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+{"id": "34118", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34118", "title": "Dan Quayle", "text": "James Danforth Quayle (; born February 4, 1947) is an American retired politician who served as the 44th vice president of the United States from 1989 to 1993 under President George H. W. Bush. Before becoming vice president, he was a U.S. representative for Indiana's 4th congressional district from 1977 to 1981. He was also a junior United States senator from Indiana from 1981 to 1989.\nIn 1988, incumbent vice president and Republican presidential nominee George H. W. Bush chose Quayle as his running mate. The Bush-Quayle ticket defeated the Democratic ticket of Dukakis-Bentsen. As vice president, Quayle made official visits to 47 countries and was appointed chairman of the National Space Council. In 1992, Bush and Quayle was defeated by the Democratic ticket of Clinton-Gore.\nIn 1994, Quayle published his memoir, \"Standing Firm\". He sought the Republican presidential nomination in 2000 but suspended his campaign early on and supported the nominee, George W. Bush. He joined Cerberus Capital Management, a private-equity firm in 1999. Since leaving office, he has remained active in the Republican Party, including making presidential endorsements in 2000, 2012, 2016, and 2020.\nEarly life.\nQuayle was born at Indiana University Health Methodist Hospital (When he was born as Methodist Hospital in 1947) in Indianapolis, Indiana. His parents were Martha Corinne (n\u00e9e Pulliam) and James Cline Quayle. He has often been incorrectly referred to as \"James Danforth Quayle III\". In his memoirs, he points out that his birth name was simply James Danforth Quayle. The name Quayle originates from the Isle of Man, where his great-grandfather was born.\nHis maternal grandfather, Eugene C. Pulliam, was a rich and influential publishing magnate who founded Central Newspapers, Inc., owner of over a dozen major newspapers such as \"The Arizona Republic\" and \"The Indianapolis Star\". James C. Quayle moved his family to Arizona in 1955 to run part of the family's publishing business. While his family was very wealthy, Quayle was less rich; his total net worth by the time of his election in 1988 was less than $1 million.\nPersonal life.\nQuayle and his wife are Presbyterians. He currently lives in Paradise Valley, Arizona."}
+{"id": "34119", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34119", "title": "Cincinnati", "text": "Cincinnati is a city in the southwestern corner of the state of Ohio near the states of Kentucky and Indiana. The city is in Hamilton County, Ohio. Cincinnati is home to major sports teams including the Cincinnati Reds and the Cincinnati Bengals, as well as events like the Cincinnati Masters and the Thanksgiving Day race. The University of Cincinnati traces its foundation to the Medical College of Ohio, which was founded in 1819.\nCincinnati was named after the Roman leader Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus and was an early major city in the midwestern United States. Many Germans settled in the city and the Over-the-Rhine neighborhood gets its name from the river in Germany. Soap and machine tools are major industries in the area, which is home to the company Procter & Gamble as well as Macy's. Cincinnati's economy and population declined in the late 1900s, but the city is on the upswing. The Over-The-Rhine neighborhood has seen a lot of new businesses and development in recent years."}
+{"id": "34120", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34120", "title": "Cable car", "text": "A cable car is a type of car that runs on cables above the car. The machines that drive the cables are in the two \"winding houses\". One winding house is at the bottom and one at the top. It is used much in areas where there are a lot of mountains.\nThe construction of the longest cable way in the world was finished in 16th October 2010 in Armenia. Its name is Wings of Tatev and has length of 5.7\u00a0km.\nSome cable cars run on railway tracks, pulled by a cable."}
+{"id": "34127", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34127", "title": "Tokusatsu", "text": "Tokusatsu is a Japanese word that means \"special effects\". It is used to talk about television shows and movies that have superheros, giant monsters, and other science fiction and fantastic themes. Some famous tokusatsu features include Godzilla, \"Ultra Series\", \"Kamen Rider\" and \"Super Sentai\"."}
+{"id": "34133", "revid": "10107594", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34133", "title": "Snakes on a Plane", "text": "Snakes on a Plane (released in Japan as \"Snake Flight\" (\u30b9\u30cd\u30fc\u30af\u30fb\u30d5\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8)) is a 2006 American action horror crime thriller movie. It was directed by David R. Ellis and it stars Samuel L. Jackson and released to movie theaters by Warner Bros. It is about many snakes attacking people on a plane that is traveling from Hawaii to Los Angeles, California.\nPlot.\nAfter witnessing the murder of prosecutor Daniel Hayes in Hawaii, by Yakuza boss Eddie Kim, a biker named Sean Jones runs away but is escorted out by Samuel L. Jackson's character, FBI agent Neville Flynn. They catch a flight heading to California. Suddenly snakes start attacking people on the plane, and Flynn becomes angry at the snakes, so he fights them. After fighting the snakes, the plane lands on a nearby airport, everyone gets out of the plane safely on a liferaft until a snake attacks Sean and Flynn shoots the snake off of him with his gun. Eddie Kim is also sentenced to death. After the incident Flynn and Sean go on a holiday in Bali, Indonesia.\nReception.\nThe movie became very popular before it was released because of the title and because of many people talked about it on the Internet."}
+{"id": "34134", "revid": "1368380", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34134", "title": "War in Afghanistan (2001\u20132021)", "text": "The War in Afghanistan was a war fought by the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, The Netherlands, Australia and other countries against the Taliban and al-Qaeda, after the September 11 attacks against the United States on September 11, 2001.\nOn 31 August 2021 (local time), the war ended as the last coalition soldiers (from foreign countries), left Afghanistan.\nHistory.\nThe war started when the United States invaded Afghanistan in 2001. The US and its allies forced the Taliban and Al-Qaeda to hide in the mountains. In December 2001, the US and its allies founded a new government for Afghanistan. Its president was Hamid Karzai.\nBy February 2002, 5,000 soldiers from ISAF (or \"International Security Assistance Force\") were in Afghanistan. That military force was led by United States. ISAF's soldiers were on loan from the militaries of NATO countries and allied countries. In 2012 ISAF was at its maximum: 130,000 soldiers (in Afghanistan).\nIn 2004 Hamid Karzai started as the first president of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Even though the Taliban had lost power, they formed a \"shadow government\". Taliban insurgents, or fighters, controlled many parts of Afghanistan, and enforced their own laws.\nOsama bin Laden was killed in Pakistan, May 2011.\nBritish troops left Afghanistan in 2015, after 5 years of training the Afghanistan police to deal with threats from the Taliban.\nAfter security deteriorated, American soldiers returned and over 10,000 were in the country at the end of 2017. In 2020, the US and NATO allies promised to leave Afghanistan as long as the Taliban agreed to certain things: not allowing terrorists to operate in its area, and starting peace talks with the Afghanistan government. In mid-2021, the Taliban began a military offensive to enlarge their territory as US and allied forces began to leave. By August 15, 2021, the Taliban had recaptured Kabul and defeated the Afghan government.\nAn anti-Taliban front took control of the Panjshir Valley, in August 2021 but lost control later that year due to the Taliban sending its forces.\nDuring the 2021 evacuation from Afghanistan, over 150,000 people chose to be taken out of Afghanistan; They were diplomats, other civilian staff, other civilians, and military staff.\nThe last military airplanes of the United States, left the airport in Kabul, one minute before 31 August 2021.\nOn 31 August 2021 (local time), the war ended.\nDeaths and injuries.\nMore than 15,000 Coalition soldiers were wounded: 6,773 US, 3,954 UK, 1,500 Canadian and over 2,500 other Coalition soldiers. 5,500 Afghan army soldiers and 200 Northern Alliance militants were killed in this war. 378 US civilian contractors were killed and 7,224."}
+{"id": "34135", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34135", "title": "United States war in Afghanistan", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34141", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34141", "title": "Castrato", "text": "A castrato (plural \"castrati\") was a type of male singer with a very high voice. The effect was produced either through castration, or because of some hormonal problems. The word \"castrato\" literally means castrated. Such singers were very sought after in the early days of the opera. Most of the main soprano roles in operas by Handel and other composers of that time were written for castrati. Nowadays they are almost always sung by female sopranos, since there are no castrati left.\nThe practice of castrating young boys who had good singing voices was quite common in Italy in the 17th century. When castration is done before puberty, the usual effects of puberty will not happen. These include the vocal cords enlarging and growing bigger, and the voice getting deeper as a consequence. \nEven though castration was illegal in many parts of Italy, it was often performed. Many families who were poor had their children castrated because it might give them a better future. \nOnce a boy was castrated he would go to a special music school where children learned singing and musical instruments. The castrati pupils were given special treatment. They were fussed over and kept warm to stop them from getting colds. When they grew up they hoped to become famous opera singers. A few of them had very successful careers in opera. They were the great stars of their day, and audiences came to the opera to cheer on their favourite singers. Those who were not good enough to make a career in opera joined church choirs instead.\nIt is impossible now for us to know what these great castrato voices sounded like, but they must have had very powerful voices and many of the singers were very skilled in singing and adding musical ornamentation to the songs. In the 18th century Italian opera became very popular in England. This was largely due to the German-born composer Georg Friderich H\u00e4ndel who moved to England in 1709 and wrote lots of Italian operas. Many singers who sang in London came from Italy, and many were castrati. The most famous one was called Farinelli. \nThe popularity of castrato singers died out in the 19th century. By the mid-19th century they were no opera castrati left, although a few castrati still sang in church choirs. The last one, a man called Alessandro Moreschi, died in 1922 aged 64. There is a recording of his voice made in 1902 which can be heard online, but he may not have been a good singer and he was old when he made the recording, so we cannot judge whether the castrato voice was beautiful by that recording."}
+{"id": "34142", "revid": "9556728", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34142", "title": "Falsetto", "text": "A falsetto voice is a special way of speaking or singing where you speak in a higher pitched voice than normal. Imagine Mickey Mouse's talking style but with a fancy name. Actors do this sometimes, e.g. Robin Williams in the film \"Mrs Doubtfire\" or Kevin Clash when voicing the character Elmo in \"Sesame Street\" and Barry Gibb of the Bee Gees, with his R&B falsetto. Also, Kellin Quinn from the band sleeping With Sirens uses falsetto sometimes.\nIt is like stretching the mouth out into a wide smile and saying 'ee', except it is sung.\nProcesses and uses of falsetto.\nWhen people speak or sing, their vocal cords vibrate. When a man sings falsetto only the edges of his vocal cords vibrate. These produce harmonics. It is similar to playing harmonics on a string instrument by lightly touching the string at a certain point so that only part of the string vibrates. When a man sings falsetto his is usually one octave higher than his normal singing voice. When people sing in falsetto, their voice can be breathy sometimes.\nFalsetto singing was used in the days when women were not allowed to sing in churches. Instead, men sang countertenor. Later the popularity of the countertenor disappeared, but in the mid 20th century it became popular again for performing Renaissance and Baroque music. Today the tradition of men singing alto (with countertenor voices) still exists in Britain in cathedral choirs and some church choirs which are all-male choirs. It is not a big, operatic voice, and it blends in well with boys\u2019 treble voices in the acoustic of churches and cathedrals. \nOccasionally falsetto can be used for comic effect, as in the roasted swan in the \"Carmina Burana\" by Carl Orff."}
+{"id": "34143", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34143", "title": "Countertenor", "text": "A countertenor is a male singer who uses a falsetto voice to sing high notes like a female contralto or mezzo-soprano.\nCountertenors were used a lot in the Renaissance and Baroque periods when females were not allowed to sing in church choirs. They did not have big, dramatic voices like castrati, so they were not normally used in opera. People forgot about this way of singing in the 18th and 19th centuries, although male altos continued to sing in English cathedral and church choirs. In the 20th century an English countertenor called Alfred Deller became very famous. He sang many songs from the Baroque period that had been written for the countertenor voice, for example songs by Henry Purcell who sang countertenor himself. Today there is a lot of interest again in using this type of voice for performing early music like Renaissance and Baroque music."}
+{"id": "34144", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34144", "title": "Male alto", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34145", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34145", "title": "Counter-tenor", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34146", "revid": "1212469", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34146", "title": "Breeches role", "text": "A breeches role is a part in an opera in which a woman plays the role of a man. It is also called a trouser role (British) or pants role (U.S.) or travesti role (the Italian word). It is called a breeches role because breeches are tight-fitting, knee-length trousers. These used to be worn by men at the time that breeches roles became popular. Sometimes breeches roles are in plays, but they are usually in opera.\nBreeches roles are usually female singers acting the role of a young man. They are normally sung by mezzo-sopranos or contraltos with light voices because they can often sound boyish. In the 17th and 18th centuries it was normal to have actors and actresses who cross-dressed. It was the time when castrato singers were popular. These castrati were men pretending to be women, but there were also women pretending to be men (especially when the actress was trying to deceive another character) and the audiences were used to this kind of thing. As they gradually stopped the horrible practice of castrating young boys in the late 18th century these male characters started to be sung by mezzo-sopranos instead.\nMozart wrote an opera called \"The Marriage of Figaro\". In this opera the role of Cherubino, a young page boy, is sung by a mezzo-soprano. Other famous examples include the role of Siebel in Dvo\u0159\u00e1k\u2019s opera \"Rusalka\" and the role of Prince Orlofsky in Johann Strauss\u2019s opera \"Die Fledermaus\".\nComposers from the 20th century do not usually have breeches roles in their operas. There is the role of Oktavian in Richard Strauss\u2019s opera \"Der Rosenkavalier\" (1911), but this opera was deliberately trying to produce the old-fashioned atmosphere of Mozart\u2019s time. Benjamin Britten wrote an opera called \"Midsummer Night\u2019s Dream\", based on Shakespeare\u2019s play. There is no breeches role here. Instead, the part of Oberon is written for a countertenor: a man with a high, falsetto voice.\nThere is also a term called a skirt role. This is the opposite of a trouser role: it is a man acting the part of a woman. Benjamin Britten uses one in the role of the Madwoman in \"Curlew River\". The witch in Humperdinck\u2019s \"Hansel and Gretel\" is also sung by a man. In both cases it makes the characters more dramatic, but the first is very serious while the second is supposed to be humorous."}
+{"id": "34147", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34147", "title": "Treble (singer)", "text": "The word treble is used, especially in British English, to mean the singing voice of a boy or girl. Often it is called a boy soprano or a boy alto, but since there are also many girls who sing in cathedral and church choirs these days, the word treble is now used to describe the voice of either sex.\nA boy cannot sing treble forever. At puberty he starts to become a man and his voice range will go up (we say that his voice \u201cbreaks\u201d). He will then become a tenor, a baritone, or a bass, or he may even train to be a countertenor. A girl\u2019s voice also changes when she reaches puberty, but the change into a grown-up female voice is more gradual than with a boy, and it is still within the soprano or alto range.\nBoys who join a cathedral choir or the choir of a large church will have to work hard to develop their voice and learn to sing musically. They often start this training aged 7 or 8, and they may only have four or five years before their voice starts to break. They do not usually become famous as soloists, but the Welsh treble Aled Jones became very famous for about three years and made many recordings before his voice broke in 1987.\nThe word \u2018treble\u2019 is used for children singing in a Classical Music style, especially church music. Although children do not usually sing in opera, occasionally a treble is used for the part of a very small boy, e.g. in Debussy\u2019s opera \"P\u00e9ll\u00e9as et M\u00e9lisande\" or the shepherd in Puccini's opera \"Tosca\"."}
+{"id": "34148", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34148", "title": "Claque", "text": "A claque (pronounce: \u2018clack\u2019) is a small group of people in an opera house who deliberately either clapped loudly (applauded) or shouted boo for a particular singer. Usually it means an \"organised\" group who know in advance what they are going to do.\nIn the 19th century there was very often a claque at performances of an opera. Someone who liked one of the singers and wanted them to have lots of applause would pay a group of people to sit near the back of the opera house and to clap and shout enthusiastically whenever that singer had finished a song. This would encourage the rest of the audience to clap loudly too. Sometimes the claque would be paid to do the opposite: they would be told to hiss and boo when the singer had sung.\nVery often a singer would have to pay some money to the claque so that they would applaud him (or her). If the singer did not pay, the claque would hiss and boo. This was, of course, a nasty form of blackmail. In the early 20th century, when the world-famous tenor Enrico Caruso refused to pay the claque in Naples a bribe, they hissed during his singing of the great aria \"Una furtiva lagrima\".\nGroups of supporters at football ('soccer') matches do much the same thing without being paid. Abuse of match officials is also quite common. Abuse between rival groups of fans is also common. Clubs are required to keep away fans in different sections from home fans. "}
+{"id": "34151", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34151", "title": "Leech", "text": "A leech, plural leeches, is a kind of worm that live in wet areas. Some only live in water, but some, called terrestrial leeches, can live on land. Terrestrial leeches can only live in wet and humid areas. Some leeches that live in water can swim. Leeches have 34 connected parts, called segments, that make up the body. Some leeches are predators, and eat other small animals, called invertebrates. Other leeches drink the blood of bigger animals, including humans."}
+{"id": "34153", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34153", "title": "Glycoprotein", "text": "A glycoprotein is a big molecule. It is composed of a protein and a carbohydrate (which is usually a sugar-like substance). Glycoproteins are important to recognise immune cells in mammals. \nWell-known glycoproteins are:\nHormones that are glycoproteins are (amongst others)"}
+{"id": "34154", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34154", "title": "Tissue culture", "text": "Tissue culture or cell culture is a way to grow cells in a laboratory. Cells are taken, and put into in a flask or Petri dish. They can be grown on a growth medium, sometimes an agar plate. The cells divide, and can be treated in various ways. This is done for a number of purposes, especially for the use of scientific research: "}
+{"id": "34155", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34155", "title": "Chemotherapy", "text": "Chemotherapy, or 'chemo', is the use of chemical substances to treat diseases. The word \"chemotherapy\" is often used for a type of medicine used to treat cancer. The drugs are cytotoxic, which means they are toxic to the body's cells.\nThere are many types of chemotherapy. and doctors chose the medication that will treat each types of cancer in the best way. Often, chemotherapy drugs are combined with each other and with other drugs when a person is treated for cancer.\nWhen a person has surgery to remove a tumor, chemotherapy may be given before or after. \nChemotherapy can also be used to treat other diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. \nChemotherapy often has bad side effects:"}
+{"id": "34156", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34156", "title": "EPO", "text": "EPO or epo may refer to:"}
+{"id": "34157", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34157", "title": "Hematopoietin", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34158", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34158", "title": "Hemopoietin", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34159", "revid": "1458798", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34159", "title": "East Slavic languages", "text": "The East Slavic languages are one of the three regional subgroups of the Slavic languages. It is the largest subgroup of the Slavic languages by number of speakers. The East Slavic languages are natively spoken in Eastern Europe, Siberia, and the Russian Far East. It is also used as a lingua franca in the Caucasus and Central Asia.\nThe main East Slavic languages are Belarusian, Russian, and Ukrainian. Sometimes Rusyn is also made separate, but other times it is said to be a dialect of Ukrainian. All of these languages use the Cyrillic script."}
+{"id": "34160", "revid": "1239704", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34160", "title": "East Slavic language", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34161", "revid": "1239704", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34161", "title": "West Slavic languages", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34162", "revid": "1239704", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34162", "title": "West Slavic language", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34163", "revid": "1239704", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34163", "title": "South Slavic languages", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34164", "revid": "1239704", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34164", "title": "South Slavic language", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34165", "revid": "179333", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34165", "title": "Eastern Slavic language", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34166", "revid": "179338", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34166", "title": "Czech-Slovak languages", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34167", "revid": "179339", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34167", "title": "Czech-Slovak language", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34168", "revid": "179340", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34168", "title": "Lechitic languages", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34169", "revid": "179341", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34169", "title": "Lechitic language", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34171", "revid": "179356", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34171", "title": "Piercing", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34172", "revid": "9590036", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34172", "title": "Typhoid", "text": "Typhoid, or typhoid fever, is an illness caused by the bacterium \"Salmonella enterica\" subspecies \"enterica\". Symptoms may vary from mild to severe, and usually begin 6 to 30 days after exposure. The disease is spread by water which has the bacteria in it. \nTransmission.\nTyphi is spread through from what is called the \"fecaloral route\". The source is people who are infected but have no symptoms. An asymptomatic human carrier is an individual who is still excreting typhoid bacteria in their stool a year after the acute stage of the infection.\nThe disease.\nTyphoid usually lasts between two weeks and a month. The symptoms of typhoid often appear 10 to 14 days after infection. If no treatment is given, between one and three out of every ten patients die. The rest usually get better after a month, at the most.\nTyphoid causes a steady fever of at least 103\u2013104 degrees F (39\u201340 degrees C). Also, it can cause stomach pains, headache, being delirious (restless, excited, seeing things), and not being hungry. In some cases, flat, pink coloured spots show up on the patient's body. Sometimes there are no symptoms. \nTyphoid is not common in countries with good sanitation and clean water. For example, scientists think that there are only 400 cases a year in the United States. In 2015, 12.5 million new cases worldwide were reported. For example, in the Indian subcontinent, typhoid is one of the most common diseases because of poor sanitation and lack of basic hygiene.In that case, typhoid fever is common in children of the one to 15 years age group.\nThe disease can be treated with antibiotics. There are standard drugs like \"chloromycetin\" which cure typhoid. "}
+{"id": "34173", "revid": "45220", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34173", "title": "Earring", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34174", "revid": "527152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34174", "title": "Necklace", "text": "A necklace is a jewellery item worn round the neck. It is of ancient origin: all civilisations have worn them. They usually figure precious metals and jewels, but may be made of colourful beads.\nThe Indore necklace.\nThe emeralds threaded onto the necklace were mined in Colombia. The diamonds were mined in India. The necklace's gemstones are believed to have been cut in India in the 17th century, but the early history of the necklace itself is unknown. The first recorded owner of the piece was Tukoji Rao III, Maharaja of Indore (a Princely State in India) in the early 20th century. On his abdication, the necklace was passed to his son, Yashvantrao II, who took up his father's throne. The necklace is sometimes called, though with no reason, the Spanish Inquisition necklace."}
+{"id": "34175", "revid": "45220", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34175", "title": "Bracelet", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34176", "revid": "45220", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34176", "title": "Arm ring", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34177", "revid": "45220", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34177", "title": "Armlet", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34178", "revid": "1061539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34178", "title": "Cranbourne, Victoria", "text": "Cranbourne is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is south east of Melbourne. It is above sea-level. Its Local Government Area is the City of Casey.\nThe Cranbourne area is made up of the suburbs: \nHistory.\nThe first people to live in the Cranbourne area were the Boonwurrung Aborigines. The first Europen settlers were the Ruffy brothers who arrived in 1836. They later opened the Cranbourne Inn.\nThe area was opened up by settlers from the 1860s. Progress in developing the land around Cranbourne was difficult because of the Koo Wee Rup swamp. William Lyall bought land in the swamp area. He helped organize draining the swamp to make it usable as farmland. The region has a strong farming history. A major cattle market started at Cranbourne in the 1870s. This was helped with the arrival of the railway in 1887. A market gardening industry began after World War I with the arrival of Italian immigrants.\nCranbourne has a long history of horse racing. The first races were held in 1867. The Cranbourne Racecourse and Recreation Reserve and the Cranbourne Training Complex are popular facilities. There is a Cranbourne Cup race meeting every year as well as other carnivals.\nIn the 1860s, a number of iron meteorites were discovered in the area. The largest, at 3.5 tonnes, was at the time, the largest discovered in the world. It was known as the Cranbourne meteorite. It was sold to the British Museum.\nCranbourne was made a town in 1861. The Shire of Cranbourne was begun in 1868. The office, built in 1875, is still standing on the corner of South Gippsland Highway and Sladen Street. In 1994 the Shire was made a City. Later in the same year most of the City joined with the City of Berwick to form the City of Casey.\nRapid growth.\nOver the years Cranbourne has changed from a small country town to a rapidly growing suburb. The exact time of when Cranbourne had changed from town to suburb is not really known. The number of people living in Cranbourne has grown quickly since the 1970s. There were 1,800 people in 1976, rising to 14,005 in 1986 and 18,886 in 1991. Cranbourne's current population is estimated to be at least 30,000 people.\nSport.\nCranbourne has many sports facilities including:\nBotanic Gardens.\nThe Royal Botanic Gardens, Cranbourne is a part of Melbourne's Royal Botanic Gardens. At Cranbourne there are a lot of Australian plants on display. One feature is an arid lands garden which has a red sand dune with desert plants.\nSchools.\nSchools in the Cranbourne area include:\nBecause of the growth in Cranbourne several new primary schools are being planned.\nChisholm Institute of TAFE also has a campus in Cranbourne, to the city's east.\nShopping centres.\nShopping centres in the Cranbourne area include:\nEvents.\nThe MRA Cranbourne GP Run is held each year on the Saturday of the Australian Motorcycle Grand Prix.\nCranbourne races are a regular event on the racing calendar. Greyhound and harness racing are also held.\nPublic transport.\nMelbourne's suburban railway links the suburb to Melbourne. The terminus of the Cranbourne railway line is at Cranbourne railway station. Merinda Park station is in Cranbourne North."}
+{"id": "34179", "revid": "45220", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34179", "title": "Bangle", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34180", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34180", "title": "Transylvania", "text": "Transylvania is a historical region in Central Europe. In the past, it was administered by Hungary, as an independent principality, belonging to the Ottoman Empire, and a province of Austria-Hungary. It has been part of Romania since the end of World War I in 1918.\nThe borders was made up by the Siret River from east, river Tisza from west of north and south by the Carpathian Mountains. \nTransylvania's main city, Cluj-Napoca, is seen as the region's informal capital. But Transylvania was also ruled from Alba Iulia during its dependence from the Ottoman Empire, and the seat of the Transylvanian Diet was moved to Sibiu for some time in the 19th century.\nIn popular culture, Transylvania is mainly known as the seat (and origin) of the fictional Count Dracula. This vampire story by Bram Stoker is based on a local nobleman Vlad III the Impaler, known for his cruelty. Bram Stoker never visited Transylvania and used vampire stories from Scotland to write his novel. \nIt also was the home of Elizabeth B\u00e1thory."}
+{"id": "34181", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34181", "title": "Southwest Airlines", "text": "Southwest Airlines is a airline based in Dallas, Texas that has a reputation for low fares. The airline started in 1971. It flies among about a hundred airports, mostly within the United States but also some airports in the Caribbean Sea and Mexico. \nOriginally, many of Southwest's flights were to airports in the Southwestern United States, such as Dallas Love Field and Houston Hobby Airport, but it also flies to airports in other parts of the country, such as Chicago Midway Airport and Baltimore/Washington International Airport. Southwest Airlines controls most of the gates at Dallas Love Field and most other airlines cannot fly from there.\nIn 2014, it started international flights. \nThe company flies 815 Boeing 737 aircraft. This is more than any other airline. It only flies the 737. By 2024, 230 were the newest kind, the Boeing 737 MAX.\nSouthwest Airlines bought the smaller AirTran Airways in 2011 and discontinued the AirTran name. For several years, Southwest was the largest airline in the United States based on number of passengers, but it was not the largest based on distance traveled. \nIn 2018, an engine exploded on a Southwest Airlines flight, killing one passenger. That was the first death of a passenger from an aircraft accident on Southwest (earlier passenger deaths were from other causes, such as heart attack and drug overdoses).\nIn 2025, Southwest started charging for checked baggage and began a transition to assigned seating. A television commercial about the assigned seating showed a lady throwing a watermelon on the floor of a grocery store, thus violating a social norm. The charges for checked baggage and assigned seating are examples of how nothing is sacred anymore (not that anything ever was truly sacred). "}
+{"id": "34183", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34183", "title": "Cluj-Napoca", "text": "Cluj-Napoca (pronunciation in Romanian: ; ; ; ; ), until 1974 \"Cluj\", is the third biggest city in Romania, and is the capital city of Cluj County, in the north-western part of Transylvania. Bucharest is about 330 kilometers away from Cluj-Napoca. About 330,000 people live in the city. It also has some famous universities and a rich history as the capital city of Transylvania.\nIn the west of Cluj-Napoca is the Hoia-Baciu Forest. There is a bicycle park and other sport activities like paintball, airsoft or archery."}
+{"id": "34184", "revid": "9171293", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34184", "title": "Sibiu", "text": "Sibiu (IPA , German: \"Hermannstadt\", Hungarian: \"Nagyszeben\") is a city in Transylvania, Romania. About 170,000 people live there. The Cibin River, a tributary of the Olt River flows through the city. It is the capital of Sibiu County."}
+{"id": "34185", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34185", "title": "Graphic design", "text": "Graphic design is a practical art which helps in communication. Visual information is formed in a way that produces a message. This can be done by placing words and pictures in ways that will get the attention of others. People who do graphic design as work are called \"graphic designers\". In printed media, graphic design includes typography, organising illustration, book design, page layout, specifying print.\nGraphic design can be done in different media. These include paper, video, labels, and web sites. \nGraphic designers use many skills, rules and techniques to provide the right information. They must combine artistic expression and media relations. Skills include the ability to look at the whole picture, color theory, design principles, understanding of art, etc.\nGraphic design today is heavily used in all types of media, magazine articles, internet and especially in advertising. Almost every marketing effort utilizes graphic design for brochures, business cards, websites, logo design and corporate identity. \nContemporary graphic designs tend to feature modern geometric forms and shapes and bold typefaces. They emphasize making the message easy to read and comprehend and also grab attention and make memorable.\nGraphic Designers are people who convert ideas and layout design of print, web or digital media, conceptualized and created by copywriters (people who write the written or textual content) and visualizers (people who originally conceive the look of the final layout) into visually appealing text, images, videos, illustrations, line arts or other forms of drawings or art. It is only after the work of graphic designers that the content becomes appealing and relatively much more attractive to the viewer than was originally made. The degree to which this can be made attractive to the audience depends to a large extent on the skill and proficiency of the Graphic Designer."}
+{"id": "34186", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34186", "title": "List of modern genocides", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34189", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34189", "title": "Quoc Ngu", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34190", "revid": "1675731", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34190", "title": "Rwandan genocide", "text": "The Rwandan genocide happened between April and July 1994. The genocide lasted for 100 days. Around 800,000 were murdered.\nOverview.\nIn a genocide, many or all people of a group are killed on the basis of their ethnicity, skin colour, religion, ideology or social affiliations. \nIn the Rwandan genocide, members of an ethnic groupm the Tutsi (\"abatutsi\"), were killed on the basis of their ethnicity. The murderers were extremist members of another ethnic group, the Hutu (\"abahutu\"). The Hutu killers also killed other Hutus whose beliefs were not as extreme as theirs.\nBackground.\nIn 1994, 85% of Rwandans were Hutus. However, the Tutsi minority had had more power and run the Rwandan government for many years. In 1959, the Hutus overthrew the Tutsi government and took power. Tens of thousands of Tutsis ran away to nearby countries.\nA group of the Tutsis in exile made a rebel group, called the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). The RPF invaded Rwanda in 1990, which started the Rwandan Civil War. The Tutsi rebels and the Hutu government fought until 1993, when the two sides signed a peace agreement. However, on April 6, 1994, an airplane carrying the Presidents of Rwanda and Burundi was shot down and destroyed. \nBoth presidents were Hutus. No one knows for sure who destroyed the plane. The RPF said that Hutu extremists had shot down the plane, as they wanted to justify killing people. However, the Hutu extremists pointed to the Tutsi RPF as those who had destroyed the plane. \nRight away, Hutu extremists started slaughtering Tutsis. In a half an hour, Hutu militias had blocked roads all over Kigali, Rwanda's capital. They stopped every passing car and killed every Tutsi they saw. The Rwandan genocide began that day.\nEvents.\nFor 100 days, members of the Hutu government's army, militias, and even civilians would kill 800,000 people, an average of 8,000 people per day. This makes the Rwandan genocide one of the most horrifying genocides in history.\nThe two main militias that carried out the killings were the \"Interahamwe\" and the \"Impuzamugambi\". They were youth organizations of two pro-Hutu political parties that had been turned by the government into militias to carry out the genocide.\nWithin a few hours after the Presidents' deaths, military leaders in Rwanda's different provinces called together militia and civilians. They told them that the Rwandan President was dead and that the Tutsi RPF had killed him. They ordered the crowd to kill Tutsis and said things like \"Begin your work!\" and \"Spare no one!\", including babies.\nPrelude.\nJust after the Presidents' deaths, Hutu extremists assassinated the Rwandan prime minister. They also tortured and killed the ten Belgian soldiers who had been assigned to protect her. Between April 6 and April 7, Hutu militias and the Rwandan Army then got lists of people in the government who were political moderates. They found the people in Kigali and killed themp.\u00a0230 so that the moderates would not be able to stop the genocide. \nThey also killed journalists and human rights activists who had spoken out against the Hutu government. Philip Gourevitch from \"The New Yorker\" said the leaders of the clear and \"planned\" genocide wanted it to look unclear and \"unplanned\".\nGenocide of Tutsis.\nOn the night of April 6, Hutu militias also went house to house in Kigali and killed Tutsis. By the morning of April 7, the killings had got worse. Interahamwe killed and looted however they wanted. Other countries' journalists filmed many of those things. In a few days, the genocide had spread across Rwanda. As the genocide spread out to rural parts of Rwanda, the killers paid less attention to slaughtering moderate Hutus and more attention to massacring Tutsis.\nSpread.\nThe Rwandan genocide was well-organized. For instance, the genocide's ringleaders circulated lists of people who were against the Hutu-led regime. They gave the lists to militias, who went and killed those people, along with their families. \nThe militias also blocked roads to identify Tutsis to be killed, as identification cards in Rwanda then indicated the holder's ethnicity. When they found a Tutsi, the militias would kill the person. Machetes were widely used as murder weapons. When Tutsis tried to hide from the killers, the militias would search every building in an area, inch by inch until they found the people who were hiding. \nThe army and militias were very brutal towards women. They raped between 150,000 and 250,000 Tutsi women. They also kidnapped women and forced them to be sex slaves. Following the rapes, the rapists would often mutilate the women's sex organs with weapons, boiling water, or acid.\nMost victims of the genocide were killed in their own villages. Often, they were killed by their own neighbours. Government radio stations encouraged regular people to kill their Tutsi neighbours. Hutus who refused to kill Tutsis were often executed immediately. Husbands killed their Tutsi wives because they were scared of being killed if they refused. There were even priests and nuns who were later convicted of killing people who had tried to hide in churches. As the historian Richard Prunier explained,p.\u00a0247\nPropaganda.\nDehumanization.\nThe killers used propaganda to encourage the genocide. They set up radio stations and newspapers that were full of hate speech. Often, they incited people to \"weed out the cockroaches\", meaning \"kill all the Tutsis\". The killers would read out the names of people they wanted to be killed over the radio. Radio stations told their listeners to make sure they disemboweled pregnant Tutsi women.\nUnited Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda.\nIn October 1993, the United Nations Security Council created the United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR). It was supposed to help put the 1993 peace agreement into place. However, the UNAMIR did not have permission from the Security Council to protect civilians or try to stop the genocide. \nBack then, the UNAMIR soldiers were allowed to shoot their weapons only in self-defence, if somebody was attacking them personally. They were not allowed to use their weapons or get involved to protect civilians who were being attacked.\nResponses.\nUnited Nations Security Council.\nThe UNAMIR's peacekeeping troops were being attacked more and more often. Countries began to pull their soldiers out of Rwanda. Some members of the UNSC, like the United States, argued strongly that the UN should take all of its peacekeeping troops out of Rwanda. \nEventually, the Security Council decided to decrease the number of troops that the UNAMIR was allowed to have. On April 21, 1994, as the genocide was spreading across Rwanda, the Security Council decreased the number of allowed UNAMIR troops from 2,548 to 270, a decrease of almost 90%.\nUNAMIR Commander Rom\u00e9o Dallaire kept asking the United Nations for more troops. On May 15, the Security Council increased UNAMIR's allowed number of troops to 5,500. However, it took almost six months for UN member countries to volunteer this many troops. Meanwhile, the genocide continued.\nOperation Turquoise.\nFrance offered to lead a humanitarian mission in southwestern Rwanda while UNAMIR was trying to gather more troops. The Security Council approved the mission on June 22, 1994. France called the mission \"Operation Turquoise\".It had soldiers from France and other countries set up a \"safe zone\" in southwest Rwanda. That was meant to be an area where people could come to be protected from Hutu attacks. Historians think that Operation Turquoise saved 13,000 to 14,000 lives.p.\u00a0308 However, France has been accused of letting war criminals escape Rwanda through the safe zone.\nMassacres.\nBecause UNAMIR troops were not allowed to use their weapons to protect civilians, the militias were massacred civilians even when UNAMIR troops were nearby.\nKigali.\nFor example, on April 7, 1994, Belgian soldiers were staying at a school outside Kigali. Thousands of Tutsis ran from Kigali to the school in the hope that the soldiers would protect them from the massacres that were happening in Kigali. Hutu militia surrounded the school but did not enter because they were afraid of the Belgian soldiers.\nHowever, one day, the Belgian were ordered to leave so that they could take Europeans to the airport to get them out of the country. Later, a Belgian colonel \"said the young soldiers told him they saw the killers in their rearview mirrors\" as they drove away. After the soldiers left, the Hutu militia killed thousands of Tutsis.\nMurambi Technical School.\nAnother massacre happened in Murambi, a town in southern Rwanda. When the genocide reached Murambi,Tutsis tried to hide at a church. However, the bishop and the mayor tricked them by telling them to go to the Murambi Technical School. They said the French soldiers there would protect them. \nOn April 16, 1994, about 65,000 Tutsis ran to the school. One survivor said: \"They gave us four [French soldiers] for protection, but from 17 April we never saw them again\". After they got to the school, the Tutsis had no food. The school's water was also cut off so that the Tutsis would be too weak to fight back. \nThe Tutsis still fought back for a few days by using stones. However, on April 21, the school was attacked by the Interahamwe, which killed about 45,000 Tutsis at the school. The other 20,000 Tutsis ran to a nearby church to hide, but the militia found them there and killed almost all of them.\nThe school is now a genocide museum.m which displays claim that merely 34 people out of 65,000 survived the massacre. It also states that after the massacre, the French soldiers came back, buried the bodies in mass graves and put a volleyball court over the mass graves to hide what had happened.\nIndependent investigations.\nIn 1999, Kofi Annan, the Secretary-General of the United Nations, asked for an independent report about the genocide. He wanted to know why the United Nations and the world had \"failed\" to stop the genocide. The report said that the major failures were:\nEnd of the genocide.\nThe Ugandan Army joined the RPF in fighting the Hutu extremists, who were gradually defeated across Rwanda. On July 4, 1994, the RPF\u2013Ugandan forces took over Kigali to overthrow the extremist regime. Afterwards, about 2,000,000 Hutus fled to Zaire, a neighbouring country. According to the BBC, \" say the RPF killed thousands of Hutu civilians as they took power and more after they went into [Zaire] to [follow] the Interahamwe. The RPF denies this.\"\nVictims.\nIn 1994, Rwanda's population was 7,900,000. The genocide caused the following:\nBefore the genocide, about 1,100,000 of Rwandans were Tutsis. After the genocide, only about 300,000 Tutsis remained in the country. Almost 75% Tutsis in Rwanda had been killed during the genocide.\nAftermath.\nInternational Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.\nIn 1995, the UNSC set up the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR). Its goal was to prosecute people who took part in genocide, war crimes or crimes against humanity, and punish the guilty ones. The ICTR had the power to prosecute anyone who broke international laws about human rights.\nThe ICTR was the first international court ever to:\nOut of 93 people indicted by the ICTR, 61 were found guilty and sent to prison. Another ten cases were sent to Rwanda so their own courts could hear the cases. Three people indicted by the ICTR are still fugitives. The ICTR closed on December 31, 2015.\nRwandan courts.\nThe Rwandan government could not start trying genocide suspects until 1996 because so many judges had been killed in the genocide, and so many court buildings and jails had been destroyed.\nBy 2000, there were over 100,000 suspects waiting for trials. The regular Rwandan courts could not handle this many cases. To help with this problem, the government set up a new and different system of courts to help the regular Rwandan courts. By mid-2006, the Rwandan courts had tried over 10,000 genocide suspects.\nA person has been extradited from a European country, as late as 2025.\nGacaca courts.\nIn 2001, the Rwandan government launched a system of Gacaca courts (pronounced \"GA-CHA-CHA\"). In these courts, Rwandans elect judges to hear genocide suspects' trials. Gacaca courts may hear cases about any crimes except planning genocide or rape, which must be heard by regular Rwandan courts.\nWhen a suspect is found guilty, the Gacaca courts hand out less serious sentences. The goal of the Gacaca courts is to get justice while also moving towards reconciliation. It also gives perpetrators chances to admit what they did and the victims chances to learn of what happened to their loved ones respectively. Between 2001 and 2012, 12,000 Gacaca courts tried over 1,200,000 cases across Rwanda. They finished their work on May 4, 2012.\nDenial.\nSince the end of the Rwandan genocide, there have been deniers of the genocide worldwide across the political spectrum. \n2010s.\nTwo of the notable deniers were the American economist Edward S. Herman (1925 \u2013 2017) and David Peterson, who published two books in 2010 and 2014 respectively accusing Western media of \"selling\" the Rwandan genocide as a \"genocide\" for the sake of \"promoting\" what these two scholars claimed to be \"economic and intellectual agendas of the U.S.\" despite the actual lack of Western media attention to the events during the Rwandan genocide. \nTrivia.\nMeanwhile, Edward S. Herman had published several books objecting to the genocide classification and doubting the confirmed death tolls of the Cambodian genocide and Bosnian genocide, which made him a subject of media criticism.\n2020s.\nIn December 2024, the French-Cameroonian writer Charles Onana was convicted of downplaying the Rwandan genocide. He was ordered to pay \u20ac8,400, and his publisher was to pay \u20ac5,000, as French laws ban the denial of any genocide that is recognised by the French government."}
+{"id": "34193", "revid": "10318393", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34193", "title": "Vaquita", "text": "The vaquita (\"Phocoena sinus\") is a rare type of porpoise. It lives only in the Gulf of California. It is the world's smallest cetacean and most endangered marine mammal. The Vaquita is listed as Critically Endangered by the International Union of Conservation of Nature. Forty years ago, the Vaquita population was estimated to have 1000 living individuals. Current research has shown that from 1990 to now (2021), the population has dropped from close to 500 individuals down to 20 or less. The species is most under threat from illegal fishing activities that are taking place in the Gulf; ongoing bycatch in gillnets used to catch shrimp and to poach the endangered totoaba (Totoaba macdonaldi). This species requires a 9-month maternal care period for newborns after birth. Without their mothers, newborns will not be able to survive. Therefore, the loss of a female mother vaquita results in an additional loss of their newborn. \nLook.\nVaquita have a dark coloring around the eyes and mouth. The upper side of the body is medium to dark gray. The underside is off-white to light gray. It has a rather large fin on its back for its size.\nThe Vaquita is the smallest type of porpoise in the world, growing up to 5 feet long and weighing up to 120 pounds.\nFeeding.\nVaquitas usually eat small fish, crustaceans (such as shrimp), and cephalopods (such as squid and octopuses).\nLife.\nThey live alone or in small groups, usually of about three, but sometimes they live in groups of up to ten.\nReferences.\n\u00a0Rodr\u00edguez-F\u00e9lix. (2021). Viability of the vaquita, Phocoena sinus (Cetacea: Phocoenidae) population, threatened by poaching of Totoaba macdonaldi (Perciformes: Sciaenidae). Revista de Biolog\u00eda Tropical., 69(2), 588\u2013600. https://doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v69i2.45475"}
+{"id": "34194", "revid": "527152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34194", "title": "Zygote", "text": "A zygote is the fertilized cell that will grow into a new animal or plant. When a female's ovum and a male's sperm cell join, the cell that results is called the zygote. The zygote then multiplies, and grows into an embryo. So, a zygote is formed from the union of two gametes, and is the first stage in a human organism's development. Zygotes are produced by fertilization between two haploid cells, the ovum and the sperm cells, which make a diploid cell. Diploid cells have copies of both parents' chromosomes and DNA. At conception it has all the necessary properties to create a fully formed human being. Life until death is a series of many different stages of development. \nSome animals keep the zygote in their bodies until it is a full-grown baby. The time between the forming of the zygote and the baby's birth is called pregnancy. Other animals do not keep the zygote in their bodies, but lay an egg. The zygote grows inside the egg until it is ready and a larva or baby animal hatches."}
+{"id": "34195", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34195", "title": "Dave Jauss", "text": "Dave Jauss (born January 16, 1957) is the bench coach for the New York Mets. He has also been the bench coach for the Los Angeles Dodgers and Baltimore Orioles."}
+{"id": "34196", "revid": "179521", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34196", "title": "Fertilisation", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34197", "revid": "4370", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34197", "title": "Tadpoles", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34198", "revid": "4370", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34198", "title": "Pollywog", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34199", "revid": "4370", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34199", "title": "Polywog", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34202", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34202", "title": "Cardiac arrest", "text": "Cardiac arrest happens when the heart suddenly stops beating or beats too weakly to produce a pulse. This can be caused by a heart attack in which the heart's need for oxygen is not met and the heart muscle begins to die. With cardiac arrest, normal circulation of blood stops, because of a failure of the heart to contract. This results in the body not getting enough oxygenated blood, which causes cells to start to die from oxygen starvation. Cerebral hypoxia (lack of oxygen to the brain) eventually makes a person lose consciousness and stop breathing, and this makes the heart stop completely. Unless the person is in hypothermia, brain damage usually occurs after three to five minutes. (In some cases, the person is put into hypothermia on purpose, to help the person recover better with less damage.)\nCardiac arrest is a medical emergency. If it is treated early enough, some damage done can be reversed in certain groups of patients. When cardiac arrest leads to a person's death, this is called sudden cardiac death (SCD). First aid treatment for cardiac arrest usually begins with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to keep oxygenated blood flowing until medical treatment is available.\nCauses.\nCardiac arrest can be caused by cardiac (heart) problems, like heart attacks, and from non-cardiac problems, like breathing problems or very serious injuries. In older people, cardiac arrest is usually caused by a heart problem. In younger people, cardiac arrest is often caused by breathing problems.\nCardiac causes.\nCoronary artery disease.\nCoronary artery disease (CAD) is disease in one or more of the coronary arteries, the main arteries that supply the heart. Over time, these arteries can form plaques\u2014 a layer of fat on the inner wall of the artery. This is more likely to happen if a person has high cholesterol. When plaques form in coronary arteries, they become partially blocked and less blood can move through them. Early on, there may be no symptoms of less blood flow through arteries\u2014 a form of disease called atherosclerosis. As coronary artery disease gets worse, the heart may not receive enough blood flow to supply the oxygen it needs to function, known as ischemia. When ischemia is happening, a person may have symptoms including chest pain. Over time, ischemia of the heart can cause damage to heart muscle and the electrical system of the heart. This damage over time causes a gradual decrease in heart function, raising a person's risk for cardiac arrest.\nHeart attack.\nEarly on in CAD, coronary artery plaques only partially block arteries. While ischemia may be happening, the heart is still able to keep muscle alive. Plaques usually grow in size over time, further reducing blood flow to the heart and worsening ischemia. When ischemia becomes severe enough to cause heart muscle to die, it becomes known as a heart attack, also known as a myocardial infarction. A heart attack may also occur when a coronary artery plaque breaks away from the wall of the artery. This \"ruptured\" of a plaque is too bulky to travel through the heart's small blood vessels and often becomes \"stuck\", leading to a total blockage of that artery. Plaques damage artery walls when they break off. If this damage is severe enough to cause bleeding, artery blockage can also happen when the body forms a clot at the site of the damage.\nA heart attack means ischemia is causing heart muscle to die. Sometimes, this can be seen on an electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG). In other cases, a heart attack can only be detected by a blood test that shows an elevated level of troponin, a chemical released when heart muscle dies. Because ischemia is so severe, heart attacks increase the risk of cardiac arrest much more than CAD alone.\nStructural heart disease.\nProblems with the heart's structure or movement. can also cause cardiac arrest. Heart structure problems include cardiomyopathy (abnormal heart muscle), myocarditis (infection of the heart muscle), and heart failure. \nCardiomyopathy is a problem with the makeup, arrangement, or behavior of heart muscle. Cardiomyopathy can be caused by genes, coronary artery disease (CAD), using certain drugs, virus infections, certain cancer treatments, and severe stress. There are four main types of cardiomyopathy. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a disease where the heart becomes too large to pump blood to the body effectively. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM or HOCM) is a genetic disease where the heart muscle becomes too thick for the heart to move normally. Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is a disease where the heart muscles become too stiff to allow the heart to fill with the normal amount of blood. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a genetic disease that causes changes in overall heart movement, changes in heart muscle tissue makeup, and arrythmias\u2014 abnormal heart rhythms."}
+{"id": "34211", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34211", "title": "Huguenots", "text": "From the 16th to the 18th century the name Huguenot was describing a member of the Protestant Reformed Church of France. They are sometimes known as the French Calvinists.\nAfter the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre in 1572 and the French Wars of Religion hundreds of thousands of French Protestants fled France, many to England including some to the East End of London, specifically Whitechapel and Spitalfields. Some went as far as the overseas colonies of Protestant powers. The Treaty of Nantes allowed them to stay in France without being massacred"}
+{"id": "34212", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34212", "title": "La Rochelle", "text": "La Rochelle is a city in the Charente-Maritime department and a seaport in western France near the Bay of Biscay. The Huguenots there rebelled in 1627 and 1628.\nLa Rochelle is a coastal city in southwestern France and capital of the Charente-Maritime department. It has been a center for fishing and trade since the 12th century, a maritime tradition that's reflected in its Vieux Port (old harbor) and huge, modern Les Minimes marina. The old town has half-timbered medieval houses and Renaissance architecture, including passageways covered by 17th-century arches. \nLa Rochelle Business School is in the city.\nSister cities.\nLa Rochelle is twinned with:"}
+{"id": "34213", "revid": "573778", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34213", "title": "Nanometer", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34222", "revid": "10279798", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34222", "title": "Combustion", "text": "Combustion is the process of burning. Combustion is a reaction of a fuel with an oxidant to give out heat. The release of heat can produce light in the form of a flame.\nCar engines and rocket engines both work by combustion. Combustion in a Ferrari car motor is different from combustion in a rocket engine. Car combustion is gas burning and exploding in cylinders called pistons again and again to push them up and down, making the car move. Rocket combustion is made by rocket fuel exploding out of the back of the rocket moving it up. The burning of most substances is bad for the environment and the ozone layer because it can let off greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide. Hydrogen burns cleanly and gives off a lot of heat, but it does not produce much power, and is highly explosive.\nThe fire tetrahedron (contains oxygen fuel heat and chemical chain reaction) show the components of combustion. During combustion, fuel reacts with oxygen and heat, then releases energy. Complete combustion happens in a plentiful supply of oxygen. Complete combustion releases more energy than incomplete combustion. Incomplete combustion occurs when the supply of air is limited, or poor. Incomplete combustion also creates carbon monoxide, and even soot. Several factors must be considered when choosing the best fuel for a particular purpose. Fuels are substances that react with oxygen to release useful energy. Most of the energy is released as heat, but light energy is also released. About 21 per cent of the air is oxygen. When a fuel burns in plenty of air, it receives enough oxygen for complete combustion. Complete combustion needs a plentiful supply of air so that the elements in the fuel react fully with oxygen. Fuels such as natural gas and petrol contain hydrocarbons. These are compounds of hydrogen and carbon only. Combustion is a high-temperature oxidation reaction."}
+{"id": "34224", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34224", "title": "Nanometre", "text": "The nanometre (symbol: nm) is a unit used to measure length in the metric system. It is equal to one billionth of a metre () and for kilometre, it is equal to one trillionth of a kilometre (1 km / 1,000,000,000,000). The name combines the SI prefix \"nano-\" (from the Ancient Greek , ', \"dwarf\") with the parent unit name \"metre\" (from Greek , ', \"unit of measurement\"). It can be written in scientific notation as 1\u00d710\u22129\u00a0m.\nThe nanometre is often used to express very tiny dimensions, such as measuring atoms. The nanometre is also commonly used to measure the wavelength of electromagnetic radiation near the part of the spectrum that can be seen by humans. Visible light ranges from around 400 to 800\u00a0nm.\nThe nanometre was formerly called the millimicrometre (or the millimicron). This is because it is 1/1000 of a micrometre, and was written with the symbol m\u00b5 (or sometimes \u00b5\u00b5)."}
+{"id": "34226", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34226", "title": "Caterpillar", "text": "A caterpillar is a young butterfly or moth that has just hatched out of its egg. A caterpillar is a kind of larva. When it is older, the caterpillar will turn into a pupa (also known as a chrysalis), and then later the pupa will turn into a butterfly.\nCaterpillars usually have three pairs of small, but noticeable, true legs at the front and up to 5 pairs of fleshy false legs at the back.\nCaterpillars are commonly found feeding on leaves, but they are also found inside living stems and branches or on the roots of plants and dead wood.\nMost caterpillars are shades of green or brown and are relatively hairless, although in many families caterpillars are very hairy and often brightly coloured. Some species are pests of growing plants, carpets, woollens, organic fabrics and stored food products.\nCaterpillars are an important source of food for birds and other invertebrates and many species help dead animals and plants decompose.\nGallery.\nExamples of different kinds of caterpillars."}
+{"id": "34227", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34227", "title": "Hummingbird", "text": " \nHummingbirds are small birds of the family Trochilidae.\nThey are among the smallest of birds: most species measure 7.5\u201313\u00a0cm (3\u20135\u00a0in). The smallest living bird species is the 2\u20135\u00a0cm bee hummingbird. They can hover in mid-air by rapidly flapping their wings 12\u201380 times per second (depending on the species). They are also the only group of birds able to fly backwards. Their rapid wing beats do actually hum. They can fly at speeds over 15\u00a0m/s (54\u00a0km/h, 34\u00a0mi/h).\nEating habits and pollination.\nHummingbirds help flowers to pollinate, though many other insects also do so. The hummingbird depends absolutely on the nectar, more so that any other bird.\nHummingbirds do not have a good sense of smell; instead, they are attracted to color, especially the color red. Unlike the butterfly, the hummingbird hovers over the flower as it drinks nectar from it, like a moth. When it does so, it flaps its wings very quickly to stay in one place, which makes it look like a blur and also beats so fast it makes a humming sound. A hummingbird sometimes puts its whole head into the flower to drink the nectar properly. When it takes its head back out, its head is covered with yellow pollen, so that when it moves to another flower, it can pollinate. \nLike bees, hummingbirds can assess the amount of sugar in the nectar they eat. They reject flowers whose nectar has less than 10% sugar. Nectar is a poor source of nutrients, so hummingbirds meet their needs for protein, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, etc. by preying on insects and spiders.\nFeeding apparatus.\nMost hummingbirds have bills that are long and straight or nearly so, but in some species the bill shape is adapted for specialized feeding. Thornbills have short, sharp bills adapted for feeding from flowers with short corollas and piercing the bases of longer ones. The sicklebills' extremely decurved bills are adapted to extracting nectar from the curved corollas of flowers in the family Gesneriaceae. The bill of the fiery-tailed awlbill has an upturned tip, as in the Avocets. The male tooth-billed hummingbird has barracuda-like spikes at the tip of its long, straight bill.\nThe two halves of a hummingbird's bill have a pronounced overlap, with the lower half (mandible) fitting tightly inside the upper half (maxilla). When hummingbirds feed on nectar, the bill is usually only opened slightly, allowing the tongue to dart out into the nectar.\nLike the similar nectar-feeding sunbirds and unlike other birds, hummingbirds drink by using grooved or trough-like tongues which they can stick out a long way.\nHummingbirds do not spend all day flying, as the energy cost would be prohibitive; much of their activity consists of sitting or perching. Hummingbirds feed in many small meals, consuming many small invertebrates and up to twelve times their own body weight in nectar each day. They spend an average of 10\u201315% of their time feeding and 75\u201380% sitting and digesting.\nCo-evolution with flowers.\nSince hummingbirds are specialized nectar-eaters, they are tied to the flowers they feed upon. Some species, especially those with unusual bill shapes such as the sword-billed hummingbird and the sicklebills, are co-evolved with a small number of flower species.\nMany plants pollinated by hummingbirds produce flowers in shades of red, orange, and bright pink, though the birds will take nectar from flowers of many colors. Hummingbirds can see wavelengths into the near-ultraviolet. However, their flowers do not reflect these wavelengths as many insect-pollinated flowers do. The narrow color spectrum may make hummingbird-pollinated flowers inconspicuous to insects, thereby reducing nectar robbing by insects. \nHummingbird-pollinated flowers produce relatively weak nectar (averaging 25% sugars w/w) containing high concentrations of sucrose, whereas insect-pollinated flowers typically produce more concentrated nectars dominated by fructose and glucose.\nTaxonomy.\nHummingbirds have traditionally been a part of the bird order Apodiformes. This order includes the hummingbirds, the swifts and the tree swifts. The Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy of birds, based on DNA studies done in the 1970s and 1980s, changed the classification of hummingbirds. Instead of being in the same order as the swifts, the hummingbirds were made an order, the Trochiliformes. Their previous order, Apodiformes was changed to the superorder Apodimorphae. This superorder contains the three families of birds which were in it when it was an order."}
+{"id": "34229", "revid": "9821056", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34229", "title": "Bielsko-Bia\u0142a", "text": "Bielsko-Bia\u0142a is a city in southern Poland with 180,000 inhabitants. Its size is . The city is in the Beskidy mountains."}
+{"id": "34232", "revid": "4204", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34232", "title": "Ngo D\u00ecnh Diem", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34233", "revid": "1649829", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34233", "title": "Idi Amin", "text": "Idi Amin Dada (17 May 1925 \u2013 16 August 2003) was a repressive dictator who ruled the African country of Uganda from 1971 to 1979. Known for his brutal regime, Amin's rule was marked by human rights abuses, political repression, and economic mismanagement. He seized power through a military coup, and his regime was characterized by authoritarianism and erratic behavior. Amin expelled Uganda's Asian minority, leading to economic decline, and his reign saw widespread human rights violations, including mass killings and torture. He was eventually overthrown in 1979 and fled to Libya and Later Saudi Arabia, living in exile until his death in 2003. \nEarly Life and Career.\nIdi Amin was born on May 17, 1925 in Koboko, British Uganda. He initially worked as a cook and later joined the King's African Rifles, where he rose through the ranks. Amin's early life was marked by his military career and his growing influence within Ugandan politics.\nPersonal Life.\nIdi Amin had multiple wives during his life, but two of the most prominent ones were Malyamu and Kay. His personal life was complex. Amin built a palace near Lake Victoria where he lived during his rule. It was a place of luxury for him.\nMilitary Career.\nIn 1946, Amin Joined the King's African Rifles and Participated in the Mau Mau rebellion in Neighboring Kenya. Following Uganda's independence in 1962, Amin rose through the ranks of the Ugandan military, eventually becoming a major in 1963. His career progressed, and he seized power in a coup in 1971, establishing himself as Uganda's president.\nRule.\nEstablishing Military Rule.\nOn January 25, 1971, Amin's Troops overthrown Milton Obote's Government while Obote was out of the country attending a Commonwealth meeting in Singapore. \nPersecution of Minorities.\nDuring his Early years in power, Amin Targeted supporters of Milton Obote's Regime, mainly the Lango\u00a0and Acholi ethnic groups, one of which was Janani Luwum. In August 1972, Amin Ordered the Expulsion of Uganda's Asian Community, which caused the economy to collapse and Amin nationalized all business that was once owned by the Asian Community.\nForeign Policy.\nIdi Amin had a controversial foreign policy. He expelled Asian communities, leading to strained relations with the UK and Israel. Amin's regime was marked by erratic diplomatic decisions and isolationist tendencies.\nIsrael.\nIdi Amin had a complex relationship with Israel. In the early 1970s, he expressed support for Israel, but later he shifted towards a more anti-Israel stance. Amin severed diplomatic ties in 1972, aligning himself with the Arab nations after the Yom Kippur War.\nLibya.\nIdi Amin had a close relationship with Libya's leader, Muammar Gaddafi, during the 1970s. They formed an alliance based on shared interests and anti-Western sentiments. Gaddafi provided Amin with economic and military support, and they collaborated on various political initiatives.\nUnited States.\nIdi Amin's relationship with the United States was strained. While initially supported during the Cold War due to his anti-Soviet stance, Amin's erratic behavior and human rights abuses led to a deterioration of relations.\nSoviet Union.\nIdi Amin initially had close ties with the Soviet Union in the early 1970s, but the relationship soured later. Amin, Uganda's president, expelled Israeli and Western advisers, turning to the Soviet Union for support.\nUnited Kingdom.\nIdi Amin's relationship with the United Kingdom was tumultuous. After seizing power in Uganda in 1971, Amin initially had good relations with the UK. However, his erratic behavior, human rights abuses, and expulsion of Asians from Uganda strained ties. The UK condemned Amin's actions, leading to a deterioration in diplomatic relations.\nFall from Power and Exile.\nUganda-Tanzania War.\nIdi Amin's fall from power began in 1979 when Tanzanian forces, with Ugandan exiles, ousted him. Amin fled to Libya and later settled in Saudi Arabia.\nLater Years and Death.\nIdi Amin lived his later years in exile, mainly in Saudi Arabia, after being ousted from power in 1979. He remained there until his death in August 2003.\nLegacy.\nIdi Amin's legacy is marked by a brutal regime during his time as Uganda's president from 1971 to 1979. His rule was characterized by human rights abuses, political repression, and economic mismanagement. The exact impact of his legacy is complex, with lasting scars on Uganda's history and society.\nIn Popular Culture.\nIdi Amin has been portrayed in various films and books. Forest Whitaker won an Academy Award for his portrayal of Amin in \"The Last King of Scotland.\" Amin's character is often used to explore themes of power and brutality in storytelling."}
+{"id": "34234", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34234", "title": "Phnom Penh", "text": "Phnom Penh (; official Romanization: Phnum P\u00e9nh; IPA: [p\u02b0num pe\u02d0\u0272]) is the capital of Cambodia. It is the largest and most populous city in the country. It is also the capital of the Phnom Penh administrative city. \nOverview.\nOn April 17, 1975, it was seized by the Khmer Rouge who soon forced everyone to leave. It was later retaken from the Khmer Rouge by the Vietnamese Army in January 1979."}
+{"id": "34297", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34297", "title": "Spin-offs", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34307", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34307", "title": "Take Me Out to the Ball Game", "text": "\"Take Me Out to the Ball Game\" is a 1908 Tin Pan Alley song. The words were written by Jack Norworth. The music was written by Albert Von Tilzer. Neither of the writers had been to a baseball game. The song has become the unofficial anthem of baseball. \nThe chorus is traditionally sung during the seventh-inning stretch of a baseball game. Fans are generally encouraged to sing along. At some ballparks, the words \"home team\" are replaced with the team name, as is the case with the Houston Astros, San Francisco Giants, Pittsburgh Pirates, Boston Red Sox, Chicago Cubs, Chicago White Sox, Milwaukee Brewers, Philadelphia Phillies, Toronto Blue Jays, Miami Marlins, Colorado Rockies, Detroit Tigers and several other Major League Baseball teams.\nThe first recorded version of the song was made by Edward Meeker. Meeker's recording was selected by the Library of Congress as a 2010 addition to the National Recording Registry. The Registry picks recordings once a year that are \"culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant\"."}
+{"id": "34308", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34308", "title": "Xia dynasty", "text": "Xia dynasty (Chinese: \u590f\u671d; Pinyin: xi\u00e0 ch\u00e1o; Wade\u2013Giles: Hsia-ch'ao) was the first dynasty of China. It was founded in 2100 BC and ended in 1600 BC. Until archaeologists dug at Erlitou in Henan Province, many scientists were not sure if the Xia Dynasty was real or a myth. The last king was Jie who was said to be cruel and greedy. He was defeated by T'ang, the king of the Shang people from the east."}
+{"id": "34309", "revid": "1611993", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34309", "title": "South Park", "text": "South Park is an American adult animated sitcom about the lives of 24 children in the 4th grade living in the small mountain town of South Park, Colorado. The series is made to be watched by adults, but the series gets a lot of people to watch it because of its humor. It uses satire to make fun of subjects such as current events, religion, politics, and pop culture. The show is controversial because of its use of profanity and sexual humor. Characters in \"South Park\" include Butters Stotch, Eric Cartman, Kenny McCormick, Wendy Testaburger, Bebe Stevens, Millie Larsen, Heidi Turner, Red McArthur, Nichole Daniels, Allie Nelson, Betsy, Ashley, Kelly-Ann Barlow, Stan Marsh, Kyle Broflovski, Timmy Burch, Jimmy Valmer, Clyde Donovan, Annie Knitts, Scott Malkinson, Lola, Nate, Adam Borque, DogPoo Petuski and Jason White. These children are 10 years old. The series is about them living in their town.\nThe series' creators Trey Parker and Matt Stone made a movie about the series, called \"\" which Parker directed and was released on .\nOrigins.\n\" South Park\" began in when Trey Parker and Matt Stone met in their film class at the University of Colorado at Boulder. They made a short subject animated short called \"Jesus vs. Frosty\". The short movie had characters that were similar to the main characters in the present-day \"South Park\".\nLater on, an executive at FOX saw the movie. He hired Parker and Stone to make a second short movie to send to friends as a video Christmas card. This second video was called \"Jesus vs. Santa\". It had the same style as the \"South Park\" that can be seen today.\nCharacters.\nThe voices in \"South Park\" are done by a small number of actors. Most of the male voices are done by Matt Stone and Trey Parker. The female voices are done by April Stewart and Mona Marshall (formerly Mary Kay Bergman and Eliza Schneider). Other voices are done by Adrien Beard (Tolkien black), and Vernon Chatman (Towelie).\nMain characters.\nBefore the start of season four, the main characters of the series were four third grade students (often called \"the boys\" when as a group for easier reference).\nStan is usually considered the serious and sensitive of the group. Stan is able to think clearly and is generally good-natured. Stan usually tries to come up with logical solutions to their outrageous situations. Stan's character is loosely based on the persona (public personality) of co-creator Trey Parker. His best friend is Kyle and their relationship is essential in several episodes, such as when he saves Kyle's life in \"Cherokee Hair Tampons\", \"Cartmanland\" and \"Super Best Friends\".\nKyle is the most easy-going character and the only Jewish one. Even though he is not particularly religious, he hates Cartman because Cartman is always making insulting comments about his faith. Kyle's character portrays the alter-ego of co-creator Matt Stone. Along with Stan, Kyle often gives a reasonable look on the crazy behavior of the adult world around them. Kyle is often shown as the most moral member of the four.\nEric is the most irrational of the main characters. Eric is fat and seems to dislike everything except food. He is often the main reason for the plot of each episode. Cartman commonly acts against the other boys. Cartman often insults Kyle for being Jewish and Kenny for being poor. In the earlier episodes, he would also insult Stan for having a girlfriend. Cartman is extremely devious and seems to be intelligent. However, this is shadowed by his racism and bigotry. Cartman sometimes serves as a speaker for some of Parker and Stone's more extreme commentary about society (three times he has dressed as Adolf Hitler). Cartman hates hippies more than anything else. This is seen in the episode \"Die Hippie, Die\" which showed his career as a 'hippie exterminator'.\nKenny comes from a poor family. He is the most cosmopolitan of the four boys, who often turn to him when encountering an unfamiliar sexual term. Kenny's voice is muffled by his parka. This is mainly because the comments he makes are vulgar. Even though his dialog is not understood by the viewer, Stan, Kyle and Cartman can understand him completely clearly enough.\nButters makes very few appearances in early episodes. He only started to became a regular character upon Kenny's death in season 6. He has since been used almost as regularly as the main four boys. Butters is the character that the others usually make fun of. He is nervous, naive, easily manipulated, yet he remains very optimistic. He is often punished by his overbearing parents, and sometimes used by his peers for their own amusement. Butters always gets grounded. To further represent Butters' unluckiness, it is revealed in the episode \"AWESOM-O\" that his birthday is on September 11. Butters became important after he was the replacement for the semi-permanently dead Kenny in season 6. He also has an alter ego which he named \"Professor Chaos\". His character is based on animation director Eric Stough.\nA female fourth grader, Stan's girlfriend and Bebe's best friend.\nFamily members.\n\"South Park\" has a number of different families, who represent a common theme of many episodes. There are five main families who are distinguished from the rest of the townsfolk: the Marshes (Stan's), the Broflovskis (Kyle's)(Jews), the Cartmans (Eric's), the McCormicks (Kenny's), and the Stotches (Butters'). These families are important because their children have been main characters.\nMarsh family.\nRandy Marsh has become one of the most common adult characters on the show. His actions in a lot of episodes, such as \"Two Days Before the Day After Tomorrow\" and \"Bloody Mary\", suggest that Randy is rather foolish. Stan also says that his father is stupid in the episodes \"Child Abduction Is Not Funny\" and \"All About the Mormons?\". Like most adults in South Park, he has a tendency to get caught up in any trend. Randy is one of South Park's two geologists along with Clyde's father.\nSharon Marsh is Stan and Shelly Marsh's mother, as well as Randy Marsh's wife.\nShelly Marsh is Randy Marsh and Sharon Marsh's daughter and Stan Marsh's older sister.\nBroflovski family.\nSheila Broflovski is Kyle's mother.\nGerald is Kyle's father, and he works as a lawyer.\nPeter Gints, also known as Ike Moisha Broflovski, is Kyle's little brother. He was adopted by Gerald and Shiela. He was born in Canada.\nKyle T\u00f3mas Schwartz is Kyle's stereotypically Jewish cousin from Connecticut.\nCartman/Tenorman family.\nLiane Cartman is Eric's mother.\nJack Tenorman is Eric and Scott Tenorman's father. He is murdered in Season 5.\nScott is Jack's son and Eric's arch-enemy.\nTowelie.\nTowelie is a talking towel who smokes marijuana. He has a collection of novelty stamps. He often reminds the boys to bring a towel. \"Don't forget to bring a towel.\"\nBeing banned.\nWith the exception of the \"South Park\" games, China has banned the \"South Park\" episodes, movies and videos altogether. The following games still exist in Baidu Baike:-\nIn Kuwait, South Park was banned for poking fun at Islam and Saddam Hussein, so in the year 2000, Director Nawaf Salam Al-Shammari made the show Block 13.\nIn Japan, only one episode of South Park (aired in the year 1999) is being banned."}
+{"id": "34311", "revid": "1507082", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34311", "title": "Colon (anatomy)", "text": "The colon is a part of the large intestine. It is between the cecum and the rectum. The colon takes water from the feces that goes through it. The colon in mammals can be divided into four sections:\nAscending colon.\nThis part of the colon goes from the cecum (where the small intestine ends) up the right hand side of the abdomen.\nTransverse colon.\nThis part of the colon goes across the from the ascending colon. It goes underneath the stomach and the pancreas and joins the descending colon near the spleen.\nDescending colon.\nThis part of the intestine is about 30\u00a0cm in length. It travels down the left side of the abdomen. It is possible to have medical problems with the descending colon including ulcers, cancer and Crohn's disease.\nSigmoid colon.\nThis is the small \"S\" shaped part of the colon, about 40\u00a0cm in length, which goes from the bottom of the descending colon into the centre of the pelvis to the rectum. It gets its name from the Greek letter \"s\", \"sigma\"."}
+{"id": "34313", "revid": "4204", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34313", "title": "Congo-Kinshasa", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34322", "revid": "1332811", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34322", "title": "Battle of \u00d0i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7", "text": "The battle of \u00d0i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7 was a 1954 battle between Vietnamese and French forces. Vietnam won, which made the French give up in the First Indochina War. The independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was secured, and Vietnam was divided into North Vietnam and South Vietnam.\nWith the launch of Operation Castor, French soldiers were dropped from the Red River Delta by air, deep into the northwestern hills of Vietnam, into Vi\u1ec7t Minh territory. They established a well-fortified garrison at \u00d0i\u1ec7n Bi\u00ean Ph\u1ee7, alongside an airstrip to supply their troops. That was an attempt to lure the Vietnamese guerrilla fighters, commanded by General V\u00f5 Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1p, into an all-out firefight to inflict devastating losses in which the French would use their heavy artillery and superior firepower. \nHowever, the Vi\u1ec7t Minh did not take the bait but brought Chinese-funded heavy artillery into this difficult area, much to French surprise. The Vi\u1ec7t Minh also used its superior numbers in human wave tactics to overwhelm the French. Next, the Vi\u1ec7t Minh dug deep trenches and used its artillery to shoot down any French airplanes, destroy the French airstrip, and bombard the French troops into submission. The French surrendered in May 1954 after two months of fighting. The number of French soldiers at the garrison had increased from 12,000 to over 15,000. After years of fighting and this defeat, the French no longer wanted to continue fighting.\nIt was the first time an Asian colonial army defeated the army of a European power by military might. That was considered to be a surprise disaster for the French and a blow to the Western world. The French no longer wanted to maintain French Indochina, so they negotiated and later withdrew from Indochina. The Second Indochinese War later was fought between both Vietnams\nFrench colonies in Africa also revolted, most famously during the Algerian War. By 1967, most of the French colonial empire was gone."}
+{"id": "34323", "revid": "10487571", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34323", "title": "August Revolution", "text": "The August Revolution, also known as the Vietnamese Revolution happened in Vietnam in August 1945. It was an uprising for independence after the Japanese lost World War II in Asia.\nIt led to the Declaration of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam on September 2, 1945.\nThe independence war against the French would soon follow."}
+{"id": "34324", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34324", "title": "Dictator", "text": "The word dictator or despot in modern times is used to describe an absolute ruler of a country (other than a king). A dictator uses force and fear to keep themself, their friends, and their allies in authority.\nThey can effectively make laws all by themself. A country that is ruled by a dictator is called a \"dictatorship\".\nHistory.\nThe word \"dictator\" comes from the Roman Republic, where a man would be given absolute power for six to twelve months to handle an emergency. Julius Caesar was the last Roman Dictator.\nSome dictators in history have gained political power through by violently taking over the existing government (for example, in a military coup, civil war or revolution). Others won an election, but once in power, they cancelled new elections or changed how they were run to make them unfair for opponents.\nMao Zedong, Joseph Stalin and Adolf Hitler are three of the deadliest dictators in history. Pol Pot was perhaps the deadliest: his Cambodian genocide killed nearly a quarter of the people under his rule.\nA Comparison Of Monarchs and Dictators.\nMonarchs, often called kings, queens, and emperors are similar to dictators in quite a few ways, including the usage of force and fear too rule over a country. Both dictators and monarchs often start wars and/or kill millions to expand or gain power.\nOften times these groups overlap, with many dictatorships having a monarchy structure where the next of kin will become the next dictator upon death of the current dictator.\nMany monarchs throughout history fall under dictatorships as they rule with absolute power and authority with no regard for laws. Though this does not mean all monarchs are automatically dictators.\nDictatorships often also have little to no acceptance throughout history, whereas monarchs often are seen as okay as long as they're not ruling with absolute authority and attempting to help their people."}
+{"id": "34325", "revid": "1676759", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34325", "title": "Nigeria", "text": "Nigeria, officially Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in Africa. It is the most populated country in both West Africa and all of Africa, with over 232,679,478 people. Its capital is Abuja while its economic center and most populated city is Lagos. Nigeria is the fourth biggest economy in Africa. \nHistory.\nFrom the 1500s to the 1800s, many people from the land now called Nigeria (and other parts of West Africa) were taken away and turned into slaves by Europeans, and they were sent to work in the Americas. These slaves were bought and sold in the Americas by Europeans who lived there. Today, many people related to those slaves still live in America, though they are no longer slaves. They are called African Americans.\nFrom 1901 to 1960, the United Kingdom ruled Nigeria. However, by 1960 the people wanted independence, and Britain finally let them have it. For some time after this, Nigeria was a dictatorship, where the leaders stayed in control even if the majority of people disliked them. At this time, the Nigerian Civil War was by separatist Christian Igbo people in the Southeast against the Nigerian government. They did not want to be a part of Nigeria, which was ruled by The Muslim north and mixed west. The war ended with a reunification of Nigeria.\nIn 1999, Nigeria became a democracy, where people choose their leaders. After that, Olusegun Obasanjo, a Yoruba Christian from the south, became President. In 2007, Umaru Yar'Adua, a Hausa Muslim, was elected to be the next President. Yar'Adua died in May 2009. Goodluck Jonathan, the vice president, then became president.\nGoodluck Jonathan was re-elected as the president after wining the 2011 general elections under the political party, PDP. \nHe served as the country's president until 2015. \nCommunal conflicts in Nigeria.\nIn the early 21st century, there have been several armed conflicts. These include the armed rebellion by the Islamist group Boko Haram. The Boko Haram insurgency happens mostly in the northeastern part of the country. The group wants Sharia law for the country. Another is the Nigerian bandit conflict, in which gangs carry out attacks, mostly in the northwest. There is also a separatist insurgency in the southeast where the armed group, IPOB, is seeking the restoration of the short-lived secessionist Biafra country that was defeated by federal forces in 1970.\nThere is also a conflict with a neighboring country; The Bakassi conflict involves Cameroon and Nigeria.\nGeography.\nNigeria has a total area of . It is the world's 32nd-largest country. It shares a border with Benin (773\u00a0km), Niger (1497\u00a0km), Chad (87\u00a0km) and Cameroon (1690\u00a0km). It has a coastline of at least 853\u00a0km.\nThe highest point in Nigeria is Chappal Waddi at . The main rivers are the Niger and the Benue River. They come together and empty into the Niger Delta, one of the world's largest river deltas. It is the location of a large area of Central African mangroves.\nCities.\nThese are the cities in Nigeria with over 1 million people as of 2012.\nReligion.\nIn Nigeria, there are almost equal numbers of Muslims and Christians. Most of the Christians live in the south, and most of the Muslims live in the north. Contrary to some beliefs, the Nigerian civil war was not only attributed to religious intolerance. The war which took place between 6 July 1967 \u2013 15 January 1970, was a political conflict caused by the attempted secession of the southeastern provinces of Nigeria as the self-proclaimed Republic of Biafra. The conflict was the result of economic, ethnic, cultural and religious tensions among the various peoples of Nigeria. There are over 250 religions in Nigeria \nNatural resources.\nNigeria produces a large amount of oil, and some fighting has been going on because many people want a share of the oil profits. This fighting has been happening in the area called the Niger Delta, where the Niger River flows into the Atlantic Ocean. \nThe largest city in Nigeria is Lagos. Nigeria has both grasslands and rainforests, and can get very hot, because it is close to the Equator. Petroleum and agriculture make up the Nigerian economy.\nCuisine.\nNigerian cuisine, like West African cuisine in general, is known for its richness and variety. Many different spices, herbs and flavourings are used along with palm oil or groundnut oil. These make deeply flavoured sauces and soups often made very hot with chili peppers. Nigerian feasts are colourful and lavish. Good smelling market and roadside snacks cooked on barbecues or fried in oil are plentiful and varied.\nSport.\nAssociation football is Nigeria's national sport. The country has its own Premier League of football. Nigeria's Men's national football team, known as the Super Eagles, has made the World Cup five times. These were in 1994, 1998, 2002, 2010, 2014, 2018 and most recently in 2022. They won the African Cup of Nations in 1980, 1994 and 2013. They also hosted the Junior World Cup. They won the gold medal for football in the 1996 Summer Olympics.\nNigeria is also involved in other sports such as basketball, cricket, sprints and track and field. Boxing is also an important sport in Nigeria; Dick Tiger and Samuel Peter are both former World Champions."}
+{"id": "34326", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34326", "title": "Laxoox", "text": "Laxoox (pronounced 'la-hoh') in Somalia, or Canjeera is a flat bread, a kind of pancake served in Somaliland, Somalia, Yemen and parts of Djibouti. It is frequently seen in the kitchens of northern East Africa. \nVariants.\nLaxoox bread is very similar to \"injera\", made in Ethiopian and Eritrea, but is much thinner and smaller in size. However, laxoox is always made with wheat flour, while the injera is made from teff (which can be made with flour of other cereals). \nPreparation.\nThe bread is made with a mixture of sorghum flour, all-purpose flour, yeast (optional), warm water and a small portion of salt. The mixture is stirred by hand until it becomes creamy and smooth, and is left to ferment. If yeast is not being added, the batter is made in the afternoon and left to ferment overnight.\nThe laxoox is traditionally cooked in a circular metal plate called Daawa. Somalis living in exile, without access to a Daawa, use a normal pan instead. \nTraditionally, laxoox is served as a breakfast with tea and \"subag\" (ghee butter) or \"saliid\" \"macraso\" (sesame oil). Laxoox is also served with stir-fried liver, scrambled eggs, minced meat, beans, hummus, soup or camel milk. "}
+{"id": "34327", "revid": "1386969", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34327", "title": "Khmer language", "text": "Khmer is the official language of Cambodia.\nOverview.\nThe Khmer is spoken by the Khmer people, who live in Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam and many other countries. Its script was the base for the Thai script, although Thai does not use subscript consonants. \nOne thing that makes it particularly difficult for many foreigners to learn is that Khmer words are not separated in a sentence and the sounds are quite hard for foreigners to repeat. But still each word in the sentence can be distinguished. Also, there is not much material on Khmer, although this situation is changing.\nWriting.\nThe Khmer script is based on an ancient Indian alphabet. It is written from left to right. There are 35 consonants, some of which can be written under other consonants (2 consonants are not used anymore). Vowels are combined with the consonants to make a sound.\nFor instance, the \"t\" sound \u178f can be combined with the \"-\"ah\"\" sound \u17b6 to make the word \u178f\u17b6 (\"tah\", which means grandfather). The Khmer writing script also has its own special way of writing numbers. The Khmer numerals are \u17e0\u17e1\u17e2\u17e3\u17e4\u17e5\u17e6\u17e7\u17e8\u17e9.\nGrammar.\nThe language has a subject-verb-object order, just like English. Pronouns change based on who you are speaking to. For instance, if you are not a monk and you are speaking to a monk, you would call him \"\u1796\u17d2\u179a\u17c7\u178f\u17c1\u1787\u1796\u17d2\u179a\u17c7\u1782\u17bb\u178e\".\nExamples.\n\u1781\u17d2\u1789\u17bb\u17c6\u1798\u17b7\u1793\u1785\u1784\u17cb\u1794\u17b6\u1793\u1791\u17c1\n\"I don't want it.\"\n\u17a2\u17d2\u1793\u1780\u1785\u1784\u17cb\u1791\u17c5\u179b\u17c1\u1784\u179f\u17c0\u1798\u179a\u17b6\u1794\u1791\u17c1\n\"Do you want to go to Siem Reap?\""}
+{"id": "34328", "revid": "1677549", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34328", "title": "Democratic Republic of the Congo", "text": "</br />\nThe Democratic Republic of the Congo (), commonly referred to as DR Congo, Congo-Kinshasa or the DRC, is a country in central Africa. It was known as Za\u00efre from 1971 to 1997. It is the second largest country in Africa by area and the eleventh largest in the world. With a population of over 71 million, the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the nineteenth most populous nation in the world, the fourth most populous nation in Africa, as well as the most populous Francophone (French-speaking) country.\nThe Democratic Republic of the Congo borders the Central African Republic and South Sudan to the north; Uganda, Rwanda, and Burundi in the east; Zambia and Angola to the south; the Republic of the Congo, the Angolan exclave of Cabinda, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. It is separated from Tanzania by Lake Tanganyika in the east. The country has access to the ocean through a stretch of Atlantic coastline at Muanda and the roughly 9\u00a0km wide mouth of the Congo River which opens into the Gulf of Guinea. It has the second-highest total Christian population in Africa.\nHistory.\nWhen the Belgian Congo became independent, its leaders fought each other. The Soviet Union and later the United Nations helped destroy the groups who wanted independence from the new country.\nThe Second Congo War, beginning in 1998, devastated the country. It involved nine African nations and some twenty armed groups. Despite the signing of peace accords in 2003, fighting continues in the east of the country. There, the prevalence of rape and other sexual violence is described as the worst in the world. The war is the world's deadliest conflict since World War II, killing 5.4 million people since 1998. The vast majority died from conditions of malaria, diarrhea, pneumonia and malnutrition.\nThe Democratic Republic of the Congo was formerly, in chronological order, the Congo Free State, Belgian Congo, Congo-L\u00e9opoldville, Congo-Kinshasa, and Zaire (\"Za\u00efre\" in French). Though it is in the Central African United Nations subregion, the nation is also economically and regionally affiliated with Southern Africa as a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC).\nCivil war.\nThe city of Goma was captured in 2025, as part of the M23 offensive (a series of attacks); The city is \"eastern DR Congo\u2019s biggest city\"; The armed group M23 is backed by Rwanda. In February, the government lost control of the city of Bukavu and the town of Kavumu and its strategic military airport (map).\nEarlier (January 26), the country cut its diplomatic contact with Rwanda, because of Rwanda supporting M23.\nThe Kivu conflict is ongoing (2025). North Kivu and South Kivu provinces are in the eastern part of the country. Some of the most active rebel groups are the Allied Democratic Forces, CODECO, and some Mai Mai militias. A UN peacekeeping force, MONUSCO, is in the country.\nFDLR are supported by the military, in their fight against M23. The group is made up of Hutus. FARDC are the Armed Forces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.\nWestern DR Congo clashes are a series of attacks; As late as July 2024, 42 Mobondo rebels were killed when they attacked a village; 9 government forces died.\nGeography.\nThe country is bordered by Angola, the South Atlantic Ocean, the Republic of Congo, the Central African Republic, South Sudan, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania across Lake Tanganyika, and Zambia.\nThe capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo is Kinshasa.\nWorld Heritage Sites in the Democratic Republic of Congo include Virunga National Park (1979), Garamba National Park (1980),\nKahuzi-Biega National Park (1980), Salonga National Park (1984) and Okapi Wildlife Reserve (1996).\nProvinces.\nThe country is divided into twenty six provinces. The provinces are then divided into districts. The districts are divided into territories."}
+{"id": "34336", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34336", "title": "Za\u00efre", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34341", "revid": "4204", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34341", "title": "Al-Quaeda", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34348", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34348", "title": "Protelinae", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34349", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34349", "title": "Hyaeninae", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34350", "revid": "576341", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34350", "title": "Spotted hyena", "text": "The spotted hyena (\"Crocuta crocuta\") is a species of hyena (or \"hyaena\" in British English). They are often called the laughing hyena. They are found almost everywhere in Sub-Saharan Africa. There are between 27,000 and 47,000 individuals, though their population is getting smaller in the wild. This is because of habitat loss and illegal hunting. They lived in Europe for at least a million years until the end of the Pleistocene.\nThe spotted hyena is the largest member of the Hyaenidae. They are the most social Carnivora animals, take with prey blue wildebeests, and plains zebras, Thomson's gazelle, topi, and group behavior kills me, then escapelied various to kill then, then they want to animals hunting died, at then Bushbuck, gerenuks, sheeps, goats, and cattles, are likely prey hunting upon in Northern Africa. with various group sizes. Hyenas are pack hunters. Their behaviors are still not well understand. However, their social system is not cooperative but competitive. Females take care of their own cubs only, and males are not interested in helping females with their cubs. Females are larger than males and they can control them. The females are the only mammalian species not to have a vaginal opening.\nThe spotted hyena is a successful scavenger as well as hunter They can eat skin, bone and other animal waste. Spotted hyenas hunt with a family group of about two to five other hyenas. The family lives in large communities (called \"clans\") which may have up to 80 individuals.\nThey run around herds of animals and choose one to attack. After they have selected their prey, they chase them for a long time. They can run at speeds up to 60\u00a0km/h. Humans have known spotted hyenas for a long time. In the Upper Paleolithic, humans made paintings of hyenas in caves. Spotted hyenas have a negative reputation in Western culture and African folklore. In African folklore, spotted hyenas are described as ugly and scared animals. In Western culture, they are seen as greedy, stupid, foolish, powerful and a dangerous animal."}
+{"id": "34351", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34351", "title": "Crocuta crocuta", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34352", "revid": "1529676", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34352", "title": "Aardwolf", "text": "The aardwolf (\"Proteles cristata\") is a small, insectivorous mammal, native to East Africa and Southern Africa. Its name means \"earth wolf\" in the Afrikaans / Dutch language. It is also called \"maanhaar jackal\" in Afrikaans, or \"civet hyena\", based on the secretions (civet) from their anal glands.\nThe aardwolf is in the same family as the hyenas. Unlike many of its relatives in the order Carnivora, the aardwolf does not hunt large animals, or even eat meat on a regular basis; instead it eats insects, mainly termites \u2013 one aardwolf can eat about 250,000 termites during a single night by using its long, sticky tongue to capture them.\nThe aardwolf lives in the scrublands of eastern and southern Africa \u2013 these are open lands covered with stunted trees and shrubs. The aardwolf is nocturnal, resting in burrows during the day and coming out at night to eat.\nAnal gland scent-marking plays an important role in mating-season in both sexes as it is the primary communication method."}
+{"id": "34355", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34355", "title": "Striped Hyena", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34356", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34356", "title": "Hyaena hyaena", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34357", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34357", "title": "Brown Hyena", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34358", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34358", "title": "Parahyaena brunnea", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34359", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34359", "title": "Hyaena brunnea", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34360", "revid": "180954", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34360", "title": "Piscivore", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34361", "revid": "180955", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34361", "title": "Scavenger", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34367", "revid": "7809660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34367", "title": "Waterbury, Connecticut", "text": "Waterbury is a town in the state of Connecticut. More than one hundred thousand people live there."}
+{"id": "34368", "revid": "1313199", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34368", "title": "Blue cheese", "text": "Blue cheese is a type of cheese with a fungus called \"Penicillium\" added to it. The mold makes patches or veins of it look blue. The cheese can be made from cow's milk, sheep's milk, or goat's milk. Types of it include Roquefort cheese, Stilton cheese, and Gorgonzola cheese. These names should only be used for cheeses that are made in certain areas and are protected by the European Union.\nUses.\nBlue cheese is commonly used in salad dressing, or Salad. It is not commonly used in sandwiches. "}
+{"id": "34369", "revid": "4421", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34369", "title": "Blue Cheese", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34370", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34370", "title": "Elektra", "text": "Elektra of Mycenae was the daughter of King Agamemnon of Mycenae and Klytaimnestra. She had a brother, Orestes, and two sisters, Iphigeneia and Chrysothemis.\nAfter the Trojan War, Agamemnon was killed by Klytaimnestra and her lover Aegisthos because Agamemnon sacrificed Iphigeneia for good winds to sail. Elektra helped Orestes to kill their mother Klytaimnestra and her lover, to avenge their father's death."}
+{"id": "34375", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34375", "title": "Insulin", "text": "Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas in the body that controls the glucose level in the blood.\nInsulin promotes the absorption of sugar from the blood. The sugar is stored as fat cells. People who cannot make insulin in their bodies, or enough for their needs, have the disease diabetes.\nWhen blood glucose levels fall below a certain level, the human body begins to use stored sugar as an energy source through glycogenolysis. This process breaks down the glycogen stored in the liver and muscles into glucose which can then be used as an energy source. Insulin is a central metabolic control mechanism. Insulin is also used as a control signal to other body systems (such as amino acid uptake by body cells). In addition, it has several other anabolic effects throughout the body.\nHuman insulin is a peptide hormone composed of 51 amino acids and has a molecular weight of 5808 Da. The islets of Langerhans in the pancreas produces insulin. The name comes from the Latin \"insula\" for \"island\". Insulin's structure varies slightly between species of animals. Porcine insulin is especially close to the human version. So, people with diabetes can take in insulin got from pigs instead of producing their own insulin.\nHistory.\nNicolae Paulescu, a Romanian professor of physiology was the first to isolate insulin. He did that in 1916. He called it pancrein. He isolated it by developing a pancreatic extract which, when injected into a diabetic dog, proved to have a normalizing effect on blood sugar levels. He had to interrupt his experiments because of World War I. In early 1921 he wrote four papers about his work carried out in Bucharest and his tests on a diabetic dog. Later that year, he published an extensive paper on the effect of the pancreatic extract injected into a diabetic animal. The title was: \"Research on the Role of the Pancreas in Food Assimilation\", published 22 June 1921 by the \"Archives Internationales de Physiologie\",\nFrederick Banting did similar experiments while trying to find a cure for diabetes. In these experiments he also used dogs. He first knew insulin would control diabetes in a person when he injected some insulin into a 14-year-old boy named Leonard Thompson, who was dying of diabetes. After the injection he survived. Banting won the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, with John Macleod, for the discovery of insulin.\nThe first genetically engineered, synthetic \"human\" insulin was produced in a laboratory in 1977 by Herbert Boyer using E. coli."}
