit, booties, nappy and singlet near the base of the Rock near a dingo's den, the case was reopened since the 1980s.\nAfter a long legal battle which involved three inquests, three appeals and a royal commission, she was released. In 2012, a fourth inquest found that Azaria had been taken by a dingo, and the death certificate has now been changed to show this. The inquest noted that there had been other dingo attacks in the region.\nLindy Chamberlain was released from jail on February 7 1986, but not cleared until September 15 1988, at which time Lindy and Michael (her husband) were declared innocent of all charges. She and Michael were divorced on June 27 1991. She met Rick Creighton on a speaking tour of the United States in February 1992 and married him on December 20 1992.\nAzaria in popular culture.\nThe disappearance of Azaria became one of the most argued about events in Australia. Many people thought that a dingo would be unable to kill a baby. This meant that the mother must have lied. People in Australia say \"a dingo stole my baby\" as a joke, when they think someone is lying. After a dingo killed a nine-year-old boy on Fraser Island in 2001, people have had to rethink their beliefs about dingos.\nAuthor John Bryson wrote a book about the case, called \"Evil Angels.\" This was later made into a movie called \"Evil Angels\" and starred Meryl Streep and Sam Neill. The movie was released in other countries as \"A Cry in the Dark.\"\nIn 2005, a woman called Erin Horsburgh said that she was really Azaria Chamberlain and wanted police to do a DNA test to check. But police said that the woman was lying and they did not need to check. This created interest in the media, but there was no truth to the story."}
+{"id": "27513", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27513", "title": "Murder of Peter Falconio", "text": "Peter Falconio (20 September 1972 - c. 14 July 2001) was an English tourist who went missing in Northern Territory, Australia in 2001. Falconio was last seen near a place called Barrow Creek. This is one of Australia's greatest murder mysteries. Police say that he is dead. A trial decided that Bradley John Murdoch murdered Falconio.\nStory.\nPeter Falconio and his girlfriend Joanne Lees had been fighting with each other. Lees was going to leave Falconio because she had a new boyfriend in Australia. Some people think that Lees wanted to kill Falconio because of this. Some people think that she might have asked Murdoch to kill Falconio for her.\nHistory.\nBradley John Murdoch sold drugs to people. Falconio and Lees liked to use drugs. It is thought that they knew each other, and that Falconio and Lees bought drugs from Murdoch. Falconio owed a lot of money in taxes, and he was scared. Falconio had told people that he wanted to fake his own death. Many people say they saw Falconio over a week after police say that he died. It was known that Murdoch had hurt people before this. He had once shot at some aborigines just for fun. He had told people that he thought he was being followed and was going to get rid of them. Some people think that he raped some women too.\nResult.\nThis remains a great mystery and many people have different stories as to what really happened. A movie called \"Wolf Creek\" was made that is similar to the story. It was not allowed to be shown until after the trial."}
+{"id": "27514", "revid": "888555", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27514", "title": "John Howard", "text": "John Winston Howard (born 26 July 1939) is a former Australian politician who was the 25th Prime Minister of Australia from 11 March 1996 to 3 December 2007. John Howard is the second longest serving prime minister of Australia after Robert Menzies. John Howard is a member of the Liberal Party.\nJohn Howard was a lawyer before he became a politician. He was in parliament from 1974 until 2007. From 1977 to 1983 he was the Treasurer in Malcolm Fraser's government. Malcolm Fraser lost the 1987 election to Bob Hawke. On 24 November 2007, John Howard lost to Kevin Rudd and his parliamentary seat to Maxine McKew. He became the second prime minister to lose a parliamentary seat after Stanley Bruce in 1929.\nEarly life.\nJohn Howard is the fourth son of Mona (\"nee\" Kell) and Lyall Howard. His parents were married in 1925. His eldest brother Stanley was born in 1926, followed by Walter in 1929, and Robert (Bob) in 1936. Lyall Howard was an admirer of Winston Churchill, and a sympathiser with the New Guard. Howard's ancestors were English, Scottish and Irish.\nHoward was born and raised in the Sydney suburb of Earlwood, in a Methodist family. His mother had been an office worker until her marriage. His father and his paternal grandfather, Walter Howard, were both veterans of the First AIF in World War I. They also ran two Dulwich Hill petrol stations. Howard worked there as a boy.\nHoward suffered from a hearing impairment in his youth. It ruled out the chances of him becoming a barrister as a likely career from his mind. To this day, John wears a hearing aid.\nPrime Minister (1996-2007).\nFirst term.\nOne of Howard's first initiatives was to unite the state governments of Australia to place restrictions on gun ownership in Australia. This move came after the Port Arthur Massacre in Tasmania in 1996, where 35 people were killed and a further 23 injured at the hands of a gunman. In 1998, Howard and his Treasurer, Peter Costello took a big tax reform (the GST) to the election and won.\nSecond term.\nIn 1999 John Howard's government held a referendum on whether Australia should become a republic and have a President instead of a Queen. However, John Howard did not support the referendum and urged people to vote no. The Australian Labor Party opposition led by Kim Beazley criticised John Howard's handling of the 1998 Australian Waterfront Dispute.\nIn 1999, Howard led a United Nations force into East Timor (INTERFET), to help them set up an independent democracy.\nThird term.\nAfter the September 11 attacks, John Howard was involved in world issues. He was close with George W. Bush who was the leader of the United States. George Bush called John Howard a \"key ally\". John Howard sent SAS troops to Afghanistan and Iraq to support the United States, and signed a free trade agreement with the United States. Despite this alliance, Australia remained fairly neutral on Israel and Palestine.\nLike before Howard, Australian trade with Asia got bigger while John Howard was leader. He invited the Chinese leader Hu Jintao to speak to the Australian Parliament for the first time. After the 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami, John Howard called the President of Indonesia and offered a billion dollars to help. John Howard increased immigration a lot and people came to Australia from all over the world, but he tried to stop boats of people coming without asking for visas first.\nFourth term.\nIn 2005, he made it easier for bosses to get rid of workers by introducing the controversial WorkChoices industrial legislation introduced by his Workplace Relations Minister Kevin Andrews. This upset people and the Labor Party became more popular. On 24 November 2007, Kevin Rudd won an election and John Howard stopped being Prime Minister. John Howard also lost his seat in the Parliament to the Labor Party candidate Maxine McKew, a former ABC TV journalist."}
+{"id": "27515", "revid": "824868", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27515", "title": "JFK", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27517", "revid": "1458798", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27517", "title": "Swedish language", "text": "Swedish () is a language mostly spoken in Sweden and in parts of Finland, typically along the southern and western coasts and on the \u00c5land islands. More than nine million people speak Swedish. It is similar to two of the other Scandinavian languages, Norwegian and Danish, and a person who understands one of these languages can understand the others. Other Scandinavian languages, such as Icelandic and Faroese, are less closely related and cannot be understood by Swedish speakers. Standard Swedish is spoken and written throughout Sweden, but there are some local dialects with differences in grammar and vocabulary in small towns and rural areas. \nSwedish began as a dialect of Old Norse, which was a language that everyone in Scandinavia understood during the Viking Age. Around the 12th century Swedish began to slowly become different from the other dialects. These dialects later became what we today call Norwegian, Icelandic, Faroese and Danish. Swedish is a Germanic language with some similarities to English because of the Vikings that invaded England in the 10th Century. It is even more similar to German and Dutch, partly because of the Hanseatic League of the Middle Ages, when Sweden traded very openly with Germany.\nThere are three characters in the Swedish language that are not used in English. These are \u00e5, \u00e4 and \u00f6. The letter \u00e5 is a vowel sound between [a] and [o], similar to the English word \"awe\". The letter \u00e4 is a vowel sound similar to [\u025b], like in the English word \"bed\". The letter \u00f6 is a vowel sound between [o] and [\u025b], pronounced [\u00f8\u02d0] like the \"u\" in the English word \"burn\". These characters are also used in the Finnish language, while Norwegian and Danish languages replace \u00e4 and \u00f6 with similar characters \u00e6 and \u00f8. \nSwedish also has some important differences in grammar. Definite articles are suffixed onto the end of their nouns, so \"ett hus\" (a house) becomes \"huset\" (the house). Also unlike English, Swedish uses two grammatical genders called \"Common\" and \"Neuter\". Nouns of the Common gender are sometimes called \"en words\", and many words for living (or once-living) things are \"en words\". Nouns of the Neuter gender are sometimes called \"ett words\"."}
+{"id": "27519", "revid": "373511", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27519", "title": "Walter Mikac", "text": "Walter Mikac is an Australian writer and motivational speaker.\nWalter Mikac's wife and two small children were killed at the Port Arthur massacre. He has written two books, one called \"To Have And To Hold\" and the other is called \"Circle of Life: Sustenance for the Soul\". It is about handling grief and tragedy. He helped create the Alannah and Madeline Foundation to help children who are the victims of violent crime"}
+{"id": "27520", "revid": "515", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27520", "title": "Haukivesi", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27525", "revid": "9191016", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27525", "title": "Martin Bryant", "text": "Martin Bryant (born 7 May 1967) is an Australian criminal who killed 35 people in Tasmania in 1996, in the Port Arthur massacre. He is now in prison for the most murders in Australian recorded history.\nBryant has been given a sentence of life in jail for each of the 35 murders. He is never to be released. He is held in solitary confinement (by himself) in Hobart's Risdon Prison. \nMartin Bryant is believed to have an IQ (thinking level) of an 11-year-old. Guards and doctors report that his only interest seems to be himself. He has tried to kill himself several times in prison."}
+{"id": "27526", "revid": "10494310", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27526", "title": "Rugby League", "text": " \nRugby League is a ball sport that has two teams of 13 players play against each other. The ball that is used has oval shape. The field is a rectangle 100 m long and 70 m wide. The game is played in two halves of 40 minutes each, for a total of 80 minutes. \nA try in Rugby League is scored when a player scores or touches the ball down in the in-goal area (the try line included). A try is worth 4 points, and if it is converted by the goal-kicker kicking the ball in between the goal posts, the team gets an extra 2 points. Other ways of scoring points are drop-goals, which are worth 1 or 2 points, and penalty goals, which are worth 2 points.\nRugby League is played in over 30 countries in the world, especially in Australia, England, Ireland and New Zealand. The Rugby League World Cup has been played by Australia, New Zealand, England, Ireland, France, Wales, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Scotland, United States, Italy, the Cook Islands, Lebanon, Russia and South Africa. The current world champions are Australia, who won the 2021 Rugby League World Cup."}
+{"id": "27527", "revid": "45220", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27527", "title": "Asperger's Syndrome", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27528", "revid": "1508758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27528", "title": "Dustin Hoffman", "text": "Dustin Lee Hoffman (born August 8, 1937) is an American actor. He has been in many movies.\nEarly life.\nHoffman was born in Los Angeles, California. He is the younger son of Lillian, a jazz pianist, and Harry Hoffman, who worked as a prop supervisor/set decorator at Columbia Pictures before becoming a furniture salesman. His brother, Ronald, is a lawyer and economist. Hoffman's family was Jewish, although he was not brought up religious. After he married his second wife, he started to observe Judaism more. His family was also from Yviv in what is now Ukraine. He graduated from Los Angeles High School in 1955.\nDustin Hoffman's movies.\nHoffman starred in \"Hook\", \"The Graduate\", \"Midnight Cowboy\", \"Marathon Man\", \"All the President's Men\", \"Kramer vs. Kramer\", \"Tootsie\", \"Stranger than Fiction\", \"Meet the Fockers\" and \"Rain Man\".\nPersonal life.\nIn 2013, Hoffman had successful treatment for cancer."}
+{"id": "27529", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27529", "title": "Chopper Read", "text": "Mark Brandon \"Chopper\" Read (November 17, 1954 \u2013 October 9, 2013) was an Australian mobster who was born in Melbourne, Victoria. During his criminal career in the Melbourne mafia scene, he was convicted of many crimes, including armed robbery, assault, attempted murder, arson, impersonating a police officer and kidnapping. Read retired from a life of crime and wrote a series of fiction books based on his life as a criminal.\nRead started his criminal career as a child; robbing drug dealers as a teenager. During this time he was the leader of a gang. While in prison as an adult, Read made another prisoner cut off his ears so he could leave prison where a gang wanted to have him killed. Read claims that he killed 19 people during his time as a criminal. His first book was written in 1991 while he was in prison. In 2000, a movie called Chopper was made about Read's life and based on his books, it stars Eric Bana as Read.\nRead has stated that he had attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, hepatitis C, cirrhosis and liver cancer. He died of liver cancer in Melbourne."}
+{"id": "27530", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27530", "title": "Elle McFeast", "text": "Elle McFeast was a fictional character played by Australian comedienne Libbi Gorr, who started off on a show with Andrew Denton about sport in Australia called \"Live and Sweaty\". Gorr made up her character's name to make fun of Australian model Elle Macpherson. \"McFeast\" was the name of a hamburger from McDonald's. \nMcFeast had her own show for many years in Australia. She talked about many scary things, like jails and criminals, and made fun of them. One day she interviewed Chopper Read on her show. He was so scary that she had to stop her show."}
+{"id": "27531", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27531", "title": "Elle Macpherson", "text": "Elle Macpherson (Eleanor Nancy Gow on 29 March 1964 in Killara, Australia) was an Australian supermodel and actress. She first became famous because of her advertisements for Coca-Cola where she wore a string bikini. She became a supermodel and became very famous. She is part owner of a cafe in America. She has been in a movie called \"Sirens\". Macpherson is nicknamed \"the body\" because some people say she has a perfect body.\nIn 2010, she became the host and executive producer of \"Britain & Ireland's Next Top Model\". She is currently the host and an executive producer NBC's \"Fashion Star\".\nPersonal life.\nMacpherson met Gilles Bensimon in 1984 on a photo-session for \"Elle\" magazine. They were married in May 1986, and divorced in 1989.\nMacpherson has two sons, Arpad Flynn Alexander Busson (born 14 February 1998), and Aurelius Cy Andrea Busson (born 4 February 2003). The father is her former partner, French financier Arpad Busson. \nMacpherson lives most of the time in Britain along with her two sons. She speaks fluent French and conversational Italian and Spanish.\nFrom 2010 to early 2012, Macpherson was in a relationship with property developer Jeff Soffer."}
+{"id": "27532", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27532", "title": "Andrew Denton", "text": "Andrew Christopher Denton is an Australian comedian and television presenter who likes to make fun of politics. He is famous for his comedy and interviewing technique.\nCareer.\nAndrew Denton used to have a television programme about sports in Australia called \"Live and Sweaty\". He now has a programme called \"Enough Rope\" where he interviews people about politics."}
+{"id": "27533", "revid": "18539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27533", "title": "Rene Rivkin", "text": "Rene Rivkin (June 6, 1944 \u2013 May 1, 2005) was an Australian man, born in Shanghai, who made much money by buying stocks and shares on the Australian stockmarket. Rivkin had his own television show and magazine to help people to make money. Rivkin had cheated to make money from the stock market. Rivkin became depressed. Rivkin was put in jail. He was released, and killed himself in Sydney. Before killing himself, Rivkin said on a television show called \"Enough Rope\" with Andrew Denton that if he went to jail he would kill himself. Andrew Denton has said that he is very sad about this."}
+{"id": "27534", "revid": "744335", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27534", "title": "Eric Bana", "text": "Eric Bana (born Eric Banadinovi\u0107 on 9 August 1968) is an Australian actor. He was a comedian for a long time, and he was in a show called \"The Comedy Company\". He then became a serious actor in the movie \"Chopper\" which is a biopic of criminal Chopper Read. His careerstarted with the sketch series \"Full Frontal.\" He became known for his role in the comedy drama \"The Castle\" (1997). Bana also acted in the movies \"Troy\" and \"Hulk\"."}