+{"id": "34376", "revid": "1670837", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34376", "title": "Dragon Ball Z", "text": " is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation. It is the sequel to \"Dragon Ball\" and adapts the latter 325 chapters of the original 519-chapter \"Dragon Ball\" manga series created by Akira Toriyama which ran in \"Weekly Sh\u014dnen Jump\" from 1984 to 1995. \"Dragon Ball Z\" aired in Japan on Fuji TV from April 1989 to January 1996, before getting subtitled or dubbed in territories including the United States, Canada, Australia, Europe, Asia, India and Latin America. It was broadcast in at least 81countries worldwide. It is part of the \"Dragon Ball\" media franchise.\n\"Dragon Ball Z\" continues the adventures of Son Goku, who, along with his companions, defends the Earth against villains ranging from aliens (Vegeta, Frieza), androids (Cell) and magical creatures (Majin Buu). While the original \"Dragon Ball\" anime followed Goku from childhood to early adulthood, \"Dragon Ball Z\" is a continuation of his adult life, but at the same time parallels the life of his son, Gohan, as well as the development of his rivals, Piccolo and Vegeta.\nDue to the success of the anime in the United States, the manga chapters making up its story were initially released by Viz Media under the \"Dragon Ball Z\" title.\n\"Dragon Ball Z\" is adapted from the final 324 chapters of the manga series which were published in \"Weekly Sh\u014dnen Jump\" from 1988 to 1995. It premiered in Japan on Fuji Television on April 26, 1989, taking over its predecessor's time slot, and ran for 291 episodes until its conclusion on January 31, 1996.\nThroughout the production, the voice actors were tasked with playing different characters and performing their lines on cue, switching between roles as necessary.\nThe voice actors were unable to record the lines separately because of the close dialogue timing. When asked if juggling the different voices of Goku, Gohan and Goten were difficult, Masako Nozawa said that it was not and that she was able to switch roles simply upon seeing the character's picture. She did admit that when they were producing two films a year and television specials in addition to the regular series, there were times when they had only line art to look at while recording, which made giving finer nuanced details in her performance difficult.\nEnglish dub production and broadcasting.\nIn 1996, Funimation Productions licensed \"Dragon Ball Z\" for an English-language release in North America, after canceling their initial dub of \"Dragon Ball\" half-way through their originally-planned 26-episode first season. They worked with Saban Entertainment to syndicate the series on television, and Pioneer Entertainment to handle home video distribution. Pioneer also ceased its home video release of the series at volume 17 (the end of the dub) and retained the rights to produce an uncut subtitled version, but did not do so. They did, however, release uncut dubs of the first three \"Z\" movies on home video.\nIn 2005, Funimation began to re-dub episodes 1-67 with their in-house voice cast, including content originally cut from their dub with Saban. This dub's background score was composed by Nathan M. Johnson (Funimation had ceased working with Faulconer Productions after the final episode of \"Dragon Ball Z\" in 2003). Funimation's new uncut dub of these episodes aired on Cartoon Network as part of its Monday-Thursday late night time slot, beginning in June 2005. Funimation's later remastered DVDs of the series saw them redub portions of the dialogue, mostly after episode 67, and had the option to play the entire series' dub with both the American and Japanese background music.\nIn January 2011, Funimation and Toei announced that they would stream \"Dragon Ball Z\" within 30\u00a0minutes before their simulcast of \"One Piece\". As of 2017, \"Dragon Ball Z\" is no longer being streamed on Hulu.\nThe Funimation dubbed episodes also aired in Canada, Ireland, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Belgium, Australia, and New Zealand. However, beginning with episode 108 (123 uncut), Westwood Media (in association with Ocean Studios) produced an alternate English dub, distributed to Europe by AB Groupe. The alternate dub was created for broadcast in the UK, the Netherlands and Ireland, although it also aired in Canada beginning from episode 168 (183 uncut) to fulfill Canadian content requirements. Funimation's in-house dub continued to air in the U.S., Australia, and New Zealand. The Westwood Media production used the same voice cast from the original 53-episode dub produced by Funimation, it featured an alternate soundtrack by Tom Keenlyside and John Mitchell, though most of this score was pieces Ocean reused from other productions Keenlyside and Mitchell had scored for them, and it used the same scripts and video master as the TV edit of Funimation's in-house dub. The Westwood Media dub never received a home video release. In Australia, \"Dragon Ball Z\" was broadcast by the free-to-air commercial network, Network Ten during morning children's programming, Cheez TV, originally using the censored Funimation/Saban dub before switching to Funimation's in-house dub.\n\"Dragon Ball Z\" originally aired on the British Comedy Network in Fall 1998. \"The Independent\" (London), March 5, 2000.\nEditing.\n\"Dragon Ball Z\"s original North American release was the subject of heavy editing which resulted in a large amount of removed content and alterations that greatly changed the original work. Funimation CEO Gen Fukunaga is often criticized for his role in the editing; but it was the initial distributor Saban which required such changes or they would not air the work, as was the case with the episode dealing with orphans.\nSteven Simmons, who did the subtitling for Funimation's home video releases, offered commentary on the subtitling from a project and technical standpoint, addressing several concerns. The typographical errors in the script were caused by dashes (\u2014) and double-quotes (\") failing to appear, which resulted in confusing dialogue.\nMusic.\nShunsuke Kikuchi composed the score for \"Dragon Ball Z\". The opening theme for the first 199 episodes is \"Cha-La Head-Cha-La\" performed by Hironobu Kageyama. The second opening theme used up until the series finale at episode 291 is \"We Gotta Power\" also performed by Kageyama. The ending theme used for the first 199 episodes is performed by MANNA.\nHome media.\nIn Japan, \"Dragon Ball Z\" did not receive a home video release until 2003, seven years after its broadcast. This was a remastering of the series in two 26-disc DVD box sets, that were made-to-order only, released on March 19 and September 18 and referred to as \"Dragon Boxes.\" The content of these sets began being released on mass-produced individual 6-episode DVDs on November 2, 2005, and finished with the 49th volume released on February 7, 2007.\nThe international home release structure of \"Dragon Ball Z\" is complicated by the licensing and release of the companies involved in producing and distributing the work. Releases of the media occurred on both VHS and DVD with separate edited and uncut versions being released simultaneously. Both versions of the edited and uncut material are treated as different entries and would frequently make \"Billboard\" rankings as separate entries. Home release sales were featured prominently on the Nielsen VideoScan charts. Further complicating the release of the material was Funimation itself; which was known to release \"DVDs out of sequence in order to get them out as fast as possible\"; as in the case of their third season. Pioneer Entertainment distributed the Funimation/Saban edited-only dub of 53 episodes on seventeen VHS between 1997 and 1999, and seventeen DVDs throughout 1999. Two box sets separating them into the Saiyan and Namek arcs were also released on VHS in 1999, and on DVD in 2001. Funimation's own distribution of their initial onward dub, which began with episode 54, in edited or uncut VHS ran between 1999 and 2006. A DVD version was produced alongside these, although they were only produced uncut and contained the option to watch the original Japanese with subtitles.\nIn 2005, Funimation began releasing their onward dub of the beginning of \"Dragon Ball Z\" on DVD, marking the first time the episodes were seen uncut in North America. However, only nine volumes were released, leaving it incomplete. Instead, Funimation remastered and cropped the entire series into widescreen format and began re-releasing it to DVD in nine individual \"season\" box sets; the first set released on February 6, 2007 and the final on May 19, 2009. In July 2009, Funimation announced that they would be releasing the Japanese frame-by-frame \"Dragon Box\" restoration of \"Dragon Ball Z\" in North America. These seven limited edition collector's DVD box sets were released uncut in the show's original 4:3 fullscreen format between November 10, 2009 and October 11, 2011.\nIn March 2019, Funimation announced plans to release a 30th anniversary Blu-ray release of \"Dragon Ball Z\", with the box set being remastered in 4:3 aspect ratio, and containing an art book and a collectible figure. It would be crowdfunded, originally requiring a minimum of 2500 pre-orders in order to be manufactured, but was later increased to a minimum of 3,000 units. The release sparked controversy amongst fans due to the framing of the video, color saturation, and digital video noise reduction. Funimation responded by stating that they cropped the release by going in \"scene-by-scene to make judgments based on the image available in each frame of how much to trim to get to a consistent 4:3 aspect ratio, while still attempting to cut a little out of the picture as possible,\" and that they felt the digital video noise reduction was \"mandatory for this release based on the different levels of fan support from various past DBZ releases with different levels of noise reduction over the years.\nThe \"Dragon Ball Z\" films comprise a total of 15 entries as of 2015. The first 13 films were typically released every March and July during the series' original run in accordance with the spring and summer vacations of Japanese schools. They were typically double features paired up with other anime films, and were thus, usually an hour or less in length. These films themselves offer contradictions in both chronology and design that make them incompatible with a single continuity. All 15 films were licensed in North America by Funimation, and all have received in-house dubs by the company. Prior to Funimation, the third film was a part of the short-lived Saban syndication, being split into three episodes, and the first three films received uncut English dubs in 1998 produced by Funimation with Ocean Studios and released by Pioneer. Several of the films have been broadcast on Cartoon Network and Nicktoons in the United States, Toonami UK in the United Kingdom (these featured an alternate English dub produced by an unknown cast by AB Groupe), and Cartoon Network in Australia.\nTelevision specials and original video animations.\nThree TV specials based on \"Dragon Ball Z\" were produced and broadcast on Fuji TV. The first two were ' in 1990 and ' in 1993, the latter being based on a special chapter of the original manga. Both were licensed by Funimation in North America and AB Groupe in Europe. In 2013, a two-part hour-long crossover with \"One Piece\" and \"Toriko\", titled \"Dream 9 Toriko & One Piece & Dragon Ball Z Ch\u014d Collaboration Special!!\", was created and aired.\nAdditionally, two original video animations (OVAs) bearing the \"Dragon Ball Z\" title have been made. The first is ', which was originally released in 1993 in two parts as \"Official Visual Guides\" for the video game of the same title. ' was a 2010 remake of this OVA. None of the OVAs have been dubbed into English, and the only one to see a release in North America is the 2010 remake, which was subtitled and included as a bonus feature in \"\".\nVideo games.\nThere are over 57 video games bearing the \"Dragon Ball Z\" name across a range of platforms from the Nintendo Entertainment System/Famicom to the current generation consoles. Also included are arcade games like \"Super Dragon Ball Z\", which would eventually be ported to consoles.\nIn North America, licensing rights had been given to both Namco Bandai and Atari. In 1999, Atari acquired exclusive rights to the video games through Funimation, a deal which was extended for five more years in 2005. A 2007 dispute would end with Atari paying Funimation $3.5 million. In July 2009, Namco Bandai was reported to have obtained exclusive rights to release the games for a period of five years. This presumably would have taken effect after Atari's licensing rights expired at the end of January 2010.\nSoundtracks.\n\"Dragon Ball Z\" has been host to numerous soundtrack releases with works like \"Cha-La Head-Cha-La\" and a series of 21 soundtracks released as part of the \"Dragon Ball Z Hit Song Collection Series\". In total, dozens of releases exist for \"Dragon Ball Z\" which includes Japanese and foreign adapted releases of the anime themes and video game soundtracks.\nReception.\nIn Asia, the \"Dragon Ball Z\" franchise, including the anime and merchandising, earned a profit of $3billion by 1999. In the United States, the series sold over 25million DVDs as of January 2012. Dragon Ball fans set a Guinness World Record for Largest Kamehameha attack move at San Diego Comic con on July 17, 2019.\nCultural impact and legacy.\n\"Dragon Ball Z\" was listed as the 78th best animated show in IGN's \"Top 100 Animated Series\", and was also listed as the 50th greatest animated show in \"Wizard\" magazine's \"Top 100 Greatest Animated shows\" list. The series ranked #6 on \"Wizard's Anime\" Magazine on their \"Top 50 Anime released in North America\".\n\"Dragon Ball Z\"s popularity is reflected through a variety of data through online interactions which show the popularity of the media. In 2001, it was reported that the official website of \"Dragon Ball Z\" recorded 4.7 million hits per day and included 500,000+ registered fans. The term \"Dragonball Z\" ranked 4th in 1999 and 2nd in 2000 by Lycos' web search engine. For 2001, \"Dragonball\" was the most popular search on Lycos and \"Dragonball Z\" was fifth on Yahoo!.\nIn 2005, media historian Hal Erickson wrote that \"\"Dragon Ball\" may be the closest thing on American television to an animated soap opera \u2014 though this particular genre is an old, established and venerated one in Japan, the series' country of origin.\nMerchandising.\n\"Dragon Ball Z\" merchandise was a success prior to its peak American interest, with more than $3 billion in sales from 1996 to 2000. In 1996, \"Dragon Ball Z\" grossed $2.95billion in merchandise sales worldwide. As of January 2012, \"Dragon Ball Z\" grossed $5billion in merchandise sales worldwide.\nIn 1998, Animage-ine Entertainment, a division of Simitar, announced the sale of Chroma-Cels, mock animation cels to capitalize on the popularity of \"Dragon Ball Z\". The original sale was forecasted for late 1998, but were pushed back to January 12, 1999.\nIn December 2002, Jakks Pacific signed a three-year deal for licensing \"Dragon Ball Z\" toys, which was possible because of the bankruptcy of Irwin Toy. Jakks Pacific's \"Dragon Ball Z\" 5-inch figures were cited as impressive for their painting and articulation.\nIn 2010, Toei closed deals in Central and South American countries which included Algazarra, Richtex, Pil Andina, DTM, Doobalo and Bondy Fiesta. In 2012, Brazil's Abr-Art Bag Rio Comercio Importacao e Exportacao closed a deal with Toei."}
+{"id": "34380", "revid": "181050", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34380", "title": "Hummingbirds", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34381", "revid": "181051", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34381", "title": "Trochilidae", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34382", "revid": "1556062", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34382", "title": "Nerve impulse", "text": "A nerve impulse are the series of electrical signals that is generated in the neurons (nerve cells) in a response to stimulus.\nMechanism of Conduction.\nPolarisation.\nWhen a neuron is not conducting or is in a resting state, the axonal membrane is more permeable to K+ ions and impermeable to Na+ ions. The sodium-potassium pump actively pumps out 3Na+ ions to the extracellular fluid and takes in 2K+ ions into the cell. Due to the imbalance in charge, a potential difference is developed across the axonal membrane, also known as the resting potential (-70mV). The outer side of the membrane will have a positive charge while the inner side will have a negative charge.\nDepolarisation.\nWhen a stimulus (chemical, mechanical or electrical) is applied to the membrane, the sodium-potassium pump stops working. The Na+ ions will rush inside the cell followed by the reversal of polarity of the axonal membrane. It is also called depolarisation of the nerve fibre. The electric potential difference at the site of stimulus is called the action potential (+40mV).\nRepolarisation.\nAs a result, the current will flow from depolarised part of nerve fibre to polarised part of the nerve fibre in the axoplasm, while current flows in the opposite direction on the cell surface. Thus, in this way, a new action potential is generated up ahead in the nerve fibre. The time taken by the axonal membrane to get polarised again is called the refractory period (1ms). After the refractory period, the sodium-potassium pump will operate again and the membrane will return to its resting state again.\nSpecial faster connections.\nFaster electrical synapses are used in escape reflexes, the retina of vertebrates, and the heart. They are faster because they do not need the slow diffusion of neurotransmitters across the synaptic gap. Therefore, electrical synapses are used whenever fast response and coordination of timing are crucial.\nThese synapses connect the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells directly together. When an action potential reaches such a synapse, the ionic currents cross the two cell membranes and enter the postsynaptic cell through pores known as connexons. Thus, presynaptic action potential directly stimulates the postsynaptic cell."}
+{"id": "34383", "revid": "181057", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34383", "title": "Elektra (mythology)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34384", "revid": "181058", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34384", "title": "Elektra (Mycenae)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34385", "revid": "181059", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34385", "title": "Electra", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34386", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34386", "title": "Elektra (disambiguation)", "text": "Elektra (or Electra) can mean:\nDrama.\nThe myth was the subject of at least two Greek tragedies:\nThe original creator of this kind of tragedy was Aeschylus with his \"Oresteia\" trilogy, 485 BC."}
+{"id": "34387", "revid": "181061", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34387", "title": "Electra (disambiguation)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34389", "revid": "389206", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34389", "title": "Ostriches", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34390", "revid": "181077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34390", "title": "Struthio camelus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34391", "revid": "10382013", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34391", "title": "Hare", "text": "A hare (\"Lepus\"), also known as a jackrabbit, is a mammal of the order Lagomorpha, in the same family as the rabbit. They are larger than rabbits and have black tipped ears. Their diet (the food they eat) resembles what rabbits eat; they eat ruttabaga and lettuce. They graze on grass and leafy weeds.\nHares are very fast-running animals. The European brown hare (\"Lepus europaeus\") runs at speeds up to . The five species of hare found in central and western North America can run at , and can leap up to 3m (ten feet) at a time. They live solitarily or in pairs; \"a drove\" is the name for a group of hares.\nMating season.\nNormally a shy animal, they change their behaviour in spring, when hares chase one another around meadows. This may be competition between males to attain dominance (and hence more access to breeding females). During this spring frenzy, hares can be seen \"boxing\"; one hare striking another with its paws (probably the origin of the term \"mad as a March hare\"). For a long time, this was thought to be intermale competition, but closer observation has shown it is usually a female hitting a male to prevent copulation. When a doe is ready to mate, she runs across the countryside, starting a chase that tests the stamina of the following males. When only the fittest male remains, the female stops and allows him to copulate.\nSnowshoe hare.\nThis is a species of hare found in cold climates in North America. As with the Arctic fox, its hair is white in winter, and brown in the summer. These are different morphs. This ability gives it camouflage, which it needs because it is the favourite food of the Canadian lynx."}
+{"id": "34393", "revid": "9245658", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34393", "title": "ESSEC Business School", "text": "The ESSEC is an important school teaching business to adults in France. It was created in 1907 in Paris, but it has moved to Cergy-Pontoise, a city west of Paris, in 1973. \nIn 2006, ESSEC set up a campus in Singapore, Asia. Twice a year, about 50 ESSEC students go and study there.\nESSEC is now one of the most famous Business Schools and Grandes \u00c9coles in France. ESSEC is frequently ranked second nationally."}
+{"id": "34394", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34394", "title": "Liberation/Fall of Saigon", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34404", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34404", "title": "National symbols", "text": "National symbols are patriotic symbols representing nations and countries. Similar symbols are used for cultural or ethnic groups that do not have their own country yet. \nNational symbols try to unite people or send a message by representing the national people, values, goals, or history. People often honor their nation, country, or group by celebrating their national symbol."}
+{"id": "34409", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34409", "title": "Data bus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34410", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34410", "title": "Computer bus", "text": "A computer bus (often simply called bus) is part of most computers. Its role is to transfer data, signals, or power between some of the components that make up a computer. \nThe \"size\" or \"width\" of a bus is how many bits it carries in parallel. Common bus sizes are: 4 bits, 8 bits, 12 bits, 16 bits, 24 bits, 32 bits, 64 bits, 80 bits, 96 bits, and 128 bits. Computers use such buses to link:\nDrives are usually connected by Serial ATA or the earlier ATAPI bus. USB and Firewire connections go to printers and other peripheral devices."}
+{"id": "34412", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34412", "title": "Diego Ram\u00edrez Islands", "text": "The Diego Ram\u00edrez Islands are a group of islands. They are in the Drake Passage, about 100\u00a0km southwest of Cape Horn. The Ildefonso Islands are 93\u00a0km to the north-northwest. There is a group of 6 islands to the north, then there is a waterway of 3\u00a0km, then there is another group to the south. There is a weather station in one of the islands. The islands are an important nesting place for birds.\nThe islands belong to Chile, and are named after Diego Ram\u00edrez. They were first sighted on 12 February 1619 by Marco Ramirez of the Garcia de Nodal expedition, and named after the cosmographer of the expedition. They were the southernmost landmass known at the time. They kept this status for 156 years. In 1775, James Cook discovered the South Sandwich Islands, which are much farther south.\nThe Chilean Navy built a meteorological station above \"Caleta Condell\", a small cove on the northeast side of \"Isla Gonzalo\" (Gonzalo Island), in 1957, and resupply it several times each year. This is the southernmost manned outpost of South America (including islands), even if the South Sandwich Islands are regarded as part of South America. The Argentinian station on Thule Island was taken down in June 1982 after the Falklands War. The next southerly manned outpost of South America is the lighthouse of Cape Horn. Cruise ships sometimes pass by on their way to and from Antarctica.\nThe archipelago has 2 groups. The North group is smaller and is named as \"Rocas del Norte\". There are 5 islands in this group, \"Islote Cabezas\", \"Islote Pe\u00f1ailillo\", \"Isla Norte\", \"Islote Mart\u00ednez\" and \"Islote Mendoza\". In the South group are many islands, for example; \"Islote Santander\", \"Islotes Vergara\", \"Isla Bartolom\u00e9\" (the principal island), \"Islote Pontevedra\", \"Islote Garc\u00eda\", \"Isla Gonzalo\" (the second longest) and \"Islote Ester\".\nAll the islands have moss on the ground, and they have a cold climate all year, with much rain every month. Because of how far south they are, there is a strong wind from the west."}
+{"id": "34415", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34415", "title": "Tyrannosaurus Rex", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34416", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34416", "title": "Performing music from memory", "text": "Performing music from memory means knowing a piece of music well enough to be able to play or sing it without the written music. \nAlthough some people can learn music by ear, most people who are taught to play musical instruments learn new pieces by reading the printed music which is in front of them on a music stand. When someone has learned to play a piece of music well enough to perform it, it is good if they can learn to play it without the printed music. This is called \u201cplaying from memory\u201d or \u201cplaying by heart\u201d. When a musician is practising a piece of music so that it can be played from memory this is called memorizing the music.\nMost Classical musicians will agree that it is good to play from memory when performing as a soloist. It means that the player understands the music really well, and he is able to concentrate completely on the way he plays the music (the interpretation). In some music competitions the competitors are expected to play from memory. A pianist playing a recital will usually play everything from memory. It is particularly important for singers who are performing songs (Lieder) to sing without music because they can then communicate directly with the audience using the expression on their faces. Some conductors conduct from memory. If they do, they ought to know every single note for every single instrument from memory. There are some conductors who have such amazing memories that they can do this.\nSome people find it easier to memorize music than others. There are different ways of practising to help memorize music: by memorizing a few bars at a time, by studying the printed music away from the instrument, or by \u201cthinking\u201d through the piece away from the instrument.\nSome people have a \u201cphotographic memory\u201d and can see in their mind the music as printed on the paper. Some people rely on aural memory (hearing it in one\u2019s imagination). There is also muscular memory (the fingers \"knowing\" what to do). Probably most people use some combination of all these methods.\nWhen people perform from memory they are often worried that they might have a memory lapse (forget how the music goes). It can happen, of course, even to the greatest musicians. The famous violinist Bronislaw Huberman and the pianist Eugen d\u2019Albert were once performing Beethoven's \"Kreutzer Sonata\". Both were playing from memory. One of them kept going wrong in the same place, playing something that had happened earlier, so that they played the middle bit three times before eventually managing to finish the piece. However, this is quite common, and can happen to anyone. \nPeople who learn musical instruments should try to memorize some of their pieces. Many famous musicians have a large repertoire (a collection) of pieces that they can play from memory.\nSources.\n\"Pianoforte Diplomas\" by Geoffrey Tankard (Sevenoaks 1973)"}
+{"id": "34418", "revid": "1041406", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34418", "title": "Grave", "text": "A grave, or burial spot is where somebody or something is buried after they have died. Graves are usually placed in a graveyard, with a headstone used to identify the dead person. A funeral will occur if the family has enough money. If they do not, there will not be a proper funeral. The name on the grave is of the dead person. For example, William Shakespeare was buried in England."}
+{"id": "34419", "revid": "211304", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34419", "title": "Polyrhythm", "text": "Polyrhythm happens when two different rhythms are played at the same time in music. African, Latin, and Afro-Cuban music often use polyrhythms.\nPolyrythm is another word for layering and adding volumes to the piece of music. It happens when one person starts playing a rhythm and then other people start joining in, adding dynamics to it. It happens in Africa during festivals and occasions along with a call and response style of playing."}
+{"id": "34425", "revid": "1611993", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34425", "title": "Theme Hospital", "text": "Theme Hospital is a simulation computer game developed by Bullfrog and EA Games. It was published in 1997. The game is quite humorous. \nGameplay.\nIn the game, the player must build and operate a hospital. There are different rooms you can build. These are to diagnose the patient and to treat the illness.\nSome illnesses are quite unusual. One is the bloaty head disease where the patient's head blows up. Another is the slack tongue disease, where the patient has an unusually long tongue."}
+{"id": "34426", "revid": "64800", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34426", "title": "Pontin's", "text": "Pontin's is a holiday company which was founded by Fred Pontin in 1946. It is now owned by Trevor Hemmings and has eight centres in England and Wales."}
+{"id": "34427", "revid": "3441", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34427", "title": "Pontins", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34437", "revid": "1634449", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34437", "title": "Twin prime conjecture", "text": "The twin prime conjecture is a mathematical theory. It asks if there are infinitely many twin primes.\nTwin primes are prime numbers that differ by two. For example, 3 and 5 are both prime and differ by two. They are twin primes. 23 is prime, but it is not a twin prime. The primes nearest to 23 are 19 and 29. Twin primes were discovered by Euclid in 300 B.C.\nSince Euclid's time mathematicians have wondered whether there are an infinite number of twin primes. Many mathematicians are still trying to find the answer."}
+{"id": "34440", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34440", "title": "North and South Korea", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34449", "revid": "9132156", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34449", "title": "Mud", "text": "Mud is soil, silt, loam or clay, mixed with water. It is a type of soil that is also called \"clay soil\". Others include the sandy soil, or sand, and garden soil. Wet mud has a soft wet texture. \nYoung children sometimes play in puddles of mud. Mud is usually brown. \nSome animals including worms, frogs, snails, clams, and crayfish live in mud. Pigs and elephants use it to cool themselves in hot weather. Some people enjoy making mud pies out of mud. \nGreat river systems like the Amazon bring down to the delta immense amounts of mud which ends up in the sea outside the fan of the river mouth. Mudrock is what the mud may become millions of years later. Mudrocks make up fifty percent of the sedimentary rocks in the geologic record, and are easily \"the most widespread deposits on Earth\"."}
+{"id": "34454", "revid": "515", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34454", "title": "Pluto (planet)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34458", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34458", "title": "2003 UB313 (planet)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34460", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34460", "title": "The Zutons", "text": "The Zutons are a rock band from Liverpool, England. They formed in 2001. They are on the Deltasonic record label. The band were nominated for the British Breakthrough Act award at the 2005 BRIT Awards.\nMembers.\nThe band has 5 people in it:\nAlbums.\nTheir first album, \"Who Killed... The Zutons?\", was released on 18 October 2004, and got to number 9 in the United Kingdom album chart. It came with a printed 3-D cover, and special glasses to view the cover. Many fans wore the glasses to concerts. The album was a nominee for the 2004 Mercury Music Prize.\nThe new album Tired of Hanging Around was released on April 17, 2006 and reached 2 in the UK album charts. The band went around the UK doing concerts in May 2006 following the release of this album. Their second UK tour will begin in November 2006."}
+{"id": "34462", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34462", "title": "Dwarf planet", "text": "Dwarf planet is the name used to classify some objects in the solar system. This definition was made on August 24, 2006, by the International Astronomical Union (IAU) and can be described as; \"a dwarf planet is a body orbiting the Sun that is big enough to round itself by its own gravity, but has not cleared its orbital path of other rival bodies\". At the same meeting the IAU also defined the term planet for the first time. Some astronomers think that the term \"dwarf planet\" is too confusing and needs to be changed. \nThe number of dwarf planets is unknown, since only a few are bright enough to be discovered as yet. They will be up to 300 in the Kuiper belt, but 13,000 beyond it. The consensus among astronomers consider nine dwarf planets. In order of present distance from the Sun, they are: Ceres, Pluto, Orcus, Haumea, Makemake, Quaoar, Sedna, Gonggong, and Eris. The dwarf planets, unlike the terrestrial and giant planets (Gas giants and ice giants), are in more than one region of the solar system. Ceres is in the asteroid belt. The high orbital eccentricity of Pluto puts it mostly outside Neptune's orbit, but partly inside. The others are in the trans-Neptune region.\nNASA's \"Dawn\" and \"New Horizons\" missions reached Ceres and Pluto, respectively, in 2015. \"Dawn\" had already orbited and observed Vesta in 2011.\nThere are many other dwarf planets in the Solar System. Most of them are also KBOs. The biggest debate was of Pluto, which was considered the 9th planet, and of Eris, informally known as Xena, or 2003 UB313 by its codename."}
+{"id": "34464", "revid": "1540039", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34464", "title": "Blue peafowl", "text": "The blue peafowl or Indian peafowl (\"Pavo cristatus\") is a bird native to the Indian subcontinent.\nThere is a noticeable sexual dimorphism in the Indian peafowl. Best renowned for their lengthy train, the vividly colored male features a blue head with a fan-shaped crest. Long upper-tail covert feathers with colorful eyespots make up the train. During courtship, these rigid feathers are lifted into a fan and trembled in a show. The peahen lacks the ornate train and is primarily brown in color, with a white face and an iridescent green lower neck. The leucistic white peafowl is one of the several color variations of the Indian peafowl.\nReferences.\n<br>"}
+{"id": "34465", "revid": "1174418", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34465", "title": "Indian peafowl", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34466", "revid": "1070632", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34466", "title": "Green peafowl", "text": "The green peafowl (\"Pavo muticus\") is an endangered bird that is native to Southeast Asia.\nReferences.\n<br>"}
+{"id": "34467", "revid": "847394", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34467", "title": "Virtual Boy", "text": "The Nintendo Virtual Boy was a mostly portable (easily moved) game console which had two screens that showed only red and black graphics. To use the system, one had to put one's face close to the system so that each eye could see only one screen. By showing each eye a different image, the system could create a 3D effect.\nThe way the system displayed images was not by LCDs, as some would think. At the time, LCDs could not be used because they had two problems when they were first tested on the console: they would blur if anything moved on the screen, and users would see double instead of depth. Instead, a vertical line of 224 very bright, but very small, LEDs was used for each eye. These LEDs flashed on and off very fast in certain patterns. This line of LEDs was then magnified by a lens, and a vibrating mirror would reflect each line at a certain time into each eye, creating a full image due to the human eye's persistence of vision. Unfortunately, due to the quick flashing of the LEDs, many users felt sick, became dizzy, or had headaches after playing for a long time. To help this, an \"automatic pause\" feature was added, which stopped the game play every 30 minutes for the player to rest his or her eyes.\nThe Virtual Boy was first sold in 1995, but was not popular. Consumers did not like the console's high price, monochrome graphics, eye and neck strain, and need for a stand for the system to rest on. Many were saving money for the soon-to-be-sold Nintendo 64. Nintendo lowered the price many times, but the system did not sell well. Because it didn't sell well, Nintendo stopped making the Virtual Boy in 1996. Only 22 games were released in Japan and North America. The Virtual Boy sold 770,000 units.\nPopular games for the system include \"Mario Tennis\" and \"Virtual Boy Wario Land\" (known as \"Wario Cruise\" in Japan). A full list of games for the system can be found here.\nIn September 2025, Nintendo announced that a Virtual Boy accessory for the Nintendo Switch and Switch 2 would be released. It is a type of cardboard that allows you to play Virtual Boy games in 3D on the Switch's online service. They also announced a shell shaped like the system for the Switch and Switch 2. "}
+{"id": "34473", "revid": "181667", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34473", "title": "Parasol", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34484", "revid": "515", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34484", "title": "Pluto (dwarf planet)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34496", "revid": "1142876", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34496", "title": "Torino", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34512", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34512", "title": "Duke University", "text": "Duke University is a private university in Durham, North Carolina. It was founded in 1838. The school was formed by Methodists and Quakers in the present-day town of Trinity. The school moved to Durham in 1892.\nIt has advanced research. Some famous people including former President of the United States, Richard Nixon went to the school. In its 2012 edition, \"U.S. News & World Report\" ranked the university's undergraduate program 10th among national universities.\nDuke has good libraries, such as Bostock Library. It also has a famous medical school and law school. The school's colours are blue and white and its president is Richard Brodhead.\nDuke University owns 220 buildings on of land. This includes the Duke Forest.\nDuke University has own press, the \"Duke University Press\".\nAthletics.\nDuke has 26 varsity sports teams, known as the Blue Devils. Duke's athletic programs are considered among the very best in the NCAA. Duke's teams play in the Atlantic Coast Conference.\nIts Men's Basketball Team under coach Mike Krzyzewski has won the NCAA Tournament four times, and bought out the 2015 title as well. In football The Blue Devils have won seven ACC Football Championships. They have had ten players honored as ACC Player of the Year (the most in the ACC), Duke's teams play in the Atlantic Coast Conference."}
+{"id": "34513", "revid": "1596409", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34513", "title": "Existentialism", "text": "Existentialism is a way of thinking that focuses on what it means for people to exist. It is a philosophical movement. It became well known in books and movies of the 19th and 20th centuries. Existentialism is known for dealing with nihilistic problems, but is generally still a kind of . It says that humans have will and consciousness, but they live in a world that does not. The premise that people must make choices about their life while knowing they are mortal is what existentialism is all about.\nIt was started by the Danish philosopher S\u00f8ren Kierkegaard (18131855).\nKierkegaard was a very religious man, but existentialism in the 20th century became more and more atheistic. Most of its main thinkers and writers were in mainland Europe. For example, Jean-Paul Sartre spent most of the Second World War in a German prison camp, reading the philosophy of Martin Heidegger. When he came out he gave a lecture called \"Existentialism and Humanism\". This early lecture may be easier to read than his later work.\nMany religions and philosophies (ways of thinking about the world) say that human life has a meaning (or a purpose). But people who believe in existentialism think that the world and human life have \"no meaning unless people give them meaning\": \u2018existence precedes [is before] essence\u2019. This means that we find ourselves existing in the world, and then we give ourselves meaning, or 'essence'. As Sartre said, \"We are condemned to be free\". This means that we have no choice but to choose, and that we have full responsibility for our choices. Another way to put it is that we are always making choices even if we don't realize it.\nExistentialists believe that our human 'essence' or 'nature' (way of being in the world) is simply our 'existence' (being in the world). More simply put, the 'essence' of a human, or what makes a human a 'human', is not due to nature or uncontrollable circumstances; rather, human essence is really just what we choose to make it. This means that the only nature we as humans have is the nature we make for ourselves. As a result of this, existentialists think that the actions or choices that a person makes are very important. They believe that every person has to decide for themselves what is right and wrong, and what is good and bad.\nPeople who believe in existentialism ask questions like \u2019what is it like to be a human (a person) in the world?\u2019 and \u2019how can we understand human freedom (what it means for a person to be free)?\u2019 Existentialism is often connected with negative emotions, such as alienation, anxiety (worrying), dread (a very strong fear), and mortality (awareness of our own death). Some existentialists, like Sartre and Heidegger, think that thinking about these emotions helps people to choose the way that they want to live their lives.\nExistentialism is sometimes confused with nihilism. It is different from nihilism, but there is a similarity. Nihilists believe that human life \"does not\" have a meaning (or a purpose) at all; existentialism says that people must choose their own purpose. \nExistentialism in books.\nMany of the main sources for existentialism were written in other languages and only later translated, mostly after the 1950s.\nExistentialism in movies.\nIngmar Bergman made a movie called \"The Seventh Seal\" in 1957. It shows the doom and gloom of the late Middle Ages caused by the Black Plague, famine, the Hundred Years' War between France and England, and papal schism.\nThe movie \"Taxi Driver\" (which has the actor Robert De Niro) from 1976 has existential ideas in it. The main character feels sad and lonely, because he cannot understand the world.\nJean-Luc Godard's \"Vivre sa vie (film)\" and Federico Fellini's 8 1/2 are prime examples of the Existentialism fashion in the European early 50's that influenced American films such as Easy Rider or The Graduate in the 1960s.\n is a 2004 film directed by . The movie revolves around a man who hires two existential detectives to find out about his \"coincidence.\" He meets his \"other\" and is tempted with the dark side of existentialism."}
+{"id": "34530", "revid": "1694597", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34530", "title": "King of the Hill", "text": "King of the Hill was an American animated cartoon running from 1997 to 2010 on the American television network FOX. It featured a son, a wife, a husband, and their live-in niece. \nRevival.\nOn January 31, 2023, a revival was officially announced to air on Hulu. The revival takes place years in the future, with the characters being aged-up and Bobby becoming an adult. Johnny Hardwick, voice of Dale Gribble, recorded voice lines for six episodes before he died sometime in August 2023. Jonathan Joss, voice of John Redcorn, recorded voice lines for four episodes before he was shot and killed by a neighbor on June 1, 2025. Season 14 debuted on August 4, 2025."}
+{"id": "34531", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34531", "title": "Hairdresser", "text": "A hairdresser's job is to organise hair into a particular style or \"look\". They can cut hair, add colour to it or texture it. A hairdresser may be female or male. Qualified staff are usually called \"stylists\", who are supported by assistants. Most hairdressing businesses are unisex, that is, they serve both sexes, and have both sexes on their staff.\nMale hairdressers who simply cut men's hair (and do not serve females) are often called barbers.\nQualifications for hairdressing usually mean a college course, or an apprenticeship under a senior stylist. Some aspects of the job are quite technical (such as hair dying) and require careful teaching."}
+{"id": "34532", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34532", "title": "Eppie Lederer", "text": "Esther \"Eppie\" Pauline Friedman Lederer, better known as Ann Landers (July 4, 1918 \u2013 June 22, 2002), was an American writer. She is best known for writing the famous advice column \"Ann Landers.\" For almost 45 years, it was a part of many newspapers across North America. In it, people wrote for advice and she answered.\nLederer and her twin sister Pauline Esther Friedman Phillips, writer of the advice column \"Dear Abby\", were daughters of Russian Jewish emigrants."}
+{"id": "34539", "revid": "9996476", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34539", "title": "Northern bluefin tuna", "text": "Northern bluefin tuna are the largest kind of tuna fish. They live for 11 to 26 years. It is one of the largest, fastest, and most colorful of all the world\u2019s fishes.\nOrigin.\nTheir name comes from the Latin: \"Thunnus Thynnus\"\nAppearance.\nThe normal size is 6.6 ft (2 m) at about 1,100 lb (500 kg). The I.G.F.A. record for a bluefin caught on rod and reel is 1,496 lb.\nFeeding habits.\nBluefins feed on mackerel, herring, mullet, whiting, squid, eels, and crustaceans. They are very powerful and fast and can swim at speeds up to 50 mph.\nCatching areas.\nThe following are percentages of tuna caught in different regions in the world."}
+{"id": "34549", "revid": "10405883", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34549", "title": "Automaton", "text": "An automaton (one automaton, several \"automata\"), otherwise known as simply an auton, is a concept from mathematics. Sometimes the concept is called \"state machine\". It is like an abstract machine. \nSuch a machine can be given \"input\", which is either rejected, or accepted. It's like a vending machine. When something is bought, coins (or money) needs to be inserted into the machine. If these are the right coins, they are accepted, and the requested item is dropped so it can be removed. If the coins are wrong, they are rejected.\nInternally, the automaton has different \"states\" it can be in. Feeding it input may (or may not) change its state. That way, the automaton goes through all the input, consuming one item (which mathematicians call a symbol) at a time. When no symbol is left, the automaton is in a certain state. This may be an \"final state\". In this case the input is accepted. Otherwise, the input is rejected.\nIf the machine has a countable, finite number of states, it is called \"finite state machine\". A diagram that shows all the states, and transitions of such a machine is called finite state diagram.\nProblems.\nLike in real life, there are machines that are too complex to understand. The mathematician and computer scientists therefore ask themselves if a certain automaton is \"minimal\". If it is not minimal, there must be another automaton with fewer states that can do the same thing. An example of an automaton is the Turing machine."}
+{"id": "34550", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34550", "title": "Finite state diagram", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34551", "revid": "1691437", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34551", "title": "Vending machine", "text": "A vending machine is an automatic machine that sells food or drink or other items. \nAn automated teller machine is a kind of vending machine, as are arcade games and bulk vending machines for toys or prizes, or anything that sells a physical item, service, or fun in exchange for money. That includes snacks such as potato chips, chocolate bars, and candy. Hot vending machine drinks include coffee, tea, and hot chocolate. Cold vending machine drinks include juice, bottled water, and soft drinks. Other merchandise includes newspapers or cigarettes. Vending machines in bathrooms sometimes sell condoms, mouthwas h , or toothpaste and toothbrushes. \nThe machines usually work when some money (usually coins or paper money) is put in a slot. Then, a button needs to be pushed, or a lever pulled. If there is enough money, the selected item will be dropped to a tray, where it can be taken out by hand. Ticket vending machines will print the ticket. Older vending machines were all mechanical, but most newer ones are partly electronic. Many modern vending machines can accept debit or credit cards in addition to cash.\nThe first vending machine came about during 1st century AD in Roman Egypt and was invented by the Greek mathematician and engineer, Hero of Alexandria. It dispensed a certain amount of holy water, so people would not take much of it from the temple. People dropped tokens to release a certain amount of water.\nIn 1615, small machines that dispensed tobacco were placed in English taverns. In 1822, Richard Carlile, an English bookseller and publisher, created a machine that dispensed banned works, so allowing readers to purchase them. During the 1850s and 60s, the first, fully-automatic vending machine was introduced which sold stamps and writing paper. \nBy the 1880s, coin-operated vending machines were introduced in London and Percival Everitt invented a machine that dispensed envelopes, postcards and notepapers. In 1887, Sweetmeat Automatic Delivery Company set up multiple vending machines in England, which sold chocolates, chewing gums, perfumes and matches. In 1888, the United States of America had its first vending machine, set up by the Thomas Adams Gum Company, which sold tutti-frutti gum. In 1907, one of the early models of the modern-day gumball dispensing machines came out. Through the 1940s and 1950s, soda-vending machines also became popular. Due to this, Coca-Cola immensely increased their sales and currently, has one of the largest number of vending machines in the world.\nJapan has a reputation for having some of the most innovative uses of automated vending, providing machines that offer fresh fruits and vegetables, sake, hot foods, batteries, flowers, clothing and, of course, sushi. Japan has the highest per capita rate of vending machines in the world. "}
+{"id": "34552", "revid": "1467271", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34552", "title": "Bar (business)", "text": "A bar is a building or business where alcoholic drinks (such as beer, wine, or liquor) are served. Bars are also found in pubs and nightclubs. They may also serve snack food. In most countries, bars are regulated and licenced by the regional or local governments, which establish laws regarding the opening hours and serving policies. In Canada and the United States, a liquor tax is placed on the sales of alcoholic beverages.\nDrink coasters are used in bars and restaurants to protect the table surface from alcohol."}
+{"id": "34553", "revid": "10044620", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34553", "title": "Cape Horn", "text": "Cape Horn (; ) is a cape. It was named for the city of Hoorn in the Netherlands. It is the southernmost land area of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago of southern Chile. Many people see Cape Horn as the southern tip of South America. Cape Horn is the most southerly of the great capes. The Drake Passage is directly to the south of it. For many years, it was a major milestone on the clipper route by which sailing ships carried trade around the world. The waters around the cape are very dangerous because of strong winds, large waves, and icebergs. These reasons have made it notorious as a sailors' graveyard.\nToday, the Panama Canal has greatly reduced the need for cargo ships to travel via the Horn. However, sailing around the Horn is widely regarded as one of the major challenges in yachting, and a number of recreational sailors continue to sail this route, sometimes as part of a circumnavigation of the globe. Several prominent ocean yacht races, notably the Vend\u00e9e Globe, sail around the world via the Horn, and speed records for round-the-world sailing follow the same route."}
+{"id": "34554", "revid": "1667501", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34554", "title": "Iceberg", "text": "An iceberg is a large piece of ice floating in the sea. It is generally found in cold water near the North or the South Pole. Icebergs are especially common during spring when ice has begun to melt.\nAbout 90% of icebergs are below the water line. Icebergs break off from larger structures made of ice like glaciers or ice shelves. They are formed by snowfall in very cold places that it do not melt in the summer. The snow builds up and compacts into ice, which is gradually pulled downhill by gravity and into the sea. The ice then falls off and makes icebergs, which can drift in the sea for years before they have melted completely.\nHistory.\nThe first person to give a correct scientific explanation of this phenomenon was Mikhail Lomonosov, who did so around 1750. He grew up on the shore of the White Sea in the European part of Russia. He studied in Marburg, Germany, and is credited with introducing the word \"iceberg\" into Russian.\nThe density of ice is about 0.92 kg per liter, and that of sea water is about 1.025 kg per liter, which causes 920 parts of the 1025, or about 90 percent, of the iceberg's volume to be below the water line. \nIcebergs are very dangerous to ships, and many ships have sunk after crashing into icebergs. The most famous case was RMS \"Titanic\" in 1912.\nLargest iceberg.\nD15A is the largest iceberg, as of the third quarter of 2025.\nA23a used to be the largest iceberg.\nEarlier, the largest iceberg that people know about was B-15. It broke off the Antarctic ice sheet in 2000 and was as large as the island of Jamaica (over 10,000\u00a0km2). The iceberg soon started to break up into smaller pieces, some of which remained in 2008.\nIcebergs have become large because of global warming.\nColors.\nThere is a color of blue called iceberg."}
+{"id": "34555", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34555", "title": "Circumnavigation", "text": "Circumnavigation originally meant going around something, by ship. Usually, it means people going around the world. The first known circumnavigation was done by Fern\u00e3o de Magalh\u00e3es (Ferdinand Magellan), from 1519 to 1522. Magellan took five ships and went west, from Spain. He discovered a waterway which is now named after him, the Strait of Magellan. Magellan died in a fight with natives on the Philippine island Mactan in April 1521. The voyage was completed under command of Juan Sebasti\u00e1n Elcano. Elcano returned to Sanl\u00facar de Barrameda, where the voyage had started, with 18 survivors and valuable cargo in 1522. This proved that the earth was a globe."}
+{"id": "34557", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34557", "title": "Thought experiment", "text": "A thought experiment is an experiment that takes place in people's minds instead of in a laboratory or in the real world. In a real-life experiment, people can see and measure changes, but thought experiments only show special ways of thinking. Anyone can do a thought experiment.\nThe usual goal of a thought experiment is to show what might happen: \"if this were true, what would follow from it?\"\nThe history of science has many thought experiments in it. Hans Christian \u00d8rsted was the first to use the German term ' (means 'thought experiment') in about 1812. \nPosing hypothetical questions had been done for long time (by scientists and philosophers). However, people had no way of talking about it."}
+{"id": "34558", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34558", "title": "Breaking Benjamin", "text": "Breaking Benjamin is an American hard rock band from Pennsylvania, formed in 1999. The band is best known for their songs \"Polyamorous\" (which was their first hit), \"So Cold\", \"Sooner or Later,\" \"The Diary of Jane,\" and \"Breath\". The band was formed in 1998 by lead vocalist Benjamin Burnley and drummer Jeremy Hummel. The band has released five albums: \"Saturate\" (2002), \"We Are Not Alone\" (2004), \"Phobia\" (2006), \"Dear Agony\" (2009), \"Dark Before Dawn\" (2015) and \"Ember\" (2018)\nThe band's album \"Dark Before Dawn\" was released on June 23, 2015. This album has made 5 singles which are \"Failure\", \"Angels Fall\", \"Ashes of Eden\" \"Defeated\" and \"Never Again\"."}
+{"id": "34568", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34568", "title": "Headland", "text": "A headland is an area of land that is surrounded by water on three sides. Very often, the land areas are called \"cape\"s. A bay is an area of water. It is surrounded by land on three sides. The water areas are also called \"gulf\"s. Headlands are formed when there are parallel sections of softer and harder rock perpendicular to the coast. The sea erodes the softer rock faster than the harder rock, forming a bay. The harder rock that is left protruding into the sea is the headland. "}
+{"id": "34569", "revid": "10044636", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34569", "title": "Bay", "text": "A bay is a large body of water in the land next to a sea or lake between two headlands. The waves coming to the shore in a bay are usually constructive waves, and because of this, many of them have a beach. A bay may be metres across, or it could be hundreds of kilometres across. A large bay is often called a gulf, sound, or bight. A bay often contains beaches.\nBays form where weak rocks, such as sands and clays, are eroded, leaving bands of stronger rocks, such as chalk, limestone, or granite, forming a headland, or peninsula. Bays are formed when there are parallel sections of softer and harder rock perpendicular to the coast."}
+{"id": "34571", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34571", "title": "Drake Passage", "text": "The Drake passage is a body of water. It lies between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. To the north is Cape Horn and the South American continent, to the south are the South Shetland Islands, now part of the British Antarctic Territory. It is part of the Southern Ocean. It is named after the English privateer Sir Francis Drake, who accidentally discovered it. He never sailed the passage, because sailing the Strait of Magellan was less dangerous. \nThe Drake passage is also the shortest route from Antarctica to the rest of the world. The only islands in the passage are the Diego Ramirez Islands, about 60 km south of Cape Horn. \nThe passage is also known for very rough seas. Waves of 10 m are not uncommon here. \nThe passage is also good for seeing Whales, Dolphins, seabirds, and penguins. \nIn old books, the passage is called Drake Strait. In Spanish it is called \"Pasaje de Drake\" or \"Mar de Moces\"."}
+{"id": "34573", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34573", "title": "Drake Strait", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34575", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34575", "title": "Sir Francis Drake", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34576", "revid": "1667501", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34576", "title": "Glacier", "text": "A glacier is a large body of ice and snow. It forms because the snow in an area does not all melt in summer. Each winter, more snow is added. The weight of all of the snow creates pressure, which turns the lower parts of the snow into ice. After that happens for many years, the glacier eventually becomes large and so heavy that gravity causes the ice to move.\nA glaccier flows downwards like water but very slowly. It moves about per year. New snow replaces the parts of the glacier that flow away.\nGlaciers are the largest sources of fresh water on Earth. The largest bodies of salt water are the oceans.\nCreation.\nGlaciers form only in places that are cold enough and get enough snow over time. That can take a long time, and it often takes tens or hundreds of years for a glacier to form. There are two kinds of glaciers: continental glaciers and alpine glaciers (also called mountain glaciers):\nEffects.\nGlaciers are very important and a large effects on the environment because they are very large and heavy. When they move, they erode mountains and land. Also, since they froze long ago, snow crystals and air bubbles in them are kept in good condition. They can provide a large amount of information for scientists.\nRecently, glaciers have been melting more than they in the past. Many scientists think that is because ecause global warming is changing the climate.\nAppearance.\nGlaciers are blue in color because water is very good at absorbing light. Only the strongest light, with the most energy, can escape. Blue is the color of light that has the most energy, which makes it the only color of light that can escape without being absorbed. The thicker the glacier, the more it appears blue."}
+{"id": "34577", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34577", "title": "Sight-reading", "text": "Sight-reading (or sight-singing for singers) is the ability to play music that one has never seen before. It is important to be able to read musical notation well in order to sight-read.\nMany people who learn to play an instrument will take examinations from time to time. One of the tests that is usually required for an examination is some sight-reading. \nPeople who find it hard to read music will find it hard to sight-read. The best way to improve is by regular practice. People who play in orchestras will need to be good sight-readers because they often have to play music that they have never seen or heard before. \nPeople who learn the piano often find sight-reading hard because they have to read two staves at once (one for each hand). Playing through lots of easy music is a good way to improve. Playing piano duets with a friend is also great fun. \nWhen someone is reading aloud their eyes are looking several words ahead of the word they are speaking. In the same way a good sight-reader will try to look ahead of the notes he is playing. The player is \"anticipating\" (thinking about what is going to happen next). In this way he can try to make the music expressive, even if it means leaving out some of the notes.\nA good sight-reader will be able to see the printed music and imagine what the notes should sound like. In this way he will not need to keep looking at his fingers to check whether he is playing the correct notes.\nSome pianists are very good at sight-reading. The pianist John Ogdon was able to read extremely difficult modern music at first sight."}
+{"id": "34578", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34578", "title": "Sight reading", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34581", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34581", "title": "Child prodigy", "text": "A child prodigy is a child who is very smart at an early age. They can do things that average people can only do when they are adults. Child prodigies are often musicians or mathematicians. A child prodigy does not always grow up to be a world-famous genius. Some of them lose their exceptional gifts in adulthood."}
+{"id": "34587", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34587", "title": "Prodigy", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34591", "revid": "1538302", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34591", "title": "Puerto Rican", "text": "A Puerto Rican is a person from Puerto Rico or anyone who is descended from some one who was originally from Puerto Rico. Puerto Ricans are American citizens, even though Puerto Rico is only a territory of the United States and not an official state. People from Puerto Rico can also be known as a \"Boricua,\" \"Borinquen,\" \"Puertorique\u00f1o,\" or the most known slang of \"Boricua.\"\nThe name of \"Boricua,\" and \"Borinque\u00f1os\" came from the island's original name of \"Boriken\", meaning \"Land of the Brave People\". This name was created by the Taino-Arawak people, who were highly advanced. Taino-Arawak ancestors date back to 4,000 B.C."}
+{"id": "34592", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34592", "title": "W.C. Fields", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34593", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34593", "title": "Toothbrush", "text": "The toothbrush is a tool to clean teeth. The toothbrush has a small brush at the end of a handle. Toothpaste, which often contains fluoride, is commonly added to a toothbrush to help clean the teeth. Both toothpaste and toothbrushes come in many different colours. Toothpastes can also come in many different flavours. Nice toothbrushes (especially electrical) can make toothbrushing fun and help your child on the way to perfect oral health.\nInvention.\nToothbrushes were first invented by a prisoner. Before anyone had thought of a toothbrush, people kept their teeth clean by chewing on a stick until one end got soft and frayed like a brush. Sometimes they dipped a finger in chalk or salt and then rubbed their teeth. Toothpicks were another way to take care of teeth, and toothpicks were very fancy then. They were made of gold or jewels, and people would stick them in their hats or hang them on necklaces when they were not using them. \nThe first brushes came from China, where the Chinese made them out of hairs pulled from the back of wild hogs. The kind of toothbrush we know came from William Addis. He worked on the toothbrush while he was in jail. First, he saved a bone from one of his meals and poked some holes in it. The prison guard gave him some bristles. Joseph tied the bristles into little bundles, cut them to make them even, put glue on the ends, and stuffed them into the holes. The company he started still make millions of toothbrushes every year.\nEtymology.\nThe word toothbrush came from the two parts of the word, first a noun and then a verb or noun. The action of brushing teeth with a toothbrush is basically the use of the invention of Joseph Addis."}
+{"id": "34596", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34596", "title": "70s BC", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34598", "revid": "8390172", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34598", "title": "20s BC", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34600", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34600", "title": "Homeostasis", "text": "Homeostasis is self-regulation, a basic property of all self-organising systems. In biology, it is the keeping of a stable internal environment.\nHomeostasis is life's ability to stay balanced, when the environment changes. Animals keep their body in a stable condition. They do so by regulating their inner equilibrium. For example, they adjust their pH, temperature, amount of oxygen or carbon dioxide in the blood and so on. In living things, the study of how they keep in a stable condition is called physiology. Mostly, our physiology works unconsciously throughout life. We have many negative feedback systems which adjust our physiology so that we stay alive. These systems are self-organising and do not need to be learnt. They are inherited.\nThe concept was described by Claude Bernard, and the term was later coined by Walter Cannon in 1926, 1929, and 1932. Walter Cannon thought these were the features of homeostasis:\nExamples of homeostasis:\nIn mammals, the main organs involved with homeostasis are:\nThe brain is also central to homeostasis. It controls behaviour, and the basic function of behaviour is to support life by taking action."}
+{"id": "34607", "revid": "1391867", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34607", "title": "Pulmonary embolism", "text": "A pulmonary embolism is a clot of material (an emboli) that blocks blood from getting to the lungs. An emboli is a blood clot that starts somewhere else in the body and travels somewhere else, usually after becoming attached. This type of emobli goes to the lungs (respiratory system). However, it can also be caused by clumped cancer cells, fat, or bone. Rarely, while giving birth, a woman can get a clot of amniotic fluid.\nSymptoms.\nSymptoms of a pulmonary embolism start suddenly, as soon as the clot starts blocking blood flow to the lungs. Blood is supposed to pick up oxygen in the lungs and then carry that oxygen to the rest of the body, and pick up carbon dioxide to breathe out. If blood cannot get through to the lungs it cannot pick up oxygen, or deliver it to the body. Every part of the body needs blood and oxygen to survive.\nOften, the first sign of a pulmonary embolism is syncope (fainting), because the brain is not getting enough blood and oxygen. Massive PE causes troponin T and I levels to rise from causing right ventricular heart strain.\nOther symptoms include:\nSaddle embolus.\nThe worst kind of pulmonary embolism is caused by a \"saddle embolus\". This kind of embolus blocks the pulmonary artery, which carries blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs. This makes it impossible for any blood to get through to the lungs. Since no blood can get out to the rest of the body, the person's blood pressure drops and they can go into shock. A saddle embolus is a very serious medical emergency. Many people with this type of embolus die.\nRisk factors.\nThere are many risk factors that make it more likely for a person to get a pulmonary embolism. For example:\nTreatment.\nThere are a few treatments for pulmonary embolism. The choice of which treatments to use depends on how serious the pulmonary embolism is. Treatments include:"}
+{"id": "34617", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34617", "title": "Toilet", "text": "A toilet is a human waste disposal device. Toilets used in a sitting position with a toilet seat are popular in Europe and North America. There may be additional considerations for people with disabilities. Squat toilets, used in a squatting posture are more popular in Asia. This is a place where humans get rid of waste that comes from their bodies (urine and feces). Most toilets use water to flush the waste through plumbing into a sewage system. However, some modern toilets do not use water, and are called dry toilets.\nA room that has a toilet can be called a \"restroom\" or \"bathroom\" in the United States. In other places it may be called the toilet, the lavatory, or the water closet (WC).\nToilets in homes.\nAlmost all modern buildings have at least one toilet. In the home, a toilet may or may not be in the same room as a shower or a bathtub. Some toilets are outside, in an \"outhouse\".\nIn developing countries, many people do not have a toilet in their home. More than 4.5 billion people do not have access to toilets.\nThis has led to pooping in unsafe environments such as on the side of the road which has been made later made illegal.\nPublic toilets.\nA public toilet may or may not cost money to use. Toilets that cost money are called \"pay toilets\".\nPublic bathrooms often have many toilets with walls between them. This makes areas called \"stalls\" (US) or \"cubicles\" (UK). Bathrooms for men often also have separate urinals. Urinals can either be on the wall for a single user, or a basin or trough for many men to use at the same time. Urinals on walls sometimes have small walls or dividers for privacy reasons.\nOutdoor public toilets (in the street, around parks, etc.) are a form of street furniture. These toilets are in individual cubicles. Some are simple and have little or no plumbing. Others are less simple, and some toilets even clean themselves after every use.\nSome toilet-cubicles are mobile and can be put in place where and when they are needed. These toilets are called \"portable toilets\". Portable toilets are commonly used at large outdoor events like concerts, festivals or carnivals.\nInventions.\nIn 1775, Alexander Cumming patented the S-bend. This was crucial in the development of the flushing toilet. It was a simple length of pipe with a curve in it.\nEvery day, toilets use 141 billion liters of water to flush waste. Engineers try to make toilets that do not need so much water. In 2019, one group made a chemical to put in toilets to make them more slippery so that the waste flushes away with only a little water."}
+{"id": "34618", "revid": "10407563", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34618", "title": "Stegosaurus", "text": "Stegosaurus (meaning \"roof-lizard\") was a type of plant-eating dinosaur which lived in what is now western North America.\n\"Stegosaurus\" lived in the Upper Jurassic period around 155 to 145 million years ago. It is one of the most easily recognized dinosaurs, with its distinctive double row of kite-shaped plates on its back, and the long spikes on its tail. The armor was necessary as it lived with such meat-eaters as \"Allosaurus\" and \"Ceratosaurus\".\nDiscovery and species.\n\"Stegosaurus\" was originally named by Othniel Charles Marsh in 1877, from fossils found near Morrison, Colorado. These first bones became the first species of Stegosaur named: \"Stegosaurus armatus\".\nSeveral different \"Stegosaurus\" species have been found.\nPaleobiology.\n\"Stegosaurus\" was the largest stegosaur, reaching up to 12\u00a0m (39.4\u00a0ft) in length and weighing up to 5,000\u00a0kg (5.5\u00a0short tons). However, 7 to 9\u00a0m was a more usual length.\nSkull.\nThe skull of \"Stegosaurus\" was long and narrow. Because of its short front legs, its head was close to the ground, probably no higher than 1\u00a0m (3.3\u00a0ft). It ate low-growing plants because of this. It had no front teeth, but it did have a horn-covered beak. Stegosaurian chewing teeth were small and triangular and did little grinding as they lacked wear surfaces.\nUnlike most dinosaurs, it did not have a lacuna (hole) in its skull between the nose and eye.\nNervous system.\nIt has often been said that the \"Stegosaurus\" brain was the size of a walnut. Actually, it had a brain several times the size of a walnut. The bundle of nerves near the base of the tail that controlled reflexes in the back of the body was larger than the brain and is sometimes said to be a \"second brain\". These issues are discussed in Dinosaur brains and intelligence.\nPosture.\n\"Stegosaurus\" had very short forelimbs in relation to its hind legs. The back legs each had three short toes, while the front legs had five toes. All four limbs were supported by pads behind the toes.\nClassification.\n\"Stegosaurus\" was a member of the Thyreophora, or armored dinosaurs, a family of dinosaurs which includes the ankylosaurs.\nPopular culture.\n\"Stegosaurus\" has been declared the State Dinosaur of Colorado. It has also appeared in many movies and TV shows."}
+{"id": "34619", "revid": "1171648", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34619", "title": "Psittacosis", "text": "Psittacosis is a bacterial disease caused by chlamydia psittaci. It is caught mainly from infected birds such as parrots, pigeons, and parakeets. It can also infect farm animals and other mammals. The disease is not common, with only 50 reported cases in the United States each year.\nThe disease is rarely fatal, with only 1% of those who get the disease dying.\nSymptoms.\nAfter an incubation period of 5\u201319 days, psittacosis usually gives flu-like symptoms, such as fevers, chills, headaches, muscle aches, and a dry cough. In the first week an infected person can get red eyes (conjunctivitis), nose bleeds, and low white blood cells count. Blood analysis usually shows a normal white cell count, but marked leukocytosis is occasionally apparent . It also can cause diarrhea and vomiting. Sometimes, red/pink marks (called Rose spots) called Horder's spots appear on the skin in this stage. These spots look the same as what people get because of typhoid fever. \nAt the end of the first week, confusion (stupor) and even coma can occur in severe cases. The spleen can become enlarged, before the disease develops into a serious lung infection. This is helpful for diagnosing psittacosis because an enlarged spleen and/or nosebleed at the same time as respiratory fever is indicative of this disease. \nThe disease can also look like pneumonia on an x-ray. In rare cases (see Other presentations) Psittacosis can cause endocarditis, swelling of joints, and swelling of the cornea. \nOther presentations.\nThe second week is more like acute bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia than it is psittacosis, with constant high fevers, headaches, cough, and dyspnea (trouble breathing). Headaches up until this point can be so painful that they are mistaken for other conditions, like meningitis. \nC. Psittaci signs and symptoms can include, but are rare, and not limited to: mendigo-encephalitis, infective endocarditis (inflammation of the inside of the heart, including the \"valves\" of the heart), hepatitis, nephritis, splenomegaly, and rash. Others include an enlarged \nDiagnosis.\nDiagnosis is made by serology (testing the serum) to check for chlamydia antibodies in the blood, using microimmunofluorescence (MIF), complement fixation (CF), and immunofluorescent antibody tests (IFA).\nChest scans.\nPsittacosis shows patchy consolidation (fluid build up in the lungs) and other signs of pneumonia. Diagnosis is done mostly by serum checks.\nTreatment.\nPsittacosis can be easily treated with antibiotics, especially with Tetracycline. "}
+{"id": "34620", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34620", "title": "Gregorian chant", "text": "Gregorian chant is an important form of plainchant, used mainly in the Roman Catholic Church. With plainchant, all people sing the same music in unison, most of the time. Sometimes, there is a second part, called \"organum\", which often uses the same melody, but at an interval. This interval is often a fourth or a fifth.\nHow it developed.\nGregorian chant developed mainly in western and central Europe during the 9th and 10th centuries, but people wrote new songs and changed the old ones later. Many people believe an old story, which says that Pope Gregory the Great wrote the songs. Most people who study the history of music believe that kings such as Charlemagne brought music from Rome to their kingdoms in France and Germany. When Charlemagne's people sang these songs, they changed the songs. This new music became Gregorian chant.\nUsually men and boys sang Gregorian chant in churches, and holy women and men sang Gregorian chants in their daily prayers. In Roman Catholic churches, prayers and songs follow an order called the \"Roman Rite.\" Gregorian chant is the music used in the \"Mass\" and the \"Office\" of the Roman Rite. The \"Mass\" is the part of the Roman Rite where Catholics receive what they believe to be the body and blood of Christ. The \"Office\" is the part of the Roman Rite where holy men and women pray at special times every day. In the past, people sang different songs in parts of Europe, but Gregorian chant replaced almost all of them. Although the Roman Catholic Church no longer requires people to sing Gregorian chants, it still says that Gregorian chant is the best music for prayer.\nChristians have sung songs without music since the earliest days of the Church. Before the mid-1990s, many people believed that the Jewish songs called the \"Psalms,\" which are in both the Jewish and Christian Bible, were an important part of early Christian music and prayer. People who study the history of music and religion no longer believe this, because most early Christian songs were not from the Psalms, and Jews did not sing Psalms for many centuries after their most important holy place, the Second Temple, was destroyed in the year 70. However, some parts of Jewish music and prayer ended up later in Gregorian chant. The organized order of prayers called \"canonical hours\" come from Jewish tradition. The words \"amen\" and \"alleluia\" come from the Hebrew language. The prayer \"sanctus, sanctus, sanctus,\" which means \"holy, holy, holy,\" comes from the Jewish prayer \"kadosh, kadosh, kadosh.\"\nThe New Testament, tells how Jesus and his friends sang together: \"When they had sung the hymn, they went out to the Mount of Olives\" (Matthew|26.30). Other writers from those early centuries such as Pope Clement I also said that Christians sang religious songs, but they don\u2019t tell us what the music sounded like. The \"Oxyrhynchus hymn,\" a 3rd-century Christian Greek song, has lasted with written musical notes, but we do not know if this song is connected to plainchant.\nThe sorts of songs, which Catholics later sang in the Roman Rite, started to appear in the 3rd century. The \"Apostolic Tradition\", a book about Christian traditions in early Rome, says that Christians sang \"Alleluia\" in early holy meals called \"\"agape\" feasts.\" Chants of the Office started in the early 4th century, when holy men in the deserts started the tradition of singing all 150 psalms every week. Sometime around 375, Christians in Eastern Europe started singing religious songs back and forth between two groups; in 386, St. Ambrose brought this tradition to Western Europe. Singing back and forth is called \"antiphonal\" singing.\nMost people think that the liturgy of the Roman Mass was put together during the 7th century. In 785-786, Pope Hadrian I sent some Roman chants to the court of Charlemagne. Later this music developed into the system of eight modes. This music, together with some new chants to complete the liturgical year, became known as \"Gregorian.\" This chant was probably named after Pope Gregory the Great.\nWhen Charlemagne had become Holy Roman Emperor he made everyone in Europe use this Gregorian chant. By the 12th and 13th centuries, all other kinds of chant disappeared, even the Roman form (now known as Old Roman chant).\nTypes.\nGregorian chants are divided into three types based on the number of notes sung to each syllable. \"Syllabic\" chants mostly have one note per syllable. In \"neumatic\" chants there are mostly two or three notes per syllable, while \"melismatic\" chants have lots of notes for one syllable. Some of the chants are recitative and some are free melody. When two choirs stand in different parts of the church and sing alternately these are called \"Antiphonal chants\". \"Responsorial chants\" are ones with a refrain sung by the choir, which alternate with a psalm verse sung by a soloist.\nGregorian chant used the eight modes which came from the Byzantine chants. They were written down in a special musical notation called \"neumes\". These neumes do not show the exact rhythms, so that we cannot always be sure of the way they were sung. The rhythm was probably quite free and flexible. There were certainly no bar lines and regular beat. The chant was normally sung by men. Women only sang in convents, and even then they could not sing in all the services.\nGregorian chant was a big influence on polyphonic music in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. When the original plainsong melody was made to be the bottom part it became known as \"cantus firmus\" (i.e., the \"given melody\"). Cantus firmus became a very important part of musical composition in the Renaissance."}
+{"id": "34623", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34623", "title": "Barneveld", "text": "Barneveld () is a municipality in the middle of the Netherlands, in the province Gelderland. The main centre is the village of Barneveld. \nThe municipality has an area of 176.74 km\u00b2. \nTowns and villages of the municipality.\nOther centres are: Essen, Esveld, Garderbroek, Harselaar, Kallenbroek, Moorst (partly), Wessel and Recreatiegebied Zeumeren.\nGeography.\nThe municipality neighbours Nijkerk, Putten and Ermelo to the north. Apeldoorn lies to the east. Municipalities Ede, Renswoude, Scherpenzeel and Woudenberg are to the south. Municipalities Leusden and Amersfoort neighbour Barneveld to the west."}
+{"id": "34639", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34639", "title": "Illiterate", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34640", "revid": "1652218", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34640", "title": "Executable", "text": "An executable is a computer program written by a programmer and compiled by a compiler (See programming). When it is run, it 'executes' (or does) the actions it was programmed to. \nAn example of a compiler is the GNU C Compiler, or GCC for short. It reads in program code written in the C programming language, and converts it into binary machine code called an executable, so computers can understand it. On Microsoft Windows, these files end with '.exe.' To humans, these files are hard to read. Other Unix-like systems, like Macs, Linux, or BSD use other file extensions like '.dmg' or '.sh'."}
+{"id": "34641", "revid": "1618275", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34641", "title": "Windows NT", "text": "Windows NT is a series of Microsoft's Windows operating systems written in the C and C++ programming languages. They were the first to use their new 'NT' (New Technology) core. That means it had a brand new core to do more things than the MS-DOS-based one that they used in older versions of Windows. Also, it was more secure and crashed less. Windows NT 3.1 was released as alpha versions in 1991-1992 and beta versions in 1993.\nHistory.\nMicrosoft decided to create a portable operating system, compatible with OS/2 and POSIX and supporting multiprocessing, in October 1988. When development started in November 1989, Windows NT was to be known as OS/2 3.0, the third version of the operating system developed jointly by Microsoft and IBM. To ensure portability, initial development was targeted at the Intel i860XR RISC processor, switching to the MIPS R3000 in late 1989, and then the Intel i386 in 1990.\nIt is well believed that Dave Cutler intended the initialism 'WNT' as a pun on VMS, incrementing each letter by one. However, the project was named NT OS/2 before receiving the Windows brand. One of the original OS/2 3.0 creators, Mark Lucovsky, claims that the name was taken from the original target processor\u2014the Intel i860, code-named N10 ('N-Ten'). Various Microsoft publications, including a 1998 question-and-answer session with Bill Gates, reveal that the letters were expanded to 'New Technology' for marketing purposes but no longer carry any specific meaning. The letters were dropped from the name of Windows 2000, though Microsoft described the product as 'Built on NT technology.' Microsoft also created the NTFS (short for New Technology File System) with Windows NT.\nVersions of Windows NT are Windows NT 3.1, NT 3.5, 3.51, NT 4.0, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows Vista and Windows 7. Windows NT 3.1 was the first release of the Windows NT line. The version number 3.1 was from the fact that it looked very much like Windows 3.1. It was released in 1993. Next was Windows NT 3.5 and then 3.51. 3.5 was released in 1994 and 3.51 in 1995, just a few months before Windows 95. The version after that was NT 4.0, released in 1996. It was advertised as 'power of Windows NT and look of Windows 95' and included Internet Explorer version 2. The next version was NT 5.0, which was re-branded as Windows 2000 before release, followed by Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 8.1, and the most recently Windows 10.\nThe NT version number was not used for marketing purposes after Windows NT 4.0 but is still used internally and said to reflect the degree of changes to the core of the operating system. Windows 10 changes the internal version number to 10.0, which is the first time since 1996 that the internal version number has matched the marketing number.\nWindows NT can refer either an individual or following versions of Microsoft Windows:\nReferences.\nNotes"}
+{"id": "34642", "revid": "1662932", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34642", "title": "File extension", "text": "A file extension or filename extension is a suffix at the end of a filename. It is used to show the type of computer file. This tells the operating system what program can understand it. For example, MYWORDS.TXT is a plain text file and may be opened by a text editor. Filename extensions come after the name of the file, and many of them are three letters long. \nSome examples of common file extensions are:\nThere are many other commonly used file extensions.\nIn most operating systems, you can change the program defaults so that the computer knows which program to open each type of file extension with."}
+{"id": "34650", "revid": "184286", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34650", "title": "Phocoena sinus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34651", "revid": "184288", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34651", "title": "Phocoenidae", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34659", "revid": "184332", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34659", "title": "Lagomorphs", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34660", "revid": "184334", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34660", "title": "Lagomorph", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34662", "revid": "1618275", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34662", "title": "Lagomorpha", "text": "Lagomorpha is a mammal order. It includes pikas, rabbits and hares. Although lagomorphs look like rodents, they are not rodents, but are closely related to them. They have four incisors on the upper jaw, not two as with rodents. Also, they only eat plant material, not meat as rodents do to some extent.\nRabbits were classified under rodents until the 20th century. They are divided into two families: Leporidae, which are hares and rabbits, and Ochotonidae, the pikas.\nIt has been known for some time that Lagomorpha is an unusual group, and there have been many guesses about its evolution. Darren Naish explains this."}
+{"id": "34663", "revid": "1643006", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34663", "title": "Lupus", "text": "Lupus, or Lupus erythematosus, is a disease of the immune system. It is chronic, which means it does not go away. It is an autoimmune disease, where the person's immune system attacks their own body.\nThe immune system is partly made up of white blood cells in your body that fight off disease. In lupus, these white blood cells think that the healthy cells of the body around them are diseased, so they end up attacking healthy parts of the body. Lupus can be deadly. It causes swelling and tissue damage, and can attack any part of the body. It most commonly affects the heart, joints, skin, lungs, blood vessels, kidneys and the brain/nervous system. Some symptoms include: fatigue, fever with no cause, hair loss, mouth sores, sensitivity to sunlight, a skin disease, and Raynaud's syndrome. There is treatment for lupus, called immunosuppression, which is medicine that stops the white blood cells from damaging healthy cells for a while. After a while, this medicine wears off, and then the white blood cells go back to hurting healthy parts of the body again. For the disease of lupus, there is no cure that stops the white blood cells from attacking healthy parts of the body forever, but doctors are not giving up on finding a cure.\nLupus takes its name from the Latin word \"lupus\", meaning wolf. This is because a lupus-caused rash on a person's face makes the person's face look like the face of a wolf. In the United States alone, there may be 270,000 to 1.5 million (1,500,000) people with lupus. Worldwide, it is estimated (not known for sure, but a good guess) that over 5 million (5,000,000) people are living with lupus. The disease mainly affects young women, but men can be affected as well."}
+{"id": "34669", "revid": "814900", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34669", "title": "Hiragana", "text": "Hiragana is a part of the Japanese writing system. Japanese writing normally consists of kanji which are used for the main words in a sentence, usually content words, and hiragana which are used for the little words that make up the grammar (in English these would be words like \u201cfrom\u201d and \u201chis\u201d) called particles. Hiragana is also used for the endings of some of the words.\nHiragana is a syllabary, which means that each hiragana character stands for a syllable. It is therefore different from a language such as English which uses an alphabet in which most of the letters stand for one bit of sound (phoneme). There is also another syllabary called katakana which is mostly used for foreign words and names. The two kana systems are quite easy to learn, but kanji takes years of practice. In contrast, the kana systems can be learnt in two weeks.\nIn the past, hiragana was considered women's writing, while men wrote in kanji. Since kanji are convenient for writing in Chinese but not as convenient for Japanese, it was women, such as Murasaki Shikibu, who wrote the first hiragana books, poems and songs. Later the Buddhist clerics, such as Rennyo (d. 1498), wrote in hiragana to make their religious messages easier to read, so more people could read them.\nSometimes the whole of a text may be written in hiragana to make it easy. This is used in books for young children, or for students starting to learn Japanese, or when writing the lyrics for songs underneath the music where it is important to show how the words fit the music. Some rare or strange kanji may also have so-called \"furigana\" characters above it. They are hiragana which show how the kanji is to be pronounced.\nIn Hiragana each character (kana) is either a vowel (such as \"a\": \u3042); a consonant followed by a vowel (such as \"ka\": \u304b); or, at the end of a syllable, an \"n\": (\u3093), although sometimes this sounds more like an \u201cm\u201d or \u201cng\u201d.\nAs an example of how the grammatical endings are used we can take the verb \u201cto eat\u201d which is\u98df\u3079\u308b (taberu). Here the main part of the word \u201ceat\u201d (pronounced \u201cta\u201d in this case) is the kanji \u98df. The other two syllables: \u201cbe-ru\u201d are in hiragana (\u3079\u308b). To say \u201cI ate\u201d or \u201cyou ate\u201d etc. you would say \u201ctabemashita\u201d, written\u98df\u3079\u307e\u3057\u305f (\u201cbe-ma-shi-ta\u201d is written in hiragana).\nTable of hiragana.\nThe main hiragana characters are shown in this table. \nNotice that the sound \u201chu\u201d is unknown in Japanese, so \u3075 is pronounced \u201cfu\u201d with an \u201cf\u201d which is blown lightly, like someone blowing out a candle.\nTo write the voiced sounds for \u201cg\u201d, \u201cd\u201d, \u201cz\u201d and \u201cb\u201d two little lines called a dakuten (\u309b) are added after a character starting with the unvoiced sounds \u201ck\u201d, \u201ct\u201d, \u201cs\u201d and \u201ch\u201d. A circle, (\u309c), is added after a \u201ch\u201d for the sound \u201cp\u201d. For example: \u306f gives the sound \u201cha\u201d; \u3070 gives the sound \u201cba\u201d; \u3071 gives the sound \u201cpa\u201d.\nSometimes when words are joined together to make compound words, the first sound of the second part changes from unvoiced to voiced. For example: \u201chana\u201d: \u306f\u306a (nose) + \u3061\u201cchi\u201d (blood) becomes \u306f\u306a\u3062 \u201chanaji\u201d (nosebleed)\nSome Japanese syllables which have sliding sounds add a small version of the hiragana for \"ya\", \"yu\" or \"yo\" (\u3083, \u3085 and \u3087) This is called \u201cy\u014don\u201d. For example: \u201csha\u201d sounds like \u201cshi\u201d+\u201dya\u201d so \u201cdensha\u201d (a tram) is written \u3067\u3093\u3057\u3083. A small \u201ctsu\u201d \u3063 called a \u201csokuon\u201d shows a doubled consonant: \u201cNippon\u201d (Japan) is written \u306b\u3063\u307d\u3093. Without the small \u201ctsu\u201d the first syllable would sound like the word \u201cknee\u201d.\nA student starting to learn to write Japanese can start with hiragana or with katakana. Hiragana is the basis of learning Japanese script. However, for someone who is about to visit Japan and just wants to be able to recognize a few words, katakana will be more useful as it will help to read many of the road signs, shop names and the names of things on restaurant menus."}
+{"id": "34678", "revid": "9949557", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34678", "title": "Nationalist Party of China", "text": "The Nationalist Party of China () is main political party of Republic of China (\"Taiwan\") since 1912. The Nationalist Party was founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1912 after the foundation of the Republic of China, but during the warlord era, the party turned yourself into an revolutionary and socialist party, starting an revolution in southern provinces of China in 1917. The Natinalist Party also created an army in 1925 and created along the communist party a new chinese government in 1927 after the fall of the Beiyang government, in Beijing.\nThe Nationalist Party's ideologies are nationalism, revolutionary socialism, Welfare state, Anti-capitalism and Social conservatism.\nNames.\nThe Nationalist Party of China is also called as Chinese Nationalist Party or Kuomintang (KMT; ; English: Chinese Nationalist Party), also known as Guomindang (GMD) in Mainland (Simplified Chinese)"}
+{"id": "34679", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34679", "title": "Chiang Kai-shek", "text": "Chiang Kai-shek was a Chinese nationalist politician and military leader who was President of the Republic of China, born in Xikou on October 31, 1887. His father was a merchant who died when Chiang was eight years old. Chiang became an officer in the army of the Manchu empire, but supported the Chinese Xinhai Revolution of 1911 that converted China into a republic. \nHe led the Republic of China from 1930 to 1949 on mainland China until he was overthrown by Mao Zedong in the Chinese Civil War. He fled to Taiwan where he ruled from 1950 until his death in 1975.\nBiography.\nChiang Kai-Shek was born on October 31, 1887, in Zhejiang province, China. He received a military education at the Baoding Military Academy and later studied in Japan at the Tokyo Shinbu Gakko. These formative years laid the groundwork for his future role as a military and political leader. Chiang's exposure to different ideologies and military strategies influenced his approach during pivotal moments in Chinese history. After his father died, Chiang joined the army. At first, he went to Baoding in northern China to study military science. Later, he went to Japan to learn more about the military. \nIn 1918, he joined the Nationalist Party of Sun Yat-sen. Sun Yat-sen helped Jiang Kai-Shek make a military academic school called Huangpu Military School. In 1926 and 1927 he led the Northern Expedition to conquer local warlords and unify China. After Sun Yat-sen died, he pushed out the Communists in 1927. In 1928, he made a new government in Nanjing, and became head of the state. He focused on fighting the Communists and the Empire of Japan. In 1937, Japan began to invade China, and Chiang was in charge of the Nationalist Chinese Army, until the war ended in 1945. Chiang ruled China until 1949, when Mao Zedong, who led the Communist Party of China, attacked Chiang and his officials, and they were forced to flee to Taiwan. Chiang established the Republic of China on the Island of Taiwan in 1949. He governed Taiwan until his death in 1975, leaving a complex legacy of authoritarian rule and anti-communism."}
+{"id": "34685", "revid": "10417121", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34685", "title": "Dark matter", "text": "Dark matter is a type of matter thought to be responsible for much of the mass in the universe.\nThe idea arose when astronomers found that the mass of large astronomical objects, figured out from their gravitational effects, was much greater than the mass figured out from the \"luminous matter\" they contain: stars, gas, and dust.\nDark matter was first proposed by Jan Oort in 1932 as a reason for the spinning speeds of stars in the Milky Way. Fritz Zwicky in 1933 used dark matter to explain \"missing mass\" in the spinning speeds of galaxies in clusters. Later, many other observations have suggested that there is dark matter in the universe. The spinning speeds of galaxies, gravitational lensing of background objects, the temperature distribution of hot gas in galaxies and clusters of galaxies: these are some of the examples that make scientists believe in dark matter.\nAccording to the Planck mission team, and based on the standard model of cosmology, the total mass\u2013energy of the known universe contains 4.9% ordinary matter, 26.8% dark matter and 68.3% dark energy. So, dark matter is estimated to make up 84.5% of the total matter in the universe, while dark energy plus dark matter make up 95.1% of the total \"stuff\" in the universe.\nBecause dark matter does not seem to give off or reflect light, x-rays, or any other radiation, the instruments that are used to find normal matter (like hot gas, stars, planets, and us) can't find dark matter. It seems that dark matter is not made of the same thing as the matter we see every day on Earth. The only way we can tell if dark matter is there, is by how it affects things we can \"see\" by gravity.\nIn 2006, a group of scientists claimed that they had found a way to find dark matter. Since dark matter is supposedly very different from normal matter, it is expected to act differently. The scientists observed two far-away galaxy clusters that had crashed into each other at high speed: normal matter would have been scattered nearby after the collision, while dark matter would not. By measuring gravity, they were able to detect what looked like two clouds of dark matter, with a cloud of normal matter (hot gas) in between them."}
+{"id": "34698", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34698", "title": "Game Cube", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34699", "revid": "618241", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34699", "title": "Katakana", "text": "Katakana (\u30ab\u30bf\u30ab\u30ca) is a Japanese script for writing words borrowed from other languages. It is easier to read than kanji, the picture method that is based on Chinese characters. Once the 46 katakana symbols have been learned, a reader knows how to pronounce them.\nBoth katakana and hiragana are syllabaries. English uses the letters of the alphabet, and most words, each letter stands for a bit of sound (phoneme). In a syllabary, each symbol stands for a syllable. For example, English \u201cWagamama\u201d has each of the eight letters stand for a sound: \u201cW-a-g-a-m-a-m-a\u201d. However, if the word \u201cWagamama\u201d is divided into syllables, there are four syllables: Wa-ga-ma-ma. In katakana, it is written with four symbols: \u30ef\u30ac\u30de\u30de.\nHiragana works in the same way, but most symbols. Katakana is perhaps a little easier to learn than hiragana because the symbols are simpler and more \u201csquared off\u201d. Together, Katakana and Hiragana are called \u201ckana.\u201d\nTable of katakana.\nThis is a table of the basic katakana strokes. The first chart shows the basic katakana. Characters with red letters next to them are no longer used.\nFrom the first table, it can be seen that there are 46 basic characters (top left, first five columns, from \"a\" to \"wa\"). Diphthongs (vowels that slide from one sound to the other) are written with an extra symbol in small print. For example, the sound \u201cmu\u201d in our word \u201cmusic\u201d sounds like \u201cmyu\u201d so it is written \u30df\u30e5 (mi+yu). Therefore, the word \u201cmusical\u201d (as in a stage musical) is written: \u30df\u30e5\u30fc\u30b8\u30ab\u30eb.\nA long vowel is shown in katakana by a kind of dash, called a \u201cchoon\u201d (\u30fc).\nUse.\nKatakana is used to write words that have been borrowed from other languages foreign names and names of countries. For example, America is written as \u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab.\nIt is not always easy to recognize the words because Japanese does not have all of the English sounds. That makes Japanese use other ways to pronounce and write words. For example, the word \u201ccoffee\u201d is written \u30b3\u30fc\u30d2\u30fc (koo-hii). Words are sometimes shortened as well: \u201ctelevision\u201d is written as \u30c6\u30ec\u30d3 (pronounced \u201cte-re-bi\u201d).\nIt is sometimes impossible to show the difference between two foreign words, e.g. \u30e9\u30fc\u30e9\u30fc could spell either the name \u201cLara\u201d or \u201cLala\u201d (as in the Teletubbies). The Japanese have just one sound, which is somewhere between our \u201cr\u201d and \u201cl\u201d.\nIn Japanese, a consonant is always followed by a vowel. Since words or syllables cannot end in a consonant except \u201cn\u201d or \u201cm,\u201d Japanese adds an extra vowel. \u201cSki\u201d (as in skiing) becomes \u201csuk\u012b\u201d (\u30b9\u30ad\u30fc), and a \u201cmusical\u201d, as noted earlier, becomes \u201cmyuujikaru\u201d (\u30df\u30e5\u30fc\u30b8\u30ab\u30eb).\nKatakana can be also used for onomatopoeic words like \u201cding,\u201d or to make words look important, or for scientific names of species. Sentences in books or cartoons may be written in katakana to show that someone is supposed to be speaking with a foreign accent. It is often used to write the names of Japanese companies:. Suzuki is written \u30b9\u30ba\u30ad and Toyota \u30c8\u30e8\u30bf.\nA small \u201ctsu\u201d \u30c3, called a \u201csokuon,\u201d shows as a double consonant: the English word \u201cbed\u201d is used in Japanese for a western-style bed, pronounced \u201cbeddo\u201d and written \u30d9\u30c3\u30c9. The \u30c3 makes the \u201ce\u201d vowel short.\nLearning to read katakana is useful for reading Japanese signs or restaurant menus.\nJapanese sentences are written usually with a mixture of katakana, hiragana and kanji:\n\u79c1\u306f\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u4eba\u3067\u3059 (Watashi wa amerikajin desu: I am American).has \u201camerika\u201d written in katakana, \"Watashi\"(\u79c1) and the ending \u201c-jin\u201d(\u4eba) are written in kanji, and \u201cdesu\u201d (I am) is in hiragana."}
+{"id": "34700", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34700", "title": "Flutist", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34701", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34701", "title": "Flutists", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34704", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34704", "title": "Sanja Stija\u010di\u0107", "text": "Sanja Stija\u010di\u0107 (born 14 November 1965) is a Serbian flutist. She is also a professor at the Faculty of Arts (Pri\u0161tina), University of Pri\u0161tina in Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia and at the University of East Sarajevo, Republika Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina."}
+{"id": "34707", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34707", "title": "Comb", "text": "A comb is a tool used to care for hair or other fibers. It has small pieces sticking out of a main frame; these are called \"teeth.\" A comb is usually flat.\nHumans have been using combs as a tool for a long time, at least for 5,000 years. Combs are used by humans to separate tangled hairs, to keep their hair clean and to style their hair. They are also used as a decoration for hair.\nCombs are used in the making of thread from fibers like wool or cotton. Combing makes all the fibres point the same way so a thread can be spun.\nHistory.\nThe first use of the comb was about 5,000 years ago. Different kinds of comb have been found throughout history by archaeologists. The ancient Egyptians carved out combs. In ancient China, combs were worn as hair decorations and accessories. Over time, combs have become into tools for taking care of hair. Today, there are hundreds of different kinds of combs.\nUse.\nCombs can be used to fix stray hairs and untangle wet hair. Another common use for the comb is to make hair be put in one position before tying it up. Combs may also be used to part hair for coloring, conditioning and braiding. Combs can also be worn as accessories that hold hair up in a special style."}
+{"id": "34708", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34708", "title": "Perfume", "text": "Perfume is a liquid that gives people, things and rooms a good smell. It is made of oils which give off scent to the surrounding air. The odoriferous compounds that make up a perfume can be manufactured synthetically or extracted from plant or animal sources.\nPerfumes were used in the earliest human civilizations. Modern perfumery began in the late 19th century with the commercial synthesis of aroma compounds such as vanillin or coumarin. The artificial compounds gave a wider ranger of scents than natural materials.\nPerfume smells more when temperature is warmer. So people put it on the neck, wrist and back of the knee, because these parts are warmer. Eau de Cologne is a type of perfume which can be splashed on the body. It is not so concentrated as the usual perfumes.\nSources.\nPlants.\nToday, most common essential oils, such as lavender, peppermint, and eucalyptus, are distilled. Raw plant material, the flowers, leaves, wood, bark, roots, seeds, or peel, is put into a distillation apparatus over water. As the water is heated, the steam passes through the plant material collecting the scents. The steam flow through a coil, where it is condensing back to liquid, which is then collected.\nMost citrus peel oils are cold pressed, like olive oil production. Citrus-fruit oils are cheaper than most other essential oils. Lemon or sweet orange oils got as by-products of the citrus industry are even cheaper.\nSynthetic sources.\nMany modern perfumes contain synthesized odorants. Synthetics can provide fragrances which are not found in nature. For instance, Calone, a compound of synthetic origin, gives a fresh metallic marine scent that is widely used. Synthetic aromatics are often used as an alternate to compounds that are not easily got from natural sources.\nHistory.\nThe word perfume used today derives from the Latin \"per fumum\", meaning \"through smoke.\" Perfumery, or the art of making perfumes, began in ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt and was further refined by the Romans and Persians.\nThe world's first recorded chemist is considered to be a woman named Tapputi, a perfume maker who was mentioned in a cuneiform tablet from the 2nd millennium BC in Mesopotamia. She distilled flowers, oil, and calamus with other aromatics then filtered and put them back in the still several times.\nIn 2005, archaeologists uncovered what are believed to be the world's oldest perfumes in Pyrgos, Cyprus. The perfumes date back more than 4,000 years. The perfumes were discovered in an ancient perfumery. At least 60 stills, mixing bowls, funnels and perfume bottles were found in the factory. In ancient times people used herbs and spices, like almond, coriander, myrtle, conifer resin, bergamot, as well as flowers.\nThe Arabian alchemist, Al-Kindi (Alkindus), wrote in the 9th century a book on perfumes which contained more than a hundred recipes for fragrant oils and medical substances.\nThe Persian chemist Avicenna introduced the process of extracting oils from flowers by means of distillation, the procedure most commonly used today. He first experimented with the rose. Until his discovery, liquid perfumes were mixtures of oil and crushed herbs or petals, which made a strong scent. Rose water was more delicate, and immediately became popular. \nThe art of perfumery was known in western Europe since the 13th or 14th centuries. By the 18th century, aromatic plants were grown in France, Sicily, and Italy."}
+{"id": "34709", "revid": "1662047", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34709", "title": "Journey (band)", "text": "Journey is an American rock band from San Francisco, formed in 1973. They are known for their hit songs like \"Don't Stop Believin\", \"Anyway You Want It\", \"Open Arms\", \"Lovin', Touchin', Squeezin' \" and \"Faithfully\". Some of the members used to be members of the band Santana. The band has sold 75 million albums and were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2017."}
+{"id": "34712", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34712", "title": "Bruno Brun", "text": "Bruno Brun (born ) was a Yugoslavian clarinet player and professor at the Music Academy in Belgrade.\nHe graduated from the Belgrade Music Academy in and continued his education in Paris. He played as a soloist in Yugoslavia and other countries. He was one of the founders of the \"Association of Musical Artists of Serbia\".\nHis most famous students are Milenko Stefanovic, Mihailo Zivanovic, Ernest Ackun, Ante Grgin and Nikola Srdic."}
+{"id": "34715", "revid": "10096157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34715", "title": "Rheinstetten", "text": "Rheinstetten is a city in the south-west of Germany, in the state of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg. It has about 20,000 inhabitants."}
+{"id": "34717", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34717", "title": "University of Pri\u0161tina (North Mitrovica), Faculty of Arts", "text": "The Faculty of Arts of Pri\u0161tina (Serbian: \u0424\u0430\u043a\u0443\u043b\u0442\u0435\u0442 \u0443\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0443 \u041f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0438 or Fakultet umetnosti u Pri\u0161tini) is the faculty of arts of the University of Pri\u0161tina in Kosovo, Serbia.\nHistory.\nThe Faculty of Arts of Pristina was founded in 1973 as the Academy of Arts, and got its present name in 1986. Because of Albanian terrorist attacks it was moved in 1999. It first moved to Varvarin and later to Zve\u010dan, where it is now. It is part of the University of Pri\u0161tina temporarily relocated in Kosovska Mitrovica."}
+{"id": "34718", "revid": "62235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34718", "title": "Jasmina Novokmet", "text": "Jasmina Novokmet (born 8 September 1969 in Pristina, Yugoslavia) is a Serbian conductor, professor of conducting and former associate dean at the Faculty of Arts of Pri\u0161tina. She is a former student of Jovan \u0160ajnovi\u0107."}
+{"id": "34719", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34719", "title": "Faculty of Arts in Pristina", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34723", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34723", "title": "Faculty of Arts (Pristina)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34729", "revid": "457136", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34729", "title": "Magna Carta", "text": "Magna Carta was a document that was sealed by King John after negotiations with his barons and their French and Scots allies at Runnymede, Surrey, England in 1215.\nThere they sealed the Great Charter, called in Latin \"Magna Carta\". It established a council of 25 barons to see John keep to the clauses, including access to swift justice, parliamentary assent for taxation, scutage limitations, and protection from illegal imprisonment.\nBecause he was forced to seal the charter, John sought approval to break it, from his spiritual overlord Pope Innocent III. Denouncing it as \"not only shameful and demeaning but also illegal and unjust\", the Pope agreed. Magna Carta is still considered one of the most important documents ever written, having inspired the way we view issues of justice and liberty and influenced laws regarding such throughout the world.\nMagna Carta has influenced English law right down to the present day. It is one of the most celebrated documents in the History of England. It is recognized as a cornerstone of the idea of the liberty of citizens.\nMagna Carta is usually written without the word 'the' before it.\nContent.\nMagna Carta contains 63 clauses written in Latin on parchment. Only three of the original clauses in Magna Carta are still law today. One defends the freedom and rights of the English Church, another confirms the liberties customs of the City of London and other towns. This clause (translated) is the main reason Magna Carta is still famous:\nThis clause limits the power of rulers, and introduces the idea of lawful process and the idea of a jury. The BBC summarised the main points of the document as: \nThe BBC said Magna Carta \"established a number of important principles, which have been copied around the world... It inspired the US Constitution and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights\".\nHistory.\nThe origin is in the medieval feudal system, in which the King's word was law. It solved, at the time, a conflict between King John and his main men: the barons and bishops. Dispute grew between the barons and bishops and King John over taxes and disputes with the Pope. \nThe barons chose their time to put John under pressure. John had lost a battle against the French, been excommunicated by the Pope (1209\u20131213), and feared civil war at home. He met the barons at Runnymede, 20 miles south-west of London, in June 1215. The negotiation was managed by John's half-brother, William Longsp\u00e9e, and Elias of Dereham, steward to the Archbishop of Canterbury, Stephen Langton. \nThe content of Magna Carta was designed to re-balance power between the King and his subjects, but especially between John and the barons. When King John set his seal on the document, he conceded the fundamental principle that, even as king, he was not above the law. That meant kings would not have as much power as they did before. Magna Carta also laid down rules of inheritance, and that convictions required some kind of official process. It stated that people had rights not to be unlawfully imprisoned. In other words, the king is bound to rule within the law. \nThirteen original copies of Magna Carta were made and distributed. Only four survive today. The four copies are in The British Library, The Bodleian Library, Lincoln Castle and Salisbury Cathedral. Magna Carta was sent out again in 1220 by Henry III. In 2009 UNESCO recognized it in its \"Memory of the World\" register. The British Library brought all four copies together in February 2015, so that scholars could examine them side by side."}
+{"id": "34730", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34730", "title": "Catapult", "text": "A catapult is a type of machine used as a weapon to throw rocks, large arrows, or other things such as hot tar, that would cause damage to something else. Often, catapults were set on higher ground or on castle towers to let them shoot farther. They shot rocks to break castle walls, or pitch or hot tar to set the target on fire.\nCatapults use weights and levers to send the rocks or other things into the air. They do not throw as far as modern weapons do, and are not useful in modern warfare. Catapults were common in the past, especially the Middle Ages.\nNowadays catapults are used to study old weapons, and as experiments (for example in physics or engineering classes). Some old ones are kept in museums.\nAircraft carriers use much more powerful steam catapults to throw airplanes into the air."}
+{"id": "34737", "revid": "10496485", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34737", "title": "1552", "text": "1552 (MDLII) was a leap year starting on Friday in the Julian calendar."}
+{"id": "34738", "revid": "10250038", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34738", "title": "1562", "text": "1562 (MDLXII) was a common year starting on Thursday in the Julian calendar and a common year starting on Monday in the proleptic Gregorian calendar."}
+{"id": "34739", "revid": "10250037", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34739", "title": "1563", "text": "1563 (MDLXIII) was a common year starting on Friday in the Julian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday in the proleptic Gregorian calendar."}
+{"id": "34743", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34743", "title": "Minuet", "text": "A minuet is a dance which was popular in the 18th and 19th centuries in France. It was danced by the aristocracy, especially at the court of King Louis XIV.\nSometimes the French spelling menuet is used, or the Italian minuetto. It was a moderate or slow dance. There were always three beats in a bar (3/4 time).\nComposers liked the music of the minuet and often wrote them just as pieces of music for a keyboard or other instruments. Composers like Bach and Handel included them in their suites (collection of dance movements). Lully started to put them in his operas, often in pairs: Minuet I, Minuet II, then Minuet I repeated. Often the second minuet would be played by three instruments, so it was called a trio.\nIn the Classical music period the minuet and trio were used in symphonies and sonatas. They usually formed the third movement of a four movement work. Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven all wrote minuets and trios. Gradually the minuets became faster so that they were called scherzos. By the 19th century the waltz had become fashionable among the new middle class. The polite minuet went out of fashion."}
+{"id": "34746", "revid": "35338", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34746", "title": "Scherzo", "text": "A Scherzo is a piece of music which is quite fast. In the 19th century Romantic composers started to write scherzos in their symphonies and sonatas instead of the traditional minuets. They are similar to a minuet, always with three beats in a bar, but they are faster and less \"polite\". Some composers like Chopin and Brahms wrote scherzos as separate pieces for the piano."}
+{"id": "34749", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34749", "title": "1592", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34751", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34751", "title": "1595", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34752", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34752", "title": "1599", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34757", "revid": "10348884", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34757", "title": "1612", "text": "1612 (MDCXII) was a leap year starting on Sunday in the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Wednesday in the Julian calendar."}
+{"id": "34766", "revid": "3704", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34766", "title": "Rhein", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34770", "revid": "62069", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34770", "title": "Griffin", "text": "The griffin (also called gryphon, gryphen, griffon, griffen, and gryphin), is a legendary creature. It has the head, front legs, and wings of an eagle. The rest of the body looks like a part of a lion.\nIn the past, the griffin was a symbol of strength and dexterity. It often looked after a treasure.\nThe griffin was first seen in art 3000 B.C., as seen on cylinder seals from Mesopotamia. "}
+{"id": "34777", "revid": "4421", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34777", "title": "European Plaice", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34778", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34778", "title": "Chordate", "text": "Chordates, phylum Chordata, are a phylum of animals which have a notochord. The group includes vertebrates, with some closely related invertebrates.\nClassification.\nPhylogeny.\nNote: Lines show likely evolutionary relationships. Extinct groups are marked with a \"\u2020\". Extinct animals are ones that have completely died out.\nOrigin of chordates.\nAccording to a long-standing theory, the origin of chordates may be found in transformed larvae of sea-squirts (tunicates). Adult tunicates are sessile, but their larvae are motile, and have some features found in early vertebrates. The process of paedomorphosis, where juvenile features are retained in the adult, is the proposed mechanism. Genome analysis shows that tunicates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates."}
+{"id": "34779", "revid": "485755", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34779", "title": "Chordata", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34783", "revid": "1162298", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34783", "title": "Sanlucar la Mayor", "text": "Sanl\u00facar la Mayor is a Spanish town in the Province of Sevilla. It has a population of 11,762 and is 137 km\u00b2 in area."}
+{"id": "34786", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34786", "title": "Pyrolysis", "text": "Pyrolysis is a chemical reaction where heat breaks down organic compounds (chemicals that contain carbon). Pyrolysis happens under pressure and if the temperature is above 430 \u00b0C (800 \u00b0F). Pyrolysis is different from combustion because it does not use oxygen. Pyrolysis is generally done in an inert atmosphere. It is a type of thermal decomposition.\nPyrolysis converts the ingredients, called feedstock, into a mixture of gases (pyrolysis gas), liquids (tar or pyrolysis oil), and leftover solids (char)."}
+{"id": "34787", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34787", "title": "Sanl\u00facar la Mayor", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34788", "revid": "4780", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34788", "title": "Sanl\u00facar la mayor", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34791", "revid": "18539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34791", "title": "Uri (canton)", "text": "Uri is one of the twenty-six cantons of Switzerland. Cantons are like states, provinces, or territories, but Swiss. 35,000 people live there. William Tell is from there.\nMunicipalities.\nThe municipalities of the canton of Uri are: Altdorf, Andermatt, Attinghausen, Bauen, B\u00fcrglen, Erstfeld, Fl\u00fcelen, G\u00f6schenen, Gurtnellen, Hospental, Isenthal, Realp, Schattdorf, Seedorf, Seelisberg, Silenen, Sisikon, Spiringen, Untersch\u00e4chen, Wassen"}
+{"id": "34792", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34792", "title": "Michael Ende", "text": "Michael Andreas Helmuth Ende (12 November 1929 \u2013 28 August 1995) was a German writer of fantasy and children's fiction. He was born in Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Bavaria. He wrote fantasy books for children. He died of stomach cancer in Filderstadt, Baden-Wuerttemberg.\nHis books.\n "}
+{"id": "34807", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34807", "title": "Songs", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34808", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34808", "title": "Adults", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34810", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34810", "title": "Red Khmer", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34812", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34812", "title": "Applet", "text": "An applet is a computer program that can be run inside a web browser. Most of the time, applets are written in Java. They are used to display a scrolling menu on a website, for example, the applet is also used to show some applications. In Java, there is a class called \"Applet,\" which is extended when writing applets."}
+{"id": "34817", "revid": "1493436", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34817", "title": "Veneto", "text": "Veneto is one of the twenty regions of Italy, in northeastern Italy on the Adriatic Sea. The capital is Venice.\nGeography.\nThe region is in Northeast Italy, bordered to the north by the Trentino-Alto Adige/S\u00fcdtirol region (and Austria in the northeastern corner), to the east by the Friuli Venezia Giulia region, to the southeast and south by the Adriatic Sea, to the southwest by the Emilia-Romagna region, and to the west by the Lombardy region.\nVeneto is the 8th largest region in Italy, with a total area of . The main river in the region is the Po. The highest mountain in the region is Marmolada (), in the Belluno province, with an altitude of .\nProvinces.\nVeneto is divided in a Metropolitan City (Venice) and six provinces:\nLargest municipalities.\nThe 10 comuni with more people living in it are:"}
+{"id": "34819", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34819", "title": "Molise", "text": "Molise is one of the twenty regions of Italy, in Southern Italy on the Adriatic Sea. The capital is the city of Campobasso.\nMolise previously formed, with the Abruzzo region, the old region of \"Abruzzi e Molise\". Molise was separated from that region in 1963, making Molise the youngest region in Italy.\nGeography.\nThe region is located in South Italy bordered by Abruzzo to the north, Lazio to the west, Campania to the south, Apulia to the southeast and the Adriatic Sea to the east.\nMolise, with a total area of , is the second smallest region after Valle d'Aosta. The main rivers in the region are:\nThe highest mountain in the region is La Meta (its eastern summit) (), in the Isernia province, with an altitude of .\nProvinces.\nMolise is divided into two provinces:\nLargest municipalities.\nThe 10 comuni of the region with more people living in it are:"}
+{"id": "34820", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34820", "title": "Philippine Sea", "text": "The Philippine Sea is the body of water east of the Philippines and Taiwan. It is a part of the western end of the Pacific Ocean. The Philippine Sea is bounded by china Japan to the north, the Marianas to the east and Palau to the south.\nGeology.\nIt straddles on the Philippine Plate. "}
+{"id": "34822", "revid": "1618275", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34822", "title": "Visayas", "text": "The Visayas or Visayan Islands (Cebuano and W\u00e1ray-W\u00e1ray: \"Kabisay-an\", Tagalog: \"Kabisayaan\", Spanich: \"Bisayas\"), is one of the three principal geographical divisions of the Philippines; the other two divisions are Mindanao, to the south, and Luzon, to the north.\nPeople living in this islands are called \"Visayans\".\nGeography.\nThe Visayas consists of several islands in central Philippines around the Visayan Sea, with the Philippine Sea to the east and the Sulu Sea to the west.\nThe main islands (and area) are:\nRegions and provinces.\nAdministratively, the Visayas is divided into 3 regions: Western Visayas, Central Visayas and Eastern Visayas. Each region is headed by a Regional Director.\nList of provinces of Visayas state.\nThe Visayas is composed of 16 provinces, each headed by a governor.\nWestern Visayas (Region VI).\nWestern Visayas consists of the islands of Panay and the western half of Negros; it has a population, in 2010, of 7,102,438. The regional center is Iloilo City. \nCentral Visayas (Region VII).\nCentral Visayas includes the islands of Cebu and Bohol and the eastern half of Negros; it has a population, in 2010, of 6,800,180. The regional center is Cebu City.\nEastern Visayas (Region VIII).\nEastern Visayas consists of the islands of Leyte and Samar; it has a population, in 2010, of 4,101,322. The regional center is Tacloban."}
+{"id": "34825", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34825", "title": "Tuscany", "text": "Tuscany () is a region in the center of Italy. It has an area of and a population of about 3.6 million people (in 2004). The capital is Florence. \nTuscany is known for its landscapes and its artistic legacy. Six Tuscan localities have been made UNESCO protected sites: the historical center of Florence (1982), the historical center of Siena (1995), the square of the Cathedral of Pisa (1987), the historical center of San Gimignano (1990), the historical center of Pienza (1996) and the Val d'Orcia (2004).\nGeography.\nTuscany borders Emilia-Romagna to the north, Liguria to the north-west, Tyrrhenian Sea to the west, Umbria and Marche to the east, and Lazio to the south-east. The territory is two thirds hilly and one fourth mountainous. The rest is made up of the plains that form the valley of the Arno River.\nEconomy.\nTuscany is known for its wines (the most famous of which are Chianti, Morellino di Scansano, Vino Nobile di Montepulciano, and Brunello di Montalcino) and has 120 protected regions (nature reserves). Other agricultural products include cattle (particularly the famous \"Fiorentina\" steak) and the production of olive oil, principally in Lucca.\nThe subsoil in Tuscany is rich in mineral resources. There are iron ore, copper, mercury and lignite mines, the famous \"soffioni\" (fumarole) at Larderello, and the vast marble mines in Versilia. Although its share is falling, agriculture is still important. In the region's inland areas, cereals, potatoes, olives and grapes are grown. The swamplands, which used to be marshy, now produce vegetables, rice, tobacco, beets and sunflowers.\nTourism is important to the so-called \"Cities of Art\" (Florence, Arezzo, Lucca, Pisa, Siena, San Gimignano), as well as on the coast and in the isles (Elba).\nDemographics.\nIn the 1980s and 1990s the region attracted an intense influx of immigrants, in particular from China and Northern Africa. There is also a significant community of British and Americans. As of 2006, the Italian national institute of statistics ISTAT estimated that 215,490 foreign-born immigrants live in Tuscany, about 5.9% of the people in Tuscany.\nTowns of Tuscany with a population of 50,000 or more:"}
+{"id": "34836", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34836", "title": "1484", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34842", "revid": "8171", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34842", "title": "Orang-utan", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34843", "revid": "8171", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34843", "title": "Orang utan", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34861", "revid": "186157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34861", "title": "Austronesian language", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34862", "revid": "1107359", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34862", "title": "Austronesian languages", "text": "The Austronesian languages are a language family. They were originally spoken in Southeast Asia and on islands in the Pacific Ocean."}
+{"id": "34868", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34868", "title": "Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints", "text": "The Fundamentalist Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (FLDS) is a religious group. It broke from the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, a Mormon movement, in the 19th or early 20th century. In 1890, the Latter-Day Saints stopped accepting polygamy.\nA few people who believed polygamy was an important part of their religion started the new church. They taught that a man needs more than one wife to be able to get to heaven.\nIt is believed the church had about 10,000 members in 2009. These live in the sister cities of Hildale, Utah and Colorado City, Arizona; as well as Eldorado, Texas; Westcliffe, Colorado; Mancos, Colorado; Creston and Bountiful, British Columbia; and Pringle, South Dakota.\nIn the news.\nThe church has been in the news because its leader, Warren Steed Jeffs was arrested in southern Nevada in August 2006. Jeffs was arrested because he was accused of rape and molestation. At the time, Jeffs was on the FBI's Ten Most-Wanted list.\nThere has been another incident in 2008.\nBeginning April 4, 2008, over a four-day period, troopers and child welfare officials searched the church's ranch. They took 416 children into the temporary custody of the State of Texas. Originally officials from the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services took 18 girls into temporary custody of the state. They acted because of a phone call from the ranch- it looks like a 16-year-old girl called the police to report she had been raped. She also said she had been married at age 15 to a 49-year-old man, Dale Evans Barlow. On the following day, Judge Barbara Walther of the 51st District Court issued an order authorizing officials to remove all children, including boys, 17 years old and under out of the compound. The children were being held by the Child Protective Services 45 miles away, north of the ranch. 133 women also voluntarily left the ranch with the children. The 16-year-old girl who alerted the authorities could not be located at the time of the raid. It looks like the call was made by a woman in her thirties, who gave a false identity. This woman is known by local police, as she has done similar things before. The woman was arrested for making the call (that triggered the raid) in April."}
+{"id": "34884", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34884", "title": "Biological classification", "text": "Biological classification is how biologists group organisms.\nThe classification has its root in the work of Aristotle who invented a multi-ranked system. A great influence was Carolus Linnaeus, who popularized the idea of binomial nomenclature using a two-part name indicating the genus, and the species. The human species is named \"Homo sapiens\". Names of species are often printed in italics, although there is no obligation to do so (this also goes for names of genera, etc., etc.)\nBiological classification is also known as taxonomy. It is a science, and like most sciences has evolved over time. At various times different principles were used, and it is not rare for different scientists to use different methods. Since the early 20th century, groupings are supposed to fit the Darwinian principle of common descent. These days, molecular evolution studies, which use DNA sequence analysis as data, are popular. This is often called \"phylogenetics\", a branch or form of cladism. This approach creates an evolutionary Tree of life (biology) and uses characters (traits) to decide on the branches of the taxonomy.\nSometimes organisms placed in the same group (taxon) are similar; such similarity may be the result of shared descent from a common ancestor.\nHomology.\nHomologous traits are similarities caused by common ancestry. They are distinct from traits that are analogous. Birds and bats both can fly, but this is not used to classify them together, because it is not inherited from a common ancestor.\nIn spite of all the other differences between them, the fact that bats and whales both feed their young on milk is one of the features used to classify both as mammals, since it was inherited from a common ancestor.\nWhen the present system of naming living things was developed, Latin was the language most widely used around the world. So, such names are still in Latin. Latin is also used presently because it is a dead language, so it never changes. The official descriptions and diagnoses of new taxa in Latin are written in Latin as well. Zoologists allow any language for the description of animals. From January 1, 2012, new taxa of algae, fungi and plants may be described in either English or Latin.\nName endings.\nTaxa above the genus level are often given names based on a \"type genus\", with a standard suffix. The suffixes used in forming these names depend on the kingdom, and sometimes the phylum and class, as set out in the table below."}
+{"id": "34885", "revid": "4355", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34885", "title": "Villages", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34886", "revid": "4355", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34886", "title": "Towns", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34887", "revid": "9627822", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34887", "title": "Kingdom (biology)", "text": "Kingdom is the highest rank, after the domain, which is normally used in the biological taxonomy of all organisms. Each kingdom is split into phyla.\nThere are 5 to 7 kingdoms in taxonomy. Every living thing comes under one of these kingdoms and some symbionts, such as lichen, come under two. There are at least:\nOverview.\nThe kingdom-level classification of life is still widely employed as a useful way of grouping organisms. Sometimes entries in the table, which are next to each other, do not match perfectly. For example, Haeckel placed the red algae (Haeckel's Florideae; modern Rhodophyta) and blue-green algae (Haeckel's Archephyta; modern Cyanobacteria) in his Plantae, but in modern classifications they are considered protists and bacteria respectively. However, despite these differences, the table gives a useful summary."}
+{"id": "34888", "revid": "1076232", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34888", "title": "Class (biology)", "text": "A class is a rank used in the biological taxonomy of all organisms. Each class is split into orders. There are multiple classes in each phylum. Mammals, for example, are one of several classes within the Vertebrates, and are subdivided into Monotremes, Marsupials, and Eutheria.\nRanks below class and above order are often used. Then the sequence is:"}
+{"id": "34889", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34889", "title": "Order (biology)", "text": "An order is a rank used in the biological taxonomy. Each order is split into families. There are many orders in each class. A group of closely related families forms an order. The similar characters are less in number as compared to different genera included in family."}
+{"id": "34890", "revid": "1575248", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34890", "title": "Family (biology)", "text": "In biology, a family is a taxonomic rank. Each family contains one or more genera. The next higher rank is that of order.\nUsually, the name of the family ends with an \"\"idae\" for animals, and \"aceae\" for plants. Sometimes there are also subfamilies and superfamilies. Subfamilies end with \"inae\" or \"oideae\"\".\nFor example, walnuts (genus \"Juglans\") and hickories (genus \"Carya\") both belong to the walnut family (the \"Juglandaceae\")."}
+{"id": "34892", "revid": "314538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34892", "title": "Digestion", "text": "Digestion is the process of breaking down food to absorb it. Food is broken down into smaller pieces, which are soluble in water. Only then can the food be absorbed into the bloodstream.\nPhases.\nDigestion happens in three phases. \nMechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces, which are made by digestive enzymes. In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use. Finally, the nutrients are absorbed into the blood stream. Once in the blood stream, the nutrients are taken to the liver, which is a kind of chemical factory for the body.\nProcess.\nAfter we swallow food, it travels down a muscular tube to the stomach. There, it is mashed into soupy fluid called . The mixture passes into the small intestine, where tiny bits of food pass into the bloodstream. The food that is still left goes into the large intestine. Finally, waste products leave the body. \nDigestion usually takes about 18 hours. Food stays in the stomach for about three hours. If uncoiled, the small intestine would be about six meters (20 feet) long. Many digestive tracts are about as long as a bus.\nFood slowly enters the small intestine from the stomach. This is where nutrients are taken into the blood. It then enters the large intestine. Water is taken away from it. The food that is left is called feces. The feces are stored in the rectum until the waste can leave the body through the anus."}
+{"id": "34893", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34893", "title": "Sight", "text": "Sight (also called eyesight or vision) is one of the senses. Having sight means to be able to see. Seeing gives animals knowledge of the world. Some simple animals can only tell light from dark, but with vertebrates, the visual system is able to form images.\nThe ability to interpret visible light information reaching the eyes is called visual perception. Sight is the resulting perception. The components that are necessary for vision are known as the visual system.\nProcess.\nLight enters the animal's eyes, and a part of the eye called the lens sends information from the light to the back part of the eye called the retina. The retina is composed of light-sensitive cells which fire a signal down the optic nerve when light hits the cell. The optic nerve is a bundle of nerve fibres from all over the retina.\nWhen the information from the light leaves the retina, it goes to the brain. It travels along the optic chiasma until it reaches the optic cortex at the rear of the brain. The information is then processed to find out the shapes and colours of objects. From that and from memory, it can tell of what kind the object is. For example, it can somehow tell a tree from a house. The path on which this kind of information flows is called \"ventral stream\".\nThe brain can also tell where objects are. For example, it can tell how far away an object is (this is called depth perception). This is needed when catching a ball. The path on which this kind of information flows is called \"dorsal stream\".\nWhat is sense of sight.\nThe major problem in visual perception is that what people see is not simply a translation of an image on the retina. For one thing, we see the world right side up, even though the image on the retina is upside down (because it has passed through the lens). Therefore, it is difficult to explain what happens to create what we actually see. The key, which took centuries to be appreciated, is that the brain works on the data from the eyes, and marries it with memories and guesses, all at lightning speed. The result is an experience of the world which looks to each person as if it were simple reality. However, although based on reality, it is actually a mental construct, built by the brain.\nHistory.\nMany figures in the ancient world had ideas about vision. Plato, Aristotle, Euclid, Ptolemy and Galen all had their ideas, but most of these ideas were speculation. They were not based on any scientific method.\nAlhazen (965\u2013c. 1040) carried out investigations and experiments on visual perception. He extended the work of Ptolemy on binocular vision, and commented on the anatomical works of Galen.\nLeonardo da Vinci (1452\u20131519) is believed to be the first to recognize the special optical qualities of the eye. He wrote \"The function of the human eye ... was described by a large number of authors in a certain way. But I found it to be completely different\". His main experimental finding was that there is only a distinct and clear vision at the line of sight, the optical line that ends at the fovea. Although he did not use these words literally he actually is the father of the modern distinction between foveal and peripheral vision.\nHermann von Helmholtz examined the human eye and concluded that it was, optically, rather poor. The poor-quality information gathered by the eye seemed to him to make vision impossible. So he thought vision could only be the result of some form of unconscious inferences. As well as information from the eyes, the brain used information from previous experiences. The world as experienced is built up from assumptions and conclusions from incomplete data, using prior experience of the world.\nExamples of well-known assumptions, based on visual experience, are:\nThe study of visual illusions (cases when the inference process goes wrong) has yielded much insight into what sort of assumptions the visual system makes."}
+{"id": "34894", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34894", "title": "Pharynx", "text": "The pharynx is an organ in the back of the throat. It is also the meeting point of the digestive and the respiratory systems. The opening of the respiratory system in the pharynx is called the glottis. It is guarded by a cartilagenous flap called the epiglottis which prevents food or liquid from going into the respiratory system. It closes during swallowing action. As such, it is part of the gastrointestinal system. It comes after the mouth and before the esophagus. Food and air go through the pharynx. The pharynx keeps food and liquids out of the lungs. \nThe pharynx has 3 parts: "}
+{"id": "34895", "revid": "211304", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34895", "title": "Jejunum", "text": "The jejunum is a section of the small intestine between the duodenum and the ileum. It is between 1 and 2 meters long.The term \"jejunum\" derives from the Latin \"jejunus,\" which means \"empty of food,\" \"meager,\" or \"hungry.\" The ancient Greeks noticed at death that this part of the intestine was always empty of food. Hence, the name the jejunum. \nThe Latin \"jejunus\" also gave rise to \"jejune\" means lacking in nutritive value and devoid of substance, significance or interest, that is dull. A jejune argument is one that is empty (like the jejunum) and totally devoid of interest. \nFamous quote...\"Have You Ever Been Punched in The Jejunum?\""}
+{"id": "34896", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34896", "title": "Ileum", "text": "The ileum is the last section of the small intestine. It is between 2 and 4 meters long in humans."}
+{"id": "34897", "revid": "1507082", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34897", "title": "Cecum", "text": "The cecum is a part of the large intestine. It helps with fermenting dietary fiber. It comes before the colon and after the ileum in the gastrointestinal system. The appendix is connected to the cecum. The size of the cecum varies in humans and other omnivores but it is large in herbivores and small in most carnivores. "}
+{"id": "34905", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34905", "title": "Romano Prodi", "text": "Romano Prodi (born 9 August 1939 in Scandiano, Italy) is an Italian politician and leader of a left-wing coalition named \"L'unione\" (The Union).\nProdi was \"President of the Council of Ministers\", that is, Prime Minister of Italy between 1996 and 1998. \nHe then served as President of the European Commission from 1999 to 2004. \nHe was re-elected Prime Minister of Italy for a second time in 2006, when he defeated Silvio Berlusconi, leader of the right-wing coalition named \"Casa delle Libert\u00e0\" (House of Freedom)."}
+{"id": "34906", "revid": "1467751", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34906", "title": "2013", "text": "2013 (MMXIII) was a common year starting on Tuesday in the Gregorian calendar.\nIt was the first year since 1987 to have four different digits."}
+{"id": "34923", "revid": "10340341", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34923", "title": "Electric", "text": "Electric is the fifth studio album by Jack Ingram. The album was released on June 4, 2002."}
+{"id": "34932", "revid": "1569", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34932", "title": "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34936", "revid": "186751", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34936", "title": "Chiroptera", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34939", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34939", "title": "Basilicata", "text": "Basilicata is a region in the south of Italy. The capital is Potenza. The population was about 597,768 in 2004. The region is very mountainous. Because of this, communication in the area was very difficult until modern times. This has also caused Basilicata to be one of the least developed areas of Italy. Basilicata borders the Tyrrhenian Sea and the Gulf of Taranto at its lowest elevations. The highest point in the area is Monte Pollino at 2233m (7325ft). The area also includes a dead volcano, Monte Vulture. The region has an area of .\nBasilicata also used to be one of the poorest regions in Italy. It has become richer over the past couple of years because of the discovery of oil.\nProvinces.\nBasilicata is divided into two provinces. "}
+{"id": "34941", "revid": "1429652", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34941", "title": "Campania", "text": "Campania is a region of the south of Italy. The capital is Napoli. The population in 2021 was about 5,679,759."}
+{"id": "34945", "revid": "1493436", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34945", "title": "Emilia-Romagna", "text": "Emilia-Romagna (Emilian: \"Em\u00e9gglia-Rum\u00e2gna\", \"Em\u00eelia-Rum\u00e2gna\", Romagnol: \"Em\u00e9lia-Rum\u00e2gna\") is one of the twenty regions of Italy, in northeast Italy on the Adriatic Sea. The capital is Bologna.\nGeography.\nThe region is in Northern Italy with an area of . It is bordered to the north by the Veneto and Lombardy regions, to the northwest by the Piedmont and Liguria regions, to the west by the Tuscany, to the south by the Marche region and the republic of San Marino, and the Adriatic Sea to the east.\nThe main river in the region is the Po. The highest mountain in the region is Monte Cimone, in the northern Apennines, with an altitude of .\nProvinces.\nEmilia-Romagna has nine provinces grouped in two historical regions:\nLargest municipalities.\nThe 10 comuni with more people living in it are:"}
+{"id": "34946", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34946", "title": "Native speakers", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34951", "revid": "515", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34951", "title": "Cell Biology", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34954", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34954", "title": "Vasil Levski", "text": "Vasil Levski is a Bulgarian hero. He was born in Karlovo, Bulgaria in 1837. His real name is Vasil Ivanov Kuncev and \"Levski\" was his nickname. His father's name was Ivan Kuncev. Vasil Levski struggled for independence of Bulgaria from the Ottoman Empire. He was executed in 1873."}
+{"id": "34964", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34964", "title": "CP/M", "text": "CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers) was an Operating System for computers used in the 1970s and early 1980. Originally, it supported up to 64 kb of main memory. It was command-line based, and came before MS-DOS."}
+{"id": "34970", "revid": "14389", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34970", "title": "Three-dimensional", "text": ""}
+{"id": "34974", "revid": "572554", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34974", "title": "Batter", "text": "Batter may mean:"}
+{"id": "34975", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34975", "title": "Sana'a", "text": "Sana'a or San\u02e4\u0101' (, romanized as \u1e62an\u02bb\u0101\u02bc or Sanaa), is the capital city of Yemen and the capital of Sana'a Governorate, but instead forms the separate governorate of \"\u02beAm\u0101nat al-\u02bf\u0100\u1e63imah\" (). It had a population of 1,747,627 (as of 2004). \nIn the 2010s, it became a battlefield in the Civil War. The government moved to Aden as the city fell under control of the Houthi movement, on September 21, 2014. "}
+{"id": "35027", "revid": "4056", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35027", "title": "The beatles in the 60's", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35032", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35032", "title": "Astrid Lindgren", "text": "Astrid Anna Emilia Lindgren (born Astrid Anna Emilia Ericsson; November 14, 1907 \u2013 January 28, 2002) was a famous Swedish writer. She wrote many books for children. She had a son named Lars and a daughter named Karin.\nBiography.\nAstrid Lindgren grew up in N\u00e4s, near Vimmerby, Sm\u00e5land, and many of her books are based on her family and childhood memories. However, Pippi Longstocking, her most famous character, was invented for her daughter Karin, who was, at the time, ill and had to stay in the bed.\nLindgren was the daughter of Samuel August Ericsson and Hanna Johnsson. She had two sisters. Her brother, Gunnar Ericsson, was a member of the Swedish parliament. She finished the school and took a job with a local newspaper in Vimmerby. When she became pregnant with the chief editor's child in 1926, he proposed marriage. She did not accept, and moved to Stockholm, learning to become a typist and stenographer. There she gave birth to her son Lars in Copenhagen and left him with another family to care for him.\nAlthough poorly paid, she saved whatever she could and travelled as often as possible to Copenhagen to be with Lars; often just over a weekend, spending most of her time on the train back and forth. Eventually, she managed to bring Lars home, leaving him in the care of her parents until she could afford to raise him in Stockholm. In 1931 she married her boss, Sture Lindgren (1898-1952). Three years later, in 1934, Lindgren gave birth to her second child, Karin, who later became a translator. The family moved in 1941 to an apartment on Dalagatan, with a view over Vasaparken, where Astrid lived until her death.\nAstrid Lindgren died in 2002, at the age of 94.\nPolitics.\nIn 1976, they had a scandal in Sweden when Lindgren's had to pay taxes 102% of her income. This is known as the \"Pomperipossa effect\" from a story, which she published in \"Expressen\" on 3 March 1976. \nAstrid Lindgren was well known both for her support for children's and animal rights, and for her opposition to corporal punishment. In 1994, she received the Right Livelihood Award (also known as the Alternative Nobel Prize), \"...For her commitment to justice, non-violence and understanding of minorities as well as her love and caring for nature.\"\nBooks.\nSome of her books include:\nReferences.\n1. ^ John-Henri, Holmberg (1997/1999), \"Scandinavia\", in Clute, John, and John Grant, The Encyclopedia of Fantasy, New York: St. Martin's Griffin, pp.\u00a0841."}
+{"id": "35047", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35047", "title": "A320", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35049", "revid": "1011913", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35049", "title": "Cantabria", "text": "Cantabria is a region in the north of Spain. It has 563,000 people living in it. In Cantabria most people speak Spanish. The people of Cantabria have autonomy in Spain, which means they have their own local government and much control over their region. The capital is Santander. This city is on the coast of the Cantabrian Sea and is very popular with tourists. Cantabria belongs to the Green Spain, the name given to the strip of land between the Cantabrian Sea and the Cantabrian Mountains in northern Spain.\nCulture.\nMany different examples of prehistoric cave art have been found, suggesting the Cantabrian culture is at least 15,000 years old. Cave art is the best known feature of the Cantabrian life. The latest round of systematic cave explorations began in the early 1970s. Now new art can be discovered every year. Some of the cave art is engraved, and others are painted. Much of the cave art is of animals. There are often pictures of red deer found from this area of Spain. There are also other unusual symbols that can be found. This attracts much interest and many tourists to this culture. The Cantabrian life revolves mainly around art, tourism, and fishing. Rich deposits of coal, iron, and zinc are also mined in the Cantabrian Mountains. Tourism is a very large part of the Cantabrian life, and their economic success.\nClimate.\nCantabria is known for a rainy and cool climate. The region is also greener than southern Spain and is very mountainous."}
+{"id": "35056", "revid": "1258410", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35056", "title": "Civil Aviation Authority", "text": "The Civil Aviation Authority (CAA), is the publicly owned organisation in charge of flying (Aviation) in the United Kingdom. It was created in 1972, doing the tasks previously done by the Department of Transport.\nThis means it is in charge of:\nThe CAA no longer provides air traffic control services (ATC), this responsibility was passed to a private company called National Air Traffic Services (NATS) in 2001 which the government owns 49% of.\nSome other duties have passed to the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), such as type certification. CAA-UK is part of the rulemaking group of the EASA."}
+{"id": "35063", "revid": "387702", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35063", "title": "Apulia", "text": "Apulia (; ; ) is one of the twenty regions of Italy, in southern Italy on the Adriatic Sea. The capital is Bari.\nIts southernmost portion, known as Salento peninsula, has the shape of a high heel on the \"boot\" of Italy.\nGeography.\nApulia is in Southern Italy. It has an area of . There are 4,077,166 people living in the region, for a density of .\nThe region is bordered by Molise to the northwest, Campania to the west, Basilicata to the southwest, the Strait of Otranto and the Ionian Sea to the southeast, the Gulf of Taranto to the south, and the Adriatic Sea to north and to the east.\nProvinces.\nThe region is divided into six provinces:"}
+{"id": "35064", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35064", "title": "Belluno", "text": "Belluno (, , ) is a \"comune\" and city in the Veneto region, in Northeast Italy. Belluno is the capital of the province of the same name. The city is about north of Venice.\nGeography.\nThe town is near the confluence of the Piave river with the small river \"Ardo\". To the north of the town is the \"Schiara\", a group of mountains. To the south, the foothills of the Alps separate Belluno from the plain of the Veneto. The most northern part of the \"comune\" is in the \"Dolomiti Bellunesi National Park\" ().\nThe \"comune\" of Belluno has an area of and its altitude is .\nBelluno borders with the following \"comuni\"\u02d0 Alpago, Limana, Longarone, Ponte nelle Alpi, Sedico, Sospirolo, Vittorio Veneto (in the Treviso province).\n\"Frazioni\".\nThe following \"frazioni\" (hamlets) are part of Belluno: Anconetta, Antole, Bes, Bolzano, Caleipo, Castion, Castoi, Cet, Cirvoi, Col di Salce, Faverga, Fiammoi, Giamosa, Giazzoi, Gioz, Levego, Madeago, Mares, Mier, Neveg\u00e0l, Nogar\u00e8, Orzes, Rivamaor, Safforze, Sagrogna, Sala, Salce, San Fermo, San Pietro in Campo, Sois, Sopracroda, Sossai, Tisoi, Veneggia, Vezzano, Vignole, Visome.\nPopulation.\n, there are 35,870 persons living in the \"comune\", for a population density of inhabitants/km\u00b2.\nEvolution of the population in Belluno\nTwinned towns.\nBelluno is twinned with:"}
+{"id": "35065", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35065", "title": "Vicenza", "text": "Vicenza is a \"comune\" and city in the Veneto region, in Northeast Italy. Vicenza is the capital of the province of the same name. The city is about west of Venice, the capital of the region, and east of Milan.\nVicenza is a cosmopolitan city, with a rich history and culture, and many museums, art galleries, piazzas, villas, churches and elegant Renaissance \"palazzi\". With the \"Palladian Villas of the Veneto\" in the surrounding area, and his renowned \"Teatro Olimpico\" (Olympic Theater), Vicenza has been listed as an UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1994.\nThe city is also known as the \"City of Palladio\" after Andrea Palladio, an architect that designed and built several important buildings in Vicenza and other cities.\nGeography.\nVicenza is at the confluence of the \"Bacchiglione\" river with its tributary \"Retrone\".The \"comune\" of Vicenza has an area of to the north of the \"Berici Hills\". Its average altitude is .\nThe southern part of the city is flat with an elevation of above sea level. The historical centre is among the meanders of the Bacchiglione river and of its tributaries with an elevation of above sea level. To the south there is also an area with hills belonging to the Berici Hills with a top elevation of above sea level\nVicenza borders with the following \"comuni\"\u02d0 Altavilla Vicentina, Arcugnano, Bolzano Vicentino, Caldogno, Costabissara, Creazzo, Dueville, Longare, Monteviale, Monticello Conte Otto, Quinto Vicentino and Torri di Quartesolo.\n\"Frazioni\".\nThe following \"frazioni\" (hamlets) are part of Vicenza: Anconetta, Bertesina, Bertesinella, Bugano, Campedello, Casale, Debba, Longara, Maddalene, Ospedaletto, Polegge, San Pietro Intrigogna, Santa Croce Bigolina, Tormeno.\nClimate.\nThe climate of Vicenza is an oceanic climate with template summers, Cfb (Marine West Coast Climate) in the K\u00f6ppen climate classification.\nThe average temperature for the year in Vicenza is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .\nThe average amount of precipitation for the year in Vicenza is . The month with the most precipitation on average is November with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is July with an average of .\nPopulation.\n, there are 112,953 persons living in the \"comune\", for a population density of inhabitants/km\u00b2.\nEvolution of the population in Vicenza\nTwinned towns.\nVicenza is twinned with:"}
+{"id": "35066", "revid": "9550583", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35066", "title": "Rovigo", "text": "Rovigo is an Italian city in Veneto. It has a population of about 50,883 inhabitants."}
+{"id": "35067", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35067", "title": "L'Aquila", "text": "L'Aquila is an Italian city.\nIt has about 71,989 inhabitants. It is the capital of Abruzzo.\nIt is on a hill in the valley of the Aterno river. It is circled by the Apennine Mountains. The Financial Times, an important newspaper, wrote that L'Aquila is \"the most handsome city of Abruzzo\".\nIt is a very old town, full of beautiful buildings and churches. It has a university.\nHistory.\nEmperor Frederick II founded this town. He told the people of 99 villages to move in the new town. Frederick's son, Conrad IV of Germany finished the town in 1254. When Conrad died, his brother Manfred destroyed the town in 1259. Charles I of Anjou, king of Sicily, built it again soon.\nIt became soon the second city of the Kingdom of Naples.\nThe city of L'Aquila had much power because the 99 original villages helped it. Each village owned a borough (a small part of the town) and the borough was a part of the mother-village. That is also why the number 99 is so important in the history of L'Aquila.\nThe people also built a very peculiar monument, the Fountain of the 99 Spouts (\"Fontana delle 99 Cannelle\").\nThe city was an important market for the countryside. The saffron (a very important spice) was grown in fields around town; shepherds had millions of sheep near L'Aquila.\nAfter a few years L'Aquila became an important point of communication between cities in and out of the kingdom.\nOn 29 August 1294, the hermit Pietro del Morrone became pope Celestine V. The ceremony was in the church of Santa Maria di Collemaggio.\nTo thank the town, Celestine V decided that every year on that day every Christian who went to L'Aquila would be pardoned for his sins (bad actions). This is called Perdonanza, and it still happens every year on August 28 and 29. The Perdonanza is similar to the Jubilee Year, but arrived earlier.\nThe Perdonanza made the town more rich. But after a long time the plague (a dangerous illness) struck L'Aquila in 1348 and 1363. An earthquake struck it in 1349.\nSaint Bernardino of Siena visited L'Aquila two times. The first time he came to preach to King Ren\u00e9 of Naples. In 1444 he died in the city.\nIn the 16th century, the Spanish viceroy Philibert van Oranje destroyed L'Aquila again. After this, he built a Castle.\nAnother earthquake damaged again the city in 1703. Another occurred in 2009.\nSport.\nThe city is the home of L'Aquila Rugby. This team won the Italian championship five times.\nTwinned cities.\nL'Aquila is twinned with these cities:"}
+{"id": "35069", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35069", "title": "Chieti", "text": "Chieti is a city and \"comune\" in Southern Italy, east by northeast of Rome. It is the capital of the province of Chieti in the Abruzzo region.\nChieti is on a hill between the Aterno-Pescara and the Alento rivers and is near the coast of the Adriatic Sea and the mountains.\nGeography.\nChieti is in the central eastern part of the Abruzzo, at an average altitude of above sea level. It is on a hill that separates the watersheds of the Aterno-Pescara river (to the north) and of the Alentro stream (to the south). The \"comune\" has an area of .\nThe city is formed by two main parts:\nThe \"comune\" is surrounded by the \"comuni\" Bucchianico, Casalincontrada, Cepagatti (PE), Francavilla al Mare, Manoppello (PE), Pescara (PE), Ripa Teatina, Rosciano (PE), San Giovanni Teatino and Torrevecchia Teatina.\n\"Frazioni\".\nThe following \"frazioni\" (hamlets) are part of Chieti\u02d0 Bascelli, Brecciarola, Buonconsiglio-Fontanella, Carabba, Chieti Scalo, Colle Marcone, Crocifisso, De Laurentis Vallelunga, Fonte Cruciani, Iachini, La Torre, San Martino, San Salvatore, Levante, Tricalle, Sant'Anna, Santa Barbara, Santa Filomena, Selvaiezzi, Vacrone Cascini, Vacrone Colle San Paolo, Vacrone Villa Cisterna, Vallepara, Villa Obletter, Villa Reale.\nPopulation.\nThe people from Chieti are called \"Chietini\" but also \"Teatini\" after the old name of the city ().\n, there are 51,330 persons living in the \"comune\", for a population density of inhabitants/km\u00b2.\nEvolution of the population"}
+{"id": "35070", "revid": "9467487", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35070", "title": "Pescara", "text": "Pescara is an Italian city in Abruzzo of 123,400 inhabitants. In 1957, the only Pescara Formula One Grand Prix was held, and won by British driver, Stirling Moss. It was the longest ever Formula One track, using over of local roads. It was first used for motor car racing in 1924, and closed in 1961."}
+{"id": "35085", "revid": "1601608", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35085", "title": "Cryptozoology", "text": "Cryptozoology is a folkloric pseudoscience that purports to study animals that people think might exist, but can't be proved to exist. It also is the study of animals many scientists think are extinct, but which people sometimes report. Those who study or look for such animals are called \"cryptozoologists.\" Some people call the unproven creatures cryptids. John Wall was the first person to use this word in 1983.\nList of cryptids.\nMongolian Death Worm.\nThe Mongolian Death Worm is a strange snake-like animal that lives in the Gobi Desert. Scientists do not know if it really exists or not. \nPeople who report seeing it say it is like a red, fat worm around 2 \u2013 4 feet long. People who live in Mongolia call it \"allghoi khorkhoi\". These people also say the creature spits yellow poison that will kill you as soon as it touches you and it can produce electricity so powerful that it could kill large animals."}
+{"id": "35087", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35087", "title": "Ankylosaurus", "text": "Ankylosaurus magniventris was a type of armored dinosaur. It was the largest of its type, with a maximum length of and height of .\nThe body was broad and low-slung and covered in armor. Carnivores, attacking from above, would find no weak points, and the animal could defend itself by using its clubbed tail.\n\"Ankylosaurus\" was a herbivore, like all ankylosaurs. It probably ate ferns and cycads, which were common low-growing plants.\nArmor.\nThe most obvious feature of \"Ankylosaurus\" is its armour, consisting of massive knobs and plates of bone, known as osteoderm or bony scutes, embedded in the skin. Osteoderms are also found in the skin of crocodiles, armadillos and some lizards. The bone was probably overlain by a tough, horny layer of keratin. \nThese osteoderms ranged greatly in size, from wide, flat plates to small, round nodules. The plates were aligned in regular horizontal rows down the animal's neck, back, and hips, with the many smaller nodules protecting the areas between the large plates. Smaller plates may have been arranged on the limbs and tail. Compared to the slightly more ancient ankylosaurid \"Euoplocephalus\", the plates of \"Ankylosaurus\" were smooth in texture, without the high keels found on the armor of the contemporaneous nodosaurid \"Edmontonia\". A row of flat, triangular spikes may have protruded laterally along each side of the tail. Tough, rounded scales protected the top of the skull, while four large pyramidal horns projected outwards from its rear corners.\nUnderneath it was covered by normal skin, but to get at it the carnivore would have to turn over an animal weighing up to .\nIn movies.\n\"Ankylosaurus\" features in the Jurassic Park series of movies. In \"\", several \"Ankylosaurus\" flee from a volcanic eruption and at least one is captured by mercenaries. It was later auctioned off to a wealthy Indonesian."}
+{"id": "35088", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35088", "title": "Matera", "text": "Matera is a city in the area of Basilicata, in the southern part of Italy. It is the capital of the province of Matera. On October 17, 2014, Matera was declared Italian host of European Capital of Culture for 2019"}
+{"id": "35089", "revid": "9268801", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35089", "title": "Potenza", "text": "Potenza () is an Italian city in south of Italy, in the region Basilicata. It is the capital of Basilicata and also the center of Potenza province. About 70,000 people live there.\nPotenza means strength in Italian.\nThe altitude of the city center is 819m, thus making it the highest provincial capital in Italy.\nPotenza has a cathedral."}
+{"id": "35091", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35091", "title": "Kara Sea", "text": "The Kara Sea () is part of the Arctic Ocean. It lies north of Siberia. The Kara Sea is separated from the Barents Sea to the west by the Kara Strait and Novaya Zemlya, and the Laptev Sea to the east by the Severnaya Zemlya.\nSize.\nIt is roughly 1,450 kilometres long and 970 kilometres wide. It has an area of around 880,000\u00a0km\u00b2 and an average depth of 110 m.\nGeography.\nThe Kara receives a large amount of fresh water from the Ob, Yenisei, Pyasina, and Taimyra rivers, so its salinity is very variable.\nUses.\nIts main ports are Novy Port and Dikson and it is important as a fishing ground although the sea is ice-bound for all but two months of the year. Significant discoveries of petroleum and natural gas, an extension of the West Siberian Oil Basin, have been made but have not yet been developed.\nProblems.\nThere is concern about the levels of nuclear waste the former Soviet Union dumped in the sea which included six nuclear submarine reactors and ten nuclear reactors, and the effect this will have on the marine environment. An International Atomic Energy Agency appraisal showed that releases are low and localised."}
+{"id": "35092", "revid": "187833", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35092", "title": "Ankylosaurus magniventris", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35093", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35093", "title": "Dinosauria", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35094", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35094", "title": "Cormoros Islands", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35095", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35095", "title": "Dinosaurs", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35096", "revid": "3609", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35096", "title": "Comoros Islands", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35097", "revid": "3609", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35097", "title": "Cormoro Islands", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35112", "revid": "187944", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35112", "title": "Gaius Julius Caesar", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35113", "revid": "187945", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35113", "title": "Gaius Iulius Caesar", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35114", "revid": "187946", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35114", "title": "Iulius Caesar", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35116", "revid": "187953", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35116", "title": "Tiberius Caesar Augustus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35123", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35123", "title": "Prototheria", "text": "The Prototheria is a former subclass of mammals, now no longer in use. The name comes from Greek \"pr\u014dtos\" means 'first', and \"th\u0113r\", 'beast'. The only surviving animals in this subclass are the Monotremes.\nThere are two other subclasses, the Metatheria and the Eutheria. Metatheria contains the marsupials. All the other mammals are Eutherian.\nEvidence is accumulating that the Prototheria is not a natural group, but alternative suggestions are not yet agreed. The term is not listed in Benton's 4th edition (2015), so it is now a dead term. "}
+{"id": "35197", "revid": "2261", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35197", "title": "Catapults", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35220", "revid": "4767", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35220", "title": "Venezia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35221", "revid": "4767", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35221", "title": "Padova", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35226", "revid": "10231203", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35226", "title": "Edvard Munch", "text": "Edvard Munch (12 December 1863 \u2013 23 January 1944) was a Norwegian painter and print-maker. He was born in Adalsbruk. He was an expressionist who painted 1789 known paintings. He is well known for his treatment of emotion such as fear. His way of seeing things had a large influence on the expressionism of the 20th century. People saw this treatment as being intense.\nDuring his life, he had success as a painter: He became famous outside Norway, and his paintings got high prices. The National Gallery (Norway) used much money to buy paintings by Munch. He painted a large murals in the \"aula\" (main room) of Norway's (then) only university.\nEarly life and education.\nHe had four brothers and sisters. He had followed his mother and sister by being the best artists in their family. While Edvard was still young, his mother and one of his sisters died. But it was when he was thirteen that he really came to like art. The first paintings he did were simple objects like medicine bottles and other objects. Later on, he drew oil paintings.\nHe went to technical college in 1879 where he learnt how to draw paintings with perspective. However, in 1880, the following year he left the school to become a painter.\nHe went to the Royal School of Art and Design. This is where he learnt sculpturing and naturalistic painting. This is where he drew his first important portrait of himself and his father.\nHealth and death.\nMunch was ill very often. Many scientists think that he suffered from bipolar disorder (manic depression). He died at his house in Oslo.\nPaintings.\n\"The Scream\" (1893; originally called \"Despair\"). This is Munch's best-known painting, and is one of the best known images in the world. It is one of the pieces in a series titled \"The Frieze of Life\". In the series Munch explored the themes of life, love, fear, death and melancholy.\n\"The Frieze of Life\" themes come back throughout Munch's work. These themes can be seen in paintings such as \"The Sick Child\" (1886, portrait of his deceased sister Sophie), (1893\u20131894), \"Ashes\" (1894), and \"The Bridge\". The last-named shows limp figures. Those figures have faces with no features, or they have no faces at all. Threatening shapes of heavy trees and houses are above the figures. Munch portrayed women either as frail, innocent sufferers or as lurid, life-devouring vampires. Munch analysts say this reflects his sexual anxieties.\nOther websites.\nMunch and bipolar disorder:"}
+{"id": "35228", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35228", "title": "Sex education", "text": "Sex education is telling people about sexual intercourse. Usually, parents tell their children when they reach puberty. This usually includes things like how to make babies, how to protect against unwanted pregnancies, and how not to get any of the sexually transmitted diseases there are. It should also include the fact that men and women are anatomically different, how the sex organs work, and what happens during puberty, when children change into adults In many cultures speaking about sex or sexual education is a taboo.\nSome level of sex education is also done in school; in many places, the government passed laws that say that sex education must be done in school. Some parts of sex education vary by culture, e.g. the moral and ethic aspects."}
+{"id": "35244", "revid": "1570152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35244", "title": "Bedroom", "text": "The bedroom is a room where people sleep. A bedroom mainly has a bed and drawers or other storage for clothes. Many bedrooms also have a closet and nightstand. Some houses have more than one bedroom, and the biggest one is called a master bedroom. A master bedroom may have an attached bathroom called an ensuite."}
+{"id": "35248", "revid": "515", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35248", "title": "Mongolian Death Worm", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35252", "revid": "1493436", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35252", "title": "Marche", "text": "Marche is one of the twenty regions of Italy, in Central Italy on the Adriatic Sea. The capital is the city of Ancona.\nGeography.\nThe region is located in Central Italy bordered by Emilia-Romagna and the republic of San Marino to the north, Tuscany to the west, Umbria to the southwest, Abruzzo and Lazio to the south, and the Adriatic Sea to the east.\nMarche is the 15th largest region in Italy, with a total area of . The main rivers in the region are:\nThe Nera river is long but is a tributary of the Tiber and flows mainly in the Lazio region.\nThe highest mountain in the region is Monte Vettore, in the Ascoli Piceno province, with an altitude of .\nProvinces.\nThe region is divided into five provinces:\nLargest municipalities.\nThe 10 comuni with more people living in it are:"}
+{"id": "35253", "revid": "1493436", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35253", "title": "Umbria", "text": "Umbria is one of the twenty regions of Italy, in center Italy. It is the one of the smallest Italian region. Its capital is Perugia.\nIt is the only region without a coastline or a border with another country.\nGeography.\nThe region is located in Central Italy with an area of . It is bordered by Marche to the east and northeast, Tuscany to the west and northwest, and Lazio to the south and southwest.\nThe main river in the region is the Tiber. Other important rivers are the Nera, Paglia, Topino, Chiascio and Nestore.\nThe largest lake of Umbria is the Trasimeno, one of the largest lake of Italy.\nThe highest mountain in the region is Cima del Redentore, in the Sibillini Mountains (), with an altitude of .\nProvinces.\nUmbria is divided into two provinces:\nLargest municipalities.\nThe 10 comuni with more people living in it are:"}
+{"id": "35255", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35255", "title": "Aosta Valley", "text": "The Aosta Valley or Valle d'Aosta (Val d'Aosta or Val d'Aoste) is a mountainous region in the northwest of Italy. In the English language it is usually called the \"Aosta Valley\".\nThe region has two official name: \"Regione Autonoma Valle d'Aosta\" (in Italian) and \"R\u00e9gion Autonome Vall\u00e9e d'Aoste\" (in French). The capital is Aosta.\nThe valley goes up towards Mont Blanc. It is the route out of Italy to the North-West. It was used by Roman armies, and the proof is in the archaeological artefacts found in Aosta. The town has been both French and Italian over the past few centuries, and the street names in Aosta are in both languages.\nIt is the smallest region in Italy, with an area of , and a population of about 126,883. It is the only Italian region which has no provinces. The regional government has taken all the administrative functions of a province. The region is divided into 74 \"comuni\".\nLimits.\nIts frontier to the north is with Switzerland (Canton Valais), to the west with France (region Auvergne-Rh\u00f4ne-Alpes), to the south and east with the Italian region of Piedmont.\nGeography.\nThe Valle d'Aosta is a small valley, the valley of the Dora Baltea river, with some smaller side valleys. It is in the middle of the Alps, surrounded by four of the tallest mountains throughout Italy and Europe:\nIn the Aosta Valley, a region with many mountains and close to the borders with other countries, the mountain passes are very important. Even though now there some tunnels, the passes are important. They add a historical and geographical perspective which is important to tourism and tradition.\nThe main mountain passes between the Aosta Valley and other valleys are:\nThe southern part of the territory is occupied by the Gran Paradiso National Park, created in 1922 to protect plants and animals in danger of extinction.\nThe valleys were made by glaciers moving at a time when the entire region was covered by them. Currently, glaciers occupy only the highest peaks.\nThe Dora Baltea () river flows along the whole Valle d'Aosta, from the northwest to the southeast; it is long and is a tributary of the Po river.\nMountain communities.\nThe 74 \"comuni\" - with the exception of Aosta - of the Valle d'Aosta are organized in mountain communities (, ). There are eight mountain communities:\n\"Comuni\" with higher populations.\nThe 10 \"comuni\" of the Valle d'Aosta with the higher populations (January 2017) are:\nPeople.\nA person from the Valle d'Aosta is called a \"Valdotian\" (, ).\nPopulation.\nThe total population of Valle d'Aosta on 1 January 2017 was 126,883, of which 61,976 were male and 64,907 were female.\nEvolution of the population in the Aosta Valley\nLanguages.\nItalian and French are the region's official languages and are used for the regional government's acts and laws, though Italian is much more widely spoken in everyday life. Of the population of the valley 96% speaks Italian as either a first or second language. Of the population 70% speaks French as either first or second language. School education is given equally in both Italian and French.\nThe regional language is a dialect of Franco-Proven\u00e7al called Vald\u00f4tain (locally, \"patois\"). It is spoken as native tongue and as second language by about 58% of the population, according to a poll taken by the Fondation \u00c9mile Chanoux in 2002. The residents of the villages of Gressoney-Saint-Jean, Gressoney-La-Trinit\u00e9 and Issime, in the Lys Valley, speak two dialects of Walser German origin called \"Titsch\" and \"T\u00f6itschu\" respectively."}
+{"id": "35261", "revid": "4767", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35261", "title": "Sicilia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35262", "revid": "10241594", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35262", "title": "Mont Blanc", "text": "Mont Blanc (\"Monte Bianco\" in Italian) is a mountain in the Alps. Its height is 4810.90 metres. When Mount Elbrus (5,642 m) in the Caucasus is left out, Mont Blanc is often considered the highest point in Europe.\nMont Blanc is on the Italy/France border."}
+{"id": "35268", "revid": "188735", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35268", "title": "Protheria", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35269", "revid": "1094168", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35269", "title": "Coru\u00f1a", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35272", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35272", "title": "Shia crescent", "text": "The Shia Crescent (sometimes referred to as the \"Shiite Crescent\") is used as a political and geopolitical term to describe the different countries in the Middle East whose majority is Shia or who have a strong Shia minority in the population. It is often used to describe the rivalry and the potential of a conflict between the Shia majority and Sunni majority countries in the Middle East. \nThe countries where Shia Muslims form a dominant majority are Azerbaijan, Iran, Bahrain and Iraq. The shape of these countries put together resembles a crescent or half moon. Large minorities also exist in Turkey, Lebanon, Yemen, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, India, UAE, and Syria. However, Pakistan, India and Azerbaijan are excluded from the Shiite Crescent, and although Shias are a large majority in Azerbaijan, the country is a secular state and the percentage who worship Shia Islam, Islam or any religion are much lower."}
+{"id": "35288", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35288", "title": "Tibet", "text": "Tibet (\u0f56\u0f7c\u0f51, B\u00f6d), also called the Tibet Autonomous Region or the Xizang Autonomous Region, is a province-level autonomous region of China (PRC) located on the outer edges of East Asia. Its capital is Lhasa. The region is commonly referred to as Tibet, but Tibet can also mean any place where the Tibetan culture is local to; Which includes Bhutan, Ladakh, Baltiyul and parts of Nepal.\nReligion.\nTibet's main religion is Buddhism, while many also follows Islam. Their traditions make it a place of interest to many people. The local monks are sometimes said to have special, superhuman abilities. The writings of Tibetan monks are sometimes shared with outsiders, and are known for their insight. The \"Tibetan Book of the Dead\" contains rituals for the dead and dying, somewhat similar to the Catholic last rites. Some Tibetans practice a religion called Bon. People who study Bon disagree where Bon came from, how old it is, and if it can be called a kind of Buddhism. The religious leader of Tibet's Buddhists is called the Dalai Lama. He was forced to leave the country when the Chinese Army took over. The Dalai Lama presently lives in exile in India, but often visits other countries. Many monks and other religious people also were forced to leave the country, and many of them started Buddhist and Bon centers in cities around the world.\nHistory.\nTibet formed from communities living along the Yarlung Tsangpo, the longest river in Tibet. Namri Songtsen united these communities under one king around 600 CE, with the city of Lhasa becoming capital. His son Songtsen Gampo took control of land beyond Lhasa and the Yarlung Tsangpo and started the Tibetan Empire. Tibetan writers say that Buddhists came to Tibet for the first time while Songtsen Gampo was king. Trisong Detsen, king from 755 to 794 CE, gave a lot of support to Buddhism. He helped build a monastery at Samye, which became very important. During Trisong Detsen's time as king, the Tibetan Empire had control over large areas of land. Tibet's borders touched Central Asia and Afghanistan at the west, Bangladesh at the south, and China at the east. After the king Langdarma was killed in 842, the Tibetan Empire collapsed, and Tibet was no longer united under one king.\nIn the late 900s and 1000s, people started new Buddhist and Bon traditions. Three of the four schools of Tibetan Buddhism were started during this time, as well as the first Bon monasteries. People who study Tibet's history call this time the Tibetan Renaissance. In 1042, the Indian Buddhist master Atisha came to Tibet. Atisha inspired a reform of Tibet's monasteries and wrote an important guidebook for people to gain enlightenment. These kinds of guidebooks are called lamrim, and all of the lamrim books in Tibet are based on Atisha's book. The largest school of Tibetan Buddhism, the Gelug school, was started by people inspired by Atisha, particularly the monk Tsongkhapa (1357-1419). Tsongkhapa's writings on philosophy became the new norm in Tibet.\nThe Mongol Empire sent armies to Tibet in 1240, and took control over the country over the next nine years. The Mongols left the running of the country to leaders from the Sakya school of Buddhism. Tibetan Buddhism spread to Mongolia, and today most people in Mongolia are Buddhists as a result. In the mid-1300s, Tibet became independent again, but the Mongols still had some power and influence. In 1577, the Mongol leader Altan Khan gave the leader of the Gelug school the title Dalai Lama. The fifth Dalai Lama was able to gain control of all of Tibet, and the Dalai Lama became not just the leader of the Gelug school but the leader of Tibet as well. During the 1700s, the Qing Empire, based in China, sent armies to Tibet and took official control of Tibet, but the Qing emperors mostly let the Dalai Lama run the country. The Qing emperor Qianlong gave his support to Tibetan Buddhism, allowing new translations of Buddhist books to be made and building new temples. In the late 1800s, the British Empire and Russian Empire began to be interested in having control of Tibet, as it was in the middle of Russian colonies in Central Asia and British colonies in India. Britain sent armies to Tibet in 1903-4. They forced Tibet to agree not to be friendly with Russia. A revolution ended the Qing Empire in 1911, and Tibet became independent again, and was independent for the next thirty-six years.\nIn 1949, Mao Zedong became the leader of China. Mao and the Chinese leaders thought that China should regain control of Tibet, and in 1950, Chinese troops entered the east of Tibet. Mao Zedong was a communist, and thought that many things about the way Tibetans lived their lives should be different. The Chinese communists did not like how much power the Dalai Lama, the Gelug school, and Buddhist groups in general had over Tibetan society, and they wished to reform how land was owned in Tibet. The changes the Chinese Communist Party made in Tibet were enforced with violence, and Tibetans began to rebel against the Chinese government. The Chinese responded by sending many troops in 1959, forcing the Dalai Lama and thousands of other Tibetans to flee to other countries. The Dalai Lama started a government in exile in India. Between 1959 and 1961, most of Tibet's monasteries were destroyed, and the Chinese Communist Party gained control over Tibetans' lives. China created an administrative division from part of Tibet called the Tibet Autonomous Region in 1965, although ethnic Tibetans have not had much say in the running of this region. The Chinese government has encouraged large numbers of Han Chinese people to settle in Tibet. Groups outside of China such as the Human Rights Watch argue that the Chinese government is oppressing Tibetans and causing them to lose their culture.\nPolitical divisions.\nTibet is divided into 2 municipalities (\u5730\u7ea7\u5e02) and five autonomous prefectures (\u81ea\u6cbb\u5dde).\nInfluence outside Tibet.\nTibetan culture also influences other regions nearby, such as Nepal, Bhutan, parts of eastern Kashmir and some regions in northern most Republic of India, most notably Sikkim, Uttaranchal and Tawang. China claims part of the Indian province of Arunachal Pradesh as South Tibet.\nUnrest.\nThere has been some protests in Tibet since China took control in the 1950s. Most of them have been because of social or economic problems. Some of them have been because there are people who believe Tibet should not be a part of China. To show their resistance, many Tibetans set themselves on fire to put the Chinese government under pressure to become independent again. In 2011, 19 people killed themselves. A railway line, the Qingzang railway, has been built, linking China to Lhasa. Also, rising prices of food, and difficult access to higher education have angered many people. The railway line also raised fears about more migration. This situation has led to some violence against people from outside Tibet. Some of this violence occurs outside Tibet. When it comes to assigning government posts in Tibet, more other nationalities of Chinese seem to be assigned, rather than Tibetans. The Chinese Government claims that if Tibet became independent again, its economy would suffer."}
+{"id": "35292", "revid": "36199", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35292", "title": "Air gun", "text": "An air gun is a gun which uses gas to fire a projectile instead of burning gunpowder that an ordinary gun uses.\nThe oldest air guns used a bellows to compress (squeeze) air in a tube. When the gun was fired the air was released. The only way for the air to go was by pushing the pellet out. \nA later invention was the spring piston, these can only fire one shot before the spring has to be reset. Newer guns use air or another gas in a small cartridge, these guns can fire many more shots before the cartridge needs to be changed or refilled.\nThe projectile for an air gun is usually a pellet. Some guns of this sort fire small round pellets call \"bb\"s. Some people think this means ball bearing, but it does not. The letters bb stood for a size of shot that was used to make shotgun cartridges, This was used in the first bb guns.\nThe most popular calibres (pellet sizes) for air weapons are mm (also called .177 to .22). In many countries there are strict rules that limit the sales of air guns so not everyone can have one. \nThey are not as powerful as other guns but they can still hurt or even kill people. \nMany people enjoy air rifle and pistol shooting either for fun or hunting. In the Olympics and target games, air pistols are used in some of the shooting events."}
+{"id": "35295", "revid": "4580", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35295", "title": "Typhoid Fever", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35296", "revid": "1398040", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35296", "title": "Carcass", "text": "A carcass or corpse is another word for a dead body. The dead body may be of any animal, including Homo sapiens."}
+{"id": "35303", "revid": "148600", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35303", "title": "Unit circle", "text": "In mathematics, a unit circle is a circle with a radius of 1. The equation of the unit circle is formula_1. The unit circle is centered at the Origin, or coordinates (0,0). It is often used in Trigonometry.\nTrigonometric functions in the unit circle.\nIn a unit circle, where formula_2 is the angle desired, formula_3 and formula_4 can be defined as formula_5 and formula_6. Using the function of the unit circle, formula_1, another equation for the unit circle is found, formula_8. When working with trigonometric functions, it is mainly useful to use angles with measures between 0 and formula_9 radians, or 0 through 90 degrees. It is possible to have higher angles than that, however. Using the unit circle, two identities can be found: formula_10 and formula_11 for any integer formula_12."}
+{"id": "35309", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35309", "title": "El Al", "text": "El Al (; ) is the national airline of Israel. It is the country's flag carrier airline. It also flies to Africa, Asia, Europe and North America. El Al serves 48 destinations. It has only one hub: Ben Gurion International Airport in Tel Aviv.\nHistory.\nIn 1948, after a conference in Geneva, the first President of Israel had to return to Israel with a government aircraft. However, this was not possible. So a C-54 was converted into a civil aircraft and repainted with the \"El Al\" logo in order to bring back the President to Israel.\nEl Al became the official Israeli airline in 1948. The first international flight took place in 1949. It flew from Tel Aviv to Paris.\nAccidents and incidents.\nOver its history, El Al has been involved in the following incidents and accidents, involving both the aircraft actually operated by the airline and its outstations abroad. Most of these incidents are related to Palestinian terrorism, particularly in the period between 1968 and 1990, and so incidents are separated by terrorist and non-terrorist incidents. Despite these attacks, EL Al has not lost a passenger on any passenger flight since 1955."}
+{"id": "35313", "revid": "10499363", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35313", "title": "Middle East Airlines", "text": "Middle East Airlines is an airline based in Lebanon. It flies between the Asia, Europe and Africa.\nHistory.\nMiddle East Airlines opened for business on May 31, 1945. It was opened by Saeb Salam, with support from BOAC. MEA's work started on January 1, 1946 with flights between Beirut and Nicosia. Then its airplanes started to fly to Iraq, Egypt, Syria, and Cyprus. The company bought two Douglas DC-3 planes in mid-1946. Pan American World Airways bought a stake and management contract in September 1949.\nPan Am was replaced when BOAC acquired 49% of MEA's shares in 1955. It merged with Air Liban on 7 June 1963 and took over Lebanese International Airways. \nOn September 7, 2006, Israel ended its 8-week long air blockade on Lebanon. A Middle East Airlines plane from Paris flew to the Rafik Hariri International Airport at 6:06 p.m. Lebanese time (3:03 p.m. GMT). MEA resumed its normal flight timetable on September 11, 2006. The MEA has a large assortment of airplanes including the a321neo as its newest plane.\nDestinations.\nMiddle East Airlines flies its planes to these countries and their cities (since June 2006):"}
+{"id": "35314", "revid": "1449854", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35314", "title": "Blackmail", "text": "Blackmail means threatening to say something bad about someone unless that person pays some money.\nIf someone has committed a crime, another person might blackmail them. The blackmailer might, for example, say that if the criminal does not give them a large amount of money, they will tell the police.\nA blackmailer may threaten to say something embarrassing that someone unless they hand over a sum of money. For example, it maybe something about an intimacy that they are having that they do not want everyone to know about.\nSometimes, a business may blackmail another business. They might threaten to harm that business in some way unless money is paid.\nBlackmail is against the law. People who are caught blackmailing may be sent to jail.\nHistory.\nBlackmail started on the borders of England and Scotland. Blackmail was the money left out by landowners in England so that raiders from Scotland did not steal their animals or damage the property."}
+{"id": "35315", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35315", "title": "Bribery", "text": "Bribery means offering something (such as money) to a person in return for some favour that is bad in some way.\nA bribe is the money that is offered, and the verb is to bribe. Active bribery is offering payment and asking for favour, and passive bribery is asking for payment and offering favour. It is still called bribery if the trade is never done.\nIt is sometimes difficult to decide whether something is a bribe or just a reward. If a father pays his son for washing the car, that is just a reward or payment. However, if a parent pays a child for eating up its dinner, that might be thought of as a bribe because most people would think that is not right.\nBribery can be a crime in more serious cases, such as when a person offers money to hide their own wrongdoing. If a motorist is caught speeding by a policeman and offers the policeman money or a bottle of vodka to persuade him not to report him, that is bribery. If people want to take something into a country that is forbidden (or that would be taxed), they might offer the customs officer a bribe to persuade him to let them through. Some corrupt people will not do their jobs at all (like delivering a package) unless they get a bribe on top of their normal pay.\nThose examples are clearly illegal (against the law) and are rare in many countries, but bribery is quite common in business in many parts of the world, where it is difficult to get anything done without offering bribes. Giving business people presents in the hope that they will want to do business may at times seem just like good manners, but in some cases, it may seem more like bribery.\nPeople who are found to be taking bribes can sometimes lose their jobs. In some cases like the case of the motorist, both parties become criminals."}
+{"id": "35318", "revid": "189010", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35318", "title": "Moselle-Saar-Ruwer", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35323", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35323", "title": "Rubella", "text": "Rubella (also known as German measles) is a disease caused by the Rubella virus.\nIt is often mild and an attack can pass unnoticed. However, this can make the virus very difficult to diagnose.\nThe disease can last 1\u20135 days. Children recover more quickly than adults.\nThe virus usually enters the body through the nose or throat. Like most viruses living along the respiratory tract, it is passed from person to person by tiny droplets in the air that are breathed out.\nRubella can also be transmitted from a mother to her developing baby (fetus) through the placenta. This can be very dangerous to the fetus, especially if the mother gets rubella early on in her pregnancy. Rubella can cause deafness, heart problems, intellectual disability, and many other problems in developing fetuses.\nThe virus has an incubation period of 2 to 3 weeks during which it becomes established. Common symptoms are a red/pink rash, swollen lymph nodes, and a high fever.\nThe disease is named \"German measles\" because it has a similar red rash to measles and was first described in detail by German doctors.\nEliminated in North and South America.\nOn April 29, 2015, it was announced that rubella has been eliminated in North American and South America. A scientific group of experts said it took 15 years of work for this to happen. Among the groups are: Pan American Health Organization, United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, UNICEF, and the United Nations Foundation."}
+{"id": "35327", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35327", "title": "Psychiatry", "text": "Psychiatry is a part of medicine that studies, diagnoses and treats mental illnesses and abnormal behaviours and conditions that cause problems and make life difficult for people. The people who practice psychiatry and treat others who have psychiatric problems are called \"psychiatrists\".\nPrescribing psychiatric medication.\nPsychiatrists are medically qualified doctors. They can legally prescribe medications to their patients to help emotional and behavioral problems. This does not apply to psychologists, who are not qualified to prescribe medicines.\nPsychiatrists learn about how the body and the brain work. Psychiatrists must learn about all kinds of illnesses. Sometimes a disease in the body causes the brain to work poorly. Cancer in the pancreas causes depression. Blood sugar problems in diabetes mellitus can cause a bad temper. These are only two examples.\nAs doctors, psychiatrists learn about how medications can help the brain work better. They also learn how medications sometimes cause problems to the brain. Sometimes psychologists send their patients to a psychiatrist if the patient seems to have a problem that medicine might help. The patient should continue to see the psychologist.\nIn the 1950s, the first medicine to help patients with bipolar disorder (formally known as manic-depressive illness) was discovered. This was lithium, a type of metal in a powder form. A bit later, the first medicine for psychosis was discovered. Later, medicines to calm people (tranquilizers), to end depression (anti-depressants), to help feelings remain the same each day (mood stabilizers) were discovered.\nMedicine for mental illness does not cure. Some of the medicines try to get brain chemicals to be the amounts they are in normal people. Other medicines \"slow down how fast the brain works\" so people with rapid thoughts can be in control of what they think and how they behave. When the medicines are stopped, symptoms often come back.\nSigmund Freud.\nOne person who was important in the History of psychiatry is Sigmund Freud, a medical doctor who was trained in neurology. He became certain that hidden thoughts in the brain (which he called the unconscious) could cause physical symptoms and strange behavior in some people. He believed that human behavior was not all caused by the brain, but by things that happened to people when they were babies and young children. His research of this theory \u2013 the idea he had \u2013 led him to create \"talking therapy\" \u2013 psychoanalysis \u2013 where he tried to figure out what could cause the mind to do things like this.\nHe thought that his figuring things out and telling the patients what had caused the behavior would cure the patient. Unfortunately, it usually made no lasting changes. This is why psychiatrists (and psychologists) have gradually figured out many other ways of helping their patients.\nNeuropsychiatry.\nSince the medications for mental illness were first discovered, there have been tools to understand why the mentally ill behave and think in ways that make it not easy for them to live. Doctors do this by studying the brain as directly as they can.\nThis field of medicine is called neuropsychiatry. The medical doctors who work in the field are called neuropsychiatrists. They hope someday to really permanently cure or fix mental illness by finding ways to change the brain forever. In the meantime, they try to find ways to help by finding better medications.\nThe science of psychology is studies the way people behave and change. Psychologists apply this what is found to make new ways of helping people change how they behave. Talking therapy and applied psychology were the first important ways of helping people with some problems of regular life. Some kinds of mental illness can be helped some this way, but some kinds cannot be helped. They need medicines instead, then sometimes a psychologist can help the patient a great deal.\nCriticism.\nControversy has often surrounded psychiatry, and the term anti-psychiatry was coined by psychiatrist David Cooper in 1967. The anti-psychiatry message is that psychiatric treatments may be more damaging than helpful to patients. Psychiatry's history involves what may now be seen as dangerous treatments (e.g., electroconvulsive therapy, lobotomy). Two charismatic psychiatrists who came to personify the movement against psychiatry were R.D. Laing and Thomas Szasz. Some ex-patient groups have become very anti-psychiatric, often referring to themselves as \"survivors\".\nBessel van der Kolk is also a noted psychiatrist, author, researcher and educator based in Boston, USA. He states that there is a much higher incidence of psychiatrists administering prescribed medications among patients who have government insurance. Since most mental illnesses are trauma-induced, medication has little to no effect. Psychiatrists are supposed to rule out trauma before diagnosing but its more rare than not. Therefore, its often easier to be screened by a psychologist or therapist first. Van Der Kolk often suggests EMDR, meditation, neurofeedback, yoga, mindfulness, sensory integration, and the arts for treatment of trauma or PTSD. Symptoms of trauma are often manifested by anxiety, hypervigilance, depression and behavioral problems that medication really doesn't help on a long-term basis."}
+{"id": "35332", "revid": "121204", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35332", "title": "Stephen Colbert", "text": "Stephen Tyrone Colbert ( ; born May 13, 1964) is a far-left American actor, comedian, singer and author. He is the current host of \"The Late Show with Stephen Colbert\". He was the host of \"The Colbert Report\" on Comedy Central from 2005 through 2014. Colbert has used a special form of comedy called satire to make fun of politicians and the news media.\nEarly life.\nColbert was born in Washington, D.C.. He grew up in Charleston, South Carolina. He was the youngest of eleven children in a Catholic family, and went to Northwestern University.\nCareer.\n\"The Colbert Report\".\nOn \"The Colbert Report\" (which he pronounces \"col-BEAR re-POAR\" to make the words sound the same), he pretends to be a right-wing talk show host. He likes to ask his guests very embarrassing questions that make it seem that he is a serious far right-wing conservative who is also not very smart. His TV personality centers on the idea that if enough people believe something, it will be true. This is largely based on conservative host Bill O'Reilly. He was granted a Super PAC for the South Carolina Republican Party primaries in the 2012 U.S. presidential election.\nMany famous American politicians and people in the news media agree to appear on his show because it is very popular. Colbert started as a comedy writer and performer for many other programs, such as \"The Daily Show\" and the \"Strangers with Candy\" movie, both also on Comedy Central.\n\"The Late Show\".\nOn April 10, 2014, CBS announced in a press release that Colbert will succeed David Letterman as the host of \"The Late Show\", effective when Mr. Letterman retires from the broadcast.\" On January 12, 2015, CBS announced that Colbert would premiere as the \"Late Show\" host on Tuesday, September 8, 2015.\nOther works.\nHe has also voiced Phil Ken Sebben and Reducto in Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law. Colbert has written three books.\" I Am America (And So Can You!)\" was No. 1 on The New York Times Best Seller list.\nPersonal life.\nColbert married his wife in 1993. He lives in Montclair, New Jersey with his wife and three children.\nLegacy.\nHe has made a word, 'truthiness'. At least four species have been given scientific names honoring Colbert."}
+{"id": "35333", "revid": "4873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35333", "title": "Stephen colbert", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35344", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35344", "title": "Hobsonville", "text": "Hobsonville is a suburb of Auckland, New Zealand. It is on the Western shores of the Waitemata Harbour in Waitakere City."}
+{"id": "35346", "revid": "9339475", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35346", "title": "Papatoetoe", "text": "Papatoetoe is a suburb of Auckland, New Zealand. It is in South Auckland, in the Manukau District."}
+{"id": "35347", "revid": "1110", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35347", "title": "Bognor Regis Town F.C.", "text": "Bognor Regis Town F.C. is a football club in England. They started in 1883 and have managed to enter the 2nd Round of the FA Cup 4 times in their history. At the moment they are playing in the Conference South, which is the 6th level of English Football. Their ground is called Nyewood Lane and their pitch is thought to be one of the best in non-league football.\nIn the 2005/2006 season they finished 12th in the Conference South division, with an average match attendance of 338 people."}
+{"id": "35359", "revid": "1508758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35359", "title": "Humour", "text": "Humour or humor () is the way that some experiences can make people laugh or feel happy. Most people are able to be amused (laugh or smile at something funny) and have a sense of humor. You can use puns with words that sound similar but have different meanings, or a word that has two meanings. Other examples of humor are satire, saying yes or no when it is not expected, and using different kinds of logic. People of different ages and cultures can find different things humorous. For example, adults may like satire, which children could find hard to understand. A comedian is someone who is paid to make people laugh.\nHumor is describing things in a funny way, having the ability to make the jokes."}
+{"id": "35360", "revid": "4767", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35360", "title": "Napoli", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35361", "revid": "20701", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35361", "title": "Humor", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35362", "revid": "4767", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35362", "title": "Firenze", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35363", "revid": "4767", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35363", "title": "Milano", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35369", "revid": "4767", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35369", "title": "Sardegna", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35370", "revid": "593910", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35370", "title": "Anthony Kiedis", "text": "Anthony Kiedis (born November 1, 1962 in Grand Rapids, Michigan) is an American singer. He is the lead singer of the rock band the Red Hot Chili Peppers. He was put in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2012.\nHe has been in the band since it started in 1983. He is known for his fast rapping, but in more recent albums he has also started singing. Kiedis is a popular rock singer, but he had many problems singing until the band made \"Californication\" (1999). This is when he felt that he could control his voice well. His singing ability has greatly improved over the years. He is known for his on stage charisma. He released a memoir book called \"Scar Tissue\" in 2004. It sold many copies around the world. Kiedis has had many drug problems. He has been clean since December 24, 2000. Kiedis was with Heather Christie who is also the mother to his son Everly Bear Kiedis. He lives with his son in Malibu, California."}
+{"id": "35372", "revid": "3441", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35372", "title": "Anthony kiedis", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35374", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35374", "title": "Treviso", "text": "Treviso is a \"comune\" and city in the Veneto region, in Northeast Italy. Treviso is the capital of the province of the same name. The city is about north of Venice, the capital of the region.\nGeography.\nTreviso is at the confluence of the \"Botteniga\" and \"Sile\" rivers, north of Venice, east of Vicenza, north-east of Padua, and south of Cortina d'Ampezzo.\nThe city is at about southwest the right bank of the Piave river, on the plain between the Gulf of Venice (Adriatic Sea) and the Alps.\nThe \"comune\" of Treviso has an area of and its altitude is .\nTreviso borders with the following \"comuni\"\u02d0 Carbonera, Casier, Paese, Ponzano Veneto, Preganziol, Quinto di Treviso, Silea, Villorba, Zero Branco.\nClimate.\nThe climate of Treviso is an oceanic climate with template summers, Cfb (Marine West Coast Climate) in the K\u00f6ppen climate classification.\nThe average temperature for the year in Treviso is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .\nThe average amount of precipitation for the year in Treviso is . The month with the most precipitation on average is June with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of .\nPopulation.\n, there are 83,731 persons living in the \"comune\", for a population density of inhabitants/km\u00b2.\nEvolution of the population in Treviso\nTwinned towns.\nTreviso is twinned with:"}
+{"id": "35376", "revid": "1508758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35376", "title": "Tony Hoare", "text": "Sir Charles Antony Richard Hoare (Tony Hoare or C. A. R. Hoare, born 11 January 1934) is an English computer scientist. He is probably best known for the development of Quicksort. Quicksort is the world's most widely used sorting algorithm. He also developed Hoare logic. Hoare received the Turing Award in 1980 \"for his fundamental contributions to the definition and design of programming languages\".\nLife.\nHoare was born in Colombo, in Sri Lanka. He got his Bachelor's degree in Classics from the University of Oxford in 1956. He stayed in Oxford for one more year to study graduate-level statistics.\nFrom 1956 to 1958, he served in the Royal Navy. He then studied computer translation of human languages at \"Moscow State University\" in the Soviet Union in the school of Andrey Nikolayevich Kolmogorov.\nIn 1989 he was elected a member of the Academia Europaea."}
+{"id": "35377", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35377", "title": "John Frusciante", "text": "John Anthony Frusciante is an American musician. He was born on March 5, 1970 in Queens, New York. He was the guitarist of the funk rock band, Red Hot Chili Peppers. He has also made a number of solo records. Some of these albums have been made with other artists, for example Josh Klinghoffer. In December 2009 Frusciante claimed on his website that he had left the band over a year ago.\nHe was number 18 on \"Rolling Stone\"s list of \"The 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time\" in 2003. In 2011, he was at number 72.\nEarly RHCP era (1988-92).\nJohn Frusciante joined the Red Hot Chili Peppers in 1988 after the previous guitarist, Hillel Slovak, died of a drug overdose. The band went on to record and release their fourth album, \"Mother's Milk\" in 1989. Following an international tour, Frusciante co-recorded the band's fifth album, \"Blood Sugar Sex Magik\". In 1992, he left the band because he was overwhelmed by the international success of \"Blood Sugar Sex Magik\". Frusciante abruptly announced his departure from the band just a few moments before a performance in Tokyo. He ended up playing the show and left quickly for a plane back to the USA.\n1992 to 1997.\nFrom 1992 to 1997, he recorded a couple of solo albums, which received various criticism due to Frusciante's use of lo-fi and strange synthesizer effects. Frusciante released \"Niandra LaDes & Usually Just A T-Shirt\" in 1994 as a cure for there being \"no good music around any more\". From the time of being out of the band, Frusciante had started to experiment with drugs such as cocaine and heroin. In 1997, he released \"Smile From The Streets You Hold\" because he needed money for drugs at the time. He later took the album off the shelves as he did not feel comfortable with it being sold.\nReturn and success.\nBandmate and long-time friend Flea asked John if he would like to rejoin the band in 1998. Frusciante was so overjoyed by the question that the band regrouped and started the recording process. In 1999, the band released \"Californication\". During the Californication tour, Frusciante recorded some more songs in what would eventually become \"To Record Only Water For Ten Days\", which was released in 2001. Frusciante returned to the recording studio in early 2002 in which they would later release the band's eighth album, \"By the Way\". Four Years later the Peppers released their ninth studio album, \"Stadium Arcadium\". In December 2009 he announced that he would leave the Red Hot Chili Peppers and focus more on his solo albums.\nSolo records and side projects.\nAfter yet another world tour with the Red Hot Chili Peppers, Frusciante decided to release some more of his own material between 2004 and 2005. During this time, John released six of his own solo records, some of which were co-written by Josh Klinghoffer."}
+{"id": "35378", "revid": "1398040", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35378", "title": "Flea (musician)", "text": "Flea (Michael Peter Balzary) is an Australian-American bassist. He was born on October 16, 1962, in the city of Melbourne, Australia. He plays in the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. He has been with the band since its beginning in 1983 along with vocalist Anthony Kiedis. He is also known onstage for wearing weird costumes that largely appeal to the audience.\nFlea is known for his unique bass style. He uses a wide range of bass guitar techniques, mainly popping and slapping and changing the speed of his tempo during songs and his quick improvisation. Flea is also a skilled trumpet player. Flea was responsible for getting John Frusciante back into Red Hot Chili Peppers.\nIn September 2009, it was announced that Flea would be playing with Radiohead frontman Thom Yorke, to perform some of Yorke's material.\nFlea is generally regarded by the public as the greatest rock bassist of all time, among similar artists such as Les Claypool and Victor Wooten."}
+{"id": "35379", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35379", "title": "Andrey Kolmogorov", "text": "Andrey Nikolaevich Kolmogorov (, 25 April 1903\u00a0\u2013 20 October 1987) was a Soviet mathematician and computer scientist. He made major advances in the fields of probability theory and topology. Born in a Russian family in Tambov, he worked early in his career on intuitionistic logic, and Fourier series. He also worked on turbulence, classical mechanics, and information theory; and was a founder of algorithmic complexity theory which is often referred to as simply Kolmogorov complexity theory.\nKolmogorov worked at Moscow State University. He studied under Nikolai Luzin, earning his Ph.D. in 1929. In 1931 he became professor at this university. In 1939 he received the title of academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. He died in Moscow."}
+{"id": "35380", "revid": "1398040", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35380", "title": "Chad Smith", "text": "Chad Smith (born October 25, 1961 in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States) is a drummer in the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. He joined the band in 1988 with John Frusciante when guitarist Hillel Slovak died of a heroin drug overdose, and Jack Irons left because of his friend dying. Chad has stayed in the band since then, playing the drums for every single album up to today.\nDiscography.\nWith Red Hot Chili Peppers"}
+{"id": "35381", "revid": "1398040", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35381", "title": "Hillel Slovak", "text": "Hillel Slovak (April 13, 1962 \u2013 June 25, 1988) was an Israeli-American musician. Slovak was the guitarist for the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. He was born in Haifa, Israel. His family moved to California in 1967. He was a close friend of singer Anthony Kiedis during high school, and in 1983, they decided to make a band. The band was called \"Tony Flow and the Majestic Masters of Mayhem\". They played a show, but never took the band seriously. In 1984 he left the Red Hot Chili Peppers to play in his other band \"What Is This\". He rejoined in 1985 to record \"Freaky Styley\" and \"The Uplift Mofo Party Plan\" in 1987. He died in 1988 from a fatal drug overdose."}
+{"id": "35382", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35382", "title": "Jack Irons", "text": "Jack Irons (born 18 July 1962 in Los Angeles, California) was the drummer for the rock band Red Hot Chili Peppers. He was in the original band when they formed in 1983. He left Red Hot Chili Peppers to play in his other band What Is This? with his friend Hillel Slovak. He came back to the band in 1986 to record \"The Uplift Mofo Party Plan\". In 1987, Hillel Slovak, the guitarist, died of a drug overdose. He quit the band because of this. Jack Irons has also played in many other bands, most notably Pearl Jam."}
+{"id": "35383", "revid": "10471814", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35383", "title": "Dave Navarro", "text": "David Michael Navarro (born June 7, 1967 in Santa Monica, California), better known as Dave Navarro) is an American guitarist. He played in many different bands, most notably Jane's Addiction and Red Hot Chili Peppers. With the Red Hot Chili Peppers, they recorded \"One Hot Minute\" in 1995. Also, he was married to Carmen Electra from 2003 to 2006. He was in Red Hot Chili Peppers from 1993 until 1998."}
+{"id": "35384", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35384", "title": "Charles Babbage", "text": "Sir Charles Babbage (26 December 1791 \u2013 18 October 1871) was an English mathematician, analytical philosopher, mechanical engineer and computer scientist. He was the first person to invent the idea of a computer that could be programmed. Unfinished parts of his mechanisms are on display in the London Science Museum. \nCharles Babbage was born in England, at 44 Crosby Row, Walworth Road, London. Babbage's father, Benjamin Babbage, was a banker in London who owned the Bitton Estate in Teignmouth. His mother was Betsy Plumleigh Babbage. In 1808, the Babbage family moved into the old Rowdens house in East Teignmouth.\nHis Brain is also on display in the Science Museum in London.\nWorks.\nBabbage worked and wrote on many ideas of science, engineering and mathematics, but he is most famous for two machines he started and never finished. His Difference Engine would have been a much better calculator than any made before then. His Analytical Engine would have been the first real computer.\nKnowing that there were many errors in the calculation of mathematical tables, Babbage wanted to find a way to calculate them mechanically, removing errors made by humans. Three different factors seem to have influenced him: a dislike of untidiness; his experience working on logarithmic tables and differential calculus; and work on calculating machines already done by Wilhelm Schickard, Blaise Pascal, and Gottfried Leibniz. He first talked about the principles of a calculating engine in a letter to Sir Humphrey Davy in 1822.\nBabbage's engines were among the first mechanical computers. His engines were not actually completed because he did not have enough money. Babbage realized that a machine could do the work better and more reliably than a human being. Babbage controlled building of some steam-powered machines that more or less did their job; calculations could be mechanized to an extent. Although Babbage's machines were large machines they were organized in a way similar to modern computer architecture. The data and program memory were separated, operation was instruction based, control unit could make conditional jumps and the machine had a separate I/O unit. Ada Lovelace studied how to program them."}
+{"id": "35390", "revid": "10416684", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35390", "title": "Ticket (admission)", "text": "A ticket is a piece of printed paper that gives you the right to enter somewhere or do something. Tickets are often used as proof that you have paid for public transport, theaters, cinemas or sporting events. Tickets often display printed information like serial number, barcode, price, expiry date, seat number and class of ticket.\nSometimes, you have to take a ticket, such as at the start of a toll road, to help calculate how much you should pay the at end of your journey. Some tickets are becoming electronic barcodes, and are displayed on a screen instead of paper."}