+{"id": "27536", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27536", "title": "African-American Vernacular English", "text": "African American Vernacular English (AAVE) is a name for the way some African-American people talk in English. Linguists named it AAVE, which is used by some non-black people. Some of the dialects' pronunciations and grammar are similar to how West African languages.\nOverview.\nAAVE first came about in the 16th and the 17th centuries. It became famous in 1996, when some educators in Oakland, California, said they wanted to use AAVE to help teach black kids. They called it Ebonics, but the term often has a negative connotation. There are many rules that govern how the sounds of AAVE are different from standard English. Some have to do with pronunciation and vocabulary, or lexicon, but most have to do with grammar, including verb tenses and sentence structure.\nHip hop.\nHip hop music has made AAVE more famous since the 1980s. Some people think it is cool and try to speak or learn it even if they are not really familiar with it. Some non-black people speak it well. AAVE is influenced by Southern American English spoken by their white slave masters.\nPhonology.\nMany features set AAVE apart from other forms of American English. McWhorter argues that what truly unites all AAVE accents is a uniquely wide-ranging intonation pattern or \"melody\", which characterizes even the most \"neutral\" or light African-American accent. Many versions of African American Vernacular English are \"non-rhotic\" engaging in r-dropping, turn the \"i\" diphthong into a monothong alike. Many multisyllabic words in AAVE differ from General American in their stress placement. For instance, police\", guitar\", and \"Detroit\" are pronounced with initial stress instead of stress on the last syllable or neutral stress."}
+{"id": "27538", "revid": "440188", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27538", "title": "60s BC", "text": "The events that happened between 60 BC and 51 BC."}
+{"id": "27542", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27542", "title": "Joe Vialls", "text": "Joe Vialls (\u00a0\u00a01944 \u2013 17 July 2005) was an Australian Internet journalist and conspiracy theorist. He was once a policeman and detective, but became a private investigator. He is most famous for writing many stories on the Internet about famous things that have happened around the world.\nOn April 17, 1984, a police woman called Yvonne Fletcher was killed while she was in London. Joe Vialls told people that he knew why she was really killed. Because of Joe Vialls, police in London spent a long time trying to find out what really happened. In the end, police agreed with Joe Vialls, and they said that they had found out what really happened because of Joe Vialls.\nIn April 1996, Joe Vialls said that he knew who had really killed people in the Port Arthur massacre, and that it was not Martin Bryant, who police said had killed people. Joe Vialls talked to Wendy Scurr who was there, and Stewart Beattie who was a gun expert, and he also talked to Martin Bryant's mother, to find out what really happened. Joe Vialls wrote a book and had many articles talking about what he thinks really happened. You can see 9 articles that Joe Vialls wrote here . Joe Vialls says that the Australian government killed people so that they could take guns away from people. This is the same story that the Australian National Rifle Association says."}
+{"id": "27545", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27545", "title": "Tatts Group Limited", "text": "Tatts Group Limited, formerly known as Tattersalls, is the name of a company in Australia that helps people to bet money. Tattersalls has made lots of money. A woman named Helen Harvey owned Tattersalls and had lots of money."}
+{"id": "27547", "revid": "656019", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27547", "title": "Tsukuba", "text": "Tsukuba is a new city in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan. It is 50\u00a0km northeast of Tokyo and 40\u00a0km from Narita International Airport.\nIt has been recognized as a special city since 2007."}
+{"id": "27548", "revid": "1666642", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27548", "title": "Narita International Airport", "text": " is a Japanese airport that is in Chiba, near Tokyo. It is one of the two primary airports in the Tokyo region.\nThe airport is east of Tokyo Station and east-southeast of Narita Station in the city of Narita in Chiba Prefecture."}
+{"id": "27549", "revid": "24306", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27549", "title": "McDonalds", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27550", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27550", "title": "Gogogoch", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27551", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27551", "title": "6 June", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27553", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27553", "title": "Elle MacFeast", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27554", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27554", "title": "Elle MacPherson", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27561", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27561", "title": "Puppies", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27563", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27563", "title": "Pup", "text": "Pup means the babies of several species of animals, such as:\nPup could also mean:"}
+{"id": "27564", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27564", "title": "Monitor", "text": "The word monitor is a Latin word for \"warner\" or \"suggester\". The many uses of the word are listed below."}
+{"id": "27568", "revid": "1174418", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27568", "title": "Chest", "text": "The chest is the front part of the torso. It is between the neck and abdomen.\nIn mammals, the parts that make up the thorax are the sternum, the thoracic vertebrae and the ribs. It starts from the neck and stops at the diaphragm. \nWomen develop breasts on the chest during puberty, while male chests generally remain flat, while gaining muscle and many men grow chest hair. However, excess fat in men can contribute to gynocomestia, which leads to breast development in men. \nIn insects and crustaceans, it is the middle of the three main body sections. The walking legs are usually on the thorax."}
+{"id": "27569", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27569", "title": "Resolution (Computer Sciences)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27574", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27574", "title": "Resolution (computer science)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27576", "revid": "731605", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27576", "title": "AAVE", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27585", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27585", "title": "Blackburn", "text": "Blackburn is a town in Lancashire, England. The town has a population of about 105,000 people.\nBlackburn is mentioned in one of the Beatles' songs. The town's football team is Blackburn Rovers F.C."}
+{"id": "27586", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27586", "title": "Springfield", "text": "Springfield can be:"}
+{"id": "27589", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27589", "title": "National Security Agency", "text": "The National Security Agency (NSA) is part of the US government and is responsible for the global monitoring, collection, and processing of information and data for domestic and foreign intelligence and counterintelligence purposes, and specializes in a discipline known as signals intelligence (SIGINT). The agency is also tasked with protecting U.S. communications networks and information systems. NSA was started in 1952, and its main office is in Maryland.\nIts stated goal is to protect the US people by"}
+{"id": "27590", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27590", "title": "Robert Pershing Wadlow", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27591", "revid": "1687190", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27591", "title": "Robert Wadlow", "text": "Robert Pershing Wadlow (February 22, 1918 \u2013 July 15, 1940) was the tallest person who ever lived.\nEarly life.\nRobert Pershing Wadlow was born to Addie Johnson and Harold Wadlow in Alton, Illinois on February 22, 1918, and was the oldest of five children. During elementary school, they had to make a special desk for him because of his size. In 1936, after graduating from Alton High School, he enrolled in Shurtleff College with the intention of studying law.\nHeight.\nRobert Wadlow was normal at birth but started growing abnormally when he was two, after a double hernia operation. He was six feet tall at age six. By the time he was 17, he was eight feet tall. Because he was so tall, he got lots of attention and became very famous, but his bones were very weak and he had to wear leg braces. In 1940, he was walking in a Fourth of July parade, when one of his braces made his ankle become infected; he died on the 15th of that month. When he died he was 8' 11.1\".\nDeath.\nWadlow died at the age of 22 in Michigan from a septic shock . Four days later, at his funeral, 40,000 people attended and it took 18 people to carry his coffin. People remember him as the \"Gentle Giant\" and there is a statue of him at the Southern Illinois University Edwardsville School of Dental Medicine. People now say Wadlow had something called gigantism, which made him so tall."}
+{"id": "27592", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27592", "title": "Code", "text": "A code is a way of changing information into something else. Sometimes this is done as a way of keeping a message secret. This is called encryption or cryptography. \nOne source gives this explanation: a code is \"a word, number or some other symbol used to represent a word, phrase or syllable in plaintext\". It is one of the earliest forms of cryptography. Contrast code with cypher, in which the individual letters are encrypted (changed).\nSometimes it is done as an easier way of sending a message. For example, when people on two different boats want to send a message, they may be too far away to shout, but they can send messages with a flag code. Another code that people use is called Morse code, which changes letters to dots and dashes, like this:\n SOS: \u00b7\u00b7\u00b7\u2212\u2212\u2212\u00b7\u00b7\u00b7\nComputers use codes, by changing letters into 1's and 0's. This method was invented for punched tape. Now the usual alphanumeric code is ASCII.\nSome people write codes as a kind of game. They think it is fun to make ciphers, and fun to break them. Breaking a code means taking it apart to understand how it works, and then you can understand messages that are written in that code. Cryptanalysis is also serious business. Nations and other organizations have been breaking each other's ciphers for many centuries.\nThe algorithm (code) for making a message secret is called the encryption algorithm. To change a secret message back a decryption algorithm is needed."}
+{"id": "27593", "revid": "1628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27593", "title": "Sergio Aragones", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27594", "revid": "1640918", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27594", "title": "Goaltender", "text": "The goaltender (also known colloquially as goalie, tendy, or netminder) in ice hockey is the player who defends his team's goal net by stopping shots of the puck from entering his team's net, thus stopping the other team from scoring. They usually stay close to the net.\nAt the very end of a game, if a team is losing by one goal, teams may take their goaltender out of the game and replace him with another player (not a goaltender). This makes it more likely that they will score a goal, however, it is also much easier for the other team to score without anybody defending the goal."}
+{"id": "27627", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27627", "title": "Wikispecies", "text": "Wikispecies is a sister project of Wikipedia, and so it is a wiki supported by the Wikimedia Foundation. It is a free directory of species that wants to make a full catalog of all living things. It tells of how \"species\" are classified into groups (taxonomy), and how those groups are similar to one another. It calls itself the \"directory of life\". \nIt is designed to be written and used by scientists. The people who write Wikispecies do not need to show their education but need to show their general understanding of the area. \nIt was started in August 2004, with biologists around the world invited to help. Now, the project has become a good directory listing the Linnaean taxonomy with links to Wikipedia articles on individual species since April 2005. The links are provided in different languages. \nThe articles in Wikispecies are all written in the Latin names, so that scientists around the world, no matter what language that use, can use the website. There is information in the article telling people what the article's living thing is called in every other language that has a common name for it. Still, Wikispecies is mostly in English; its main page is in English, and it is run in English. \nThe taxoboxes in Wikipedia come from Wikispecies, where people in Wikipedia can go to refer.\nAs of July 1, 2014, Wikispecies has over 400,000 articles."}
+{"id": "27679", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27679", "title": "Takeshima", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27709", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27709", "title": "Lopp Lagoon", "text": "Lopp Lagoon is a tidal lake on Cape Prince of Wales (the westernmost tip of the Seward Peninsula) in the U.S. state of Alaska. Many creeks empty into it, but the most water comes from the Mint River. Some salt water from the Pacific Ocean also enters the lagoon through several channels between it and the Bering Strait.\nIt was named in 1900 for William Thomas \"W.T.\" Lopp, the civilian leader of the 1897\u20138 Overland Expedition.\nHistorically, Lopp Lagoon has been an important source of food (salmon and waterfowl) for people living in the Wales, Alaska area."}
+{"id": "27710", "revid": "1000261", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27710", "title": "Welsh people", "text": "The Welsh are people from Wales, a country in the United Kingdom. Welsh people speak two languages, Welsh and English. They can also speak other languages occasionally. "}
+{"id": "27711", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27711", "title": "League of Nations", "text": " \nThe League of Nations (French: Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 des Nations) was the predecessor to the United Nations. The League was founded in 1920, after World War I, but failed to maintain peace and prevent World War II. The League had a Council of the great powers and an Assembly of all of its member countries. \nThe League of Nations was thought up by US President Woodrow Wilson during World War I. It was to be a group of nations that worked together to keep peace. One of the reasons for its downfall was that, after a vote, the US Senate refused to join. \nThe League did not have the power to enforce any of its rules. That later proved to be a fatal flaw in the League's structure. \nAnother flaw in the League was that it was not representative enough. It never had more than 65 members, and the interests of the great powers often outweighed those of weaker members. \nThe League also had no troops of its own, and the decisions that it made were often slow. For example, when the Empire of Japan invaded Manchuria (North-eastern China) in 1931, the League took a whole year to decide to tell Japan to leave. Instead, Japan left the League. When Italy invaded Abyssinia in 1935, the League condemned it more quickly. Italy simply left the League and finished its conquest. After these disasters, the League was thought to be weak and powerless and stopped operations in 1939. \nThe League did not fail completely since it had prevented a few conflicts in Europe in the 1920s and worked hard to relieve various public health and social problems around the world.\nIn 1946, the inactive League of Nations formally ended and was replaced by the United Nations, which still does many of the same things that the League of Nations did.\nUnited States.\nUS President Woodrow Wilson arranged a plan for a \"government of governments\", or an international peacekeeping force. The idea was to settle problems between nations peacefully. Wilson tried to persuade the international community that the League would discourage aggression and tackle the underlying problems that often lead to war such as poverty. Wilson was, however, unable to convince the American public to support the League. The United States did not want to be part of Wilson\u2019s approach for three reasons:\nFirst, the United States had many German Americans who hated the Treaty of Versailles for blaming Germany for the war and making it pay heavy war reparations. To join the League of Nations, a country had to agree and accept the Treaty of Versailles. The German American people did not accept the treaty.\nSecond, Americans did not want to risk more Americans dying in another European war, like in World War I. They felt that it would result in pointless actions such as sending soldiers all around the globe to sort out small disputes. That attitude was called isolationism. Most Americans felt it would be best to avoid British and other European affairs completely.\nThird, the granting of women's voting rights in the United States brought a huge new voting block, which overwhelmingly desired to turn inward. Women were even more likely than men to oppose war and to be isolationist. \nHowever, the United States joined most of the specialized agencies of the League, such as the International Postal Union.\nMembers.\n1920.\nThese countries joined League of Nations in 1920:\nUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland,\nDominion of Canada,\nCommonwealth of Australia,\nFederation of New Zealand,\nUnion of South Africa"}
+{"id": "27713", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27713", "title": "Audiolingual method", "text": "The Audiolingual Method is a method for teaching foreign languages. Linguists at the University of Michigan invented this method in the late 1950s. In the Audiolingual method, students first hear a language. Later, they speak the language, and after that, they read and write in it. This way of language teaching is similar to the Direct Method. Like the Direct Method, the Audiolingual Method does not use the students\u2019 native language. For example, if you are in an English class in Turkey, the teacher only speaks English, and no Turkish. However, unlike the Direct Method, the Audiolingual Method does not teach vocabulary. Rather, the teacher drills grammar. In the Audiolingual method, grammar is most important for the student. In other words, the student must repeat grammar patterns after the teacher. The students do not learn lots of vocabulary. This method also uses psychology. The students get a reward for speaking correctly. They get punishment if they speak incorrectly; because it is based on habit formation, which is establishesd by stimulus, response and reinforcement. It gives priority to speaking the target language, and using the native language is not allowed."}