+{"id": "35399", "revid": "10346790", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35399", "title": "Bergamo", "text": "Bergamo is a city in northern Italy. It is in the Lombardy Region, with a population of 120 thousand inhabitants.\nBergamo is surrounded by hills an has a citadel in its center."}
+{"id": "35400", "revid": "973399", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35400", "title": "Brescia", "text": "Brescia is a city in northern Italy. Brescia is in the Lombardy Region. It has 192,165 people."}
+{"id": "35401", "revid": "8833220", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35401", "title": "Como", "text": "Como is a city in northern Italy. Como is in the Lombardy Region. 83,016 people live there."}
+{"id": "35402", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35402", "title": "Cremona", "text": "Cremona is a city in northern Italy. Cremona is in the Lombardy Region with a population of 71,533 inhabitants. It is in the Po Valley on the North side of the Po River.\nHistory.\nIn the year 218 BCE, Romans founded the city. Before that, it was a village of the Gauls."}
+{"id": "35403", "revid": "1572824", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35403", "title": "Lecco", "text": "Lecco is a city in northern Italy in the Lombardy Region. It has with 46,477 inhabitants. Lecco borders Lake Como."}
+{"id": "35404", "revid": "551548", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35404", "title": "Lodi", "text": "Lodi (; Lombard: \"L\u00f2d\") is a city in northern Italy. Lodi is in the Lombardy Region with a population of 43,488 people (as of 2008). The people who live in Lodi are called Lodigiani. Lodi is famous for a cake called Tortionata.\nLodi was built after the destruction of the ancient roman city of Laus Pompeia during the war with Milan.\nThe construction of the new city was aided by the German emperor Frederick I Barbarossa."}
+{"id": "35405", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35405", "title": "Mantua", "text": "Mantova (or Mantua) is a city in northern Italy. Mantova is in the Lombardy Region. It has a population of 48,103 people. The Etruscans founded the city, Today, Mantua is one of the biggest markets for agricultural products in northern Italy. Vergil was born in a small village near Mantua. \nMantua was named \"Capital of the Italian culture 2016\". "}
+{"id": "35406", "revid": "1582584", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35406", "title": "Pavia", "text": "Pavia (; Lombard: \"Pavia\"; ) is a city in northern Italy. Pavia is in the Lombardy Region with 71.486 people living in it. It is a very old, historical city. It is 30 km south of Milan.\nHistory of Pavia.\nThe town of Pavia (then known as Ticinum) was a big city and a special military area for the Romans.\nHere, in 476, Odoacer won against Flavius Orestes after a long war. To make the city pay for helping his enemy, Odoacer completely ruined Pavia, but Orestes was able to escape to a city called Piacenza, where Odoacer followed and killed him, and removed from the throne his son Romulus Augustus. This is often thought of as the end of the Western Roman Empire.\nA late name of the city in Latin was Papia (probably related to the Pope), which developed to the Italian name Pavia. Sometimes it's called Ticinum Papia, using both Latin names.\nAfter the Lombards conquest, Pavia became the capital of their kingdom. During the Rule of the Dukes, it was ruled by Zaban. It continued to act as the administrative centre of the kingdom. In the reign of Desiderius Charlemagne took it in the Siege of Pavia (June, 774) and became the king of the Lombards. Pavia remained the capital of the Italian Kingdom and the centre of royal coronations until the diminution of imperial authority there in the twelfth century.\nIn the 12th century Pavia acquired the status of a self-governing commune. In the political division between Guelphs and Ghibellines that characterizes the Italian Middle Ages, Pavia was traditionally Ghibelline, a position that was as much supported by the rivalry with Milan as it was a mark of the defiance of the Emperor that led the Lombard League against the emperor Frederick Barbarossa.\nIn the time after that, Pavia was an important and busy town. Under the Treaty of Pavia, Emperor Louis IV gave the Palatinate to his brother during his stay in Italy. Pavia held out against the domination of Milan, finally yielding to the Visconti family, rulers of that city in 1359; under the Visconti Pavia became an intellectual and artistic centre. In 1361 the University of Pavia was founded around the nucleus of the old school of law, which attracted students from many countries.\nThe Battle of Pavia (1525) was important, since by that time, the former division between the supporters of the Pope and those of the Holy Roman Emperor had shifted to one between a French party (allied with the Pope) and a party supporting the Emperor and King of Spain Charles V. During the Valois-Habsburg Italian Wars, Pavia was naturally on the Imperial (and Spanish) side. The defeat and capture of king Francis I of France during the battle started a period of Spanish occupation which lasted until 1713. Pavia was then ruled by the Austrians until 1796, when it was occupied by the French army under Napoleon.\nIn 1815, it again passed under Austrian administration until the Second War of Italian Independence (1859) and the unification of Italy one year later."}
+{"id": "35407", "revid": "9068811", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35407", "title": "Sondrio", "text": "Sondrio is a city in northern Italy. Sondrio is in the Lombardy Region with a population of 21,790 inhabitants. "}
+{"id": "35408", "revid": "9837441", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35408", "title": "Varese", "text": "Varese is a city in northern Italy. Varese is in the Lombardy Region with a population of 96,917 inhabitants."}
+{"id": "35416", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35416", "title": "Perugia", "text": "Perugia (said \"Pah-ru-zha\" ) is the capital city of the region of Umbria in central Italy, near the Tiber River, and the capital of the province of Perugia. The city is about 100 miles (160 kilometres) north of Rome. It covers a high hilltop and part of the valleys around the area.\nThe history of Perugia goes back to the Roman Empire. However, major parts of the city have been destroyed, and rebuilt, because of many wars, and of earthquakes in the mid-19th century. In recent decades, the city has been known as a university town, with the University of Perugia (about 34,000 students), the University for Foreigners (5,000 students), and some smaller colleges, also. There are annual festivals and events: the Eurochocolate Festival (October), the Umbria Jazz Festival, and the International Journalism Festival (in April).\nPerugia is a well-known artistic center of Italy. The famous painter Pietro Vannucci, nicknamed Perugino, came from Citt\u00e0 della Pieve near Perugia. He decorated the local \"Sala del Cambio\" with a beautiful series of frescoes; eight of his pictures can also be seen in the National Gallery of Umbria. Perugino was the teacher of Raphael, the great Renaissance artist who produced five paintings in Perugia (today no longer in the city) and one fresco. Another famous painter, Pinturicchio, lived in Perugia. Galeazzo Alessi is the most famous architect from Perugia. The city symbol is the griffin, which can be seen in the form of plaques and statues on buildings around the city.\nHistory.\nPerugia was an Umbrian settlement but first appears in written history as \"Perusia\", one of the twelve confederate cities of Etruria. It was first mentioned in Q. Fabius Pictor's account, used by Livy, of the expedition carried out against the Etruscans by Fabius Maximus Rullianus in 310 or 309\u00a0BC. At that time, a thirty-year \"indutiae\" (truce) was agreed upon; however, in 295\u00a0BC, Perusia took part in the Third Samnite War and was reduced, with Volsinii and Arretium (Arezzo), to seek for peace in the following year.\nIn 216 and 205 BC, Perugia assisted Rome in the Second Punic War. Little else is known until 41-40 BC, when Lucius Antonius (brother of Mark Antony) took refuge there, in the Roman civil war between Mark Antony and Octavian. Much of ancient Perugia was destroyed by Octavian (later became Emperor Augustus) after a long siege, and its senators were sent to their death. A number of lead bullets used by slingers have been found in and around the city. The city was burnt, we are told, with the exception of the temples of Vulcan and Juno. The huge Etruscan terrace-walls, naturally, can hardly have suffered at all. Afterward, the town, with the territory for a mile round, was allowed to be occupied by whoever came. It must have been rebuilt almost at once, for several bases of statues exist, inscribed with the words \"Augusto sacr(um) Perusia restituta\". However, the town did not become a \"colonia\", until 251-253 AD, when it was resettled as \"Colonia Vibia Augusta Perusia\", under the emperor C. Vibius Trebonianus Gallus.\nPerugia is hardly mentioned, except by the geographers, until it was the only city in Umbria to resist Totila, who captured it and laid the city waste in 547, after a long siege, apparently after the city's Byzantine garrison evacuated. Negotiations with the besieging forces fell to the city's bishop, Herculanus, as representative of the townspeople. Totila is said to have ordered the bishop to be flayed and beheaded. St. Herculanus (Sant'Ercolano) later became the city's patron saint.\nIn the Lombard period, Perugia is spoken of as one of the principal cities of Tuscia. In the 9th century, with the consent of Charlemagne and Louis the Pious, it passed under the popes; but by the 11th century its commune was asserting itself, and for many centuries the city continued to maintain an independent life, warring against many of the neighbouring lands and cities: Foligno, Assisi, Spoleto, Todi, Siena, Arezzo, etc. In 1186, Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor, \"rex romanorum\" and future emperor, granted diplomatic recognition to the consular government of the city; afterward Pope Innocent III, whose major aim was to give state dignity to the dominions having been constituting the patrimony of St. Peter, acknowledged the validity of the imperial statement and recognized the established civic practices having the force of law.\nOn various occasions, the popes found asylum, from the conflicts in Rome, within its walls, and it was the meeting-place of five conclaves (Perugia Papacy), including those which elected Honorius III (1216), Clement IV (1285), Celestine V (1294), and Clement V (1305); the papal presence was characterized by a peace-time rule between the internal rivalries. But Perugia had no mind simply to serve the papal interests and never accepted papal sovereignty: the city used to exercise a jurisdiction over the members of the clergy. Also, in 1282, Perugia was excommunicated due to a new military conflict against the Ghibellines regardless of a papal prohibition. In the other hand, side by side with the 13th-century bronze griffin of Perugia, above the door of the \"Palazzo dei Priori\" stands, as a Guelphic emblem, the lion: Perugia remained loyal for the most part to the Guelph party in the struggles of Guelphs and Ghibellines. However this dominant tendency was rather an anti-Germanic and Italian political strategy. The Angevin presence in Italy appeared offer a counterpoise to papal powers: in 1319 Perugia declared the Angevin Saint Louis of Toulouse \"Protector of the city's sovereignty and of the Palazzo of its Priors\" and set his figure among the other patron saints above the rich doorway of the Palazzo dei Priori. At the half of the 14th century, Bartholus of Sassoferrato, who was a renowned jurist, asserted that Perugia was dependent upon neither imperial nor papal support. In 1347, at the time of Rienzi's unfortunate enterprise in reviving the Roman Republic, Perugia sent ten ambassadors to pay him honour; and, when papal messengers sought to force it by foreign soldiers, or to exact contributions, they met with vigorous resistance, which broke into open warfare with Pope Urban V in 1369; in 1370 the noble party reached an agreement signing the treaty of Bologna and Perugia was forced to accept a papal legate; however the vicar-general of the Papal States, G\u00e9rard du Puy, Abbot of Marmoutier and nephew of Pope Gregory IX, was expelled by a popular uprising in 1375, and his fortification of Porta Sole was razed to the ground.\nCivic peace was constantly disturbed in the 14th century by struggles between the party representing the people (\"Raspanti\") and the nobles (\"Beccherini\"). After the assassination in 1398 of Biordo Michelotti, who had made himself lord of Perugia, the city became a pawn in the Italian Wars, passing to Gian Galeazzo Visconti (1400), to Pope Boniface IX (1403), and to Ladislas of Naples (1408\u201314) before it settled into a period of sound governance under the \"Signoria\" of the condottiero Braccio da Montone (1416\u201324), who reached a concordance with the Papacy. Following mutual atrocities of the Oddi and the Baglioni families, power was at last concentrated in the Baglioni, who, though they had no legal position, defied all other authority, though their bloody internal squabbles culminated in a massacre, 14 July 1500. Gian Paolo Baglioni was lured to Rome in 1520 and beheaded by Leo X; and in 1540 Rodolfo, who had slain a papal legate, was defeated by Pier Luigi Farnese, and the city, captured and plundered by his soldiery, was deprived of its privileges. A citadel known as the \"Rocca Paolina\", after the name of Pope Paul III (Italian: Paolo), was built, to the designs of Antonio da Sangallo the Younger \"\"ad coercendam Perusinorum audaciam\".\"\nIn 1797, the city was conquered by French troops. On 4 February 1798, the \"Tiberina Republic\" was formed, with Perugia as the capital, and the French tricolour as flag. In 1799, the Tiberina Republic merged to the Roman Republic.\nIn 1832, 1838 and 1854, Perugia was hit by earthquakes. Following the collapse of the Roman republic of 1848-49, when the Rocca was in part demolished, it was seized in May 1849 by the Austrians. In June 1859, the people rebelled against the temporal authority of the Pope and established a provisional government, but the insurrection was quashed bloodily by Pius IX's troops. In September 1860 the city was united finally, along with the rest of Umbria, as part of the Kingdom of Italy.\nEconomy.\nPerugia has become famous for chocolate, mostly because of a single firm, Perugina, whose Baci (kisses) are widely exported. Perugian chocolate is very popular in Italy, and the city hosts a chocolate festival every October.\nGeography.\nPerugia is the capital city of the region of Umbria.\nCities' distances from Perugia: Assisi , Siena , Florence 145\u00a0km, Rome .\nClimate.\nEven though Perugia is in the Central part of Italy, the city has a humid subtropical climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification \"Cfa\"), similar to much of Northern Italy.\nDemographics.\nIn 2007, there were 163,287 people living in Perugia, in the Province of Perugia, Umbria, of whom 47.7% were male and 52.3% were female. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 16.4 percent of the people, compared to pensioners, who number 21.5%. This compares with the Italian average of 18.1 percent (minors) and 19.9% (pensioners). The average age of Perugia residents is 44, compared to the Italian nationwide average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007, the number of people grew by 7.86%, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.85 percent.\nAs of 2006, 90.84% of the people were Italian. The largest immigrant group came from other European countries (particularly from Albania and Romania): 3.93%, the Americas: 2.01%, and North Africa: 1.3%. Most people are Roman Catholic.\nEducation.\nPerugia today hosts two main universities, the ancient University of Perugia (Italian: \"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi\") and the University for Foreigners Perugia (\"Universit\u00e0 per Stranieri\"). \"Stranieri\" serves as an Italian language and culture school for students from all over the world. Other educational institutions are the Perugia Fine Arts Academy \"Pietro Vannucci\" (founded in 1573), the Perugia Music Conservatory for the study of classical music, and the RAI Public Broadcasting School of Radio-Television Journalism. The city is also host to the Umbra Institute, an accredited university program for American students studying abroad. The \"Universit\u00e0 dei Sapori\" (University of Tastes), a National centre for Vocational Education and Training in Food, is in the city as well.\nFrazioni.\nThe \"comune\" includes the \"frazioni\" of Bagnaia, Bosco, Capanne, Casa del Diavolo, Castel del Piano, Cenerente, Civitella Benazzone, Civitella d'Arna, Collestrada, Colle Umberto I, Cordigliano, Colombella, Farneto, Ferro di Cavallo, Fontignano, Fratticiola Selvatica, La Bruna, La Cinella, Lacugnano, Lidarno, Migiana di Monte Tezio, Monte Bagnolo, Monte Corneo, Montelaguardia, Monte Petriolo, Mugnano, Olmo, Parlesca, Pianello, Piccione, Pila, Pilonico Materno, Ponte della Pietra, Poggio delle Corti, Ponte Felcino, Ponte Pattoli, Ponte Rio, Ponte San Giovanni, Ponte Valleceppi, Prepo, Pretola, Ramazzano-Le Pulci, Rancolfo, Ripa, Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Sant'Egidio, Sant'Enea, San Fortunato della Collina, San Giovanni del Pantano, Sant'Andrea d'Agliano, Santa Lucia, San Marco, Santa Maria Rossa, San Martino dei Colli, San Martino in Campo, San Martino in Colle, San Sisto, Solfagnano, Villa Pitignano.\nCollestrada, in the \"territorio\" of the suburb of Ponte San Giovanni, saw a battle between the people of Perugia and Assisi in 1202.\nMain sights.\nArt.\nPerugia has had a rich tradition of art and artists. The High Renaissance painter Pietro Perugino created some of his masterpieces in the Perugia area. The other High Resaissance master Raphael was also active in Perugia and painted his famous Oddi Altar there in 1502-1504.\nToday, the \"Galleria Nazionale dell'Umbria\" in Perugia houses a number of masterpieces, including the \"Madonna with Child and Six Angels\" (Duccio), which represents the Renaissance Roman Catholic Marian art of Duccio. Also, the private Art Collection of the \"Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Perugia\" has two separate locations.\nThe Collegio del Cambio is an extremely well preserved representation of a Renaissance building and houses a magnificent Pietro Perugino fresco.\nTransport.\nPerugia has taken drastic measures against car traffic. At certain hours of the day, driving is forbidden in the city centre. Large parking lots are provided in the lower town, from where escalators lead up through the \"Rocca Paolina\" into the city. Since 2008, a MiniMetro has also been in operation, with seven stations.\nPerugia railway station, also known as Perugia Fontivegge, was opened in 1866. It forms part of the Foligno\u2013Terontola railway, which also links Florence with the \"Roma Termini\" railway station in Rome. The station is at Piazza Vittorio Veneto, in the heavily populated district of Fontivegge, about southwest of the city centre.\nSan Egidio Airport is outside the city.\nTwin towns\u2014Sister cities.\nPerugia has twin and sister city agreements with the following cities:"}
+{"id": "35417", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35417", "title": "Terni", "text": "Terni () is a \"comune\" and city in the Umbria region, in central Italy. Terni is the capital of the province of Terni. It is one of the most important industrial towns of Umbria.\nThe University of Perugia () is a university based in Perugia that offers its main courses in Perugia and Terni.\nGeography.\nThe \"comune\" of Terni is in the valley of the Nera river; it has an area of and its altitude is .\nTerni borders with the \"comuni\" Stroncone, San Gemini, Montefranco (a small part), Arrone, Narni, Montecastrilli (a very small part), Acquasparta, Spoleto (Province of Perugia) and two \"comuni\" of the province Rieti in the Lazio region\u02d0 Rieti and Labro.\n\"Frazioni\".\nThe following \"frazioni\" (hamlets) are part of Terni\u02d0 Acquapalombo, Appecano, Battiferro, Cecalocco, Cesi, Collegiacone, Collescipoli, Collestatte, Giuncano Alto, Giuncano Scalo, Marmore, Miranda, Papigno, Piediluco, Poggio Lavarino, Polenaco, Porzano, Pracchia, Rocca San Zenone, San Carlo, San Liberatore, Titurano, Torreorsina.\nPopulation.\n, there are 112,133 persons (52,703 males and 59,430 females) living in the \"comune\", for a population density of inhabitants/km\u00b2.\nTwinned and partner towns.\nTerni is twinned with:\nTerni is also partner with\u02d0"}
+{"id": "35428", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35428", "title": "Malankara", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35432", "revid": "9907", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35432", "title": "Chemical weapon", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35433", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35433", "title": "Biological weapon", "text": "A biological weapon is a weapon that delivers toxins or pathogens (like bacteria or viruses), with the goal of making people sick or killing them. Biological weapons are also called bio-weapons. Their use in war is called biological warfare.\nParts of a biological weapon.\nA biological weapon usually has two parts. The first is the biological agent (also called a bio-agent, biological threat agent, or biological warfare agent). This is the pathogen that is meant to make people sick. The second is the delivery system - how the biological agent is going to get to and expose the people it is supposed to infect.\nSome bio-agents can be \"weaponized\" - changed to make them more dangerous. For example, sometimes scientists can change a pathogen's genes so the pathogen is deadlier, and so it will not be killed by usual antidotes or treatments. Some bio-agents can be changed so they are easier to store, spread, or use as weapons.\nAs of 2016, there are more than 1,200 different kinds of bio-agents that could be made into weapons.\nExamples of biological agents.\nExamples of some biological agents and toxins are listed below. Experts have said that these pathogens could be used as biological weapons. A few already have been used, including anthrax, bubonic plague, smallpox, and ricin.\nExamples of delivery systems.\nIn the past, countries have designed many different delivery systems for exposing people to biological agents. These systems have included:\nExamples of biological weapons.\nA biological agent by itself is not enough to make a biological weapon. Neither is a delivery system by itself. A biological weapon has to have both: the bio-agent that is meant to make people sick, and a system to deliver that agent.\nHere are a few examples of biological weapons that have been used throughout history."}
+{"id": "35434", "revid": "1657104", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35434", "title": "Harper Lee", "text": "Harper Lee (April 28, 1926 \u2013 February 19, 2016) was an American writer. She was born in Monroeville, Alabama. She was most famous for writing \"To Kill a Mockingbird\". That book was published in 1959. Civil rights issues in Alabama influenced her writing. Harper Lee's interests apart from writing were watching politicians and cats, travelling and being alone.\nThroughout her life, Lee had said that she would never publish another novel. However, in 2015, Lee announced \"Go Set a Watchman\", a sequel to \"To Kill A Mockingbird\".\nLee died on February 19, 2016, in a retirement facility in Monroeville, Alabama from complications of a stroke at the age of 89.\nChildhood.\nIn 1926, Harper Lee was born in the Monroeville, Alabama. She was the youngest child out of three children. Her father was a law expert and part of the Alabama State lawmaking body. Her mother had trouble with mental illness. The class before first grade, she made a friend named Truman Capote who also later become a fiction writer, short-story writer, and wrote plays. So when they were young, she used to act the scene again that was part of the well known book Rover Boys with her friend Truman. \nEducation.\nHarper Lee went to the Monroe County High School in Monroeville. She used to take part in many activities at school, and was part of Glee Club and literary honorary \"society\". She went to the all-female Huntingdon College in Montgomery following her sister who became a law expert. Later, Lee changed the school to the University of Alabama and started to learn about the law. But she wasn\u2019t really interested in the things that she was learning. Though she was really interested in her studies and her writings. Lee wrote amusing, and funny school magazines that came out regularly, Rammer Jammer and became its editor. \"For one year,\" she went to Oxford University as a student who studies outside his or her home country. But still, Lee didn\u2019t like the law. Her father was giving money for her education, but Lee thought that she needed to be self-supporting. So she dropped out of the University and moved to New York to do what she loved.\nCareer.\nHer interest in a book inspired Lee to write many long stories. Lee wrote many to write few longer stories, Lee moved to New York to chase after a career as a writer. Hohoff, the editor of \"To Kill a Mockingbird\" convinced Lee to write a new novel from the point of view of Scout as a child. Two years later, it became \"To Kill a Mockingbird\". Harper Lee works impressed many companies. She went to many schools and her interest in literature got her to write many novels. Her novels became popular. Harper Lee also worked with Truman Capote as he inspired her to become an author.\nDeath.\nHarper Lee had a stroke in 2007 and died in 2016 at the age of 89, just seven months after the release of \"Go Set a Watchman\", the controversial sequel \"To Kill a Mockingbird.\" She died peacefully while sleeping. Lee's oldest nephew and family spokesperson, said in a statement on Friday: \"This is a sad day for our family. She has touched people known her as a devoted friend and family member.\" \nLee signed her will eight days before her death. Her funeral was on February 20th. It was held at First United Methodist Church in Monroeville. "}
+{"id": "35435", "revid": "1664975", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35435", "title": "Truman Capote", "text": "Truman Garcia Capote (born Truman Streckfus Persons, September 30, 1924 \u2013 August 25, 1984) was an American author. He was born in New Orleans, Louisiana and grew up in Monroeville, Alabama, New York City and Greenwich, Connecticut. He is best known for writing the half-true novel, \"In Cold Blood\". The novel is based on a murder that happened in Kansas in the 1950s. He became good friends with the man accused of the murder.\nCapote was openly gay. He died of liver cancer in Los Angeles, California, aged 59."}
+{"id": "35437", "revid": "1652218", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35437", "title": "Ubuntu", "text": " \nUbuntu is a free operating system that uses the Linux kernel. It is named after the word \"ubuntu\", which is a Zulu word meaning \"humanity to others\". It is pronounced \"oo-boon-too\".\nUbuntu is one of the most popular Linux distributions. It is based on the Debian Linux computer operating system. Ubuntu can be used on all types of personal computers (and even devices such as robots) including in Windows 10. Ubuntu is downloaded as a DVD's ISO image, which is free to download from the Ubuntu website. It can be installed or tested by running the DVD.\nA new release of Ubuntu is released every six months. The long-term support releases are one type of these, and they are released every two years. Due to their longer periods of update support, most users prefer to install those releases. The latest long-term support release is (\"Noble Numbat\"), which is supported until 2029.\nStarted in 2004, Ubuntu has been developed by Canonical Ltd., a company owned by Mark Shuttleworth, a South African entrepreneur.\nPackages and software support.\nUbuntu splits all software into four different categories to show differences in licensing and the amount of support available. They are:\nFree software here includes only software that meets the Ubuntu licensing requirements, which almost are the same as the Debian Free Software Guidelines. There is one difference for the Main category, however it has firmware and fonts which cannot be changed, but are included if Ubuntu will not work right.\nNon-free software is usually unsupported (Multiverse), but some exceptions (Restricted) are given for very important non-free software. Supported non-free software include device drivers that are needed to run Ubuntu on current hardware. The level of support in the Restricted category is less than that of Main, since the developers may not be able to get to the source code. It is wanted that Main and Restricted should contain all the software needed for a general-use Linux system.\nBesides the official repositories is \"Ubuntu Backports\", which is an officially known project to backport newer software from later releases of Ubuntu. The repository is not comprehensive (meaning that it has parts missing from it); it is mostly made up of user-requested packages, which are accepted if they meet quality guidelines.\nReleases.\nTwo new releases of Ubuntu are released each year, normally in April and October.\nThe number of the Ubuntu release is 'X.YY', with 'X' being the year of release (minus 2000) and 'Y' being the month of release. For example, Ubuntu 4.10 was released in October (the tenth month of the year), 2004. The name of the release (for example, Breezy Badger) is an adjective (a describing word) followed by the name of an animal.\n\"LTS indicates Long Term Support.\"\nVery old processors (i.e., 32-bit Intel i386) have been supported up to Ubuntu 18.04, but users \"will not be allowed to upgrade to Ubuntu 18.10 as dropping support for that architecture is being evaluated\".\nVariants.\nUbuntu is available in many variants because there are several options for which desktop environment to use, and they can offer different user experiences.\nThe official sister distributions which are fully supported by Canonical are:"}
+{"id": "35438", "revid": "10418069", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35438", "title": "The Second Coming (TV)", "text": "The Second Coming was a television drama shown by ITV, starring Christopher Eccleston.\nThe story is about a man named Steve who goes away for 40 days and 40 nights (like Jesus). When he comes back he is convinced he is the Son of God but nobody believes him. He turns day into night and everyone believes him then. He has a message from God to find the \"Third Message\". He finds from his friend July that the Third Message is her writings and one of her writings demands that he die. When Steve dies, he does not go to Heaven as it is destroyed, along with God, Satan and Hell. This is so humanity can work things out for itself."}
+{"id": "35455", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35455", "title": "Eid festival", "text": "In Islam, Eid is the name of two Islamic festivals:\nThe Eids are celebrated by Muslims all around the world."}
+{"id": "35471", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35471", "title": "Nottingham, England", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35475", "revid": "8983197", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35475", "title": "Alessandria", "text": "Alessandria is an Italian city in Piemonte. It has 94,280 people."}
+{"id": "35476", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35476", "title": "Asti", "text": "Asti () is an Italian city in Piemonte. It has 74,392 people living in it."}
+{"id": "35477", "revid": "9187140", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35477", "title": "Biella", "text": "Biella () is an Italian city in Piemonte. It has 45,822 people.\nA.S.D. Junior Biellese Libertas is the football club of the town."}
+{"id": "35478", "revid": "9068761", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35478", "title": "Cuneo", "text": "Cuneo is an Italian city in Piemonte. It has 54,992 people."}
+{"id": "35479", "revid": "9027407", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35479", "title": "Novara", "text": "Novara () is an Italian city in Piemonte. There are 102,630 people living there."}
+{"id": "35480", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35480", "title": "Verbano-Cusio-Ossola", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35481", "revid": "9068732", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35481", "title": "Vercelli", "text": "Vercelli () is an Italian city in Piemonte. About 46,000 people live there."}
+{"id": "35485", "revid": "1661046", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35485", "title": "Kate Moss", "text": "Katherine Moss (born 16 January 1974), better known as Kate Moss, is an English model.\nMoss rose to fame in the early 1990s. She is known for her waifish figure, and her role in size zero fashion. She is also famous for her controversial private life, high-profile relationships, party lifestyle, and drug use. In 2007, she came 2nd on the \"Forbes\" top-earning models list, estimated to have earned $9\u00a0million in one year. Aside from modelling, Moss has started several ventures, including her own clothing line and various musical projects.\nCareer.\nShe was found at the age of 14 by Sarah Doukes of the Storm Modeling Agency in 1988 while in an airport. Moss' career began when Corinne Day shot black and white photographs of her for British magazine \"The Face\", in a photo shoot titled \"The Third Summer of Love\".\nMoss starred in a series of Calvin Klein in the 1990s, spurring a period of waify \"heroin chic\" in the modelling world. She was photographed with a blank face, as if affected by drugs or exhausted.\nMoss charmed the fashion industry and has modelled for such elite houses including Gucci, Dolce & Gabbana, Burberry, Chanel, Missoni and Dior.\nCharity work.\nMoss has been a supporter of the Breakthrough Breast Cancer charity, and in the 1990s featured in one of their target T-shirt campaigns. She also supported War Child. Moss also designed a charm in a necklace for Wallis in 2007 in aid of Cancer Research UK and said \"I am happy to give my support to help fund crucial research, as so many lives are affected by this terrible disease\".\nShe has also helped to launch the SamandRuby charity in March 2006. The charity was started to provide funding for the education and shelter of Thai children. The SamandRuby organisation is named after a friend of Moss's Samantha Archer Fayet and her 6 month old daughter Ruby Rose who were killed by the Tsunami while visiting Thailand. Moss also supports the Elton John AIDS Foundation, the Hoping Foundation, the Lucie Blackman Trust, Make Poverty History, Comic Relief and Homes of Hope which her close friend Sadie Frost also supports.\nProblems.\nMoss checked herself into a psychiatric centre in 1998, claiming she was suffering from \"exhaustion.\" She was suffering from depression over her separation from longtime boyfriend, actor Johnny Depp who was with her from 1994 to 1998.\nDrug abuse.\nOn 15 September 2005, photos were shown in newspapers that seemed to show Moss snorting several lines of cocaine. Moss lost major modeling contracts with several international companies. She was able to continue her career after a detoxication and was on both the 2005 and 2006 list of Forbes The Celebrity 100."}
+{"id": "35494", "revid": "10446193", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35494", "title": "Alesha Dixon", "text": "Alesha Anjanette Dixon (born 7 October 1978) is a British singer and television personality. She was a member of the girl band Mis-Teeq and is also known for being a judge on \"Britain's Got Talent\".\nShe was born in Welwyn Garden City, Hertfordshire, England. Her mother was Scottish. Her father was Jamaican. Dixon released her first UK solo album, \"The Alesha Show\", in 2008.\nMis-Teeq.\nDixon's career began in 1999 when she met Sabrina Washington. They had both joined Dance Attic (a popular dance class school in West London). They recorded a demo called \"Inspiration\". During an audition, they met with Su-Elise Nash, and then formed a trio. They were soon signed to Telstar Records with a new member, Zena McNally. They became the popular UK garage/R&B girl band Mis-Teeq. They released their first single \"Why?\" in 2000. Soon, McNally left the band to perform by herself. The band decided to remain a trio.\nIn 2001, they released their first album \"Lickin' On Both Sides\". It had the songs \"All I Want\", \"One Night Stand\", \"B With Me\" and \"Roll On / This Is How We Do It\". In 2003, they released their second album \"Eye Candy\". That album had the songs \"Scandalous\", \"Can't Get It Back\" and \"Style\". In 2004, Mis-Teeq toured the United States. They released their first single \"Scandalous\" from their first American album \"Mis-Teeq\". \"Mis-Teeq\" was a compilation of the albums \"Lickin' On Both Sides\" and \"Eye Candy\". They released \"One Night Stand\" before coming back to Europe to start work with their third album. However, Telstar Records was shut down and the band had to have a 'Greatest Hits' compilation released under exclusive licenses with Universal Recording Company.\nDixon appeared in the N.E.R.D. music video for \"She Wants to Move\". That song was from N.E.R.D.'s second album \"Fly or Die\". The last song Dixon recorded with her band was \"Shoo Shoo Baby\". It was recorded for the Disney movie \"Valiant\". In March 2005, they released their 'Greatest Hits' compilation. They also announced that they were going to start working separately. Dixon later announced that she signed a \u20a4500,000 contract deal with Polydor Records. She also announced that she will work on material for her first solo album. In the summer of 2005, she married her long-time fianc\u00e9, rapper MC Harvey (formerly of So Solid Crew).\nSolo career.\nDixon spent a year preparing for her solo first album, \"Fired Up\". In June 2005, she announced the single \"Superficial\". After the song leaked illegally, the company said her next single would be \"Lipstick\". She released \"Lipstick\" on 14 August 2006. It went to number 13 on the UK Singles Chart. Dixon worked with several producers for her first solo album, including Richard X, Xenomania, Johnny Douglas, Brian Higgins, and Paul Eppe. She worked on a song with famous UK singer Estelle.\nDixon announced that her second single would be \"Knock Down\". She calls the song \"reggae-influenced\". It was released on 30 October 2006. An album promo of \"Fired Up\" was released during the early weeks of September. It had the songs \"Lipstick\", \"Knock Down\", \"Ting-A-Ling\", \"Fired Up\", and \"Free\". All those songs were expected to be on her first album.\nAfter \"Knock Down\" did not chart in the top 40, her record company dumped her. \"Fired Up\" was not released anywhere except Japan. After winning \"Strictly Come Dancing\" in 2007 she made a comeback. In 2008, Dixon released \"The Boy Does Nothing\", the lead single from her album \"The Alesha Show\". She then released \"Breathe Slow\" which charted at number three on the UK Singles Chart. That was her highest-charting single so far.\nDixon gave birth to her first child, Azura Sienna, in 2013."}
+{"id": "35504", "revid": "9695405", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35504", "title": "Lake Tahoe", "text": "Lake Tahoe or Tahoe is a fresh water lake in the Sierra Nevada. It is on the borders of the states of California and Nevada, in the United States of America.\nLake Tahoe is one of the deepest (1645 feet/501 m), largest (192 sq. mi./497\u00a0km\u00b2), and highest elevation (6229 feet/1898 m) lakes in the United States. Of the lakes in the United States, only Oregon's Crater Lake is deeper at 1930 feet (588 m).\nSome visitors experience altitude sickness, because there is less oxygen in the air at higher altitudes. To fight this, experts recommend avoiding heavy exercise or drinking alcohol until the body adjusts to the lower oxygen level."}
+{"id": "35509", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35509", "title": "Dull, Perth and Kinross", "text": "Dull is a village located in the county of Perth & Kinross in Scotland. It is in the Highland part of the county. There is only one street of houses in Dull, on the north side of the valley of the River Tay. The place-name means 'meadow' in Gaelic. The parish church, unused since the 1970s, is on the site of an early Christian monastery founded by St. Adomn\u00e1n, Abbot of Iona."}
+{"id": "35513", "revid": "1391751", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35513", "title": "Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde", "text": "Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is a book by Robert Louis Stevenson. It was published in 1886. The book has been adapted to movies, comic books, and other media.\nStory.\nDr Henry Jekyll is a respected doctor. He believes that man has both good and evil sides. He creates a serum of a special drug. It is supposed to separate the two different sides. He tests it on himself. The experiment succeeds all too well. Dr Jekyll changes into his evil self, Edward Hyde. Hyde commits horrible crimes in London, and changes back into Dr Jekyll. Eventually, Jekyll turns into Hyde without wishing to, resulting in Jekyll committing suicide.\nThemes.\nThe novel is based on the Victorian English idea of pretending to be someone else, and acting a different way around other people to look more respectable. This is shown by Jekyll changing into Hyde. It is also a variation on the theme of \"scientist meddling with nature comes to grief\"."}
+{"id": "35515", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35515", "title": "Hafez al-Assad", "text": "Hafez al-Assad (; 6 October 1930 \u2013 10 June 2000) served as the 18th president of Syria from 1971 until his death of a heart attack in 2000. He was also the general of Syrian Air Force from 1955 - 1972. He was born in Qardaha and died in Damascus. He had four sons and a daughter. His eldest son Bassel al-Assad died in 1994. He was succeeded as president by his second-oldest son Bashar al-Assad (born 1965)."}
+{"id": "35535", "revid": "4767", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35535", "title": "Piemonte", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35540", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35540", "title": "Erotic", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35541", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35541", "title": "Eroticism", "text": "Eroticism is the quality of sexual excitement. In other words, if something is sexually exciting, then it is said to be \"erotic\". Eroticism is an \"erotic\" feeling. It is named after Eros, the Ancient Greek god of love.\nMany types of things can be part of \"eroticism\". Things that make a person feel erotic (sexually aroused or excited) include the sight, touch, smell, and sound of another person. A person may feel erotic when they see or touch or smell, or hear someone that they love in a sexual way. \nSometimes \"eroticism\" has nothing to do with another person. A person might feel erotic from watching a movie, looking at pictures in a magazine, listening to a piece of music, reading a story or article, or just thinking their own thoughts, or being aware of their own body. In fact, everything can be eroticism for someone.\nWhat makes eroticism?\nSome things are designed and made especially to make people feel erotic. Things that are designed to make people feel erotic are called \"erotica\". This word is most often used for art, books and magazines.\nEroticism and pornography.\nMost people believe there is a difference between \"erotica\" and \"pornography\", but some people have argued that all \"erotica\" is \"pornographic\". (In other words, some people believe that all pictures, movies or writing which are sexually exciting are rude and wrong, and should not be made.)\nPeople who have studied this subject say that erotica is not harmful to anyone, and may be helpful with people's loving relationships. The same writers say that pornography, which generally shows a person being treated without respect or love, is not helpful with people's loving relationships."}
+{"id": "35542", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35542", "title": "Tarantella", "text": "A Tarantella is a very fast dance in 6/8 time. The name comes from the town of Taranto in Italy. People used to believe that if someone was bitten by a tarantula spider they needed to do this dance in order to drive out the poison. The dancer would get more and more excited until he (or she) seemed mad.\nSome people think that maybe these people never really believed this, but that it was an excuse to dance at a time when the church said that dancing was not allowed. The spider is, in fact, only a little bit poisonous.\nSome composers enjoyed writing fast pieces in 6/8 time which they called \"Tarantella\". Mendelssohn wrote one as the last movement of his Symphony no 4 (the Italian). Chopin and Liszt also wrote Tarantellas."}
+{"id": "35568", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35568", "title": "Karol Jozef Wojtyla", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35588", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35588", "title": "Flag of Germany", "text": "The flag of Germany (German: \"Bundesflagge\") was adopted in its present form in 1919. It was readopted with the new constitution of 1949. It has three colours and is made of three equal horizontal bands coloured black (top), red, and gold (bottom).\nThe \"Dienstflagge\" or service flag is the version of the flag for government use. It has the national coat of arms in the centre. Ships of the German Navy use this flag with a triangle cut out of the end as an ensign.\nSome states use the national flag with the state coat of arms as a state flag, the black stands for determination, red for bravery and yellow for valour.\nHistory.\nThe modern Black-Red-Gold tricolour of German was first seen in the 1840s used \u2018officially\u2019 for the first time by the short lived between 1848 and 1849, It was readopted by the Weimar Republic in 1919 and then again in 1949 after the collapse of the Nazi Regime and the Occupation of Germany ended. It was used as is in the Federal German Republic, aka West Germany, and in East Germany a laurel of Wheat with a hammer and compass inside was placed over the tricolour. After reunion of Germany in 1990 the blank tricolour was used only and the eastern design was abandoned. Other types of German flags are flown in modern Germany by political groups, some far rightist and Neo-Fascists of Germany sometimes wave the Imperial German flag as the Swastika is banned. Although there is a small portion of people who fly it for a monarchist cause as well. Occasionally leftist Germans political groups fly the old Eastern German flag as well.\nNorth German Confederation and German Empire.\nThe German Empire and North German Confederation used a flag that was a tricolour of black white and red, dubbed the . First designed in 1867 the flag was based partially on the earlier flag of \nNazi Germany.\nUnder the Nazi government between 1933 and 1935 Germany used the Black, white and red Tricolour, resurrected from the flag of the German Empire. In 1935 Germany adopted a with a swastika on it, used between 1935 and 45. The red represented the ideals of the Nazi Movement while the white symbolised national ideals and thought. Based on the NDSAP party badge which contained a red circle with German text with a swastika in the middle. It is not legal to put up this flag in Germany now. There was an early prototype idea of the German flag which contained a cog around the white circle representing trade unions and the German people. The idea was never made official, just used as a symbol of the \nOccupied Germany.\nAfter the fall of the Nazis Germany was divided in four occupation zones, none having a flag, the commonly used merchant flag of Germany was used as a semi official flag being so recognisable. Dubbed the \u2018C-Pennant\u2019 It is a 5 striped flag, Blue stripes at the top and bottom, red in the middle and white between.\nEast and West Germany.\nAfter the unification for the British, French, and American occupation zones of Germany into the Federal German Republic they adapted the former Weimar flag for their republic, The east used a modified version with communist and socialist symbolisms included."}
+{"id": "35593", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35593", "title": "Ancona", "text": "Ancona ( (elbow)) is a \"comune\" and a seaport in the Marche region, in central Italy. Ancona is the capital of the province of Ancona and of the region.\nAncona is one of the main ports on the Adriatic Sea, especially for passenger traffic, and is the main economic and demographic centre of the region.\nGeography.\nAncona is on the Adriatic Sea. It is the center of the province and the capital of the region. The city is northeast of Rome. The town is between Monte Conero, Monte Astagno and Monte Guasco.\nThe \"comune\" borders with the following \"comuni\"\u02d0 Agugliano, Camerano, Camerata Picena, Falconara Marittima, Offagna, Osimo, Polverigi, Sirolo.\nClimate.\nThe climate in Ancona is an oceanic climate with template summers, Cfa (humid subtropical climate) in the K\u00f6ppen climate classification.\nThe average temperature for the year in Ancona is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .\nThe average amount of precipitation for the year in Ancona is . The month with the most precipitation on average is November with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is July with an average of .\nPopulation.\nThere are 100,696 persons living in the \"comune\" in 2017, for a population density of inhabitants/km\u00b2.\nEvolution of the population\nThe people from this \"comune\" are known, in Italian, as \"anconetani\" or \"anconitani\".\nBuildings.\nThere are also several fine late Gothic buildings, including the \"Palazzo Benincasa\", the \"Palazzo del Senato\" and the \"Loggia dei Mercanti\", all by Giorgio da Sebenico, and the \"Palazzo del Governo\", which has Renaissance additions.\nTwinned and partner towns.\nAncona is twinned with:"}
+{"id": "35594", "revid": "3441", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35594", "title": "Ascoli", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35595", "revid": "3441", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35595", "title": "Piceno", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35596", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35596", "title": "Fermo", "text": "Fermo () is a \"comune\" and city in the Marche region, in central Italy. Fermo is the capital of the province of Fermo.\nFermo is on a hill only a few miles from the coast of the Adriatic Sea. It is region with a high population density near seaports like Porto San Giorgio and Porto Sant'Elpidio.\nGeography.\nFermo is on a hill, the \"Sabulo\", high, at about from the Adriatic Sea. It has an area of and its altitude is .\nThe \"comune\" borders with the following \"comuni\"\u02d0 Altidona, Lapedona and Monterubbiano to the south; Ponzano di Fermo to the southwest; Grottazzolina, Magliano di Tenna and Rapagnano to the west; Torre San Patrizio to the northwest; Monte Urano, Sant'Elpidio a Mare and Porto Sant'Elpidio to the north. To the east is Porto San Giorgio and the Adriatic Sea.\nThe \"comune\" has two small exclaves\u02d0 the largest (\"Gabbiano\") has an area of and is surrounded by Mogliano (province of Macerata), Francavilla d'Ete, Massa Fermana and Montegiorgio; and the smallest (\"Boara\") has an area of and is surrounded by Montegiorgio, Magliano di Tenna, Grottazzolina and Belmonte Piceno.\n\"Frazioni\".\nThe following \"frazioni\" (hamlets) are part of Fermo\u02d0 Camera, Campiglione, Cantagallo, Casabianca, Capodarco, Cartiera di Tenna, Concerie, Contrada Boara, Ete Palazzina, Faleriense, Gabbiano, Girola, Lido di Fermo, Madonnetta d'Ete, Marina Palmense, Moie, Molini Tenna, Montesecco, Montone, Parete, Pompeiana, Ponte Ete Vivo, Sacri Cuori, Salette, Salvano, San Biagio, San Girolamo, San Lorenzo, San Marco, San Michele, Lido San Tommaso, Torre di Palme and Villa San Claudio.\nPopulation.\nThere are 37,396 persons living in the \"comune\" in 2017, for a population density of inhabitants/km\u00b2.\nEvolution of the population\nThe people from this \"comune\" are known, in Italian, as \"fermani\".\nTwinned towns.\nFermo is twinned with:"}
+{"id": "35597", "revid": "1680705", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35597", "title": "Macerata", "text": "Macerata is a city and \"comune\" in the Marche region, central Italy. It is the capital of the province of Macerata.\nThe football team is A.C. Maceratese. They play in the D League.\nGeography.\nThe historical city centre is on a hill between the Chienti and Potenza rivers. The \"comune\" of Macerata has an area of and its altitude is .\nMacerata borders with the \"comuni\" Corridonia, Montecassiano, Pollenza, Appignano, Treia, Montelupone, Morrovalle, Recanati and Tolentino (a small part).\n\"Frazioni\".\nThe following \"frazioni\" (hamlets) are part of Macerata\u02d0 Acquesalate, Acquevive, Botonto San Giacomo, Botonto Sant'Isidoro, Cervare, Cimarella, Cincinelli, Collevario, Colleverde, Consalvi, Corneto, Helvia Recina, Isola, Madonna del Monte, Montanello, Piediripa, Sforzacosta, Valle, Vallebona, Valteia, Villa Potenza.\nPopulation.\nThere are 42,209 persons living in the \"comune\" in 2017, for a population density of inhabitants/km\u00b2.\nEvolution of the population\nThe people from this \"comune\" are known, in Italian, as \"maceratesi\".\nTwinned towns.\nMacerata is twinned with:"}
+{"id": "35598", "revid": "5804", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35598", "title": "Pesaro e Urbino", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35599", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35599", "title": "Administer", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35600", "revid": "194740", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35600", "title": "AscoliPiceno", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35601", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35601", "title": "Ban", "text": "A ban is an action used to stop people from doing something, either bad or dangerous. Ban can also be made on products. For example, Singapore, a country, bans chewing gum. Ban may sometimes be made on the Internet, where an administrator or a moderator with higher powers than other members can stop vandals from causing harm to others. Sometimes, users of a website say that moderators or administrators have banhammers that they use to ban bad users."}
+{"id": "35602", "revid": "194734", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35602", "title": "Ascoli - Piceno", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35603", "revid": "10205039", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35603", "title": "Osama", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35609", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35609", "title": "Usa", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35610", "revid": "711100", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35610", "title": "Neurology", "text": "Neurology is a medical specialty that deals with the disorders of the nervous system. Neurology is about the medical diagnosis and treatment of conditions and illnesses of the nervous system. This can include both the physical condition of the brain, nerves, and brain messages between the body and the nervous system. Neurological practice relies heavily on the field of neurobiology, which is the scientific study of the nervous system.\nWorld Federation of Neurology coordinates neurology researches.\nNeurology also references to animals, not only to humans.\nSome common neurological conditions.\nThese conditions are usually treated by a neurologist."}
+{"id": "35614", "revid": "499082", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35614", "title": "Steve Irwin", "text": "Stephen Robert Irwin (22 February 1962 \u2013 4 September 2006) was an Australian zookeeper, television personality, wildlife expert, environmentalist, and conservationist. He was famous for the television program \"The Crocodile Hunter\", a well-known real-life animal program that he made with his wife Terri Irwin. Irwin's character and adventures on his program made him an international star.\nEarly years.\nIrwin's mother and father were Lyn and Bob Irwin was born in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The family moved to Queensland in 1970, when Irwin was 8. Bob Irwin was very interested in reptiles (a type of animal that includes snakes and crocodiles). When the family moved, Bob and Lyn Irwin started the small \"Queensland Reptile and Fauna Park\". Irwin lived there until he became an adult.\nIrwin worked in his family's park when he was nine: feeding the animals, and taking care of the grounds. He began working with crocodiles when he was nine, and became a crocodile-trapper (someone who traps crocodiles without killing them) when he was older. Irwin trapped crocodiles that were near places where people lived, and kept them for the park. He also worked for free for the Queensland Government's \"East Coast Crocodile Management program\".\nRise to fame.\nIrwin became head of the park in 1991 and changed the name to \"Australia Zoo\". In 1992, at the Zoo, he met and married Terri Raines. As part of the marriage event, Irwin and his wife went on a journey to trap crocodiles. The journey was recorded for television and became the first part of the television show \"The Crocodile Hunter\". This show made Irwin famous. \"The Crocodile Hunter\" has been seen by people in 120 countries across the world, and has a large number of fans (people who like it very much) in the UK and Australia. He made his fame wrestling crocodiles and other reptiles\nIrwin made the zoo larger by adding the \"Animal Planet Crocoseum\", a place where rainforest birds can be seen, and the \"Tiger Temple\". He also started the \"World Wildlife Warriors\" (which was named the \"Steve Irwin Conservation Foundation\"), an organisation that tries to preserve rare animals that are in danger of dying out.\nIn 2003, one of the locomotives on \"The Ghan\", the Adelaide to Darwin railway was named the \"Steve Irwin\".\nDeath.\nAt about 11:00\u00a0a.m. Australian eastern standard time (01:00 UTC) on 4 September 2006, Irwin was struck in the chest by the tail of a stingray (a large sea animal) while snorkeling (a way of swimming using a tube to help you breathe under water) in Batt Reef, near Port Douglas in Queensland, Australia. He died from the wound. At the time, Irwin was being recorded for a television show, \"The Ocean's Deadliest\". Bad weather had stopped recording and Irwin took the time to record some different pictures for another program. Irwin's friend, John Stainton, was on Irwin's boat. Stainton says Irwin swam too near to one of the animals - \"He came on top of the stingray and the stingray's barb \"(a point on the stingrays' tail)\" went up and into his chest and put a hole into his heart\". His wife (Terri Irwin) did not find out about his death until a few hours later because she was trekking in Tasmania."}
+{"id": "35616", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35616", "title": "Karlstad", "text": "Karlstad is a city in V\u00e4rmland, Sweden. About 58,544 people live there. Karlstad has a University and a Cathedral."}
+{"id": "35639", "revid": "680", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35639", "title": "Hari Raya", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35648", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35648", "title": "2003UB313", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35649", "revid": "4919", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35649", "title": "Long", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35650", "revid": "4919", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35650", "title": "Short", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35655", "revid": "731605", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35655", "title": "Search and seizure", "text": "Search and seizure is an act that police and other law enforcement authorities are allowed to do. It is when they search a place for evidence of a crime. If they find that evidence, they may take it. They usually knock the door down with a search warrant. Warrants are a document stating that the government has permission to go into a building due to found evidence."}
+{"id": "35656", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35656", "title": "Impulse (physics)", "text": "In classical mechanics, an impulse is defined as the integral of a force with respect to time:\nwhere\nImpulse is also described as the change in momentum. If the force and the mass of the object do not change, impulse can be simply expressed as:\nwhere"}
+{"id": "35663", "revid": "4899", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35663", "title": "ASL", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35667", "revid": "4580", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35667", "title": "Battle of hastings", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35670", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35670", "title": "Ruler", "text": "A ruler (or 'rule') is an instrument of measurement. Rulers measure length. Length is how long or short something is. Most rulers work by having numbers (parallel to the measuring edge) and little lines (perpendicular to the measuring edge). Rulers can also be used as a straight edge to draw lines with.\nRulers come in many different forms. They can be made of plastic, wood and metal, and other materials. Rulers also come in a variety of lengths. For example, there are 1 metre rulers, 30 centimetre rulers, 20 centimetre rulers and 15 centimetre rulers. These are examples of metric rulers. You can also get 1 yard rulers, 18 inch rulers and 6 inch rulers, etc. These are examples of imperial rulers."}
+{"id": "35685", "revid": "8592454", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35685", "title": "Mutation", "text": "In biology, a mutation is a change in the genetic material. This means changes to the DNA or to the chromosomes which carry the DNA. These changes are heritable (can be passed on to the next generation) unless they have lethal effects.\nMutations can happen for several reasons. It can happen because of errors when \"meiosis\" produces the gametes (eggs & sperms). Damage by radiation, or by certain chemicals may cause mutations. Mutations occur at random.\nAlso, by derivation, an individual carrying the mutation may be called a mutant or a \"mutation\". So is the trait (character) most obviously affected by the mutation.\nTypes of mutation.\nDNA mutations.\nWhen DNA is copied mistakes are sometimes made \u2013 these are called mutations. There are four main types of mutations:\nChromosome mutations.\nThese terms are explained in the third diagram.\nResults of mutation.\nMutations may be bad for the organism, or neutral, or benefit the organism. Sometimes mutations are fatal for the organism \u2013 the protein made by the 'new' DNA does not work at all, and causing the embryo to die. On the other hand, evolution is moved forward by mutations, when the new version of the protein works better for the organism.\nMutations are the ultimate source of variation, upon which \"natural selection\" acts. What happens is that some mutations affect the organism's ability to live and reproduce. This is an important part of the theory of evolution. The amount of heritable variation carried by a population can be huge, and as a result natural populations can change and adapt to conditions in their environment."}
+{"id": "35693", "revid": "4901991", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35693", "title": "S\u00f6dermanland", "text": "S\u00f6dermanland is a province of Sweden. A part of Stockholm is in S\u00f6dermanland."}
+{"id": "35696", "revid": "76800", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35696", "title": "Dalarna", "text": "Dalarna, Dalercarlia or the Dales is a province in Sweden. The province was part of Svealand before Sweden was consolidated in the 11th century."}
+{"id": "35697", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35697", "title": "H\u00e4lsingland", "text": "H\u00e4lsingland is a province of Sweden."}
+{"id": "35726", "revid": "1248114", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35726", "title": "Stingray", "text": "The stingrays are a large suborder of the rays. They are cartilaginous fish related to sharks. They are in the suborder Myliobatoidei of the order Myliobatiformes, which consists of nine families.\nMost stingrays have one or more barbed stings on the tail, which is used \"only\" for self-defence. The sting may reach about 35\u00a0cm, and its underside has two grooves with venom glands. The sting is covered with a thin layer of skin, the sheath, in which the venom is held. A few members of the suborder, such as the manta rays and the porcupine ray, do not have stings.\nStingrays are common in coastal tropical and subtropical marine waters throughout the world. There are species in warm temperate oceans, and some found in the ocean. Some live in fresh water. Most stingrays live at or near the bottom of the water, but some are pelagic.\nLifestyle.\nStingrays settle on the bottom while feeding, often leaving only their eyes and tail visible. Coral reefs are favorite feeding grounds and are usually shared with sharks during high tide.\nThe flattened bodies of stingrays allow them to hide themselves. Stingrays agitate the sand and hide beneath it. Their eyes are on top of their bodies and their mouths on the undersides. Stingrays use smell and electro-receptors (like those of sharks) to find their prey.\nStingrays feed mostly on molluscs, crustaceans, and occasionally on small fish. Some stingrays' mouths have two powerful, shell-crushing plates, while other species have sucking mouthparts that bring in the plankton.\nReproduction.\nStingrays are ovoviviparous, bearing live young in 'litters' of five to thirteen. The female holds the embryos in the womb without a placenta. Instead, the embryos absorb nutrients from a yolk sac, and after the sac is depleted, the mother provides uterine 'milk'.\nAt the Sea Life London Aquarium two female stingrays have delivered seven baby stingrays, although the mothers have not been near a male for two years. \"Rays have been known to store sperm and not give birth until they decide the timing is right\".\nLike all fish, stingrays get little parasites (such as flukes or copepods) on their gills or body. A cleaner fish helps the stingrays by eating the parasites it can get at.\nFamilies.\nThere are eight families in the stingray group. They are:"}
+{"id": "35729", "revid": "191262", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35729", "title": "Bellybutton", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35735", "revid": "1516997", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35735", "title": "Sergei Rachmaninoff", "text": "Sergei Vasilievich Rachmaninoff (; pronounced rahk-MAH-nin-off) was a famous Russian composer and pianist. He was born on April 1, 1873 (N.S.) and passed away from a melanoma on March 28, 1943. Because the Russian language uses an alternative alphabet, his name is sometimes spelled in different ways in English (\u201cSergei\u201d or \u201cSergey\u201d, and \u201cRachmaninoff\u201d, \u201cRachmaninov\u201d, \u201cRakhmaninov\u201d or \u201cRakhmaninoff\u201d). \"Sergei Rachmaninoff\" is the way he spelled his own name when he resided in the United States.\nRachmaninoff is widely considered to be one of the greatest pianists of the 20th century. He could play extremely difficult compositions and had very large hands, enabling him to play chords with notably large stretches. It has been said that he could play a 13th. Rachmaninoff was also a very tall man for the time in which he lived, standing at approximately . Rachmaninoff is considered to be a superb composer, writing very well in the Romantic style, even though he lived most of his adult life in the 1900s (whereas the Romantic style period is usually said to have ended around 1910). His music is characterized by vivid, lyrical melodies that are highly memorable. His piano compositions are among the most difficult to play on the keyboard.\nLife.\nRachmaninoff was born in Semyonovo, near Novgorod in the north-west of Russia. Members of his family were said to be important people who had been in the service of the tsars of Russia. Rachmaninoff\u2019s parents played the piano. They arranged for him to take piano lessons in Saint Petersburg and then Moscow.\nWhile he was still a student, Rachmaninoff wrote a short opera called \"Aleko\". He also wrote some piano pieces including a \"Prelude in C sharp minor,\" characterised by loud, heavy chords. This specific piece later became extremely famous and is still very popular today. Interestingly, it was said that Rachmaninoff used to feel \u201cfed up\u201d with people asking him to play the piece.\nNot all of his music was well-liked at first. The critics thought that his \"First Symphony\" was of poor quality. This may have been because the orchestra played it so badly that some of Rachmaninoff's friends thought the conductor was drunk, yet the reaction from the general public contributed to Rachmaninoff composing a lot less for a while afterwards. After some years of feeling depressed, he wrote his \"Second Piano Concerto.\" The general reception to this piece was positive and it became very well-liked. It is now one of his most popular compositions.\nRachmaninoff later became happier. He was permitted to marry a woman named Natalia Satina after years of engagement, during which the Russian Orthodox Church did not want them to be married. The political conditions within Russia at this time were tense, so Rachmaninoff lived in Germany and Italy for a period of time. After the Russian Revolution of 1917, he decided to leave his country of birth and never returned.\nRachmaninoff had been very successful with his \"Third Piano Concerto\" in the United States, so he went to embark upon living in the United States in 1918. Russia had since become the Soviet Union, and for many years Rachmaninoff\u2019s music was not accepted nor allowed to be performed there. This worried him a lot whilst he was in the United States and he often felt homesick. Rachmaninoff did not write very much music during the rest of his life residing in the United States. However, one piece that did become very popular was \"Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini,\" which he wrote in Switzerland in 1934. Sadly, in March 1943, Rachmaninoff passed away as a result of a melanoma in Beverly Hills, California.\nMusic.\nRachmaninoff\u2019s piano music is mostly difficult to play. He wrote many short pieces called preludes, and some studies which are considered to be very hard. As well as the \"Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini\" he wrote four piano concertos. The Second and Third are very popular today, as is his \"Second Symphony\". The second concerto reaches the lowest C on the piano, making it one of the lowest pieces of music (this is lower than a bass, which goes down to D).\nHe wrote some very beautiful choral music which includes a piece for choir and orchestra called \"The Bells\" and a very long, religious work called the \"All-Night Vigil\" (sometimes called the \"Vespers\").\nHe wrote some chamber music including a cello sonata.\nThere are several excellent recordings of Rachmaninoff playing his own music. Most of these are available now on CD reissues."}
+{"id": "35740", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35740", "title": "Rachmaninoff", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35741", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35741", "title": "Rakhmaninov", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35743", "revid": "9207085", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35743", "title": "Turbot", "text": "The turbot (\"Scophthalmus maximus\") is a relatively large flatfish found in the Atlantic, Baltic Sea and the Mediterranean Sea.\nTurbot are fished for food, and have a delicate flavour. They are farmed in a number of countries, and are quite expensive in restaurants.\nWhen caught, professional fishermen often make small cuts through the bone near the tailfin. This lets the blood out and keeps the meat white. Storing the Turbot upside down also helps in keeping the underside of the fish white."}
+{"id": "35744", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35744", "title": "William Gallas", "text": "William Gallas (born 17 August 1977) is a French football player. He plays for Arsenal in England. He plays as a Defender.\nBefore joining Arsenal, Gallas has played for Olympique Marseille of France and Chelsea of England. He also played for France in the 2006 World Cup, winning the runner-up. In 2006, he turned to join Arsenal.\nClub career statistics.\n118||2||||||||||||||118||2\n234||21||8||1||1||0||23||3||266||25\n351||23||8||1||1||0||23||3||383||27\nInternational career statistics.\n!Total||84||4"}
+{"id": "35745", "revid": "10242962", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35745", "title": "Ruud van Nistelrooy", "text": "Ruud Van Nistelrooy (born 1 July 1976) is a Dutch retired professional football player who has played for the Netherlands national team. He is the fourth-highest goalscorer in UEFA Champions League history with 56 goals. He played for Manchester United until 2006, where he has the record for being the club's top scorer in European competition. Van Nistelrooy last played for Hamburger SV. He retired on 13 May 2012\nHonours.\nPlayer.\nPSV\nManchester United\nReal Madrid\nIndividual\nManager.\nPSV"}
+{"id": "35748", "revid": "4964", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35748", "title": "Ruud Van Nistelrooy", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35750", "revid": "10479972", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35750", "title": "Rosa Parks", "text": "Rosa Louise McCauley Parks (February 3, 1913 \u2013 October 24, 2005) was an African-American civil rights activist. She was called \"the mother of the Modern-Day American civil rights movement\" and \"the mother of the freedom movement\". \nOn December 1, 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama, Parks was told to give up her seat on the bus for a white man. She refused to move, and was arrested for breaking segregation laws. Parks was a member of the local chapter of National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) and had prepared for this act of civil disobedience.\nThis was a crucial moment in the Civil Rights Movement. Parks' arrest led to the influential Montgomery bus boycott, which lasted 381 days. The boycott was successful: the law changed to allow black people to sit anywhere they wanted on the bus. \nParks' arrest was an important symbol in the campaign against racial segregation. It inspired many African-American people to stand up and fight against racism and discrimination. Her actions sparked a fire that helped lead to great changes. \nEarly years.\nRosa Parks was born in Montgomery, Alabama, on February 4, 1913. Her parents were James and Leona McCauley. She was mainly of African ancestry. One of her great-grandfathers was Scots-Irish and went to Charleston, South Carolina as an indentured servant.\nHer father left home to find work when Rosa was 2 years old. Her mother taught school in another town. Rosa and her brother Sylvester were brought up by their grandparents.\nEducation.\nRosa started school in 1919 when she was 6 years old. At that time, schools were segregated. There were black schools and white schools. Later, Parks remembered how buses took white students to their school, but black students had to walk to theirs:\n\"I'd see the bus pass every day... But to me, that was a way of life; we had no choice but to accept what was the custom. The bus was among the first ways I realized there was a black world and a white world.\"\nIn 1924 she went to the Montgomery Industrial School for Girls in Montgomery, Alabama. After 5 years, she left school and went to work in a shirt factory. She also took care of her grandmother.\nCivil rights work.\nCivil disobedience.\nOn December 1, 1955, Parks got onto a city bus to go home after work. At that time in the American South, segregation was the law, so the bus had different seating sections for white people and black people. The black seating was in the back of the bus, but even there, black passengers were required to give up their seats for white passengers if there were not enough \"white\" seats. \nParks was seated in the black section, but when white passengers needed seats, the bus driver ordered her and three other black people to give up their seats so the white people could sit down. The other three moved to the back of the bus, but Parks slid over to the window. She refused to move and said she was following the law by sitting in the right section.\nParks was breaking Alabama's bus laws, which required segregation, and she knew she could be arrested. However, she later said, \"I thought of Emmett Till and I just couldn't go back.\" (Till was a black 14-year-old who was brutally lynched in Mississippi about three months earlier after whistling at a white woman.)\nThe driver stopped the bus and called the police. Parks was arrested for violating Alabama's bus laws. \nHer mother called upon Edgar Nixon to bail her out. Nixon was the president of the local NAACP chapter. Nixon knew the danger Parks was in and immediately arranged her bail.\nBus boycott.\n\"See the main article: Montgomery bus boycott\"\nThe local NAACP had been looking for a test case to challenge the bus segregation laws. They thought Parks was a good fit. She was a respected, well-spoken working woman, and the group decided her case would be a good way to challenge the law. They decided to start a boycott of all the buses in Montgomery on December 5 - the same day Parks had to appear in court.\nThroughout the black community, word spread about the boycott plans. Black ministers told their congregations to support the boycott. On December 5, the streets of Montgomery were filled with black people walking to work. Black children walked to school. \nThat same morning, all Montgomery buses were assigned two motorcycle policemen to guard against any black gangs intimidating riders. There were none. The black community simply cooperated with the boycott. White passengers fearing trouble stayed off the buses as well, so they remained empty all day.\nParks was charged with disorderly conduct as well as violating the bus laws. Her trial was quick - only about 30 minutes long. The court found her guilty of all charges and fined her $14. \n\"Browder v. Gayle\".\nParks appealed her conviction. Her attorney, Fred Gray, and others in the NAACP brought an appeal named \"Browder v. Gayle\". The appeals court ruled on June 19, 1956 in favor of the black citizens of Montgomery. The city appealed the decision, but September 13, 1956, the Supreme Court of the United States upheld the original court ruling.\nThe bus boycott ended. It had lasted 381 days. Black citizens of Montgomery could ride the buses and sit where they chose. Rosa Parks rode the bus again on December 21, 1956. This time it was an integrated bus. Ironically, she had the same bus driver who had her arrested the year before. In an interview, Parks said \"He didn't react [pause] and neither did I\".\nAfter the boycott.\nAfter Parks' conviction, the boycott continued. It lasted 381 days, until the city agreed to end segregation on public buses.\nParks was a heroine of the black community. However, after the boycott, she experienced many difficulties. She lost her job at a department store. Her husband was forced to quit his job.\nIn 1957, Parks and her husband left Montgomery for Hampton, Virginia to find work. In Hampton, Parks found a job as a hostess in an inn at Hampton Institute, a historically black college. Later, Parks and her husband moved to Detroit, Michigan. \nContinued activism.\nParks continued her activism. For years, she worked for United States Congressman John Conyers. After that, she fought apartheid in South Africa. She also opened a center in Detroit that gave advice to black youth about careers and job opportunities.\nCongressional Gold Medal.\nIn 1999, President Bill Clinton awarded Parks a Congressional Gold Medal. This is the United States' highest honor (its most important award) for civilians. When he gave her the award, President Clinton said: \n\"We must never ever, when this ceremony is over, forget about the power of ordinary people to stand in the fire for the cause of the human dignity.\" \nDeath.\nParks died from dementia on October 24, 2005 at her home in Detroit. On October 30, her casket lay in state in the United States Capitol. This is a great honor for people in the United States. She was buried at Woodland Cemetery, in Detroit, Michigan. "}
+{"id": "35753", "revid": "1637628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35753", "title": "Euler's identity", "text": "Euler's identity, sometimes called Euler's equation, is this equation:\nformula_1\nIt features the following mathematical constants:\nIt also features three of the basic mathematical operations: addition, multiplication and exponentiation.\nEuler's identity is named after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler. It is not clear that he invented it himself.\nRespondents to a \"Physics World\" poll called the identity \"the most profound mathematical statement ever written\", \"uncanny and sublime\", \"filled with cosmic beauty\" and \"mind-blowing\".\nMathematical proof of Euler's Identity using Taylor Series.\nMany equations can be written as a series of terms added together. This is called a Taylor series.\nThe exponential function formula_8 can be written as the Taylor series\nformula_9\nAs well, the sine function can be written as\nformula_10\nand cosine as\nformula_11\nHere, we see a pattern take form. formula_12 seems to be a sum of sine and cosine's Taylor series, except with all of the signs changed to positive. The identity we are actually proving is formula_13.\nSo, on the left side is formula_14, whose Taylor series is formula_15\nWe can see a pattern here, that every second term is \"i\" times sine's terms, and that the other terms are cosine's terms.\nOn the right side is formula_16, whose Taylor series is the Taylor series of cosine, plus \"i\" times the Taylor series of sine, which can be shown as:\nformula_17\nif we add these together, we have\nformula_15\nTherefore,\nformula_13\nNow, if we replace x with formula_2, we have:\nformula_21\nSince we know that formula_22 and formula_23, we have:\nwhich is the statement of Euler's identity."}
+{"id": "35761", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35761", "title": "Hideki T\u014dj\u014d", "text": "Hideki T\u014dj\u014d (30 December 1884 \u2013 23 December 1948) was the Prime Minister of Japan during most of World War II.\nHideki T\u014dj\u014d was born on 30 December 1884 in Tokyo, Japan. He was the third son of a lieutenant general in the Imperial Japanese Army named Hidenori T\u014dj\u014d. T\u014dj\u014d had two older brothers but they died before he was born. \nIn 1909, he married a woman named Katsuko Ito and he had seven children with her: three sons and four daughters.\nIn the late 1930s, Hideki T\u014dj\u014d fought in the Second Sino-Japanese War, leading Japanese forces in occupied Manchuria. He returned to Tokyo in 1940 and held ministerial posts, where he urged an alliance with Germany and Italy against the Allied forces. Tojo became Prime Minister in 1941 and within two months ordered a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor planned by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto. He followed it with a declaration of war against the United States, Britain, and the Netherlands. \nAfter Japan surrendered, American troops went to arrest Tojo and surrounded his house. He shot himself four times in the chest, but missed and the bullets hit his stomach. Disarmed and with blood gushing out of his chest, Tojo began to talk. He said, \"I am very sorry it is taking me so long to die. The Greater East Asia War was justified and righteous. I am very sorry for the nation and all the races of the Greater Asiatic powers. I wait for the righteous judgment of history. I wished to commit suicide but sometimes that fails.\" \nAfter his injuries healed, the Allies found Tojo guilty of war crimes and hanged him in Tokyo on 23 December 1948."}
+{"id": "35774", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35774", "title": "Helarctos malayanus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35775", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35775", "title": "Ursus malayanus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35778", "revid": "191582", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35778", "title": "Microbat", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35784", "revid": "507729", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35784", "title": "Trentino", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35785", "revid": "465539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35785", "title": "Trentino-Alto Adige Sudtirol", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35786", "revid": "191606", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35786", "title": "Zoological park", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35789", "revid": "642202", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35789", "title": "SuSE Linux", "text": "SUSE is a main version of a Linux distribution, produced in Germany and owned by Attachmate Group. SUSE is also a founding member of the Desktop Linux Consortium. Starting from version \"10.2 Alpha 3\" its official name is openSUSE. The current mascot of SUSE is a chameleon called \"Geeko\".\nHistory.\nThe SUSE Linux distribution was originally a German translation of Slackware Linux. The Slackware distribution was founded by Peter MacDonald, and was the first distribution to contain X and TCP/IP. S.u.S.E was founded in 1992 as a UNIX speaking group, which among other things regularly released software packages that included SLS and Slackware, and printed UNIX/Linux manuals. In 1994 the group released the first CD version of SLS/Slackware, under the name \"S.u.S.E Linux 1.0.\" Then in 1996, SuSE Linux gained many aspects from Red Hat Linux. The name \"SUSE Linux\" came in September 2003.\nOn 4 November 2003, Novell announced it would buy SuSE. They planned to release the administration program YaST2 under the GPL license and add a community project, openSUSE. The openSUSE desktop environment can be GNOME or KDE. Most parts of the program were \"open\"\u2014not completely, but more than before. The version \"10.0\" was the first version that had public beta testing. The philosophy changed from before. There were multiple versions of the \"10.0\" Linux distribution for download. They are \"OSS\" (completely open source), with all programs \"free\" and without proprietary softwares, and \"eval\" (has both open source and proprietary applications)."}
+{"id": "35792", "revid": "1171648", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35792", "title": "Laissez-faire", "text": "Laissez-faire is an economic and political philosophy. It is from a French phrase that means to \"allow to do\". It means that government does not interfere (to take part in something) with business and economy. Decisions of Finance and trade are made by each person. In laissez faire, each person does things for their own good - for example, a person might sell for gaining money. A person may buy for their gain of a product. It is an idea that unregulated competition in business is the best path to progress - that the government should not interfere with the economy. People who support laissez-faire believe that a free and unregulated market creates a natural balance between supply and demand. The phrase may have come from the 18th century.\nHistory.\nAncient China - The Beginning.\nIn Ancient China, there were three schools of political thought. Taoism was the idea that the government should not interfere with the economy. Legalism included the belief that the state should be in control. They created the traditional Chinese bureaucratic empire. Confucianism was similar to both ideologies, however was closer to Legalism than Taoism.\nMercantilism.\nIn the 1600s, the mercantilist Thomas Mun spread the idea that for a country to be rich, it needs to export more, and import less. This led to people favouring protectionism. In Britain, the Corn Laws of 1815 placed high tariffs on imported corn. This made it harder for people to buy corn from other countries, and want to buy corn from their own country. This protected British farmers and land owners. However, Adam Smith and other economists began to spread the idea of laissez faire. The Corn Laws were later ended, and laissez faire was favoured instead. \nAfter Mercantilism.\nThe End of Mercantilism.\nDuring the 19th century, laissez faire developed as a social and economic philosophy. The physiocrats, including Francois Quesnay, helped end mercantilism. Books, for example 'The Wealth of Nations' by Scottish philosopher Adam Smith, and 'Principals of Political Economy' by John Stuart Mill made laissez faire popular. It was believed that when the government interferes with business, it was harmful at worst and ineffective at best. Socially, it was believed that the government interfering to help the poor was harmful because it made them lazy and dependent on the government. Economically, there was a argument at this time in Europe and the United States over whether free trade or tariffs was better for economic growth.\n19th-20th Century.\nIn the late 1800s, laissez faire lost popularity. Industries were growing quickly, so laissez faire was not useful. In the early 1900s, the Great Depression happened. The economist John Maynard Keynes said that the government had to interfere with the economy for the economy to recover - this opposed laissez faire. However, in the late 1900s, the American economist Milton Friedman made laissez faire popular again. "}
+{"id": "35809", "revid": "18539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35809", "title": "Walter Moers", "text": "Walter Moers (born 24 May 1957 in M\u00f6nchengladbach, Germany) is one of the best-known and most commercially successful German comic book creators and authors."}
+{"id": "35811", "revid": "18539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35811", "title": "Dorothy Metcalf-Lindenburger", "text": "Dorothy Marie \"Dottie\" Metcalf-Lindenburger (born on May 2, 1975 in Colorado Springs, Colorado) is an American astronaut. She works for NASA.\nShe is married to Jason Metcalf-Lindenburger, who was a 7th grade school teacher at the time.\nNASA experience.\nMetcalf-Lindenburger was selected by NASA in May 2004 and began training. Astronaut Candidate Training includes tours, many scientific and technical meetings, much learning about the Shuttle and International Space Station systems, physiological training, T-38 flight training, and water and wilderness survival training. \nShe successfully finished this training in February 2006. This qualified her as a NASA Astronaut."}
+{"id": "35824", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35824", "title": "Worker", "text": "A worker is a person who does a job. This usually means a person who does manual labour, like manufacturing goods. In economics there are three factors of production. These are \"labour\" (the work done by workers), land (usually people need some space to produce something), and capital (it will cost resources, or money, to produce something).\nPeople who work, usually get paid for the work they do. This is either called wages (if it is bound to a time period, like an hour), or a salary (if it is independent of the time taken). \nMay Day is an international holiday for workers' rights."}
+{"id": "35833", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35833", "title": "Actinium", "text": "Actinium is chemical element 89 on the periodic table. Its symbol is Ac. Actinium's mass is 227 g/mol. \nActinium is a silver radioactive, solid metal in actinide group. It is so radioactive that it glows in the dark. Even a small amount of actinium is dangerous to people.\nHistory.\nActinium was discovered in 1899 by Andr\u00e9-Louis Debierne, a French chemist. In 1899, Debierne described the substance as similar to titanium and (in 1900) as similar to thorium.\nProperties.\nActinium is a soft, silvery-white, radioactive metal. Its estimated shear modulus is similar to that of lead. Because its strong radioactivity, actinium glows in the dark with a pale blue light.\nActinium reacts quickly with oxygen and moisture in air forming a white coating of actinium oxide that stops the actinium from oxidizing.\nIsotopes.\nActinium that is found in nature is made up of two radionuclides 227Ac and 228Ac. Thirty-six radionuclides of actinium have been found. The most stable is 227Ac which has a half-life of 21.772 years. The shortest-lived known isotope of actinium is 217Ac which has a half-life of 69 nanoseconds.\nOccurence.\nActinium is only found in trace amounts in uranium ores. For example, one tonne of uranium ore contains about 0.2 milligrams of 227Ac. Thorium ores contain about 5 nanograms of 228Ac per one tonne of thorium.\nUses.\n225Ac is now being studied for use in cancer treatments. 227Ac is studied for use as an active element of radioisotope thermoelectric generators. 225Ac is used in medicine to make 213Bi in a reusable generator. It can be used in radiation therapy."}
+{"id": "35835", "revid": "8815898", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35835", "title": "Alyson Michalka", "text": "Alyson Renee \"Aly\" Michalka (born March 25, 1989) is an American actress and musician. She works with Disney Channel and takes part in duo group 78violet with her sister, Amanda Michalka. She is most well known for playing the part of Keely Teslow on the Disney series Phil of the Future.\nEarly life.\nAlyson Michalka was born in Torrance, California, United States on March 25, 1989 to Mark Michalka and Carrie Begley-Michalka. She was raised mostly in the city of Seattle, Washington. She has two dogs named Saint and Bandit.\nLater life.\nShe began to be home schooled. She started acting for Disney Channel on \"Phil of the Future\", then began her singing career. She says on \"Disney 411\" that she started playing guitar with her sister at the ages of 12 and 10. She lives in a multimillion-dollar California mansion.\nMusical career.\nMichalka has been singing since her sister was able to speak and sing. Then, for the movie \"Now You See It...\" her sister and she started a band and created a music video called \"Do You Believe In Magic?\". The band is called 78violet. Then they left Disney Channel to \"take off\" with their musical career.\nActing career.\nSoon she started acting for Disney Channel in the show \"Phil of the Future\", which she had quit in 2006. She has been seen in many movies, outside of Disney channel, she worked with WB and NBC with TV dramas with her sister. She was most known for playing \"Keely Teslow\" in \"Phil of the Future\" on Disney Channel, though now has gained popularity being in a band. She has been in other Disney Channel productions like \"Now You See It...\" and \"Cow Belles\". She is half of the musical duo 78violet, with her sister."}
+{"id": "35836", "revid": "10468889", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35836", "title": "Phil of the Future", "text": "Phil of the Future is an American comedy children's television series. It was produced by 2121 Productions (a part of Brookwell McNamara Entertainment). It was first shown on June 18, 2004 on the Disney Channel, and ended on August 19, 2006 as part of the Disney Channel Games. Stars of the show include Ricky Ullman (Phil Diffy), Amy Bruckner (Pim Diffy), and Alyson Michalka (Keely Teslow). The last episode was shown in the United States on August 19, 2006."}
+{"id": "35839", "revid": "10124702", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35839", "title": "Brenda Song", "text": "Brenda Song (born March 27, 1988) is an American actress. She is also a former child model. Song was first famous for her appearances on the Disney Channel. She was a regular part on \"The Suite Life of Zack and Cody\". Her character was noted as one of the Disney Channel's longest continuous characters. In 2010, she moved into mainstream movies and TV. These included \"Changeland\", \"Angry Angel\", and \"Station 19\".\nBiography.\nEarly years.\nBrenda Song was born in Carmichael, California to a Hmong American father and a Thai American mother. Song has two younger brothers, Timmy and Nathan. Brenda Song holds a black belt in Taekwondo and was named an All-American Scholar in ninth grade.\nCareer.\nBrenda Song began acting and modeling at age 6. She also played a very minor role in a skit on MADtv.\nOne of Song's more notable acting roles is her portrayal of London Tipton in the Disney Channel Original Series \"The Suite Life of Zack and Cody\" (along with Ashley Tisdale and twins Cole and Dylan Sprouse). She later continued this role in the spin-off \"The Suite Life on Deck\". She also played a recurring role as Tia in the Disney Channel Original Series \"Phil of the Future\". Song had minor guest appearances on both \"That's So Raven\" and \".\nSong had her first starring role in 2006 in the movie \".\nIn 2010, Song was part of the main cast of \"The Social Network\". This marked her entry into mainstream movies and TV.\nIn 2012, Song starred in the short film \"First Kiss\" along with her \"Social Network\" costar Joseph Mazzello.\nIn 2017, Song was cast in Freeform's movie, \"Angry Angel\".\nIn January 2019, Song was cast in a starring role in the Hulu television series \"Dollface\" alongside Kat Dennings.\nPersonal.\nShe has received a black belt in one martial arts and had used her skills in the Disney Channel movie, \"\".\nIn 2017, Song began a relationship with actor Macaulay Culkin. They have a son together named Dakota, born in 2021."}
+{"id": "35843", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35843", "title": "Pascal triangle", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35844", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35844", "title": "Racket", "text": "Racket might mean:"}
+{"id": "35845", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35845", "title": "Pacal triangle", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35847", "revid": "7821238", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35847", "title": "Guide dog", "text": "Guide dogs are dogs trained to help blind or vision impaired people live on their own. They are sometimes called \"Seeing Eye\" dogs. Guide dogs are one type of assistance animals, which are animals trained to help people with a disability to lead more complete lives.\nThe blind person (sometimes called a \"handler\") and the dog need to work together. Both the dog and the handler must take special training to learn how to work as a team. The handler needs to let the guide dog know the direction they want to go. The dog can lead the person around things that may be dangerous, such as moving cars or other things. Also, guide dogs may be taught to press buttons to work elevators or get things for their handler. Because dogs cannot see colors as well as people, they cannot read traffic signals, so the handler must use ways to tell if it is safe to cross a street.\nBecause the guide dog and handler will be in public, it is important that the dog stays calm in busy or loud areas. In many countries, guide dogs are allowed inside places where animals normally are not allowed, such as restaurants, stores, buses and trains.\nHistory.\nGermany started the first guide dog schools during World War 1, to help soldiers who were blinded in the war. By 1931, schools and organizations such as The Seeing Eye in Morristown, New Jersey in the United States and the British Guide Dog Association in the United Kingdom were founded."}
+{"id": "35849", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35849", "title": "Keelung City", "text": "Keelung (; Hokkien POJ: '), officially known as Keelung City\"', is a provincial city of Taiwan Province, Republic of China. It is in the northeastern part of the island. It is next to Taipei County. Nicknamed the \"Rainy Port\" for its frequent rain and maritime role, the city is Taiwan's second largest seaport (after Kaohsiung). \nHistory.\nEarly History.\nKeelung was first inhabited by the Ketagalan, a tribe of Taiwanese aborigine. The Spanish expedition to Formosa in the early 17th century was its first contact with the West; by 1624 the Spanish had built , a fort in Keelung serving as an outpost of the Manila-based Spanish East Indies. The Spanish ruled it as a part of Spanish Formosa. From 1642 to 1661 and 1663\u20131668, Keelung was under Dutch control. The Dutch East India Company took over the Spanish Fort San Salvador at Santissima Trinidad.\nInternational relations.\nTwin towns \u2013 Sister cities.\nKeelung is twinned with:"}
+{"id": "35850", "revid": "9340733", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35850", "title": "Chocolate cake", "text": "A chocolate cake is a cake made with chocolate or cocoa. The ingredients are put into a bowl and mixed together; then the mixed ingredients are put into a cake tin and put in an oven until it is fully cooked. Then the cake is taken out of the oven and placed on a cooling stand. If the cake maker wants to, they can ice the cake, when it has cooled down, by spreading thick icing on it. Chocolate cakes are sold in shops as well as made at home. They are a sweet food and should not be eaten all the time, which would be unhealthy.\nThere are many different types of chocolate cake, depending on the recipe and different types of chocolate used. Different countries have different recipes for chocolate cakes. In France, \"g\u00e2teau au chocolate\" is popular. In Germany, \"Sachertorte\" is popular.\nHistory.\nIn 1828 Conrad Van Houten of the Netherlands made a mechanical extraction method for taking away the fat from cacao liquor resulting in cacao butter and the mostly de-fatted cacao. It was a compacted mass of solids that could be sold as it was \"rock cacao\" or ground into powder. The processes made chocolate from an luxury to an cheap daily snack. A process for making smoother chocolate called conching was made in 1879 by Swiss Rodolphe and made it easier to bake with chocolate as it \"\"amalgamates smoothly and completely with cake batters\".\" Until 1890 to 1900 chocolate recipes were mostly for drinks.\nIn the U.S., chocolate decadence cakes were popular in the 1980s; in the 1990s, single-serve chocolate cakes with liquid chocolate centers were popular."}
+{"id": "35851", "revid": "18539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35851", "title": "Ten Who Dared", "text": "Ten Who Dared is a movie made by Disney in 1960. It tells the real story of an officer of the United States Army called John Wesley Powell who was the first to travel up the Colorado river with other nine men to make a map of the region, and the dangers they had to face in their trip.\nSome people say it is one of the worst movies made by Disney."}
+{"id": "35853", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35853", "title": "Imaginary unit", "text": "In math, the imaginary unit (written as \"i\" or \"j\") is a mathematical constant that only exists outside of the real numbers and is used in algebra. When we multiply the imaginary unit by a real number, we call the result an imaginary number. Though imaginary numbers can be used to solve a lot of mathematical problems, they cannot be represented by an amount of real life objects.\nHistory.\nImaginary units were invented to answer the polynomial equation formula_1, which normally has no solution (see below). The term \"imaginary\" comes from by Ren\u00e9 Descartes and was meant to be insulting as, like zero and negative numbers at other times in history, imaginary numbers were thought to be useless as they are not natural. It wasn't until later centuries that the work of mathematicians like Leonhard Euler, Augustin-Louis Cauchy and Carl Friedrich Gauss would prove that imaginary numbers were very important for some areas of algebra.\nDefinition.\nA common rule for multiplying and dividing numbers is that if the signs are different then the result is negative (e.g. formula_2), but if both numbers have the same sign then the result will be positive (e.g. formula_3 and formula_4). However, this leads to problems with square root numbers of negatives, as two negative numbers will always make a positive number:\nTo fill in this value gap the imaginary unit was made, which is defined as formula_9 and formula_10. Using imaginary numbers we can solve our last example:\nSquare root of i.\nAlthough the imaginary unit comes from solving a quadratic equation (an equation where the unknown appears squared), we could ask whether we need to create new number values like the imaginary unit to solve equations where higher powers of formula_15 like formula_16 and formula_17 appear. For example, the equation formula_18 has a fourth power of the unknown variable formula_15. Do we need new units like formula_20 to solve this equation?\nWe could also ask a similar question: we needed to create a new number to find the square root of -1, and we called this new number formula_20. Do we need to create a new number to find the square root(s) of formula_20?\nIt turns out the answer to both these questions is no. For the second question, the square roots of formula_20 can be written in terms of a real part and an imaginary part. Specifically, the square roots of formula_20 can be written as: formula_25. We can check that these are really the square roots of formula_20 by squaring them and seeing if we get formula_20:\nWe can also notice that formula_28, so formula_29 solves the equation formula_18, partially answering our first question-- for the equation formula_18, the solutions are still complex numbers (the result of adding a real number and an imaginary number). There are two more solutions for this particular equation, formula_32, and they are also complex numbers. No new numbers like the imaginary unit are needed to solve the equation.\nIn general, \"every\" equation where the unknown appears with whole number powers can be solved by complex numbers, so once we know about the imaginary unit, we can solve any equation of this form. This result is so important that it is called the fundamental theorem of algebra.\nPowers of i.\nThe powers of formula_20 or formula_20 follow a regular and predictable pattern:\nAs shown, each time we multiply by another formula_20 the values are formula_48 and then repeat."}
+{"id": "35860", "revid": "1343687", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35860", "title": "Phycology", "text": "Phycology (or algology), a part of botany, is the study of algae. Algae are important as primary producers in aquatic ecosystems. Most algae are eukaryotic, photosynthetic organisms that live in a wet environment. They are different from the higher plants by a lack of \"normal\" roots, stems or leaves. Many types have one cell and are very small or microscopic (including plankton and other microalgae); many others have many cells; some of these are very big, like seaweeds such as kelp and \"Sargassum\".\nPhycology includes the study of prokaryotic forms known as blue-green algae or cyanobacteria. Some microscopic algae are also in lichens.\nA phycologist is a person who studies phycology..."}
+{"id": "35863", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35863", "title": "Snorkeling", "text": "Snorkeling is swimming while using a tube to breathe underwater.\nOverview.\nSnorkeling is a very popular activity, particularly in places with clear, calm, warm oceans. It allows people to see underwater life in a natural setting, without the complicated equipment and training required for scuba diving. \nActivity.\nGenerally, people snorkel in shallow reefs ranging from sea level to 4 meters (13 feet) deep. Snorkelers can also explore deep water reefs. However, to see deeper reefs, a snorkeler has to hold their breath and dive down to the reef to see it. This kind of snorkeling takes more skill and fitness than shallow water snorkeling. It is also more dangerous than shallow water snorkeling. Snorkelers use masks so they can see underwater. This allows them to see fish, coral reefs and other forms of sea life.\nHistory.\nMan has always been interested by what is under the ocean. Evidence shows that people have been free diving for at least 5,000 years. The earliest known free divers were sponge farmers in Crete, who lived around 3000 B.C.E. These farmers used free diving to collect underwater sponges. They used hollow reeds like modern snorkels, to allow them to breathe while underwater.\nEquipment.\nSnorkelers use three basic pieces of equipment:\nDifferences with scuba diving.\nSnorkeling\u00a0is swimming on the surface of the water, with the head and nose under the water, using a\u00a0diving\u00a0mask,\u00a0snorkel,\u00a0and\u00a0diving\u00a0fins.\u00a0Scuba\u00a0diving\u00a0is swimming with the whole body underwater. Scuba divers breathe through an oxygen tank, which allows them to breathe underwater for long periods at a time. Scuba divers also wear a tight diving suit, a diving mask, and diving fins.\nBefore a person can scuba dive, they have to get training how to use the breathing equipment and dive to deep waters. Snorkeling does not require any training. People who cannot swim can still snorkel if they use a life jacket to keep them floating on the water."}
+{"id": "35866", "revid": "192874", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35866", "title": "Cat breeds", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35867", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35867", "title": "Kelly Tarlton's Antarctic Encounter and Underwater World", "text": "Kelly Tarlton's Antarctic Encounter and Underwater World is an aquarium in Auckland, New Zealand. It is all underground and within the walls of Auckland City's sewage holding tanks, unused since 1961. It opened on January 25, 1985.\nKelly Tarlton, an avid diver, treasure hunter and undersea explorer, was responsible for the Underwater World concept and construction. \nConstruction took 10 months and cost $3 million. Kelly Tarlton died suddenly of a heart attack on March 17, 1985, seven weeks after the Underwater World opened.\nLarge sharks, stingrays and 1500 fish of forty different species may be viewed through a 114 metre-long underwater plexiglass tunnel in a figure-of-eight shape. The plexiglass is 7 centimetres thick."}
+{"id": "35871", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35871", "title": "Floppy drive", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35880", "revid": "4123", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35880", "title": "Polyrythym", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35882", "revid": "1687530", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35882", "title": "List of cat breeds", "text": "This page lists breeds of domestic cats. The list includes breeds that are old traditional breeds, including universally-familiar ones such as the Persian, the Angora and the Siamese, and also rare breeds or new breeds that are still being developed, with two notable examples being the Peterbald and the Toybob. Please see individual articles for more information."}
+{"id": "35884", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35884", "title": "Grave (mass)", "text": "Grave, shortened as \"gv\", was the word that was used to describe mass before the word \"kilogram\" was introduced. \"Grave\" comes from the word \"gravity\" and was first used in 1793 in France. The name \"kilogram\" was introduced in 1795 but was not the official word for mass until 1875.\nIn order to have full consistency in the International System of Units (SI), many people think that the kilogram should be called something different. Using the word \"kilogram\" creates a problem because it is a base unit that has the prefix \"kilo\" already in its name. To fix the problem, some people have suggested using the word \"grave\" again."}
+{"id": "35886", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35886", "title": "Stephen Irwin", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35897", "revid": "4974", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35897", "title": "Robby Williams", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35899", "revid": "192875", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35899", "title": "Cat breed", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35900", "revid": "192881", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35900", "title": "Gryphon", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35901", "revid": "192884", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35901", "title": "Gryphen", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35902", "revid": "192885", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35902", "title": "Griffon", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35903", "revid": "192886", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35903", "title": "Griffen", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35904", "revid": "192888", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35904", "title": "Gryphin", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35911", "revid": "192913", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35911", "title": "Felis silvestris catus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35913", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35913", "title": "White Tiger", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35914", "revid": "192932", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35914", "title": "White Tigers", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35916", "revid": "192934", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35916", "title": "White tigers", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35918", "revid": "192941", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35918", "title": "Genus (biology)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35932", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35932", "title": "List of provinces of Republic of China", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35933", "revid": "4183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35933", "title": "Keelung", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35936", "revid": "9600305", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35936", "title": "The Smiths", "text": "The Smiths were an English rock band from Manchester. They formed in 1982 and split up in 1987. They released four studio albums. The band consisted of Morrissey (singing), Johnny Marr (guitar), Andy Rourke (bass) and Mike Joyce (drums). Critics have called them the most important alternative rock band to emerge from the British independent music scene of the 1980s. \"Q\" magazine writer Simon Goddard wrote that The Smiths were the one truly important group of the 1980s, \"the most influential British guitar group of the decade\" and the first independent group to become successful in the main music scene.\nThe band was based on the songwriting partnership of Morrissey and Marr. They signed to the independent record label Rough Trade Records. On this, they released four studio albums: \"The Smiths\" (1984), \"Meat Is Murder\" (1985), \"The Queen Is Dead\" (1986) and \"Strangeways, Here We Come\" (1987). They have also released several compilations, and many singles that were not released on any of their studio albums.\nThe Smiths had several singles reach the UK top twenty. All four of their albums reached the UK top five, including one which topped the charts. They won a large following of fans. The band had limited commercial success outside the UK while they were still together. The band broke up in 1987 and have refused several offers to reunite.\nThe music focuses on a guitar, bass and drum sound. They blend 1960s rock and post-punk. This sounded very different to the synthesiser-based contemporary dance pop that was popular in the early 1980s. Marr's guitar playing on his Rickenbacker often had a jangly sound influenced by Roger McGuinn of the 1960s group The Byrds. It influenced later bands from Manchester, such as The Stone Roses and Oasis. Morrissey's lyrics combined stories about ordinary people's lives with a sense of humour."}
+{"id": "35941", "revid": "1681024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35941", "title": "Countdown (game show)", "text": "Countdown is a British game show on BBC One. It began on 2 November 1982. It is currently presented by Colin Murray and Rachel Riley with etymologist Susie Dent in Dictionary Corner alongside a celebrity guest. It was hosted by Richard Whiteley until his death in 2005, then by Des Lynam from 2005 to 2006 and then by Des O'Connor from 2007 to 2008. Both O'Connor and Carol Vorderman, the show's co-host who has been on the programme since it began, left the show in December 2008. From 2009, Jeff Stelling and Rachel Riley replaced O'Connor and Vorderman respectively. It has been hosted by Nick Hewer from 2012 to 2021, on 28 June 2021, Anne Robinson became the host but she presented her final show on 13 July 2022 with Colin Murray taking over the next day. The show was 30 minutes long, but since 2001, it is 45 minutes long.\nWith nearly 8,000 episodes, it is one of the longest-running game shows in the world, along with the original French version Des chiffres et des lettres which has been running on French television continuously since 1972.\nOrigin.\n\"Countdown\" originated from the format of the French game show \"Des chiffres et des lettres\" (\"Numbers and Letters\"), created by Armand Jammot. After watching the programme, Belgian record executive Marcel Stellman brought the format to Britain on the belief it could be popular overseas and proposed his concept for the British version to several networks. The concept was purchased in the early 1980s by Yorkshire Television which commissioned a series of eight shows under the title \"Calendar Countdown\", aimed at being a spin-off of their regional news programme \"Calendar\" with the programme's host Richard Whiteley deemed the natural choice for the concept. The spin-off was aired only in the Yorkshire area, with Whiteley earning the nickname of \"Twice Nightly Whiteley\" because of his daily appearances on both programmes. He was assisted by Cathy Hytner and Denise McFarland-Cruickshanks who handled the letters and numbers rounds respectively.\nBy 1982, after an additional pilot episode was made with a refined format, an episode that was never broadcast - the show was bought up by Channel 4, a new British television channel set to launch in November 1982, based on the refined concept. While Whiteley and Hytner from the original cast were retained, the programme was renamed \"Countdown\", with the format was expanded to include additional members in the hosting team, including letters and number experts. An additional spin-off to the programme for young contestants was proposed at the same time, dubbed \"Junior Countdown,\" the concept would be similar in format, but with it hosted by Gyles Brandreth and Ted Moult, but while a pilot was created, the proposal was abandoned after it was found to be highly flawed. Instead, the production staff opted to allow contestants of differing ages, young and old, to participate on \"Countdown\".\nThe show with its first episode was the first to be broadcast when the channel launched on 2 November 1982, with Whiteley opening the programme with the line:\n \u2014Richard Whiteley introducing the first Channel 4 episode of \"Countdown\".\nWhiteley tenure.\nAlongside the original cast from \"Calendar Countdown\", the new format of the show led to production staff seeking out further hostesses through advertisements in national newspapers for young women to become a member of the programme's cast, with notable conditions about their involvement, in particular, those recruited for calculations found it made clear that as an applicant, their appearance would be less important than their skill as a mathematician. Amongst those recruited, Beverley Isherwood was hired to work alongside Hytner in handling the selection of number and letter tiles respectively, while Linda Barrett and Carol Vorderman were recruited for checking over calculations by contestants in the numbers round. In addition, a lexicographer was also required to form part of the format's \"Dictionary Corner\" segment of the show, in order to verify words given by contestants in the letters round (see \"Letters round rules\"), along with pointing out any longer or otherwise interesting words available, such a role was aided by the show's producers, with no assistance from any computer programme and the role accompanied by a celebrity guest for a set period on the programme, contributing words and providing entertainment through anecdotes, puzzles, poems and stories. Amongst these who have appeared on the programme are Nigel Rees, Jo Brand, Martin Jarvis, Richard Digance, Geoffrey Durham, Ken Bruce, Magnus Magnusson, Pam Ayres, Paul Zenon, Jenny Eclair, Al Murray, John Sergeant and Gyles Brandreth.\nOver time, the additional hostesses on the programme were dropped by production staff but retained Vorderman and assigned her primarily to handle the selection of letter and number tiles, as well as verifying contestant calculations. Thus her role was expanded to that of a co-presenter alongside Whiteley in 1989. The programme frequently rotated between various lexicographers, including Richard Samson and Alison Heard, for each series, until in 2003 the role was permanently given to Susie Dent, after her debut on \"Countdown\" in 1992.\nOn 26 June 2005, Whiteley died after a failed heart operation. At the time, he had been slowly recovering from pneumonia earlier that year. This had prevented him from recording further episodes. His death impacted the show, at the time on its 53rd series, causing the episode due to air on 27 June to be postponed by Channel 4 by one day as a mark of respect, while the remaining episodes he had managed to complete were aired after his death, beginning with a tearful tribute from Vorderman with the episode aired on 28 June. After the series' conclusion, \"Countdown\" was placed into hiatus after 1 July, the series Grand Final, to determine how to proceed.\nPost-Whiteley.\nIn October 2005, Channel 4 announced that Des Lynam would take over as the main presenter, having previously participated in the celebrity edition (\"Celebrity Countdown\") in April 1998. His first show aired on 31 October 2005 and between January and April 2006, additional episodes aired on Saturdays. Lynam's tenure ran until December 2006, whereupon his demanding filming schedule forced him to resign from the programme. His departure was due to the travel requirements that his 2007 schedule required of him, despite an effort by Channel 4 to deal with this by changing the filming location from Leeds to a site closer to his residence in Worthing, West Sussex, viewers reacted angrily to the idea, while Lynam decided it would cause considerable disruption for many of the programme's camera crew.\nIn January 2007, Des O'Connor took over as the main presenter. During his tenure as host, Dent went on maternity leave over the Winter of 2007\u201308 and Alison Heard temporarily replaced her on the programme until 6 February 2008. By July 2008, both O'Connor and Vorderman had announced that they would be leaving by the end of that year, after the end of the 59th series. While O'Connor decided to leave in order to concentrate on other projects, Vorderman left after her offer to take a 33% salary decrease was rejected and production staff asked her to take a 90% pay cut, her agent stated that staff had told him that the show had survived without Whiteley and could \"easily survive without you\". Some media reports suggested that the new presenter would be either Rory Bremner, the early favourite, or Alexander Armstrong, but both ruled themselves out of the job. At the same time there was speculation that several prominent women, including Anthea Turner, Ulrika Jonsson and Myleene Klass, were strong candidates to take over Vorderman's job, but Channel 4 revealed that the role was to be assigned to a previously unknown male or female arithmetician with \"charm and charisma\", like what they did 26 years earlier when the show launched. O\u2019Connor and Vorderman\u2019s final episode aired on 12 December 2008.\nIn November 2008, Jeff Stelling was confirmed as the new host, while Oxford maths graduate Rachel Riley was confirmed as Vorderman's replacement. Their first episode aired on 12 January 2009. Stelling remained with the programme until his last episode aired on 16 December 2011 when his football commitments with Sky Sports forced him to reluctantly leave \"Countdown\". Prior to his departure, \"The Apprentice\" star Nick Hewer was announced as his replacement and he took over as the main presenter when his first episode aired on 9 January 2012. In 2020, during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, it was announced that Colin Murray, a frequent Dictionary Corner guest, would fill in for Hewer while he spent a period of time in isolation due to the UK's second lockdown.\nOn 7 December 2020, Hewer announced that he would be stepping down as the host of \"Countdown\" at the end of series 83 in June 2021. Hewer said it had been \"privilege and a pleasure to take the helm of \"Countdown\"\". It was then announced on 15 February 2021 that Anne Robinson would take over from Hewer at the start of series 84. Hewer's final show aired on 25 June 2021.\nAnne Robinson became the new host of \"Countdown\" on 28 June 2021, while on 10 September, Sir Trevor McDonald presented a special \"Black To Front\" episode featuring an all-black cast and black contestants with whoever winning that show would continue their run into the next episode. On 13 December, Rachel Riley took maternity leave and was temporarily replaced with Dr Anne-Marie Imafidon until 14 March 2022 when Riley returned the following day.\nOn 2 May 2022, it was announced that Anne Robinson would be stepping down from \"Countdown\" with immediate effect and hosted her last episode on 13 July, early in series 86, a day later, Colin Murray returned to present the show. However, in August, Murray was unwell with COVID-19 and was temporarily replaced with 2 presenters, firstly with Les Dennis, best known for presenting \"Family Fortunes,\" between 4 and 15 August, then with comedian and Dictionary Corner regular Jenny Eclair, between 16 and 19 August, Murray returned on 22 August.\nIn November 2022, \"Countdown\" celebrated 40 years on the air and throughout the month, 4 guest presenters appeared in place of Colin Murray while the first week of shows had archive clips in place of Teatime Teasers, children's TV presenter Floella Benjamin hosted the first week from 31 October to 4 November, followed by musician and clergyman Richard Coles from 7 to 11 November, then newsreader Sir Trevor McDonald, who had previously hosted the \"Black To Front\" episode the previous year from 14 to 18 November, and lastly, fellow newsreader Moira Stuart hosted from 21 to 25 November, Murray returned on 28 November. \nIntro.\nThe Countdown intro has changed over time since it began in 1982.\nFor the 1981 pilot, it was a round span with pink words 'Calendar Countdown'.\nThe first intro after the beginning of Countdown in 1982 was a black background with the words Countdown in yellow.\nAfter this, it was blue until the late 80s/early 90s, COUNT DOWN with the background having letters and numbers (until the mid 90s), then a yellow triangle with Countdown in Red.\nFrom 1999, the clock appeared for the first time in the Countdown intro, the background was into a mash of pink and orange, and COUNTDOWN in white under the clock.\nThis continued until 2001 when the current clock and letters 'Countdown' were introduced, until 2003, there were montages of the show in front of the tangerine set. And then in 2003, montages changed to those on the new pink and white striped set.\nAfter Whiteley died in 2005, the Lynam and O'Connor series had letters spitting out of the clock in the same colour form, eventually merging into 'Countdown'.\nWith the introduction of Stelling in 2009, the background changed to blue and the letters continued to spit out of the clock. Merging into Countdown.\nIn 2012, the background once again changed to dark blue and the intro would start with a globe of letters and numbers breaking, and then later merging into Countdown, just as it did since the early 2000s.\nCharacter.\n\"Countdown\" quickly established cult status within British television \u2013 an image which it maintains today, despite the loss of key presenters. The programme's audience comprises mainly students, homemakers and pensioners, owing to the \"teatime\" broadcast slot and inclusive appeal of its format and presentation. \"Countdown\" has been one of Channel 4's most-watched programmes for over twenty years, but has never won a major television award. When Des Lynam became the new presenter after Whiteley's death in 2005, the show regularly drew an average 1.7\u00a0million viewers every day; this was around half a million more than in the last few years of Richard Whiteley presenting. The Series 54 final, on 26 May 2006, attracted 2.5\u00a0million viewers. 3\u20134\u00a0million viewers had watched the show daily in its previous 16:15 slot. The drop in viewing figures following the scheduling change, coupled with the show's perceived educational benefits, even caused Labour Member of Parliament (MP) Jonathan Shaw to table a motion in the UK Parliament, requesting that the show be returned to its later time. Minor scheduling changes have subsequently seen the show move from 15:15 to 15:30, 15:45, 15:25 and 15:10. As of 2018, it is broadcast at 14:10.\nOn each episode, the prize for defeating the reigning champion is a teapot that is styled to resemble the 30-second time clock used in each round. Introduced in December 1998, the pot is custom-made and can only be obtained by winning a game on the programme. Defeated contestants receive an assortment of \"Countdown\"-themed merchandise as a parting gift.\nAt first, the prize for the series winner was a leather-bound copy of the twenty-volume \"Oxford English Dictionary\", worth over \u00a34,000. Since 2011, the prize consists of ordinary hardback twenty-one-volume dictionaries, a laptop computer and a lifetime subscription to Oxford Online (replaced by a MacBook pro laptop by series 68). David Acton, winner of Series 31, opted for a CD-ROM version of the dictionaries, not wanting to accept leather-bound books owing to his strict veganism, and he donated the monetary difference to charity.\nSince Series 54 in 2006, the series champion also receives the Richard Whiteley Memorial Trophy, in memory of the show's original presenter.\nThough the style and colour scheme of the set have changed many times (and the show itself moved to Manchester, after more than 25 years in Leeds), the clock has always provided the centrepiece and, like the clock music composed by Alan Hawkshaw, is an enduring and well-recognised feature of \"Countdown\". Executive producer John Meade once commissioned Hawkshaw to revise the music for extra intensity to introduce at the start of series 31 in January 1996; after hundreds of complaints from viewers, the old tune was reinstated after just 12 shows. The original clock featured until September 2013, when it was replaced.\nCelebrations.\nThe first episode of \"Countdown\" was repeated on 1 October 2007 on More4 and also on 2 November 2007 on Channel 4; this was as part of \"Channel 4 at 25\", a season of programmes to celebrate its 25th birthday.\nOn 2 November 2007, \"Countdown\" celebrated its twenty-fifth anniversary and aired a special 'birthday episode'. The two players were 2006 winner Conor Travers and 2002 winner Chris Wills. However, for the rounds, VIP guests selected the letters and numbers. Guests included Gordon Brown, Amir Khan and Richard Attenborough. A statement from the French TV network France T\u00e9l\u00e9visions was read out on air by Vorderman to commend Channel 4 on its success of \"Countdown\".\nOn 26 March 2010, Queen Elizabeth II congratulated \"Countdown\" for amassing 5,000 episodes. On 5 September 2014, the programme received a Guinness World Record at the end of its 6,000th show for the longest-running television programme of its kind during the course of its 71st series.\nFormat.\n\"Countdown\" has occupied a tea-time broadcast slot since its inception, originally in a 30-minute format. Since 2001, an episode lasts around 45\u00a0minutes including advertising breaks. During the normal series, the winner of each game returns for the next day's show. A player who wins eight games is declared an \"octochamp\" and retires from the programme. At the end of the series, the eight best players (ranked first by number of wins, then by total score if required to break a tie) are invited back to compete in the series finals. They are seeded in a knockout tournament, with the first seed playing the eighth seed, the second playing the seventh, and so on. The winner of this knockout, which culminates in the Grand Final, becomes the series champion. Each series lasts around six months, with about 125 episodes.\nApproximately every four series, a Champion of Champions tournament takes place. For this, sixteen of the best players to have appeared since the previous Championship are invited back for another knockout tournament. The producer, former contestant Damian Eadie, decides which players to include, but typically the tournament includes the series winners and other noteworthy contestants. Series 33 was designated a \"Supreme Championship\", in which 56 of the best contestants from all the previous series returned for another knockout tournament. Series 10 champion Harvey Freeman was declared Supreme Champion after beating Allan Saldanha in the final. There are also occasional special episodes, in which past contestants return for themed matches. For example, David Acton and Kenneth Michie returned for a rematch of their Series 31 final, while brothers and former contestants Sanjay and Sandeep Mazumder played off against each other on 20 December 2004.\nSince the change to 45-minute episodes, the game has been split into three sections, separated by advertising breaks. The first section contains two letters rounds and a numbers round, the second has two letters rounds and a numbers round followed by the anecdote from the Dictionary Corner guest and then a further two letters rounds and a numbers round, while the last section has two letters rounds, Susie Dent's \"Origins of Words\" item, two further letters rounds, a numbers round and a final \"Conundrum\" puzzle. With the exception of the Conundrum, the contestants swap control after every round so that each of them has control for five letters rounds and two numbers rounds.\nAt the end of the first two sections, Each presenter poses a \"Teatime Teaser\" for the viewers, giving a set of short words and a cryptic clue to a single word that can be anagrammed from them. The solution is revealed at the start of the next section. (Example: Given the words HAD SAIL and the clue \"Flowers seen 7 times a week,\" the solution would be DAHLIAS, given the words GON GOLD and the clue \"A greyhound at full stretch, perhaps,\" the solution would be LONGDOG, given the words NUDE LUMP and the clue \"It helps you get into the swing of things,\" the solution would be PENDULUM, given the words WOECALLS and the clue \"This is something for you to chew over,\" the solution would be COLESLAW, given the words ICYHINGE and the clue \"It's the condition of good clean fun,\" the solution would be HYGIENIC, and given the words SAD MOODY and the clue \"We'll all be sad and moody when this arrives,\" the solution would be DOOMSDAY.) When the Teatime Teaser was first introduced, the anagrams were seven letters long; they were later extended to eight, then to nine in late 2016 before returning to 8 in 2020."}
+{"id": "35961", "revid": "1458798", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35961", "title": "Allotheria", "text": "The Allotheria are an extinct infraclass or superorder of mammals. They are related to the prototheria and theria.\nThe allotheres was a branch of successful Mesozoic mammals. The most important characteristic was the presence of lower molariform teeth with two longitudinal rows of cusps.\nAllotheres also had a narrow pelvis, indicating that they gave birth to tiny, helpless young as marsupials do.\nThe Haramiyida from the Triassic period were the earliest group, and the Multituberculates survived until the Oligocene, 35 million years ago."}
+{"id": "35962", "revid": "1458798", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35962", "title": "Multituberculate", "text": "The multituberculates were a group of rodent-like mammals which survived for about 166 million years \u2013 the longest fossil history of any mammal line.\nThey were eventually outcompeted by rodents, becoming extinct during the late Eocene. \nAt least 200 species are known, ranging from mouse-sized to beaver-sized. These species occupied many ecological niches, ranging from burrow-dwelling to squirrel-like tree-dwelling. \nMultituberculates are usually placed outside both the two main groups of living mammals, the Theria (placentals and marsupials), and monotremes. Some cladistic analyses put them closer to Theria than to monotremes.\nBiology.\nThe multituberculates had a head anatomy similar to rodents. They had cheek-teeth separated from the chisel-like front teeth by a wide tooth-less gap (called the \"diastema\"). Each cheek-tooth displayed several rows of small cusps (or tubercles, hence the name) which worked against similar rows in the teeth of the jaw. It was an efficient chopping device.\nMost small multituberculates would have eaten seeds and nuts, supplemented with insects, worms, and fruit.\nThe structure of the pelvis in the Multituberculata suggests that they gave birth to tiny helpless young, similar to modern marsupials."}
+{"id": "35963", "revid": "1458798", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35963", "title": "Gondwanatheria", "text": "Gondwanatheria is an extinct group of mammals that lived during the Upper Cretaceous to the Miocene. They lived in the Southern Hemisphere continents which had been part of the supercontinent Gondwana. \nThese mammals are known only from isolated teeth and a few lower jaws. Because of these fragmentary remains, their relationships are unclear. Later finds have improved our knowledge of them. It was thought previously that climate changes at the Eocene\u2013Oligocene boundary had caused their extinction.\nFossils have come from South America, India and Antarctica, where gondwanatherids lived in the lush forests which once covered much of the world. "}
+{"id": "35964", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35964", "title": "Taichung", "text": "Taichung City ( or ; POJ: T\u00e2i-tiong) is a city in west-central Taiwan with a population of over 2.7 million people, making it the second largest city on the island. The city's name is Chinese for \"Central Taiwan\". The average temperature of Taichung City is about 23\u00b0C, and average rainfall is about 1.7 m per year."}
+{"id": "35967", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35967", "title": "Majuro", "text": "Majuro is the capital city of the country of the Marshall Islands. Built on 64 islands, Majuro has a port and an international airport. It has a population of 25,400 (2004). Majuro is located at 7\u00b07'30\" North, 171\u00b04' East (7.125, 171.0667). \nThe atoll of Majuro has a land area of only 3.75 mi\u00b2 (9.7 km\u00b2), and is surrounded by lagoon of 113.92 mi\u00b2 (295 km\u00b2). Sport fishing and underwater diving are popular. During World War II, on January 30, 1944, United States troops attacked Majuro (controlled by Japan)."}
+{"id": "35968", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35968", "title": "South Tarawa", "text": "South Tarawa (in Gilbertese and English: Teinainano Urban Council or abr. TUC) is the capital city of the country Kiribati. It is on an island called Tarawa Atoll. The meaning of Teinainano is \"down of the mast\", referring to the sail-shape of the atoll.\nThe South Tarawa population center is made up of all the small islands between Bairiki (on the west) to Temaiku on the east. All of separated islands are joined by causeways, forming one long island on the reef along the southern side of the Tarawa Lagoon. There is also a new causeway\u2014the Japanese Causeway\u2014that links South Tarawa to Betio. South Tarawa is at 1\u00b019' North, 172\u00b058' East (1.31667, 172.9667). \nThere is a Kiribati Teacher College and one University of the South Pacific center on South Tarawa. Bairiki is sometimes considered \"the\" capital of Kiribati because at one time both the Parliament, the Presidency and main administrative offices were located there. The Parliament meets on Ambo island; Government department are spread among South Tarawa, Betio and Christmas Island.\nThe Roman Catholic diocese and the Kiribati Protestant Church are on South Tarawa. Bairiki (executive), Ambo (legislative), Betio (judicial) are the main places of the capital."}
+{"id": "35969", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35969", "title": "Bairiki", "text": "Bairiki is a village and an island now part of South Tarawa, and one time is the center of government of Kiribati. One of three post offices on Tarawa is located at Bairiki. Bairiki Island is the most southern island on the atoll of Tarawa. About nine islands are larger than Bairiki.\nBairiki includes the main administrative center of Kiribati, but the Parliament has since moved to Ambo, halfway between Bairiki and Bonriki. In the village there is a small port and near Bairiki is a center of the University of the South Pacific."}
+{"id": "35985", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35985", "title": "Audio engineer", "text": "An audio engineer (or simply engineer for short) is a person who operates, and usually chooses and sets up recording equipment. The term applies mainly to a person who works in a recording studio but can also apply to people who do the same kind of work, in other places. An engineer may work with multitrack recordings or stereophonic remixes.\nAudio engineering deals with the recording and reproduction of sound through mechanical and electronic means and is a part of audio science. The field draws on many disciplines, including electrical engineering, acoustics, and music. An audio engineer is closer to the creative and technical aspects of audio than an acoustical engineer.\nSome amateur (and a few professional) engineers are self-taught, and learn mostly by doing, or with the help of an instruction manual. Many engineers started in other studio jobs (such as running errands), and learned about recording as they became familiar with the studio where they worked. An engineer learns about the use and placement of microphones, how to operate and maintain an audio mixer, recording deck, sound effects, and other machines, and how to switch between live and recorded sounds, to make the best, and often the most unique, recording possible. A good engineer will strive to make recordings that are both of high technical quality, and also pleasing to hear.\nStarting wages may be small in recording studios, and many beginners work as unpaid volunteers. Experienced engineers, especially those who have worked on a hit record, may command a large wage. Some engineers are paid a salary, while others may earn hourly pay (sometimes based on the studio's rates), or be paid per session. Many go on to start their own recording studios, or maintain a private studio or mobile recording service. A few work only for a single recording artist, band, or producer.\nSeveral colleges and universities in the United States and other countries offer classes in recording, which may cover its history, its uses, and of course technique and technical knowledge. Some schools offer degree or diploma programs in Recording. Graduating such a program does not guarantee a person a studio job, but increases one's chances, and can provide better preparation for such a career.\nBesides studio work, some engineers have one or more specialties, such as making new digital versions of old recordings, as consultants to places that give concerts and live performances, and sometimes as expert witnesses in court trials, when sounds or a recording may be important to the outcome of a case."}
+{"id": "35987", "revid": "1508758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35987", "title": "Phil Spector", "text": "Harvey Phillip Spector (December 26, 1939 \u2013 January 16, 2021) was an American record producer. He was co-owner of Philles Records (with then-business partner Lester Sill), and later owner of Phil Spector Records. In 2009 he was found guilty of second-degree murder. He was in prison from 2009 until his death in 2021.\nEarly work: The \"Wall of Sound\".\nSpector's signature style was called the Wall of Sound. He used large amounts of echo, doubling and multiplying of musical instruments and the parts to be played, and of recorded parts. The built-up effect gave his records an operatic, theatrical quality. The music sounded \"bigger than life\". The effect carried over especially well on AM radio, which was how most music was broadcast in the 1950s and 1960s. Spector said the Wall of Sound made \"...little symphonies for the kids...\".\nThe recording artists who worked with Spector over the years included The Crystals (\"Then He Kissed Me\"), The Ronettes (\"Be My Baby\"), The Righteous Brothers (\"You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'\"), Gene Pitney (\"Every Breath I Take\"), Darlene Love (\"(Today I Met) The Boy I'm Gonna Marry\"), and Tina Turner (\"River Deep, Mountain High\"). Sonny Bono and Cher were among his backup singers. He married Veronica (Ronnie) Bennett of the Ronettes, who took the name Ronnie Spector.\nSpector's strongest work was in creating hit singles. He knew many fans never listened to the B-sides of singles, and radio seldom played them, so often his B-sides would feature an instrumental jam session, without the singers credited on the record, and with titles like \"Flip and Nitty\". Spector also disliked albums. He called them \"two hit (song)s, and ten pieces of junk\". When stereo became more popular than mono in recording, Spector did not follow the trend. In later years he wore a red badge in public, with the words BACK TO MONO.\nMany other producers and musicians imitated the Wall of Sound style, or included elements of it in their own work, including Brian Wilson of The Beach Boys. Wilson thought of Spector as his biggest rival, although the two did work together on one song, that was used in a .\nHits, and misses.\nNot all of Spector's productions became hits. One record, \"He Hit Me (And It Felt Like A Kiss)\" was pulled from release after complaints were made by listeners, about the song's theme. (The song was later performed by singer Courtney Love.) Another record, \"This Could Be The Night\" (working with both Harry Nilsson and Chip Douglas), went unreleased, although radio Rodney Bingenheimer used it later as his show's . \"(Let's Dance) The Screw\" was a private to Lester Sill, when his partnership with Spector ended badly, and only a few copies were pressed. \"River Deep, Mountain High\", which Spector thought of as his all-time best work, drew little attention in the United States, but it was a hit in other countries.\n\"A Christmas Gift to You\".\nOne of the few full albums Spector produced, \"A Christmas Gift to You\", was released in 1963. The album featured nearly all of the artists Spector worked with regularly. The album did not become a hit at first, but it went on to become a Christmas perennial. Many music listeners consider the album a .\nThe Beatles.\nThe Beatles handed over the rough tapes of their unfinished \"Get Back\" album for Spector to post-produce, after John Lennon and George Harrison both worked successfully with him on \"Instant Karma!'\", which became a hit single for Lennon. \"Let it Be\" was the title for the finished album (and movie, filmed during the recording sessions). Beatles fans bought and enjoyed the album and its singles, but some fans and experts disliked portions of Spector's work. Paul McCartney hated the changes Spector made to \"The Long and Winding Road\", which he meant to have a simple accompaniment, but was released with a choir and orchestra added. McCartney never recorded with Spector, but the other three Beatles worked with him several times, on solo recordings.\nOn camera.\nSpector appeared as an actor a few times. One appearance was in an episode of \"I Dream of Jeannie\", as a music producer. Another was in the movie \"Easy Rider\", as a rich man who buys cocaine from the two main characters. A character in a 1970 movie, \"Beyond the Valley of the Dolls\", was based on the way many people saw Spector. He appeared as himself in scenes from \"Imagine\", a 1973 movie about the recording of John Lennon's 1971 album of the same name.\nLater work.\nSpector worked less often in the 1970s and 1980s, and his most notable work from those years was with The Ramones and Yoko Ono, the widow of John Lennon. Spector and Ronnie were divorced, and she sued him years later for unpaid royalties from her years as a singer. She collected over a million dollars, after many years of going to court. Spector spent much of his time as a \"retired celebrity\", staying home at his Alhambra, California or dining out. He sometimes invited women guests home, after a night out drinking alcohol. Some of the women reported later having a pleasant time with Spector. Others told stories of being abused, detained, or threatened with a gun.\nArrest and trial.\nIn February 2003, police were called to Spector's home to investigate a shooting. Actress Lana Clarkson was found dead on the grounds. Spector was charged with second-degree murder. He admitted possible guilt or involvement in Clarkson's death privately, but decided to plead not guilty in court. Attorney Robert Shapiro was hired to defend him, but Bruce Cutler, and later Linda Kenney-Baden, took over the job. Spector's case went to trial in the spring of 2007, and ended in a mistrial that Autumn. Spector was tried again in 2009 and found guilty of second degree murder.\nDeath.\nSpector died, still under arrest, on January 16, 2021 at a hospital in French Camp, California from problems caused by COVID-19 at the age of 81."}
+{"id": "35991", "revid": "193682", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35991", "title": "Grevy's Zebra", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35992", "revid": "193683", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35992", "title": "Equus grevyi", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35993", "revid": "193684", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35993", "title": "Plains Zebra", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35994", "revid": "193685", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35994", "title": "Equus quagga", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35995", "revid": "193686", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35995", "title": "Mountain Zebra", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35996", "revid": "193687", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35996", "title": "Equus zebra", "text": ""}
+{"id": "35999", "revid": "193702", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=35999", "title": "Koalas", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36000", "revid": "193703", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36000", "title": "Phascolarctos cinereus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36001", "revid": "193704", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36001", "title": "Koala Bear", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36002", "revid": "193705", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36002", "title": "Koala bears", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36003", "revid": "193706", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36003", "title": "Koala Bears", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36004", "revid": "193712", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36004", "title": "Teddy bears", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36007", "revid": "1666129", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36007", "title": "Fugue", "text": "A fugue is a piece of music written for a certain number of parts (voices). It is a type of counterpoint with a precisely defined structure. It is based on a tune called the \"subject\" of the fugue. The word \u201cfugue\u201c comes from the Italian \u201cfuga\u201c meaning \u201cflight\u201c.\nHow a fugue is written.\nA fugue is based on one particular tune. This tune is called the subject. Each part has an equal share in playing the subject. When we talk about the \u201cparts\u201d in a fugue we do not mean the \u201csections\u201d of the piece but the number of voices needed to sing it or instruments to play it. A \u201c3 part fugue\u201d means a fugue written for three voices or instruments. \nFugues can be in 2, 3, 4, 5 or even 6 parts. The more parts there are the harder it is to write a fugue because each part has to sound interesting by itself, but together they must also make sense. 3, 4 and 5 part fugues are usual.\nA fugue always starts with just one part playing the subject. Then the other parts come in one at a time until they are all playing. When the second part comes in it will always be half an octave higher or lower than the beginning (musicians say: \u201con the dominant\u201d, meaning that it starts on the 5th note of the scale instead of the \u201ctonic\u201d or 1st note). This is called: the answer. The third part to come in will be the \u201csubject\u201d (in the tonic once again) and the fourth part will be another answer, etc.\nIf the answer is an exact transposition of the subject (i.e. exactly the same but in the dominant key) it is called a real answer. Sometimes one or two notes have to be changed so that the music sounds right. This is called a tonal answer. For example: a subject that starts with a rising \u201cdoh \u2013 soh\u201d (an interval of a fifth) will be answered by a rising \u201csoh \u2013 doh\u201d in the answer (an interval of a fourth).\nWhen the second part comes in with the answer the first part will have to play something else, called a countersubject. If this \u201csomething else\u201d is used every time in the piece to accompany the answer then it is called a regular countersubject. The countersubject should sound nice, and be grammatically correct, whether it is on top or below the subject. This is called \u201cinvertible counterpoint\u201d.\nIf a part is not playing a countersubject it may just be playing a \u201cfree part\u201d.\nA redundant entry is the repetition of the subject or answer in a voice in which one or two of the aforementioned have already been stated.\nSometimes entries overlap. This is called stretto (NB \u201cstretto\u201d also has a different meaning in music: \u201churried\u201d).\nIf none of the parts are playing the subject or answer (i.e. they are all playing free parts) this is called an episode. If it happens during the first section (exposition) then it is called a codetta.\nBecause a fugue is a piece which puts several lines of melody together it is a form of contrapuntal music.\nA fugue usually has three sections: the first section is called the \u201cexposition\u201d. This lasts until all the parts have entered. The middle section will go through various keys (modulate), and the final section will be back in the main key (tonic), and all the parts will probably play the subject or answer in turn once more.\nComposers who wrote fugues.\nThe fugue became a very popular form of music in the Baroque period. It was often played after a prelude. The most famous composer of fugues was Johann Sebastian Bach. He wrote two books, each with 24 Preludes and Fugues, called \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\" (in German: \"Das Wohltemperierte Klavier\"). Each book has a prelude and fugue in a different major and minor key. He also wrote many Preludes and Fugues for organ, sometimes writing a passacaglia, fantasia or toccata instead of the prelude, as in the case of the famous Toccata and Fugue in D minor. \nBach\u2019s fugues became models for future generations. Composers from later periods studied Bach\u2019s fugues in order to learn how to write their own. For example, Dmitri Shostakovich, a 20th century composer, wrote preludes and fugues in the same style as Bach.\nFugues can be very dramatic and exciting as each part comes in one at a time and the music builds up. This is why many composers have ended long works with a fugue. It helps to build up the tension towards the end of the work. Even if it is not a strict fugue it might be \u201cfugal\u201d i.e. it might start off as a fugue and then become freer (adding extra parts etc.). Beethoven uses fugues a lot in the last movement of his late piano sonatas. Benjamin Britten writes a fugue at the end of A Young Person\u2019s Guide to the Orchestra. At the end of his song for choir called \u201cThe Twelve\u201d William Walton starts a fugue with a very long, fast and complicated fugues subject, but it soon develops into a much freer piece of music."}
+{"id": "36008", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36008", "title": "Jermain Defoe", "text": "Jermain Defoe (born 7 October 1982) is a former English football player. He played more than 600 league games including two spells at Tottenham Hotspur. He made over 50 appearances for the England national team.\nHonours.\nTottenham Hotspur\nRangers\nIndividual\nOrders"}
+{"id": "36009", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36009", "title": "Province of Ascoli Piceno", "text": "The Province of Ascoli Piceno () is a province in the region of Marche in Italy. Its capital is the city of Ascoli Piceno.\nGeography.\nAscoli Piceno has an area of . The province is bordered to the east by the Adriatic Sea and to the north with the provinces of Macerata and Fermo. It borders with three regions\u02d0 the Abruzzo region to the south, the Lazio region to the soutwest and the Umbria region to the west.\nThe main river in the province is Tronto, long and the highest mountain is Monte Vettore (), with an altitude of .\nPopulation.\nThere are 209,450 persons living in the province (1 January 2017). The population density was inhabitants/km\u00b2.\nEvolution of the population\nMunicipalities.\nThere are 33 municipalities (or \"comuni\") in the province; they are:\nThe largest \"comune\" is Ascoli Piceno, with and the smallest is Colli del Tronto, with . The \"comune\" with fewest inhabitants is Palmiano, with 188 inhabitants.\nMain \"comuni\".\nThe following table shows the 10 \"comuni\" with more inhabitants with their population, and their area and altitude."}
+{"id": "36010", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36010", "title": "Ascoli Piceno", "text": "Ascoli Piceno () is a \"comune\" and city in the Marche region, in central Italy. Ascoli Piceno is the capital of the province of the same name.\nThe central historical part of the city is built in marble called \"travertino\", a grey-hued stone extracted from the surrounding mountains. Its central Renaissance square, \"Piazza del Popolo\" (\"Square of the People\") is considered one of the most beautiful in Italy.\nGeography.\nThe town is in the valley of the Tronto river, at the confluence of this river and the small river Castellano and is surrounded on three sides by mountains. Two national parks border the town, one on the northwestern side (\"Parco Nazionale dei Monti Sibillini\") and the other on the south (\"Parco Nazionale del Gran Sasso e Monti della Laga\").\nThe \"comune\" of Ascoli Piceno has an area of and its altitude is . It has a small exclave (\"Piana della Forcella\", 0,5\u00a0km2).\nAscoli Piceno borders with the following \"comuni\"\u02d0 to the north, Venarotta, Rotella, Castel di Lama and Castorano; to the east, Castignano, Appignano del Tronto and Colli del Tronto; to the south, Folignano, Maltignano and the \"comuni\" of the province of Teramo (Abruzzo) of Ancarano, Sant'Egidio alla Vibrata, Civitella del Tronto and Valle Castellana; and to west with Acquasanta Terme, Roccafluvione and Venarotta.\nSome mountains close to \"comune\" are Monte Ascensione, Montagna dei Fiori and Monte Vettore.\n\"Frazioni\".\nThe following \"frazioni\" (hamlets) are part of Ascoli Piceno\u02d0 Bivio Giustimana, Campolungo, Caprignano, Carpineto, Casalena, Casamurana, Case Schiavi, Castel Trosino, Cavignano, Cervara, Colle, Colle San Marco, Colloto, Colonna, Colonnata, Coperso, Faiano, Fonte di Campo, Funti, Giustimana, Il Palazzo, Lago, Lisciano, Lisciano di Colloto, Montadamo, Monte di Rosara, Morignano, Mozzano, Oleificio Panichi, Palombare, Pedana, Piagge, Pianaccerro, Polesio, Ponte Pedana, Porchiano, Rosara, San Gaetano, San Pietro, Santa Maria a Corte, Talvacchia, Taverna di mezzo, Trivigliano-Villa Pagani, Tozzano, Tronzano, Valle Cupa, Valle Fiorana, Valle Senzana, Valli, Vena piccola, Venagrande, Villa Sant'Antonio.\nHistory.\nAscoli was founded by an Italic population (Piceni) several centuries before the building by Rome of the important \"Via Salaria\", the salt road that connected Latium with the salt production areas on the Adriatic coast. In 268 BC it became a \"civitas foederata\", a \"federated\" city with nominal independence from Rome.\nIn 91 BC, together with other cities in central Italy, it revolted against Rome, but in 89 BC was reconquered and destroyed by Pompeius Strabo. Its inhabitants got Roman citizenship, following the developments and the eventual fall of the Roman Empire.\nPopulation.\nThere are 49,203 persons living in the \"comune\" in 2017, for a population density of inhabitants/km\u00b2.\nEvolution of the population\nThe people from this \"comune\" are known, in Italian, as \"ascolani\".\nTwinned towns.\nAscoli Piceno is twinned with:"}
+{"id": "36012", "revid": "193782", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36012", "title": "Sasquatch", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36022", "revid": "7397752", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36022", "title": "Recording artist", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36024", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36024", "title": "Franz Beckenbauer", "text": "Franz Anton Beckenbauer (, ; 11 September 1945 \u2013 7 January 2024) was a German professional footballer and manager. Franz was often called \"Der Kaiser\" (\"The Emperor\"). He was regarded to be one of the greatest players in the history of football. Franz was often credited for inventing the role of the modern sweeper (\"libero\").\nDeath.\nBeckenbauer died on 7 January 2024 in Munich at the age of 78.\nHonours.\nPlayer.\nBayern Munich\nHamburger SV\nNew York Cosmos\nWest Germany\nManager.\nWest Germany\nMarseille\nBayern Munich\nIndividual.\nPlayer\nManager\nOther websites.\n!colspan=\"3\" style=\"background:#C1D8FF;\"| World Cup-winners status"}
+{"id": "36028", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36028", "title": "Groundhog", "text": "The groundhog (also known as the chuck, wood-shock, groundpig, whistlepig, whistler, thickwood badger, Canada marmot, monax, moonack, weenusk, red monk, or siffleux) is a rodent. It belongs to the group of ground squirrels. Those squirrels are also known as marmots. The animal may also be called woodchuck, or whistlepig. Groundhogs dig tunnels and live underground. Groundhog holes, called burrows, are easy to recognize; they are holes, about 9.in (inches) (23\u00a0cm (centimeters)) wide which usually have large piles of dirt and rocks at the entrance. Each hole can contain tunnels leading to up to ten other holes. The tunnels are spacious and can have chambers like rooms. Groundhogs can make their homes under trees, around buildings and in open fields. \nProblems.\nSome problems with groundhogs are that they eat crops and dig around the foundations of buildings. When groundhogs dig around buildings this can cause damage if the holes go too far under the building.\nIn Culture.\nIn the United States, there is a holiday called Groundhog Day. It is celebrated on February 2 of every year. "}
+{"id": "36029", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36029", "title": "Woodchuck", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36030", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36030", "title": "Whistlepig", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36032", "revid": "1668368", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36032", "title": "Squirrel", "text": "Squirrels are a large family of small to medium rodents. It includes tree squirrels, which are described on this page.\nThe other squirrels are: ground squirrels, chipmunks, marmots (including groundhogs), flying squirrels, and prairie dogs. \nSquirrels are native to the Americas, Eurasia, and Africa, and have been introduced to Australia. The earliest known squirrels date from the Eocene and are most closely related to the mountain beaver and to the dormouse among living rodent families.\nMost squirrels are omnivores; they eat anything they find. Many kinds of squirrels live in trees, so they often find nuts. They eat seeds, berries, and pine cones too. Sometimes they eat bird's eggs and insects. Most tree squirrels store food in the fall, to eat in the winter. Ground squirrels do not store food. They hibernate which means they spend winter in a deep sleep. \nSquirrels have many predators, or enemies. Their predators are foxes, wolves, coyotes, bears, raccoons, lynxes, cougars, weasels, cats, dogs, badgers, snakes, and birds of prey. \nTree squirrels.\nThe most common European squirrels are red or brown in color, while common American squirrels are grey or black. Grey squirrels have been introduced from America into Europe (most notably, Great Britain). \nThe greys carry a virus to which they are immune, but which is deadly to red squirrels. They have taken over most of the red squirrels' territory in deciduous forest. This has greatly reduced the red squirrel's population. Red squirrels still enjoy dominance in the pine forests of northern Britain, but they are now rare in southern areas.\nThe grey squirrel is regarded as vermin. It is illegal to release any into the wild, and any caught have to be humanely killed.\nLife cycle.\nSquirrels breed in February and March in winter, and in June and July in summer. Females may become pregnant up to twice a year. Usually four to six young are born, after a gestation period (pregnancy) of around thirty-nine days. Only the mother looks after the young, which are born completely helpless. Young squirrels are deaf and blind during the first few weeks of their life. \nMost squirrels die in the first year of life. Adult squirrels can have a lifespan of five to ten years in the wild. Some can survive 10 to 20 years in captivity.\nAs pets.\nSquirrels are considered exotic pets and are legal in only some parts of the world. Areas where they can be kept as pets include Canada and parts of Australia (in New South Wales only) and the United States (in 21 states). They are considered wild animals in most European countries and pests or potential pests in many countries, such as New Zealand and most of Australia."}
+{"id": "36033", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36033", "title": "Sciurus vulgaris", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36034", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36034", "title": "Red squirrel", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36035", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36035", "title": "Grey squirrel", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36036", "revid": "9454953", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36036", "title": "Gestation", "text": "Gestation is the carrying of an embryo or fetus inside a female viviparous animal, until its birth. Mammals can have more than one embryo or fetus at the same period.\nThe time between fertilization of an ovum and the birth of the young is called the gestation period. Humans have a gestation period of around 37 weeks or about 9 months and 1 week. Syrian hamsters have a gestation period of 16 days. That is believed to be the shortest gestation period for a mammal. The time the gestation period takes depends on the size of the animal, smaller ones have short lengths and bigger ones have the opposite."}
+{"id": "36037", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36037", "title": "Gestation period", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36038", "revid": "193920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36038", "title": "Chupacabras", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36039", "revid": "193922", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36039", "title": "Cryptid", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36041", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36041", "title": "Sciurus carolinensis", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36042", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36042", "title": "Shrew", "text": "Shrews are small mammals which look rather like mice. They were classified in the old Insectivora, but that is no longer used. Now they are classified in the family Soricidae, suborder Soricomorpha.\nTrue shrews are not to be confused with West Indies shrews, treeshrews, otter shrews, or elephant shrews, which belong to different families or orders.\nAlthough its external appearance is generally that of a long-nosed mouse, a shrew is \"not\" a rodent, as mice are. In fact it is related to moles. Shrews have sharp, spike-like teeth, not the familiar gnawing front incisor teeth of rodents.\nShrews are distributed almost worldwide. Of the major tropical and temperate land masses, only New Guinea, Australia, and New Zealand do not have any native shrews. In South America, shrews are relatively recent immigrants and are present only in the northern Andes. In terms of species diversity, the shrew family is the fourth most successful mammal family.\nTaxonomy.\nThe old order Insectivora was not a natural (monophyletic) group. New terms are used to classify its former groups. That explains the little-known terms in the taxobox.\nCharacteristics.\nAll shrews are small, most no larger than a mouse. The largest is the Asian house shrew (\"Suncus murinus\"), which is about 15\u00a0cm long and weighs around 100\u00a0grams. Several are very small: the Etruscan shrew (\"Suncus etruscus\"), is about 3.5\u00a0cm and 2\u00a0grams. It is the smallest living terrestrial mammal and the smallest type of shrew.\nIn general, shrews live in and on the ground. They search for seeds, insects, nuts, and worms. Some climb trees, some live underground, some live under snow, and some hunt in water. They have small eyes, and generally poor vision, but have excellent senses of hearing and smell. They are very active animals, with big appetites. Shrews have an unusually high metabolic rate. Shrews usually eat 80\u201390% of their own body weight in food daily.\nThey do not hibernate, but can enter torpor. Shrews can lose between 30% and 50% of their body weight in winter, shrinking the size of bones, skull and internal organs.\nUnlike rodents, which have gnawing incisors that grow continually, the teeth of shrews wear down throughout life, and they lose their milk teeth before birth. Therefore, they have only one set of teeth for their lifetime. Apart from the first pair of incisors, which are long and sharp, and the chewing molars at the back of the mouth, the teeth of shrews are small and peg-like, and may be reduced in number. The dental formula of shrews is: upper=3.1.1-3.3; lower=1-2.0-1.1.3.\nFiercely territorial.\nShrews are fiercely territorial. They drive off rivals, and come together only to mate. Many species dig burrows to store food and hide from predators, but this is not universal. Some of them echolocate by squeaking, some are venomous, some have teeth strengthened by iron on the tips, they make ultrasonic squeaks, and two genera echolocate by clicks.\nThey eat plenty and often. They are very active animals, with voracious appetites. Shrews have unusually high metabolic rates, above that expected in small mammals. For this reason, they need to eat almost constantly. Probably the aquatic nymphs of insects (for example, mosquito larvae) are on the menu even though many of these are themselves hungry eaters."}
+{"id": "36045", "revid": "1121387", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36045", "title": "Ground squirrel", "text": "Ground squirrels are marmots. These are small rodents, squirrels which live on and in the ground.\nMost of them live in the mountains, like the Sierra Nevada, or the Alps. Marmots make holes in the ground. They live in burrows, underground. They hibernate, that is they sleep through the winter. Marmots are very social animals. They group together easily. They also like to communicate with each other, with whistles, especially when they sense danger.\nThey vary in size and habits. Most are able to rise up on their hind legs and stand fully erect comfortably for long periods. This way they watch for predators. They tend to live together more than other squirrels, and many live in colonies with complex social structures. Most Marmotini are rather short-tailed and large squirrels. The Alpine marmot (\"Marmota marmota\") is the largest living member of the Sciuridae, at 53\u201373 cm in length and weighing 5\u20138 kg.\nMany historians suggest that marmots, rather than rats, were the carriers of bubonic plague epidemics in the Middle Ages."}
+{"id": "36046", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36046", "title": "Marmots", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36047", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36047", "title": "Marmota", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36051", "revid": "8973350", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36051", "title": "Human Be-In", "text": "The 'Human Be-In' was an event during the afternoon and evening of January 14, 1967. It was held in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park. The Human Be-In caused the Summer of Love, which introduced hippie life and the word psychedelic to everyday Americans, and made the Haight-Ashbury area of San Francisco famous because it was the center of an American counterculture.\nThe hippie movement had two main sources. One source was college students who were not happy about the way the country was headed. They did not like the way African Americans were being treated in the South or the way young men were being drafted to fight in the Vietnam War. The other source of the hippie movement was the 'Beat Generation' (poets and jazz hipsters).\nThroughout the early 1960s, college students who were against the policies of segregation in Southern United States would travel to the south. They took part in sit-ins, register African Americans to vote, demonstrate, march, and other activism. More and more people were unhappy about the Vietnam War and the riots. During this time, San Francisco was becoming a center for younger people who liked to experiment with drugs, and it was also a center for the music scene. From the idea of the 'sit-in', they got the idea to have a 'Human Be-In' in early January to get people's minds off politics and the war.\nThe Human Be-In was announced on the cover of the first issue of the \"San Francisco Oracle\" as \"A Gathering of the Tribes for a Human Be-In\". Speakers at the rally included Timothy Leary, Richard Alpert (soon to be more widely known as 'Ram Dass'), and poets like Allen Ginsberg, who chanted mantras, and Gary Snyder. Leary set the tone that afternoon with his famous phrase \"Turn On, Tune In, Drop Out\". Other counterculture leaders who were there included comedian Dick Gregory, Lenore Kandel, and Jerry Rubin. The Hells Angels, at the peak of their 'outlaw' reputation, looked after lost children. Local rock bands such as Grateful Dead and Quicksilver Messenger Service provided the music, and Owsley \"Bear\" Stanley provided massive amounts of his \"White Lightning\" LSD to the gathered masses.\nSoon every gathering was being called an '-In' of some kind. \"Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In\", a television comedy series, began to appear on NBC just a year later, January 22, 1968.\nDuring 1967, more and more young people from around the country began traveling to San Francisco. By the summer there were between 100,000 and 200,000 there taking part in the \"Summer of Love\"."}
+{"id": "36052", "revid": "206009", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36052", "title": "Seagull", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36053", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36053", "title": "Suva", "text": "Suva is the capital city of Fiji. It is on the southeast coast of the island of Viti Levu. Suva became the capital of Fiji in 1877. It was changed from the settlement of Kaivalagi on the island of Ovalau because that settlement had no space left to grow. Kaivalangi had been established by the Europeans. In 1996, 77,366 people lived in Suva. Including independent suburbs, 167,975 people lived in the Greater Suva city area."}
+{"id": "36054", "revid": "9157409", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36054", "title": "Honiara", "text": "Honiara is the capital city of Solomon Islands and of Guadalcanal Province. It has a population 84,520 (2017).\nThe town is on the island of Guadalcanal. It was built to replace the former capital of Tulagi at the end of World War II. Honiara became the capital of the Solomon Islands in 1952. The town is on the Kukum Highway, which connects Henderson field in the east of Honiara with the White River in the west, and passes the hospital Nambanaen and the burned down Chinatown. Honiara has a dock from which ships depart to other provinces. The gardens of the National Art Gallery are popular for afternoon strolls. "}
+{"id": "36055", "revid": "1299044", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36055", "title": "Port Vila", "text": "Port Vila is the capital city of Vanuatu. Located on the south coast of the island of Efate, it has the country's most important dock and airport, Bauerfield International, making it the nation's economic and commercial center. As of the 2020 census, the population was 49,034.\nDuring World War II, Port Vila was an American and Australian airbase. In 1987 and 2015, tropical cyclones badly damaged the city."}
+{"id": "36056", "revid": "9563300", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36056", "title": "Tainan", "text": "Tainan City () is a city in Southern Taiwan. It is the fifth largest city after Taipei, Kaohsiung, New Taipei City and Taichung City. Tainan was the capital of Taiwan in 1661 when Koxinga took the island from Dutch colonial rule. In 1684, the Qing Dynasty conquered Taiwan and created \"Taiwan Fu\" (the first local government in Taiwan). This was later renamed to \"Tainan Fu\" in 1885. Because it was the capital of Taiwan, Tainan is also called Fu-cheng (Government City). Tainan was also the capital of the Republic of Formosa. Tainan is one of the oldest cities in Taiwan, with the Dutch port at An-ping (\u5b89\u5e73) in 1624. It is also one of Taiwan's cultural capitals, as it built the First Confucian School/Temple on the island. There are remains of the Northern and Southern gates of the old city, and other old monuments. Tainan is the city with the most Buddhist and/or Taoist temples on Taiwan. Tainan City is surrounded by Tainan County to the north and east and the South China Sea to the west and south.\nHistory.\nTainan is famous with its 300-year history and architecture. Before the year of 1700, there were only the earliest people living there. But everything changed after the Dutch got to Tainan and made Fort Zeelandia (also called Anping Fort) in Anping. Then in 1661, the Dutch were kicked out by Koxinga, who followed the ideas of the Ming Dynasty, and his army. He ended 38 years of Dutch rule in Taiwan.\nTwenty-two years later, the chief town of Taiwan moved to Tainan and Taiwan became a part of China under the Qing Dynasty\u2019s rule. But the Qing Dynasty didn't care much about Tainan. Afterwards, Japan took over Taiwan and built \"the Office of the Governor-General\" in Taipei. From then on, Taipei became more important than Tainan. After World War II, Taiwan is no longer under Japanese people's rule. Even though Tainan is not the chief town of Taiwan anymore, Tainan is still called \u201dTaiwan's cultural capital\u201d because of its long history in Taiwan.\nDistricts.\nTainan City once had six districts: Anping, Annan, East, West Central, South, and North districts. Annan district was originally the An-Shun township of Tainan County, and was added into Tainan City in 1946. On December 25, 2010, it got merged with Tainan county, and upgraded into a special municipality. Its name remains Tainan City. Now the great Tainan City has 31 districts, and the central government want those districts incorporated into 10 to 12 districts in the future. But people in every township are not very positive about this. Because people are afraid that their budget would be downsized while every administrative area become much larger. For the central and local city government, there is a long way to go.\nLandmarks.\nTainan has a lot of popular scenic spots, such as:\nTwin towns and sister cities.\nTainan has 28 twin towns and sister cities worldwide. Tainan signed the agreements with 9 cities in the US between 1965 and 1991. They are:"}
+{"id": "36058", "revid": "586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36058", "title": "Chiayi City", "text": "Chiayi City (; Taiwanese: Ka-g\u012b chh\u012b) is a provincial city of southwestern Taiwan Province of the Republic of China. Formerly called \"Kagi\" during the Japanese era, its historical name in Chinese (\u8af8\u7f85\u5c71) is borrowed from the Taiwanese aboriginal word \"Tirosen\"."}
+{"id": "36059", "revid": "1260226", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36059", "title": "Example", "text": "An example (Latin \"exemplum\", the shorthand \"e.g\". stands for \"exempli gratia\", which means \"for example\") is a short story, or an anecdote. This story is told to illustrate something else, like an idea or a concept.\nIn the Middle Ages, preachers and priests used examples in their sermons. They did this to explain things from the bible. They also did this to explain to all those people (that were incapable of reading) how they should lead their lives, as a good person.\nExamples help illustrate a point. \nThe phrase \"make an example\" is sometimes used, when a person is harshly punished for others to see. This is done to keep other people (especially the person's peers) from doing the same thing that got that person into trouble."}
+{"id": "36060", "revid": "9893316", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36060", "title": "Hsinchu", "text": "Hsinchu City (Chinese:\u65b0\u7af9; POJ: Sin-tek) is a provincial city of Taiwan Province of the Republic of China. Hsinchu is popularly nicknamed \"The Windy City\" (\"Fengcheng\" \u98a8\u57ce) for its windy climate.\nThe city is surrounded by Hsinchu County to the north and east, Miaoli County to the south, and the Taiwan Strait to the west. \nHsinchu City is made up of three districts: North District, East District, and Siangshan District.\nEconomy.\nThe city is the base of high tech industry in Taiwan. Built in 1980, Hsinchu Science Park is home of 360 high tech companies including TSMC, Philips and United Microelectronics Corporation. As the result, the city has the highest income level."}
+{"id": "36062", "revid": "21531", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36062", "title": "The Bee Gees", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36085", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36085", "title": "Black rat", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36086", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36086", "title": "Rattus rattus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36088", "revid": "1502560", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36088", "title": "Kangaroo rat", "text": "Kangaroo rats are small rodents from North and Central America. They got their name because they look like small kangaroos when standing upright. But they are not related to kangaroos, except that they are mammals. The genus of the kangaroo rats is called Dipodomys.\nCurrently, there are 22 species in that genus. They vary in size from 10cm to 20cm, and they weigh between 35 and 180 grams for adult animals.\nKangaroo rats live in dry climates. They can live in deserts also, like the Thar Desert. This means that they have developed traits from other species that live in such climates, but are not related to them. Some of those species are the jerboas, which can be found in the deserts of Africa and Asia, and the hopping mice of the Australian Outback. \nAll of those species have highly developed hind legs. They also live in deep burrows that protect them from the worst heat of the day. Water may be difficult to find in such climates. Therefore, they only rarely need to drink water. Instead, they have a very efficient metabolism. Their kidneys are much more efficient than human kidneys. They can also chemically split off water from the food they eat. \nKangaroo mice are found in areas of the United States and Mexico, where there is some grass or vegetation left, but which have a rather dry climate. Scientists call those areas arid and semi-arid. The animals live on seeds, leaves, nuts and other fruit they can find. They also catch insects. They are also known for stockpiling (keeping) some food in their burrows, for bad times. \nUsually, the animals have a color that blends in nicely with the sandy surroundings. Most often they are a tone of dark yellow to deep brown.\nThey are nocturnal which means that they are active during the night. "}
+{"id": "36089", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36089", "title": "Hibernation", "text": "Hibernation is a time of inactivity. Some endothermic (warm-blooded) animals hibernate, usually during the winter, when food is short. They fall into a sleep-like state. They regulate their metabolism to consume less energy. They lower their body temperature, slow their breathing, and slow other vital functions. During hibernation, the body uses fat for energy, which the animal has gathered in summer and autumn. They hibernate from the end of autumn to the start of winter. Animals try and eat as much as they can to increase the fats in their body.\nMammals like bats, ground squirrels (like marmots), hedgehogs, marsupials and others hibernate.\nThe phases of sleeping (called torpor) are different for the different animals. Hedgehogs sleep for 1\u20133 weeks, without waking, The fat dormouse sleeps for 20\u201333 days, without waking. The winter sleep of bears is not as deep as hibernation.\nOnly mammals hibernate. However, a few birds including hummingbirds do something similar."}
+{"id": "36093", "revid": "1343687", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36093", "title": "Pack rat", "text": "The pack rat, also known as the wood rat or trade rat, is a rodent of one of several species in the genus Neotoma. Very often, people mean the bushy-tailed woodrat (\"Neotoma cinerea\"). Packrats are common in the deserts and highlands of the western United States and northern Mexico. They are smaller than a usual (Old World) rat, and usually have long, sometimes bushy tails. They are also not related to the rat, other than also being a rodent. "}
+{"id": "36094", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36094", "title": "Wood rat", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36095", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36095", "title": "Trade rat", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36096", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36096", "title": "Mohamed ElBaradei", "text": "Mohamed ElBaradei (born June 17, 1942) is an Egyptian scientist, administrator, politician, diplomat and 2005 recipient of the Nobel Prize for Peace.\nEarly life.\nElBaradei was born and raised in Cairo, Egypt. He has a doctorate in International law.\nCareer.\nElBaradei is best known as the former Director General of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) \"(1997-2009)\". The IAEA is an inter-governmental organization related to the United Nations. It is based in Vienna and tries to bring about the peaceful use of nuclear energy. ElBaradei and the IAEA were both awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2005. They won the prize for their efforts in Iraq, finding that there were no weapons of mass destruction in Iraq."}
+{"id": "36098", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36098", "title": "Bandicoot", "text": "A bandicoot is a kind of marsupial. There are about 20 species of bandicoots. \nBandicoots are omnivores. They eat bugs, earthworms, larvae, and spiders. They live in parts of Australia. They are nocturnal. Bandicoots are endangered species. For protection against foxes and wild cats, they retreat to their burrows for safety.\nThere are different species of bandicoot including:"}
+{"id": "36099", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36099", "title": "Lesser bandicoot rat", "text": "The lesser bandicoot rat (\"Bandicota bengalensis\") is a rodent. It lives in south Asia. It can grow up to 40cm long. It is a rat, but is not in the genus \"Rattus\". They may be a pest to cereal crops, and gardens in India and Sri Lanka. When attacking the rat grunts like a pig. Their fur is dark brown on the back and usually lighter or darker grey on the belly-side (ventrally). The length of their body is about 25cm, and the tail is shorter than the body.\nLocation.\nSometimes, the rats live in empty houses in villages. When they feel threatened, they are very aggressive. Many see them as a threat to infants (babies). Packs of lesser bandicoot rats have been known to attack and devour infants left alone. \nMisunderstandings.\nDespite its name, the rat is not related to the bandicoot, which is a marsupial.\nThe International Union for the Conservation of Nature says there are large numbers of lesser bandicoot rats found over a wide area. They have listed them as being of Least Concern for survival. "}
+{"id": "36102", "revid": "7788184", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36102", "title": "Roquefort cheese", "text": "Roquefort cheese is a kind of blue cheese. It comes from the south of France. It is made from sheep's milk. French laws about AOC say that only cheese from the region of Roquefort-sur-Soulzon (close to Millau) may be called Roquefort cheese. \nOverview.\nThe cheese breaks into little pieces easily. It is a little moist. Blue mould is added to Roquefort cheese. This gives it a particular taste. Roquefort is made in big wheels. They weigh around 2.5 kilograms. They are about 10 cm thick. Roquefort needs to ripen for around 5 months. It is best eaten April to October, but of course it is available all year round. \nIn the year 2003, there were seven Roquefort producers. The largest by far is Roquefort Soci\u00e9t\u00e9. Roquefort Papillon is also a well-known brand. The five other producers are Carles, Gabriel Coulet, Fromageries occitanes, Verni\u00e8res and Le Vieux Berger."}
+{"id": "36103", "revid": "1669661", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36103", "title": "Serial ATA", "text": "Serial ATA (SATA or Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) is a standard that has been defined to connect storage devices or optical drives to a computer. The most common standard that was used beforehand was called ATA or IDE; it has been renamed PATA. The main difference between the two lies in the cables: SATA cables have seven wires, PATA cables have 40 or 80. Another difference is that with SATA, there is one cable for each device, while with PATA, all devices are connected to the same cable.\nAs of 2022, almost all desktop computers have a SATA interface. PATA is very rare nowadays, but some old computers still use it. Computers that still use PATA are mostly used for industrial applications and embedded systems. Some computers (mostly laptops) do not have a SATA interface. They have an M.2 NVMe interface to connect NVMe SSDs which are based on the PCIE standard. Some laptops also have an embedded flash memory. SATA will most likely disappear from laptops (and some computers) in the future and be replaced with M.2 NVMe SSDs.\nTechnology and transfer speeds.\nElectric signals transmitted on a parallel bus made of several wires will influence each other, if the transfer speed is increased. This phenomenon is known as crosstalk. Another problem with PATA is that the termination of the bus is not specified. Serial ATA uses low-voltage differential signaling, which avoids most of these problems.\nSerial ATA uses 8B/10B encoding. This means that 10 bits are used to transfer 8 bits. The first standard of SATA used 1.5 GBit/second transfer speed (or 1.2 GBit/second usable data rate). This is only slightly faster than the last PATA standard (ATA/133). Later standards doubled this rate, at almost every revision. These values are transfer speeds, because of signalling, the usable speed is 25% lower.\nOther benefits are that SATA cables are much easier to handle than PATA cables. Some SATA drives can also be connected and disconnected while the computer is running. This is called hot swapping. Finally, some drives support a technology called \"Native Command Queueing\". This means that the drive can rearrange the order of what it's told to do so that it gets done faster.\nFrom the first version, SATA has been fast enough for hard drives. The data needs to be read from a number of locations on the drive. Between the locations, the electronic device used for reading and writing has to be repositioned. Even with current drives, this does not happen fast enough so that the 1.2 Gbit/s poses a problem.\nRevisions.\nAs of 2016, there are five different revisions of the SATA standard.\nSATA Express.\nSATA Express is a version of the SATA standard that uses the same protocol as PCI Express. Current solid state drives (SSDs) are able to saturate SATA III, specified at 6 Gbit/s. For this reason SATA Express has been introduced.\nCompatibility.\nDiffferent versions of the Serial ATA standard are compatible with each other. This means that older devices can be operated on a newer controller, but they will only support the features and speed of the standard for which they were built. Similarly, devices built for a newer standard can be operated on an older controller. In this case, the controller is the limiting factor, and some of the newer functions may not be supported. An SAS (Serial Attached SCSI) controller is compatible with SATA drives, but a SATA controller is not compatible with SAS drives.\nAt the level of the operating system, SATA and PATA devices can be made to look the same. At the physical level, they are incompatible however.\nConnectors.\nTo be usable, the devices using SATA need to be connected to the motherboard. This is probably the most visible difference between SATA and PATA. SATA drives have two different connectors, One connection is for transmitting the data and the other connection is for transmitting power. In some cases, both have been combined into one cable, to connect external drives. The normal case though is that two different connectors are used. Some connectors can be locked in place.\nPower connector.\nStandard connector.\nPATA specified that power is transmitted using a 4 pin Molex connector. With SATA, this connector. The 4 pin Molex connector has also been used to power floppy drives. SATA changed this connector. With SATA, the power connector and the data connector look similar, but the power connector is wider than the data connector. The standard power connector has 15 pins. It is used for standard 3.5 inch and 2.5 inch drives.\nSlimline and micro connector.\nSmaller form factors can also use a smaller power connector, It has six pins and a coding notch. For smaller drives, there is a connector with 8 pins. A coding notch makes sure that the power connector cannot be connected to the plug which transfers the data.\nData connector.\nAs with the power connector, there are different versions of the data connector, for different applications. The standard connector has 7 pins, and is used for 3.5\" and 2.5\" drives. The most common other form factors are mSATA, and M.2 (or NGFF).\neSATA and eSATAp.\neSATA is a version of SATA which is used to connect external drives. Its plugs are more robust, and its cables are more rugged. In this market, SATA competes with other standards, such as USB or Firewire. Many external drives are standard SATA drives in an external case. To be able to communicate over USB or Firewire, an extra electronic board is needed. This board translates between SATA and the external interface. When eSATA is used, no translation is necessary. Using USB or Firewire may have other benefits though.\nThere also is a version of eSATA called eSATAp. It combines the pins of the USB, those of SATA, and those of the power connector. This makes it possible to directly connect SATA or USB drives externally, with only one cable. In addition to the data, power is also transmitted over this cable, so no extra power connection is necessary."}
+{"id": "36104", "revid": "194262", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36104", "title": "Cichlids", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36105", "revid": "194263", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36105", "title": "Cichlidae", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36106", "revid": "194277", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36106", "title": "Cygnini", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36121", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36121", "title": "Legnica", "text": "Legnica () is a city in Poland. The river Katzbach runs through Legnica. There live over 100,000 people. The city is in west part of Poland (near Germany and Czech border). Legnica is near a bigger city, Wroc\u0142aw.\nLegnica is in the middle of Silesia. The area used to be part of Prussia, and Legnica was the capital of one of the three Silesian government areas (Regierungsbezirk).\nHistory.\nSilesia, a Prussian Province, was divided in 3 administrative regions (Regierungsbezirk): Liegnitz, Breslau and Oppeln.\nThe Regierungsbezirk Liegnitz comprised the following districts:"}
+{"id": "36132", "revid": "687567", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36132", "title": "Cruzeiro Esporte Clube", "text": "Cruzeiro Esporte Clube, usually called Cruzeiro EC or Cruzeiro, is a Brazilian football team from the city Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The team was founded on January 2, 1921. They are usually called the \"raposa\", which means fox in Brazil. They are also called the \"celeste\" which means celestial because their logo and name refer to a constellation. Currently the team disputes the first division of the Brazilian championship."}
+{"id": "36136", "revid": "5043", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36136", "title": "Cubic time", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36160", "revid": "9362825", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36160", "title": "Flag of Estonia", "text": "The flag of Estonia has three colours and is made of three equal horizontal bands coloured blue (top), black, and white (bottom). Blue mirrors the sky, black the colour of the soil and national coat, and white the peoples' happiness and light. In Estonian language it is called the \"sinimustvalge\" (literally \"blue-black-white\"), after the colours of the bands. The flag was designed in the 1880s and adopted when Estonia became independent in 1918."}
+{"id": "36161", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36161", "title": "Coat of arms of Estonia", "text": "The coat of arms of Estonia is a golden shield which includes three slim, blue \"leopard\"s (or lions passant guardant) in the middle, with oak branches along the side of the shield.\nThe coat of arms of Estonia has existed long before they were official recognized after the War of Independence between 1918 and 1920, when the Republic of Estonia was internationally recognized.\nThe symbol has been in use since the 13th century, where the big coat of arms was used for the capital city, Tallinn. The origin of the slim blue lions can be traced back to the King of Denmark at the time, Valdemar the Second. As Denmark was the ruling power of Northern Estonia at the time, it imposed the coat of arms upon the state."}
+{"id": "36165", "revid": "196884", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36165", "title": "Ichthyology", "text": "Ichthyology is the scientific study of fish.\nThe term Ichthyology is derived from the Greek words \"ichthyus\", meaning fish, and \"logos\", meaning knowledge.\nIt includes hagfish and lampreys (jawless fish), cartilagenous fish (such as sharks, skates and rays) (Chondrichthyes) and bony fishes (Osteichthyes).\nA person who studies fish is called an \"ichthyologist\"."}
+{"id": "36167", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36167", "title": "Indre, Loire-Atlantique", "text": "Indre is a city in France at the Atlantic Ocean. It is the south eastern end of the Brittany.\nIndre has about 3,643 inhabitants."}
+{"id": "36168", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36168", "title": "Indre", "text": "Indre can mean different things:"}
+{"id": "36169", "revid": "194707", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36169", "title": "Trojan", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36174", "revid": "194691", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36174", "title": "Trojan horse (Computing)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36175", "revid": "1527313", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36175", "title": "Apatosaurus", "text": "Apatosaurus is a sauropod dinosaur which lived in the Upper Jurassic period. It is in the same family as \"Diplodocus\". \"Brontosaurus\" was once thought a later name for \"Apatosaurus\", but is now proved to be a separate genus.\n\"Apatosaurus\" grew as big as 21 meters long, 4.5 meters tall at the hip, and weighed up to 23 metric tons. It ate plants. Its bones have been found in Wyoming, Colorado, Oklahoma, and Utah.\nWhen it was first found, scientists thought that \"Apatosaurus\" lived partly under water, as if it could not hold its own weight on dry land. Now they think it lived on dry land, probably in herds.\nThe cervical vertebrae were less elongated and more solid than those of \"Diplodocus\". The bones of the leg were much stockier (despite being longer), implying a more robust animal. The tail was held above the ground during normal locomotion. Like most sauropods, \"Apatosaurus\" had only a single large claw on each forelimb, with the first three toes on the hind limb possessing claws.\nThere are at least two species of \"Apatosaurus\":\nLifestyle.\nIt was believed throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries that sauropods like \"Apatosaurus\" were too massive to support their own weight on dry land. It was theorized that they lived partly submerged in water, perhaps in swamps. Recent findings do not support this. Sauropods are now thought to have been fully terrestrial animals. A study of diplodocid snouts showed that the square snout, large proportion of pits, and fine, subparallel scratches of the teeth of \"Apatosaurus\" suggests it was a ground-height, nonselective browser. It may have eaten ferns, cycads, seed ferns, horsetails, and algae.\nImportant issues like heat control, metabolic rate and respiration are still unclear. Some scientists state that the heart would have had trouble sustaining sufficient blood pressure to oxygenate the brain. Others suggest that the near-horizontal posture of the head and neck would have eliminated the problem of supplying blood to the brain because it would not have been elevated.\nJames Farlow calculates that an \"Apatosaurus\"-sized dinosaur about would have had of fermentation contents (food being digested). \"The heat of fermentation may have been a significant source of thermoregulatory heat for these reptiles\"."}
+{"id": "36176", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36176", "title": "Hanseatic League", "text": "The Hanseatic League (German: die Hanse, Dutch: de Hanze, Estonian: hansa, Latvian: Hanza Polish: Hanza, Swedish: Hansan) was an alliance of trading guilds. These guilds established and maintained a trade monopoly over the Baltic Sea and most of Northern Europe. This monopoly lasted for a time in the later Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, between the 13th and 17th centuries.\nMany cities were part of it. \nCities that are still called \"Hansestadt\".\nThe following cities were part of the Hanse. They carry the word \"Hansestadt\" (\"Hanseatic City\") as part of their official city name:"}
+{"id": "36179", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36179", "title": "Steve McClaren", "text": "Stephen McClaren (born 3 May 1961) is an English former professional footballer and coach who currently serves as an assistant coach for Premier League club Manchester United, in his second spell at the club.\nHonours.\nPlayer.\nDerby County\nManager.\nMiddlesbrough\nTwente\nIndividual"}
+{"id": "36181", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36181", "title": "Condom, Gers", "text": "Condom (), also called Condom-en-Armagnac or Condom-sur-Ba\u00efse, is a commune in southwestern France in the department of Gers, Occitanie region, of which it is a subprefecture.\nName of the city.\nThe name \"Condom\" comes from the Gaulish (an ancient Celtic language spoken in parts of Europe) words \"condate-\u00f3-magos\" which means \"market of the confluence\". \"Condat\u00f3magos\" later became \"Condat\u00f3m\" and then \"Condd\u00f3m\". The spelling \"Condom\" first came from Latin in the 10th century as ' or '.\nThe name of the town has nothing to do with the condom, which in French is called . There used to be a museum of condoms in Condom, but it closed in 2005.\nHistory.\nAfter the colonization of the area by the Romans, the Abbey of Saint Pierre was built in 1011. During the Hundred Years' War, the city was taken twice by the English. The Saint Pierre Cathedral was begun in 1507.\nWay of St. James.\nCondom is a town on the \"Via Podiensis\" (the \"Le Puy Route\"), one of the three major French pilgrimage routes of the Way of St. James. This particular route begins in Le Puy and ends in Santiago de Compostela in northwest Spain. Pilgrims came to Condom from Miradoux and continue on to Larressingle.\nGeography.\nCondom is a \"commune\" found along the Ba\u00efse river, between Armagnac and Agenais. Condom is the main town of the \"Condom\u00e8s\" or \"T\u00e9nar\u00e8ze\" region.\nThe \"commune\" has an area of and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .\nCondom is surrounded by the \"communes\":\nClimate.\nThe climate of Condom, in the K\u00f6ppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.\nPopulation.\nThe inhabitants of Condom are known, in French, as \"Condomois\" (women: \"Condomoises\").\nWith a population of 6,835 (2014), Condom has a population density of inhabitants/km2.\nEvolution of the population in Condom\nEconomy.\nThe \"commune\" of Condom depends mainly of the agriculture, the tourism and the trade.\nImportant agricultural products are Armagnac (an alcoholic beverage like a brandy), \"Floc de Gascogne\" (a regional ap\u00e9ritif) and \"foie gras\".\nPlaces of interest.\nSome of places of interest are:\nSister cities.\nCondom is twinned with:"}
+{"id": "36185", "revid": "40117", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36185", "title": "Trojan horse (computing)", "text": "In computing, a Trojan horse (also written as trojan) is malicious software that misleads users of its true purpose. Sometimes a Trojan horse does exactly what it claims to do but it also does something else. This is because its real hidden purpose is to perform malicious actions in the background, such as allow a stranger to read and change the computer's information. In some cases the user notices, in other cases they do not. Although a Trojan horse can contain any type of harmful code, many modern forms act as a backdoor, which bypasses normal authentication or encryption in a computer.\nTrojans are generally spread by some form of trickery, for example getting users to click on bad popups, Email, text, attachments, advertisements, or fake device driver updates. A trojan may act as a \"backdoor\" to the computer, contacting a controller which can then have unauthorized access to the affected computer. Trojans that act as spyware may access users' personal information such as banking information, passwords, or personal identity. Some trojans can infect other devices connected to their networks. \nIt is rare to get a trojan on your computer by merely visiting a website, though it can happen. Usually, though, trojans are attached to something the user downloads, such as music, wallpapers, backgrounds, games, and especially programs (apps). \nTrojans were named after the Trojan Horse in Greek mythology, which was a large wooden horse, given by the Trojans (from Troy) to the Greeks (from Greece) as a gift, but when the Greeks brought it inside their city walls, Trojan soldiers came out and defeated the city."}
+{"id": "36193", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36193", "title": "Ichthyologist", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36194", "revid": "194714", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36194", "title": "Ichthyologists", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36205", "revid": "233259", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36205", "title": "Cognac", "text": "Cognac is an alcoholic drink. It is made from grapes. It is a kind of brandy. This means there is 40 percent of alcohol or more in it. It is made around the city of Cognac. Only a few very special kinds of grapes may be used to produce the brandy. \nThe most important cognac importers are the United States, followed by Great Britain and Japan."}
+{"id": "36209", "revid": "836766", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36209", "title": "Den Helder", "text": "Den Helder is a municipality in the Netherlands. It is in the province of North Holland. Den Helder is at the northernmost point of the province, excluding the island Texel. About 60,000 people live there."}
+{"id": "36226", "revid": "3441", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36226", "title": "Lesbians", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36228", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36228", "title": "Art of Life", "text": "Art of Life was the fourth album by the Japanese band X Japan. It was released in 1993 and contained only a song of 29 minutes of the same name."}
+{"id": "36263", "revid": "1444326", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36263", "title": "Radioactive", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36265", "revid": "1681633", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36265", "title": "Barbecue", "text": "Barbecue (or \"Barbeque\", \"BBQ\") is a special type of grill. It is also a way to prepare meat which is then cooked with a barbecue sauce. It is especially popular in Australia and in certain parts of the United States. \nBarbecue cooking is often done very slowly. It is not as hot as grilling. Some meats must be cooked slowly to be tender, and easy to chew. Sometimes, meat may be slowly cooked for 8 to 24 hours on a barbecue.\nVariation.\nUnited States.\nIn the United States, people barbecue chicken, beef and pork, depending on the part of the country. Barbecuing is very popular in the Central and Southern U.S., especially in Texas with beef and Kansas City and North Carolina with pork. In the United States barbecued meat is usually covered in barbecue sauce, a type of thick, dark red sauce that often contains spices, tomatoes, and honey. Very often, American barbecue grills get heat from hickory wood.\nIn California, it was common to barbecue beef in a hole in the ground rather than a grill. This is called a \"pit barbecue\".\nGreece.\nIn Greek cuisine, a barbecue is called a skara.\nA Greek barbecue is typically used to grill various cuts of meat, such as steak, koftas, Shish kebab, chicken wings and chicken breasts. Greek salad and other cold foods accompany the meal.\nBrazil.\nA Brazilian barbecue is called a Churrascaria."}
+{"id": "36266", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36266", "title": "Barbeque", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36272", "revid": "9230348", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36272", "title": "Cow Belles", "text": "Cow Belles is an American teen movie romantic comedy movie produced Disney Channel original movie. It was shown on television on March 26, 2006. This movie stars Aly and AJ of Aly & AJ.\nPlot.\nTwo spoiled sisters (Aly & AJ) are rich, but their father and the family have many losses, forcing the girls to do dairy farm work. Courtney (AJ) still saves party money enough to save the family. Taylor (Aly) decides to give up the money after she was told not to just to save the family. Soon the girls learn a lesson about friendship, sisterhood, and love, and that it is better to choose brains of bronze."}
+{"id": "36283", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36283", "title": "Taichung County", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36292", "revid": "1260226", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36292", "title": "Legacy", "text": "In law, a legacy is a ohio that someone gets by inheritance, or by a will. In historical terms, a legacy is something that is handed down from one period of time to another period of time. Often it means something handed down from an ancestor or predecessor.\nIn loose terms, it is sometimes said that countries or civilization can leave a legacy, such as an idea that will be remembered for a long time. That is clearly an extension of its original meaning(s) which were about individual people.\nBuddha Confucius and other religious and philosophical teachers have left moral legacies. \nMore than 2,000 years ago the Greek Mathematician, Euclid of Alexandria, collected and wrote down ideas about geometry and measurement in a text called \"Elements\". Students still use these ideas when they learn about mathematics. Other sciences also owe inherited much from Ancient Greece, and science, in general, is a system of legacies. Greek science developed from Ancient Egyptian and Babylonian science, as Islamic science used its legacy rather than those of other cultures. Renaissance science built on its predecessors, as did modern science.\nIn Athens, citizens voted on what the city would do. This early form of democracy is a cultural legacy. Ancient Rome elected some of their leaders and made Roman laws that became a legal legacy for later civilizations. Roman and Greek architecture are also often imitated, as another kind of legacy.\nSome families pass objects and ideas down from generation to generation. These heirlooms and ideas can also be called legacies. It may have to do with a person or many people. Individuals can leave a historical legacy.\nLegacy is a similar concept as inheritance and heritage. It is something we inherit from past generations and pass to our future generations. Usually, \"heritage\" refers to material and economical inheritance, while \"legacy\" refers to immaterial and cultural inheritance.\nWhen software source code is reused in new software development, the old code is often called legacy code."}
+{"id": "36301", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36301", "title": "Historical", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36311", "revid": "195407", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36311", "title": "Angela Dorothea Merkel", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36313", "revid": "10062142", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36313", "title": "Lulu (singer)", "text": "Marie McDonald McLaughlin Lawrie (born 3 November 1948), best known by her stage name Lulu, is a Scottish pop singer and actress. She was a worldwide top female artist in the 1960s and has continued very successfully ever since \nHer most famous hit is the song \"\"Shout\". \nLulu\u2019s first hit was \u201cShout \u201c Which reached number seven in 1964 in the UK charts see Wikipedia and The Official UK Charts \nHer first US hit was the song \"To Sir with Love\"\", which was the title song of the 1967 movie \"To Sir, with Love\", which was also her movie debut. \nIn 1969, she represented the United Kingdom in the Eurovision Song Contest. Lulu tied for first place alongside three other countries due to no tie-breaking rule. \nShe sang the title song of the 1974 James Bond movie \"The Man with the Golden Gun\".\nShe was a contestant in the 2011 series of \"Strictly Come Dancing\"."}
+{"id": "36316", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36316", "title": "Catanzaro", "text": "Catanzaro () is an Italian city in Calabria. It has 95,099 people."}
+{"id": "36317", "revid": "9160357", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36317", "title": "Vibo Valentia", "text": "Vibo Valentia () is an Italian city in Calabria. It has 33,957 people."}
+{"id": "36318", "revid": "687081", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36318", "title": "Reggio Calabria", "text": "Reggio di Calabria (, ; ) is a city in southern Italy, capital of the Metropolitan City of Reggio Calabria, and the twenty-first most populous city in Italy after Modena. Reggio was the capital of Magna Graecia. It was the first city to take the name of Italy, founder of the ononymous name, formerly populated by Italics. It is the third economic centre of mainland Southern Italy, the city proper has a population of more than 200,000 inhabitants spread over , while the fast-growing urban area numbers 260,000 inhabitants. About 560,000 people live in the metropolitan area, recognised in 2015 by Italian Republic as a metropolitan city and is the 100th most populated city in the EU.\nGeography.\nReggio is located on the \"toe\" of the Italian Peninsula and is separated from the island of Sicily by the Strait of Messina. It is situated on the slopes of the Aspromonte, a long, craggy mountain range that runs up through the centre of the region.\nAs a major functional pole in the region, it has strong historical, cultural and economic ties with the city of Messina, which lies across the strait in Sicily, forming a metro city of less than 1 million people.\nHistory.\nReggio is the oldest city in the region, and during ancient times, it was an important and flourishing colony of Magna Graecia. Reggio has a modern urban system, set up after the catastrophic earthquake of 1908, which destroyed most of the city. The region has been subject to earthquakes.\nEconomy.\nIt is a major economic centre for regional services and transport on the southern shores of the Mediterranean. Reggio, with Naples and Taranto, is home to one of the most important archaeological museums, the prestigious National Archaeological Museum of Magna Gr\u00e6cia, dedicated to Ancient Greece (which houses the Bronzes of Riace, rare example of Greek bronze sculpture, which became one of the symbols of the city). Reggio is the seat, since 1907, of the Archeological Superintendence of Bruttium and Lucania.\nThe city centre, consisting primarily of Liberty buildings, has a linear development along the coast with parallel streets, and the promenade is dotted with rare magnolias and exotic palms. Reggio has commonly used popular nicknames: The \"city of Bronzes\", after the Bronzes of Riace that are testimonials of its Greek origins; the \"city of bergamot\", which is exclusively cultivated in the region; and the \"city of Fatamorgana\", an optical phenomenon visible in Italy only from the Reggio seaside. "}
+{"id": "36319", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36319", "title": "Crotone", "text": "Crotone () is an Italian city in Calabria. It has 60,517 people. It was founded by Greek colonists in the second half of the 8th century BC and it quickly became one of the most important centres of Magna Graecia (). The city is located on the eastern side of Calabria, near the Ionian Sea and the Esaro river, at 8 meters above the sea level. According to the legend, the name of the city derives from the name of the hero \"Crotone\", son of Aeacus, who was killed by mistake by his friend Heracles. So, in his honor he founded a city with his name."}
+{"id": "36320", "revid": "9128831", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36320", "title": "Cosenza", "text": "Cosenza is an Italian city in Calabria. 72,998 people live there."}
+{"id": "36323", "revid": "1570152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36323", "title": "Common Era", "text": "Common Era (CE; ) is a method used to identify a year. It means \"a year in our time\" (rather than a year a very long time ago). It is the system for recording dates used almost everywhere around the world today. \nCE is an alternative to the AD system used by Christians, but the numbering is the same: the year CE is equal to AD (but usually we just say \"the year is \"). AD is an abbreviation of the . The CE method is used as an alternative to AD as not everyone is a Christian. However, the name Christian Era () has the same acronym as the name Common Era.\nWhen writing about calendars, an era is span of dates, starting from a particular moment in time. In the case of both CE and AD, that start date is after the date of the birth of Jesus of Nazareth. Neither system uses a year zero (0); the year before 1 CE was 1 BCE.\nBefore Christian Era.\nBefore Christian Era (BCE) is the system for the years \"Before the Christian Era\". BCE uses the same numbering as BC (Before Christ). \"CE\" and \"BCE\" are placed after the year number. Thus we write \"Our year is CE\" or \"Artaxerxes III of Persia was born in 425 BCE.\"\nUsage of Christian Era notation began about 1615 among Christians in Europe, and has been growing among non-Christians who desire to be sensitive to Christians. \u201cCommon\u201d Era is sometimes used instead, which is short for Common Christian Era."}
+{"id": "36351", "revid": "1391867", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36351", "title": "Sheet music", "text": "Sheet music is a type of printed music. The music that musicians have in front of them when they play is printed music. The sheet or sheets of paper that contain(s) the written notation of what the musician are to play is called printed music. Sheet music usually refers to a \"single sheet\" of music; that is, one song or piece printed separately. Printed music includes sheet music but also includes music published in collections. People often confuse sheet music with printed music. \nSheet music can be published as a separate copy for one piece or song, or it can be a collection of pieces in a larger book. If there is a piece of music for violin and piano, then the pianist will play from the piano part, which will have the piano music written, as usual, on two staves. Above those two staves, printed slightly smaller, will be another stave with the violin part. The violinist will play from a separate part which will just have the violin music. This means that the pianist can always see what the violin should be playing, but the violinist will not be able to see what the pianist is playing. The violinist may need to look at the piano part sometimes to see how the violin and piano part fit together. It would be difficult for the violinist to play from music with both parts because he would need to turn the pages too often. (Unless the violinist had a few measures of rest right before the page turn, the violinist would miss playing some of his/her part while turning the page.)\nScore.\nA score is printed music of a piece written for several instruments. The music (parts) for each instrument are written above one another on separate staves. A conductor can see from the score what each instrument should be playing and how it fits together. Each player only has his or her own part (the notes that the performer plays) in front of him/her. From time to time, if the instrument has long period where he/she does not play (that is, has a block of rests), the publisher may print, usually in smaller type, a portion of the music another instruments (usually an instrument playing the melody) would be playing to help the performer know what to listen before he/she starts playing. These smaller notes are called cues because it cues, or clues, that the performer is going to start playing soon.)\nStandard Score Order Format.\nIn an orchestral score, the order in which the instrumental lines are usually printed is:\nIf there is a choir or solo singers their part is written near the bottom, above the strings. Except for vocal parts, bar lines will usually join up the staves of each family. Not joining them for vocal parts allows greater flexibility for placement of lyrics. Joining bar lines makes it easier to find the instruments than if they had been drawn all the way down the page. An experienced conductor knows score order well enough to examine a score and very quickly see which instrument plays a given part, even if the instrument names are not there. Below is an example of score order for a standard orchestral score as it would be listed alongside the staves.\nConcert Band Format.\nIn a band score, the instruments will be listed differently. Below is an example of score order for a standard band score as it would be listed alongside the staves."}
+{"id": "36352", "revid": "727439", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36352", "title": "Score", "text": "Score or scorer may refer to:"}
+{"id": "36372", "revid": "1683478", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36372", "title": "Radian", "text": "The radian (symbol: rad) is a unit of measuring angles. It is shown by the symbol \"rad\" or, less often, c (for circular measure). The radian was once an SI supplementary unit, but was changed to a derived unit in 1995. In a circular sector with a central angle of one radian, the arc length is equal to the length of the radius of the circle it is part of.\nUsage.\nMost people who do mathematics or physics use radians, rather than degrees, because some kinds of calculations, mostly in trigonometry and calculus, are simpler when using radians rather than degrees. Thus, most calculations related to angular frequency (such as angular velocity) use radians per second. \nPeople who look through a telescope or sniper scope often use milliradians to describe distances as seen through it.\nConversion.\n1 radian is equal to about 57.3\u00b0. There are 2\u03c0 radians (about 6.28 radians) in a full revolution. The formula for converting radians to degrees and vice versa is:\nor:\nwe can also say that:"}
+{"id": "36380", "revid": "1358714", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36380", "title": "Taoyuan City", "text": "Taoyuan City () is a special municipality of Taiwan, Republic of China, in the northwestern part of the island, next to New Taipei City. Taoyuan District is in this municipality and serves as the seat of Taoyuan City.\n\"Taoyuan\" means \"peach garden,\" since the area used to have many peach blossoms. Taoyuan is the native home to the Pingpu tribe of Aborigines. It is now an important industrial region of Taiwan. Taipei Taoyuan International Airport, which serves Taipei, is inside this county.\nAdministrative divisions.\nTaoyuan City controls 13 districts."}
+{"id": "36381", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36381", "title": "Tainan County", "text": "Tainan County (Chinese:\u53f0\u5357\u7e23; Taiwanese: T\u00e2i-l\u00e2m-ko\u0101n) is a county in Southern Taiwan . The name \"Tainan\" means simply \"Southern Taiwan\"."}
+{"id": "36382", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36382", "title": "Hsinchu County", "text": "Hsinchu County (Chinese:\u65b0\u7af9\u7e23; POJ: Sin-tek-k\u014dan) is a county in northwestern Taiwan. The population is mainly Hakka; there is a Taiwanese aboriginal minority in the southeastern part of the county.\nManagement.\nHsinchu County controls one township-level city (\u7e23\u8f44\u5e02), three city-townships (\u93ae), and nine rural townships (\u9109)."}
+{"id": "36383", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36383", "title": "Xindian District", "text": "Xindian District (Chinese: \u65b0\u5e97\u5340; POJ: Sin-ti\u00e0m-khu) is a district in the southern part of New Taipei City of the Republic of China. It has been historically spelt as \"Sindian\" (Tongyong Pinyin) or \"Hsintien\" (Wade-Giles) and \"Xindian\" (Hanyu Pinyin) on road signs in Taipei City. \"Sindian\" is the Tongyong Pinyin spelling of the city's name."}
+{"id": "36385", "revid": "10158619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36385", "title": "Apia", "text": "Apia, is the capital of Samoa. In 2001, it had 380,800 people. It is part of the Tuamasaga district. The city is on the northern coast of Upolu Island. It is the nation's major port and only city. Fish and copra are the country's major exports, and cotton goods, motor vehicles, meats, and sugar are the major imports.\nLocation.\nApia () is on a natural dock at the mouth of the Vaisigano River. It is on a narrow coastal plain with Mount Vaea (height 472 m) directly to its south. Two main ridges run south on either side of the Vaisigano River, with roads on each sides. The more western of these is Cross Island Road, the fewer roads crossing to the south coast of Upolu.\nOther city.\nMulinu'u, the old capital, is the location of the Parliament House (\"Fale Fono\") and the historic observatory, which is now the meteorology office. In 1983, the Apia Samoa Temple was built here by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints."}