+{"id": "27716", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27716", "title": "Montenegro", "text": "Montenegro (meaning Black Mountain) is a small country in Southeastern Europe. It is on the Adriatic Sea, between Albania (to the South) and Croatia to the North. Inland (to the East and South-East) it also has a common border with Serbia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina. For most of the 20th century it was part of Yugoslavia. It had also been independent before World War I and existed as a kingdom. Its leader is Jakov Milatovi\u0107.\nHistory.\nMontenegro was an independent country during the 20th century, but after WW1 was united to the newly created Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Montenegro was part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia from 1918 until 1941 when Nazi Germany and the Kingdom of Italy invaded it in 1941. \nIn 1945 the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes became SFR Yugoslavia (SFRY). This was the time Montenegro became the Socialist Republic of Montenegro, a federated state in Yugoslavia along with Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slovenia, and Macedonia. \nIn 1948, Josip Broz Tito ended his friendship with Stalin. Yugoslavia became neutral and founded the Non-Aligned Movement. \nIn 1991, Yugoslavia started to breakup. A country named Serbia and Montenegro was formed in 1992. Montenegro came to exist when its people decided to split from the country Serbia and Montenegro on May 21, 2006. \nMontenegro became a independent country after the Yugoslav Wars during the 1990s. \nThe national song is called \"Oj, svijetla majska zoro.\"Montenegrin Cyrillic: \"\u041e\u0458, \u0441\u0432\u0438\u0458\u0435\u0442\u043b\u0430 \u043c\u0430\u0458\u0441\u043a\u0430 \u0437\u043e\u0440\u043e.\"\"English: \"Oh, Bright Dawn of May.\"\"\nEconomy and demographics.\nThe size of the economy's GDP is $4.114 billion and it has 621,873 people in Montenegro in 2020. The traditional old capital of Montenegro is \"Cetinje\", but Podgorica is the new capital. The country adopted the Euro unilaterally as Montenegro does not have its own currency, but the adoption has raised the national debt to 57 percent of GDP in 2011. The most professed religion is Eastern Orthodoxy at 72.1% and the second most is Islam at 19.2%."}
+{"id": "27722", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27722", "title": "Solar eclipse", "text": "As seen from earth, a solar eclipse /\"ee-klips\"/ happens when the moon is directly between the earth and the sun. This makes the moon fully or partially (partly) cover the sun. Solar eclipses can only happen during a new moon. Every year there are about two solar eclipses. Sometimes there are even five solar eclipses in a year. However, only two of these can be total solar eclipses, and often a year will pass without a total eclipse.\nThe area in which an eclipse is total is only a narrow track along the earth. Totality lasts only a few minutes. Outside this path, all eclipses are partial, and places far from the track get no eclipse at all. The track can be predicted many years before it happens.\nA total solar eclipse is a natural phenomenon (event). Long ago, solar eclipses were thought to happen because of something supernatural or as a sign that something bad was going to happen. This is still believed in some cultures today. A total solar eclipse can frighten people who do not know what it means, because the sun seems to disappear during the day and the sky turns dark in just a few minutes. Other people like to go to the eclipse path for a good view while wearing special glasses.\nSolar eclipses happen somewhere on earth almost every year, and very similar solar eclipses happen every 18 years, 11.3 days. This period is called the Saros cycle.\nTypes.\nThere are four different types of solar eclipses:\nThe sun's distance from the earth is about 400 times the moon's distance, and the sun's diameter is about 400 times as big as the moon's. This is why the sun and moon seem to be about the same size from earth.\nLooking at a solar eclipse.\nLooking directly at the bright surface of the sun itself can hurt the retina of the eye greatly because of the radiation that comes from the sun. It can even blind people. The retina does not feel pain, so damage may not be felt for hours.\nThe sun is usually so bright that it is hard to look at it directly. However, when the sun is covered in an eclipse, it is easier to look at it. Looking at the sun during an eclipse is equally dangerous, except in the very short time when the sun's surface is completely covered. Looking at the sun's surface through binoculars, a telescope, or even a camera is extremely dangerous and can damage the eye in less than a second.\nLooking at the sun without an eclipse does not usually hurt the eye greatly, because the pupil of the eye closes down and makes everything darker. If the sun is almost completely covered, the pupil opens because there is not as much light. However, the parts of the Sun that can be seen are still equally bright, and can hurt the eye very much."}
+{"id": "27724", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27724", "title": "Kate Fischer", "text": "Kate Fischer (born November 30, 1973) is an Australian model and actress. She was a very famous model for a long time. She had a job working on television on a cartoon program with a puppet called \"Agro\". She was in a movie called \"Sirens\" with Elle Macpherson and Sam Neill."}
+{"id": "27726", "revid": "140746", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27726", "title": "Sam Neil", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27731", "revid": "9321555", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27731", "title": "Alton, Illinois", "text": "Alton is a city in Madison County, Illinois, in the United States. About 26,000 people lived in Alton as of the year 2020.\nPeople from the city: Miles Davis (d. 1991), jazz musician, trumpet player"}
+{"id": "27733", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27733", "title": "Armenian", "text": "Armenian may mean:"}
+{"id": "27736", "revid": "1638451", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27736", "title": "Minneapolis", "text": "Minneapolis ( ), officially the City of Minneapolis, is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Minnesota. St. Paul and Minneapolis are known as the Twin Cities. As of the 2020 census the population was 429,954. The Mississippi River runs through the city.\nEtymology.\nMinneapolis derives from the Dakota word for \"water\", \"mni,\" and the Greek word for \"city\" or \"polis.\" Thus, Minneapolis means \"City of Waters.\" A nearby city called St. Anthony then joined with Minneapolis. The first mayor was Dorilus Morrison.\nHistory.\nThe American Indians first lived in Minneapolis around Lake Calhoun and St. Anthony Falls waterfall. They are called the Dakota. They thought St. Anthony Falls was a spiritual place. Dakota hunted, fished, and planted food. The United States wanted the land in 1803 and bought it with the Louisiana Purchase. The army built Fort Snelling. Soon, people from the East Coast came to Minneapolis. They used the waterfall for their flour mills. They named the new city Minneapolis.\nLand and weather.\nMinneapolis is flat near the river and hilly away from it. The weather is like many places in America with hot summers and cold winters. The winter is very long, very cold, and there is a rainy but short spring. The summer, on the contrary, is humid, meaning a lot of water is in the air. Mosquitos are also common in the city.\nPeople.\nMinneapolis residents are sometimes known as \"Minnesota Nice.\" That means that they are generally more polite than other people. Most residents of Minneapolis live in houses and apartments, and some now live in tall buildings like condos. Kids and parents work and play in the city. Many different people make up what is Minneapolis today. After the Dakota Indians were people from Britain, French Canada, and Spanish Mexico. They were followed by Scandinavians from Norway, Denmark, and Sweden. Soon people from almost all parts of the world started arriving including Eastern Europe, Russia, and Asia. Today there are people from East Africa (Somali) and Southeast Asia (Hmong). Once, Minneapolis was even larger than it is today with 520,000 people. Later, many people moved away to the suburbs.\nWork and Shopping.\nNumerous large companies are located Downtown in skyscrapers. These include lawyers, doctors and bankers. They work near Nicollet Mall where there are restaurants and shops. Minneapolis also has neighborhoods. People there work in small stores too, like barber shops, grocery stores, hardware stores, and coffee shops. Internet is widely available in Minneapolis.\nTheater and Art.\nThere are lots of art and shows in the city. The biggest theater is the Guthrie Theater, and the Children's Theatre Company puts on productions directed at younger audiences. There are also art museums, such as the Minneapolis Institute of Arts and the Walker Art Center.\nTransportation.\nTransportation in Minneapolis is mostly handled by Metro Transit. Metro Transit handles transportation in common areas like Minneapolis, Saint Paul, and Bloomington. Metro Transit has busses and trains. Door to door is also offered for disabled or elderly riders.\nSports.\nMinneapolis hosts lots of sport teams for the state. The Minnesota Vikings play at US Bank Stadium. The Minnesota Twins play in Target Field. The Minnesota Timberwolves play in Target Center."}
+{"id": "27737", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27737", "title": "St. Louis", "text": "St. Louis is a large and major city in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is by the Mississippi River. It was founded by the French. It was named after King Louis IX of France, who is also a Saint. It is often called the \"Gateway City\" because it was important to settlers traveling out west. Its most famous landmark is the Gateway Arch, which is conveniently located next the Busch Stadium ballpark. \nClimate.\nSt. Louis has a hot-summer continental climate (\"Dfa\" in the K\u00f6ppen climate classification) and experiences four distinct seasons. Summers are often hot and humid with temperatures in July between 70 and 90 degrees. The city is known to have quite variable weather, with temperatures in May ranging from 50 to 90 within a week. \nCuisine.\nSt. Louis is famous for a number of dishes made local such as toasted ravioli and pork steaks. Additionally, gooey butter cake is a dessert which is highly appreciated. \nSports.\nSt. Louis has three major sports teams, all of which play in the downtown area: The St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball, the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League, and the of the Major Soccer League. St. Louis had a National Football League team from 1995 to 2015, named the St. Louis Rams, which moved back to Los Angeles, California after that season. \nEducation.\nThere are many colleges and universities in and around St. Louis. Some of these are Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis University, Fontbonne University, and Lindenwood University.\nReferences.\nhttp://www.rssweather.com/climate/Missouri/St.%20Louis/ "}
+{"id": "27738", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27738", "title": "Albert Coady Wedemeyer", "text": "General Albert Coady Wedemeyer (1897\u20131989) was an American army officer during World War II.\nWedemeyer was born in Omaha, Nebraska on July 9, 1897. He studied at the United States Military Academy in West Point and graduated in 1919. After the start of World War II, he was made a temporary Lieutenant Colonel in 1941. Between 1941 and 1943, he served as a staff officer in the war-plans division of the U.S. War Department. He was the chief author of the 1941 Victory Program which advocated the defeat of the German armies in Europe. When the U.S. entered the war this plan was adopted and expanded. He helped plan the invasion of Normandy.\nIn 1943, Wedemeyer was made Chief of Staff to Lord Mountbatten, the supreme Allied commander of the South East Asia Command (SEAC) in the Southeast Asian Theatre.\nBetween 1944 and 1946, he was Chief of staff to General Chiang Kai-shek and commander of U.S. forces in China under the command SEAC. The China Burma India Theatre assigned to Joseph Stilwell was split in two with command of the Burma\u2013India theatre going to General Daniel Sultan. Wedemeyer had been commander of the U.S. China Theatre (USFCT) in 1944\u20131945. He had an intimate knowledge of the Allied airlift from India over the Himalayas into China. This airlift was both to supply the Nationalist Chinese Army and the U.S. Twentieth Air Force engaged on Operation Matterhorn.\nIn 1948, as the Army Chief of Plans and Operations, Wedemeyer supported Lucius D. Clay's intention to create an airbridge during the Berlin Crisis. His expertise in this area was considerable as he had been U.S. Army theater commander in China during World War II and had been supplied by air over the mountains from India by army transport planes. This earlier operation had been commanded by Lieutenant General William H. Tunner, who was later named to head the Berlin Airlift operation.\nWedemeyer retired in 1951. He was promoted to general in 1954. He died December 17, 1989 in Fort Belvoir, Virginia. His son Albert Dunbar Wedemeyer was a captain in the U.S. army and a Central Intelligence Agency operative."}
+{"id": "27739", "revid": "586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27739", "title": "William H. Tunner", "text": "Lt. General William H. Tunner (July 14, 1906 - April 6, 1983) was an American general.\nAfter the Burma Road was cut by the advancing Japanese in early 1942, he organized the Allied logisitical airlift from India in to China over the Hump which was to support Chiang Kai-Shek's Chinese forces and the Flying Tigers until the opening of the Ledo Road. He was the organizer of the Berlin Airlift (1948-49). He was played by Heino Ferch in the film \"Nur der Himmel war frei\" (2005)"}
+{"id": "27740", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27740", "title": "Sarasota, Florida", "text": "Sarasota is a city on the West coast of Florida, in the United States. It is the place where the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus has its home. In 2020, 54,842 people lived there (US. Census 2020). Many famous people have lived in the city, such as: Tom Cruise (actor), Brian Johnson (band singer), and Paul Reubens (the actor, \"Pee-wee Herman\")."}
+{"id": "27741", "revid": "8984270", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27741", "title": "Pee-wee Herman", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27742", "revid": "1503656", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27742", "title": "Paul Reubens", "text": "Paul Reubens (born Paul Rubenfeld; August 27, 1952 \u2013 July 30, 2023) was a Jewish American actor, writer, movie producer, game show host, and comedian, best known for portraying Pee-wee Herman. He was of Jewish descent. He appeared in many movies and television series in the late 1970s and early 1980s and worked with a group called \"The Groundlings\". Around this time, Reubens created Pee-Wee for a stage show, which was a parody of old kids programs. In 1985, he starred in a movie called \"Pee-wee's Big Adventure\", which was very successful. The next year, he got his own television program, \"Pee-wee's Playhouse\". It was very popular.\nEarly life.\nHe was born in Peekskill, New York and grew up in Sarasota, Florida.\nPersonal life.\nIn 1991, Reubens was arrested for masturbating in an adult movie theatre. This ended the Pee-Wee craze. \nIn 2010, he had the main role in a play on Broadway, in \"The Pee-wee Herman Show\". In 2016, Reubens co-wrote and had the main role in the Netflix original film \"Pee-wee's Big Holiday\", in the role as Pee-wee Herman.\nDeath.\nReubens died from cancer at age 70 on July 30, 2023 at the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. The cause of death was respiratory failure caused by acute myeloid leukemia and lung cancer. His remains were cremated and are buried at Hollywood Forever Cemetery."}
+{"id": "27743", "revid": "844779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27743", "title": "Peekskill, New York", "text": "Peekskill is a city in the U.S. state of New York. It is the birthplace of New York Governor, George Pataki. Other famous people born there include Paul Reubens and Mel Gibson."}
+{"id": "27749", "revid": "1628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27749", "title": "Gaming", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27750", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27750", "title": "Ma\u0142kinia G\u00f3rna", "text": "Ma\u0142kinia G\u00f3rna is a village in Ma\u0142kinia Dolna Community, Ostrowian County (head town of the county: Ostr\u00f3w Mazowiecka), Masovian Voivodeship, Poland. There is probably the greatest village in Europe (by population) and one of the greatest places without town status."}
+{"id": "27754", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27754", "title": "John C. Calhoun", "text": "John Caldwell Calhoun (March 18, 1782 \u2013 March 31, 1850) was an American politician who was the vice president of the United States for John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson. Calhoun was the vice president under two different presidents; the only other to do so was George Clinton. Calhoun's father was an Irish immigrant.\nCalhoun was member of the House of Representatives and later the Senate from South Carolina. Calhoun, a slaveowner, strongly supported slavery and called it \"a positive good\" in a Senate speech in 1837.\nCalhoun is probably best remembered for his strong support for slavery and nullification, which says any state has the right to reject a federal law if it is unconstitutional. President Jackson opposed nullification, and the disagreement started a feud between them. Calhoun was the first vice president in American history to resign from office, on December 28, 1832.\nFrom 1844 to 1845, he became Secretary of State. He then returned to the Senate and represented his state until he died."}