+{"id": "36386", "revid": "1275011", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36386", "title": "Funafuti", "text": "Funafuti is the capital of the small island nation of Tuvalu. It has a population of 4,492 (2002), making it the most populated atoll in this country. It is a narrow sweep of land between 20 and 400 meters wide. There is an airstrip, hotel (Vaiaku Langi Hotel), and administrative buildings, as well as homes, constructed both in the traditional manner, out of palm fronds, and more recently out of cement blocks. The most prominent building on Funafuti atoll is the Church of Tuvalu. Other sites of interest are the remains of American aircraft that crashed on Funafuti during World War II, when the airstrip was used by the American forces to defend the Gilbert Islands (now Kiribati). The United States claimed Funafuti until a treaty of friendship was concluded in the late 70's or early 80's.\nThe largest island is Fongafale. On this island, there are four villages, of which one is Vaiaku, where the government is. The capital of Tuvalu is sometimes given as Fongafale or Vaiaku, but the entire atoll of Funafuti is actually the capital.\nIslands in Funafuti.\nThere are at least 33 islands in the atoll. The biggest is Fongafale, followed by Funafala. At least three islands are inhabited, which are Fongafale, Funafala and Motuloa. \nTeNamo Lagoon.\nThe lagoon surrounded by the atoll is TeNamo. It has a vertical length of more than 20\u00a0km. "}
+{"id": "36391", "revid": "39678", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36391", "title": "Fire wire", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36399", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36399", "title": "HK", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36400", "revid": "10483616", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36400", "title": "Cantonese language", "text": "Cantonese is an East Asian language that comes from Canton, in southern China. People use the word \"Cantonese\" to refer to the Guangzhou dialect, the Hong Kong dialect, the Xiguan dialect, the Wuzhou dialect, and Tanka dialect of Yue. Linguists prefer to use the name \"Cantonese\" for only the Yue dialect of Guangzhou (Canton) and Hong Kong. Using that classification, Cantonese is the prestige dialect of Yue.\nCantonese is spoken by people in southern China, Hong Kong, Macau, Malaysia and Singapore, as well as by many overseas Chinese who came from Cantonese-speaking parts of China. It is also the most common language of overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia and North America. It is said that over 100,000,000 people speak Cantonese.\nCantonese is the third most spoken dialect of Chinese, behind Mandarin and Wu, but its official status in Hong Kong and Macau make it more widely known than many other Chinese dialects.\nEven though Cantonese is called a dialect of Chinese, Cantonese is so different from Mandarin, the most spoken dialect of Chinese, that they are mutually unintelligible. That means that a speaker of one language cannot understand the other language without learning it beforehand. It is said that Cantonese is more closely related to Classical Chinese or the Traditional Chinese than Mandarin.\nCantonese is from the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. It is a tonal language and has six kinds of tones. \nHong Kong and Macau.\nIn Hong Kong, the official languages are English and Chinese, according to the Basic Law of Hong Kong. The vagueness of listing Chinese as the official language allows for the wide use of Cantonese, as it is called a dialect of Chinese. In Hong Kong, many people speak Cantonese, instead of Mandarin, and some may even get offended Mandarin is spoken. Most schools in Hong Kong teach in Cantonese, rather than the language that they speak in Mainland China. \nIn Macau, the majority speak Cantonese,which is also the official language with the other being Portuguese. The people, however, speak many other languages since the area is popular with tourists for its casinos."}
+{"id": "36431", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36431", "title": "Skirt", "text": "A skirt is a piece of clothing that hangs downwards from the waist.\nDifferent skirts have been worn in many different cultures at different times. There are skirts that are clothing for women, for men, or for both.\nIn modern Western / European culture skirts are usually worn by women. An exception is the kilt and the fustanella, which are traditional skirts for men that are still worn today.\nSkirts are worn at semi-formal occasions, and sometimes at formal events, although a dress is more common.\nThe bottom part of a dress can also be called a skirt.\nHistory.\nSkirts have been worn by people for a very long time in the past.\nA skirt made out of straw from 3.900 BC was found in Armenia. In ancient Egypt, men and women have worn skirts.\nIn the Bronze Age, the people in the South of West and Central Europe used clothes that go around the body like dresses. In Northen Europe, people wore skirts and blouses.\nIn the Middle Ages, men and women also used clothes like dresses. The bottom part of the dress for men were shorter than the dresses that women wore.\nToday, skirts are still used by men and women. Such skirts are the lungi, lehnga, kanga, sarong which is used in South Asia and Southeast Asia. The kilt is used in Scotland and Ireland.\nThe Chinese were one of the early societies who wore miniskirts, which are short skirts.\n1900s.\nIn the 1900s, the dresses worn by Western women had more types than other years. The waistline of the dresses moved from under the breasts to the natural waist. Skirts were narrow at first, but they slowly became wider, particularly in the 1860s.\nThe \"rainy daisy\" skirt came in the 1980s, where the bottom of the skirt stopped touching the floor. This would give idea to the modern skirts with shorter lengths.\nIn the 1920s, short skirts had become famous. The longer skirts came back in 1930, before shorter skirts were used in war times because there were limits on fabric.\nIn the years of 1967 to 1970, skirts became very short, where the bottom of the skirt was up to the bottom of underwear."}
+{"id": "36448", "revid": "1560550", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36448", "title": "Kaohsiung County", "text": "Kaohsiung County (Chinese:\u9ad8\u96c4\u7e23; POJ: Ko-hi\u00f4ng-k\u014dan) was a county in southern Taiwan administered as part of Taiwan Province of the Republic of China. It was combined with the former Kaohsiung City in 2010 to create a new Kaohsiung City."}
+{"id": "36457", "revid": "1523970", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36457", "title": "Red blood cell", "text": "Red blood cells (also known as RBCs, red blood corpuscles or erythrocytes) are cells in the blood which transport oxygen. In women, there are about 4.8 million red blood cells per microliter of blood. In men, there are 5.4 million red blood cells per microliter of blood. Red blood cells are red because they have hemoglobin in them. Quantity of Red Blood Cells in the Human Body. The average male adult has about 5 million red blood cells per cubic millimeter of blood, while the average female adult has about 4.5 million red blood cells per cubic millimeter of blood. This may vary by about 300,000 to 500,000 red blood cells.\nFunction.\nThe most important function of red blood cells is the transport of oxygen (O2) to the tissues. The hemoglobin absorbs oxygen in the lungs. Then it travels through blood vessels and brings oxygen to all other cells via the heart. The blood cells go through the lungs (to collect oxygen), through the heart (to give all cells oxygen). They go back to the heart to be re-pumped to the lungs (to again collect oxygen), so the blood in your body travels in a double circuit, going through your heart twice before it completes one full circulation of the body.\nRed blood cells are doughnut-shaped, but without the hole. This shape is called a bi-concave disc. However, hereditary diseases such as sickle-cell disease can cause them to change shapes and stop blood flow in capillaries and veins. Plasma is got from whole blood. To prevent clotting, an anticoagulant (such as citrate) is added to the blood immediately after it is taken. \nDiscovery.\nJan Swammerdam a scientist from the Netherlands was the first person to observe red blood cells under a microscope. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, another scientist from the Netherlands, was the first to draw an illustration of \"Red Blood Cells\".\nDiscussion.\nMammalian RBCs are unique in that they have no cell nucleus in their mature form. These cells have nuclei during development, but push them out as they mature. This gives more space for haemoglobin. Mammalian RBCs also lose all other cellular organelles such as their mitochondria, Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum. All other vertebrates have nucleated red blood cells.\nAs a result of not having mitochondria, the cells use none of the oxygen they carry. Instead they produce the energy carrier ATP. Because they lack nuclei and organelles, mature red blood cells do not contain DNA and cannot synthesize any RNA. They cannot divide, and have limited repair capabilities. This also makes sure no virus can target mammalian red blood cells. \nTransport of CO2 in the blood.\nCarbon dioxide (CO2) is carried in blood in three different ways. The exact percentages vary depending whether it is arterial or venous blood."}
+{"id": "36458", "revid": "4098", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36458", "title": "Red blood corpuscle", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36459", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36459", "title": "Chi\u0219in\u0103u", "text": "Chi\u0219in\u0103u (IPA /ki.\u0283i.'n\u0259u/), formerly known as Kishinev, is the capital city and industrial and commercial center of Moldova. It is also largest city of Moldova. It is located in the center of the country \u2013 on the river B\u00eec.\nGeography.\nThe city is in the middle of the central area of Moldova. It is divided into five administrative districts. These are:\nHistory.\nChi\u0219in\u0103u was founded in 1436 as a monastery town. The city was part of the Moldavian Principality, which, starting with the 16th century fell under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire. At the beginning of the 19th century it was a small village of 7,000 people. In 1812 it was occupied by Russia, who made it the centre of Bessarabia. By 1862, there were 92,000 people. By 1900, there were 125,787.\nThe First World War Period.\nFollowing the Russian October Revolution the country declared independence from the fallen empire, before joining the Kingdom of Romania. With Moldova only autonomous in the new state, Chi\u0219in\u0103u lost its title as Capital and moved into the background.\nBetween 1918 and 1940 the center of the city undertook large renovation work. In 1927 a monument to the famous prince Stephen III of Moldavia, by the artist Alexandru Pl\u0103m\u0103deal\u0103 was erected.\nThe Second World War.\nIn the chaos of the Second World War Chi\u0219in\u0103u was nearly completely destroyed. This began with the Soviet occupation led by the Red Army from 28 June 1940. As the city began to recover from the takeover, a devastating earthquake occurred on 10 November 1940. The epicenter of the quake, which measured 7.3 on the Richter scale, was in eastern Romania and subsequently led to substantial destruction in the city.\nAfter less than one year the assault of modern-day Moldova by the German army began. From July 1941 the city suffered from large-scale shooting and heavy bombardments by Nazi air raids. The Red Army resistance held until Chi\u0219in\u0103u finally fell on 17 July 1941.\nFollowing the occupation the city suffered from mass murder of predominantly Jewish inhabitants. As had been seen elsewhere in Europe, the followers of Judaism were transported on trucks to the outskirts of the city. There they were then shot in partially dug pits. The number of Jews murdered during the occupation of the city is estimated at 10,000 people.\nAs the War drew to a conclusion the former capital was pulled once more into heavy fighting as German troops retreated. After nearly six months of fighting Chi\u0219in\u0103u finally fell on 24 August 1944 to the Red Army. By this point the city had lost 70% of its buildings and constructions - the earthquake of 1940 and the air raids contributing to the largest part of this.\nAfter the war the head of the Soviet Union, Joseph Stalin, claimed the area around Bessarabien. Stalin reorganised the political landscape of Eastern Europe, giving nominal independence to Romania and incorporating Moldova into the USSR. Chi\u0219in\u0103u was once more made capital of the now 'autonomous' republic.\nSoviet Union.\nIn the years 1947 to 1949 the architect Alexey Shchusev developed a plan with the aid of a team of architects for the gradual reconstruction of the city.\nThe beginning of the 1950s saw a rapid increase in the number of people. The Soviets responded by constructing large-scale housing and palaces in the style of Stalinist architecture. This process continued under Nikita Khrushchev, who called for construction under the slogan \"good, cheaper and built faster\". The new architectural style brought about dramatic change and generated the style that dominates today, with large blocks of flats arranged in considerable settlements.\nThe period of the most significant development of the city was from 1971, when the Council of Ministers of the USSR has adopted a decision \"About the measures for further development of Kishinev city\", that secured more than one billon rubles of investments from the state budget, until 1991, when Moldova gained independence.\nAdministration.\nChi\u0219in\u0103u is governed by the City Council and the City Mayor, both elected once every four years. The current mayor is Dorin Chirtoac\u0103. Ursu is the former vice-mayor, between August 1994 and April 2005 was Serafim Urechean. Under the Moldovan constitution, Urechean - elected to parliament in 2005 - was prevented from holding an additional post to that of an MP. The Democratic Moldova Bloc leader accepted his mandate and in April resigned from his former position. During his 11-year term, Urechean committed himself to the restoration of the church tower of the \"Catedrala Na\u015fterea Domnului\", as well as improvements in public transport. From 1994, Chi\u0219in\u0103u saw the construction and launch of new trolley bus lines.\nEconomy.\nChi\u0219in\u0103u is the most economically developed and industrialised city in Moldova. Chi\u0219in\u0103u is a major industrial and services centre; its main industries include consumer and electrical goods, building materials, machinery, plastics, rubber, and textiles. The main service fields are banking and shopping/commerce.\nEducation.\nThe city has thirty-six universities, and the Academy of Sciences of Moldova. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, the city has become a relatively lively and well-provisioned capital, with a much higher standard of living than most rural areas."}
+{"id": "36460", "revid": "4098", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36460", "title": "Erythrocyte", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36487", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36487", "title": "J\u00f6ns Jakob Berzelius", "text": "J\u00f6ns Jakob Berzelius (20 August 1779 \u2013 7 August 1848) was a Swedish chemist. He invented the modern chemical notation. Berzelius, John Dalton and Antoine Lavoisier are said to be the fathers of modern chemistry.\nBerzelius was born in Link\u00f6ping in \u00d6sterg\u00f6tland in Sweden. He graduated from Uppsala University as a physician. He became a professor in medicine and surgery at the Stockholm School of Surgery in 1807. In 1810, this became part of Medico-Chirurgiska Institutet (later the Karolinska Institute) and Berzelius became a professor of chemistry and pharmacy.\nNot long after going to Stockholm, Berzelius wrote a chemistry textbook for his medical students. While doing experiments for the textbook, he found that inorganic compounds are made of different elements in proportion by weight. Based on this, in 1828, he created a table of relative atomic weights. On this table, oxygen was set to 100. The table had all of the elements known at the time. This work gave evidence of the atomic hypothesis that \nchemical compounds are made of atoms combined in whole number amounts. \nIn order to help his experiments, Berzelius created a system of chemical notation. In this notation, the elements were given simple written labels, for example, O for oxygen, or Fe for iron. The proportions of the elements was shown by numbers. This is the same basic system used today. The only difference is that instead of the subscript number used today (for example, H2O), Berzelius used a superscript.\nBerzelius found the chemical elements silicon, selenium, thorium, and cerium. Students working in Berzelius laboratory also found lithium and vanadium.\nBerzelius was the first person to show the difference between organic compounds (those made with carbon), and inorganic compounds. He helped Gerhardus Johannes Mulder in his analysis of organic compounds such as coffee, tea and many proteins. The term \"protein\" itself was created by Berzelius, after Mulder noticed that all proteins seemed to have the same formula and might be made of a single type of a (very large) molecule.\nBerzelius wrote a great deal. He helped many leading scientists (such as Mulder, Claude Louis Berthollet, Humphry Davy, Friedrich W\u00f6hler and Eilhard Mitscherlich), and many less-notable scientists."}
+{"id": "36488", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36488", "title": "Antibody", "text": "Antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) are large Y-shaped proteins that can stick to the surface of bacteria and viruses. They are found in the blood or other body fluids of vertebrates. Antibodies are the key element in the adaptive immune system.\nThe antibody recognizes a unique part of the foreign target called an antigen. Each tip of the \"Y\" of an antibody contains a structure (like a lock) that fits one particular key-like structure on an antigen. This binds the two structures together.\nUsing this binding mechanism, an antibody can \"tag\" a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize its target directly. The production of antibodies is the main function of humoral immunity.\nEach antibody is different. They are all designed to attack only one kind of antigen (in practice, this means virus or bacteria). For instance, an antibody designed to destroy smallpox is unable to hit the bubonic plague or the common cold.\nThough the general structure of all antibodies is very similar, that small region at the tip of the protein is extremely variable. This allows millions of antibodies with different tip structures to exist. Each of these variants can bind to a different antigen. This enormous diversity of antibodies allows the immune system to recognize an equally wide variety of antigens.\nRelationship Between White Blood Cells and Antibodies.\nThere are two types of white blood cells: Phagocytes and Lymphocytes.\nPhagocytes are a type of white blood cell. Once the antibodies attach to the pathogen the phagocytes bind to and engulf the pathogens. Once the pathogen is surrounded, the phagocyte then breaks down the cell using enzymes in its body. Phagocytes rely on antibodies to flag down pathogens in the blood system. \nThe other type of white blood cell is called a Lymphocyte. These white blood cells are the ones that are in charge of producing antibodies. The Lymphocytes can detect what pathogen is in your body at that given moment and the Lymphocyte will produce a specific type of antibody to specifically attack that pathogen. These antibodies help group pathogens together into one mass so that the phagocytes can just engulf them whole, rather than going around and individually finding pathogens. They produce antibodies that are specific to the pathogen. It takes a while for lymphocytes to produce these specific antibodies. In addition, some lymphocytes produce toxins that counteract the effect of pathogenic exotoxins in the body.\nImmunoglobulin diversity.\nBasic issue.\nAlthough a huge variety of different antibodies is made in a single individual, \"the number of genes available to make these proteins is limited by the size of the genome\".\nThere are a vast number of microbe strains, and so vertebrates need millions of different antibodies. Actually, humans generate about 10\u00a0billion different antibodies, each capable of binding a distinct antigen site. This must be done with a very much smaller number of genes: the total human genome has only about 20,000 genes.\nSeveral complex genetic mechanisms have evolved. These allow vertebrate B cells to generate a huge pool of antibodies from a relatively small number of antibody genes. The full details are not presented here, just a summary.\nThe variety of antibodies is got by combining segments from a pool of genes in many different ways. Then, hyper-mutations occur in the binding site area of the antibody gene. This creates further diversity.\nHeavy chains.\nAntibodies are glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily; the terms \"antibody\" and \"immunoglobulin\" are often used interchangeably. Antibodies are typically made of basic structural units\u2014each with two large \"heavy chains\" and two small \"light chains\". There are several different types of antibody heavy chains, and several different kinds of antibodies, which are grouped into different \"isotypes\" based on which heavy chain they possess. Five different antibody isotypes are known in mammals. They help direct the appropriate immune response for each different type of foreign object they encounter.\nVariable tips.\nThough the general structure of all antibodies is very similar, a small region at the tip of the protein is extremely variable, allowing millions of antibodies with slightly different tip structures, or antigen binding sites, to exist. This region is known as the \"hypervariable region\". Each of these variants can bind to a different antigen. This enormous diversity of antibodies allows the immune system to recognize an equally wide variety of antigens. The large and diverse population of antibodies is generated by random combinations of a set of gene segments that encode different antigen binding sites (or \"paratopes\"), followed by random mutations in this area of the antibody gene, which create further diversity. Antibody genes also re-organize in a process called class switching, which allows a single antibody to be used by several different parts of the immune system.\nExamples of Antibodies.\nAntistreptolysin O: The Streptolysin Antibody.\nThe specific antibody that is produced to fight Group A streptococcus is called Antistreptolysin-O, also known as ASO.\nDetection of ASO via antistreptolysin-O titer or anti-deoxyribonuclease B (anti-DNase B) is a common way of testing for a group A streptococcal infection. These tests indicate if streptolysin antibodies are present. These proteins are only synthesized by lymphocytes in the event that streptolysin enters the immune system, thus this is a useful way of determining if a patient has the infection.\nMedical Applications of Antibodies.\nUnderstanding the function and mechanism of antibodies is a powerful tool for disease treatment. Though most antibodies used in current clinical research are developed from mouse monoclonal antibodies, this method is allowing the scientific community to make great progress. Such developments include creating antibodies with highly conserved targets and the synthesis of new structures based on the antibodies themselves. There have also been advancements in increasing the binding affinity of antibodies to their associated antigens, a crucial quality to the effectiveness of the antibodies themselves.\nAntibodies are constantly being developed in order to protect the immune system from harmful pathogens. For example, a team of researchers is working on creating a monoclonal antibody that combats Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1). The antibody specifically targets the HTLV-1 envelope protein gp46 glycoprotein as a means of destroying HTLV-1-infected cells. The results of the study demonstrate that antibodies can be developed as a therapeutic tool against pathogen-infected cells, thereby serving as a means of treating diseases caused by said pathogens."}
+{"id": "36506", "revid": "196453", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36506", "title": "Ornithorhynchus anatinus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36507", "revid": "196454", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36507", "title": "Ornithorhynchidae", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36508", "revid": "196455", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36508", "title": "Ornithorhynchus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36510", "revid": "196467", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36510", "title": "Amphibia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36511", "revid": "196478", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36511", "title": "Mammalia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36512", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36512", "title": "Anura", "text": "The mirorder Anura includes the frogs and toads. They are one of the most successful living amphibia, judged by number of species. There are about 7400 different species of amphibians, and about 6500 are in the Anura.\nThere is no fundamental difference between frogs and toads. Frogs have a short body, webbed digits (fingers or toes), protruding eyes, forked tongue and no tail. They are exceptional jumpers: many of their features, particularly their long, powerful legs, are adaptations to improve jumping performance. They often live in semi-aquatic or humid areas.\nA popular distinction is often made between frogs and toads on the basis of their appearance. The warty skin of toads is an adaptation for making their toxic slime. Apart from these glands, their skin is dry, and that is an adaptation to drier habitats. These features have evolved a number of times independently: convergent evolution. The distinction has no taxonomic basis: the Anura are not divided into frogs and toads. The only family exclusively given the common name \"toad\" is the Bufonidae (the \"true toads\"), but many species from other families are also called \"toads\".\nFrogs have smooth (soft) skin, while toads have rough (hard) skin. Frogs need their skin to be wet in order for them to get oxygen.p6 Frogs and toads have broad heads and plump bodies.p6 They have short fore limbs and long webbed hind feet. This helps them to move and swim in water. They can also use their legs to crawl, hop and leap. Frogs are good jumpers, and some can leap up to six feet in the air. Tree frogs can climb on any surfaces, they use their sticky hands to do this. The tympanum membrane can only be seen on frogs. The tympanum membrane can be found between the frog's ears and eyes. Frogs have tiny teeth inside their mouths. They are found on the lower jaw.p6 The African bullfrog is the only species where the males are longer than the females.p6 Males can reach up to 24.1 cm-25.4 cm in length, while the female only grows up to 11.4 cm. Frogs belonging to the suborder Neobatrachia, such as the poison dart frogs and Mantellinae frogs, can kill humans. Like most poisonous animals, they get their toxin from their food.p8\nHabitats.\nMost frogs and toads lives near slow moving waters like rivers, swamps, lakes and ponds.p22 Others such as tree frogs and poison dart frogs lives in forests. Frogs and toads can be found almost everywhere except Antarctica.p4 Frogs and toads squeak or make calls when they are touched or feel threatened.p24 They also make those sounds to communicate with others in their habitat. They make these sounds by expanding their throats with air and letting the air go out. Male bullfrogs will roar while mating with a female. Most frogs and toads are territorial. This means that they go to battle when an animal of their own kind gets close to where they live. They will jump, wrestle and even chase any animal away. They do this to also attract females to their territory. Females choose a territory where there is enough food for her to eat and if there is a lot of water to swim and lay her eggs.p223\nToads spend most of their time on land, while frogs spend most of their time in the water.p6 Tailed frogs looks similar to toads because of their hard skin. A tailed frogs \"tail\" is really an organ they use to release sperm in fast-moving waters. They are the only frogs with this organ.p199 The genus \"Eleutherodactylus\" are terrestrial frogs. This means that they lay eggs on land. Spadefoot toads make crying sounds during a rainstorm.\nSpecies.\nThere are over 400 species of \"true\" toads, the Bufonidae. The marine toads are the only toads which live in Australia, where they were introduced by people. True toads have poison parotoid glands that can paralyze or even kill dogs. However, some other animals eat true toads without ill effects. Toad poisons are secreted by warts. Touching them is not harmful to humans.p202\nThere are over 400 species of tree frogs, many of which can change the color of their skin.p220 Tree frogs have sticky feet, which helps them to climb and hang on to the big leaves. \"True frogs\", the Ranidae, are found in every continent except Antarctica. The family has over 700 species.p224 The feet of burrowing frogs feet help them to dig."}
+{"id": "36513", "revid": "196483", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36513", "title": "Salamanders", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36514", "revid": "196484", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36514", "title": "Caudata", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36515", "revid": "196485", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36515", "title": "Urodela", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36519", "revid": "11594", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36519", "title": "2003 UB313", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36527", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36527", "title": "Noel Edmonds", "text": "Noel Ernest Edmonds (born 22 December 1948) is an English television presenter. He is best known for hosting the television programmes \"Multi-Coloured Swap Shop\", \"Noel's House Party, Noel's Knocking Shop\" and \"Deal or No Deal?\". Edmonds is host of a TV game show called \"Are You Smarter Than A Ten-Year-Old?\" (the British version of \"Are You Smarter Than a 5th Grader?\"). \nHe was a DJ on BBC Radio 1 during the 1970s. \nPersonal life.\nEdmonds was married to Gillian Slater in 1971. The marriage ended in divorce after eleven years. In July 1986, he married Helen Soby. They have four daughters: Charlotte, Lorna, Olivia and Alice. The couple bought an estate at Jacobstowe, near Okehampton, Devon, as a family home. In 2004, he and Soby divorced. There was much tabloid publicity because of her extramarital affair.\nIt was reported Edmonds was involved with English teacher and former Miss England Pauline Bull. \nOn July 23, 2009 Edmonds married his third wife, Liz Davies. She was a make-up artist on the programme Deal or No Deal?. \nAs a result of his success on \"Deal or No Deal?\", Edmonds purchased a new home in Devon, a \u00a31.7 million Grade-II manor house.\nEdmonds was one of the trio Brown Sauce, along with Maggie Philbin and Keith Chegwin. They released the single \"I Wanna Be a Winner\" in 1981. It reached number 15 in the UK singles chart."}
+{"id": "36529", "revid": "373511", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36529", "title": "Quizmania", "text": "Quizmania was a quiz television show on ITV Play. Viewers at home phoned in to guess answers to questions to win money.\n\"Quizmania\" was on ITV from 2005 to 2007. It has been online since 2008."}
+{"id": "36532", "revid": "486439", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36532", "title": "Davina McCall", "text": "Davina Lucy Pascale McCall (born 16 October 1967) is an English-French television presenter. She is best known for having presented the early seasons of \"Big Brother UK\" through its time on Channel 4.\nShe was born in London to a French mother and British father. She is the presenter of quiz show \"The Million Pound Drop Live.\" She is also currently a judge on the UK \"Masked Singer\"."}
+{"id": "36567", "revid": "196707", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36567", "title": "Antibodies", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36568", "revid": "196711", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36568", "title": "Immunoglobulin", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36577", "revid": "1609553", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36577", "title": "Artiodactyl", "text": "The Artiodactyla are even-toed ungulates, an order of mammals. They have an even number of toes: two or four. For example, camelids or animals of the Giraffidae family have two toes, but hippopotami have four toes.\nCetartiodactyla is a proposed superorder of mammals Containing the orders Artiodactyla and Cetacea. Right now, Cetartiodactyla is just a synonym.\nDigestion.\nSome artiodactyls are ruminants (Ruminantia and Tylopoda). They ruminate their food\u2014they regurgitate and re-chew it. This is a very important evolutionary advance. Their stomachs are divided into three to four sections. \nAfter eating, the food re-enters the mouth, where it is chewed again. The food passes to the \"fermentation chamber\" (rumen and reticulum), where microbes (bacteria, protozoa, and fungi) help to break down the cellulose found in plant material. \nThis form of digestion has two advantages: ruminants can digest plants that are indigestible to other species, and they can take less time in eating. The animal spends only a short time out in the open with his head to the ground\u2014rumination can happen later, in a sheltered area."}
+{"id": "36578", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36578", "title": "Even-toed ungulates", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36579", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36579", "title": "Artiodactyla", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36580", "revid": "16647", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36580", "title": "Cervidae", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36582", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36582", "title": "Odd-toed ungulate", "text": "Odd-toed ungulates are the Perissodactyla, an order of mammals. \nOdd-toed ungulates have an uneven number of toes: Horses have only one toe, rhinoceros have three toes, and tapirs have four toes on the front feet and three toes on the hind feet.\nTheir digestive system is more basic than the even-toed ungulates. A key difference between the two is that odd-toed ungulates digest plant cellulose in their intestines rather than in one or more stomach chambers as the even-toed ungulates do.\nHorses, for example, get much less nutrition out of grass than bovines do. This has the consequence that horses have to stop and feed more often, which in turn makes them more liable to predators. However, horses are very well-adapted for running, more so than many oxen or other Artiodactyls.\nThe living ungulates are a much-reduced group: the horses (including zebras), the tapirs and the rhinoceros."}
+{"id": "36584", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36584", "title": "Perissodactyla", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36585", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36585", "title": "Jemen", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36586", "revid": "196779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36586", "title": "Rhinocerotidae", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36587", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36587", "title": "Condor", "text": "Condor is the name for two species of New World vultures. Each is the only species in its genus. They are the largest flying land birds in the Western Hemisphere. They are:\nCondors are part of the family Cathartidae, whereas the 15 species of Old World vultures are in the family Accipitridae, that also includes falcons, hawks, and eagles. The New World and Old World vultures evolved from different ancestors. \nCondors are scavengers. They feed on carrion (dead animals). Their distinctive bare heads are an adaptation to their feeding method. It helps to keep them clean as they feed inside a carcass.\nThe Andean Condor has a wingspan of between 274 and 310\u00a0cm, and weights around 11\u201315\u00a0kg. The California Condor is smaller.\nFossil record.\nFossils from the Pleistocene era have been found in various parts of North America, including New York and Florida. California Condors or their ancestors once lived on the west coast of North America as well as all the way to the eastern coast. An ancient relative of the condor, \"Argentavis magnificens\" from South America, may have been the largest flying bird ever with a wingspan of ."}
+{"id": "36589", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36589", "title": "Carrion", "text": "Carrion is the carcass of a dead animal. There are several kinds of animal that feed on such meat, such as vultures, hyenas, condors, or Tasmanian Devils. Carrion is an important source of food for several kinds of carnivores and omnivores. \nThe Carrion beetles also feed on it. Some plants fake the smell of carrion (they smell like carrion), so that they will attract insects they eat. Predators do not normally feed on carrion- they hunt and kill the animals they eat."}
+{"id": "36600", "revid": "10396585", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36600", "title": "Chongqing", "text": "Chongqing (Simplified Chinese: \u91cd\u5e86, Traditional Chinese: \u91cd\u6176; pinyin: Ch\u00f3ngq\u00ecng; Postal System Pinyin: Chungking) is a city and a district in Central China.\nThe Chongqing district is the most populated district of China and has 31,442,300 inhabitants (2005).\nHistory.\nChongqing is said to be the semi-mythical State of Ba that began in 11th century BC, when the Ba people began living here until they were destroyed by the State of Qin in 316 BC. \nThe Qin emperor ordered a new city to be constructed, called Jiang (\u6c5f\u5dde) and Chu Prefecture (\u695a\u5dde).\nIn 581 AD (Sui Dynasty), Chongqing was renamed to Yu Prefecture (\u6e1d\u5dde).\nIn 1102 the city was renamed Gong Prefecture.\nIn 1189 renamed Yu Prefecture to Chongqing Subprefecture.\nIn 1362 (Yuan Dynasty), Ming Yuzhen, a peasant rebel leader, established Daxia Kingdom at Chongqing for a short time.\nIn 1621, another short-lived kingdom of Daliang was established there.\nIn 1891, Chongqing became the first inland commerce port open to foreigners.\nSince 1929, Chongqing was a municipality of the Republic of China. \nChongqing was the provisional capital of the government of Chiang Kai-shek during the Second Chinese-Japanese War from 1937 to 1945.\nThe Japanese bombed Chongqing very hard in World War II.\nIn 1954, the municipality was reduced to a provincial city of the People's Republic."}
+{"id": "36602", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36602", "title": "Bologna", "text": "Bologna (Emilian and Romagnol: \"Bul\u00e5ggna\") is the capital and largest city of Emilia-Romagna in Northern Italy. It has about 400,000 inhabitants.\nHistory.\nBologna was founded by the Etruscans with the name \"Felsina\" (c. 534 BC) and became a Roman colony in 189 BC.\nIn the 11th century Bologna began to grow again as a free commune, joining the Lombard League against Frederick Barbarossa in 1164.\nThe University of Bologna, founded in 1088, is the oldest existing university in Europe.\nAfter being crushed in the Battle of Zappolino by the Modenese in 1325, Bologna began to decay and asked the protection of the Pope at the beginning of the 14th century.\nIn 1980, 85 people were killed in a bombing at Bologna Centrale railway station. This was the most deadly terrorist attack in the history of Italy.\nWeather.\nBologna has a humid subtropical climate (\"Cfa\" in the Koeppen climate classification)."}
+{"id": "36603", "revid": "1295346", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36603", "title": "Oviedo", "text": "Oviedo () is a city in the North of Spain and capital of the Principality of Asturias. In 2020 it had 220,406 inhabitants.\nHistory.\nOviedo was founded about 761 A.D. by two monks Maximus and Fromestanus who built a monastery dedicated to Saint Vincent. King Fruela I (757-768) confirmed the foundation and also built a palace and a cathedral dedicated to Saint Saviour.\nKing Alfonso II the Chaste (791-842) moved the capital of the kingdom of Asturias to Oviedo in 791. He enlarged the city with a new cathedral, palaces, churches and city walls. Examples of these buildings which are still existing are: San Juli\u00e1n de los Prados, (\"St Julian in the fields\"), also called \"Santullano\", the head of the church dedicated to San Tirso, (\"Saint Thyrsus\"), and the C\u00e1mara Santa, (\"Holy Chamber\") which is a chapel which belonged to the palace of the king.\nDuring this period, it was discovered the tomb of the Apostle St James. The king sponsored and create the St James's Way to Santiago de Compostela in order to improve communications of the city and the kingdom as a way to open them to new ideas and influences from the rest of Europe. Its known that ambassadors from Charlemagne or Carles the Great visited Oviedo at the beginning of s. IX.\nKing Ramiro I (842-850) built the most important and brilliant buildings of the Kingdom of Asturias: Santa Mar\u00eda del Naranco, (\"St Mary of Naranco\"), a hall for the king's rest, and San Miguel de Lillo, (\"St Michael of Lillo\"). These buildings are at the top of the Pre-Romanesque Asturian Art.\nKing Alfonso III the Great (866-910), built the only civil building of this period, the water fountain La Foncalada. \nKing Garc\u00eda I (910-914) moved the capital of the kingdom to Le\u00f3n in 910. Since then, the bishops of Oviedo will take the responsibility of the development of the city and also the population and the importance of the city decreased. Even the St James's Way moved to Le\u00f3n and Oviedo was left apart.\nGeography.\nOviedo is in the middle of Asturias. The city is about 232 meters high. It is near Avil\u00e9s and Gij\u00f3n, the other large cities in Asturias.\nCulture.\nThe Arts Academy of Oviedo started in the 17th century.\nEach year since 1981, Oviedo hosts \"Princess of Asturias/Prince of Asturias Awards\". In 2004, UNESCO said they were of \"exceptional contribution to the cultural heritage of Humanity\". In 2015, Wikipedia was given the International Cooperation Award."}
+{"id": "36606", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36606", "title": "1088", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36611", "revid": "9794500", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36611", "title": "Pieve Ligure", "text": "Pieve Ligure is an Italian town in the region of Liguria in the province of Genoa. The population in \"Pieve Ligure\" is 2,458.\nPieve has a sea and hill environment. There are no beaches on the coast, but only rocks which people swim and free divew forom. The wildlife there is very varied from young catfish to octopus. The highest place of the town is S. Croce (516 m). The economy is based on agriculture and tourism."}
+{"id": "36612", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36612", "title": "Gamal Abdel Nasser", "text": "Gamal Abdel Nasser Hussein (15 January 1918 \u2013 28 September 1970) was the second President of Egypt from 1956 until his death. Along with Mohamed Naguib, the first President, he led the Egyptian Revolution of 1952 which overthrew the monarchy of Egypt and Sudan, and brought in a new period of change in Egypt. This change made Egypt a more socialist and modern country. In 1954 the Muslim Brotherhood tried to kill Nasser. He promoted pan-Arab nationalism, including a union with Syria that did not last very long.\nNasser is seen as one of the most important political figures in modern Arab history and politics. Under his leadership, Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal and other industries. He also became important in stopping imperialism in the Arab World and Africa. He was also important in starting the Non-Aligned Movement. Nasser's version of pan-Arabism, which is often called \"Nasserism\", was very popular in the Arab world during the 1950s and 1960s. Even after the Israeli victory over the Arab armies in the Six-Day War damaged the way the public saw him, many Arabs still view Nasser as a symbol of Arab dignity and freedom."}
+{"id": "36620", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36620", "title": "Gamal abd alnaasar", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36622", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36622", "title": "Stork", "text": "Storks are a family of birds (Ciconiidae). They usually live near shallow bodies of water where they wade through the water, and catch small animals, like frogs, crabs, or small fish. Many species of stork are migratory, they spend the summer and the winter in different places. There are 19 different species of stork, in six genera. The marabou stork is the largest species of stork. The Abdim's stork is the smallest species of stork\nProbably the best known stork is the white stork. It is known to build large nests in high places. Stork nests are often very large. They may be used for many years. Beforehand, people believed storks were monogamous, that they only had one partner in life. More recent research has shown that they may change partners. They are attached to a nest almost as much as to a partner.\nThe marabou stork, which lives in Africa, has a wingspan of up to 320\u00a0cm. This makes it the largest bird still alive, together with the Andean condor.\nSpecies.\nThere are nineteen species of stork. They include:\nIn fiction.\nThe stork has many legends (stories) about it, as in the Ancient Greek storyteller's Aesop's (6th century BC) \"The Farmer and the Stork\" and \"The Fox and the Stork\". The first fable (short story) begins with a farmer plowing his fields, planting his seeds and spreading his nets. These nets caught a few cranes who hopped behind him eating the seed. Along with the cranes in his net the farmer discovered a stork with a broken leg. The stork begged the farmer to spare his life, saying that he was not a crane, but a stork. He pointed to his feathers and told the farmer that they didn\u2019t resemble a crane\u2019s feathers at all. The farmer laughed at the stork and said, \u201cI have taken you with these robbers (thieves), the cranes, and you must die in their company.\u201d Another common legend is that storks deliver babies instead of the mothers giving birth."}
+{"id": "36623", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36623", "title": "Wharf", "text": "A wharf is a permanent structure at a lake, a river, or the sea. It is made so that ships can be loaded and unloaded more easily. "}
+{"id": "36625", "revid": "1467751", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36625", "title": "Public house", "text": "Public houses (better known as pubs) are businesses that serve alcoholic drinks such as beer, cider and ale and usually also non-alcoholic drinks such as lemonade, cola, tea and tap water to be consumed within the limits of the business. They are subject to the licensing laws of the country and may be closed down if not properly conducted. Many pubs also sell food such as fish and chips and meat pies.\nPubs are found in various places like England, Wales, Ireland, Scotland, Austria, Northern Ireland, Canada, Australia and Germany. In villages and small towns in many parts of England, Wales, Ireland and Scotland, pubs are the centre of community life. Some pubs hire bands or singers to entertain customers. If the pub has rooms in which people can sleep at night, it is usually called an inn.\nOwnership and staffing.\nPublic houses may be owned and operated in different ways. Breweries may own a number of pubs themselves. Pubs may be run as franchises by large catering companies. Regardles of how they are owned, a pub will be managed by a \"landlord\" or \"landlady\". Employees do different jobs to provide good service. Bartenders (also called \"barmen\" or \"barmaids\") serve drinks at the bar.\nIn most pubs, the customer orders the drinks at the bar and waits for them to be prepared and then carries the drinks back to the tables or area of seating. In some types of pubs, may sit at the bar or remain standing with their drinks. Some pubs hire servers, called waiters or waitresses, to bring drinks to people who are sitting at tables or in chairs. Some pubs also hire people to take away empty bottles and glasses, but the bartenders often do that as well.\nPubs that serve food have cooks, dishwashers, and servers to prepare, cook, and serve the food. Bands and singers entertain customers during the evening but are not usually employees of the pub. Instead, the pub signs a contract with the entertainers in which the entertainer promises to come to the pub on a specified day or night in return for a sum of money.\nComparison with nightclubs.\nAnother type of business that serves alcohol is the nightclub. Like pubs, some nightclubs also serve food and have bands or singers as entertainers. Most people go to nightclubs because they enjoy the music and dancing. However, nightclubs often have a much wider selection of alcoholic drinks than pubs. Most nightclubs sell a number of different brands of spirits, liqueurs, wine, sherry, and aperitifs.\nThe bartenders (also called \"barmen\" or \"barmaids\") at nightclubs often make a much larger variety of mixed drinks, or cocktails, than those who work in pubs."}
+{"id": "36626", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36626", "title": "Pub", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36627", "revid": "1670328", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36627", "title": "Squaring the circle", "text": "Squaring the circle is a problem of geometry. The problem is to construct a square that has the same area as the unit circle, only by using a compass and straightedge construction method. Some people also call this problem the quadrature of the circle.\nThis is \"not\" about a circle with corners like a square. It is a problem like squaring a triangle. It is easy to construct a square with the same area as a triangle. Squaring the circle is related to the other ancient problems which have been proved impossible, doubling the cube and trisecting the angle.\nIn 1882, Ferdinand von Lindenmann proved that this cannot be done because it is impossible to calculate \u221a\u03c0 exactly, because it is a transcendental number."}
+{"id": "36629", "revid": "1674917", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36629", "title": "Tampa Bay Lightning", "text": "The Tampa Bay Lightning is an ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL). They were formed in 1991, and began playing in 1992-93 NHL season.\nThe Lightning has won the Stanley Cup championship three times and won the Division title 4 times (2002-03, 2003-04, 2017-18, and 2018-19). \nBefore the Lightning's Stanley Cup championship, the team was regarded as one of the worst team in the league. It made the play-offs once (1995-96) before winning the Southeast Division in 2002-03. \nIt won the Stanley Cup championship in 2003-04, the year before the NHL Lock-Out. Under the leadership of captain Dave Andreychuk, and the strong goaltending performance of goaltender Nikolai Khabibulin, the Lightning earned its first Stanley Cup over the Calgary Flames in 7 games.\nDuring the Lightning's Stanley Cup winning year, Martin St. Louis won the Hart Trophy, the league's most valuable player. After game 7 against the Calgary Flames, Brad Richards was awarded the Conn Smythe Trophy, the play-offs most valuable player. Also, coach John Tortorella was awarded the Jack Adams Trophy for coach of the year."}
+{"id": "36635", "revid": "1398040", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36635", "title": "Syd Barrett", "text": "Roger Keith \"Syd\" Barrett (6 January 1946 \u2013 7 July 2006) was an English musician. Barrett is most famous for founding the rock band Pink Floyd. He started the band in 1965 under several different names and wrote the band's first album, \"The Piper at the Gates of Dawn\". During this time he experimented with psychedelic (mind-altering) drugs and eventually exited the band in 1968. Following his departure from Pink Floyd, he released two records, \"The Madcap Laughs\" and \"Barrett\", to little commercial success, due to the unusual lyrics and unsteady beats. He later suffered from mental health issues, possibly related to his history of drug use. Some of his most successful solo songs are \"Dark Globe\" and \"Octopus\".\nBarrett was born in Cambridge and died there, of pancreatic cancer and type 1 diabetes \nOther websites.\nhttps://www.deviantart.com/syddygurl/art/Sydger-Nuptuals-450319403"}
+{"id": "36646", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36646", "title": "Occupation", "text": "Occupation could mean:\nIn business:\nIn a military context:\nElsewhere:"}
+{"id": "36665", "revid": "197264", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36665", "title": "Marine biologist", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36666", "revid": "197265", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36666", "title": "Marine biologists", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36667", "revid": "197267", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36667", "title": "C.S.Lewis", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36672", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36672", "title": "Tapir", "text": "Tapirs are odd-toed ungulates form the family Tapiridae. The only living genus is Tapirus. The first tapirids appeared in the Eocene epoch, and by the Oligocene they looked similar to the present-day species. For much of their history, tapirs were spread across the Northern Hemisphere extinct as recently as 10,000 years ago.\nAppearance.\nTapirs are about 2 m / 7 ft long and about 1 meter / 3\u00a0ft high. They weigh between 150 - 300 kg / 330 - 700 lb. They have a rounded body and very short stubby tails. Tapirs have hoofed toes, with four toes on the front feet and three toes on the hind feet. The Tapir's upper lip and nose have formed a short trunk, and they have a long tongue.\nTapirs have a short fur, with colors that are reddish-brown to grey to nearly black. Exceptions are the Mountain Tapir and the Asian Tapir. The Mountain Tapir has longer wooly fur. The Asian Tapir has a black front part and legs, and a white middle part and back. All baby tapirs have brown fur, with lighter stripes and dots for camouflage.\nTapirs cannot see very well, but they have good hearing and a very good sense of smell. Tapirs also swim very well.\nHabitat.\nTapirs live in of South America and Central America, except the Asian Tapir which lives in Southeast Asia. \nTapirs live in dense forests, and close to water. They can also live in savannah biomes, or in dry tropical deciduous forests near a permanent water source.\nLife.\nTapirs are active at night. They eat leaves, fruit, berries, vegetables and nuts.\nTapirs live alone. After a pregnancy of about 13 months, the female gives birth to a single baby. After half a year the baby starts to lose the baby-coloring of its fur. When the young tapir is one year old it looks like an adult tapir, and it leaves its mother. Tapirs become mature when they are 4 years old. Tapirs can become 25 \u2013 30 years old."}
+{"id": "36673", "revid": "197291", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36673", "title": "Tapirs", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36674", "revid": "197292", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36674", "title": "Tapiridae", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36675", "revid": "197293", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36675", "title": "Tapirus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36676", "revid": "3441", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36676", "title": "CS Lewis", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36677", "revid": "3441", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36677", "title": "C S Lewis", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36683", "revid": "197318", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36683", "title": "Rangifer", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36684", "revid": "197319", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36684", "title": "Rangifer tarandus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36685", "revid": "197321", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36685", "title": "Alces", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36686", "revid": "197322", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36686", "title": "Alces alces", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36693", "revid": "1694191", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36693", "title": "Bovid", "text": "Bovids are a family of even-toed ungulate mammals. The word \"Bovidae\" is comes from Latin \"bos\", \"ox\". Even-toed ungulates are said to have \"cloven hooves\": that means their hooves are formed from two toes. They evolved early in the Miocene period.\nThere 143 living species in this family. They include cattle, goats, sheep, antelopes, and saolas. The family is widespread, living in all continents except the southern continents South America, Australia and Antarctica.\nThey are all ruminants, with the double stomach system of digesting vegetation, which is most efficient. The family originated in the Miocene, and is now very successful. Their success is probably helped by their digestive system. The group includes the three domestic animals cows, sheep and goats. "}
+{"id": "36694", "revid": "197371", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36694", "title": "Bovids", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36695", "revid": "197372", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36695", "title": "Bovidae", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36697", "revid": "197380", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36697", "title": "Connochaetes", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36700", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36700", "title": "Cromwell current", "text": "The Cromwell current is the name of a submarine river. It was discovered in 1952 by the scientist Townsend Cromwell. It is 250 miles (400 km) wide. It flows to the east. The current appears about 300 feet below the surface of the Pacific Ocean at the equator. \nThe \"Cromwell current\" carries a lot of oxygen and nutrients. It is very rich in marine life."}
+{"id": "36701", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36701", "title": "Subduction", "text": "Subduction is when two tectonic plates meet. One of the plates is pushed under the other into the Earth's mantle. Subduction causes the most powerful earthquakes in the world. Earthquakes caused by subduction can lead to tsunamis. \nAreas where subduction occurs are called subduction zones. Subduction zones are all around the world in places like Indonesia, Seattle, Washington and in the Himalaya mountain range in Nepal."}
+{"id": "36702", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36702", "title": "Icebreaker", "text": "An icebreaker is a special type of ship. Its special features include extra powerful motors and a very strong hull designed to cut through thick sheets of ice floating on oceans and lakes."}
+{"id": "36704", "revid": "10371964", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36704", "title": "Tattoo", "text": "A tattoo is a mark made by putting ink into the skin. Tattoos may be made on human or animal skin. Tattoos on humans are a type of body modification (a way of changing the body), but tattoos on animals are most often used for identification. People sometimes get tattoos to show that they belong to a gang or culture group.\nPeople get tattoos in \"tattoo parlors\". Getting a tattoo is painful, although some people have more pain than others, and some body parts are more painful to tattoo than others. Most tattoos today are created using an electric tattoo machine, which uses needles to put ink into the body.\nHistory.\nPreserved tattoos on ancient mummified human remains reveal that tattooing has been practiced throughout the world for many centuries. In 2015, scientific re-assessment of the age of the two oldest known tattooed mummies identified \u00d6tzi the Iceman as the oldest currently known example. This body, with 61 tattoos, was found embedded in glacial ice in the Alps, and was dated to 3250 BCE. In 2018, the oldest figurative tattoos in the world were discovered on two mummies from Egypt which are dated between 3351 and 3017 BCE.\nTattooing is an ancient art. \u00d6tzi the Iceman, a man who lived around 3300\u00a0BC and whose mummy was found in 1991, had 61 tattoos consisting of 19 groups of lines simple dots and lines on his lower spine, left wrist, behind his right knee, and on his ankles. These tattoos, which were made of soot, were possibly part of an early form of acupuncture. Tattoos have also been found on mummies from ancient civilizations throughout the world, including Egypt, Nubia the Pazyryk culture of Russia, and from several cultures throughout South America.\nTattoos became popular in the Western world after Westerners first had contact with American Indians and Polynesians during the 1700s. James Cook, a famous British explorer, reported that he had seen tattooing being done when he was in Tahiti in 1769. The word \"tattoo\" comes from the Tahitian word \"tatau\".\nIn some cultures, tattoos have special meaning and importance. For example, Polynesian people like the M\u0101ori in New Zealand have a tradition of face tattoos (called \"moko\") which are sacred and have special meaning related to status and tribal history.\nIn other cultures, tattoos are forbidden. For example, tattoos are forbidden in Jewish law. In the Old Testament of the Bible, the book of Leviticus 19:28 states: \"You shall not make any cuts on your body for the dead or tattoo yourselves.\"\nTattoos started to become popular in the United States and England during the 1860s and 1870s. At first, tattoos were most often given to soldiers and sailors. The first known professional tattoo artist in the United States was Martin Hildebrandt, a German immigrant who arrived in\u00a0Boston\u00a0in 1846. Between 1861 and 1865, he tattooed soldiers on both sides in the\u00a0American Civil War.\u00a0The first known professional tattooist in Britain worked in the port of Liverpool\u00a0in the 1870s, tattooing mostly sailors. However, by the 1870s, tattoos had become fashionable among some members of the upper classes, including royalty. In the United States, tattoos were very popular with sailors. Many cities on the coast had tattoo artists in them. Later, artists such as Maud Wagner helped make tattoos more popular in the rest of the United States.\nSince the 1970s, tattoos have become a mainstream part of Western fashion, common among both men and women, to all economic classes, and to age groups from the later teen years to middle age. For many young Americans, tattoos have a very different meaning than they did for earlier generations. In the past, tattoos were viewed as a form of deviance - a way of breaking social rules and standards. Today, it has become an acceptable form of expression.\nAt times during history, people have been forced to get tattoos to mark them as slaves, criminals, or outsiders. The\u00a0ancient Romans\u00a0tattooed criminals and slaves. In the 19th century, the United States marked convicts with tattoos before releasing them from jail, and the British Army marked deserters with tattoos. In the 20th century, prisoners in Siberian and Nazi concentration camps were tattooed with identification numbers.\nTypes.\nAmateur and professional tattoos.\nToday, people choose to be tattooed for many different reasons. Tattoos may be used to show that a person belongs to a specific group. For example, gang tattoos may show that a person belongs to a certain criminal gang. Criminal tattoos may also show a person's criminal accomplishments (such as the number of years they spent in prison, or the number of people they have killed). Tattoos, including full-body tattoos, are popular among the Yakuza (Japanese mafia).\nCosmetic tattoos.\nTattoos can be used for cosmetic reasons. Cosmetic tattoos include \"permanent makeup,\" which uses tattooing to make designs that look like makeup. Cosmetic tattooers can create tattooed eyebrows for people who have lost their eyebrows because of old age, diseases that cause hair loss (like alopecia), or medications that make the hair fall out (like chemotherapy). Cosmetic tattoos can also cover up moles or hide skin that is discolored because of diseases like vitiligo.\nCosmetic tattoos can also be used to cover up surgical scars, like scars from mastectomy (surgical removal of the breast). The use of artistic tattoos to cover mastectomy scars is becoming more popular in the United States and the United Kingdom. Cosmetic tattooing is also used to tattoo nipples onto reconstructed breasts after breast reconstruction surgery (where the breast which was removed during mastectomy is re-created using fat from another part of the body).\nMedical tattoos.\nTattoos can also be used for medical reasons. For example, a person may get a medical alert tattoo, which warns that they have a certain medical condition (like diabetes or a severe allergy). When people get radiation therapy for cancer, tattoos may be used to mark exactly where the beam of radiation should be pointed. This helps to make sure that the person gets the same treatment, in the right place, every time they have radiation therapy.\nGenital.\nGenital tattooing is the practice of placing permanent marks under the skin of the genitals in the form of tattoos. Nearly the entire genital region can be tattooed, including the shaft and head of the penis, the skin of the scrotum, the pubic region and the outer labia.\nHealth risks.\nBecause it breaks the skin, tattooing carries health risks. These risks include infection and allergic reactions to tattoo inks. These problems can often be avoided if the tattooer follows rules of cleanliness, uses certain tools on one person only, and sterilizing their equipment after every use (cleaning it in a special way that will kill germs).\nIn many places, tattooers are required to have training on blood-borne diseases (diseases which can be spread through the blood, like HIV and hepatitis). As of 2009 in the United States, there were no reported cases of a person getting HIV from a professional tattoo.\nIn amateur tattooing (like tattooing in prisons), there is a much higher risk of infection. Unsterilized (unclean) tattoo equipment or contaminated ink could spread infections on the surface of the skin, fungal infections, some forms of\u00a0hepatitis,\u00a0herpes simplex virus,\u00a0HIV,\u00a0staph,\u00a0tetanus, and\u00a0tuberculosis.\nMost people are not allergic to tattoo inks. However, there have been cases of allergic reactions to tattoo inks, especially to certain colors. Sometimes this happens because the ink includes nickel, which sets off a common metal allergy.\nSometimes, if tattooing pierces a blood vessel, a bruise might appear.\nRemoval.\nTattoo removal is mostly done using lasers that break down the ink particles in the tattoo into smaller particles. Dermal macrophages are part of the immune system, tasked with collecting and digesting cellular debris. In the case of tattoo pigments, macrophages collect ink pigments, but have difficulty breaking them down. Instead, they store the ink pigments. If a macrophage is damaged, it releases its captive ink, which is taken up by other macrophages. This can make it particularly difficult to remove tattoos. When treatments break down ink particles into smaller pieces, macrophages can more easily remove them.\nSome people who have tattoos wish that they had not gotten them. Tattoos can be taken off with\u00a0laser\u00a0surgery, but this is painful and often requires several visits to a\u00a0dermatologist\u00a0or skin care professional."}
+{"id": "36705", "revid": "1690339", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36705", "title": "Constructed language", "text": "An artificial or constructed language (sometimes called a conlang) is a language that has been made by a person or small group, instead of being formed naturally as part of a culture. Some constructed languages are designed for use in human communication (like the common Esperanto). Others are created for use in fiction, linguistic experiments, secret codes, or simply because the maker likes to play language games.\nCategories.\nConstructed languages can be split into groups by purpose. These groups are:\nConstructed languages can also be split into \"a priori languages\", which are made from scratch, and \"a posteriori languages\", which borrow words and grammar from existing languages.\nSome constructed languages also have constructed scripts to write them."}
+{"id": "36707", "revid": "844779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36707", "title": "Joel Engel", "text": "Joel S. Engel is an American scientist. He was the Head of Research at Bell Laboratories (Belltel) in 1973. He was born on February 4, 1936 in New York City, New York. In 1973, Martin Cooper made the first mobile phone call to him whilst walking the streets of New York City."}
+{"id": "36715", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36715", "title": "Engineered language", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36716", "revid": "1593980", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36716", "title": "Engineered languages", "text": "An Engineered language is a constructed language used to help experiment in logic, philosophy, and linguistics.\nThere are three types of Engineered language: "}
+{"id": "36717", "revid": "197440", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36717", "title": "Auxiliary language", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36718", "revid": "197441", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36718", "title": "Auxiliary languages", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36719", "revid": "197442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36719", "title": "Artistic language", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36720", "revid": "197443", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36720", "title": "Artistic languages", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36721", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36721", "title": "Pronghorn", "text": "The pronghorn (\"Antilocapra americana\") is an even-toed ungulate mammal, the only living member of the family Antilocapridae. \nIt is a smallish ruminant mammal which looks like an antelope. It is 1.3\u20131.5 m (4 ft 3 in \u2013 4 ft 11 in) long from nose to tail, and stands 81\u2013104 cm (2 ft 8 in \u2013 3 ft 5 in) high at the shoulder \nThe pronghorn lives in North America. It lives in the prairies, but sometimes also in the desert and the Rocky Mountains.\nThe antilocaprids evolved in North America, where they filled a niche similar to that of the bovids that evolved in the Old World. During the Miocene and Pliocene, they were a diverse and successful group, with many different species. Some had horns with bizarre shapes, or had four, or even six, horns.\nIn Africa, the bovids evolved many ruminants which look like deer (convergent evolution). True deer are a different mammal, and do not live in the southern continents. For example, in Africa they are replaced south of the Atlas Mountains by bovids.\nThe pronghorn is the fastest land mammal in the Western Hemisphere, with running speeds of up to . It is often called the second-fastest land animal, second only to the African cheetah, and it can keep up high speeds longer than cheetahs.\nAppearance.\nThe pronghorn has a yellowish-brown to reddish-brown colored fur with a white underside, and white stripes on the neck and around the mouth. Male pronghorns also have black markings on the neck and face. The males have horns that are up to 25 cm long. Females usually have no horns; if they have horns they are very short.\nLife.\nPronghorns can be active at any time during day or night, but they are mostly active during twilight. Pronghorns eat grass, but also leaves and herbs. Pronghorns have the ability to digest some poisonous plants. Their large liver helps in the filtering the toxins.\nIn summer, adult males either defend a fixed territory that females may enter, or defend a harem of females. In this territory the male keeps a group of females which he mates in September. \nWhere rainfall is high, and the grass is green, adult males tend to be territorial. They mark their territories with scent, by vocalizing, and challenging intruders.\nAdult males fight each other to win over the female by injuring the other pronghorn and determining which male is stronger. Young males that do not yet fight for a territory form small groups, and old weak males live alone. Females live in groups of about 20 animals. When the female is close to giving birth, it leaves the group for a time to give birth to its offspring.\nAfter a pregnancy of 7 to 8 months the female gives birth to 1-2 young, seldom three. The new-borns hide for three days, and after a week they can run with their mother. A pronghorn baby has grey fur, and after three months it has the adult coloring. They drink milk for 5\u20136 months, and start to eat grass after three weeks. Females become mature when they are 15\u201316 months old, and males become mature when they are 24 months old.\nSimilarities.\nThe pronghorn's similarity to deer is an example of convergent evolution, and it is like the parallel between deer and some African bovines.\nSaved.\nPronghorns were hunted almost to extinction by hunters. They were saved by interested people. On January 26, 1931, President Herbert Hoover signed the executive order for the refuge. On December 31, 1936, President Franklin Roosevelt signed an executive order creating a tract; this was the true beginning for pronghorn recovery in North America."}
+{"id": "36722", "revid": "197448", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36722", "title": "Pronghorns", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36723", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36723", "title": "Antilocapridae", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36724", "revid": "197450", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36724", "title": "Antilocapra", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36725", "revid": "197451", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36725", "title": "Antilocapra americana", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36726", "revid": "15149", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36726", "title": "Graphical user interfaces and consoles", "text": "Computers can display information and let the user give commands to it using two methods: a command line interface (CLI) or a graphical user interface (GUI).\nIn a command line interface, the user types commands using the keyboard to tell the computer to take an action. For example, the more command available in most operating systems will display the contents of a file.\nIn many graphical user interfaces, the user can use the computer mouse to click on buttons. For example, one's web browser may have a Print icon to print this page. Some use a touch screen or other method.\nGraphical user interfaces are generally thought more easy to use than command lines. Command lines are faster than graphical user interfaces and can be used to give special commands to the computer.\nList of operating systems with graphical user interfaces and command-line interfaces:"}
+{"id": "36727", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36727", "title": "Graphical user interface", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36728", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36728", "title": "Graphical User Interface", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36729", "revid": "197476", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36729", "title": "Phascolarctidae", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36730", "revid": "197477", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36730", "title": "Phascolarctos", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36734", "revid": "9604987", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36734", "title": "Water deer", "text": "The water deer (\"Hydropotes inermis\") is an even-toed ungulate mammal of the deer family. It is the only member of the subfamily Hydropotinae. There are two subspecies: the Chinese water deer (\"Hydropotes inermis inermis\") and the Korean water deer (\"Hydropotes inermis argyropus\").\nAppearance.\nWater deer are small deer: they are about 90 cm long and about 50\u00a0cm high. They weigh about 13 kg. The water deer has yellowish-brown fur, with a white chin and throat. Both males and females do not have antlers. Males have long upper canine teeth (called tusks), which can be up to 5\u00a0cm long.\nHabitat.\nThe water deer originally lived in China and Korea. Today there are also small wild populations in England and France. Water deer live close to water: in swamps and on the shores of rivers and lakes. \nLife.\nWater deer eat grasses and reeds. They also eat grains and vegetables from fields.\nWater deer live alone, but sometimes they form small groups. \nAfter a pregnancy of 200 days the female gives birth to 2-4 babies. A water deer baby has white dots and stripes on its fur, which disappear after 8 weeks. They drink milk for 3 months. When the young water deer are 6 months old they are independent and leave their mothers. They become mature when they are 1 year old."}
+{"id": "36737", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36737", "title": "Hydropotinae", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36738", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36738", "title": "Hydropotes", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36739", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36739", "title": "Hydropotes inermis", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36740", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36740", "title": "Chinese Water Deer", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36741", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36741", "title": "Hydropotes inermis inermis", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36742", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36742", "title": "Korean Water Deer", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36743", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36743", "title": "Hydropotes inermis argyropus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36749", "revid": "1241374", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36749", "title": "Orchestration", "text": "Orchestration in music can have two meanings:\nPeople who want to compose music for orchestras need to study orchestration. They can do this by reading books about orchestration, but also they can do this by studying orchestral scores and listening to orchestras in concerts or on CDs. Students at music colleges will also practise orchestration by taking piano music and arranging it for orchestra.\nThe word instrumentation means almost the same thing as \u201corchestration\u201d. \u201cInstrumentation\u201d means: understanding each instrument and knowing about all the sounds they can make. It can be about any music with instruments, whereas \u201corchestration\u201d refers to the orchestra from its beginnings in the 17th century to the present.\nOrchestration is all about understanding how to write well for different instruments, how to combine them so that they sound well together and balance well.\nSometimes composers leave the orchestration of their works to other people. Leonard Bernstein is famous as the composer of \"West Side Story\", but although he composed all the notes he left it to other people to orchestrate. The composer Maurice Ravel took a piano piece called \"Pictures at an Exhibition\" by Modest Mussorgsky (who had died forty years earlier). He arranged it for orchestra. Most people know this version rather than Mussorgsky\u2019s piano version.\nHector Berlioz and Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov are two famous composers who were particularly brilliant at writing for orchestra. They both wrote books on orchestration which are still very useful today."}
+{"id": "36766", "revid": "1671432", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36766", "title": "Blockbusters", "text": "Blockbusters is an American game show that aired on NBC from October 27, 1980 to May 1, 1987.\nHow to play.\nOne team of two people plays against a solo person to see if two heads are better than one. The team is represented by the color white while the solo player is represented by the color red. There is a game board with letters inside spaces shaped like a hexagon. A player picks a letter on the board, and host Bill Cullen asks a question to see how much the players know. Whoever rings in first and gets the answer right gets their color put on the board in the space where the corresponding letter once was. If the team makes a connection from left to right, they win. If the solo player makes a connection from top to bottom, he/she wins.\nGold Rush.\nWhoever wins after two games goes on to play the \"Gold Rush\" for a shot at an extra $5,000. The board is the same, except that the spaces are colored gold, and sometimes more than one letter is seen in each space. The object of the game is to make a connection across the board within the 60 second time limit. If they do, they win the $5,000. If they miss a question, a block will go up and they will have to work their way around it.\nDifferent versions.\n\"Blockbusters\" aired on the NBC network and was hosted by Bill Cullen from 1980 to 1982. Then in 1987, comedian Bill Rafferty hosted a new version, which ended the same year. It featured two solo players instead of a team of two people and a solo player."}
+{"id": "36768", "revid": "869387", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36768", "title": "Theria", "text": "Theria is a subclass of mammals. It includes almost all living mammals: the ones that give birth to live young, and not by using a shelled egg.\nThe Theria are divided into two groups (infraclasses): Metatheria and Eutheria. The surviving Metatheria are the marsupials, and the Eutheria are the placental mammals. "}
+{"id": "36769", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36769", "title": "Ameridelphia", "text": "The Ameridelphia is a superorder of marsupial mammals only found in South America. It consists of two orders:"}
+{"id": "36780", "revid": "1468489", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36780", "title": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva", "text": "Luiz In\u00e1cio Lula da Silva (born 27 October 1945) is a Brazilian politician and former trade union leader. He has been the 39th President of Brazil since 2023. Previously, Lula was the 35th president from 2003 to 2011. He is a co-founder and member of the Workers' Party. He was a Federal Deputy for S\u00e3o Paulo from 1987 to 1991. He had run three times for president, until winning the presidency during his fourth campaign in 2002, when he was elected to replace Fernando Henrique Cardoso. He was re-elected in 2006 in a landslide victory.\nIn his first tenure as president, Lula created social programs including Bolsa Fam\u00edlia and Fome Zero, which helped fight against poverty and the lower class citizens of Brazil. Other reforms were carried out in areas such as health,education, and social inclusion. He also had an important role in international politics such as the nuclear program of Iran and climate change. He helped lower deforestation in the Amazons. His second term became controversial because of many scandals, such as the Mensal\u00e3o scandal. However, after leaving office, he was seen as one of the most popular presidents in Brazil's history and most popular leader of the world. Lula is a popular figure in Brazilian politics and his ideas have been called Lulism.\nIn early 2016, Lula was appointed Chief of Staff under his successor Dilma Rousseff, but his appointment was blocked because of federal investigations against him at the time. In July 2017, Lula was convicted on charges of money laundering and corruption in a controversial trial, and sentenced to nine and a half years in prison. After an unsuccessful appeal, Lula was arrested in April 2018 and spent 580 days in jail. In 2021, his sentence was overturned by the Supreme Court of Brazil because his jail sentence was seen as politically motivated.\nLula ran for president again in 2018, however dropped out after being charged for bribery. In May 2021, Lula said he would run for a third term in the 2022 general election, against the incumbent President Jair Bolsonaro. In October 2022 in the run-off election, Lula would beat Bolsonaro, winning 50.9% of the vote. In February 2025, it was reported that his popularity had fallen to 24%, the worst of all his terms in office.\nEarly life.\nLula was born in Caet\u00e9s, Pernambuco to Aristides In\u00e1cio da Silva and Eur\u00eddice Ferreira de Melo. He was raised Roman Catholic. Lula was raised in S\u00e3o Paulo. His family lived in poverty and his father died of alcoholism.\nHe did not learn to read until he was ten years old and quit school after the second grade to work and help his family.\nHe studied at to become a metalworker. He lost the little finger on his left hand at 19 in an accident, while working as a press operator. It was because of this injury, he became more active in the labor unions and labour rights movement.\nUnion career.\nLula joined the labour movement when he worked at . He was elected in 1975, and reelected in 1978, as president of the Steel Workers' Union of S\u00e3o Bernardo do Campo and Diadema.\nIn the late 1970s, when Brazil was under military rule, Lula helped organize union activities, including major strikes. He was in jail for a month because under the military rule, his strikes were seen as illegal. Lula was awarded a lifetime pension after the fall of the military regime.\nLegislative career.\nOn 10 February 1980, Lula co-founded the \"Partido dos Trabalhadores\" (PT) or Workers' Party. That same year, he became National President of the Workers' Party and was in this role until 1988. In 1982, he added the nickname Lula to his legal name. In 1983, he helped found the (CUT) union association.\nIn 1987, he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies. During his time as a deputy, he helped write the country's post-military rule constitution. He also focused on agricultural land reform and for fixing the country's debt. He decided not to run for re-election in 1990. He became Workers' Party President again in 1990 and he left the role in 1994.\nEarly presidential campaigns.\nLula first ran for President of Brazil in 1989 and lost the election to Fernando Collor de Mello. He ran for president again in 1994 and came in second place again, losing to Fernando Henrique Cardoso. He would lose to Henrique Cardoso again in 1998.\nFirst presidency.\nIn 2002, Lula was elected President of Brazil, beating Jos\u00e9 Serra in a landslide victory. In 2006, he was re-elected in another landslide victory, beating Geraldo Alckmin.\nLula created a housing aid program to fix housing problems and help people in poverty have homes.\nDuring Lula's first term, child hunger decreased by 46%. In May 2010, the UN World Food Programme (WFP) awarded Lula da Silva the title of \"World Champion in the Fight against Hunger\". Lula also fixed the country's economy by fixing its debt, and help make the economy strong enough for foreign banks to make investments and profits in Brazil again.\nHis second term as president, focused on environmental issues and created protection programs on indigenous lands and stopped deforestation in the Amazons. However, his second term was also controversial because of the Mensal\u00e3o scandal, which said that Lula da Silva's party, the Workers' Party, had bribed Deputies to support and pass pro-Lula legislation.\nWhen he left office, Lula da Silva was extremely popular, with many calling him Brazil's most popular president and the most popular politician in the world.\n2018 presidential campaign.\nIn 2017, Lula announced he would run as the Workers' Party candidate for president again in the 2018 election. His campaign was controversial and a target of attacks. In Paran\u00e1, a campaign bus was shot, and in Rio Grande do Sul, rocks were thrown at a Lula campaign bus. Despite this, he was seen as the front-runner to win the election.\nWhile bribe charges against Lula were being held, the UN Human Rights Committee ruled on 17 August 2018 that it had requested the Brazilian government to allow Lula to be political and run for office. Despite this, Lula was charged and was forced to withdraw his campaign.\nBribe charges and release.\nOn July 12, 2017, the former president was convicted at first instance of corruption (more specifically, the crime of passive corruption which in Brazilian criminal law is defined by the receipt of a bribe by a civil servant or government official) and money laundering and sentenced to nine years and six months in prison by judge S\u00e9rgio Moro. This made him ineligible to run for president in the 2018 election, and he dropped out of the election.\nIn 2021, his sentence was overturned by the Supreme Court of Brazil and all charges were cleared and seen as politically motivated.\nSecond presidency.\n2022 presidential campaign.\nIn May 2021, Lula said he would run for a third term in the October 2022 general election, against the incumbent President Jair Bolsonaro. He is seen as the front-runner to win the election and beat Bolsonaro. He was 17% ahead of Bolsonaro in a poll in January 2022. In April 2022, Lula announced former S\u00e3o Paulo governor Geraldo Alckmin, who ran against him in the 2006 election, as his running mate.\nOn 2 October 2022, Lula advanced to the run-off election on 30 October against President Bolsonaro. Lula won 48.43% of the vote against Bolsonaro's 43.20%.\nLula was elected in the second round on 30 October, three days after his seventy-seventh birthday. He became the first president of Brazil elected to three terms and the first since Get\u00falio Vargas to serve in non-consecutive terms. He is also the first candidate to unseat an incumbent president.\nTenure.\nLula was sworn in on 1 January 2023. At aged 77, he is the oldest person to become president. Lula said that his main goals were to fix the country's economy, democracy and education systems; fight against poverty; and push for more environmental policies.\nOn 8 January 2023, supporters of Bolsonaro stormed and invaded the Pra\u00e7a dos Tr\u00eas Poderes in Bras\u00edlia, taking over the offices of the Supreme Federal Court, National Congress of Brazil and the Pal\u00e1cio do Planalto.\nLula took a non-aligned stance on the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Lula repeatedly attacked NATO and the European Union as the cause of the war. In April 2023 Lula condemned Russia's violation of Ukraine's territorial integrity and said Russia should withdraw from Ukrainian territory. He also put blame on Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy, saying \"This guy is as responsible as Putin for the war,\" during an interview in May 2022. Later in April 2023, he suggested that Ukraine should \"give up Crimea\" in exchange for peace, saying Zelenskyy \"can not want everything\".\nIn the first 4 months of 2023, Amazon deforestation rate has seen a significant decrease, being reported 40.4% lower in comparison to the same period of 2022. Lula also promised to recognize 14 new indigenous reserves. Six were recognized as of May 2023.\nLula did not support the Hamas attack on Israel that happened on 7 October 2023. On 11 October 2023, he called for a ceasefire in the war, saying, it was \"urgently needed in defense of Israeli and Palestinian children\". Lula urged Hamas to release kidnapped Israeli children and Israel to stop bombing the Gaza Strip and allow Palestinian children and their mothers to leave the war zone. On 25 October 2023, Lula said, \"It's not a war, it's a genocide.\"\nPersonal life.\nLula was married to Maria de Lurdes Ribeiro from 1969 until her death in 1971. He was later married to Marisa Let\u00edcia Lula da Silva from 1974 until her death in 2017. In 2022, he married Ros\u00e2ngela da Silva. Lula has five children.\nHealth.\nIn 2011, Lula, who was a smoker for 40 years, was diagnosed with throat cancer. He underwent chemotherapy, leading to a successful recovery."}
+{"id": "36781", "revid": "9217920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36781", "title": "Paran\u00e1 (state)", "text": "Paran\u00e1 is a state in Southern Brazil. It is next to Paraguay and Argentina. Its capital is Curitiba. Paran\u00e1 is a famous state because of Itaipu Dam and the Igua\u00e7u Falls.\nParan\u00e1 is bounded on the north by S\u00e3o Paulo, on the east by the Atlantic Ocean, on the south by Santa Catarina and the Misiones Province of Argentina, and on the west by Mato Grosso do Sul and the republic of Paraguay, with the Paran\u00e1 River as its western boundary line.\nParan\u00e1 is one of the Brazilian states that shows the most signs of recent European colonization. Most of the population are descendants of European settlers, and is one of the most ethnically diverse. Waves of European immigrants started arriving after 1850, mainly Germans, Italians, Poles and Ukrainians. The development of the state is closely linked to the arrival of the immigrants. Nowadays, migrants from other Brazilian states (especially from the S\u00e3o Paulo, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul and the Northeast Region) come to Paran\u00e1 in search of a better life.\nPeople of Polish descent predominate in the central and south regions, mainly around Curitiba. Italians predominate in the capital, Curitiba, and in the coast. People of Ukrainian descent predominate in a few cities, such as Prudent\u00f3polis; many Ukrainians are found throughout the state. Germans predominate in a few cities, such as Rol\u00e2ndia. Almost all towns have many Portuguese people and their descendants.\nPeople of mixed-race ancestry predominate in a few towns in the north. There is an important Muslim Lebanese and Syrian community around Foz do Igua\u00e7u. In the north, there are many Japanese people.\nThe main cities of the state are:"}
+{"id": "36783", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36783", "title": "Dual Alliance", "text": "The Dual Alliance was an alliance made between Germany and Austria-Hungary. It was started to help one another if Russia attacked either of them. It was formed on October 7, 1879."}
+{"id": "36788", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36788", "title": "RCTV", "text": "Radio Caracas Television (or RCTV) is one of the largest and most important television stations in Venezuela. It can be seen in all of Venezuela on channel 2. It was the third television station to start up in Venezuela (Televisiora Nacional was the first and Televisa was the second). Both Televisora Nacional and Televisa are no longer on, so RCTV is now the oldest television station in Venezuela. Venevision is RCTV's main rival. RCTV's offices can be found in the center of Caracas.\nHistory.\nRadio Caracas Television began on November 15, 1953 (during the dictatorship of General Marcos Perez Jimenez). In 1953, plays, news, and sports were pretty much the only thing seen on RCTV, but by 1954, they began making soap operas (also known as telenovelas). Telenovelas are now RCTV's most liked and seen programs.\nIn the 1960s, RCTV began videotaping their programs, as they used to be made live. In 1961, there was small fire at RCTV. On July 21, 1969, RCTV was on of the only television station in Venezuela that showed the first visit to the moon by man.\nIn 1972, RCTV began selling some of its shows to other countries and television stations. The three hundred chaptered telenovela, \"La Usurpadora\" was the first telenovela to be sold to other countries. Today, RCTV's shows are said to be seen in more than 60 countries and heard in more than 20 languages. In 1974, RCTV began recording some of their programs in color. \"Do\u00f1a Barbara\", which was made from a book written by Romulo Gallegos, was RCTV's first show made in color. Radio Caracas Television started the \"Fundacion Academia Nacional de Ciencias y Artes de Cine\" on November 15, 1978.\nIn the year 1981, RCTV began recording all of their programs in color.\nOn November 15, 1999, RCTV had been on 16,000 days.\nOn July 18, 2005, Empresas 1BC president Marcel Granier and RCTV president Eladio Larez opened up the new building where RCTV's news show, \"El Observador\", will be made.\nProblems.\nPresident Hugo Ch\u00e1vez closed RCTV because of reports that they tried to take down his government."}
+{"id": "36802", "revid": "1035196", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36802", "title": "AIDS", "text": "Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a disease caused by a virus called HIV.\nHow many people have AIDS?\nAs of 2018, it is estimated that there are 39.7 million people worldwide infected with HIV. The HIV pandemic is most severe in Sub-Saharan Africa. Over 60% of all people with HIV live in the region.\nMany people with HIV do not know they have it. Because of this, the exact number of people with HIV is unknown.\nWhere HIV started.\nScientists believe the first human who got HIV was a person in Africa in the early 1900s. It infected only a small amount of people (disease not recognised), until it then turned into an epidemic reported to have started in New York (USA) in 1981. It then very quickly started spreading to other countries. This happened when Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) went from apes or chimpanzees to humans. This virus probably crossed to humans when a hunter came into contact with monkey blood while cutting up monkeys to eat. Research in October 2014 shows that the virus started in Kinshasa during the 1920s. It was quickly spread by unprotected sex, dirty needles used by intravenous drug users, and it then made its way into the medical blood supply . Some people described the spread of the disease as a \"sexidemic\" (widespread).\nHIV and AIDS.\nNot everyone who has HIV has AIDS. When people first get HIV, they can be healthy for years. A person is diagnosed as having AIDS when he or she gets specific types of illnesses or gets sick in certain ways due to their HIV. Once a person's HIV progresses to (or turns into) AIDS, the person will continue to have AIDS for the rest of their life. While there are many treatments for HIV/AIDS, at this point there is no cure.\nIf someone has HIV they are called \"HIV-positive\".\nSomeone has AIDS if they have HIV and either:\nAIDS-defining illnesses.\nIf a person gets an \"AIDS-defining illness,\" this is usually a sign that the person has AIDS. Healthy people do not get these illnesses, because a healthy immune system is strong enough to fight off these diseases. Because of this, getting an AIDS-defining illness is a sign that a person's immune system is seriously damaged. In a person with HIV, getting an AIDS-defining illness signals that the HIV has damaged the immune system badly enough that the person now has AIDS.\nSome AIDS defining illnesses are:\nHow is HIV spread?\nHIV can be spread by some body fluids that have HIV in them:\nThis means a person can get HIV by:\nHow is HIV not spread?\nHIV is NOT spread by:\nTreatment.\nThere are medicines that help people with AIDS. These are called \"antiretroviral\" medicines (or \"antiretrovirals\".) Anti- means against. HIV is a retrovirus. So \"antiretroviral\" means it fights retroviruses.\nAntiretrovirals cannot cure AIDS. This means they cannot make all of the virus leave a person's body. But they can make people with AIDS more healthy. Antiretrovirals help people fight the HIV virus. This makes their immune systems work better. So antiretrovirals are a \"treatment\" but not a \"cure\" for HIV.\nPeople with HIV/AIDS who take antiretroviral medicines live longer. They live longer without getting \"AIDS defining illnesses\". But after a long time, the HIV virus learns how to fight the antiretrovirals. The HIV virus is not killed by this medicine. HIV becomes \"resistant\" to the medicine. Then the \"resistant\" HIV hurts the immune system and the person may get AIDS.\nSometimes when HIV is resistant to one medicine, another medicine can be used. To make less resistance happen, people with AIDS take more than one medicine at the same time. They may take 2\u20134 medicines at once. This is sometimes called a \"cocktail\" or \"AIDS cocktail\".\nWhen HIV gets resistant to one medicine, this is changed to another medicine. So the \"AIDS cocktail\" that people with AIDS take changes over time. But after a long time, the HIV learns to be resistant to \"many\" drugs. This is called \"multi-drug-resistant\" (acronym MDR) HIV. After the HIV in a person has MDR-HIV there may be no more medicines to treat them. So scientists keep trying to find new medicines to fight HIV.\nThe five most important HIV medicines are:\nHIV orphans.\nMany people who die of AIDS, especially in Africa, leave behind children who are still alive, and may need help. These children are called AIDS orphans.\nWays to stop AIDS.\nThere are many ways people fight the \"AIDS epidemic\".\nEducation.\nThe most important way to stop HIV/AIDS is education. People can get HIV from the exchange of bodily fluids and from sharing needles. Children can also get HIV from their mothers (when they grow inside pregnant mothers and when they drink breast milk.)\nSex is one way to get HIV. If people use condoms when they have sex, there is a much smaller chance of catching HIV.\nA person can also get HIV by \"sharing needles\". This means using a needle that has not been cleaned after someone else has used it. Some people who take illegal drugs like heroin and cocaine take these drugs by needle. Some of these people share needles. If one person has HIV and he shares his needles, he can give HIV to other people. But if people have clean needles or if they know how to clean needles, they do not get HIV as much.\nMany people do not know that condoms and clean needles help stop HIV. They may not even \"know\" that sharing needles and sex with someone who has HIV can make them get HIV. Even if people know about condoms and clean needles, they may not \"have\" access to them.\nSafe sex and needle exchange.\nThere are some people who do not want people to \"know\" about condoms or clean needles. They believe that if people know about condoms and have condoms they will have more sex. They believe that if people have clean needles they will use illegal drugs more. Many of these people think this because of their religion. For example, the Catholic church does not want people to have or use condoms. They do not want people to have condoms because they do not think people should have sex unless they are married. They also think that married people should not use condoms, because they believe that if people have sex, they should be prepared to accept a possible pregnancy.\nScientists who study (look at and learn about) people who use condoms, see that if teenagers (children 13\u201319) learn about condoms (and other birth control) they have \"less\" unsafe sex. Scientists see that learning about these things does not make teenagers start having sex earlier. The teenagers also have \"safer\" sex. Safer sex means doing things (like wearing condoms) to try not to get pregnant or get sexually transmitted diseases (STDs or STIs) like HIV, gonorrhea, and syphilis. Using a condom works very well for keeping people from getting pregnant or getting STDs if people know how to use a condom the right way. \nScientists have also learned that if a city has a needle exchange program it will have fewer people who use illegal drugs. \"Needle exchange programs\" are where people can come in and trade dirty needles for clean needles. This means that \"if\" they use drugs they will be more safe. But needle exchange programs do more than give people clean needles. They teach people about drugs. If people want to stop using drugs, they help them.\nHIV vaccine.\nThe best way to stop HIV is thought to be a vaccine. There is no vaccine for HIV yet. Many scientists are looking for an HIV vaccine. Even one that protected some people from HIV would save millions of people's lives.\nWrong ideas.\nSome people think that HIV is not the cause of AIDS. They dispute the connection between HIV and AIDS, the existence of HIV itself, or the validity of HIV testing and treatment methods. These claims, known as \"AIDS denialism\", are rejected by the scientific community. However, they have had a significant impact, particularly in South Africa. There the government's official embrace of AIDS denialism (1999\u20132005) was responsible for its weak response to that country's AIDS epidemic. It has been blamed for hundreds of thousands of avoidable deaths and HIV infections.\nSome conspiracy theories have been put about. Operation INFEKTION was a worldwide Soviet active measures operation to spread the claim that the United States had created HIV/AIDS. Surveys show that a significant number of people believed \u2013 and continue to believe \u2013 in such claims.\nHIV and AIDS have severely hurt the LGBT community, especially gay men. Because of this there is a negative association with HIV/AIDS and being gay or queer. Some people even claim that only gays get HIV, or that God created AIDS to punish people for homosexuality."}
+{"id": "36806", "revid": "10110580", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36806", "title": "Gibibyte", "text": "A gibibyte (GiB) is a unit of measurement in computers and similar electronic devices. One gibibyte holds 1024 mebibytes (MiB). Some people call this number of bytes a gigabyte. This would be considered the binary equivalent to the base-10 gigabyte, which consists of exactly one billion bytes.\nA gibibyte is equivalent to 230 bytes (1,073,741,824 bytes) while a gigabyte is 109 bytes (1,000,000,000 or a billion bytes).\n1024 gibibytes make one tebibyte."}
+{"id": "36809", "revid": "197773", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36809", "title": "Afro-Asiatic Camelid", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36810", "revid": "197774", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36810", "title": "Afro-Asiatic Camelids", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36815", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36815", "title": "Return to Castle Wolfenstein", "text": "Return to Castle Wolfenstein is a first person shooter video game developed by id Software and published by Activision for computers, PlayStation 2 and Xbox."}
+{"id": "36861", "revid": "3105", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36861", "title": "10 May", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36862", "revid": "4975", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36862", "title": "27 July", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36863", "revid": "4975", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36863", "title": "7 April", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36864", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36864", "title": "Ailuropoda", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36865", "revid": "4975", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36865", "title": "4 May", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36866", "revid": "4975", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36866", "title": "28 November", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36867", "revid": "4975", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36867", "title": "13 October", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36868", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36868", "title": "Giant Pandas", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36869", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36869", "title": "Giant pandas", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36870", "revid": "1110", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36870", "title": "Ssirum", "text": "Ssir\u00fbm, or Korean wrestling, is a very old sport. It is shown in pictures that are painted on walls in the ancient graves in Korea. \nThis kind of wrestling was formed in Korea. It took place on days of \"public enjoyment\" that were created by custom. Similar to Sumo. the man who stays on his feet until the end was the winner. He was given the title \"changsa\" (\"the athlete\" or \"the strong man\"). He was also given an ox. \nAs Korea grew industrially, this type of wrestling has become a real sport. It has support in the form of the teams of professional athletes coming from colleges and universities. There are also organizations for the national Championship Ssirum Changsa. There are competitions in the country. \nTwo fighters fight on the sand inside a circle. They each put on \"satpa\" - a piece of cloth that ties around the waist and thighs. Using their hands, legs backs, they try to make the other person fall. \nMost wrestlers are in height and in weight. The fights can seem slow at first they are actually very dynamic. \nLi Man-ki is one of the most well known sportsmen in this sport. In the 1980s, he won the title \"changsa\" (\"jangsa\") many times. He has caused much of the interest of this sport. "}
+{"id": "36871", "revid": "17988", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36871", "title": "Queensland", "text": "Queensland is a state in eastern Australia. It is the second largest state by area and the third largest state by population. In 2006 there were 3,904,532 people living in Queensland.\nIt occupies the north-east corner of Australia. The state has the Northern Territory to the west, South Australia to the south-west and New South Wales to the south. To the east, Queensland is bordered by the Coral Sea and Pacific Ocean. The capital city is Brisbane.\nThe area was first settled by Indigenous Australians and Torres Strait Islanders, who arrived between 40,000 and 65,000 years ago. Later, Queensland was made a British Crown Colony that was separated from New South Wales in 1859. The area that currently forms Brisbane was originally the Moreton Bay punishment colony, intended as a place for criminals with a repeated offence history who had offended while serving out their sentences in New South Wales. The state later encouraged free settlement, and today Queensland's economy is dominated by the agricultural, tourist and natural resource sectors.\nThe population is concentrated in the south-east corner, which includes the capital Brisbane, Ipswich, Logan City, and the Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast. Other major regional centres are in North Queensland and they are Cairns, Townsville, Mackay, Rockhampton, Bundaberg, Toowoomba, and Mount Isa. Queensland is often nicknamed the Sunshine State, since it enjoys warm weather and a sizable portion of the state is in the tropics."}
+{"id": "36872", "revid": "10366769", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36872", "title": "Holy", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36873", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36873", "title": "Religious", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36875", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36875", "title": "Asians", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36877", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36877", "title": "Snow Leopards", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36879", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36879", "title": "Snow leopards", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36887", "revid": "8925093", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36887", "title": "Babes in Toyland (1961 movie)", "text": "Babes in Toyland is an 1961 Disney musical movie. It starred Tommy Sands as Tom Piper and Annette Funicello as Mary Contrary. The characters in the movie are taken from Mother Goose nursery rhymes.\nPlot.\nTom the Piper's Son is about to marry Mary Quite Contrary. On the night before of their wedding, evil Barnaby hires two men, Gonzorgo and Roderigo, to drown Tom and take Mary's sheep. The sheep are being taken care of by Little Bo Peep. This will make life very hard for Mary and the children she lives with. It will make her have to marry Barnaby.\nTom and the sheep are taken by Gonzorgo and Roderigo, but they sell Tom to gypsies instead of killing him. Tom escapes from the gypsies and goes with Mary, Bo-Peep, and other Mother Goose characters to Toyland."}
+{"id": "36902", "revid": "1618275", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36902", "title": "Airship", "text": "An Airship is kind of lighter-than-air aircraft. It floats in the sky and need not move to stay up. That is because it is filled with a lifting gas that is more lightweight than air. This is different from aeroplanes that stay up in the sky by moving. An airship floats like a balloon. But an airship is different from a balloon. An airship has an engine for power and a way to control its direction of movement. A balloon does not have an engine or a way to control its direction of movement.\nKinds of airships.\nThere are three kinds of airships. The difference is the amount of structure in the airship.\nBlimps.\nBlimps were used by the United States in WWII to fight against submarines. Blimps are now used mostly for advertising and sometimes for looking down, for example at sport stadiums and tourist attractions.\nThe \"Hindenburg\".\nThe most famous airship was the \"Hindenburg\". The \"Hindenburg\" was a rigid airship made by the Zeppelin airship company. It burned when it was landing on May 6, 1937. There were 97 people on the airship when the fire started. The fire killed 35 of these people and one person on the ground. "}
+{"id": "36903", "revid": "10125028", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36903", "title": "New Amsterdam", "text": "New Amsterdam is the name the Dutch gave to the island of Manhattan after they bought it from local natives. It was the capital of New Netherland. In 1664, an English fleet arrived and took control. The English renamed it to New York."}
+{"id": "36904", "revid": "1260226", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36904", "title": "Universal suffrage", "text": "Universal suffrage means that every citizen above the age of 18 is allowed to vote. Most countries have universal suffrage, but some do not. In some countries people had to fight to get it. In other countries, it was granted after demonstrations in the main cities. They thought it was important to have it because they wanted to choose who ruled over them. "}