+{"id": "27755", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27755", "title": "Pelvis", "text": "The pelvis (plural: \"pelves\") is the part of the vertebrate body to which the legs attach. It has a very ancient history. This article is only about the human pelvis.\nPelvis can mean the lower part of the trunk of the human body, between the abdomen and the thighs. Or it can mean just the bones in that region.\nThe pelvis is at the lower end of the spine. The pelvic skeleton is, at the back, the sacrum and the coccyx. At the front and to the left and right sides, there is a pair of hip bones. The legs are attached at the pelvis.\nThe pelvis protects the organs used for digesting and for reproduction. It has many muscles attached. The muscles are mostly to do with keeping the body upright and with walking and running. Muscles attach to the bones with tendons. The bones of the pelvis are attached to each other by and to the sacrum by ligaments.\nThe pelvis bones are symmetrical, the same on both sides.\n1. The hip bone made of: \n2. The sacrum\n3. The coccyx\nDifferences between the two sexes.\nMale and female human pelves are different. The female pelvis is wider and more shallow than the male pelvis. There is not much difference in young children before puberty. After puberty, the female pelvis is significantly larger than in males. \nThe function of this change is to make the female pelvis able to function in childbirth, when the foetus is born through the pelvis. The space is called the 'birth canal'. There are many variations between one female and another in the structure of the pelvis. These differences have been studied in detail. These days by using ultrasound, the pelvis of pregnant women can be assessed to see if natural birth is likely to go ahead with no problems. The study is part of the medical speciality known as obstetrics."}
+{"id": "27760", "revid": "551548", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27760", "title": "Cyprus Mail", "text": "The Cyprus Mail is a newspaper written in English based in Cyprus. It is made every day, except Monday. Some of its news can be found on its website."}
+{"id": "27761", "revid": "1375598", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27761", "title": "Collision", "text": "A collision occurs when two objects come in contact with each other. All collisions have the same momentum before and after a collision. of collisions include car crashes, bouncing a ball, and playing pool. Collisions are made from two smaller sections called elastic and inelastic collisions. \nElastic Collisions.\nIn the case of playing pool or bouncing a ball, an elastic collision occurs. An elastic collision generally occurs when an elastic or hard object experiences a collision that bounces off another elastic or hard object, where the kinetic energy and momentum are the same before and after the collision. In an experiment, a small amount of energy will still be lost because of the friction between the surface and the objects.\nInelastic Collisions.\nIn the case of a car crash, an inelastic collision occurs. An inelastic collision generally occurs when a soft object experiences a collision that does not result in a bounce. Kinetic energy is lost during this type of collision because the energy is transformed into other forces. The momentum is the same before and after the collision.\nTwo Dimensional Collisions.\nIn the case of a two dimensional collision, the rules in elastic and inelastic collision are still the same, but vectors are used to find the momentum before or after a collision.\nSources.\nDuncan, Tom. \"Advanced Physics for Hong Kong: Volume 1 Mechanics & Electricity\". John Murray Ltd, 1995.\nWai, Loo Kwok. \"Longman A-Level Course in Physics: Volume 1\". Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd, 2003."}
+{"id": "27762", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27762", "title": "Belgrade", "text": "Belgrade is the capital city of the country of Serbia. Before the wars of the 1990s, it was the capital of Yugoslavia from 1918 to 1992 after the Kingdom of Serbia collapsed in 1918 along with Austria-Hungary after World War 1.\nBelgrade is also one of the most popular travel destinations in Southeastern Europe. It is famous for a very busy nightlife and a lot of entertainment activities.\nThe main tourist attractions in Belgrade are:\nHistory.\nThe first settlements on the city's territory date back to Vin\u010da cutlure. The city itself (under the name Singidunum) was founded by the Celtic Scordis tribe in the 3rd century BC. Then it was owned by the Romans, Byzantines, Avars, Slavs, etc. In 878 it was first mentioned as Belgrade. In 1403 it became the Serbian capital. In 1521, the city was conquered by the troops of the Ottoman Empire. In 1815 it again became the capital of Serbia. From 1918 to 2003 it was the capital of Yugoslavia. In 2003-2006, Belgrade was the unofficial capital of the confederal union of the two states of Serbia and Montenegro."}
+{"id": "27763", "revid": "4608408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27763", "title": "Puncknowle", "text": "Puncknowle is a village in Southwest Dorset, England, United Kingdom. In 2001, 491 people lived in it."}
+{"id": "27764", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27764", "title": "Netminder", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27765", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27765", "title": "Goalie", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27775", "revid": "8961886", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27775", "title": "Hydrogen economy", "text": "A hydrogen economy is a hypothetical future economy in which the primary energy used for automobiles and other vehicles as well as creating electricity comes from hydrogen and renewable energy sources, like windmills and solar panel. \nPurpose.\nThe reason to use this is to replace the use of petroleum. It would also stop the use of fossil fuels which causes carbon dioxide along with many other greenhouse gases, such as carbon monoxide and methane, to be created. These float up into the atmosphere, damaging it. This is bad for the ecology."}
+{"id": "27783", "revid": "10486957", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27783", "title": "Brachiosaurus", "text": "Brachiosaurus (meaning \"Arm lizard\") was a herbivorous dinosaur genus that lived in the Upper Jurassic period. The name comes from the fact that the Brachiosaur's front legs were longer than its back legs. Most other dinosaurs had back legs that were longer than their front legs or arms. \"Brachiosaurus\" was about 25 m (82 feet) long and 13-18 meters (42-60 feet) tall. It was one of the biggest dinosaurs.\nBrachiosaurus was a sauropod. Its fossils were found in North America and Asia. At full stretch, Brachiosaurus could reach heights of up to 16 meters (52 feet). The \"Brachiosaurus\" skeleton in the Humboldt Museum in Berlin, Germany is both the tallest and largest complete sauropod skeleton. This means that it is also the tallest and largest complete dinosaur skeleton."}
+{"id": "27788", "revid": "1320268", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27788", "title": "Barnacle", "text": "A barnacle is a cirripede, a kind of crustacean. It is covered with hard plates of calcium carbonate, and lives stuck to hard surfaces.\nIt does not look like a crustacean, and for many centuries it was thought to be a mollusc. In the 1830s, J.V. Thompson found their larvae, and followed their development through to their adult form. They have a nauplius larva, typical of crustaeans. Later Charles Darwin, who spent eight years working on barnacles, found that Thompson had been right.\nBarnacles grow on hard surfaces like piers, boats, rocks, and on other animals such as turtles and whales. Barnacles are a different group from crabs and shrimps. They are considered a nuisance to the shipping industry and private boat owners.\nLife-style.\nBarnacles are suspension feeders, sweeping small food into their mouth with their curved 'feet'. They are cemented to rock (usually), and covered with hard calcareous plates, which they shut firmly when the tide goes out. The barnacles reproduce sexually, and produce little nauplius larvae which disperse in the plankton. Eventually, the larvae change into cypris form, and attach on other hard surfaces to form new barnacles. Their comparative anatomy was worked out in detail by Charles Darwin.\nReproduction.\nBarnacles have the largest penis to body size ratio of the animal kingdom. A few forms have become fully parasitic on larger crustacea.\nBarnacles are by far the commonest animals on rocky sea shores. Their numbers on a shore in the Isle of Man have been estimated as a thousand million (109), and they produce body material of 12 hundrededweight (~600\u00a0kg) of tissue, weighed after drying. Each year they let go a huge number of larvae, estimated as a million million (1012).p110\nDarwin's work.\nDarwin set his work out in four parts: There were the barnacles on stalks (pedunculated), and those that sat on hard substrate (the sessile barnacles). Each of these was divided into living and fossil barnacles."}
+{"id": "27789", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27789", "title": "International organization", "text": "An international organization is an organization, active in more than one country. These organizations can not command countries and citizens in a way a government can. Many are intergovernmental organizations meaning that rather than having people as members, they have individual countries as members. They make rules that the different governments follow. The United Nations is such an organization. \nSome International organizations operate in many countries but do not have governments as members. The Red Cross is that kind of organization. "}
+{"id": "27796", "revid": "1231154", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27796", "title": "Weapon of mass destruction", "text": "Weapons of mass destruction are weapons that can cause a lot of damage to many people. In general, people see the following as weapons of mass destruction:"}
+{"id": "27811", "revid": "1476056", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27811", "title": "Port Arthur, Tasmania", "text": "Port Arthur is a small town on the Tasman Peninsula, in Tasmania, Australia. It is about 80 km south east of the state capital, Hobart. It was settled as a penal colony (a very large prison for convicts). Port Arthur is now one of Australia's most important historic areas. In 2010 it was included on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites as one of the Australian Convict Sites. It is officially Tasmania's top tourist attraction. In 1996 the worst mass murder in Australian history took place here.\nAt the 2006 census, Port Arthur and the local area had a population of 499.\nHistory.\nAustralia's largest penal colony.\nPort Arthur was named after Van Diemen's Land lieutenant governor George Arthur. It started as a place to cut down timber from the forests in 1830. It is best known for being a penal colony. From 1833, until 1853, criminals from United Kingdom and Ireland were sent to Port Arthur as convicts. The prisoners were kept busy ship with jobs including building the prison, shoemaking, smithing, timber and brick making. In the 1840s there were more than 1100 prisoners. In 1842 the prisoners built a hospital and a big flour mill and grain store. At the time it was built, it was the biggest building in Australia. This was later turned into a cell block. After 1853 convicts from other prisons in Australia were sent to Port Arthur if they did more crimes, or would not behave properly.\nIn 1864 they started building the Asylum to hold the prisoners who had become insane. During the 1860s and 1870s the prisoners left at the prison were either too old, too sick, or insane to keep working. The prison closed in 1877.\nFor many years, researchers could not work out whether or not the fossils discovered at Port Arthur were remnants of the dinosaur era.\nThe Separate Prison.\nPort Arthur has the best example of a \"Separate Prison\" system. This system was started at Pentonville prison in London. The Separate Prison (sometimes called the Model Prison) was started in 1848, finished in 1853 and made bigger in 1855. It has 80 prison cells built in the shape of a cross. In the centre is a hall and a chapel. There are exercise yards built between the arms of the cross. The Separate system was a change in the way that prisoners were treated. Instead of physical punishment the system used psychological (mind) punishment. It was thought that physical punishment, such as whippings, only made prisoners worse. It did not turn bad people into good people. In the Separate prison they used the \"Silent System\". Prisoners wore a hood over their heads. They were not allowed to talk or make any noise. The guards wore special shoes and walked on mats so they wouldn't make any noise. Even in the chapel, each prisoner was kept in a separate wooden box where they could only see the altar. The prisoners were supposed to use the quiet time to think about the bad things they had done. Port Arthur was seen as the best prison in Australia.\nAn Inescapable Prison.\nPort Arthur was a natural prison. It is on the Tasman Peninsula which is almost completely surrounded by the sea. It is joined to the rest of Tasmania by a small narrow piece of land about 30 metres wide. This is called Eaglehawk Neck. The Neck had a fence, prison guards, and savage dogs to stop prisoners from leaving. There was no contact between visiting seamen and prisoners. Ships had to give the guards their sails and oars when they arrived to stop people leaving without permission. A semaphore message system was also set up between Port Arthur and Hobart. Messages could be sent in just 15 minutes.\nEscape from Port Arthur was said to be impossible, like Alcatraz Island in the United States. Some prisoners did try to escape. One prisoner, George \"Billy\" Hunt, covered himself with a kangaroo skin and tried to get across the Neck. The hungry guards on duty tried to shoot him to make an extra meal. When he saw them pointing their guns, Hunt gave himself up. He was whipped 150 times. Bushranger Martin Cash successfully escaped along with two others.\nThe Boys' Prison.\nThe British Empire's first boys' prison was built on Point Puer, 3 km across Opossum Bay from Port Arthur. Puer is the Latin word for boy. It was for young boys, some as young as 9, like James Lynch, arrested for stealing toys. The boys were kept away from the main convict area. About 3,500 boys were sent to Point Puer. Like the adults, the boys were given hard work such as stone cutting and building. There was also a school run by 2 ex-convicts. One prisoner was James Gavagan. When he was 11 he stole some umbrellas. He was sent to Tasmania for 7 years. He arrived at Point Puer in 1835. When he turned 17, he was sent to the main prison at Port Arthur. He was released in March 1842. There is only a few stones left to mark the site of the boys' prison. Point Puer Excavation \nThe Church.\nThe convicts built one of Australia's first non-denominational churches, built in a gothic style. All prisoners had to go to the church every Sunday. People who did not like the new prison system said that this did not seem to make the prisoners into good people.\nIsle of the Dead.\nPort Arthur was seen as a much better prison, and would make the convicts better people. But life at Port Arthur was just as hard and brutal as other penal colonies. Some critics might even say that its use of psychological punishment, together with no hope of escape, made it one of the worst. Some stories say that prisoners would murder others to escape the prison. Murder would be punished by death. Isle of the Dead is a small island in the bay near Port Arthur. Everyone who died at the penal colony was buried on the island. There are 1646 graves on the island, but only 180, mainly those of prison staff, have a headstone.\nConvict Railway.\nThe first railway in Australia was a human powered railway at Port Arthur. The railway was built in 1836. The line ran from the beach at Taranna, Tasmania for 7 kms to Port Arthur. It carried both people and supplies. It meant that ships from Hobart could unload in the calm water and not have to travel right around Cape Raoul to Port Arthur through rough seas. The carriage was pushed along the tracks by 4 convicts. Very little sign of the railway has survived. The State Library of Victoria has a drawing of the convict railway. \nConvicts to Tourists.\nWhen the penal colony closed in 1877 the area was renamed \"Carnavon\". During the 1880s the was sold and a small town was started. Many buildings were pulled down and the bricks sent to make new buildings in Hobart. Fires burned the area in 1895 and 1897 and ruined many of the old prison buildings. Some buildings were changed for the new town to make a post office and town hall.\nTourism started as soon as the prison closed. This brought money into the new town. Some of the old convicts gave guided tours of the prison. In 1927 tourism had grown so much the area's name was changed back to Port Arthur. 1916 saw the start of the Scenery Preservation Board (SPB) which looked after the Port Arthur site. By the 1970s the National Parks and Wildlife Service took over the site.\nIn 1979 the government gave money to protect the site as a tourist area, because of its historical importance. The post office and town hall of Port Arthur were moved to nearby Nubeena. Several grand sandstone buildings, built by convicts were cleaned up. These buildings include the Separate Prison, the Round Tower, the church, and the remains of the main prison building. The buildings are surrounded by green grass.\nThe mass graves on The Island of the Dead also attract visitors. The air about the small bush-covered island is described as being sad and peaceful by visitors.\nTourists can either walk around the area themselves, or go on a guided tours. There are also late night \"ghost tours\". There is a museum, with written records, tools, clothing and other interesting things from convict times.\nSince 1987 the site has been managed by the Port Arthur Historic Site Management Authority, paid for by the Tasmanian Government.\nMassacre.\nOn 28 April 1996, Martin Bryant killed 35 people and hurt 37 others at Port Arthur. He was captured by the police. This is now called the Port Arthur massacre. This led to a national ban on semi-automatic shotguns and rifles. It also made a link between the Port Arthur and Dunblane, a Scottish town which also had a shooting that year."}
+{"id": "27821", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27821", "title": "Weapons of Mass Destruction", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27859", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27859", "title": "Odysseus", "text": "In Greek mythology, Odysseus was the great-grandson of the Greek god Hermes. He was the king of the island Ithaca. He was married to Penelope. Odysseus and Penelope had a son called Telemachos. Odysseus is a major character in Homer's \"Iliad\" and \"Odyssey\".\nOdysseus fought in the Trojan War. He invented the Trojan Horse, which helped the Greeks win the war. After the war, his adventurous journey home took 10 years. The story of that journey is told in the \"Odyssey\". Odysseus angered Poseidon, the god of seas, when he half blinded his cyclops son Polyphemos. In anger, Poseidon stopped him from leaving the island. The Latin name for Odysseus is \"Ulysses\".\nThere have been many movies about Odysseus, because of his heroic and intelligent battle strategies."}
+{"id": "27860", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27860", "title": "Cast iron", "text": "Cast iron is an alloy of iron. The term is usually used for grey cast iron. There are two main types of cast iron: \"grey cast iron\" and \"white cast iron\". The differences between the two are mainly based on the amount of silicon in the alloy. All cast iron has about 95% iron in it. Grey cast iron has 3% silicon and 2% carbon. White cast iron has less silicon.\nThe silicon in grey cast iron causes the carbon to change into graphite. This causes it to have a dark grey or almost black color. With less silicon, the carbon in white cast iron changes to cementite or \"iron carbide\" (Fe3C). This causes white fractures to form on the surface and give white cast iron the name.\nGrey cast iron is very good at conducting heat. Because of this, it is often used to make cookware. "}
+{"id": "27867", "revid": "2193", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27867", "title": "Codes", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27868", "revid": "593910", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27868", "title": "Incest", "text": "Incest means sexual intercourse between people who are closely related. Usually, this means members of the same family. In many societies, it is forbidden by law and religion. Which relatives it is forbidden to have sex with depends on the law, religion and culture.\nIncest is now regarded as bad for the genetic health of the offspring, and it is often forbidden by present-day religions and laws. The fundamental reason has to do with genetics. Incestual societies will have a high rate of birth defects, significant enough for it to be noticed even when little was known about the cause. To some extent this is a surmise, because ancient societies had no knowledge of genetics as such. But they must have noticed some connection between birth defects and the relationship between parents. We think this because widespread bans on closely related persons marrying came long before the understanding of modern genetics.\nIn history (as far as we know it) there were societies which allowed incestual marriages and individual acts of incest. Famously, the ancient Egyptian royal family practised incest, though not exclusively. It is thought that the frequency of early non-trauma deaths (such as Tutankhamun) was due to the effect of incest. We do know that incest was practised in their royal family. Cleopatra was married to her brothers, Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy XIV. Roman records show that marriages between close siblings were common in Ancient Egypt.\nSo, if pregnancy is a risk, there is a reason based on health. Children that result from incest between blood relatives are more likely to have birth defects.\nTerminology and scope.\nThe exact definition of the incest relationship varies. In some societies it is immediate relations, such as parents and their children; or brothers and sisters of the same parents. It sometimes includes extended family like aunts, nephews, nieces and uncles. That way, intercourse between cousins is legally permitted in the large majority of the world, but is disliked in many countries. In some U.S. states, such as Texas, the legal definition of incest includes first cousins, but not second cousins. A person who engages in incest may be called an \"incestophile\" or \"incestualist\".\nOther societies define it much more widely, to include all \"blood relatives\", or all who live in the same household, or belong to the same clan. Some religions say that sex between people related by marriage is incest. For example, the Old Testament forbids sex between siblings-in-law. In South Africa, sex between a parent-in-law and child-in-law is illegal.\nTypes.\nThere are different types of incest:\nThe term is often used to apply to less serious sexual relationships between related people. It is difficult to say how frequent incest is, but researchers have estimated that between 10% and 15% of people have at least one \"incest experience\" (this means some kind of sexual relationship falling short of actual incest). Less than 2% of these involve intercourse or attempted intercourse. Among women, research by Russell (1986) and Wyatt (1985) has given estimates as high as twenty percent (for such 'incest experience'). In a survey of women in San Francisco, of those who had grown up with a stepfather, 17% (1 in 6) said that he sexually abused her. In the same study, 2.5% (1 in 40) of the women said that they had been sexually abused by their father.\nSummary.\nMost societies have some form of incest avoidance.\nThe incest taboo is and has been one of the most common of all cultural taboos, both in current nations and many past societies, with legal penalties imposed in some jurisdictions. Most modern societies have legal or social restrictions on closely consanguineous marriages. However, in some societies, such as that of Ancient Egypt, brother\u2013sister, father\u2013daughter, and mother\u2013son relations were practiced among royalty.\nInbreeding.\nMany royal houses have suffered inbreeding. This is caused in most cases by apparently natural marriages between persons who are actually closely related. Cases have appeared which are explained, and sometimes even proved, as being dues to inbreeding. The classic examples are the European royal houses (see Habsburg) and the Egyptian pharaohs."}
+{"id": "27875", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27875", "title": "The Canterbury Tales", "text": "The Canterbury Tales is a collection of stories written by Geoffrey Chaucer. It was written in the 14th century. It was one of the first books of Middle English literature. The book is about a group of pilgrims travelling from London to the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket in the city of Canterbury. The thirty characters involved meet at the Tabard Inn in London. Before they start their journey, they agree on a challenge: to pass the time, each of them will tell two stories on the way to Canterbury and two stories on the way back. However, Chaucer only managed to write 23 stories (one was partially finished): two of the stories are written in prose, while the others are written in verse. \nBackground.\nCanterbury Cathedral.\n\"The Canterbury Tales\" is about a group of pilgrims. They are travelling to one of the most important important sacred sites of their time: the shrine of Saint Thomas Becket. In the Middle Ages, many Christian people went on pilgrimages to Jerusalem, Rome, Santiago de Compostela and Canterbury.\nThomas Becket had been the Archbishop of Canterbury in the 1100s. He had an argument with his old friend, King Henry II, and in 1170 he was murdered by some of the King's knights on order from the King. The King felt very sad and guilty. He had a magnificent tomb built for his old friend.\nPeople began to visit the tomb. Soon, some people said that Thomas Becket was a saint, and that his bones could work miracles. He is regarded as a martyr for the Christian faith and as a saint by both the Roman Catholic and Anglican churches. In the late Middle Ages his shrine made Canterbury one of the four most important pilgrimage places in Europe.\nPilgrims.\nMany pilgrims used to meet together in London. \"The Canterbury Tales\" tells of the meeting of a group at an inn in Southwark, which was a village south of the Thames River and now making up part of London. This was a good place to meet because people from the north could cross the Thames River by London Bridge.\nCanterbury is in the south-east of England. Pilgrims used to gather in groups because it was dangerous to travel alone. In the days before modern banking, every traveller had to carry a lot of money to pay for food and accommodation (a place to sleep). Robbers often attacked people along the roads.\nWhen pilgrims gathered in a group, the group could be made up of many different kinds of people, both rich and poor, noble and humble. The groups often contained a number of religious people such as priests, monks and nuns. In Chaucer's story, the most noble person is a knight.\nThe tales.\n\"The Canterbury Tales\" begins with a Prologue (which means \"a few words to begin\"). In the prologue Chaucer describes the time of year, which is April, when the weather begins to get warmer after winter. He says that it is at this time that people begin to go on pilgrimage. Chaucer tells the reader about the people who are gathered at the inn. He describes the people so clearly that many of them have become famous characters in English literature, and have often been shown in paintings. Chaucer describes how each person tells a story to entertain the other as they travel along.\nThe Tales are:\nSome of the tales (stories) are serious and others are funny. Some of the funny stories are vulgar (sexually rude). A lot of the tales talk about the Christian faith. Sometimes the \"theme\" (main idea) of one story is followed into the next story, as a new story-teller responds to (or answers) a story they have just heard. All of the tales are about the way that people think and behave towards each other.\nAbout \"The Canterbury Tales\".\n\"The Canterbury Tales\" is written in the type of English that most ordinary people used in Chaucer's day. Chaucer was one of the first authors (writers) who wrote stories in English. Before, stories were written in Latin or French. Some other writers of Chaucer's time also wrote in English. Some of these writers were John Gower, William Langland, and the Pearl Poet.\nChaucer planned the stories before he wrote them but he did not finish his plan. He planned that each character would tell four stories: two while going to Canterbury and two while returning to London. If Chaucer had finished, he would have written 120 stories. He only actually wrote 24. Chaucer began to write the stories in the 1380s. He stopped writing them in the 1390s. Some think that he deliberately did not write the total 120 stories.\nChaucer was an important person in the royal court. Some people think that, in the stories, Chaucer was saying things about court politics. Some people think that Chaucer based his characters on people that he really knew and who were at the royal court.\nSome people think that Chaucer copied ideas from other peoples\u2019 writings because some of the stories in \"The Canterbury Tales\" are very similar to them. The characters, however, are very different. The characters have different occupations and personalities. They all tell different types of stories and they tell them in different ways. The big story is about many pilgrims traveling to Canterbury. They are riding horses and the trip takes several days. Chaucer does not say much about the big story and most of the writing is about the stories told by the pilgrims.\nThe two earliest manuscripts (hand-written copies) of \"The Canterbury Tales\" are the Hengwrt manuscript and the Ellesmere manuscript. There are also 84 manuscript and four printed copies of \"The Canterbury Tales\" that were made before 1500. There are quite a lot of differences in the different copies. Some experts on Chaucer have started The \"Canterbury Tales Project\". The project is to read all these copies of \"The Canterbury Tales\", find out the differences and write the most accurate copy.\nGallery of the Pilgrims.\nWith the exception of the Innkeeper/host Harry Bailey, the various manuscripts of The Canterbury Tales had various drawings of each of the Pilgrims who told a tale; other Pilgrims mentioned who did not tell a tale or who were illustrated were the knight's yeoman, a haberdasher, a carpenter, a weaver, a dyer, a tapestry weaver; a plowman. The original intent was that each pilgrim was to tell two tales on the way to Canterbury and two on the way back for a free meal; that would have been an estimated 120 tales, instead of the 23 in the book. Indeed, the only Pilgrim who tells two tales is Chaucer himself: Sir Thopas [unfinished] and Tale of Melibee.\nNorth Reading Room, west wall. Detail of mural by Ezra Winter illustrating the characters in the Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer. Library of Congress John Adams Building, Washington, D.C"}
+{"id": "27878", "revid": "1495229", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27878", "title": "Sweat", "text": "Sweat, or perspiration, is a liquid made by the skin when the body is hot. Sweat is made in sweat glands under the surface of the skin. It comes out of tiny holes in the skin called pores. Sweat is mostly water, but it also contains some salts. \nThe body makes sweat to cool itself down. It is part of the body's thermoregulation. The sweat takes the heat from the body when it evaporates (turns to gas).\nSome people think sweat makes a person smell bad. Many people use special sprays to stop this from happening. Deodorants hide the odor of sweat. Anti-perspirants stop the body from sweating.\nThe sweat glands in our skin contains two different groups of sweat glands: apocrine sweat glands and merocrine sweat glands.\nPerspiration, or sweat, is your body's way of cooling itself, whether that extra heat comes from hardworking muscles or from overstimulated nerves. The average person has over 4 million sweat glands in their skin. Sweat glands are distributed over the entire body, except for the lips, nipples and external genital organs. The sweat gland is in the layer of skin called the dermis along with other \"equipment,\" such as nerve endings, hair follicles and so on.\nSweat glands.\nThe sweat gland is a long, coiled, hollow tube of cells. The coiled part in the dermis is where sweat is made, and the long part is a duct that connects the gland to the opening or pore on the skins's outer surface. Nerve cells from the sympathetic nervous system are connected to the sweat glands. There are two types of sweat glands:\nHow sweat is made.\nWe are constantly sweating, even though we may not notice it. Sweating is your body's major way of getting rid of excess body heat, which is produced by metabolism or working muscles. The amount of sweat produced depends upon our states of emotion and physical activity. Sweat can be made in response to nerve stimulation, hot air temperature, and/or exercise. First, let's concentrate on how sweat is made in an eccrine sweat gland. \nWhen the sweat gland is stimulated, the cells secrete a fluid (primary secretion) that is similar to plasma -- that is, it is mostly water and it has high concentrations of sodium and chloride and a low concentration of potassium -- but without the proteins and fatty acids that are normally found in plasma. The source of this fluid is the spaces between the cells (interstitial spaces), which get the fluid from the blood vessels (capillaries) in the dermis. This fluid travels from the coiled portion up through the straight duct. What happens in the straight duct depends upon the rate of sweat production or flow: \nSweat is produced in apocrine sweat glands in the same way. However, the sweat from apocrine glands also contains proteins and fatty acids, which make it thicker and give it a milkier or yellowish color. This is why underarm stains in clothing appear yellowish. Sweat itself has no odor, but when bacteria on the skin and hair metabolize the proteins and fatty acids, they produce an unpleasant odor. This is why deodorants and anti-perspirants are applied to the underarms instead of the whole body. \nThe maximum volume of sweat that a person who is not adapted to a hot climate can produce is about one liter per hour. Amazingly, if you move to a hot climate such as the American desert southwest or the tropics, your ability to produce sweat will increase to about two to three liters per hour within about six weeks! This appears to be the maximum amount that you can produce.\nFunction of sweat.\nWhen sweat evaporates from the surface of your skin, it removes excess heat and cools you. This is actually due to a neat principle in physics, which goes like this. To convert water from a liquid to a vapor, it takes a certain amount of heat called the heat of vaporization. This heat energy increases the speed of the water molecules so that they can escape into the air. For water, this value is 540 calories/gram or 2.26 x 106 joules/kilogram. So, if you can produce one liter of sweat, which is equal to 1000 g or 1 kg (density of water is 1 g/ml or 1 kg/l) in one hour, then 540,000 calories of heat can be removed from your body. This is an extreme example using the maximum amount of sweat that a person can make. Typically, all of the sweat does not evaporate, but rather runs off your skin. In addition, not all heat energy produced by the body is lost through sweat. Some is directly radiated from the skin to the air and some is lost through respiratory surfaces of the lungs. \nA major factor that influences the rate of evaporation is the relative humidity of the air around you. If the air is humid, then it already has water vapor in it, probably near saturation, and cannot take any more. Therefore, sweat does not evaporate and cool your body as efficiently as when the air is dry. \nFinally, when the water in the sweat evaporates, it leaves the salts (sodium, chloride and potassium) behind on your skin, which is why your skin tastes salty. The loss of excessive amounts of salt and water from your body can quickly dehydrate you, which can lead to circulatory problems, kidney failure and heat stroke. So, it is important to drink plenty of fluids when you exercise or are outside in high temperatures. Sports drinks contain some salts to replace those lost in the sweat.\nEffect of emotion.\nSweating responds to emotional state. So when you are nervous, anxious or afraid, there is an increase in sympathetic nerve activity in your body as well as an increase in epinephrine secretion from your adrenal gland. These substances act on your sweat glands, particularly those on the palms of your hand and your armpits, to make sweat. Thus, you feel a \"cold\" sweat. Also, the increased sympathetic nerve activity in the skin changes its electrical resistance, which is the basis of the galvanic skin response used in lie detector tests.\nExcessive sweating.\nExcessive sweating usually occurs on the palms of the hand or the armpits. If it is not caused by emotional or physical activity it is called \"diaphoresis\" or hyperhidrosis. It is often an embarrassing condition. The cause or causes are unknown. The condition may be due to the following: \nThe condition can be treated."}