+{"id": "36909", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36909", "title": "Bruce Dickinson", "text": "Bruce Dickinson (born 7 August 1958) is an English heavy metal singer. He is the singer in the band Iron Maiden. \nBiography.\nDickinson was born on 7 August 1958 in Worksop, Nottinghamshire. He was born as Paul Dickinson, but changed his first name to Bruce. As a teenager, he lived in Sheffield. This was where he started to listen to heavy metal music. He sang in local bands during this time, after trying to play the drums.\nIn the early 1980s, Dickinson was part of the band Samson. He left Samson in 1981. Later that year, after Paul Di'Anno left Iron Maiden, Dickinson was chosen to be the band's new singer. During the 1980s, Iron Maiden was very popular, and Dickinson's singing was a big part of this.\nIn 1990, Dickinson made his first solo album, called \"Tattooed Millionaire\". In 1993, he left Iron Maiden to become only a solo artist. He released five solo albums during the 1990s, but they were not as popular as his work with Iron Maiden had been.\nIn 1999, Dickinson joined Iron Maiden again, and soon after the band made a new album, Brave New World. Since then, he has stayed as a part of Iron Maiden as well as recording music both by himself and with other people.\nOther interests.\nOutside of music, Dickinson is interested in fencing, has written both books and a script based on one of his albums for a screenplay, and has worked in the radio industry.\nHe is also a pilot for Astraeus Airlines, and became marketing director for the airline in September 2010."}
+{"id": "36911", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36911", "title": "Streaming Soundtracks", "text": "Streaming Soundtracks is a radio station that is found on the internet. It plays mostly theme music from movies and television shows, but also plays music from video games. It has a website to talk with other listeners."}
+{"id": "36926", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36926", "title": "\u00c9tude", "text": "An \u00e9tude (said \"ay-TOOD\"; French for study) is a short piece of music written to help the player to become a better player. They are usually quite difficult. Sometimes they are just called \"studies\". Composers such as the pianist Carl Czerny and the violinist Otakar \u0160ev\u010dik wrote lots of \u00e9tudes. Each one concentrates on a technical problem: fast scale passages, arpeggios, wide leaps, chords or, for string players, different ways of bowing.\nThe tradition of writing \u00e9tudes started in the early 19th century, when the piano started to become popular. Many of the \u00e9tudes from that time are still very popular today, including those by Muzio Clementi.\nFr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin wrote two sets of \u00e9tudes for piano. Franz Liszt also wrote some very difficult \u00e9tudes, including the piece known as \"La Campanella\". These two composers' \u00e9tudes are known for being not only good for developing piano technique but are also beautiful to hear. Because of this, they are often performed in concerts and recorded onto CDs."}
+{"id": "36927", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36927", "title": "Etude", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36929", "revid": "1634999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36929", "title": "Nocturne", "text": "A nocturne is a form of music, usually for piano, which suggests the night (\u201cnocturnal\u201d means \u201cof the night\u201d). The Italian term \"Notturno\" has appeared in 18th-century music, but the Irish composer John Field was the first person to use the name \"Nocturne\" for his music. He was inspired by the slow, gentle tunes of Italian operas of his time (early 19th century). His nocturnes are mostly tunes with many long notes in the right hand over. Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin expanded the form."}
+{"id": "36931", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36931", "title": "Organisation", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36937", "revid": "593910", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36937", "title": "Delta Air Lines", "text": "Delta Air Lines, Inc. is a large airline from the United States. They are headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. Their largest hub is also in Atlanta. Delta's first flight was in 1929. In 1972, Delta merged with Northeast Airlines. In 1987, Delta merged with Western Airlines. \n In 2000, Delta became one of the founding members of SkyTeam alongside Aerom\u00e9xico, Air France and Korean Air.\nIn 2008, they merged with Northwest Airlines. Until 2013, Delta was the world's largest airline. As of February 2024, the airline goes to 325 cities and has 987 planes. In 2018, they retired their largest aircraft, the Boeing 747, and replaced it with other planes such as the Airbus A350. They have some subsidiaries that own regional jets, like the E175."}
+{"id": "36938", "revid": "5804", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36938", "title": "List of Commerical Airlines", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36947", "revid": "10457605", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36947", "title": "Vytorin", "text": "Vytorin is a clinical drug made up of chemicals called ezetimibe (right image) and simvastatin (Left image) to help people with diseases that change the amount of fats in the blood."}
+{"id": "36948", "revid": "9300463", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36948", "title": "Blade Runner", "text": "Blade Runner is a 1982 American-Hong Kong dystopian science fiction movie directed by Ridley Scott and written by Hampton Fancher and David Peoples. It was based on the book Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? by Philip K. Dick. \"Blade Runner's\" main actors are Harrison Ford, Rutger Hauer, Sean Young, Edward James Olmos and Daryl Hannah.\nPlot.\nThe movie takes place in humid rainy climate changed Los Angeles in November 2019 when artificial human adults called \"replicants\" come to Earth. As replicants are not allowed on Earth anymore after some of them had attacked humans, police officers called \"Blade Runners\" hunt down and kill them on Earth. Rick Deckard is forced to hunt down some replicants in Los Angeles.\nResponse.\nSome movie critics did not like \"Blade Runner\" because they thought it was slow, but others liked its many ideas. The movie did not sell many tickets in North American movie theaters but was more popular in other countries. Even though it did not make much money, it was liked very much by teachers and science fiction fans. \"Blade Runner\" looked good and made the future look very dark and old. The movie showed important ideas of the 21st century such as globalization and genetic engineering. \"Blade Runner\" is an important example of cyberpunk and people believe it has changed the world and affected many cultures. \"Blade Runner\" made Hollywood interested in stories written by Philip K. Dick.\nVersions.\nSeven versions of \"Blade Runner\" exist because of changes made by different people. The producers took Scott's cut and changed some things about it, which Scott did not like. In 1992, Scott released a Director's Cut version, which was made very fast. It cut the ending of the movie and removed the voice-over. Warner Bros. released the Final Cut, a new 25th anniversary version of the movie, in October 2007. It features some new scenes and removes some of the visible special effects."}
+{"id": "36950", "revid": "1634549", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36950", "title": "Ridley Scott", "text": "Sir Ridley Scott (born 30 November 1937) is an English movie director and producer.\nHe also directed an important and expensive television commercial for Apple Computer called \"1984\"."}
+{"id": "36970", "revid": "1674917", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36970", "title": "Mot\u00f6rhead", "text": "Mot\u00f6rhead was an English rock band. The band was started in 1975 by bassist, singer and songwriter Ian Fraser \u201cLemmy\u201d Kilmister\".\" They are thought to be one of the bands that started the new wave of British heavy metal in the late 1970s. The word motorhead is a name for someone who likes cars, but in British slang it\u2019s a name for a meth addict/speed freak.\nMot\u00f6rhead played heavy metal music very fast. This was different from how other bands played it at the time. Many listeners call them the first speed metal or thrash metal band. Mot\u00f6rhead are a main influence on other bands that play those styles. Lemmy did not like his band being called anything other than just a rock and roll band. Fans of punk music and metal music liked Mot\u00f6rhead. Their songs have words about war, drug abuse, and sex. They also sing about gambling in their most popular song, \"Ace of Spades\".\nMot\u00f6rhead are famous to fans of professional wrestling for making wrestler Triple H's theme song. He started using Mot\u00f6rhead's music in 2000. The song is called \"The Game\". The band has played the song live at two WrestleMania events.\nMot\u00f6rhead was listed at number 26 on VH1's \"The 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock\" TV show.\nThe band broke up in 2015 when Lemmy died of cancer on December 28, only four days after his 70th birthday.\nThe band was added into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2020."}
+{"id": "36971", "revid": "5222", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36971", "title": "Motorhead", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36981", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36981", "title": "Tampa", "text": ""}
+{"id": "36993", "revid": "1343687", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36993", "title": "Celebrity (disambiguation)", "text": "Celebrity can mean:"}
+{"id": "36995", "revid": "10420930", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36995", "title": "Celebrity", "text": "A celebrity is a person who is well known and gets lots of public attention, or attention from other people. A person whom the public knows such as a person in government might be well known but not a celebrity unless something else makes them interesting to other people. \nUsually, a person becomes a celebrity from entertainment such as someone who is in movies, someone who sings or raps songs, or someone who plays a sport. Some celebrities are not famous because of something they have done. They are famous most often because of which family they are a member of and/or how they are talked about by the media. These people are often called \"famous for being famous\".\nHow one becomes a celebrity.\nPeople who act in movies and television actors, people who sing/rap are usually celebrities. High-ranking politicians, people who tell people the news, television show hosts, people who go to outer space, major-league athletes, comedians and people who sing songs are also sometimes celebrities. Sometimes people such as Mother Teresa have achieved fame because they help people who were in need and are saintly.\nMusic.\nMusic is one of the most common ways that someone will be famous. Many musicians, singers, songwriters and rappers become celebrities because their music and songs are listened to by a large amount of people. \nAnother common way that artists will become famous is through winning or participating in competitions such as \"The X Factor\" (One Direction and Little Mix) and the Eurovision Song Contest (ABBA and C\u00e9line Dion).\nIn addition, many bands become famous. Some famous bands include Take That and the Spice Girls Sometimes, when bands split up, many of its members decide to continue singing as solo artists. For example, Robbie Williams, Gary Barlow and Harry Styles all had very successful solo careers.\nIt isn't just artists in the music industry who become famous. Some music managers an producers such as Simon Cowell are also famous.\nActing.\nMany actors who appear in popular films and film series tend to become very popular. For example, Daniel Radcliffe, Emma Watson (\"Harry Potter\"), Jennifer Lawrence (\"The Hunger Games\"), Johnny Depp (\"Pirates of the Caribbean\"),Robert Downey Jr (\"Marvel Cinematic Universe\").\nAlso, actors who have recurring roles in television series become well-known due to appearing on TV for a long period of time. Sof\u00eda Vergara, Jenna Ortega and Millie Bobby Brown are all known for their TV show work.\nSome actors aren't just known for their work on screen, but also for working in theatre, such as Benedict Cumberbatch.\nMany actors also pursue careers in singing, such as Ariana Grande and Miley Cyrus.\nSport.\nBecause sports are among the most watched events in the world, many people who participate or are very skilled manage to gather a lot of fans.\nFootball is one of the most popular sports so many footballers such as Cristiano Ronaldo, Lionel Messi and Kylian Mbapp\u00e9 are very famous, even among those who do not watch sports.\nTelevision personality.\nA \"television personality\" is a person who is well known for being on television. These people are often hosts or guests on television programs such as talk shows or discussion programs. These people can be experts on a subject, comedians adding a comedic point of view to the subject or anyone else the producers of the program think would make the program better or more entertaining for the audience.\nThese people often have some level of celebrity status because of their main profession but some are just famous because they were on television.\nIn addition, a \"media personality\" is a person who may have appeared in film, television, entertainment and is talked about a lot by the media.\nThe Kardashian family became famous for the show \"Keeping Up with the Kardashians\".\nOther types of celebrities.\nHigh-ranking politicians are also very famous, especially if they are leaders of very influential territories. Examples of politicians who could be considered celebrities are Donald Trump, Joe Biden and Sylvester Stallone. Also, many comedians are well-liked because of their ability to make people laugh. In more recent years, people on social media who are very popular have become celebrities, such as Charli D'Amelio. People who are famous because of social media are often called \"influencers\". Some celebrities became famous from creating a successful company examples of this include Mark Zuckerberg and Jeff Bezos. People like them are celebrities in individual fields or they can become superstars in at least two segments, such as Lady Gaga and others. An example of someone who is active in various artistic superstar fields is Marc Engelhard.\nSocial media.\nA lot people of people become famous now due to social media. Cardi B, Troye Sivan, Justin Bieber, Halsey, Soulja Boy, The Weeknd and Doja Cat started their fame from the internet.\nInfluencers are becoming celebrities. Streamer Kai Cenat has millions of followers on social media.\nCelebrity families.\nIndividuals can achieve celebrity, but there are also many celebrity families, such as various royal families (often interest in these will be highest when scandal is involved, as with the House of Windsor) and artistic 'dynasties' e.g. the Barrymore, Cassidy (David and Shaun Cassidy), the Rockefellers, the Osmonds, Osbournes, the Kardashians (Kim Kardashian), Jackson, the Trump (Donald Trump, Fred Trump) and Baldwin families. Celebrity families can also include political families such as the Kennedys, the Roosevelts, and the Reagans.\nCelebrity dislikes.\nBecause celebrities have fame similar to that of royalty or gods in the past, some people are curious about their private lives and dislike celebrities for their rewards. Many think that celebrities do not work as hard as non-celebrities and that celebrities do not deserve to be treated specially. Since their failures are made public celebrities can be seen as having lower moral values than most people. Not all celebrities exhibit bad behavior and sometimes they do things that are good and help people.\nA recent phenomenon has occurred wherein intricate marketing plans are developed in order to lure adolescents into purchasing celebrity-related goods. Some have argued that the idea of celebrity is self-reinforcing and becoming empty: some celebrities are not famous for their actions, but simply famous for their fame and money. For example, Paris Hilton would not be a public figure without her money, but her family's importance has created and helps her be well known and a celebrity. People call people like Hilton \"famous for being famous\". Some believe she is doing it on purpose, but in many ways, people like Hilton and other 21st century celebrities are just doing what other celebrities did before.\nCelebrities don't have a private life due to being in celebrity gossip magazines and celebrity gossip websites like TMZ. Celebrities are usually followed by the paparazzi in Los Angeles, California every day. Some celebrities take drugs and have mental breakdowns because of this. Some celebrities attract stalkers who may want to kill them, get to know them personally, marry them or have sex with them.\nSome fans develop Celebrity Worship Syndrome, which causes them to be so obsessed with a celebrity, they are unable to stop having fantasies about them."}
+{"id": "37000", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37000", "title": "Epinephrine", "text": "Epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, is a hormone and a medication. The names \"adrenaline\" and \"epinephrine\" come from the Latin words \"ad\"-+\"renes\" and the Greek words \"epi\"-+\"nephros.\" Both mean \"into or onto the kidney\" (adrenaline is made in the adrenal glands, which sit on top of the kidneys). In medical jargon, epinephrine is shortened to just \"epi\" (pronounced eh-pee).\nHistory.\nThe hormone was first isolated and purified in 1901 by Japanese chemist Jokichi Takamine. It was patented in the United States with the name \"adrenaline.\"\nEffects in the body.\nEpinephrine is one of two chemical messengers that control the sympathetic nervous system and cause the \"fight or flight\" response. Epinephrine makes the \"fight or flight\" response kick in, and causes changes in every part of the body. For example, it:\nAdverse effects.\nBecause epinephrine causes so many changes in the body, it can cause changes that make a person feel bad. Sometimes, it can cause changes that could be dangerous. These are called adverse effects. They include:\nMedical uses.\nEpinephrine is used to treat a few different medical problems.\nCardiac arrest.\nEpinephrine can restart a person's heart when they are in cardiac arrest (their heart has stopped beating). It can make the heart start pumping blood to the rest of the body again.\nAnaphylaxis.\nEpinephrine is the best medicine to treat anaphylaxis, which is a very bad allergic reaction. During anaphylaxis, the bronchi (which bring air to the lungs) get narrower and narrower until the person cannot breathe. Epinephrine makes the bronchi get wider so air can get into the lungs and the person can breathe again. It also treats some of the other symptoms of anaphylaxis.\nPeople with allergies can get a doctor's prescription for an epinephrine \"auto-injector.\" Anyone can learn to use an auto-injector. If a person starts having anaphylaxis, they just press the auto-injector to the outside of their thigh, and the device will automatically inject the right dose of epinephrine into the person's thigh.\nAsthma.\nEpinephrine can be given for asthma attacks, if regular asthma medications like albuterol do not work. The epinephrine will relax the muscles around the lungs and widen the bronchi, making it easier to breathe.\nCroup.\nCroup is a disease that mostly happens in children, and is caused by a virus. It can cause swelling in the throat, which can make it hard to breathe. Epinephrine can help bring this swelling down, which makes it easier for the child to breathe. Epinephrine works best for croup if it is breathed in, so it is made into a special mist that can be inhaled."}
+{"id": "37001", "revid": "4580", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37001", "title": "Adrenaline", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37004", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37004", "title": "February Revolution", "text": "The February Revolution of 1917 was a revolution that ended the monarchy in the Russian Empire. A provisional government replaced the Tsar, Nicholas II. This was the beginning of the Russian Revolution. The February Revolution was caused by problems of World War I. These included economic and other hardships.\nHistory.\nIndustrialization and workers.\nIndustrialization had already spread from Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg) and other cities. When Russia lost the Crimean War to England and France in 1856, it was obvious that Russia needed economic and social change to keep up with other countries. Large reforms followed, including the abolition of serfdom in 1861, judicial reform in 1864, and the establishment of national government groups, called Semstwos, in 1864. This was designed to encourage industrial growth.\nRussia had an economic crisis during the Crimean War. The country did not have enough new weapons or new machines. After the war, the Tsar, Russia's emperor, tried to change this. He increased Russia's ability to make things in factories. This cost the Russian people a lot of money.\nMost of the economic, social, and cultural change was in cities. To get ready to develop more modern industry, new laws were made to increase the power of regional leaders. Cultural modernization included development of new styles in literature and art. A new group of people who focused on art and literature sought further reforms.\nAgriculture in Tsarist Russia.\nThe Russian national economy was still mostly based on farming and most people were peasants. Because the number of people grew faster than the ability to grow food, there were serious food shortages. Agrarian social protest was usually spontaneous but did not last long. The farmers always went back to their farms. This happened in the hot autumn of the year 1905, and again in the late summer of 1917. Rural areas remained calm after World War I began in 1914. Because most of the soldiers came from villages, few people were left to fight against the authorities.\nDefeats in the First World War.\nThe war brought Russia more than a million dead. The war had begun, as in all European states, with high national morale. However, defeat in the Gorlice\u2013Tarn\u00f3w Offensive in 1915 led to other defeats. The legitimacy of the autocratic Romanovs was weakened further by the fact that Nicholas II had personally taken command of the armed forces. Each further retreat and defeat damaged the reputation of the regime. The workers and farmers, like other Russians, were unhappy. They no longer supported the Tsar. In September 1915, the Tsar sent the parliament home. Tensions increased and endangered the internal peace of the realm.\nNicholas II did not get along well with the elected Duma. Nicholas II ignored the advice of his former Minister of Finance Sergei Juljewitsch Witte, who recommended comprehensive reforms. The frequent defeats combined with food shortages and the catastrophic supply situation to cause the revolution. The increasing anger of the population showed up in the Duma, which was dominated by representatives of the middle class and the aristocracy. In the Duma of 1915, the progressive block was the strongest parliamentary opposition.\nIn February 1917, army units stopped fighting revolutionaries in the capital and joined them instead. They took control of the capital and prevented the Tsar from returning. He eventually agreed to give up the throne."}
+{"id": "37005", "revid": "10286430", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37005", "title": "Flag of Russia", "text": "The flag of Russia is a horizontal tricolor of three colors - white on the top, blue in the middle, and red on the bottom. These Slavic tricolors are also used in flags of other Slavic nations (e.g. Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Slovakia and the Czech Republic).\nHistory.\nWhen Tsar Peter I traveled in the year 1699 to the Netherlands, in order to get more shipbuilding experience, he recognized the necessity that Russia needed its own flag for its navy.\nThe new Russian flag should follow the model of the flag of the Netherlands (at that time three horizontal strips orange-white-blue in addition, red-white-blue after 1630), but use colors from Russia. Peter I selected the colors from the coat of arms of the Principality of Moscow: On red background a white knight on a white horse rides, wrapped into a blue coat and blue sign carrying. Later the three colors were interpreted also than symbol for the three state-carrying ostslawischen peoples in the Russian Zarenreich: White for the \u201cwhite Russians\u201d, blue for the \u201csmall Russians\u201d and red for the \u201clarge Russians\u201d.\nThis flag was first allowed to be used on 7 May 1883. When the Bolsheviks 1917 seized power, they changed the national flag. On 22 August 1991 the white-blue-red Tricolor was determined again to the Russian national flag.\nAndreyevsky flag.\nPeter I gave also another flag to the country: the so-called imperial flag of Russia. It consists of a blue St Andrews cross on a white background. This flag was used alternatively with the Trikolore. The flag is still used as the flag of the Russian navy.\nOn 15 April 1996 the Russian president Boris Yeltsin signed an explanation that the victory flag is equivalent to the Russian flag.\nThe \"victory flag\" is a variant of the flag, which was introduced on May 1, 1945. The difference to the flag of the Soviet Union is that the star is somewhat larger and \"hammer and sickle\" are not used."}
+{"id": "37006", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37006", "title": "Russian Revolution of 1917", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37007", "revid": "10037939", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37007", "title": "Neckar", "text": "The Neckar (Swabian: \"Negger\") is a 367 km long river in the South-West of Germany, in the state of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg. Rising in the Black Forest, it flows through a steep valley in the Odenwald hills and passes through the cities of T\u00fcbingen (University), N\u00fcrtingen, Esslingen, Stuttgart (capitol of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, and Heidelberg (University). In Mannheim the Neckar joins the river Rhine."}
+{"id": "37009", "revid": "1171648", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37009", "title": "Anaphylaxis", "text": "Anaphylaxis is a serious allergic reaction. It begins suddenly. In some reactions there is a second wave which happens minutes or even hours after the first. It may cause death. Anaphylaxis has many symptoms (signs of being sick), such as an itchy rash, throat swelling, breathing problems, and low blood pressure. Common causes include insect bites, foods, and medications.\nAnaphylaxis happens when a person eats, breathes in, or ingests an allergen (something they are allergic to). Their immune system over-reacts. It sends out special proteins from inside certain white blood cells. These proteins can start an allergic reaction or make the reaction worse.\nAnaphylaxis is diagnosed (found to be sick with something) from a person\u2019s signs and symptoms. The best treatment is an injection (a shot) of epinephrine (adrenaline). Sometimes doctors give other medicines along with epinephrine.\nWorldwide, about 0.05\u20132% of people have anaphylaxis at some point in their lives. Anaphylaxis appears to be getting more common. Half of the people who die of anaphylaxis have had no anaphylactic reaction before.\nHistory.\nCases of anaphylaxis have been reported since ancient times.\nThe condition was originally named \"aphylaxis\" by Charles Richet in 1902. In 1913, Richet was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology for his work on anaphylaxis.\nLater, the name was changed to \"anaphylaxis\" because it sounded nicer. The word \"anaphylaxis\" comes from the Greek words \u1f00\u03bd\u03ac (ana), \"against\", and \u03c6\u03cd\u03bb\u03b1\u03be\u03b9\u03c2 (phyla's), \"protection.\"\nSigns and symptoms.\nAnaphylaxis can cause many different signs and symptoms over minutes or hours. If the anaphylaxis is caused by something that entered the body directly through the bloodstream symptoms appear within an average of 5 to 30\u00a0minutes. If it is caused by a food the person ate symptoms appear up to 2 hours later.\nThe most common body systems affected by anaphylaxis include:\nPeople with anaphylaxis usually have problems with two or more of these body systems.\nSkin symptoms.\nSkin symptoms usually include:\nIn 20% of cases, the tongue or throat may swell up, which can cause breathing problems. If a person is having breathing problems, the skin may turn blue because the body is not getting enough oxygen. This is called cyanosis.\nRespiratory (breathing) symptoms.\nRespiratory signs and symptoms include: \nCardiovascular symptoms.\nWhen a person has anaphylaxis, some of the cells in the heart may release histamine. Histamine is a chemical made by the body. It can cause the heart\u2019s blood vessels to get narrower suddenly (this is called \"coronary artery spasm\"). If the heart's blood vessels get too narrow, the heart cannot get enough blood. This can cause many serious problems:\nAnaphylaxis can also cause low blood pressure. This may be caused by distributive shock, where the body's blood vessels get much wider because of the chemicals released by the immune system. It can also be caused by cardiogenic shock, where the heart is not getting enough blood to pump out to the rest of the body.\nLow blood pressure can cause many problems, including:\nIn rare cases, very low blood pressure may be the only sign of anaphylaxis.\nPeople who already have heart disease are at greater risk of having heart problems from anaphylaxis.\nOther symptoms.\nAnaphylaxis can also cause problems with other body systems:\nCauses.\nAnaphylaxis can be caused by the body\u2019s response to almost any foreign substance (anything that is outside the body). Common causes include venom from insect bites or stings; foods; and medications. In children and young adults, foods are the most common trigger (or cause) of anaphylaxis. In older adults, medications and insect bites or stings are more common triggers.\nFood.\nMany foods can trigger anaphylaxis, even when the food is eaten for the first time. In the Western world, the most common causes are eating or touching peanuts, wheat, tree nuts, shellfish, milk, and eggs. In the Middle East, sesame is a common trigger food. In Asia, rice and chickpeas often cause anaphylaxis.\nSevere cases of anaphylaxis usually happen when a person eats the trigger food. However, some people have severe anaphylaxis when the trigger food touches some part of their body.\nChildren can outgrow their allergies. For example, by age 16:\nInfants can have reactions too. There is a list of foods babies can't eat. A common cause of harm for babies (especially with new parents) is raw milk or animal milk, which their body can not handle. Breastmilk and Formulae won't cause anaphylaxis.\nAllergic reactions are especially dangerous for young children, because they can't talk, or might not know what's happenening. \nMedication.\nAny medication may cause anaphylaxis. The most common are \u03b2-lactam antibiotics (such as penicillin), then aspirin and NSAIDs.\nVenom.\nVenom from stinging or biting insects, like bees and wasps (Hymenoptera) or kissing bugs (Triatominae), may cause anaphylaxis. If a person has a bad allergic reaction to venom once, they have a greater risk of having anaphylaxis if they are stung or bitten again. \nRisk factors.\nCertain diseases, called atopic diseases, can make a person more likely to have allergies. Atopic diseases include asthma, eczema, and allergic rhinitis. People with these diseases have a high risk of anaphylaxis from food, latex, and radiocontrast agents. However, these people do not have a higher risk from injected medications or stings. One study of children with anaphylaxis found that 60% had a history of previous atopic diseases. More than 90% of children who die from anaphylaxis have asthma. The risk of having another anaphylactic reaction decreases as a person avoids the trigger for longer and longer.\nHow anaphylaxis happens.\nAnaphylaxis usually happens because the immune system over-reacts to an allergen. The immune system releases mast cells and basophils, which are types of white blood cells. The immune system sees the trigger as something bad and sends out white blood cells to kill it. The mast cells and basophils attach to the allergen to try to kill it. However, because the system is over-reacting, the mast cells and basophils explode and dump out chemicals that cause inflammation, like histamine. Histamine causes many of the symptoms of anaphylaxis. For example:\nDiagnosis.\nAnaphylaxis is diagnosed based on signs, symptoms, and knowing that a person has been exposed to an allergen. It is very likely that a person has anaphylaxis if any of these three things happen within minutes or hours after they were exposed to an allergen:\nIf a person has a bad reaction to an insect sting or a medication, blood tests for tryptase or histamine might be useful in diagnosing anaphylaxis. However, these tests are not very useful if the cause is food, or if the person has a normal blood pressure. Also, these tests cannot say for sure that a person does not have anaphylaxis.\nAllergy testing.\nAllergy testing may help to identify what caused a person\u2019s anaphylaxis. Skin allergy tests (such as patch tests) can be done for certain foods and venoms. Skin tests can diagnose an allergy to penicillin, but there are no skin tests for other medications. Blood tests can diagnose milk, egg, peanut, tree nut and fish allergies.\nDifferential diagnosis.\nSometimes it is difficult to tell the difference between anaphylaxis; asthma; fainting caused by not having enough oxygen; and panic attacks. However, there are some important differences between these conditions:\nPrevention.\nThe best way to prevent anaphylaxis is to avoid the trigger that caused anaphylaxis in the past. When this is not possible, there may be treatments to make the body stop reacting to the trigger. This is called desensitization. For example, treatment of the immune system (immunotherapy) with Hymenoptera venoms is able to make 80\u201390% of adults and 98% of children stop having allergic reactions to bees, wasps, hornets, yellow jackets, and fire ants. Most people who are allergic to certain medicines can just avoid those medicines. However, desensitization is possible for many medications (for example, many chemotherapies) if the person has to take those medicines.\nPeople with latex allergies may have to avoid \"cross-reactive foods.\" These are foods that have ingredients that are similar to latex. Examples of these foods include avocados, bananas, and potatoes.\nManagement.\nAnaphylaxis is a medical emergency that may require emergency medical treatment. Some patients need help keeping their airways open so they can breathe. Other patients need to be given extra oxygen or large amounts of intravenous fluids (fluids given through a needle into a vein).\nEpinephrine is the best treatment for anaphylaxis. Doctors often give antihistamines (which destroy histamine) and steroids along with epinephrine. Once a person has returned to normal, they should be watched in the hospital for 2 to 24 hours to make sure their symptoms do not return.\nEpinephrine is the best and first treatment used for anaphylaxis. It reverses many of the symptoms of anaphylaxis. It makes the bronchi (the passages to the lungs) get wider. It makes the blood vessels go back to their normal size and it raises blood pressure.\nEpinephrine comes in an \"auto-injector,\" usually called an \"EpiPen.\" Once its safety cap is taken off, the EpiPen just has to be pressed into the thigh, and the right amount of epinephrine will automatically be injected into the person's body. Doctors can prescribe EpiPens to people who know they have allergies, so they can treat themselves for anaphylaxis. Many ambulances also carry EpiPens to treat anaphylaxis. The EpiPen is meant to be injected into the thigh muscle, on the outside of the leg, as soon as anaphylaxis is suspected. There is no reason why it should not be used if a person is having an anaphylactic reaction. The injection may be repeated every 5 to 15 minutes if the person is still having breathing problems or other major symptoms. A second dose is needed in 16 to 35% of cases. More than two doses are rarely needed.\nEpinephrine can cause minor side effects, including tremors, anxiety, headaches, and palpitations.\nEpinephrine may not work in people who are taking \u03b2-blockers. In these people, if epinephrine does not work, doctors can give intravenous glucagon.\nBeing prepared.\nPeople who are at risk for anaphylaxis are advised to have an \"allergy action plan.\" These plans often include:\nOutlook.\nIf anaphylaxis is diagnosed and the person is treated quickly, there is a good chance that they will recover. Even if nobody knows what caused the anaphylaxis, the person usually makes a good recovery as long as they get medication to stop the reaction.\nWhen people die from anaphylaxis, they usually die from respiratory (breathing) problems, usually the airway closing up, or cardiovascular problems, like shock. About 0.7% to 20% of people with anaphylaxis die from it. Some people die within minutes.\nVery rarely, people have exercise-induced anaphylaxis - anaphylaxis that is caused by exercise. These people usually do well. They usually have fewer anaphylactic episodes, which are less severe, as they get older."}
+{"id": "37011", "revid": "9300920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37011", "title": "Radolfzell", "text": "Radolfzell at the Bodensee is northwest a city on the west bank of Bodensee of about 18\u00a0km from Konstanz. It is after Konstanz and Singen (Hohentwiel) the third biggest city of the district Konstanz. Since 1 January 1975 Radolfzell is large district town.\nNeighbour cities.\nFollowing cities and municipalities border on the city Radolfzell at the Bodensee. They are called in the clockwise direction beginning in the southwest: Moos (at the Bodensee), Singen (Hohentwiel), Stei\u00dflingen, Orsingen, Nenzingen(all district Konstanz)."}
+{"id": "37012", "revid": "551548", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37012", "title": "Nenzingen", "text": "Nenzingen is a city in the district Konstanz in Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg.\nNowerdays Nenzigen has got an population of 3.126 inhabitants ()\nHistory.\nOn 21 April 839 Nenzingen was mentioned for the first time as \"Nancingas\" in a document of the monastery \"Reichenau\". \nThe place belonged to the county of \"Nellenburg\" and came to Austria when the last counts of Nellenburgdied in 1423."}
+{"id": "37014", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37014", "title": "CCCP", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37016", "revid": "199206", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37016", "title": "German Language", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37017", "revid": "5231", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37017", "title": "World Cup 2006", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37018", "revid": "5231", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37018", "title": "World Cup 2002", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37026", "revid": "1570152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37026", "title": "Hypertension", "text": "Hypertension also known as high blood pressure is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure in the arteries is higher than it should be. This involves the heart working harder than normal to circulate blood through the blood vessels.\nBlood pressure.\nThe pressure in the arteries changes depending on what the heart is doing. When the heart squeezes, pumping blood into the arteries, the pressure increases. When the heart relaxes, the pressure decreases. When blood pressure is measured, the highest pressure (when the heart is squeezing) is called the systolic blood pressure. The lowest pressure (when the heart is relaxing) is called the diastolic blood pressure.\nBlood pressure is normally below 120/80. High blood pressure is when the top number is between 120 and 129 mm Hg, and the bottom number is below 80 mm Hg. Stage 1 hypertension is when the top number is between 130 and 139 mm Hg or the bottom number is between 80 and 89 mm Hg. Stage 2 hypertension is when the top number is 140 mm Hg or higher, or the bottom number is 90 mm Hg or higher.\nBlood pressure is written as two numbers. For example, in the picture at the right, the person's systolic blood pressure was 158. Their diastolic blood pressure was 99. This blood pressure is written as 158/99. It is said \"158 over 99.\"\nTypes.\nThere are two types of hypertension, called \u201cprimary\u201d and \u201csecondary.\u201d Primary hypertension means that the hypertension is not caused by any other disease or condition and it gradually develops over time with age. Secondary hypertension means that the hypertension is caused by another disease or conditions. Secondary hypertension tend to result in higher blood pressure than primary hypertension. In most cases (90-95%), hypertension is primary. Only a small amount of hypertension (5-10%) is secondary.\nThere are various health conditions that leads to secondary hypertension which includes: Obstructive sleep apnea, Kidney problems, Adrenal gland tumors, Thyroid problems, Certain defects you're born with (congenital) in blood vessels, Certain medications (birth control pills, cold remedies, decongestants, over-the-counter pain relievers and some prescription drugs), Illegal drugs (cocaine and amphetamines).\nComplications.\nHypertension can cause many problems, including heart attack, stroke, Aneurysm, congestive heart failure, kidney failure, vision loss, Metabolic syndrome, Dementia, etc..\nRisk Factors.\nThe risk factors includes age, Race, Sex, Family history or genes, obesity, lack of physical activity, chewing or smoking tobacco, too much salt in diet, not enough potassium in diet, alcohol, stress, kidney disease, diabetes and sleep apnea.\nTreatment.\nLifestyle changes.\nHypertension can often be fixed with changes in diet or lifestyle. The 2004 British Hypertension Society suggests that people with high blood pressure:\nMedicine.\nIf lifestyle changes do not decrease a person's blood pressure, then the person may need medications. A doctor will evaluate and choose treatment such as which medications to use, based on what other medical problems the person has. Examples of medications that decrease blood pressure include:\nEffectiveness.\nEven small decreases in blood pressure can have a large effect on a person's health. For example, decreasing\u00a0blood pressure\u00a0by 5\u00a0mmHg (for example, from 150/100 to 145/95 mmHg) can decrease the risk of stroke by 34%. It can also decrease the risk of heart disease\u00a0by 21%.\nReferences.\nWhat is Blood Pressure Or Hypertension ? "}
+{"id": "37034", "revid": "10390419", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37034", "title": "Live Aid", "text": "Live Aid was two rock concerts in London and Philadelphia that were held on July 13, 1985. It was organised by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure to raise money for African citizens who were in poverty not getting enough food. Live Aid was held in two places at the same time, in Wembley Stadium in London, and in John F. Kennedy Stadium in Philadelphia. The concert raised $127 million.\nOn November 8, 2004, Official recordings of the Live Aid concert was sold on DVD. The money that the DVD set got was given to Africa."}
+{"id": "37037", "revid": "5217", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37037", "title": "Celebrities", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37039", "revid": "10340433", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37039", "title": "Model", "text": "Model, models, or modeling can mean: An abstract (idea, theory, simulation) or smaller approximation of an object or system for testing. (Like a car, building or ship.)"}
+{"id": "37041", "revid": "838831", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37041", "title": "Script", "text": "Script could mean different types of writing that are carefully put together."}
+{"id": "37043", "revid": "5217", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37043", "title": "Advertise", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37044", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37044", "title": "Commercial", "text": "Commercial could mean:"}
+{"id": "37045", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37045", "title": "Television advertisement", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37052", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37052", "title": "Quantity demanded", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37057", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37057", "title": "Flag of the Soviet Union", "text": "The first official flag of the Soviet Union was adopted in December 1922 at the first congress of the Soviets' USSR. The red flag of the communist party was adopted as the national flag.\nHistory.\nOn 30 December 1922, the congress Declaration and Agreement on the establishment of the USSR. Article 22 of the Agreement states: 'the USSR has a flag, coat of arms and a state seal.'.\nOn 6 July 1923, it was decided that the flag was to consist of a red cloth with the state coat of arms of the Soviet Union in the centre. The unusual flag format 1:4 was selected. This flag was used however never to used very much and was only used officially for four months.\nThe third meeting of the Exekutive committees of the Soviet Union changed the flag on 12 November 1923 into the more well-known version. The more common format 1:2 was selected. The state coat of arms was replaced by a gold sickle and hammer, and a red five-pointed star bordered in gold above them.\nChanges to the shape of the hammer and sickle and the shade of red were made in 1955. This design stayed the national flag until the break-up of the Soviet Union on 3 December 1991."}
+{"id": "37059", "revid": "1570152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37059", "title": "Coat of arms of the Soviet Union", "text": "The coat of arms of the Soviet Union is the symbol of the Soviet Union. It was accepted in 1923 and was used until the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991.\nDesign.\nThe coat of arms has a hammer and sickle, a red star over the Earth, and two ears of wheat covered by red ribbons. Each ribbon has a different language on it, showing the motto of the Soviet Union.\nHistory.\nOn 6 July 1923, the Central Executive Committee (CIK) started a project to create the coat of arms. It was finished on 22 September 1923. The constitution of the Soviet Union confirmed the new coat of arms officially in 1924. At first it had six red ribbons on the ears of wheat. The motto \"Workers of the World, Unite!\" was written on each ribbon, each in a different language. The first six languages were Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Georgian, Armenian, and Turko-Tatar.\nOver the next several years, many more languages were added. In 1937 there were 11 languages, and in 1946, there were 16. In 1956 the Finnish text from the coat of arms was removed, and up to the end of the Soviet Union there were 15 languages on the coat of arms."}
+{"id": "37060", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37060", "title": "Kornwestheim", "text": "Kornwestheim is a town in Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany. It is the third largest town of the Ludwigsburg district, behind Ludwigsburg and Bietigheim Bissingen.\nSince 1956, Kornwestheim has been an administrative district town in Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg.\nGeography.\nKornwestheim lies about 10\u00a0km in the north of Stuttgart. In the southwest \"Neckarbecken\" at the east edge of the \"Strohg\u00e4us\" within the \"Langes Feld\". In the town, the G\u00e4nsbach flows east towards the Neckar.\nNeighbouring towns.\nThe following towns and municipalities share a border with Kornwestheim (clockwise beginning in the west):\nM\u00f6glingen, Ludwigsburg and Remseck at the Neckar (all district Ludwigsburg) as well as Stuttgart (urban area)\nTown layout.\nThe municipality of Kornwestheim consists of the town centre and Pattonville. The latter became a part of Kornwestheim only at the beginning of the 1990s, having belonged to the Gemarkung Aldingen initially. The settlement was established in 1954 by the US army. After their departure a Company bought the area from the Federal Republic of Germany and divided it between the towns of Kornwestheim and Remseck am Neckar. Pattonville has since been converted from a military to a civilian settlement. \nTown hall tower.\nThe tower of Kornwestheim's town hall was built in the year 1935 by the architect Paul Bonatz. It serves not only as town hall tower, but also as water tower with a container of 800 cubic meters volumes and as clock tower."}
+{"id": "37061", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37061", "title": "Before Christ", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37062", "revid": "1722114", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37062", "title": "Rubens Barrichelo", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37063", "revid": "10100", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37063", "title": "Kimi R\u00e4ikk\u00f6nnen", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37064", "revid": "1554665", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37064", "title": "Giancarlo Fisichella", "text": "Giancarlo Fisichella (born 14 January 1973 in Rome) is an Italian driver and drives at present in Formula One with the Renault F1-Team."}
+{"id": "37065", "revid": "1629609", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37065", "title": "Karate", "text": " is a Japanese martial art. It was developed in the former Ry\u016bky\u016b Kingdom in what is now Okinawa Prefecture. Karate was created by mixing two fighting styles. Karate has been an Olympic sport since the 2020 Summer Olympics but in 2020, the IOC decided to drop Karate for the 2024 Paris Olympics, one year later in 2021, the IOC decided to reinstate Karate for the 2028 Los Angeles Olympics. Karate was invented in the 14th century.\nKarate uses all parts of the human body as a weapon such as the hand, fist, elbow, leg and knee. \nKarate training has three main sections:\nHistory of Karate.\nGichin Funakoshi, a school teacher from the island of Okinawa, introduced Karate to mainland Japan in the early 1900s. Traditional karate is different from boxing, wrestling and kickboxing: in karate, there is just as much importance on the strength of the mind and good manners as there is on strength of the body and self-defence to use when you're in trouble.\nKarate became more known around the world because of Karate movies in the 1960s and 1970s. Now people all over the world learn Karate.\nAfter World War II, Karate also became popular in Korea, where a local variation appeared, it is called \"tangsudo\".\nThe full name of Karate is \"Karate-do\" which means \"the way of the empty hand\" in English.\nThere are many schools or styles of karate, including\nA person who does Karate is called a \"\"karateka\". Notable Karateka include: Gichin Funakoshi, Yoshitaka Funakoshi, Shigeru Egami, Masutatsu Oyama, and Fumio Demura.\nKarate Clothing.\nWhen people practice Karate, they wear special clothes called a Gi. The Gi is made up of a white jacket and white pants. People who practice Karate also wear a colored belt, which tells other people their rank. The belt shows how long you have trained rather than how good you are. Two people wearing different colored belts can be surprisingly similar.\nDifferent schools of Karate have different colours of belts for their ranks. You cannot know precisely how good they are without either asking them or knowing how their school arranges the belt colours in ranks. Usually the black belt is for the students who try very hard to be the best that they can be for a long time.\nSome schools have several degrees of black belts. They show this by having a white stripe, called a Dan, on the one end of the belt, for the black belt degree the person has. For instance a \"3 Dan black belt\" would have 3 white stripes on his black belt and would be higher ranked than a \"1 Dan black belt\"."}
+{"id": "37068", "revid": "5231", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37068", "title": "World cup 2006", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37069", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37069", "title": "Kickboxing", "text": " \nKickboxing is a descriptive term for martial arts that, while similar to boxing, use the feet just like the hands to hit. Kickboxing can be practiced for general health, or as the fight sport. The word kickboxing represents a set of disciplines or sports of combat that use the feet and the fists. Especially, kickboxing is one of the disciplines of \"Boxe pieds-poings\" which was developed at first by the Japaneses and afterwards by the North Americans. There are different kinds of kick boxing, most popular form is one where kicks are allowed towards head & torso only.\nIn the middle of the years 1960, the Japanese Kurosaki, who trained in Kyokushinkai Karate, travelled to Thailand discovering Thai boxing. In his returning to the Japan decided to combine his techniques of karate with that of Thai boxing, removing elbow strikes (the Americans also removed knee strikes), so a new sport called \"kickboxing\" was born. \nAmong the non-Japaneses that gained more successes, a special consideration should be given to Frenchman Christian Guillaume who in 1969 gained four victories and two draws; and American Benny \"The Jet\" Urquidez who in 1977 defeated Tatsuyuki Suzuki in four rounds. Andrew Tate is also well known for Kickboxing in the I.S.K.A \nIn 1973 Urquidez and Howard Hanson created the W.K.A. (World Karate Association), changing years after the \"K\" de karate for that of Kick-Boxing. \nThe more known champions are Badr Hari, Jamal Ben Saddik, Rob Kaman, Benny Urquidez, Dennis Alexio, Ernesto Hoost, Marek Piotrowski, and Anissa Meksen.\nRules.\nThe punches and kicks are permitted for above the waist, the sweepings and the \"low kicks\" (kicks to the thigh) also are permitted. \nThe \"amateur\" combats take place in three rounds, and the professional ones last five rounds; 10 in championships of Europe and 12 in the championships of the world, with a one-minute half-time (break) between rounds. \nThe kicks to the thigh (\"low kick\") usually decide about the difference in the combats. \nEquipment.\nPants (long or short), boxing gloves and protectors for the teeth and for the genitals; in the female combats, women should also wear protector of chest and boots (not required in the professional combats). "}
+{"id": "37071", "revid": "1554831", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37071", "title": "Robert Kubica", "text": "Robert J\u00f3zef Kubica (born 7 December 1984 in Krakow) is a Polish racing driver\nOn 1 December 2005, Kubica got to test in Formula One for the Renault F1 Team. After the test, he was hired by the BMW Sauber F1 team as the test and reserve driver for the 2006 F1 season. \nRobert Kubica got the chance to race in the Hungarian Grand Prix replacing the departing Jacques Villeneuve for the remainder of the 2006 season. On 10 September 2006 he drove to an impressive third place and became the first Polish driver on the podium in Formula 1. This led to Kubica getting a full-time drive for the BMW outfit in 2007.\nIn 2008 Kubica has a good season. He took the first pole position for BMW Sauber. At the Canadian Grand Prix Kubica won after a long fight with teammate Nick Heidfeld. It was first win in the race for BMW.\nAfter BMW announced they were leaving Formula 1 in 2009, Kubica joined the French team Renault F1.\n2011 rallying accident.\nOn February 6, 2011, Kubica was in a bad crash while competing in a rally race. He was driving a \u0160koda Auto in the Ronde di Andora. His car ran off the road and crashed at high speed into a wall. He was removed from the car, and air-lifted to hospital by helicopter. His co-driver, Jacub Gerber, was unhurt. Gerber was able to get out of the wrecked car.\nKubica's condition was reported to be serious. Reports say that he has several fractures to his right arm, leg and hand. It was reported that his hand was crushed. Doctors are trying repair the damage to his hand.\nOn February 6, Kubica had seven hours of surgery to repair his injures. Lotus Renault GP has reported that he is doing better and his recovery encouraging. He was able to talk to his doctors and family. Kubica \"is ready to fight for his comeback.\" He will need several more surgeries to repair the damage. He will also need to stay in the hospital for about three weeks.\nRenault announced that Nick Heidfeld will replace Kubica starting at the test in Barcelona. Eleven weeks after his accident, Kubica was released from the hospital. He plans a short rest at his home before starting the rehabilitation treatment. He is optimistic about his progress.\nRacing record.\nCareer summary.\n Season in progress.<br>\n As Kubica was a guest driver, he was ineligible to score points.\nComplete Formula One results.\n Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance."}
+{"id": "37072", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37072", "title": "Bietigheim-Bissingen", "text": "Bietigheim-Bissingen ( ]) is a city in the northern centre of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg in Germany, about north of Stuttgart and south of Heilbronn. It is the second biggest city in the district of Ludwigsburg; only Ludwigsburg City is bigger.\nTwin towns.\nBietigheim-Bissingen is twinned with:"}
+{"id": "37073", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37073", "title": "Grady Sizemore", "text": "Grady Sizemore III (born August 2, 1982) is a retired American baseball player. He played for four Major League Baseball teams: the Cleveland Indians, Boston Red Sox, Philadelphia Phillies, and Tampa Bay Rays. He was a center fielder.\nSizemore graduated from Cascade High School in Everett, Washington in 2000. A notable high school star in football, basketball, and baseball, Sizemore signed a letter of intent to play football and baseball at the University of Washington. At the time of his high school graduation, Sizemore was the Cascade all-time leader in rushing yards with 3,081 yards and interceptions with 16.\nSizemore did not play for the college because the Expos selected Sizemore in the 3rd round of the 2000 Draft. The team offered him a $2 million signing bonus for him not to play for the college. Sizemore signed and almost immediately began his quick climb to the big leagues. \nIn 2002, he was traded to the Cleveland Indians by the Montreal Expos.\nIn 2006, Sizemore was selected to his first All-Star Game as a reserve outfielder.\nSizemore currently resides in Mill Creek, Washington and Tempe, Arizona."}
+{"id": "37074", "revid": "1508758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37074", "title": "Joachim Sauer", "text": "Joachim Sauer (born 19 April 1949) is a German professor of physical and theoretical chemistry. He was born in Hosena, Brandenburg. Sauer has two sons by his first wife. He married Chancellor of Germany Angela Merkel on 30 December 1998.\nHe was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 2009."}
+{"id": "37075", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37075", "title": "Everett, Washington", "text": "Everett is a city in the American state of Washington. It is the county seat of Snohomish County. As of 2020, 110,629 people live in Everett.\nThe city is where Boeing builds many of its airplanes, like the Boeing 747 and Boeing 787. It is also where the United States Navy has a base called Naval Station Everett."}
+{"id": "37076", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37076", "title": "Tempe, Arizona", "text": "Tempe is an American city in the central part of the southwestern state of Arizona. A spring training team plays baseball in Tempe in March. Grady Sizemore resides here when not playing baseball and traveling with his team. Tempe, Arizona is also home to Arizona State University and many businesses. It features attractions such as Tempe Town Lake and The Light Rail."}
+{"id": "37077", "revid": "1659580", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37077", "title": "Hoyerswerda", "text": "Hoyerswerda (Upper Sorbian: Wojerecy, Lower Sorbian: W\u00f3rjejce) is a city in the north of the Saxonian Upper Lusatia, lying north east of Cottbus and from Dresden, (Saxony). It is in the Sorbian settlement area. The city is one of the six centers of the Free State of Saxony and is a member of the Euroregion Neisse, a group which helps international trade and cooperation in the area.\nHistory.\nFirst mention of Hoyerswerda.\nThe first time Hoyerswerda was mentioned in a document was in 1268. In the year 1371 the emperor Karl IV. made it a market place. The people were allowed to choose their own council . This right was given to them by \"Baron von Duba\". In the year 1705 the Elector of Saxony August the Strong gave Hoyerswerda to Katharina of Teschen. She was an important person in the small town. She helped the town to develop its trade and handicraft.\nIn 1759, during the Seven-Years War between Prussia and Saxony, there was a fight between Austrian and Prussian troops which is called: the Battle of Hoyerswerda.\nThe Prussian invaders.\nAfter the Congress of Vienna in the year 1815 Hoyerswerda was given to Prussia. In 1825 it became part of Selesia. In 1873 the railway came to Hoyerswerda \u2013 opening up access to other parts of the country. This brought economic prosperity. A large repair workshop was built. In 1912 the Sorbians formed an organization called \"Domowina\" in Hoyerswerda. In the year 1945 a lot of Hoyerswerda was destroyed because it was a military stronghold of the German army. The invading troops of the Red Army set parts of the city on fire.\nIn 1955 the brown coal industry developed close to the city. Today this industry is partly in Brandenburg. Houses were built here for the families of the people working in the industry. From 1957 the need of for housing increased even more. The first large blocks of flats were built. Altogether ten residential complexes were built creating housing for tens of thousands of people. In the year 1981 the number of inhabitants of the city reached its maximum of 71.124. At this time Hoyerswerda had the highest birth rate in the GDR. In 1990 the former Prussian province of Lower Saxony decided by popular vote to go over to the Free State Saxony.\nAfter the GDR.\nIn 1991 rioting took place in Hoyerswerda outside a hostel for foreign asylum-seekers. People used the word \"Ausl\u00e4nderfrei\" (\"foreigner-free\"). This word was voted the \"Unwort\" (politically incorrect word) of 1991.\nSince the fall of the Iron Curtain many people have left the town. Since the number of inhabitants continued to decrease after 1999, many iron buildings were pulled down. From 1 January 2008 Hoyerswerda will no longer be able to rule itself as there will be changes to the administration of Saxony, and Hoyerswerda will become part of a district (Kreis) instead of being a kreisfreie Stadt."}
+{"id": "37082", "revid": "558313", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37082", "title": "Hamburger SV", "text": "The Hamburger Sport-Verein (short HSV) is German Sportsclub from Hamburg and became known particularly by its football crews. The man crew of the HSV created it thereby as an only soccer association, 43 years long continuously in the Bundesliga to play and was always first-class since the establishment union in the year 1919 as only German association. The woman football crew Hamburg sports association plays likewise in the 1. Federal league. The football team is playing their homegames in the HSH Nordbank Arena.\nThe first ice hockey woman crew plays in the first federal league.\nThe first table tennis gentleman crew plays for many years in the second federal league.\nFurther kinds of sport of the association are Baseball, Basketball, Bowling, Cricket, Golf, Gymnastics, Handball, Ice hockey, Roller hockey, Carats, Athletics, Rugby, swimming, tennis, Tournament dance and Volleyball.\nThe HSV is with 40.000 members the third biggest association of Germany."}
+{"id": "37083", "revid": "10181775", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37083", "title": "Borussia Dortmund", "text": "Borussia Dortmund (BVB) is a German Sports club in Dortmund. It is most noted for its football team that plays in the Bundesliga. Dortmund is one of the most successful clubs in German football history.\nBesides football, the club has handball and table tennis departments since the end of 2004, the club also has a fan section, which represents the interests of the team supporters. In the 2010/11 season the matches were visited by an average of 79.151 people. This means that 98,1 percent of the seats were sold.\nThe official name reads ball play association Borussia 1909 registered association Dortmund and frequently shortened with BVB or BVB 09. The club was the first German team to win an international title (1965 Cup Winners Cup against Liverpool FC) and also the first to win the newly installed UEFA Champions League (1997, final 3-1 win against Juventus).\nFootball.\nThe football (soccer) team plays their home games in the Signal Iduna Park (formerly Westfalen Stadion) in Dortmund. Borussia Dortmund competes in the highest German league, the Bundesliga."}
+{"id": "37085", "revid": "5231", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37085", "title": "Sachsen", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37086", "revid": "5231", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37086", "title": "Bayern", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37087", "revid": "5231", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37087", "title": "Th\u00fcringen", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37088", "revid": "5231", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37088", "title": "Nordrhein-Westfalen", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37089", "revid": "5231", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37089", "title": "Rheinland-Pfalz", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37090", "revid": "5231", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37090", "title": "Hessen", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37091", "revid": "9707043", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37091", "title": "Palace of Soviets", "text": "The Palace of the Soviets (Russian: Dvorjez Sovjetov / \u0414\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0446 \u0421\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432) was a building project planned by the government of the Soviet Union. A contest was held for the architectural design of the building from 1931 until 1933. Construction was started on the building in 1933, but was stopped in 1941 because of World War II. The building was going to be used as a administrative center and meeting place. It was to be built in Moscow near the Kremlin. The palace would have had a height of 415m. This would have made it the largest building of the world at that time.\nThe building was designed by the architect Boris Iofan. During its design, there were many changes to how it would look and to the location of the palace in Moscow."}
+{"id": "37094", "revid": "10395464", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37094", "title": "Battle of the Somme", "text": "The Battle of the Somme took place in France during World War I from 1 July to 18 November 1916. The battle was named after the Somme River, where it was fought.\nOn the first day of the battle, the British Army had 57,470 casualties, of whom 19,240 were killed. The French Army had 1,590 casualties and the German Army lost 10,000 to 12,000 men. The Allies planned to attack together, but since the French were busy fighting the Battle of Verdun, the main attackers were British. The cost of the battle and the small gains have been a source of grief and controversy in Britain. In German and French writing, the first day of the Battle of the Somme has been little more than a footnote to the mass losses of 1914\u20131915 and the Battle of Verdun.\nDuring the Battle of the Somme, more than 1.5 million people died, were wounded or went missing. The battle was the worst of the war, especially from the British point of view.\nFor five days, the British fired shells at the German trenches to destroy them. At 7:30 am on 1 July, the British generals ordered the British soldiers out of their trenches and to advance towards the German trenches. The German trenches were unusually deep, and the German soldiers took their machine guns down during the bombardment and brought them up afterwards.\nWhole books have been written about the disaster, but it is still not clear why it happened. It is very clear, though, that the artillery barrage failed in its objective. Where enough German machine gunners survived, supported by their artillery, the British attack failed and had many casualties. The effectiveness of the defensive weapons decided the result. In such an environment, a soldier with a bayonet was obsolete, and infantry formations were useless.\nWeapons.\nPoison gases.\nThe Germans used poison gases as weapons at first in what is now called chemical warfare. Germany first used chlorine gas. Death from chlorine gas was very painful since it causes the victim to suffer in the chest from burning pains and then suffocate. However, because of its green color and strong smell, chlorine gas is easy for the enemy to detect. It also blew back on the Germans when they used it. To protect themselves, they began to wear dampened material over their mouths and noses. Soldiers dampened the material with urine because it made these masks work more effectively. The British soldiers were given cotton pads and respirators. \nThe Germans began to mix chlorine gas with a different gas, called phosgene. Phosgene gas is colorless, more deadly than chlorine, and smells like moldy hay. A person does not get sick as soon as phosgene gas is inhaled, and it takes effect only 24 hours later. The lungs then fill with fluid, which can cause a person to drown.\nRifles (guns).\nThe soldiers in the trenches Most .soldiers used the bolt-action rifle, which could fire 15 rounds per minute and could kill a person as far as 1.4 kilometers away. The rifle was invented in the United States by a Scottish man called James Paris Lee. The bolt-action rifle had a metal box, where the cartridges were put on top of a spring. As the bolt opened, the spring forced the cartridges up against a stop, and the bolt pushed the top cartridge into the chamber as it closed. After the rifle was fired, the opening of the bolt ejected the empty cartridge case, and the return stroke loaded a fresh round. The cases held 3, 5, or 29 cartridges each.\nMachine guns.\nBoth sides also used machine guns. They were so large that four men were needed to operate each one. They had to be put on a flat surface and had the power of one rifle. \nLarger field guns needed up to 12 men to operate them. They fired shells which exploded when they hit. The machine guns were a major force for the Germans, who used them to their full effect as the British forces simply walked over no man's land straight into the open gunfire. The British did not have access to many machine guns, which made their task even more difficult. The Germans were in a higher position than the British, which gave them the upper hand.\nTanks.\nThe first tank was called 'Little Willie' and had a crew of three men. Its maximum speed was three miles per hour, and it could not cross the trenches. The first tank battle, Flers-Courcelette named after the two villages that were the objectives for the attack, started on 15 September 1916. Out of the 49 tanks that should have been there, only 36 arrived. Itwas the first time that tanks had been used in war, but because they were only armed lightly and the mechanics of them often went wrong they did not make a great impact. However, casualties were low in the tank crews.\nMines.\nMines, devices planted underground thaty explode when somethingis near, were used to hurt and surprise the enemy. Anti-infantry land mines have been in use since the invention of gunpowder and were used in the defense of breaches of fortresses in the 18th and the 19th centuries (the British assault on the breach at Badajoz suffered many casualties from mines). However, they were activated remotely by a defender lighting a very fast-burning fuse at the appropriate moment. The British used 11 mines on the first morning of the Battle of Somme to startle and damage the German front line. The holes left by the mines were used by the Germans for machine guns afterward. The soldiers that set the land mines were called sappers.\nTrenches.\nThere was a lot of disease in the trenches. The toilets in the trenches were mainly buckets and holes. This made it easy for diseases to spread quickly. For example, many soldiers got dysentery, which causes bloody diarrhoea. The diarrhoea is severe and cause a such severe that they die.\nThe water supply in the trenches was not very good. Soldiers collected rain water from the holes made by enemy shells. They added chloride of lime to purify this dirty water. However, the soldiers did not like the taste of the chloride of lime, which tasted a bit like modern swimming pool water.\nThe soldiers in the trenches suffered from lice. One man described them as \"pale fawn in colour, and they left blotchy red bite marks all over the body.\u201d Another soldier said: \n\"The things lay in the seams of trousers, in the deep furrows of long thick woolly pants, and seemed impregnable in their deep entrenchment. A lighted candle applied where they were thickest made them pop like Chinese crackers. After a session of this, my face would be covered with small blood spots from extra big fellows which had popped too vigorously.\"\nLice caused severe itching and also carried a disease called trench fever (pyrrexhia). The first symptoms were shooting pains in the legs. That was followed by a very high fever. The very common disease did not kill the soldiers, but it stopped them from fighting. From 1915 to 1918, between one fifth and one third of all British troops who got sick had trench fever; about one fifth of ill German and Austrian troops had the disease.\nAnother common problem was trench foot. This was another infection, caused by standing in wet conditions for a long time and not being able to dry out shoes and socks. Trench foot caused soldiers\u2019 feet to go numb, then turn red or blue. It can cause gangrene, which sometimes requires the foot to be amputated. \nBrigadier-General Frank Percy Crozier argued, \u201cThe fight against the condition known as trench-feet had been incessant [never-ending] and an uphill game.\" The only way to get rid of trench foot was to dry the feet and change into dry socks several times a day. That was not possible in the trenches.\nMines and shells injured tens of thousands of soldiers on both sides. In many cases, soldiers were so badly injured that doctors had to amputate parts of their bodies.\nBecause there were so many corpses in the trenches, rats were a serious problem. The rats carried disease and ate the corpses of dead soldiers. They ate the eyes first and then burrowed into the corpse and ate the insides. One soldier, Harry Patch, claimed the rats in the trenches were as big as cats. Another said, \u201cThe rats were huge. They were so big they would eat a wounded man if he couldn't defend himself!\" \nThe area between the two sides was called no man\u2019s land. It was very dangerous because there were a lot of barbed wire and shell-holes. Also, no man\u2019s land was usually a sea of mud. The soldiers who \u201cwent over the top\u201d (left the trenches to attack the enemy) were easy targets for machine gunners. On both the German and Allied sides, about 600,000 soldiers died in the battle.\nPrince of Wales.\nThe Prince of Wales served on the Somme as a Staff Officer. He was genuinely disappointed not to be involved in the fighting. However, his service influenced the rest of his life as Prince of Wales and Edward VIII.\nToday.\nToday, there are cemeteries, war memorials and museums on the battle site.\nWhen farmers living near the battle site plow their fields, they often find remnants of barbed wire, bullets, shrapnel, and unexploded bombs. This is called \"iron harvesting.\""}
+{"id": "37097", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37097", "title": "Ravicherla", "text": "Ravicherla is a village in Nuzvid Mandal, Krishna District, Andhra Pradesh, India. It is a peaceful village with about 1300 people living in it. Most of the people living here work on agriculture. The main crops are mango and paddi. This village has different religions including Hinduism, Christianity and Islam.\nIn recent times, youths in this village are very interested in Information techology (IT) and getting good education and income in this field. Its a great place to learn many things in life. No of people are settled in IT profession from this small village. There are MBA's, MCA's and B.tech minds which come from this village, mainly favouritism for Tekugu Desam Partty and Nandamuri fans especially for Junior NTR"}
+{"id": "37107", "revid": "1660968", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37107", "title": "San Marino, California", "text": "San Marino is a residential town in Los Angeles County, California, United States. Its population is 12,513 as per the 2020 United States Census."}
+{"id": "37112", "revid": "515", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37112", "title": "Tempe Arizona", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37114", "revid": "211304", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37114", "title": "Ballade", "text": "A ballade is a medieval French verse or song which tells a story. Like the rondeau and the virelai it was very popular in 14th and 15th century France. All these three songs were originally dances. Famous composers like Guillaume de Machaut wrote ballades. \nBallade verses often had three stanzas which had the same metre and rhyme scheme, and the last line was often the same. They might end with an envoi which meant that it was addressing a king or prince. The great English poet Geoffrey Chaucer wrote ballades."}
+{"id": "37120", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37120", "title": "Ballade (classical music)", "text": "\"This article is about the instrumental ballade that was popular in the 19th century.\nFor the medieval French ballade see Ballade\".\nA ballade is a piece of music, usually for piano. It has several tunes, and one can easily imagine that it is telling a story (a ballade is a medieval French song which tells a story).\nThe first composer who used the title \u201cballade\u201d for his piano pieces was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin. He wrote four ballades. They are quite free in form. Chopin does not tell us about any particular story he had in mind. Perhaps they are just musical stories. They are four of his finest works.\nLater on other composers also wrote ballades: C\u00e9sar Franck and Franz Liszt in particular. Johannes Brahms wrote ballades for piano which are quite like songs in their form. Edvard Grieg wrote a ballade which was based on a Norwegian song.\nGabriel Faur\u00e9 wrote a ballade for piano and orchestra. Some composers wrote ballades for orchestra, but they are really like short symphonic poems."}
+{"id": "37122", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37122", "title": "RAF (disambiguation)", "text": "RAF refers to the Royal Air Force, the air force of the United Kingdom.\nRAF or Raf may also refer to:"}
+{"id": "37123", "revid": "3441", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37123", "title": "R.A.F.", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37124", "revid": "3441", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37124", "title": "R A F", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37125", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37125", "title": "Signal Iduna Park", "text": "Westfalenstadion (German for \"Westphalia Stadium\"), officially known since November 2005 as Signal Iduna Park, is an association football stadium in Dortmund, Germany. With 80,708 spectator places, it is the largest football stadium in Germany, and is classified by UEFA as an \"elite stadium\", allowing it to host the finals of major club competitions. It is home to the German Bundesliga Team Borussia Dortmund, whose spectator set up a new European record there to million spectators (average approx. 76,500 per play) in the season 2003/2004 with 1,35. The stadium is south B 1 to the Strobelallee beside the stadium red ones earth and in the proximity that Westfalen resounding.\nHistory.\nThe stadium was established between 1971 and 1974 for the football world championship with a spectator capacity by 54.000 spectators. The stadium with a friendship game between Borussia Dortmund and Schalke 04 (0 was opened: 3). To the season 1974/75 Borussia Dortmund of the stadium red one earth moved into the new arena.\nThe first federal league play, which was delivered in this stadium, found between VfL Bochum (during the new building of the Ruhr stadium in April here 1976 moved) and Schalke 04 instead of. The Borussia at this time still kickte in the regional league.\nChange.\nThe stadium remained structurally almost unchanged to beginning of the 90's. In the 1992 was reequipped on the north grandstand being located present into seats, whereby the capacity was reduced to 42.800. Between 1995 and 1999 successively the grandstands were supplemented. One began with west and east grandstand at the long sides of the playing field, in which second stage of development became also north and south grandstand covered (capacity: 68.600).\n2003/2004 the stadium corners were removed. As standing place grandstand the south grandstand seizes 25,000 spectators and is the largest thereby in Europe. With international plays seats can be used here. Altogether itself the capacity of the stadium amounted after the change to scarcely 83,000 spectators.\nThe south grandstand signal of the Iduna park\nincrease\nThe exterior of the north grandstand glassed, on the inside are catering trade ranges and the BVB museum. Remarkable structural characteristic are, bright the yellow steel girders led outside, which exceed far over daas roof and are visible from many points of the city.\nA last stage of development for the preparation of the stadium on the football world cup 2006 took place in the summer break 2005. It took place the installation of an electronic entrance system, which revaluation of the places for handicapped ones, the change of the VIP ranges, the cabs and the sanitary mechanisms.\nDue to the structural alteration measures of the grandstands 1,500 spectator places were omitted and the stadium offer still place for 81.264 spectators. The south grandstand of the stadium offers today 25,000 places. It is thereby the largest standing place grandstand of Europe.\nRenaming.\nOn 1 December 2005 \"the Westfalenstadion\" was named in Signal Iduna Park. For the rights of the use of a name of the stadium Borussia Dortmund releases estimated 20 million euro with optimal sporty success. The contract over renaming between Borussia Dortmund and the signal Iduna group of insurance applies up to the season 2010/2011. The Dortmunder fan scene is divided opinion over this step, since he offers on the one hand the financial safety device, but on the other hand a tradition break represents.\nThe district agency city center west decided at the beginning of the year 2006 to call a road in stadium proximity at the \"Westfalenstadion\". The association rated this decision as unsensibel opposite the sponsor, while many BVB fans and Dortmunder were pleased that the steeped in tradition name remained now with the road."}
+{"id": "37126", "revid": "3441", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37126", "title": "Westfalenstadion", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37127", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37127", "title": "Allianz Arena", "text": "Allianz Arena (; known as Fu\u00dfball Arena M\u00fcnchen for UEFA competitions) is a football stadium in the north of Munich, Germany. Bayern Munich, TSV 1860 M\u00fcnchen and the Germany national football team use this stadium. The stadium offers 69,901 seats.\nThe stadium was used for the 2012 UEFA Champions League Final while the 2025 final is set to be used.\nConstruction.\nThe stadium took about 340 million Euros to make. The stadium was made with real grass. The architect was Herzog & de Meuron and ArupSport.\nInternational tournament matches.\n2006 FIFA World Cup.\nThe stadium was one of the venues for the 2006 FIFA World Cup. However, due to sponsorship contracts, the arena was called \"FIFA World Cup Stadium Munich\" during the World Cup.\nThe following games were played at the stadium during the World Cup of 2006:\nUEFA Euro 2020.\nThe stadium hosted three group stage matches and one quarter-finals match at the UEFA Euro 2020."}
+{"id": "37128", "revid": "45220", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37128", "title": "FC Bayern M\u00fcnchen", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37130", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37130", "title": "Imtech Arena", "text": "The Imtech Arena is a concert and sports arena in Hamburg, Germany. It is owned and used by the Hamburger SV football team. Many Hamburg residents still refer to the arena as the Volksparkstadion (Peoples Park Stadium), though AOL bought the naming rights for 30 million marks or 15.3 million euros in 2001. From July 2007 until July 2010 the name was HSH Nordbank Arena.\nMuseum.\nThe stadium houses a museum which presents the history of the Hamburger SV club.\nThe HSV museum is open daily from 10 am to 8 pm."}
+{"id": "37132", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37132", "title": "Veltins Arena", "text": "The Veltins-Arena (between 2001 and 2005 Arena AufSchalke) in Gelsenkirchen, Germany, is the stadium of the German member of the soccer federal league FC Schalke 04. The Veltins arena is one of the most modern stages of the world and possesses since June 2015 a capacity of 62.271 spectators with plays on national level, with international plays due to the standing place prohibition of 54,740 spectators. Apart from the actual use as football stadium of the FC Schalke 04 also different meetings, like concerts, take place in this multi-function arena. Due to the outline of the Rhine stadium in Duesseldorf the arena became occasionally also venue of the Home plays of the American football crew Rhine Fire.\nThe Veltins arena got 2004 lent of the UEFA the status of a 5-Stars-Stadium. The comment of the UEFA delegation read even: The place of event will the requirements more than fair and could even than \u201asix star Stadion' be evaluated. It may align thereby final games of the UEFA champions League and the UEFA cup."}
+{"id": "37133", "revid": "9365405", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37133", "title": "FC Schalke 04", "text": "The Fu\u00dfball-Club Gelsenkirchen-Schalke 04, commonly known as FC Schalke 04, is a successful and popular German football club.\nIt plays in Gelsenkirchen. With more than 80.313 members (15. Dezember 2009) at present it is the second largest Sportsclub of Germany and has departments for football, basketball, table tennis, handball and athletics. Since August 2001 the association plays its home plays in the Veltins arena (to 30 June 2005 Veltins Arena), one of the most modern stages of the world. In the coat of arms a white G is to be recognized, which stands for Gelsenkrichen.\nThere exists a great rivalry between Schalke 04 and Borussia Dortmund. The reason is the honorable competition of these clubs which live in neighborhood. Since the first match in 1925 there have been 135 matches. Schalke won 55 of them, Dortmund won 45 and 35 ended in a draw. In the 2009\u201310 Bundesliga season Schalke won both matches.\nFootball.\nThe football team is playing their home plays in the Veltins Arena. 61,673 people can visit the stadium for football matches in national, or 54,442 in internation competitions. During other events as for example concerts or opera plays 79,296 people can take place in the stadium. Its was also one of the 12 venues for the 2006 FIFA World Cup in Germany and the final of the 2003\u201304 UEFA Champions League between FC Porto and AS Monaco has been played there.\nCoach.\nThe current coach (and Manager) of Schalke 04 is Dimitrios Grammozis.\nSuccess.\nInternational\no 1997 (1:0 und 0:1 (4:1 i.E.) gegen Inter Mailand)\nChampionship\no 1934 (2:1 vs 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg)\no 1935 (6:4 vs VfB Stuttgart)\no 1937 (2:0 vs 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg)\no 1939 (9:0 vs Admira Wien)\no 1940 (1:0 vs Dresdner SC)\no 1942 (2:0 vs Vienna Wien)\no 1958 (3:0 vs Hamburger SV)\no Schalke was eight times runner-up\nDFB-Cup\no 1937 (2:1 vs Fortuna D\u00fcsseldorf)\no 1972 (5:0 vs 1. FC Kaiserslautern)\no 2001 (2:0 vs 1. FC Union Berlin)\no 2002 (4:2 vs Bayer 04 Leverkusen)\no 2011 (5:0 vs MSV Duisburg)"}
+{"id": "37134", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37134", "title": "S04", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37135", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37135", "title": "FC Gelsenkirchen Schalke 04", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37137", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37137", "title": "BVB", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37138", "revid": "45220", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37138", "title": "Bayern Munich", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37140", "revid": "586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37140", "title": "Michael Ballack", "text": "Michael Ballack (born 26 September 1976 in G\u00f6rlitz, Germany) was a German football player and is the retired captain of the Germany national team. He last played for Chelsea, an English club.\nBallack started his career in a small club in Eastern Germany. He later turned to several German clubs, including Bayern Munich. In 2006\u201307 he arrived England to join Chelsea.\nBallack attended the World Cup twice, in 2002 and 2006, but did not win it with the Germany national football team. He is considered as one of the strongest midfield players to ever play for the German national team.\nHonours.\n1. FC Kaiserslautern\nBayer Leverkusen\nBayern Munich\nChelsea\nGermany\nIndividual"}
+{"id": "37141", "revid": "5231", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37141", "title": "Chelsea London", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37142", "revid": "5231", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37142", "title": "FC Chelsea London", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37145", "revid": "45220", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37145", "title": "HSV", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37146", "revid": "487619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37146", "title": "Coat of arms of Germany", "text": "The coat of arms of Germany (German Wappen Deutschlands) is a symbol of Germany; the coat of arms feature an eagle. The coat of arms are similar to those of the flag of Germany (black, red and gold ). It is the oldest existing state symbol in Europe and is one of the oldest insignia in the world. Its history as an emblem is far longer, however.\nTo the Germanic tribes the eagle was the bird of the god Odin, and by the Romans, too, it was revered as the symbol of the supreme god, of the emperor and of invincibility. From there and through its religious significance in Christendom it came to be incorporated into medieval symbolism."}
+{"id": "37147", "revid": "5231", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37147", "title": "Arena auf Schalke", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37148", "revid": "5231", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37148", "title": "Veltins-Arena", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37150", "revid": "4580", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37150", "title": "Complex numbers", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37163", "revid": "5231", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37163", "title": "Signal Induna Park", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37167", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37167", "title": "Plauen", "text": "Plauen is the biggest city of the Vogtlandkreis in the southwest of Saxony. It is the fifth-largest city in the state. Only Leipzig, Dresden, Chemnitz and Zwickau are larger.\nPlauen was a \"Kreisfreie stadt\" until July 2008. Since 1. August 2008 Plauen ist Part of the Vogtlandkreis.\nThe nearest large cities are Zwickau, about northeast and Gera, about north of Plauen.\nHistory.\nPlauen was already settled in the Bronze Age, but the first written record of the city was in 1122, when the oldest church (named \"Johanniskirche\") was build. About 1224 Plauen has get the Town privileges. 1632 a big part of the city was destroyed in the Thirty Years' War. Since about 1830 Plauen grow because of the textile-industry. In the Second World Warabout three quarters of the city was destroyed by the United States Army Air Force and the Royal Air Force.\n1989 Plauen was the first city in the German Democratic Republic were happens a big demonstration against the Government. This leads to the Wende.\nPopulation change.\nPlauen became a large city in 1904 when the population reached 100.000. In 1912 it reached its biggest ever population with 128.000.\nAfter the Second World War Germany was divided. Plauen was in the border area. Laws about living in the border areas of East Germany meant the population fell greatly.\nAccording to the statistics office of the Free State of Saxony, on 31 December 2009 Plauen's population was 66,412."}
+{"id": "37172", "revid": "373511", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37172", "title": "Braunau am Inn", "text": "Braunau am Inn is a town in the Innviertel region of Upper Austria (Ober\u00f6sterreich), the north-western state of Austria. It lies about 90\u00a0km west of Linz and about 60\u00a0km north of Salzburg, on the border with the German state of Bavaria. It has a continental climate (\"Dfa\" in the Koeppen climate classification). The population in 2001 was 16,372. A port of entry, it is connected by bridges over the Inn River with its Bavarian counterpart, Simbach am Inn. It is the birthplace of Adolf Hitler. It was in the American Occupation Zone of Austria from 1945 to 1955 .\n<br>"}
+{"id": "37173", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37173", "title": "Braunau am Inn, Austria-Hungary", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37176", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37176", "title": "Berlin Hauptbahnhof", "text": "Berlin Hauptbahnhof (English: Berlin Central Station) is the central railway station of the German capital Berlin. It began full operation two days after a ceremonial opening on 26 May 2006.\nIt is on the site of the old \"Lehrter Bahnhof\". Until it opened as a main line station, it was a stop on the Berlin S-Bahn suburban railway, temporarily named \"Berlin Hauptbahnhof - Lehrter Bahnhof\" in 2002.\nThe station has the largest traffic volume for a through-station in Europe. Paris Gare du Nord is the largest station in Europe measured by traffic volume but it is regarded as a terminus. It is on five levels, with lifts and escaltors. There are many shops and cafes. \nThe longest route that runs through Berlin Central railway station is the Sibirjak. It links Berlin to some cities in Russia. It passes through Poland, Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan. The longest route offered goes to Novosibirsk. This takes almost four days to travel."}
+{"id": "37179", "revid": "60955", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37179", "title": "V.f.L. Bochum", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37180", "revid": "60955", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37180", "title": "S.V. Werder Bremen 1899", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37181", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37181", "title": "Mazurka", "text": " \nThe Mazurka is a Polish country dance. It comes from an area called Mazovia near Warsaw where the people are called Mazurs. It was known in the 16th century. In the 17th century its popularity spread all over Poland and by the 19th century it was becoming known in England and then the United States. The Mazurka is very similar to the Kujawiak which is a dance from another district near Warsaw.\nThe Mazurka is a lively dance in 3/4 metre. It has lots of dotted rhythms and the fourth note of the scale is often sharpened. The dancers often click their heels on the 2nd or 3rd beat of the bar. The speed is not always fast, it can be slow, but it is a wilder dance than the waltz which is also in 3/4 time and had become very popular as a ballroom dance.\nThe composer Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin wrote more than 50 mazurkas for the piano. Chopin really shows his genius in these pieces. They are very beautiful and there is a lot of variety and interest in them. Many of them are not all that difficult to play. Some of them have very chromatic bits in them.\nThere were other classical composers who wrote Mazurkas, but none of them are as good as those of Chopin. Some Russian composers like Glinka and Tchaikovsky wrote several mazurkas. It was danced a lot in Russia in the 19th century and it is mentioned a lot in Russian novels. In the 20th century Karol Szymanowski wrote several mazurkas."}
+{"id": "37186", "revid": "18539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37186", "title": "Bundesliga (disambiguation)", "text": "Bundesliga is the name of the highest level of play in many different sports. \"Bundesliga\" literally means \"Federal League\", or league of the whole country. The word is used in the countries Germany and in Austria. Soccer is the most popular sport in these countries. That is why Germany's soccer league is the best-known Bundesliga."}
+{"id": "37188", "revid": "5231", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37188", "title": "Signal iduna park", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37189", "revid": "8916868", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37189", "title": "Weserstadion", "text": "The Weserstadion is a stadium in Bremen, Germany. It lies to the right side of the Weser, in the \"Pauliner Marsch\", a flooding area in the quarter of Peterswerder. It is the homeground of the Werder Bremen football club.\nHistory.\nThe Weser stadium was built in 1909 by Bremen's \"Allgemeiner Bremer Turn- und Sportverein\" as a sports field. After its first change in the year 1926, it was given the name \"ATSB Kampfbahn\". Today's name, which goes back to the direct situation at the Weser river, exists since the year 1930. Since this time there also the sports association Werder Bremen makes its plays. At the beginning of the first season of the soccer Bundesliga in the year 1963 the stadium received its first roofed grandstand. In the following decades also the other grandstands were built and modernized gradually. 1992 for the first time in a stadium a VIP Loge was inserted."}
+{"id": "37191", "revid": "5231", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37191", "title": "Westfalen stadium", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37192", "revid": "5231", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37192", "title": "Weserstadium", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37193", "revid": "5231", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37193", "title": "Hannover", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37194", "revid": "1569739", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37194", "title": "Belt", "text": "A belt is a piece of clothing worn around a person's waist. They can be used to hold up trousers(pants, men) or skirts(women) or for carrying things in pockets, such as on a utility belt, which police use. Belts are commonly made using cloth or leather. They are worn by men and women, however men wear them more casually and formally. The most common colors are black and brown. Belts have buckles. Belts are thread around belt loops on trousers(usually Jeans and dress pants for men). Belts have holes into which the buckle is put, making them looser and tighter. Cowboys often wear belts and customize/pick their buckles."}
+{"id": "37197", "revid": "7695119", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37197", "title": "Zugspitze", "text": "The Zugspitze (Bavarian: \"Zugspitz\") is located in Bavaria, Germany. It is the highest mountain in Germany. It is above sea level. It attracts thousands of visitors every year."}
+{"id": "37204", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37204", "title": "British Airways", "text": "British Airways (sometimes known as just \"BA\") is the United Kingdom's largest airline, and is the UK's flag carrier. It was formed in 1974 when the UK's two government owned airlines, the British Oversea Airways Corporation and British European Airways were joined. It is now owned by a company called International Airlines Group, which also owns Iberia Airlines, and is one of the largest companies in the United Kingdom. It operates domestic flights within the UK as well as international flights to Europe and the rest of the world. British Airways is a founding member of oneworld alongside American Airlines, Canadian Airlines (until 2000), Cathay Pacific and Qantas.\nBritish Airways has a large fleet of aircraft, including planes built by Boeing, Airbus and Embraer. They are now operating the Airbus A380, the largest passenger plane ever built.\nFor a while during the 1990s British Airways' planes had tails each painted in a design to symbolize a country of the world. This was called the World Tails scheme, and it wasn't very popular. However, they now have tails that are based on the Union Jack.\nBritish Airways also flew the Concorde, one of only two aircraft types that could fly faster than the speed of sound. However, this plane was taken out of the fleet in 2003 after the crash of Air France flight 4590, after being used for 27 years.\nHeathrow Airport.\nBritish Airways has its own terminal at Heathrow Airport in London called Terminal 5 or T5. It was opened on 14 March 2008 by the UK monarch Queen Elizabeth II, and cost \u00a34.3 billion ($6.2 billion) to build. It is between Heathrow's two runways- 27L/09R and 27R/09L. The site is 260 hectares in size, and has its own train station. It also has over 100 shops and restaurants.\nThe only airlines to use terminal 5 are British Airways and Iberia Airlines. Not all of British Airways' flights go through T5. Some flights, such as those to Thailand, Singapore and Sydney in Australia depart from Terminal 3.\nIn 2011, 26.3 million passengers and 184,616 flights departed from Terminal 5.\nOther Airports.\nBritish Airways also has many flights from Gatwick Airport, and London City Airport which are both in London. These two airports, along with Heathrow Airport, are British Airways' main airports.\nAircraft.\nBritish Airways has a fleet of 253 planes:\nBA CityFlier and OpenSkies.\nBritish Airways also owns two other smaller airlines called BA CityFlier and OpenSkies, which run different services than the large airline.\nBA CityFlier runs flights from London City Airport to other major cities in the UK (such as Edinburgh and Glasgow) and the rest of Europe (such as Nice in France, Dublin in Ireland, Frankfurt in Germany, Madrid in Spain and Zurich in Switzerland). It began flying passengers in March 2007. It is also a much smaller airline than British Airways, and has 14 Embraer E-Jet family planes.\nOpenSkies in an even smaller airline with only two aircraft- old Boeing 757s from that used to belong to British Airways. At the moment, the airline only flies to/from Paris in France and New York in the United States of America. The two Boeing 757s have enough room for 110 passengers, and have 20 Business class seats, 24 Premium Economy class seats and 66 Economy class seats.\nOneworld.\nBritish Airways is a member of Oneworld. Oneworld is a partnership between 11 airlines: American Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Finnair, Iberia Airlines, Japan Airlines, LAN, Malaysia Airlines, Qantas, Royal Jordanian Airlines, S7 Airlines and British Airways. Smaller airlines that are owned by these 12 member airlines are also part of Oneworld- for example BA CityFlier. There is one exception- OpenSkies however is not part of Oneworld.\nBeing part of Oneworld means that the airlines sell tickets for their own flights as well as for other members' flights (for example, British Airways sells tickets for American Airlines flights). This is good for the airlines because the customers can get their tickets in one place and it lets the airlines use flights that they wouldn't normally have. Also, Oneworld has a frequent flier program, where all the separate member airlines' airmiles can be used, so they can be used across all the member airlines. The three levels are Oneworld Ruby (lowest), Oneworld Sapphire (middle) and Oneworld Emerald (highest). It is up to the airlines to decide how many air miles a passenger needs to get rewards from their own scheme. A passenger is awarded one air mile for each mile that they fly with the airline for."}
+{"id": "37205", "revid": "10077994", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37205", "title": "G8", "text": "The Group of Eight (G8) was a group made up of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia \"(suspended)\", the United Kingdom and the United States. The European Commission is also represented in the committee. The group has conferences or meetings throughout the year, it researches policies, and has a summit meeting once a year. The heads of government of each G8 country attend the summit meeting.\nEach year a different country takes over the presidency of the group for the duration of the year. The country that holds the presidency sets the agenda for the year and hosts the summit for that year. The first G6 meeting was in 1975. Canada joined in 1976, making G7. Russia made it G8 in 1997.\nThe organization's official 2014 summit was not held in Moscow as previously planned, due to the invasion and takeover of Crimea. On March 24, 2014, all seven member nations voted to suspend Russia from the G-8. The meeting was held in Brussels instead, and the G8 will be called G7 since there are now seven leaders.\nOverview.\nThe G8 is not considered an international organization because it does not have administrative structure. This means that besides the president, there are no official titles for the members, they are all considered equal. Their meetings are not formal. The goal is to talk about global topics and problems in a relaxed manner.\nThere are many global problems and issues that can be discussed at meetings. Some common topics of discussion include: health, law enforcement, labor, economic and social development, energy, environment, foreign affairs, justice, terrorism, and trade.\nYearly summit.\nThe annual meeting of G8 leaders is attended by the heads of government and other invited guests. It is usually held for three days in the middle of the year. Each year one of the G8 countries is considered the G8 president. The country of the G8 presidency is responsible for organizing and hosting a summit during that year. The first summit meeting was held in November 1975 in France.\nEconomic power.\nThe eight countries that make up the G8 represent about 14% of the people in the world but produce over 65% of the world's economic output measured by gross domestic product (GDP)."}
+{"id": "37216", "revid": "1664536", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37216", "title": "Helmut Kohl", "text": "Helmut Josef Michael Kohl (3 April 1930 \u2013 16 June 2017) was a German politician of the CDU party. He was the last Chancellor of West Germany, and he stayed in office after reunification as the first Chancellor of a united Germany. \nFrom 1969 to 1976, he was the Minister President of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate and from 1982 to 1998, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany. Kohl helped to arrange the process of German reunification and participated considerably in the European unity process. A pro-EU conservative, he was often compared to Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher, two other leaders with similar views in the 1980s. In 1998, he retired as Chancellor, as the SPD won the election. His replacement was Gerhard Schr\u00f6eder.\nHis involvement with the CDU donation affair, and in particular offences against party law is open to question.\nKohl died on the morning of 16 June 2017, in his hometown of Ludwigshafen at the age of 87.\nReferences.\nNotes"}
+{"id": "37218", "revid": "527152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37218", "title": "CDU", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37219", "revid": "5231", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37219", "title": "Franken", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37229", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37229", "title": "Organ (biology)", "text": "In biology, an organ is a group of tissues that work together in an organism. They specialise in particular vital functions. They create an organ system which, as a whole, is an organism.\nThese are examples of organs:\nClassification.\nOrganelles > Cells > Tissues > Organs > Organ systems > Organism"}
+{"id": "37230", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37230", "title": "Students for a Democratic Society", "text": "The Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was a student activist movement in the United States in the 1960s (1960 to 1969).\nA new SDS group was also begun in 2006.\nHistory 1960-1969.\nSDS held its first meeting in 1960 at Ann Arbor, Michigan. They had their first convention in 1962, and criticized the political system of the United States for not bringing international peace or fixing problems in society at home. It also called for non-violent civil disobedience so that student youth could bring forth a \"participatory democracy.\"\nIn the school year 1962-1963, the President of SDS was Tom Hayden, who later became famous. There were nine chapters around the country with at most, about 1000 members. The national office (NO) in New York City had only a few desks, some broken chairs, a couple of filing cabinets, and a few typewriters.\nOn October 1, 1964, the University of California, Berkeley exploded into the free speech movement. Led by a Friends of SNCC student activist named Mario Savio, more than three thousand students surrounded a police car where a student, arrested for setting up a card table against a ban by the university, was being taken away. The sit-down stopped the police car from moving for 36 hours. The demonstrations, meetings and strikes all but shut the university down. Hundreds of students were arrested. SDS leaders watched and learned from this lesson.\nIn February 1965, US President Lyndon Johnson made the war in Vietnam much bigger by bombing North Vietnam and putting ground troops right into fighting against the Viet Cong in the South. The draft became a very real issue in the lives of students in America. Campus chapters of SDS all over the country started to lead small, local demonstrations against the war and the NO became the main group that organized the March against the war in Washington DC on April 17.\nThe first teach-in against the war was held in the University of Michigan. Soon hundreds more, all over the country, were held. The demonstration in Washington, DC attracted about 25,000 anti-war protesters and SDS became the leading student group against the war on most U.S. campuses.\nThe 1965 summer convention was held at Kewadin, Northern Michigan. and the National Office, moved from Manhattan to Chicago at about the same time. This brought more changes.\n\"For the first time at an SDS meeting people smoked marijuana; Pancho Villa mustaches... blue workshirts, denim jackets, and boots were worn by both men and women. These were people generally raised outside of the East, many from the Midwest and Southwest\nThe Winter and Spring of 1967 saw more militancy of the protests at many campuses. Harassment by the authorities was also on the rise. The hippie movement really began to take hold. The 1967 convention spoke on the draft and resisting within the Army itself, and made a call for immediate withdrawal from Vietnam. Also, a women's liberation vote was passed for the first time.\nThat Fall saw more anti-war actions. The school year started with a large demonstration against the University of Wisconsin in Madison, Wisconsin on October 17 for letting Dow recruiters on campus. Peaceful at first, the demonstrations turned to a sit-in that was violently broken up by the Madison police and riot squad, causing many injuries and arrests. A rally and a student strike then closed the university for several days. Demonstrations against the draft led by members of the Resistance, the War Resisters League, and SDS added fuel to the fire of resistance. After regular civil rights tactics of peaceful pickets, the Oakland California Stop the Draft Week ended in mass hit and run fights with the police. The huge (100,000 people) October 21 March on the Pentagon saw hundreds arrested and hurt. Night-time raids on draft offices began to spread.\nIn the spring of 1968, National SDS activists led an effort on the campuses called \"Ten Days of Resistance\" and local chapters held rallies, marches, sit-ins and teach-ins, ending in a one-day strike on April 26. About a million students stayed away from classes that day, the largest ever student strike in the history of the United States. It was mostly ignored by the New York City-based national media, which was more focused on the student shutdown of Columbia University in NYC, led by an inter-racial alliance of Columbia SDS chapter activists and Student Afro Society activists. Because of the Columbia Student Revolt, \"SDS\" became a household name in the United States for a few years; and membership in SDS chapters around the United States grew greatly during the 1968-69 school year.\nIn the summer of 1969, the ninth SDS national convention was held at the Chicago Coliseum with some 2000 people attending. Many groups of the movement were there, even Communists, and set up their tables all around the edges of the hall, together with undercover spies, creating an air of excitement.\nEach of the delegates was given a paper saying \"You don't need a Weatherman to know which way the wind blows\" (a lyric from a Bob Dylan song, \"Subterranean Homesick Blues\"). This was written by a group who later became called the Weathermen and were involved in more violent protests. They took over by voting out another large group, the convention quickly fell apart, and so did SDS.\n2006: The New SDS.\nBeginning January 2006, there is a movement to start a new SDS. A small group of old SDS members joined with a Connecticut high school student to call for a new SDS fighting for civil rights and against war. Several chapters at various colleges were later started. On Martin Luther King Day of 2006, these chapters called for the first national convention since 1969 to be held in the summer of 2006 \nLately SDS has been in actions against war. The Pace University chapter of SDS protested against a speech by Bill Clinton held at the campus, causing the university to hand over two students to the United States Secret Service. When the school was going to kick these two students out of school, Pace SDS began a movement in March 2006 protesting the university's actions.\nOn March 19 2006, SDS marched in New York City against the war in Iraq. Seventeen people were arrested at the Times Square Recruitment Center, including several SDS members. Beginning in March and continuing into April and May, SDS chapters across the country participated in the Immigrant Rights Movement. On April 29 2006 SDS was in the march for Peace, Justice and Democracy in Manhattan, NY. As of July 2006, there are 150 SDS chapters around the country and over 1000 members.\nThe newly formed SDS held its first national convention from August 4 to August 7, 2006 at the University of Chicago."}