+{"id": "27883", "revid": "1691303", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27883", "title": "Adult Swim", "text": "Adult Swim (stylized as [adult swim] since 2003 and is also shortened to [as]) is an American adult-oriented nighttime programming block on the basic cable network Cartoon Network that is programmed by its in-house production studio, Williams Street. Marketed as a separate network for ratings purposes, Adult Swim broadcasts from 7\u00a0p.m. to 6\u00a0a.m. (Mondays-Saturdays) and from 8 p.m. to 6 a.m. (Sundays) ET/PT.\nDebuting on March 2, 2001, Adult Swim serves as the nighttime identity of Cartoon Network, and it was established as alternative programming during late night hours when Cartoon Network's primary target audience would normally be sleeping. By 2005, Adult Swim would be granted its own separate Nielsen ratings report from Cartoon Network due to it targeting a different audience. The block features stylistically varied animated and live-action shows, including original programming, syndicated series, anime, original video animations, and short films with generally minimal or no editing for content.\nAdult Swim has frequently aired adult animation features, mockumentaries, sketch comedy, and pilots. The block's shows are known for their sexual themes, frank sexual discussion, nudity, strong language, and graphic violence. Many of its programs are aesthetically experimental, transgressive, improvised, and surrealist in nature. Adult Swim has contracted with various studios known for their productions in absurd and shock comedy."}
+{"id": "27884", "revid": "7365", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27884", "title": "Bogota", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27892", "revid": "1570152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27892", "title": "WESC", "text": "WESC is a Swedish company. The company makes clothing, like jeans and shirts. Many people like these clothes, and they can buy them in many countries, for example in the United States, Japan and Germany. Because some famous people use the clothes, other people want to buy them too."}
+{"id": "27902", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27902", "title": "Oz\u00e1miz", "text": "Oz\u00e1miz is a city in the Philippines, in the province of Misamis Occidental. There were 141,828 people living there according to the 2015 census.\nOz\u00e1miz is named after Senator Jos\u00e9 F. Oz\u00e1miz, a hero of the Philippine resistance against the Japanese during World War 2."}
+{"id": "27904", "revid": "233259", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27904", "title": "Tillage", "text": "Tillage is the process in which soil is loosened and softened by tillers or harrows pulled by a tractor or by a plough pulled by an animal or human. The plough breaks the upper crust of the soil so that air and sunlight enter into the soil. This makes the soil more fertile but too much or frequent tillage may make it less fertile."}
+{"id": "27963", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27963", "title": "Yarmouth", "text": "Yarmouth could mean one of the following places.\nIn Canada:\nIn England:\nIn the United States:"}
+{"id": "27964", "revid": "1572824", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27964", "title": "Yarmouth, Nova Scotia", "text": "Yarmouth is a town in the province of Nova Scotia in the country of Canada. In 2021, the population of Yarmouth was 6,829."}
+{"id": "27966", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27966", "title": "Spleen", "text": "The spleen is an organ in vertebrates. The spleen is part of the lymphatic system. In people, it is on the left side of the body, under the heart. The spleen helps fight infections and keeps the blood cells healthy.\nTasks.\nThe spleen cleans out old blood cells from the blood and recycles them. It helps save the iron and the amino acids from the old blood cells. The spleen also holds a supply of extra blood, in case the body needs some quickly. The spleen works together with the circulatory system (the system which brings blood to the body).\nA study published in 2009 using mice found that the spleen is a reservoir which holds over half the body's monocytes. These monocytes move to injured tissue (such as the heart after myocardial infarction), turn into dendritic cells and macrophages, and promote tissue healing. The spleen is rather like a large lymph node. Its absence makes certain infections more likely.\nShape.\nThe spleen is shaped like a loose fist. It is tucked under the left side of the diaphragm, close by the heart.The average adult spleen weighs 0.44 lbs.\nDisease.\nThe spleen can get bigger when a person is digesting food or is sick. If a person's spleen gets big enough, it can break open. If this happens, the person needs medical care right away. Emergency surgery might be needed to control the bleeding.\nSome of the diseases that cause the spleen to get bigger are: \nCulture.\nIn the past, many people believed the spleen helped control emotions. For example, if a person was upset or angry, people would think it was because of a spleen problem."}
+{"id": "27967", "revid": "1391867", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27967", "title": "Placenta", "text": " \nThe placenta is a temporary organ in the uterus (womb) of pregnant female mammals. Its main role is to transfer oxygen and nutrients from the mother's heart to the baby, and to transfer waste back from the baby to the mother through blood circulation. The placenta has blood supply from the umbilical cord, which takes blood through one vein. Waste is taken out via two arteries. The placenta also protects the baby from harmful substances in the mother's blood, and produces hormones that secrete and support the pregnancy. \nThe placenta is attached to the wall of the uterus and connected to the baby by big blood vessels in the umbilical cord. After the baby is born, the placenta and cord are also pushed out of the uterus. At this time the placenta and cord are often called the afterbirth.\nFunctions and roles.\nFeeding baby.\nThe baby in the womb gets everything it needs through the placenta. Oxygen travels in the mother's blood from the lungs to the placenta through two arteries. It reaches the placenta through the umbilical cord to baby. \nRemoving waste.\nCarbon dioxide waste travels out through one vein, in reverse. The blood carrying away waste product goes from baby's blood to the mothers blood and out through her lungs. Nutrient molecules (sugars, fats, proteins and vitamins) travel through her blood from her digestive tract to the placenta, and then in the baby's blood to the baby, and waste products travel back to her kidneys for disposal.\nProtection.\nOne of the placenta's jobs is to protect the fetus and mother. It also needs to make sure blood from the mother and fetus never mixes. The placenta acts as an exchange surface between the mother and the fetus. Nutrients and oxygen are passed from one bloodstream to the other by diffusion only. If the mother's and fetus's blood mixed, it could be deadly for both of them. If the mother and the fetus had different blood types, they might both die if their blood mixed.\nHormone production.\nThroughout pregnancy the placenta produces hormones that travel through blood from the mother and help her body adapt to the pregnancy. One of these hormones is detected by pregnancy tests and also is responsible for the nausea many women experience early in pregnancy ('morning sickness'). Once the baby is ready to be born, the placenta produces hormones that stimulate labor by increasing bleeding and muscle relaxation.\nPlacental barrier.\nThe placenta has two parts, one of which is genetically and biologically part of the fetus, the other part of the mother. It is implanted in the wall of the uterus, where it receives nutrients and oxygen from the mother's blood and passes out waste. This forms a barrier called the placental barrier, which filters out some substances which could harm the fetus. \nThe placental barrier is not able to protect the fetus from everything. For example, alcohol goes through the placental barrier into the fetus. This is why drinking alcohol during pregnancy can cause disorder and conditions such as Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. The placenta is not able to filter out many other things. Chemicals can cross the placental barrier and hurt the fetus. Things which do this are called teratogens. Some viruses can also cross this barrier and infect the fetus with a disease. \nOn the good side, many of the mother's antibodies can pass through the placenta, and these can help the baby resist diseases in its first year.\nPlacenta-like organs in other animals.\nThe egg-laying mammals (echidna and platypus) and marsupial mammals produce a type of placenta that provides nutrients mostly from the egg sac, instead of from the mother's blood. It is positioned in the female's body similar to eutherian mammals. Non-mammals who give birth to live young rather than laying eggs (some snakes and lizards, and even some fish), have also evolved systems of internal development with a placenta-like tissue: these are examples of convergent evolution.\nSociety and culture.\nMany countries consider the placenta (afterbirth) to be edible. However most say that it is not healthy or beneficial, and is also unsafe. The afterbirth might contain bacteria which might be harmful to the person eating it, causing them to get sick. However these are probably removed during cooking. Other health organizations state that it has no health benefits. Placenta is usually eaten raw, cooked (as a stew) or boiled. It is also taken in pill form, where the placenta has been dried out and put into a capsule. \nTaking the placenta home is common and done mostly to bury it as well as for consumption (eating). Other people, such as new mothers, may take it home to freeze it. After birth the placenta will break down quickly if it is not kept cold. Because it needs to be frozen as soon as possible, fast transport to where it needs to be keeps it in-tact. Burial of the placenta in some countries including the UK is illegal because it is bodily tissue and it is illegal to bury remains (except in a cemetery). This is likely due to prevent murder. The placenta must be burned (cremated) at high temperatures or put into the bin. The placenta is mostly composed of blood, which is a connective tissue."}
+{"id": "27972", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27972", "title": "Glorious Revolution", "text": "The Glorious Revolution was an event in the history of England and of Scotland in 1688. Many people did not like King James II because he was a Catholic. A Protestant, William III of Orange-Nassau, James's nephew, took over as king and came to England with his wife, Queen Mary, the daughter of James II and William's first cousin. They let the old king escape to France. William signed the Bill of Rights and became king. That helped to make England become a constitutional monarchy.\nBackground.\nOn the surface, it is a story about religion. However, it is also about the balance between the king and Parliament. The English Civil War had been fought because Charles I tried to rule as an absolute monarch. His son, Charles II, had been accepted back after he had agreed to limit his powers. However, his brother, the Duke of York, made it clear he wanted to get back the absolute power that their father, Charles I, had.\nWhen Charles II died without any legitimate children in 1685, the Duke of York became King as James II in England and Ireland. He also became James VII in Scotland. He tried to give freedom of religion to Catholics and other non-Anglicans by making the Acts of Parliament invalid by royal decree. The Protestants did not like that, and several Protestant politicians and noblemen began talking with Mary's husband as early as 1687. In May 1688, James forced Anglican clergymen to read the Declaration of Indulgence, a statement that gave religious freedom to those who were not party of the Church of England. Protestants criticised it as a first step to a return to Catholicism.\nProtestants became even more fearful when James's wife, Mary of Modena, gave birth to a son, James Francis Edward, in June 1688. They were afraid because the son, unlike Mary and Anne, would be raised a Catholic. Some said that the boy had been secretly carried into the Queen's room in a bed-warming pan instead of her stillborn baby. There was no proof to support that story, but Mary publicly doubted the boy's legitimacy. She sent a list of suspicious questions to her sister, Anne, about the boy's birth.\nConspiracy.\nOn 30 June, the Immortal Seven secretly asked William, who was in the Netherlands with Mary, to come to England with an army. William, who was jealous of Mary's position and power, did not want to go at first. However, Mary told William that she did not want political power. She said that \"she would be no more but his wife, and that she would do all that lay in her power to make him King for life\".\nIronically, the Pope, the leader of the world's Catholics, supported William, despite being a Protestant, agaisnt James, who he thought was a puppet of Louis XIV of France. The Pope thought that Louis was too powerful and that William would weaken France.\nWilliam agreed to attack and declared that James's newborn son was the \"pretended Prince of Wales\". He also gave a list of what the English people wanted and claimed that he wanted only to have \"a free and lawful Parliament assembled\". The Dutch Army, which had been turned back by a storm in October, landed on 5 November. The English Army and Navy went over to William. The English people's confidence in James was very low and did not even try to save their king. On 11 December, the king tried to run away but failed. He tried to run away again on 23 December. His second attempt was successful, and James escaped to France. He lived there in exile until his death.\nMary was sad because of the deposition of her father, but William ordered her to look happy when they arrived in London. That made people think that she was being cold to her father. James also thought his daughter was unfaithful to him, which hurt Mary deeply.\nIn 1689, a Convention Parliament was called by William to discuss what to do. William felt uncomfortable about his position. He wanted to rule as a king, not simply as a husband of a queen. The only example of joint monarchy on the British Isles had been in the 16th century.with Queen Mary I and Spanish Prince Philip. When they married, it was agreed that Prince Philip would take the title of King only during his wife's lifetime and would not have much power. William wanted to remain King even after his wife's death. Some important people suggested making Mary the only ruler. However, Mary, who was faithful to her husband, refused.\nParliament decides.\nOn 13 February 1689, Parliament passed the Declaration of Right, which said that James, by trying to run away on 11 December 1688, had abdicated and so no one was king. Normally, James's oldest son, James Francis Edward, would have been the heir. However, Parliament offered the crown to William and Mary as joint sovereigns instead. However, it was added, \"The sole and full exercise of the regal (royal) power be only in and executed by the said Prince of Orange in the names of the said Prince and Princess during their joint lives\". The declaration was later extended to exclude Catholics from rule because \"It hath been found (discovered) by experience that it is inconsistent (not in harmony) with the safety and welfare of this Protestant kingdom to be governed by a papist prince\".\nWilliam and Mary were crowned together at Westminster Abbey on 11 April 1689. The Archbishop of Canterbury usually performed coronations, but it was then William Sancroft, who felt that James II's removal had been wrong. Therefore, the Bishop of London, Henry Compton, crowned them instead. On the day of the coronation, the Convention of the Estates of Scotland at last declared that James was no longer King of Scotland. William and Mary were offered the separate Scottish Crown because the two kingdoms were not united until the Acts of Union in 1707. William and Mary accepted on 11 May.\nEven after that was declared, there was still strong support for James in Scotland. John Graham of Clevehouse, the Viscount of Dundee, raised an army and won a victory at Killiecrankie on 27 July. However, Dundee's army suffered great losses, and he was seriously wounded at the start of the battle. That stopped the only effective resistance to William, and the revolt was quickly crushed. The next month, there was a great defeat for James at the Battle of Dunkeld."}
+{"id": "27974", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27974", "title": "Glorious revolution", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27976", "revid": "1321674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27976", "title": "Electromagnetism", "text": "Electromagnetism is one of the four fundamental forces of nature. The others are gravity, and the strong and weak interactions of particle physics.\nThe electromagnetic force pushes or pulls anything that has an electric charge, like electrons and protons. It includes the electric force, which pushes all charged particles, and the magnetic force, which only pushes moving charges.\nThere are two types of electric charge: positive and negative. The electric force pulls opposite charges (positive and negative) towards each other. It pushes similar charges (both positive, or both negative) away from each other.\nWhat is a field?\nThe electromagnetic force comes from something called an electromagnetic field. In physics, a field is how we keep track of things that might change in space and time. It is like a set of labels for every point in space. For instance, the air temperature in a room could be described by a field, where the labels are just numbers saying how hot it is at that point in the room. We could have more complicated labels as well. On a map of wind speeds, the label could be a number saying how strong the wind is and also an arrow saying which way it is blowing. We call this a vector field because each label is a vector - it has a direction (the arrow) and a magnitude (its strength).\nElectric and magnetic fields are also fields. Instead of keeping track of temperature or wind speed, they tell us how much push or pull a charged particle will feel at that point in space, and which direction it will be pushed. Like wind speeds, electric fields are also vector fields, so they can be drawn as arrows. The arrows point which way a positive particle, like a proton, will be pushed if it is in the field. Negative particles, like electrons, will go in the opposite direction as the arrows. In an electric field, arrows will point away from positive particles and towards negative ones. So a proton in an electric field would move away from another proton, or towards an electron. Similar charges repel (push away from each other), while opposite charges attract (are pulled together).\nMagnetic fields are a little different. They only push on moving charges, and they push more on charges that are moving faster. But they do not push at all on charges that are sitting still. However, a changing magnetic field can produce an electric field, and an electric field can push on any charges. This idea, called electromagnetic induction, is used to make electric generators, induction motors, and transformers work. Together, electric and magnetic fields make up the electromagnetic field.\nHistory.\nBefore 1800, people thought that electricity and magnetism were two different things. However, this changed during the 19th century when scientists like Hans Christian \u00d8rsted and Michael Faraday proved that electricity and magnetism are actually connected. In 1820, \u00d8rsted found that when he turned the electric current from a battery on and off, it moved the needle on a nearby compass. When he studied this effect more carefully, he discovered that the electric current was producing a magnetic field. That is, when electric charges are moving, they can produce a force that pushes on magnets. \u00d8rsted had found one of the first connections between electricity and magnetism.\nFaraday continued studying this connection, running tests with loops of wire and magnets. He found that if he set up two loops of wire and ran electricity through just one of them, he could (for a little while) produce an electric current in the other loop as well. Faraday also discovered that he could produce a current by moving a magnet through a loop of wire, or by moving the wire over a magnet. What Faraday had shown was that magnets could push back on moving electric charges, and that moving magnets could push on charges sitting still. This was like what \u00d8rsted had found, but in reverse.\nin 1873, James Clerk Maxwell summed up these connections in his theory of \"classical electromagnetism,\" electricity and magnetism together. This theory was based on a set of four equations called Maxwell's equations, and the Lorentz force law. Maxwell's equations told us how to relate electricity and magnetism. They said that charges sitting still could push on other charges, but moving charges could produce magnetic fields that push on magnets. On the other hand, magnets sitting still can only push on moving charges, but moving magnets can push on any electric charges. \nWhat's more, Maxwell's studies showed that light could be described as a ripple in the electromagnetic field. That is, light moves like a wave. However, Maxwell's work did not agree with classical mechanics, the description of forces and motion originally developed by Newton. Maxwell's equations predicted that light always moves through empty space at the same speed. This was a problem because in classical mechanics, velocities are \"additive\"-- if a person A on a train moving at speed X throws a ball with speed Y, then a person B on the ground sees the ball moving with speed X+Y. According to Maxwell, if person A turns on a flashlight, they will see the light moving away from them at speed \"c\". But person B on the ground must also see the light moving at speed \"c\", not \"c\"+X. This led to the development of the theory of special relativity by Einstein, which explained how the speed of light could be the same for everyone, and why classical mechanics does not work for things moving very fast.\nProblems in classical electromagnetism.\nAlbert Einstein's work with the photoelectric effect and Max Planck's work with blackbody radiation did not work with the traditional view of light as a continuous wave. This problem would be solved after the development of quantum mechanics in 1925. This development led to the development of quantum electrodynamics which was developed by Richard Feynman and Julian Schwinger. Quantum electrodynamics was able to describe the interactions of particles in detail.\nElectromagnetic radiation.\nElectromagnetic radiation is thought to be both a particle and a wave. This is because it sometimes acts like a particle and sometimes acts like a wave. To make things easier we can think of an electromagnetic wave as a stream of photons (symbol \u03b3).\nPhotons.\nA photon is an elementary particle, meaning that it cannot be broken down into smaller particles. It is the particle that light is made up of. Photons also make up all other types of electromagnetic radiation such as gamma rays, X-rays, and UV rays. The idea of photons was thought up by Einstein. Using his theory for the photoelectric effect, Einstein said that light existed in small \"packets\" or parcels which he called photons.\nPhotons have energy and momentum. When two charged objects push or pull on each other, they send photons back and forth. So photons carry the electromagnetic force between charged objects. Photons are also known as messenger particles in physics because these particles often carry messages between objects. Photons send messages saying \"come closer\" or \"go away\" depending on the charges of the objects that are being looked at. If a force exists while time passes, then photons are being exchanged during that time.\nFundamental electromagnetic interactions occur between any two particles that have an electric charge. These interactions involve the exchange or production of photons. Thus, photons are the carrier particles of electromagnetic interactions.\nElectromagnetic decay processes can often be recognized by the fact that they produce one or more photons (also known as gamma rays). They proceed less rapidly than strong decay processes with comparable mass differences, but more rapidly than comparable weak decays."}
+{"id": "27977", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27977", "title": "Afterbirth", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27981", "revid": "7891266", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27981", "title": "Acton, Massachusetts", "text": "Acton is a town in the U.S. state of Massachusetts. It is 21 miles away from Boston."}
+{"id": "27982", "revid": "9777212", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27982", "title": "Urbana, Illinois", "text": "Urbana is a city in the U.S. state of Illinois. It is the twin city of Champaign, Illinois and is separated by a single street. The main campus of the University of Illinois is in Urbana and Champaign. As of 2020, it has population of 38,336.\nPopulation.\nPopulation (2020) \u2022 City 38,336"}
+{"id": "27983", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27983", "title": "UV ray", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27984", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27984", "title": "X rays", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27985", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27985", "title": "UV rays", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27986", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27986", "title": "X ray", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27987", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27987", "title": "X-rays", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27988", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27988", "title": "Ultraviolet rays", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27989", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27989", "title": "Ultraviolet ray", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27990", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27990", "title": "Bill Oddie", "text": "William Edgar (Bill) Oddie OBE (born 7 July 1941) is a British comedian, actor, writer and television personality. \nOddie was born in Rochdale, Lancashire and grew up in Birmingham. He read English Literature at Pembroke College, Cambridge where he gained an MA. He is most famous for his birdwatching and conservation work. In the 1970s, he was a member of the BBC One television comedy series, The Goodies. Doctors found that his mother, Lilian, had schizophrenia. Oddie says that he does not remember her living at home because she spent a lot of her life in mental hospitals.\nOddie has bipolar disorder."}
+{"id": "27991", "revid": "535100", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27991", "title": "U.S. states", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27992", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27992", "title": "US states", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27993", "revid": "731605", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27993", "title": "US state", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27994", "revid": "36199", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27994", "title": "Montgomery Ward", "text": "Montgomery Ward was an American department store chain. It currently exists only as an online retail website since 2004. It only delivers in the United States. \nIt started as a mail-order catalog (called a \"Wish Book\") and department store in 1872. It owned Jefferson Ward discount stores. Jefferson Ward stores in the northern US were sold to Bradlees in 1985. The rest closed in 1988. All its stores closed in 2000. In 2004, it reopened as an online store.\nMontgomery Ward was founded by Aaron Montgomery Ward, a Chicago entrepreneur. "}
+{"id": "27995", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27995", "title": "Electrons", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27996", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27996", "title": "Neutrons", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27997", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27997", "title": "Gluons", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27998", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27998", "title": "Quarks", "text": ""}
+{"id": "27999", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27999", "title": "Ions", "text": ""}
+{"id": "28000", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28000", "title": "Matters", "text": ""}
+{"id": "28001", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28001", "title": "Volumes", "text": ""}
+{"id": "28002", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28002", "title": "Densities", "text": ""}
+{"id": "28003", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28003", "title": "Solids", "text": ""}
+{"id": "28004", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28004", "title": "Containers", "text": ""}
+{"id": "28005", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28005", "title": "Bottles", "text": ""}
+{"id": "28006", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28006", "title": "Streams", "text": ""}
+{"id": "28007", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28007", "title": "Waterfalls", "text": ""}
+{"id": "28008", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28008", "title": "Waterways", "text": ""}
+{"id": "28009", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28009", "title": "Canals", "text": ""}
+{"id": "28010", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28010", "title": "Watery", "text": ""}
+{"id": "28019", "revid": "1226747", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28019", "title": "Toe", "text": "Toes are the \"digits\" of the foot of an animal. Many animal species walk on their toes, and are called \"digitigrade\". Humans, and other animals that walk on the soles of their feet, are \"plantigrade\"; hoofed animals are \"unguligrade\".\nIn humans, the bones of each toe continue all the way to the heel, although in from the base of the toes they come together in the body of the foot. The inside toe is by far the thickest, and is called the \"big toe\", \"great toe\", or \"hallux\".\nThe one on the other end is short and thin. The toes, especially the big toe, play an essential role in walking, although a loss of the smallest toe will not affect the way people move."}
+{"id": "28020", "revid": "2131", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28020", "title": "Toes", "text": ""}
+{"id": "28023", "revid": "1035196", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28023", "title": "AFC Champions League", "text": ""}
+{"id": "28026", "revid": "1000261", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28026", "title": "Raptor", "text": "Raptor can mean:"}
+{"id": "28036", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28036", "title": "Newton's laws of motion", "text": "Isaac Newton (1642\u20131727) is widely known as the father of dynamics, the study of motion. He developed three laws that are the foundation of classical mechanics. They are believed to be true because the results of experiments by scientists agree with this.\nFirst law (sometimes called inertia).\nFrom the above statement, it's clearly observable that Newton's first law defines force and inertia. \nThis law also gives the Qualitative definition of force.\nA \"uniform velocity\" means that an object moves at a constant speed without changing direction (i.e. in a straight line). A \"net force\" means that the forces acting on the object are not balanced. In other words, the first law states two things:\nThe first part states that a table resting on the ground will not move unless pushed. Although gravity is acting on the table, pulling it down, there is a \"reaction force\" from the ground which is pushing it back. The forces acting on the table are \"balanced\", so the object will not move.\nThe second part is harder to explain. A ball rolling along a flat surface will slow down and eventually come to a halt. This is because of friction, which is a force that slows the ball down. A ball rolling down a slope is also affected by friction, but the effect of the force of gravity is stronger than the friction, so there is a net force acting in the direction in which the ball is moving. In a place without the forces of friction, air resistance and gravity (e.g. in outer space) a moving object would keep on moving in a straight line if there were no force to slow it down or change its direction.\nSecond law.\nNewton's second law states that acceleration of a particle is dependent on the forces acting upon the particle and the particle's mass. For a given particle, if the net force is increased, the acceleration is increased. It's also stated that the rate of change of momentum of a body is directly proportional to applied force and takes place in the direction in which the force acts. For a given net force, the more mass a particle has, the less acceleration it has. \nFor example, weight is a force that we feel on Earth, caused by the gravity. The weight formula_6 on a particle is given by\nwhere formula_1 is the mass of the particle and formula_9 is the local gravitational acceleration (not to be confused with \"G\", the universal gravitational constant), roughly equal to 9.8 meters per second2 (32 feet per second2) on Earth.\nWe can express Newton's second law in terms of momentum. The momentum formula_10 of a particle is defined as the product of its mass formula_1 and velocity formula_12:\nThe acceleration formula_4 of a particle is the time derivative of its velocity formula_12:\nTherefore,\nThus, we have another way of stating Newton's second law:\nIn classical mechanics, the two forms of the second law, formula_5 and formula_21, are completely equivalent. Note that we assume that the mass formula_1 of a particle does not change.\nThird law.\nThis is best understood with billiard balls, where you can easily see the action/reaction pairs of forces. Likewise, when you kick a football, not only does the ball move, but you feel a force on your foot.\nThe size of the forces on the first object equals the size of the force on the second object. The direction of the force on the first object is opposite to the direction of the force on the second object. Forces always come in pairs - equal and opposite action-reaction force pairs. \nA variety of action-reaction force pairs are evident in nature. Consider the propulsion of a fish through the water. A fish uses its fins to push water backwards. But a push on the water will only serve to accelerate the water. Since forces result from mutual interactions, the water must also be pushing the fish forwards, propelling the fish through the water. The size of the force on the water equals the size of the force on the fish; the direction of the force on the water (backwards) is opposite the direction of the force on the fish (forwards). For every action, there is an equal (in size) and opposite (in direction) reaction force. Action-reaction force pairs make it possible for fish to swim.\nConsider the motion of a car on the way to school. A car has wheels which spin forwards. As the wheels spin forwards, they grip the road and push the road backwards. Since forces result from mutual interactions, the road must also be pushing the wheels forward. The size of the force on the road equals the size of the force on the wheels (or car); the direction of the force on the road (backwards) is opposite the direction of the force on the wheels (forwards). For every action, there is an equal (in size) and opposite (in direction) reaction. Action-reaction force pairs make it possible for cars to move along a roadway surface."}
+{"id": "28037", "revid": "1398040", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28037", "title": "Fencing", "text": "Fencing is a sport for two people with different kinds of swords. The aim is to score hits. There is also a referee. \nWeapons.\nFoil.\nThe foil is a light and easy to bend weapon, first made in mid 17th century as a weapon for practice. 'Hits' can only be scored by hitting the target area with the point of the sword. The target area is the torso.\n\u00c9p\u00e9e.\nThe \u00e9p\u00e9e is the heaviest of the three weapons. To score a hit, the push-button on the end of the weapon must remain fully down for 2-10 milliseconds, and must arrive (hit) with a force of at least 7.35 newtons. The target area for \u00c9p\u00e9e is the entire body. This includes the feet and the head.\nSabre.\nThe sabre is the \"cutting\" weapon, with a curved guard (to protect the hand) and a triangular blade. However, in modern electric scoring, a touch with any part of the sabre, (point, flat or edge, as long as it is on target) will count as a hit. The target area in sabre is everything from the waist up, except for the hands.\nUniform.\nFencers wear a uniform to avoid injury. They wear a mask of black mesh with a bib. Also, a jacket, short pants and a sort of half-a-shirt (called an underarm protector or plastron), all of white fabric. They must also wear socks that cover their legs. Women must wear a chest protector. These are collectively called \"whites.\""}
+{"id": "28038", "revid": "1334790", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28038", "title": "Administrator", "text": "Administrators or admins are people who organize things like businesses. All businesses have administrators. They make decisions, organize the people who work there and make sure that things are working alright and there are no problems. Their work is called \"administration\". The administrators are part of the \"management\".\nAn administrator is also the person in charge of some of the small territories of the United Kingdom, for example Ascension Island and the British Antarctic Territory which are too small to run their own government.\nAdministrators in life.\nIn real life, administrators manage and control business to make sure it runs correctly. In business, Administrators are usually in-charge of handling disputes, work related issues, and keeping the office or place in working order. The admin usually supervise around the office of businesses and make sure that all tasks or requests are filled.\nAdministrators on the internet.\nAdministrators on the internet usually manage and control a website. On websites that need it such as forums, they have moderation tools that ban them, warn them, etc. from the website to prevent bad and inappropriate content. Most websites usually treat moderation positions as a real job."}
+{"id": "28039", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28039", "title": "Geneva Conventions", "text": "The Geneva Conventions are a set of four treaties of international law at wartime. They were formulated in Geneva, Switzerland. All of the four treaties are about humanitarian issues. The Swiss Henri Dunant was the person who started the creation of the Conventions. He did this after he saw the unimaginable cruelty of the Battle of Solferino in 1859 and wrote a book about it.\nSome parts of the four Geneva Conventions say that all countries who signed must create national laws to make violations of the Geneva Conventions a crime.\nThe four Conventions.\nThe conventions and their agreements are as follows:\nProtocols.\nIn addition, there are three more protocols to the Geneva Conventions:\nChanges.\nAfter the First Convention was agreed, the International Committee of the Red Cross was founded in 1863.\nAll four conventions were last checked and agreed on in 1949. Those versions are related to previous revisions. In some cases, ideas from the 1907 Hague Convention were added. Usually, people refer to all four conventions as the \"Geneva Conventions of 1949\" or simply the \"Geneva Conventions\". Later conferences have added text that makes it illegal to use certain kinds of warfare, like chemical warfare. They have also spoken about issues of civil wars. \nClara Barton was important in campaigning for the United States to agree to the First Geneva Convention. The United States signed that Convention in 1882. \nBy the Fourth Geneva Convention in 1949, some 47 nations had ratified the agreements.\nToday, nearly all 200 countries of the world are \"signatory\" nations. This means they have signed and agreed to follow the Geneva Conventions."}
+{"id": "28041", "revid": "1667218", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28041", "title": "International law", "text": "International law, also called public international law, is a set of laws used when there is a conflict between countries. These help set standards for human rights and global relations. Since there is no completely agreed authority to enforce it, the rules are suggestions for nations to follow.\nPrivate International Law is when there is a conflict between two or more countries that broke a certain law based on the countries' law. It is composed of a set of treaties.\nIn recent years, people have also seen international organizations like the United Nations use international law."}
+{"id": "28044", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28044", "title": "Hague Convention", "text": "The Hague Convention is a set of treaties signed in Den Haag in 1899 and 1907. Along with the Geneva conventions, they are among the first treaties to speak about war crimes and the laws of war that prohibit expanding bullets and poison gas. They are considered to be part of international law."}
+{"id": "28046", "revid": "10060841", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28046", "title": "The Hague", "text": "The Hague (with capital T; Dutch: also called ', commonly ') is the third-largest municipality in the Netherlands, after Amsterdam and Rotterdam. It has a population of about 546,000 (2020) and an area of around 98\u00a0km\u00b2. It is in the west of the country, in the province South Holland. It is the capital of the province. About 1 million people live in the urban area of The Hague, on about 405 square kilometers.\nThe Hague is the location of the Binnenhof, the building where the national government of the Netherlands meets. Built in the 13th century, the Binnenhof is the home of the \"Eerste Kamer\" (literally \"First Chamber\") or \"Senaat\", and the \"Tweede Kamer\" (literally \"Second Chamber\"). These are the same as the upper and lower houses in some other countries. They form the \"Staten Generaal\" (literally the \"Estates-General\").\nWillem-Alexander, the king of the Netherlands, lives and works in The Hague. His home is called the Noordeinde Palace and it is not far away from the Binnenhof. All foreign embassies and government ministries of the country are in the city, as well as the Hoge Raad der Nederlanden (The Supreme Court) and many lobbying organisations.\nAll of this is unusual for a country, because The Hague is not the capital of the Netherlands, which is Amsterdam. This is made so by the Constitution of the Netherlands.\nBesides the buildings used by the government, the International Court of Justice of the United Nations is based in the Peace Palace, which is also in The Hague and often referred to as \"The Hague\" by metonymy. A tourist attraction is Madurodam, which has lots of tiny buildings that look like the real things.\nThe Hague is part of a large conurbation called the Randstad, where most Dutch people live. It is only an hour away from Amsterdam, Utrecht, and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol by train (most of which are run by Nederlandse Spoorwegen) and with its two train stations, is easy to get to from many places in the Netherlands and all around Europe."}
+{"id": "28049", "revid": "9843096", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28049", "title": "S.A.S.", "text": "The S.A.S. or Special Air Service, is a Special Operations Organisation of the British Army. It was founded in 1941 to attack behind the German line of defence in North Africa, in World War II. They are one of the best schooled units in the world, that makes them very valuable. There are about 500 active SAS soldiers.\nThe SAS is a secret organisation. Its members often do not tell anyone except close family that they are in it. The British Ministry of Defence (MOD) rarely speaks of the SAS and mission details are never released until much later.\nThe badge of the organisation was originally designed as a flaming sword of Damocles but ended up as a winged dagger. It shows the motto: \"Who Dares Wins\".\nCurrent SAS roles include:\nThe SAS is thought of all over the world as one of the best, if not the best Special Operations organisations.\nThis is mainly because of the intense training they are put through. The hardest part of this is intense interrogation (questioning while under torture) which the trainees must go through.\nThe SAS is respected worldwide and used to train many other Special Forces Units. Several special operations units are modeled after the SAS. For example, the U.S. Army's Delta Force was founded due in large part to Charles Beckwith, a U.S. Army special operations officer, serving as an exchange officer with the SAS. He felt the U.S. Army was vulnerable in not having a unit comparable to the SAS. \nOne fact is that the SAS are not often talked about, therefore the other countries tend to mention that they are never really talked about. At the same time they get announced as one of the best because they are so secret that the last mission heard about was performed in Iraq, which states how secretive they are."}
+{"id": "28050", "revid": "572554", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28050", "title": "Kookaburra Sport", "text": "Kookaburra Sport is an Australian company named after an Australian bird related to the kingfisher, which eats snakes and is, therefore, very valuable to the Australians.\nKookaburra makes and sells cricket supplies which are used by amateurs and professionals. They are one of the leading brands and are famous for their colourful and artistic designs. It is the leading manufacturer of cricket equipment in the world. Its balls are used the most in international cricket matches."}
+{"id": "28051", "revid": "1011913", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28051", "title": "Lancashire", "text": "Lancashire is a ceremonial county in the North West of England. Its two cities are Lancaster and Preston. Before 1974, Liverpool and Manchester were part of the administrative county of Lancashire.\nRivalry.\nThe county has developed a fierce rivalry with Yorkshire, the next county east. This comes from rivalry in sport, such as in cricket, and comes from the War of the Roses.\nPlaces.\nA big attraction in Lancashire is Blackpool, an English seaside resort, which has a theme park called Blackpool Pleasure Beach. It has the second largest rollercoaster in Europe (\"The Big One\") and Blackpool Tower, a tower which was made to look like the Eiffel Tower in Paris.\nLancashire has market towns (like Chorley) and small villages (like Bretherton, Croston and Eccleston). It is just south of an area of outstanding natural beauty called the Lake District. Lancashire also has a lot of pleasant countryside such as White Coppice and the Rivington Moors.\nFood.\nA famous food from Lancashire is \"Lancashire hotpot\" which is made of meat, onion or other vegetables and potatoes. It is often found on many pub menus in the county and in other places in Britain. \nPeople.\nThe people of Lancashire are known for their friendly nature. Humour is also an important part of Lancashire life."}
+{"id": "28053", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28053", "title": "Church of England", "text": "The Church of England is the leading Christian church in England. It is the church established by law: its formal head is the English monarch (Charles III). It is the mother church of the Anglican Communion. Its headquarters are at Church House, Westminster, in London.\nThe Church of England understands itself to be both Catholic and Reformed:\nThere are other Protestant churches in England which are not part of the Anglican Communion.\nHistory.\nThe Church of England became independent under King Henry VIII in 1534. Henry VIII was married to Catherine of Aragon, but asked the Pope to annul the marriage (say that it was a mistake and that Henry and Catherine were never really married). He wanted to annul the marriage because he wanted a male heir to his throne and Catherine could not produce one. When the annulment was refused, Henry VIII used his position as King to break the Church away from the Roman Catholic Church. This established the independence of the Church of England, sometimes called the Anglican (English) Church. Methodism broke away from the church in the 18th century. The Oxford Movement brought some Catholic beliefs and practices back into the church in the 19th century. \nUnder his son, King Edward VI, more Protestant forms of worship were adopted. The Archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas Cranmer started more changes. A new pattern of worship was set out in the Book of Common Prayer (1549 and 1552). These were based on the older liturgy but influenced by Protestant principles."}
+{"id": "28055", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28055", "title": "Tense (grammar)", "text": "Tense is the form of a verb that shows the time something happened, or is going to happen. There are three main tenses:\nTense can be shown by changing the spelling of a verb. For example, \"be\" can become \"am\", \"is\", and \"are\" in present tense, and \"was\" and \"were\" in past tense. In English, future tense is shown by adding \"will\" before the verb. For example, \"be\" becomes \"will be\" in future tense.\nSome verb tenses are much more common than others in English.\n\"Note: These tenses can be subdivided further (see below)\".\nAspect.\nThere are also different kinds of tense within each main tense. \nIn addition to tense, verbs can also indicate the completion, progress, or duration of an action. This is done by adding \"helping words\" or \"auxiliary words\", such as \"be\" and \"have\", before the verb. For example, \"I give\", \"I have given\", \"I am giving\", and \"I have been giving\" are all in present tense, but have different meanings\".\" This is called aspect. \nOther languages have different ways of showing tense. For example, Latin usually shows tense by changing the verb, like English. However, Chinese and Indonesian show tense by adding new words, instead of changing the verb."}
+{"id": "28056", "revid": "1237047", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28056", "title": "Blackpool Tower", "text": "Blackpool Tower is a tall structure in Blackpool, a North England seaside town.\nIt was built in the style of the Eiffel Tower. Building started in 1891 and finished in 1894. It cost \u00a345000 (around US$70000), is 518\u00a0ft tall and weighs 2586 tons. It is mainly made from steel and cast iron.\nIt is one of the main tourist attractions in Blackpool. These include the tower itself, the Golden Mile, which is a row of arcades, the Irish Sea and beach, and Pleasure Beach Blackpool (a theme park).\nThe oldest part of the building is the old aquarium which was part of Dr Cockers' Menagarie and Aquarium since the 1870s. It was kept open to earn money while the tower building was built around it.\nThe tower was bought by Blackpool Council in 2010 and is now run by Merlin Entertainments for Blackpool Council.\nSince Merlin Entertainments started running the tower, the building has been repaired and new attractions have been added. The aquarium was removed to make way for a new attraction.\nAttractions at the tower include the Blackpool Dungeon, the Blackpool Tower Eye, the Blackpool Tower Circus, the Blackpool Tower Ballroom and Jungle Jim's."}
+{"id": "28057", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28057", "title": "Theme park", "text": "A theme park or amusement park is a place with attractions made up of rides, such as roller coasters and water rides. They usually contain a selection of different types of rides, along with shops, restaurants and other entertainment outlets. Theme parks can be enjoyed by adults, teenagers and children.\nMany are themed to a particular area; there are water parks, parks modeled after toys, parks modeled after movies or types of movies, usually adventure or action.\nOrigin.\nThe period from the 1950s through the 1970s brought about a core era for growth in the contemporary theme park industry, as a strong American middle class was being established and personal transportation became a common good. The baby boom following the second World War guaranteed a large number of families seeking to spend time together, and expanding labor rights allow for more free time to do just that.\nFinally, long-distance travel options and new forms of transportation, such as passenger air travel, grew in importance, making new destinations accessible. This mix of ideal economic conditions, combined with innovations during the time period, formed a perfect foundation on which to build the modern theme park concept to be developed.\nA similar \u201cperfect storm\u201d unfolded in Europe, with new innovations and attractions reshaping pleasure gardens and driving new experiences. Unique offerings were key to transporting families to worlds of imagination and wonder, but also to attracting audiences from further away.\nThe sheer concept of theme parks was born out of a combination of three early traditions: traveling fairs, pleasure gardens, and world fair exhibits. Slowly the three came together and formed the modern amusement park, inviting all age groups.\nBack in the day, the decision of going to a theme park was equivalent to an out of city trip, where people dressed the part. Men wore suits and ties, and women were always spotted in heels, as opposed to now, when people have ditched all that for comfortable clothes and sneakers. Today, enjoying amusement park rides seems like a hop, skip, and jump situation. Acrobatics, juggling acts and freak shows have gradually evolved to puppet shows and arcade games. The evolution of theme parks has been progressive \u2013 wooden roller coasters have turned into steel ones, with more safety elements added to all rides.\nFamous parks.\nSome famous theme parks:"}
+{"id": "28058", "revid": "287723", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28058", "title": "Rollercoasters", "text": ""}
+{"id": "28059", "revid": "2131", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28059", "title": "Theme Park", "text": ""}
+{"id": "28061", "revid": "1476056", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28061", "title": "Kookaburra", "text": "Kookaburras are birds of the genus Dacelo and are native to Australia and New Guinea. An adult kookaburra is generally 28\u201342 centimetres from the head to the tip of the tail.\nLife.\nKookaburras usually eat small animals: small mammals (like mice), insects, small birds, lizards and snakes. \nKookaburras usually live in family groups. Young kookaburras help their parents to hunt and care for the smaller children.\nKookaburras are well known for their loud call, which sounds a bit like human laughter. Kookaburras use their calling to show others what is their land."}
+{"id": "28063", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28063", "title": "Poll tax", "text": "Poll tax is a system of taxing. It is also called head tax. It is based on the idea that everyone pays the same amount of tax. This is regardless of how much they earn. In the last few years of Margaret Thatcher's reign as British Prime minister, she received heavy opposition and mass riots were held when she tried to have poll tax used as the tax system. Her tax was called Community Charge. Council Tax took its place in 1993. An earlier poll tax in England caused the Peasants' Revolt in 1381. "}
+{"id": "28064", "revid": "3611", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28064", "title": "Margaret Thatcher's", "text": ""}
+{"id": "28066", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28066", "title": "Poll Tax", "text": ""}
+{"id": "28067", "revid": "2077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28067", "title": "Maria do Carmo Miranda da Cunha", "text": ""}
+{"id": "28082", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28082", "title": "Canadian dollar", "text": "The Canadian dollar is the national currency of Canada. It has been used since 1858. The Canadian dollar is also used in Saint Pierre and Miquelon along with the Euro."}
+{"id": "28083", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28083", "title": "Printer", "text": "A printer can be:"}