+{"id": "37232", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37232", "title": "Postulate", "text": "A postulate \u2013 sometimes called an axiom \u2013 is a statement widely agreed to be true. This is useful for creating proof in the fields of science and mathematics. \nIntroduction.\nAlongside definitions, postulates are often the basic truth of a much larger theory or law. For this reason, a postulate is a hypothesis advanced as an essential part to a train of reasoning.\nQuality.\nPostulates themselves cannot be proven, but since they are usually self-evident, their acceptance is not a problem. Here is a good example of a postulate \u2013 given by Euclid in his studies about geometry.\nUsing this postulate and four others like it, Euclid brought a new understanding of geometry to the world, and many people think they are some of the most influential works in geometry \u2013 even in our time.\nSometimes, postulates are not obviously correct, but are required for their consequences. One example is Albert Einstein's postulate that the universe is homogenous. This type of postulate was necessary to make possible some major scientific achievements, but can also be problematic since it is not self-evident.\nCharacteristics.\nAs a rule of thumb, postulates tend to have the following characteristics:\nPostulates are sometimes proved to be wrong after they have been known for a long time, but this is usually because something new has been discovered, and the original creator could not have known any better."}
+{"id": "37233", "revid": "5276", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37233", "title": "Independant", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37234", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37234", "title": "Consistency", "text": "Consistency could mean:"}
+{"id": "37235", "revid": "5276", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37235", "title": "Consistancy", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37236", "revid": "5276", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37236", "title": "Consistent", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37237", "revid": "5276", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37237", "title": "Consistant", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37238", "revid": "1696154", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37238", "title": "Influence", "text": "Social influence means someone affecting the emotions, opinions, or behaviours of others. It can be either planned for a purpose, or be an unplanned result of other events.\nThe adjective influential means \"having much influence\", so influential people or things have the power to change other people or things in some way. This word is often used to describe famous people. For example, Nelson Mandela was a very influential person, because the things he did and said changed many peoples lives, and many people believe he has even influenced the world. Kings, clergy and celebrities are also among the influential, as people pay attention to what they say or do.\nEvents can also influence. For example, World War II changed many people's lives. They died or became richer or poorer or went to a new place, even after the war ended. When printing became common, it influenced developments in science, politics, religion, and other human activities\nChildhood experiences can be a lifelong influence."}
+{"id": "37239", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37239", "title": "Gandi", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37240", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37240", "title": "Ghandi", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37242", "revid": "1398040", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37242", "title": "Existence", "text": "Existence usually means \"the state or fact of being\", but there are many different views on the meaning of the word existence, and what it means to exist.\nIn English, existence is usually connected with the verb \"to be\".\nThe first sentence can be understood to say \"I \"exist\" as a human\", and simply speaking, this is probably true. The fourth sentence is more difficult to understand, because it can be understood to say \"seven \"exists\" as the sum of four and three\", but \"seven\" is not something that we can see or touch like a pen or a human.\nThe question \"What is existence?\" is a very important one for philosophers, and many people think Aristotle is the first human being to have thought seriously about the question.\n\"\" by Lawrence M. Krauss. Free Press 2012. The book discusses modern cosmogony and its implications for the debate about the existence of God. The main theme is how \"we have discovered that all signs suggest a universe that could and plausibly did arise from a deeper nothing... by processes that do not require any external control or direction.\""}
+{"id": "37243", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37243", "title": "Lidl", "text": "Lidl Stiftung & Co. KG, or simply Lidl, is a German food retail company.\nOverview.\nLidl is an international enterprise with independent national companies almost everywhere in Europe. The company owns more than 10,000 stores. 3,000 of these stores are in Germany alone, making Germany Lidl's biggest national market.\nHistory.\nThe Lidl & Schwarz Grocery Wholesale company was founded in Germany in the 1930s. The first Lidl stores were opened in 1973, in the 1990s Lidl started opening stores outside Germany and today Lidl stores can be found in nearly every country in Europe. Lidl started its foreign expansion with entering France in 1988. The first store in the United Kingdom (UK) was opened in 1994. Nowadays, there are more than 380 stores in the UK. Lidl supermarkets and Kaufland hypermarkets are part of the Schwarz Group which is one of the largest grocery retailers in Europe, which is based in Neckarsulm, Germany."}
+{"id": "37250", "revid": "3609", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37250", "title": "Grammy Awards", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37251", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37251", "title": "Asian Games", "text": "The Asian Games are a multi-sport event, held every four years between competitors from all nations of Asia. It includes a variety of sports, from soccer to alpine skiing. Like the Olympics, it has a winter event and a summer event ^^"}
+{"id": "37252", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37252", "title": "Newton Mearns", "text": "Newton Mearns is a small town near Glasgow in Scotland. About 22,000 people live there. Since 1996 it has been part of the East Renfrewshire area."}
+{"id": "37253", "revid": "3609", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37253", "title": "FIFA Club World Championship", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37254", "revid": "1669736", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37254", "title": "NBA Finals", "text": "The NBA Finals, previously known as the NBA World Championship Series until 1987, is the championship series of the National Basketball Association (NBA), played under a best-of-seven playoff format. The team who wins the Eastern Conference Finals earns one of the two places in the championship round, with the other place for the team that wins the Western Conference Finals to win the Larry O\u2019 Brien Trophy, which was named after the former commissioner. This event has been played at the end of every NBA and BAA season in history. The first was held in 1947. The Boston Celtics and Los Angeles Lakers are the teams with the most NBA Finals wins with 18 victories. "}
+{"id": "37255", "revid": "18539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37255", "title": "The Open Championship", "text": "The Open Championship - often known as the British Open outside the United Kingdom and Ireland - is the oldest of the four major championships in men's golf. The event is hosted annually by one of several prestigious golf clubs in the United Kingdom and is administered by The R&A regardless of its location. The next tournament, in 2013, will take place at Muirfield in Scotland."}
+{"id": "37256", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37256", "title": "Viennese waltz", "text": "A Viennese waltz (Valse in French, Walzer in German) is a music and dance which started in Vienna in the late 18th century. It is a ballroom dance in 3/4 time. It is the most famous of all dance forms. It became extremely popular during the 19th century, and is still danced today. Many famous composers wrote waltzes for piano or for orchestra. The rhythm of the waltz can be heard in lots of music, not just in pieces which are called a 'waltz'.\nHistory of the music.\nOrigins.\nIt is difficult to know exactly when the waltz started. The word comes from a German word \u201cwalzen\u201d which means \u201cto turn\u201d. This is because the dancers turn around as they spin round the dance floor. There were German dances called L\u00e4ndler which were simpler than the minuet and popular amongst ordinary people. The waltz developed from these dances. Schubert wrote many pieces called 'L\u00e4ndler'. He also started to use the title 'Waltz'. Beethoven wrote 30 variations on a waltz that had been composed by Anton Diabelli.\nMany people thought that the new dance was bad. This was because the dancing couples stood very close to one another and held one another in their arms (in the old minuet they held hands politely). Some people thought that it was very immoral and wrote angry letters to the newspapers saying that it was the end of civilised society. However, the waltz continued to be popular, and many dance halls were opened where people could waltz.\n19th century.\nComposers became interested in the music of the waltz. Weber wrote a piece called 'Invitation to the Dance'. It has a main tune, then a set of variations, and at the end it comes back to the first tune. This form became a common way of writing a group of waltzes. Two composers in Vienna who became well known for their waltzes were Joseph Lanner (1801\u20131843) and Johann Strauss (1804\u20131849), but the most famous of all was one of Strauss\u2019s sons, also called Johann. Father and son are sometimes called Johann Strauss I and Johann Strauss II. The son is often called the 'King of the Waltz'. He wrote many waltzes which are still very popular today. On New Year\u2019s Day the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra always give a concert which can be seen worldwide on television. They play lots of Strauss waltzes. The most famous one is called 'The Blue Danube' (German: 'An den sch\u00f6nen, blauen Donau').\nIn the Romantic period there was hardly a composer who was not influenced by the waltz. Chopin wrote about 15 piano waltzes, some of them are very fast, some are slower and more melancholy (sad). Brahms wrote 16 waltzes for piano duet. Many composers wrote waltzes in their operas, especially when the story is about people dancing at a party. The waltz was used a lot in operettas and ballets. Tchaikovsky wrote lots of waltz music in \"Swan Lake\", \"Sleeping Beauty\" and \"The Nutcracker\". Even Wagner, whose music is mostly very serious, wrote a waltz in his opera \"Parsifal \". The rhythm of the waltz can be heard in a lot of orchestral music, e.g. Berlioz\u2019s \"Symphonie Fantastique\". The great composers Anton Bruckner and Gustav Mahler preferred to use the old German L\u00e4ndler in their symphonies.\n20th century.\nAlthough the 19th century was the greatest period of the waltz, people continued to write and dance waltzes in the 20th century. In his opera \"Der Rosenkavalier\" (1909) the German composer Richard Strauss (no relation of Johann Strauss) the story is about Vienna in the old days, and so he uses the waltz to create the feeling of a time that was past. The waltz continued to be used in a lot of operettas, e.g. by Franz L\u00e9har in \"The Merry Widow \". The French composer Maurice Ravel wrote waltzes, including a brilliant piece for orchestra which was simply called \"La Valse\". Like Richard Strauss in \"Der Rosenkavalier\", Ravel was trying to describe the music of a century ago. \"La Valse\" is a piece which lasts about 20 minutes in one continuous movement. Lots of different instruments have a share in playing many different tunes.\nCompetitive dance.\nThe Viennese waltz is one of the five dances in international ballroom dance. It is the only one not invented in the early 20th century. It is the only one where the figures which competitors dance is restricted. Only nine figures are permitted by the World Dance Council.\nThus in this dance marking is influenced entirely by the actual dancing, and the value of choreography is almost nil."}
+{"id": "37259", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37259", "title": "Musk deer", "text": "Musk deer are a group of even-toed ungulate mammals. They form the family Moschidae. There is only one genus in Moschidae, \"Moschus\". There are five species of musk deer, and they are all very similar. \nMusk deer are not true deer, and are classed in a different family. Unlike other deer, musk deer do not grow antlers. Instead, they have large canine teeth that reach down from the mouth. The Musk deer emits a particular odor which gives it its name.\nAppearance.\nMusk deer are about 90 centimeters long and about 60 centimeters high with a tail length of 4-6 centimeters. They weigh about 10 kilograms. Musk deer usually have dark brown fur. Males have long upper canine teeth (called tusks), which can be up to 7 cm long. Musk deer do not have antlers. Male musk deer also have a musk gland.\nHabitat.\nMusk deer live in the mountain forests of Asia, Russia, China, and the Korean Peninsula. They live in the mountains, mostly at heights of 2500 to 3500 meters. They live in dense forests.\nLife.\nMusk deer are mostly active at night. Musk deer eat grass and moss; in winter they also eat twigs and lichen. \nMusk deer live alone. They only come together to mate. If two male musk deer meet, they fight, during which they can seriously hurt each other with their tusk-like teeth. \nThe female gives birth to 1-2 babies. A musk deer baby has spots on its fur.\nMusk deer and humans.\nMale musk deer have a gland that produces musk. Musk is used to make perfumes and soap, and it is also used in Traditional Chinese medicine. One musk gland has about 25 to 30 grams of musk. Musk deer have been hunted and killed for its musk. Because of this, musk deer have become fewer and endangered. \nAnother method is to catch a living musk deer, take its musk, and let it go free again. This method takes more time, so it is not used often. There are also musk deer farms."}
+{"id": "37260", "revid": "200273", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37260", "title": "Moschidae", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37261", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37261", "title": "Himalayan musk deer", "text": "The Himalayan musk deer or white-bellied musk deer (\"Moschus leucogaster\") is a deer that lives in Central Asia.\nLike other musk deer, the Himalayan musk deer lives in the Himalayan mountains and places around those mountains. They are large plant-eating animals that can live in cold places.\nBehavior.\nHimalayan musk deer are active at night and at dawn and dusk. They spend most of their time alone.\nHimalayan musk deer all leave their feces in the same place. Scientists call this a latrine site. They do this to mark their territory, meaning to show other deer that a place belongs to them.\nScientists have seen them 3200\u20134200 meters above sea level. Scientists believe Himalayan musk deer like forests with a mixture of Himalayan birch and Himalayan fir trees. They like places with many different kinds of smaller plants.\nThreats.\nHimalayan musk deer are in danger of dying out because human beings trap them for their fur and their musk pods. People use musk pods to make perfumes and in traditional medicines. When people set traps for male musk deer, they trap and kill female musk deer and fawns too. In the 21st century, one kilogram of musk pod can pay US$45,000."}
+{"id": "37262", "revid": "508885", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37262", "title": "Moschus chrysogaster", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37263", "revid": "200276", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37263", "title": "Siberian Musk Deer", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37264", "revid": "200277", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37264", "title": "Moschus moschiferus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37265", "revid": "200278", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37265", "title": "Black Musk Deer", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37266", "revid": "200279", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37266", "title": "Moschus fuscus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37267", "revid": "200280", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37267", "title": "Dwarf Musk Deer", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37268", "revid": "200281", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37268", "title": "Moschus berezovskii", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37269", "revid": "200283", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37269", "title": "True deer", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37287", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37287", "title": "FIBA Basketball World Cup", "text": "The FIBA Basketball World Cup, known as the FIBA World Championship from 1950 through 2010, is a world basketball tournament for men's national teams held once every four years by the International Basketball Federation (FIBA). After the 2014 FIBA World Cup, the tournament will move to a new four-year cycle to avoid conflict with the FIFA World Cup. To that end, no tournament will be held in 2018; the FIBA World Cup will resume in 2019.\nThe current champions are Spain. They defeated Argentina 95-75 in the 2019 tournament at the Cadillac Center in Beijing, China.\nReferences.\nNotes"}
+{"id": "37288", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37288", "title": "Basketball World Championship", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37289", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37289", "title": "Bid", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37290", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37290", "title": "Dutch auction", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37291", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37291", "title": "Auctioneer", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37292", "revid": "239077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37292", "title": "Ludwigsburg", "text": "Ludwigsburg () is a city in the center of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg. It is about from the Stuttgart city center. It is the district town and largest city of the Ludwigsburg district, as well as after Esslingen at the Neckar the second largest medium-sized town of Baden-Wuerttemberg.\nTogether with Kornwestheim, Ludwigsburg forms a central center for the surrounding municipalities. Since 1 April 1956, Ludwigsburg is a large district town."}
+{"id": "37295", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37295", "title": "Cooking oil", "text": "Cooking oil is clean fat from plants or animals that is used for cooking. It is usually a liquid. Cooking oils can either be refined or cold extracted.\nSome of the many different kinds of cooking oils are:"}
+{"id": "37298", "revid": "1260226", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37298", "title": "Pelican", "text": "Pelicans are a genus of large water birds of the family Pelecanidae. They have a long beak and a large throat pouch. They drain water from the contents before swallowing the fish. They have mostly pale plumage, the exceptions being the brown and Peruvian pelicans. The bills, pouches and bare facial skin of all species are brightly coloured before the breeding season. The eight living pelican species have a patchy global distribution, ranging latitudinally from the tropics to the temperate zone. They are absent from interior South America as well as from polar regions and the open ocean."}
+{"id": "37301", "revid": "1691832", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37301", "title": "Sharpie", "text": "some colors from sharpie are discontinued like olive, plum, etc.\nSharpie is a line of permanent marker pens in the United States and the United Kingdom that are manufactured by\u00a0Newell Brands. Once produced by the company Sanford, Newell Brands took over the Sharpie and Sanford lines in 1999.\nSharpie markers are made with many tips. The most common and popular is the Fine tip. Other tips include Micro Point, Ultra Fine Point, Extra Fine Point, Brush Tip, Chisel Tip, Magnum Tip and Retractable Tip. There have been 124 fine point colors, and 91 ultra fine point colors made ever since 1964. Some colors are discontinued, others are considered \"core\" or widely available, and others have a different formulation that makes them different from other colors. The currently known packs that have a different formulation are Metallics, Neons, and Touch-Ups. \nOver the years, some of the colors have had their ink color changed in production for unknown reasons, making them very inconsistent. \nSharpie's Motto is \"We are THE BOLD ORIGINAL, genuine article, and cultural icon of Permanent Markers.\" \nColors.\nColors range across the spectrum including neon and metallics as well. The hex code is an approximate for the actual color.\nOriginal.\nIn 1964 Sanford introduced the original permanent marker in only one color and in one tip size, fine point. This marker can write on multiple surfaces such as glass, wood, and paper.\nClassic.\nThe Classic pack is the first pack to include other colors besides the original Black marker. These colors also only came out in fine point when this pack was originally introduced.\nVibrant.\nThe Vibrant pack was released in 2001 after the Classic group. This pack of Sharpies introduced four new colors, Berry, Aqua, Turquoise, and Lime. In 2002, Tangerine and Magenta were added.\nMetallic.\nThis group of markers must always be stored cap side down for best results, this helps the ink to keep running smoothly and to work the way that it should. The first metallic marker introduced to the Sharpie market was Silver in 2002. For the 2011 Olympics, Gold and Bronze (originally Copper) metallic markers entered the market. Lastly, during the 2018 holiday season, Emerald, Ruby, and Sapphire metallic markers were released.\nEarth Tones.\nThis is a limited edition set that was released in 2003. Plum, Burgundy, Marigold, and Olive have been discontinued. Plum and Burgundy were re-released for a limited time, until being discontinued again.\nPastels.\n2004 brought pastels to market, all can be found in ultra fine and fine points. \nTouch Up Markers.\nThree touch up markers were introduced to market, but they were shortly discontinued after they were released.\nNature Tones.\nThis set of Sharpies were released in 2006 in both ultra fine and fine groups. Only Slate Grey is still in production.\nSummer Splash.\nThis set of Sharpies was released in 2006. All colors are still available except for Kiwi and Almond, which have been discontinued. Both fine and ultra fine sets were released as well.\nWild Flowers.\n2007 brought five new colors to market, all of which are now discontinued.\nCafe Colors.\nThis group of Sharpies brings 5 new colors to the year 2008, but all were discontinued in 2010. Earl Grey was re-released for a short period of time in a specialty box.\nCaribbean Colors.\nThis group of markers was released in 2009, with Surf being the only marker to still be made today. Coconut and Flamingo were re-released for a short time in 2015 then discontinued again.\n80's Glam.\n2011 brought to market 80's Glam. This is the longest running set still in production, with both ultra fine and fine point sets\u00a0made. The top five colors listed were released exclusively to the 80's Glam collection but were then included among other newer groups.\nNeon Colors.\nFive neon colors were introduced in 2013. They are a new concept that glows under a fluorescent light.\nElectro Pop.\nThis limited-edition set was released in 2015, all are still made in ultra fine and fine sets.\nColor Burst.\nThis new set was released in 2016. Though the set claims that the new colors are a \"limited edition\", all colors are still in production. \nCosmic Colors.\nThis set dropped ten new colors in 2017. All colors are still in production today. \nMystic Gems.\n2021 brought fourteen brand new Sharpie colors in both ultra fine and fine sets. \nPortrait Colors.\nIn 2022, we were introduced to the Portrait Colors, a group of 12 skin tone-colored markers. The colors, as of 2024, only came in fine point sets.\nGlam Pop.\nThis is the latest set to be released. While none are considered new, Vibrant Purple and Dusty Pink (both formerly mystery colors from 2021) had their names changed to Bright Purple and Dusty Rose respectively in this set."}
+{"id": "37302", "revid": "593910", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37302", "title": "Francis Ford Coppola", "text": "Francis Ford Coppola (born April 7, 1939) is an American director and movie producer. He directed the \"Godfather\" trilogy and the Vietnam War epic \"Apocalypse Now\". He is part of the group called the New Hollywood. This group includes Martin Scorsese, Terrence Malick, Robert Altman, Woody Allen, William Friedkin, Philip Kaufman, and George Lucas. In the 1970s they made movies in a different way.\nCoppola was born in Detroit. At age two, he moved to Woodside, Queens, New York City.\nMany of his relatives are famous. Actor Nicolas Cage is his nephew. Actress Talia Shire is his sister. Sofia Coppola is his daughter. Roman Coppola is his son. His first child Gian-Carlo Coppola died in 1986.\nCoppola was married to Eleanor Jessie Neil from 1963 until her death in 2024."}
+{"id": "37304", "revid": "4056", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37304", "title": "Urinating", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37307", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37307", "title": "Group of the eight", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37314", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37314", "title": "Abdul Aziz Al Ghurair", "text": "Abdul Aziz Al Ghurair (born 1 July 1954) is an Emirati billionaire who is chief executive of the publicly traded Mashreq Bank. His family's most valuable holding is worth an estimated US$8 billion."}
+{"id": "37325", "revid": "1572762", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37325", "title": "Billericay", "text": "Billericay is a town in the United Kingdom. It is in the east of England in the county of Essex. It has a train station named Billericay railway station.\nGeography.\nBillericay is a semi-rural (not like a city and not like the countryside but looks like a mixture of the two) town with many green spaces. Some green spaces are Norsey Wood, Mill Meadows Nature Reserve, Queen's Park Country Park, Sun Corner, Lake Meadows and South Green.\nTowns near Billericay include:\nVillages near Billericay include:\nEducation.\nThere are two high schools. The names of the schools are Billericay School and Mayflower High School. The nearest university is named Anglia Ruskin University. Anglia Ruskin University is in a town near Billericay named Chelmsford.\nTwin towns.\nBillericay is twinned with these:"}
+{"id": "37329", "revid": "1598933", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37329", "title": "East of England", "text": "The East of England is a region in England. There are nine regions of England. It was made in 1994 and was used as a category for statistics in 1991. The counties of Bedfordshire, Cambridgeshire, Essex, Hertfordshire, Norfolk and Suffolk are in the region. Also Peterborough is in the region.\nIn 2001 the census in England found that 5,388,140 persons lived in the region. The land is mostly low. The highest place is the hill of Ivinghoe Beacon, near Tring in the county of Hertfordshire. The top of the hill is 249 metres above the level of the sea. It is an informal region, serving as the area of land between Southern England and The Midlands."}
+{"id": "37330", "revid": "40117", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37330", "title": "Regions of England", "text": "The region in England is also named the Government Office Region. It is the highest level layer of local government in England."}
+{"id": "37331", "revid": "1055470", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37331", "title": "Prelude", "text": "A prelude is a short piece of music for a musical instrument. It is called a prelude because it is supposed to be played before something else (Latin \"pre\"=before; \"ludere\"=to play).\nHistory.\nPreludes come from the Renaissance period, when lutenists (people who played the lute) improvised (which means playing while making it up as they were going along) a simple piece before a concert so that they could check whether their instrument was in tune. During the 16th century, composers often wrote pieces which they called a \u201cprelude\u201d which was often a separate piece of music. These were often for lute, guitar or cittern.\nBy the early 18th century, the Baroque prelude was often a piece of music which was followed by a fugue. Johann Sebastian Bach wrote lots of pieces like this, which were called \u201cPreludes and Fugues\u201d. Most of them were for keyboard instruments such as the harpsichord or organ. Forty-eight of them are from a collection called \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\", which was made up of two sets of twenty-four preludes and fugues that are each written in a different major or minor key signature. The first prelude, in C major, is very famous. It sounds like an improvisation made up of gentle broken chords like a lutenist might play. (This is the piece that Charles Gounod later used for his \"Ave Maria\".) Preludes were also pieces which were followed by a series of dance movements (a \u201csuite\u201d).\nIn the Classical period, not many composers wrote preludes. More preludes were composed in the 19th century (the period of Romanticism). Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin wrote a collection of twenty-four short piano pieces which he called \u201cPreludes\u201d. Just like Bach's \"Well-Tempered Clavier\", there is a prelude in every major and minor key signature, but unlike Bach's, these pieces are not meant to be followed by anything; they are just separate pieces of music that are often performed together. Some are not too difficult to play, but others are very hard (virtuoso).\nComposers like Alexander Scriabin, Karol Szymanowski, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Claude Debussy and Olivier Messiaen wrote preludes in the style of Chopin. Other composers who wrote preludes included Felix Mendelssohn, Franz Liszt and Max Reger.\u00a0There were also composers who were inspired by the music of Bach and started writing Preludes and Fugues, such as Dmitri Shostakovich, whose collection of Preludes and Fugues for piano are, just like Bach and Chopin's, written in all the major and minor keys.\nThere are also examples of 19th century composers who wrote short pieces for orchestra called \u201cPreludes\u201d. Sometimes, they wrote a short orchestral introduction to an opera which they called Prelude (or German: \u201cVorspiel\u201d) instead of the usual word \u201coverture\u201d."}
+{"id": "37332", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37332", "title": "Polonaise", "text": "The polonaise is one of the fifth national Polish dance. It started as a folk dance and then became popular among the Polish nobility. It is in 3/4 time. It follows a distinctive rhythm as illustrated above. Many polonaises are composed in what is called ternary form, or song form, or minuet and trio. These forms all follow an A-B-A pattern. The music of the A sections is similar in both sections, if not exactly identical. The B section is entirely different. It provides contrast in some way to the A sections. In the courts of the aristocracy musicians would often play a polonaise from the gallery while the people danced below in the reception hall.\nPolish culture was very popular and greatly influenced European dance and music as well as Europeam ballrooms. Polonaise was introduced to France in the 16th century. Composers started to write polonaises for the piano. Pieces called \"Polonaise\" had already been composed by Bach, Handel, Fran\u00e7ois Couperin and others, but it was Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin who in the 19th century wrote several Polonaises for piano which became famous. Most of them are very difficult to play, especially the famous Polonaise in A flat, Op. 53. Polonaise is the French word of the dance meaning the Polish woman/girl, Polish adjective feminine, the original Polish name is Chodzony meaning \u201ethe walking dance\u201d, or Wielki meaning \"grand/great\" \nSeveral Russian and other international composers wrote polonaises to give a Polish atmosphere, e.g. Tchaikovsky in his ballets \"The Sleeping Beauty\" and in his opera \"Eugene Onegin \"."}
+{"id": "37333", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37333", "title": "Elector", "text": "Elector may refer to:"}
+{"id": "37334", "revid": "3609", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37334", "title": "1 February", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37335", "revid": "3609", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37335", "title": "31 January", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37336", "revid": "3609", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37336", "title": "14 January", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37337", "revid": "3609", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37337", "title": "12 January", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37338", "revid": "3609", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37338", "title": "20 January", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37339", "revid": "3609", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37339", "title": "26 January", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37340", "revid": "3609", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37340", "title": "3 February", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37341", "revid": "3609", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37341", "title": "25 January", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37343", "revid": "200816", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37343", "title": "Pelicans", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37344", "revid": "200817", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37344", "title": "Pelecanus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37345", "revid": "200818", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37345", "title": "Pelecanidae", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37346", "revid": "200824", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37346", "title": "Kookaburras", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37347", "revid": "200825", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37347", "title": "Dacelo", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37351", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37351", "title": "Malcolm Arnold", "text": "Sir Malcolm Arnold (born Northampton, 21 October 1921; died 23 September 2006) was an English composer. He is famous for writing symphonies, concertos and movie music. People disagree about whether he is one of the really great composers, or just a very skilled musician. His music is often very tuneful, sometimes it is sentimental. He could write music very quickly. His famous music for the movie \"The Bridge on the River Kwai\" was composed in ten days.\nLife.\nIn 1938 Malcolm Arnold went to the Royal College of Music to study composition with Gordon Jacob. He started his career as a trumpeter with the London Philharmonic Orchestra, later becoming principal trumpet. By the late 1940s he was concentrating on his composing career.\nArnold was composing at a time when many composers were writing music which was quite atonal which made it hard to understand, but Arnold\u2019s music is tonal and there are many tunes which are easy to remember. He wrote nine symphonies and several concertos for different instruments, even unusual instruments like the harmonica. Some of his best orchestral works are the set of dances: \"English Dances \", \"Scottish Dances \" and \"Cornish Dances \". He also wrote 2 operas, 7 ballets and 2 string quartets. His overture \"Tam O'Shanter\" is very exciting. It tells in music the story in the poem by Robert Burns.\nArnold wrote music for 132 films. The most famous is \"The Bridge on the River Kwai\" (1957) for which he won an Oscar. He was the first British composer ever to have won this award. This movie includes the famous \"Colonel Bogey March\". This march had been written many years earlier by Kenneth J. Alford, but Arnold composed a countermelody to it. His original music for the movie includes the famous River Kwai March (this is not the same as the \"Colonel Bogey March\"). Other movies for which he wrote music include \"The Belles of St Trinian's\" (1954), \"The Inn of the Sixth Happiness\" (1958) and \"Whistle Down the Wind\" (1961). \nHe was made a CBE in 1970 and was knighted in 1993.\nYouth orchestras and amateur orchestras enjoy playing his works because they are an exciting mixture of classical, jazz, popular and folk music, and are not too difficult to play.\nArnold\u2019s health was often very poor. At times he fought with alcoholism and depression, and in his later years with dementia. He had moved to Dublin in 1972, but moved back to England in 1984 and settled in Attleborough, Norfolk. His full-time carer Anthony Day helped him a lot during his final years.\nArnold died from a chest infection in September 2006."}
+{"id": "37352", "revid": "40117", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37352", "title": "Bowser", "text": "King Bowser Koopa is a character in the \"Super Mario\" video games. He is the evil Koopa that takes over the Mushroom Kingdom and kidnaps Princess Peach. He is the main enemy to Mario. He has spikes on his back, breathes fire, and is bigger than normal Koopas. He was ranked #1 in the Top 50 Video Game Villains of all-time list by the \"Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition 2013\".\nVideo games.\nBowser's first appearance was in \"Super Mario Bros.\" as the last boss, in the last level. The first seven castles in the game had Bowsers, but they were actually his minions, who were disguised as him. The real Bowser is in the eighth castle, the last one.\nBowser's kids, called the Koopalings, were bosses in \"Super Mario Bros. 3\", \"Super Mario World\", \"New Super Mario Bros. Wii\", \"New Super Mario Bros. 2\", and \"New Super Mario Bros. U\". However, after \"Super Mario World,\" The Koopalings were no longer said to be Bowser's biological kids, since they are now adopted children and Bowser Jr. is now his biological child. In \"Super Mario World\", Bowser appears in a clown car and throws Mecha Koopas.\nWhen Mario moved to the Nintendo 64 with \"Super Mario 64\", Bowser was again the main bad guy. In the remake of this game, Super Mario 64 DS, he is fought as a boss three times.\nHe also appears in the Disney movie \"Wreck-It Ralph\"."}
+{"id": "37358", "revid": "1582584", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37358", "title": "Lars Ulrich", "text": "Lars Ulrich ( ; born 26 December 1963) is a Danish musician and songwriter best known as the drummer and co-founder of the American heavy metal band Metallica. He was born in Denmark, but moved to Los Angeles when he was seventeen.\nLars Ulrich is also known for his part in the removal of a music-sharing computer program called Napster, which he felt to be illegally using and sharing the music he and Metallica made.\nLars Ulrich stars as himself in the 2010 movie \"Get Him to the Greek\" starring Russell Brand. The movie is a spin-off of the 2008 movie Forgetting Sarah Marshall."}
+{"id": "37364", "revid": "1674917", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37364", "title": "Kim Possible", "text": "Kim Possible is a Disney Channel original Emmy Award winner and American cartoon series. The title character is a teenage girl tasked with fighting crime on a regular basis while coping with everyday issues commonly associated with adolescence. Kim is aided by her clumsy best friend and eventual love interest, Ron Stoppable, his pet naked mole rat Rufus, and ten year-old computer genius Wade. Known collectively as Team Possible, Kim and Ron's missions primarily require them to thwart the evil plans of the mad scientist\u2013supervillain duo Dr. Drakken and his sidekick Shego."}
+{"id": "37365", "revid": "10444661", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37365", "title": "Windows Live Messenger", "text": "Windows Live Messenger was an instant messenger that is the most-used in the world. It is made by the Windows Live section of Microsoft. It used to be called \"MSN Messenger\" before MSN was changed into Windows Live. Microsoft announced that they were retiring Windows Live Messenger (except for China) in favor of Skype."}
+{"id": "37366", "revid": "1377006", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37366", "title": "Great Dane", "text": "The Great Dane is a large breed of dog. They are about or taller at the shoulder. Great Danes can have coats of a fawn color, black, Harlequin (a combination of black and white spots), blue, brindle, or mantle. The females are usually smaller and weight on an average of . Males are slightly larger. \nExercise.\nThey need to be walked daily to maintain good health."}
+{"id": "37369", "revid": "10476475", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37369", "title": "Linkin Park", "text": "Linkin Park is an American nu metal band from Agoura Hills, California. They started making music in 1996. The band became a household with their first album, \"Hybrid Theory\", which was given a diamond certification by the RIAA for selling more than 10 million copies. It got multi-platinum certifications in many other countries. Their second album, \"Meteora\", made the band even more popular. It reached number one on the \"Billboard\" 200 album chart in 2003. It was promoted with concerts and giving for charities around the world. In 2003, MTV2 called Linkin Park the sixth greatest band of the music video time and the third best band of the new millennium, only beaten by Oasis and Coldplay. \"Billboard\" ranked Linkin Park #19 on the Best Artists of the Decade (Past 10 Years) chart.\nThe band used the genres nu metal and rap metal to make it suitable for radio yet heavy in layers in \"Hybrid Theory\" and \"Meteora\". The band used other types of music in their next studio album \"Minutes to Midnight\", which was released in 2007. The album also reached number one at the \"Billboard\" and had the third best beginning at number one of any album that year. The band also worked with other artists and bands. The most famous would be rapper Jay-Z in their mash-up (mixing more than one song together) extended play \"Collision Course\" and many other people on their remix album \"Reanimation\". The band's album, \"A Thousand Suns\", was released on 2010. They further changed their sound again. Linkin Park have sold more than 50 million albums and have won two Grammys.\nBand History.\nStarts as \"Xero\" and \"Hybrid Theory EP\" (1996\u20131999).\nThe band was first made up of three friends from high school, Mike Shinoda, Brad Delson and Rob Bourdon. After high school, they started to get serious in music and added DJ Joe Hahn, bass player Dave \"Phoenix\" Farrell and singer Mark Wakefield to their band. They were named \"Xero\". Even though they have few materials, the band started recording and making songs in Shinoda's studio in his bedroom in 1996. The band started feeling uncomfortable and angry with each other after they were not able to get a contract from a major music company. Because they did not become successful, Wakefield quit so he could look for other music projects. Farrell also quit so he could perform in concerts with many bands including his old band, Tasty Snax.\nAfter a long time without a lead singer, Xero added an Arizonan singer named Chester Bennington. Jeff Blue, the vice-president of Zomba Music in March 1999, insisted them to get Bennington. Bennington, who used to be in a post-grunge band called Grey Daze, became the most wanted among the people who wanted to be in Xero because of the strength in his voice. The band then soon changed their name from Xero to \"Hybrid Theory\" in 1999 and released their EP the same year. Since Shinoda and Bennington sound good together, it helped restart the band into making new music. The band restarting also led to the band changing its name again to \"Linkin Park\" in 2000, a tribute to Santa Monica's Lincoln Park. Even with this, they still could not get a music contract. After many record labels (music companies) rejected them, they asked Jeff Blue, now vice-president of Warner Bros. Records, to help. After not being able to sign with Warner Bros. three times, Blue helped the band finally get a contract with Warner Bros. in 1999.\n\"Hybrid Theory LP\" and \"Reanimation\" (2000\u20132002).\nLinkin Park released \"Hybrid Theory\" on October 24, 2000. It was the result of over four years of work. It was edited by Don Gilmore. \"Hybrid Theory\" was very successful in sales. It sold 4.8 million copies in the first year, and had the most sales of any album in 2001. The singles of the album are \"One Step Closer\", \"Crawling\", \"Papercut\" \"In the End\". It made them always appear on many alternative rock radios during 2001.\nOther songs from the album were included in movies like \"Dracula 2000\", \"Little Nicky\", and \"Valentine\". Linkin Park also worked with The X-Ecutioners for the song \"It's Goin' Down\". \"Hybrid Theory\" led them to win a Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance for the song \"Crawling\". They were also nominated for two other Grammy Awards: Best New Artist and Best Rock Album. MTV gave the band the awards of Best Rock Video and Best Direction for \"In the End\". Because of the band's Grammy win, the success of \"Hybrid Theory\" made them famous in the mainstream.\nAt this time, Linkin Park had many invitations for them to perform on many famous concerts and tours like Ozzfest, Family Values Tour and KROQ Almost Acoustic Christmas. The band also made their own tour called \"Projekt Revolution\". It included others bands and singers like Cypress Hill, Adema, and Snoop Dogg. In one year, they performed at 320 concerts. The band's memorable moments and performance were shown in their first DVD, \"Frat Party at the Pankake Festival\". It was released in November 2001. Farrell then rejoined Linkin Park. They then began working on \"Reanimation\", an album that had remixes of songs from \"Hybrid Theory\" and their first EP. It was released on July 30, 2002. It has appearances by Black Thought, Jonathan Davis, Aaron Lewis and many other singers and rappers. It became very successful. It started at #2 at the \"Billboard\" 200 albums chart. It sold almost 270,000 copies during its first week. The album has only one single, \"Pts.OF.Athrty\", a remix of the \"Hybrid Theory\" song \"Points of Authority\". \"Hybrid Theory\" is also in the RIAA's \"Top 100 Albums\".\n\"Meteora\" (2002\u20132004).\nAfter \"Hybrid Theory\" and \"Reanimation\" became very successful, Linkin Park spent a lot of time performing concerts around the United States. The band started working on new music, even with a very busy schedule. They used a short part of their free time in the studio in their tour bus. The band announced that they were making their new album in April 2002, it was initially planned to release between October and December (Q4) of that year but got delayed. They also said that the title was inspired by Meteora, a rocky place in Greece. Meteora has many places of worship have been built on top of the rocks. \"Meteora\" shows the band mixing their nu metal and punk rap styles with new special effects. Some of them include a shakuhachi (a Japanese flute made of bamboo) and many other instruments. On March 25, 2003, they released \"Meteora\" and instantly became popular around the world. It reached their first #1 in the US and UK and #2 in Australia.\n\"Meteora\" sold 800,000 albums in its first week. It ranked as the best selling album on the Billboard charts at that time. The album's singles are \"Somewhere I Belong\", \"Faint\", \"Numb\", \"From the Inside\", \"Lying from You\" and \"Breaking the Habit\". Most of them always appeared in many radio stations. By October 2003, it had sold almost 3 million copies.\nBecause the album was a success, the band formed yet another Projekt Revolution tour. It featured other bands and artists including Mudvayne, Blindside and Xzibit. Metallica also invited Linkin Park to play at the Summer Sanitarium Tour 2003. It included very famous bands such as Limp Bizkit, Mudvayne and Deftones. The band released their first live album and third DVD, \"Live in Texas\", in November 18, 2003. It includes audio and video tracks of some of the band's concerts in Texas during their tour. In early 2004, Linkin Park started a tour around the world called \"Meteora World Tour\". Bands that were opening concerts on the tour included Hoobastank, P.O.D., Story of the Year and Pia.\nThe band had many awards and honors because of \"Meteora\". The band won the MTV awards for Best Rock Video for \"Somewhere I Belong\" and the Viewer's Choice Award for \"Breaking the Habit\". Linkin Park also won many awards during the 2004 Radio Music Awards. They won the Artist of the Year and Song of the Year (\"Numb\") awards. Even though Meteora was not as popular as \"Hybrid Theory\", it was the third best selling album in America during 2003. The band toured in early 2004 around the world. They performed in their third Projekt Revolution tour and many European tours.\nThe song, Breaking the Habit will be used in the Upcoming Canadian Anime television series, GoCards! as the theme song.\n\"Collision Course\" and side projects (2004\u20132006).\nAfter \"Meteora\" was successful, the band did not work on another album for over three years. Instead, they kept on performing at concerts and created side projects. Chester Bennington appeared on \"State of the Art\" by DJ Lethal. He also created a new band called Dead by Sunrise, with the band members of Julien K. Mike Shinoda also worked with Depeche Mode. In 2004, the band started making a remix album with Jay-Z called \"Collision Course\". The album, which included mash-ups of both Linkin Park and Jay-Z songs, was released in November 2004. The album's only single is \"Numb/Encore\", which was successful. Shinoda also created a new hip hop side project Fort Minor. With the help of Jay-Z, Fort Minor released its first album, \"The Rising Tied\", to very positive reviews. At the same time, the band was arguing with their record label, Warner Bros. Records. They were arguing because of many trust and money matters. After many months, the band finally made a deal with them in December 2005.\nThe band also did a lot of charity. They raised money to help victims and survivors of Hurricane Charley in 2004 and later Hurricane Katrina in 2005. The band donated $75,000 to the Special Operations Warrior Foundation in March 2004. They also helped efforts for the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami victims by performing in many charity concerts and starting their own charity, Music for Relief. Their most famous charity concert was Live 8, a number of concerts for charity for awareness worldwide. They performed with Jay-Z on Live 8's stage in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, with an audience around the world. The band would later be reunited with Jay-Z at the 2006 Grammy Awards. Linkin Park and Jay-Z performed \"Numb/Encore\" with Paul McCartney who added lyrics from the song \"Yesterday\". \"Numb/Encore\" won the Best Rap/Sung Collaboration award. They would later perform at the 2006 Summer Sonic music festival, which was hosted by Metallica in Japan.\n\"Minutes to Midnight\" (2006-2008).\nIn 2006, Linkin Park returned to the recording studio and began writing new songs. They chose producer Rick Rubin to help in the new album. Even when they said that the album will be released in 2006, the album was pushed to 2007 after realizing that they could not finish it in time. The band had recorded thirty to fifty songs in August 2006. Shinoda said the album was halfway done. Bennington also said that the new album will no longer show their famous nu metal sound. Warner Bros. then officially announced new album's title, \"Minutes to Midnight\". It was released in May 15, 2007 in the United States. After 14 months of working on the album, they wanted to make the album better by taking five songs out from the original seventeen tracks. The album's title was a reference to Doomsday Clock. The title also suggested the album's lyrics and topics. The album sold more than 625,000 in its first week. It is one of the most successful starts for an album in recent years. The album also went to #1 on the Billboard Charts.\nThe album's first single, \"What I've Done\", was released on April 2, 2007. The music video premiered on MTV and Fuse at the same week. The single was loved by listeners, becoming #1 on \"Billboard\"'s Modern Rock Tracks and Mainstream Rock Tracks charts. The song is also in the soundtrack for the 2007 movie \"Transformers\". Shinoda was also in on the Styles of Beyond song \"Second to None\" which was also included in the movie. Later in the year, the band won the \"Favorite Alternative Artist\" in the American Music Awards. The albums's other singles are \"Bleed It Out\", \"Shadow of the Day\", \"Given Up\" and \"Leave Out All the Rest\". They were released from 2007 to 2008, and were successful. The band also made a single with Busta Rhymes called \"We Made It\", which was released on April 29, 2008.\nThe band's concerts included a performance at Live Earth Japan on July 7, 2007. and at Download Festival in Donington Park, England and Edgefest in Downsview Park, Toronto, Canada. The band finished their fourth Projekt Revolution tour. After that, they performed concerts at many arenas around the UK, including Nottingham, Sheffield and Manchester. They performed for two nights at the O2 arena in London. Bennington also said that the band will make a new album after \"Minutes to Midnight\". However, he said that the band will first perform in the United States so they can have ideas for the next album. He told \"Rolling Stone\" that the band already started writing for the album. Shinoda also said that the album will be released in the last part of 2009. Shinoda also announced a live CD/DVD called \"\", which was released November 24, 2008. It was recorded from their Projekt Revolution concert at the Milton Keynes Bowl on June 29, 2008. The band also released \"Songs From the Underground\", a compilation of previously unreleased songs.\n\"A Thousand Suns\" (2008\u20132011).\nIn May 2009, the band said that they were working on a fourth studio album. They planned it to be released on 2010. Shinoda told IGN that the new album would be 'genre-busting.' They were taking themes and sounds from \"Minutes to Midnight\" He also mentioned that the album would have more experiments and advanced than their other albums. Bennington also confirmed that Rick Rubin will return as a producer of the new album.\nWhile working on the new album, Linkin Park worked with famous movie music composer Hans Zimmer to make the music for the movie \"\". The band released a new single for the movie called \"New Divide\". Hahn directed the song's music video. It has scenes from the movie. In June 2009, the band performed at Westwood Village after the first showing of the movie. After finishing work on the movie, the band returned to the studio to finish their album. In late 2009, Bennington's band Dead by Sunrise finally released their album \"Out of Ashes\".\nOn January 19, 2010, the band released a new song entitled \"Not Alone\". It was part of a compilation from Music for Relief called \"Download to Donate for Haiti\". The compilation was to help the people hurt in the 2010 Haiti earthquake. On February 10, 2010, the band released the official music video for the song. On April 26, the band released a game for the iPhone, iPod Touch, and iPad, a game called \"8-Bit Rebellion!\" In the game, the band members are characters that can be played. After beating the game, a new song called \"Blackbirds\" will be unlocked. The song was also later released as an iTunes bonus track on their new album.\nThe band later revealed their new album's title is \"A Thousand Suns\". It was released on September 14. The album's first single was \"The Catalyst\", released on August 2. The band performed at many concerts so that it can have attention. They started in Los Angeles on September 7. The band also used MySpace to get attention for their album. They released two songs called \"Waiting for the End\" and \"Blackout\" on September 8. They also made a \"making of\" of the album, entitled \"Meeting of A Thousand Suns\". It was also shown in their MySpace page. It was included in the album's deluxe edition. On August 31, it was told that the band would perform the song live for the first time live at the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards on September 12, 2010. They performed the song at the Griffith Observatory. It was a famous place used in many movies. The album reached #1 on the \"Billboard\" 200 chart. The album's other singles were \"Waiting for the End\", \"Burning in the Skies\" and \"Iridescent\". On April 13, 2011, Shinoda said that \"Iridescent\" is part of the soundtrack of the movie \"\". This continued Linkin Park songs being the theme songs of the \"Transformers\" movies (after \"What I've Done\" and \"New Divide\").\nThe band did more charity work. On January 11, 2011, they started the new version of \"Download to Donate for Haiti\". It was called \"Download to Donate for Haiti V2.0\", with more songs to download. For the new compilation, the band released a remix of \"The Catalyst\" by Keaton Hashimoto from the \"Linkin Park featuring YOU\" contest. Shinoda designed two T-shirts, so that the money earned will help the victims of the 2011 T\u014dhoku earthquake and tsunami disasters. Music For Relief also released \"Download to Donate: Tsunami Relief Japan\", another compilation of songs. The money earned went to Save the Children to help the victims.\nThe album helped the band reach many year-end positions. Linkin Park reached No.8 in \"Billboard\" Social 50, a chart of artists that use many social networking sites. In other \"Billboard\" Year-End charts, the band reached No.92 in the \"Top Artists\" chart, as well as \"A Thousand Suns\" reaching No.53 in the Year-End chart of the \"Billboard\" Top 200 albums and No.7 in the 2010 Year-End Rock Albums, and \"The Catalyst\" reaching No.40 in the Year-End Rock Songs chart. The band charted in many \"Billboard\" Year-End charts in 2011. The band was No.39 in the Top Artists Chart, No.84 in the \"Billboard\" 200 Artists chart, No.11 in the Social 50 Chart, No.6 in the Top Rock Artists Chart, No.9 in the Rock Songs Artists Chart, No.16 in the Rock Albums Chart, No.4 in the Hard Rock Albums Chart, and No.7 in the Alternative Songs Chart.\n\"Living Things\" (2012-2014).\nIn 2012, The band released \"Living Things\", which saw an exploration into a more electronica based sound. From this album came the songs \"Castle of Glass\", which was used in the 2012 videogame \"Medal of Honor: Warfighter\", \"Roads Untraveled\", which was used in the 2014 film \"Need For Speed\", and \"Powerless\", which was used in the 2012 film \"Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter.\"\nLike the last album, this one explored a lot of different sounds. Some fans loved it, and others disliked it. The album itself sold over 2.5 Million copies as of 2013. It quickly rose to No. 1 in the Billboard Top 200 Chart. An extremely successful album for the band, they went on to tour for the next few years.\n\"The Hunting Party\" (2014-2017).\nIn 2014, the band once again decided to change their style for the new album. Mike Shinoda stated that he wished to create a more traditional Rock sound after listening to the radio one day. The band decided to make the music that \"they\" wanted to hear. The album was explosive, loud and possibly the heaviest they had been yet.\nThey decided not to have Rick Rubin produce this album, for the first time in 3 consecutive albums. It features guest appearances by Page Hamilton of the band \"Helmet\", rapper Rakim, Daron Malakian of the band \"System of a Down\", and Tom Morello of the band \"Rage Against the Machine\".\nThe album produced five singles; \"Guilty All the Same\", \"Until It's Gone\", \"Wastelands\", \"Rebellion\", and \"Final Masquerade\".\nIt was well received by critics and fans alike, and reached No. 3 on Billboard 200.\n\"One More Light\" and Chester Bennington's death (2015\u20142017).\nIn early 2017, the band released the new single from their latest album, called \"Heavy\", featuring new artist Kiiara.\nFans immediately reacted with polarised responses. Some loved the new direction taken by the band, which can be described as \"Poppy\", whereas others disliked it, calling Linkin Park \"Sellouts\". The Official Lyrics video got some of the highest dislikes of any Linkin Park video on YouTube. Frustrated with the response from fans, Chester Bennington became angry on several occasions, though publicly apologized later on, saying that he understands the fans' perspective, is grateful to all of their fans, and that he should rethink his own perspective.\nDespite the polarizing response from critics and fans alike, the album became extremely successful. Like before, it reached No. 1 on Billboard 200, and was certified gold in several countries.\nThe album features Kiiara, Pusha T, and Stormzy as special guest artists.\nAfter touring \"The Hunting Party\", the band decided to write songs with outside help. They teamed up with several big names in the music industry, with a focus on writing lyrics before music, something they had not really experimented with before. They said that they wanted to attempt to do away with any notion of genre.\nWhen strangely ridiculed about the lack of guitar and drums on the album, based purely on their first release of \"Heavy\", Brad Delson responded by saying that actually, there is a lot of guitar in the album. He then went on to list the songs \"Sharp Edges\", \"Invisible\" and \"Sorry For Now\" as having lots of layers of different guitars each.\nThe album produced several singles; \"Heavy\", \"Talking to Myself\" and \"One More Light\", the song for which the album is named. This is the first time that Linkin Park have named an album after a song.\nMike Shinoda described the album as \"risky\". The band had been following a traditionally rock oriented sound, and this marked a big change from that style.\nInstead of focusing on anger, betrayal or other negative emotions, as they had been known for in the past, many of the songs focus on family, friends, and emotions. For instance, the songs \"Invisible\" and \"Sorry For Now\" both focus on the band member's children, and the title song \"One More Light\" is about remembering, and caring about someone after they have died.\nChester Bennington's close friend and musician Chris Cornell committed suicide by hanging. When Chester heard the news, it made him extremely upset, as the pair had known each other for years. Cornell had performed on stage with Bennington in the past, and was even the godfather of some of his children.\nThe loss of his friend affected him and the band so much that they decided to perform the song \"One More Light\" in his memory at the \"Jimmy Kimmel Live!\" Show in Los Angeles, rather than perform a more commercially viable song from the album. It was a fitting song for them at that time because of its themes of dealing with the loss of a friend or loved one. After his death, Bennington said \"I can't imagine a world without you in it\" about Cornell.\nChester began to talk more openly about some of his struggles. He had previously revealed that he was a victim of child abuse and rape, but also talked about his mental issues, as well as his battles with drugs and alcohol. He described his depression and anxiety in several talk shows, and stated that he sometimes feels very upset with himself.\nAt Cornell's funeral, Chester sang Leonard Cohen's \"Hallelujah\".\nMidway through the \"One More Light Tour\", On July 20th 2017, Linkin Park released a music video for \"Talking to Myself\" on YouTube. They were unaware that the same morning, Chester Bennington had died in his home in Los Angeles at the age of 41. News reports surfaced across the internet, and fans began to panic.\nOn Twitter, Mike Shinoda posted:\"Shocked and heartbroken, but it's true. An official statement will come out as soon as we have one\".His death was ruled as a suicide by hanging. A half-empty bottle of alcohol was found at the scene, but no other drugs were found. His housekeeper discovered his body around 9:00\u00a0a.m. PDT.\nThe band, friends, family and fans all paid tribute to Chester. A trending Twitter hashtag surfaced, \"#RIPChester\", which was used several million times, and simply listening to Linkin Park songs, fans managed to populate, and even completely fill charts with many classic Linkin Park songs, even some from \"Meteora\" and \"Hybrid Theory\", which at the time were over 13 years old. Remembrance events were held by fans, who attended in their thousands, paying tribute to the late artist by singing songs, lighting candles and creating memorials to Chester.\nHis funeral was held on July 29th, at South Botanic Garden in Palos Verdes, California. Many musical tributes were held in his memory, and he was buried there.\nOn September 18th 2017, Linkin Park released the music video for the song \"One More Light\", dedicated to Chester. The song has gained nearly 1 million likes on YouTube, and has had 27 million views.\nReformation and new singer (2024\u2014present).\nOn a September 5, 2024 livestream, the band announced that they would be reforming and that Emily Armstrong would be their new singer. There was some controversy over this because of Armstrong's support of Danny Masterson during his sexual assault trial and her association with the Church of Scientology. Armstrong would later state that she condemned Masterson's actions and had not been in contact with his since the trial.\nDuring their livestream, the band also played their new song \"The Emptiness Machine\" and announced their next album \"From Zero\", as well as a six-continent; six date tour."}
+{"id": "37374", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37374", "title": "MST3K", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37375", "revid": "9121758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37375", "title": "0s BC", "text": "The 0s BC, also known as the last decade BC, only had nine years which began in 9 BC and ended in 1 BC. It was the decade before Jesus Christ was born."}
+{"id": "37376", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37376", "title": "168 BC", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37377", "revid": "9186591", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37377", "title": "Bissau", "text": "Bissau is the capital city of Guinea-Bissau. It is also the largest city in the country; around 355,000 people live there. The city is where the Geba river flows into the Atlantic Ocean. \nThe city was built by the Portuguese in 1687. It became the capital of Portuguese Guinea in 1942, and has been the capital since independence was declared, except for a short time in 1973 and 1974 when the capital was at Boe. Bissau is famous for having a carnival every year. \nThe main things that come from here are peanuts, wood, coconut meat, palm oil, and rubber."}
+{"id": "37378", "revid": "10252050", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37378", "title": "1130s", "text": "The 1130s was a decade that began on 1 January 1130, and ended on 31 December 1139. It is distinct from the decade known as the 114th decade which began on January 1, 1131 and ended on December 31, 1140."}
+{"id": "37379", "revid": "10252051", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37379", "title": "1120s", "text": "The 1120s was a decade that began on 1 January 1120, and ended on 31 December 1129. It is distinct from the decade known as the 113th decade which began on January 1, 1121 and ended on December 31, 1130."}
+{"id": "37380", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37380", "title": "1699", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37383", "revid": "1386969", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37383", "title": "Bamberg", "text": "Bamberg (, , ; East Franconian: \"Bamb\u00e4rch\", archaic: \"Babenberg\") is a town in the region of Upper Franconia, Bavaria, and the seat of the district administration Bamberg. \nThe town has about 70,000 inhabitants. Bamberg is an university city and administrative city. Its Lord Mayor is Andreas Starke (SPD). Beside being a modern regional centre, the city also has a cultural and historical side.\nBamberg is a famous town because it has many buildings which are very old. The basic structure of the town remained untouched through the centuries. Unlike most other German towns (such as N\u00fcrnberg), it was little damaged in World War II. Only 4.6% was totally ruined. The town centre is protected as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.\nBamberg is like Rome because it is built on seven hills, each one with a church at the top. The cathedral (Dom) is on the main hill. For hundreds of years the prince-bishops of the cathedral ruled over the land. This continued until the beginning of the 19th century after which they just continued in their religious function as archbishops. \nThe town centre below is built by the banks of the river Regnitz which splits into two parts. The left arm of the river is where the old town centre lies. The right arm is the Main-Danube Canal (Main-Donau-Kanal), which allows big ships to travel from the river Main to the Danube.\nBamberg town centre.\nMany tourists visit the beautiful city of Bamberg. A good place to start is by the statue of Neptune in the pedestrian precinct. The Bambergers call this statue Gabelmann because Neptune is holding his three-pronged fork (\u201cGabel\u201d). \nThe area here is called the Gr\u00fcner Markt (Green Market). This place became centre of the bourgeois settlement which developed around it. Very close by is a big square called Maximiliansplatz. It is very lively here on market days. People eat the traditional sausages which are cooked at the sausage stall, and drink Bamberg beer. There used to be a church at the north-west end, but it was destroyed in 1806 at the time when the archbishops lost their political power. The patronage of St. Martin was taken over by the former Jesuit church which was built by the architect Georg Dientzenhofer until 1693, situated at the Green Market.\nThe names of nearby streets tell a lot about the town history. There is the Fischstrasse (Fish Street) where fishermen used to live. This leads down to the left arm of the river Regnitz where one can see the place where the boats used to stop to load and unload their goods. There is an old slaughterhouse. The Old Canal (Alter Kanal) runs along the east side of town, making a large island on which there are some very old buildings. The oldest buildings, dating from the 16th century, were built by tanners who became quite rich through their trade of making leather.\nBamberg\u2019s Old Town Hall was built in the middle of the river Regnitz. It is not on the island, but it is was built by the people who drove huge beams of wood into the riverbed. Their town hall therefore stood between the south-west bank where the bishops ruled and the north-east bank where the ordinary tradespeople lived. \nThe Old Town Hall is the most-often photographed building of Bamberg. There are two bridges here for pedestrians: the Upper and Lower Bridge. The ancient Lower Bridge passes through the archway of the town hall. On one side there are beautiful Baroque paintings. On the other side one can still see the medieval black-and-white walls. This side was also plastered over with paintings in the Baroque times, but when a bridge nearby was blown up in World War II the plaster fell off, so it is now kept with the original medieval walls showing.\nUp a steep climb on a cobbled street is the Cathedral Square (Domplatz). All the buildings around the square are made from the local sandstone, although they date from different periods. Bamberg Cathedral (called Kaiserdom i.e. Emperor Cathedral) shows Romanesque and Gothic architecture. \nEveryone should have seen the world-famed Rider or Bamberg horseman inside and many other medieval sandstone figures as well. The Ratsstube is built in the Renaissance style. The Alte Hofhaltung is medieval. It is a 15th century courtyard with a long row of two-storey buildings with a wooden gallery. Across the street from there is the New Residence (Neue Residenz) which is a Baroque palace. A walk through here leads into the famous Rose Garden (Rosengarten). From here one can see Abbey Church of St Michael at the very top of the hill. Just below, going back towards the river, is the Sandstrasse famous for its pubs and night life.\nCulture.\nBamberg is home to the world-famous Bamberger Symphoniker who perform in a new concert hall a short distance from the town centre. There are also many other music groups, including the Musica Canterey Bamberg who perform old music in some of the historical buildings. \nThe 19th century German writer E.T.A.Hoffmann lived in Bamberg. There is a new theatre in the town centre which is named after him.\nThere is also an important library, the Bamberg State Library.\nTraffic.\nBamberg has a railway station from where one can travel to other large towns such as W\u00fcrzburg, Munich, Nuremberg, Leipzig, Berlin and Hamburg as well as to other towns in eastern Upper Franconia such as Forchheim, Lichtenfels, Coburg, and Kronach.\nBamberg is served by Bamberg-Breitenau Airfield. At \"Flugplatz Bamberg-Breitenau\" are operating mostly public aircraft, although it is classificated as a military airport (IATA-Code: ZCD, ICAO-Code: ETEJ). \nIt is also possible to charter public flights to and from this airport. \nMost international tourists who travel by plane arrive at Frankfurt International Airport or Munich Airport. The nearest bigger airport is Nuremberg Airport which can be reached within half an hour by car or one hour by train.\nBamberg has a problem with road traffic because, although there is a bypass, it cannot go all the way round the town because of the hills. Traffic is not allowed in many streets in the town centre. There is no parking allowed in the beautiful Domplatz except on Sundays.\nBecause Bamberg is on a river, transport by boat has always been important. The Rhine-Main-Danube Canal begins near Bamberg. It was completed in 1992 and makes it possible for boats to travel from the North Sea to the Black Sea.\nIn the town itself many people travel by bus. There is also a Park-and-Ride system.\nEducation.\nThere is a University in Bamberg. About 9000 students study there. The university is spread over lots of buildings in the town centre. It is a good way to make use of many of the large, historical buildings.\nThere are good schools in Bamberg including 8 Gymnasien. Pupils often choose which one to go to according to the subjects they are good at, because each school is strong in a particular area: science, music, language etc.\nBreweries.\nBamberg is famous for its beer. There are ten breweries in the town, of which the most famous is Schlenkerla which makes smoked beer (Rauchbier).\nThe ten breweries are:"}
+{"id": "37396", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37396", "title": "Diving", "text": "Diving is a form of movement downwards, either from air to ground or to water. Diving is also a sport. Diving is often done from a springboard or an elevated platform. \nUnderwater diving includes scuba diving. Scuba diving, however, is typically not considered a sport. Dives used for scuba diving are relatively simplistic. An example of this is a giant stride entry, also known as a stride dive.\nDiving in water.\nThere are six different types of dives, and four different body positions that a person can use when diving. \nTypes of dives.\nThere are six different types of dives. Four of the types depend on whether the diver is facing towards the water or away from the water, and if they rotate towards or away from the water. The other two dives can be a part of the first four. For example, a diver can do a \"inward twisting\" or a \"forward armstand\" dive. The basic types of dives are:\nBody positions.\nThe four different body positions are tuck, pike, straight and free. \nDive Numbers.\nDives are put into categories, based on the Direction the dive is in, and what Position it is in.\nEvery Half flip the number on the end goes up by one\nFor example: *Front dive Tuck is a 101c"}
+{"id": "37397", "revid": "3164", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37397", "title": "Gaba Ma Kyae", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37402", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37402", "title": "K.I.S.S.", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37404", "revid": "1122370", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37404", "title": "Celle", "text": "Celle () is a town and capital of the district of Celle, in Lower Saxony, Germany. The town is on the banks of the river Aller, a tributary of the Weser.\nGeography.\nThe town of Celle is in the glacial valley of the Aller, about northeast of Hanover, northwest of Brunswick and south of Hamburg. With 71,000 inhabitants it is, next to L\u00fcneburg, the largest Lower Saxon town between Hanover and Hamburg.\nExpansion.\nThe town covers an area of . Flowing from the northeast, the Lachte discharges into the Aller within the town's borders, as does the Fuhse flowing from the southeast. The Aller heads westwards towards Verden an der Aller where it joins the Weser.\nSubdivisions.\nThe town of Celle has the following 17 boroughs or \"Stadtteile\", some of which were previously independent villages (population as at 1 January 2005): Altencelle (4,998), Altenhagen (922), Blumlage/Altstadt (8,526), Bostel (455), Boye (832), Gar\u00dfen (2,978), Gro\u00df Hehlen (2,773), Hehlentor (7,974), Hustedt (736), Klein Hehlen (5,782), Lachtehausen (639), Neuenh\u00e4usen (8,082), Neustadt/Heese (10,887), Scheuen (1,165), Vorwerk (2,842), Westercelle (7,183) and Wietzenbruch (4,805).\nTwin towns \u2013 sister cities.\nCelle is twinned with:"}
+{"id": "37405", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37405", "title": "Aurich", "text": "Aurich (; East Frisian Low Saxon: \"Auerk\", West Frisian: \"Auwerk\", ) is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is the capital of the district of Aurich and is the second largest City in East Frisia, both in population, after Emden, and in area, after Wittmund.\nTwin towns \u2013 sister cities.\nAurich is twinned with:"}
+{"id": "37407", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37407", "title": "Cloppenburg", "text": "Cloppenburg () is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany, capital of Cloppenburg District and part of Oldenburg M\u00fcnsterland. It is 38\u00a0km south-south-west of Oldenburg in the Weser-Ems region between Bremen and the Dutch border.\nTwin town.\nCloppenburg is twinned with:"}
+{"id": "37425", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37425", "title": "Pulsar", "text": "Pulsars are neutron stars which spin rapidly and produce huge electromagnetic radiation along a narrow beam. Neutron stars are very dense, and have short, regular spins. This produces a very precise interval between pulses that range from roughly milliseconds to seconds for an individual pulsar. The pulse can only be seen if the Earth is close enough to the direction of the beam. Similar to how you can only see a lighthouse when the beam is shining at your direction.\nThe pulses match the star's turns. The spinning causes a lighthouse effect, as the radiation is only seen at short intervals. Werner Becker of the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics recently said,\nDiscovery.\nThe first pulsar was discovered in 1967. It was discovered by Jocelyn Bell Burnell and Antony Hewish. They worked at the University of Cambridge. The observed emission had pulses separated by 1.33 seconds. The pulses all came from the same place in the sky. The source kept to sidereal time. At first, they did not understand why pulsars have a regular change in the strength of radiation. The word \"pulsar\" is short for \"pulsating star\".\nThis original pulsar, now called CP 1919, produces radio wavelengths, but pulsars have later been found to produce radiation in the X-ray and/or gamma ray wavelengths.\nNobel prizes.\nIn 1974, Antony Hewish became the first astronomer to be awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics. Controversy occurred because he was awarded the prize while Bell was not. She had made the initial discovery while she was his Ph.D. student. Bell claims no bitterness upon this point, supporting the decision of the Nobel prize committee. \"Some people call it the No-Bell prize because they feel so strongly that Jocelyn Bell Burnell should have shared in the award\".\nIn 1974, Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. and Russell Hulse discovered for the first time a pulsar in a binary system. This pulsar orbits another neutron star with an orbital period of just eight hours. Einstein's theory of general relativity predicts that this system should emit strong gravitational radiation, causing the orbit to continually contract as it loses orbital energy. Observations of the pulsar soon confirmed this prediction, providing the first ever evidence of the existence of gravitational waves. As of 2010, observations of this pulsar continue to agree with general relativity. In 1993, the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Taylor and Hulse for the discovery of this pulsar.\nKinds of pulsars.\nAstronomers know that there are three different kinds of pulsars:\nAlthough all three kinds of objects are neutron stars, the things that they can be seen to do and the physics that causes this are very different. But there are some things that are similar. For example, X-ray pulsars are probably old rotation-powered pulsars that have already lost most of their energy, and can only be seen again after their binary companions expanded and matter from them started falling onto the neutron star. The process of accretion (matter falling onto the neutron star) can in turn give enough angular momentum energy to the neutron star to change it into a rotation-powered :millisecond pulsar.\nUses.\nPrecise clock\nFor some millisecond pulsars, the regularity of pulsation is more precise than an atomic clock.\nThis stability allows millisecond pulsars to be used in establishing ephemeris time, or building pulsar clocks.\n\"Timing noise\" is the name for rotational irregularities observed in all pulsars. This timing noise is observable as random wandering in the pulse frequency or phase. It is unknown whether timing noise is related to pulsar glitches.\nOther uses.\nThe study of pulsars has resulted in many uses in physics and astronomy. Major examples include the proof of gravitational radiation as forecasted by general relativity and the first proof of exoplanets. In the 1980s, astronomers measured pulsar radiation to prove that the North American and European continents are drifting away from one another. This movement is evidence of plate tectonics."}
+{"id": "37427", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37427", "title": "KotOR II", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37430", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37430", "title": "Julius Caesar (play)", "text": "The Tragedy of Julius Caesar is a play by William Shakespeare. It is about the assassination of Julius Caesar in 44 BC. \nShakespeare based his play on stories in Plutarch's \"Life of Brutus and Life of Caesar\". The play was probably written in 1599. It was first published in 1623 in the First Folio, a collection of all of Shakespeare's plays.\nThe play was probably one of Shakespeare's first plays to be performed at the Globe Theatre. The theatre had just been built. A Swiss traveller saw a tragedy about Julius Caesar at a London theatre on 21 September 1599. This was probably Shakespeare's play.\nThe play has been made into movies three times. In a 1950 movie, Charlton Heston played Mark Antony. In a 1953 movie, James Mason played Brutus and Marlon Brando played Antony. In a 1970 movie, Jason Robards played Brutus, Charlton Heston played Antony again, and John Gielgud played Caesar."}
+{"id": "37432", "revid": "10120766", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37432", "title": "Twisted Sister", "text": "Twisted Sister was an American heavy metal rock band. They were popular in the 1980's with their music videos \"We're Not Gonna Take it\" and \"I Wanna Rock\". Originally a glam rock band influenced by New York Dolls, when Dee Snider came they moved to a heavy metal direction."}
+{"id": "37435", "revid": "10249962", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37435", "title": "1630", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37438", "revid": "1658807", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37438", "title": "Paul Biya", "text": "Paul Biya (born Paul Barth\u00e9lemy Biya'a bi Mvondo; 13 February 1933) is a Cameroonian politician who is the second president of Cameroon since 1982.\nBiya was born in the village of Mvomeka'a in Cameroon. At that time, the country was called French Cameroon. He studied in France, at the Sorbonne and the Institut d'\u00e9tudes politiques de Paris, both in Paris. He graduated in 1961 with a bachelor's degree in public law and a diploma in international relations.\nAfter graduating, Biya returned to Cameroon and worked in the government. In 1975, the President Ahmadou Ahidjo gave the job of Prime Minister to Biya. When President Ahidjo resigned on November 6, 1982, Biya became president of the country. Shortly afterwards, Ahidjo and Biya began feuding, and Ahidjo was forced to leave Cameroon.\nBiya was elected as the President of Cameroon in 1984, 1988, 1992, 1997 and 2004, but other parties only have been allowed to enter the elections since 1992. The results many of these election results have been called fraudulent (achieved through unfair or illegal ways). \nMany international organizations, including Amnesty International, have criticized Biya's government for restricting the freedom of the people of Cameroon. These issues include control of the media (newspapers and radio and television stations) and violations of human rights. Biya's supporters point to the country's stability and high literacy rate.\nBiya is currently the longest-ruling non-royal leader in the world and the oldest ruler in Sub-Saharan Africa after Robert Mugabe stepped down during the 2017 Zimbabwean coup d'\u00e9tat. \nOn July 13, 2025, at the age of 92, he announced his candidacy for the presidential election of October 12, 2025, seeking an 8th term. "}
+{"id": "37448", "revid": "10451800", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37448", "title": "International Olympic Committee", "text": "The International Olympic Committee (IOC; French: \"Comit\u00e9 international olympique,\" CIO) is an organization based in Lausanne, Switzerland, created by Pierre de Coubertin and Demetrios Vikelas on June 23 1894 to reinstate the Ancient Olympic Games held in Greece between 776 BC to 393 AD. Its membership is 203 National Olympic Committee. It is the committee to support and promote participation in sports throughout the world."}
+{"id": "37449", "revid": "9656519", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37449", "title": "Confederation of African Football", "text": "The Confederation of African Football often referred to as just CAF, is the organization that controls African football."}
+{"id": "37450", "revid": "9656518", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37450", "title": "Oceania Football Confederation", "text": "The Oceania Football Confederation, often referred to as just OFC , is the organization that controls Oceania football (soccer).\nNew Zealand is the OFC's biggest federation.\nSince Australia left the OFC in 2006 to join the AFC, the members of the OFC are:"}
+{"id": "37453", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37453", "title": "Civilisation", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37454", "revid": "1068258", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37454", "title": "Ludwigsburg Rural District", "text": "Ludwigsburg is a district in Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg. \nIt is the region Stuttgart in the Stuttgart Government Region. Seat of the district is the former \"w\u00fcrttembergische Residenzstadt\" (Royal W\u00fcrttemberg City) of Ludwigsburg, the largest city of the district."}
+{"id": "37458", "revid": "10252035", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37458", "title": "1260s", "text": "The 1260s is a decade. It started on 1 January 1260 and ended on 31 December 1269. It is distinct from the decade known as the \"127th decade which\" began on January 1, 1261 and ended on December 31, 1270.\nKublai Khan became the supreme leader (a title for their leader) of the Mongol Empire and moved his capital to Beijing. He was at war with the southern Chinese Song Dynasty. The Mongol Empire lost some of its battles. The first time it lost a battle with Kublai Khan as the leader was in Palestine when fighting the Mamluks of Egypt. The Empire also lost in the Caucasus. The Mamluks were led by their new sultan Baibars. The Mamluks were soon were more in control in the Middle East because they took control of a number of crusader states and also stopped the Mongol attacks from happening as much. The Empire of Nicaea took control of Constantinople and also the Latin Empire so it again became the Byzantine Empire.\nIn Europe there was problems in politics. Arguments about who was the owner of what land let to many wars in the continent. In England there was the Second Barons' War. This was a civil war between the aristocracy who did not like how the King named Henry III behaved. This was because the King wanted absolute monarchy. King Otakar II of Bohemia became the most important prince in Europe. He got more land by fighting wars and also when his family died some of their land became his. Iceland and Greenland knew of and recognised the overlordship of Norway but when the Norse invaded Scotland the Scottish were able to stop them and they made peace. In Spain the Reconquista was still happening and several important cities were captured again from the Moors. The way the pope was elected was made better. The parliaments of Ireland and England met for the first time.\nSeveral important cultural achievements were made in the decade. Roger Bacon published important scientific work named \"Opus Majus.\" Also, Thomas Aquinas published \"Summa contra Gentiles\". Important pices of architecture and sculptures were made in cathedrals in Europe. These include the Cathedral of Chartres and Nicola Pisano's pulpits for the Duomo di Siena and Pisa's Baptistery. In religion, the Sukhothai kingdom in Thailand adopted Buddhism as its official religion. In Europe anti-Semitism became worse because several authorities made laws which said that Jewish people must wear yellow badges so people knew who they were. Many Jewish people were killed in England and the Talmud was attacked and censored by the Catholic Church."}
+{"id": "37460", "revid": "36199", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37460", "title": "Dessau", "text": "Dessau is a town and former municipality in Saxony-Anhalt in Germany. The next larger cities are Halle, about 40 km southwest, Leipzig, about 52 km south and Magdeburg, about 54 km northwest. The city became well known for its college of architecture Bauhaus (\"Architecture House\" or \"Building House\" related to the German verb for \"build\") founded by Walter Gropius in Weimar. In July 2007 it was merged with Ro\u00dflau to the new city of Dessau-Ro\u00dflau."}
+{"id": "37465", "revid": "5231", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37465", "title": "Wittenberg", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37468", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37468", "title": "Weissenfels", "text": "Wei\u00dfenfels was the capital city of the old Wei\u00dfenfels Rural District in Saxony-Anhalt, Germany, until the district changes of 2007. The King of Saxony used to live here. It is about southwest of Leipzig.\nPopulation.\nGrowth in number of people over the years:"}
+{"id": "37490", "revid": "1184188", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37490", "title": "Constitution of the United States", "text": "The United States Constitution is the highest law of the United States of America. It was signed on September 17, 1787 by the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Later, it was put into effect, or ratified, by representatives of the people of the first 13 states. When nine of the states ratified the document, they created a union of sovereign states, and a federal government for that union. That government started on March 4, 1789, which took the place of the Articles of Confederation. The Constitution of the United States is a law that is applied only within the United States, not in other countries.\nThe Constitution of the United States is the oldest federal constitution now in use. Of all the countries in the world, only San Marino's constitution is \"in part\" older, from 1600. Some countries also have an \"uncodified\" constitution containing older documents, such as the United Kingdom, and also Saudi Arabia, which claims the Quran\u00a0as its constitution. \nSince 1787, changes have been made to the United States Constitution 27 times by amendments (changes). The first ten of these amendments are together called the Bill of Rights and came into effect in 1791. The most recent, the 27th amendment, came into effect in 1992, although it was proposed already in 1789. Making an amendment is very difficult, and demands a two-thirds majority vote in US Congress and ratification (agreement) by three-fourths of all 50 states. However, the Supreme Court has changed its interpretation of the constitution, which in effect changes what the text means and how it affects other laws, more often than actual amendments. \nArticles of the Constitution.\nWhen it was signed in 1787, the Constitution had a preamble and seven main parts, called articles.\nPreamble.\nThe Preamble states:\nThe Preamble is not a law. It gives the reasons for writing the Constitution. The Preamble is one of the best-known parts of the Constitution. The first three words, \"We the People\", are used very often. The six intentions that are listed are the goals of the Constitution.\nLegislative power.\nArticle One says that the United States Congress (the legislative branch) will make the laws for the United States. Congress has two parts, called \"Houses\": the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate. This Article says who can be elected to each part of Congress, and how they are elected.\nThe House of Representatives has members elected by the people in each State. The number of members from each State depends on how many people live there. Each member of the House of Representatives is elected for two years.\nThe Senate has two members, called the legislators, from each state, no matter how many people live there. Each Senator is elected for six years. The original Constitution allowed the state legislatures to choose the Senators, but this was changed later by the Seventeenth Amendment.\nArticle One also says how the Congress will do its business and what kinds of laws it can make. It lists some kinds of laws the Congress and the states cannot make.\nArticle One also makes rules for Congress to impeach and remove from office the President, Vice President, judges, and other government officers.\nExecutive power.\nArticle Two says that the President, Vice President, and executive offices (the executive branch) will carry out the laws made by Congress. This article says how the President and Vice President are elected, and who can be elected to these offices. The President and Vice President are elected for four years by a special Electoral College chosen by the states. The Vice President takes over as President if the President dies, resigns, or is unable to serve.\nArticle Two also says that the President is the Commander-in-Chief in charge of the United States military. He can make treaties with other countries, but these must be approved by two-thirds of the Senate. He appoints judges, ambassadors, and other officers, but the Senate also must approve these appointments. The President can also veto bills. However, Congress can override the veto and make the bill into a law anyway.\nJudicial power.\nArticle Three says there will be a court system (the judicial branch), which includes the Supreme Court. The Article says that Congress can decide which federal courts, besides the Supreme Court, are needed.\nArticle Three says what kinds of \"cases and controversies\" these courts can decide. It also requires trial by jury in all criminal cases, and defines the crime of treason.\nStates' powers and limits.\nArticle Four is about the states. It says that all states must give \"full faith and credit\" to the laws of the other states. It also says that state governments must treat citizens of other states as fairly as they treat their own citizens, and must send arrested people back if they have been charged with a crime in another state and fled.\nArticle Four also says that Congress can make new states. There were only 13 states in 1787. Now there are 50 United States. It says Congress can make rules for Federal property and can govern territories that have not yet been made into states. Article Four says the United States must make sure that each state has a republican form of government, and protect the states from invasion and violence.\nProcess of amendment.\nArticle Five gives two ways to amend, or change, the Constitution. \nAny change that is written by Congress or by a convention must be sent to the state legislatures or to state conventions for their approval. Congress decides whether to send a change to the legislatures or to conventions. Three-fourths of the states must approve a change for it to become part of the Constitution.\nAn amendment can change any part of the Constitution, except one\u2014no amendment can change the rule that each state has an equal number of Senators in the United States Senate.\nFederal power.\nArticle Six says that the Constitution, and the laws and treaties of the United States, are higher than any other laws. It also says that all federal and state officers must swear to \"support\" the Constitution.\nRatification.\nArticle Seven says that the new government under the Constitution would not start conventions until at least nine states approved the Constitution.\nAmendments.\nSince 1787, Congress has written 33 amendments to change the Constitution, but the states have ratified only 27 of them.\nBill of Rights.\nThe first ten amendments are called the Bill of Rights. They were argued over during the Constitutional Convention of 1787, but it was not until 1791 that they were ratified by two-thirds of the states. These ten additions or changes all limited the power of the federal government. They are:\nLater Amendments.\nAfter the Bill of Rights, there are 17 more changes to the Constitution that were made at different times."}
+{"id": "37492", "revid": "314538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37492", "title": "Spacetime", "text": "Spacetime or space\u2013time is a mathematical model that joins space and time into a single idea called a continuum. This four-dimensional continuum is known as Minkowski space. \nCombining these two ideas helped cosmologists to understand how the universe works on the big level (e.g. galaxies) and small level (e.g. atoms).\nIn non-relativistic classical mechanics, the use of Euclidean space instead of space\u2013time is good, because time is treated as universal with a constant rate of passage which is independent of the state of motion of an observer. \nBut in a relativistic universe, time cannot be separated from the three dimensions of space. This is because the observed rate at which time passes depends on an object's velocity relative to the observer. Also, the strength of any gravitational field slows the passage of time for an object \"as seen by an observer outside the field\".\nFurther aspects.\nWherever matter exists, it bends the geometry of spacetime. This results in a curved shape of spacetime which can be understood as gravity. The white lines on the picture on the right represent the effect of mass on spacetime.\nIn classical mechanics, the use of spacetime is optional, as time is independent of motion in the three dimensions of Euclidean space. However, when a body is moving at speeds close to the speed of light (relativistic speeds), time cannot be separated from the three dimensions of space. Time, from the point of view of a stationary observer, depends on how close to the speed of light the object is moving.\nHistorical origin.\nMany people link spacetime with Albert Einstein, who proposed special relativity in 1905. However, it was Einstein's teacher, Hermann Minkowski, who suggested spacetime, in a 1908 essay. His concept of Minkowski space is the earliest to address space and time as two aspects of a unified whole, which is the essence of special relativity. He hoped this new idea would clarify the theory of special relativity. \nMinkowski spacetime is only accurate at describing constant velocity. It was Einstein, though, who discovered the curvature of spacetime (gravity) in general relativity. In general relativity, Einstein generalized Minkowski spacetime to include the effects of acceleration. Einstein discovered that the curvature in his 4-dimensional spacetime representation was actually the cause of gravity. \nThe 1926 thirteenth edition of the \"Encyclopedia Britannica\" included an article by Einstein titled \"space\u2013time\".\nLiterary background.\nEdgar Allan Poe wrote an essay on cosmology titled \"\" (1848) which said that \"space and duration are one\". This is the first known instance of suggesting space and time to be different perceptions of one thing. Poe arrived at this conclusion after approximately 90 pages of reasoning but employed no mathematics. \nIn 1895, H.G. Wells in his novel, \"The Time Machine\", wrote, \u201cThere is no difference between Time and any of the three dimensions of Space except that our consciousness moves along it\u201d. He added, \u201cScientific people\u2026know very well that Time is only a kind of Space\u201d.\nSpacetime in quantum mechanics.\nIn general relativity, spacetime is thought of as smooth and continuous. However, in the theory of quantum mechanics, spacetime is not always continuous."}
+{"id": "37497", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37497", "title": "Scottish Socialist Party", "text": "The Scottish Socialist Party (SSP; ; ) is a political party which was formed in 1998. It argues for socialism and Scottish independence."}
+{"id": "37500", "revid": "1601409", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37500", "title": "Esztergom", "text": "Esztergom is a city in Hungary, 45 kilometers north of Budapest. 30 928 people live in Esztergom. It is the center of the Roman Catholic Church in Hungary, and the Constitutional court is in the city. There are a lot of rich museums in the city.\nGeography.\nEsztergom is on the right side of the river Danube. There are big islands on the Danube. There are mountains to the east, that surround the city. The city is 100,35 km\u00b2 big.\nHistory.\nThe city was founded in 972 by G\u00e9za of Hungary. It is one of the oldest cities in Hungary. Until 1249 it was the capital of the country. The archbishops built many schools, churches, palaces, and the kings of Hungary built castles. In 1242 the city was attacked and destroyed by mongols, but the castle on the hill was not. After the attack king B\u00e9la IV. moved to Buda, and gave the city to the archbishop. In 1543 the city was taken by the Turks, who built many spas. The Hungarians tried to take back the city many times, so it was destroyed again in the wars. The Turks left Esztergom in 1683. In 1822 Alexander Rudnay, the archbishop started building a big temple called a basilica. It is the biggest temple and the tallest building in the country, and the third biggest temple in Europe."}
+{"id": "37503", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37503", "title": "Public transport", "text": "Public transport (public transportation in the United States) is the transport of passengers. Passengers don't need their own cars or other vehicles. Most public transport lets many people travel at the same time.\nHistory.\nShips have carried passengers since prehistoric times. That is the first kind of public transport. From the 17th century boats carried people along the canals.\nStagecoaches traveled a fixed route between coaching inns. There were buses in Paris in 1662. Around 1826 horsedrawn omnibuses operated in Nantes, France. They started in London in July 1829. Omnibuses were carts with seats for passengers to sit. The first passenger horse-drawn rail vehicle opened in 1806. It ran along the Swansea and Mumbles Railway. From 1825 steam railroads began carrying passengers between towns in England. Ferries (public boats) also became bigger and more numerous then.\nTypes of public transport.\nThe main vehicles for public transport are buses, trolleybuses, trams and trains. Trams were first used in the late 1860s and used to be pulled by horses. Now trams are electric and run on a line of cable. Buses drive on the road, like cars do. Trolleybuses are like buses, but they use electricity from two wires above the road. Trains run on a track and are very fast. Many places use trams and trains as a form of public transport.\nUsing public transport.\nMany people who do not have cars use buses, trolleybuses, trams to go places near their house, and they use trains to go places far away. Long-distance transport is usually by airline or train or other public transport. Local transport is more often private.\nWhen using public transport people may need a ticket or card to be able to get on. A timetable tells them when they come, since they can only go when and where the transport is going.\nPublic transport is good for the environment. When many people use the same vehicle, fewer cars are on the road. Fewer cars make less pollution. Cost is low, because it is very cheap to catch public transport every day, which is why even people who own a car often use public transport.\nModern public transport.\nPublic transportation comes in many forms:\nSloped or vertical.\nSome of these types are often not for use by the general public, e.g. elevators in offices and apartment buildings, buses for personnel or school children, etc.\nStations.\nStations are an important aspect of any public transportation system. Specific types include:\nIn addition one can get on or off a taxi at any road where stopping is allowed. Some fixed-route buses allow getting on and off at suitable unmarked locations along that route, typically called a hail-and-ride section.\nFinancing.\nMoney is needed to build and operate a public transit system. The money comes from ticket revenue, government subsidies and advertisements. If ticket prices are too high, people will not use it. So, most systems charge passengers less than the full cost of building and operating the system. The percentage of total revenue that passengers pay is known as the farebox recovery ratio. Sometimes income comes from land development and rental from stores and vendors, and parking fees. Some subway systems get money from telecommunication companies by leasing tunnels and rights-of-way to carry fiber optic communication lines.\nFare and ticketing.\nFor many public transport systems, passengers must buy a ticket. Tickets may either be bought before the ride, at the time of the ride, or both. Tickets can be paper ticket, metal or plastic tokens, or an electronic card (smart card, contactless smart card). Sometimes, a ticket has to be validated (marking the time of the ticket's use). A paper ticket is stamped when it is validated. An electronic ticket is checked in.\nTickets may be valid for a single (or return) trip, or valid within a certain area for a period of time. The fare (price of the ticket) is based on the travel class, either based on the traveled distance, or on a zone pricing.\nThe tickets may have to be shown or checked automatically at the station platform or when going onto the system, or during the ride by a conductor. Operators may choose to control all passengers, allowing sale of the ticket at the time of ride. Alternatively, a proof-of-payment system allows passengers to enter the vehicles without showing the ticket. Riders may or may not be controlled by a ticket controller. If the rider does not show proof of payment, the operator may fine the rider.\nMulti-use tickets allow a passenger to travel more than once. These include \"return tickets\" where the passenger pay for two trips at one time. It also includes period cards allowing travel within a certain area (for instance month cards), or during a given number of days that can be chosen within a longer period of time (for instance eight days within a month). Some transit systems sell tickets (passes) aimed at tourists that allow free or discounted entry at many tourist attractions, typically include zero-fare public transport within a city. Period tickets may be for a particular journey (in both directions), or for a whole network.\nA free travel pass allows free and unlimited travel within a system. Free passes are sometimes granted to particular social sectors, for example students, old people, children, employees (\"job ticket\") and the physical or mentally disabled. In the United States, an employer can pay for a portion of a travel pass without that payment being taxed. So, transit systems allow employers to pay the system directly and to distribute the passes to employees.\nFree systems.\nFree or Zero-fare public transport services are funded in full by other ways than collecting a fare from passengers. Zero-fare services may be funded by national, regional or local government through taxation or by commercial sponsorship by businesses. They usually use relatively small vehicles such as buses and trams. Several mid-size European cities and many smaller towns around the world have converted their entire bus networks to zero-fare. Local zero-fare shuttles or inner-city loops are far more common than city-wide systems.\nOn 29 February 2020, Luxembourg became the first country in the world to make all public transport in the country (buses, trams, and trains) free to use.\nCultural importance.\nTourist attraction.\nSome rail-based public transport are also tourist attractions and/or well known landmarks in their own right. These include San Francisco's famous cable cars, the Molli steam powered train in Bad Doberan, the kusttram along the whole Flemish coast, the Schwebebahn Wuppertal, the Seattle Monorail, and the Christchurch Tram"}
+{"id": "37505", "revid": "487619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37505", "title": "Edmund Barton", "text": "Sir Edmund Barton (18 January 1849 \u2013 7 January 1920) was the first Prime Minister of Australia. He was born in the suburb of Glebe in 1849 and died from negative aura in the Blue Mountains in 2026.\nHe was elected to the first Australian parliament in 1901 as the member for Hunter. He had a big part in making Australia a nation. His government passed laws stopping non-white people from coming to Australia and allowing women to vote in elections. After he was Prime Minister he became a judge of the High Court.\nPolitical career.\nBarton was chosen as the Speaker of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1883. He served as the speaker until 1887. In 1891, he was a member of the committee writing the Constitution of Australia. In 1900, he led a group of Australians to London to present the country's first Constitution to the British Parliament. Barton was elected as Australia's first Prime Minister on 1 January 1901, when the new constitution went into effect. He also served as the Minister External Affairs (foreign policy and international relations). He resigned on 24 September 1903, and became a senior judge in the new High Court of Australia, and held that position until his death in 1920. "}
+{"id": "37511", "revid": "3441", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37511", "title": "Liberal Party Australia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37512", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37512", "title": "Crofton, British Columbia", "text": "Crofton is a town on Vancouver Island, in British Columbia, Canada. It is a small town with only 2,500 people living in it. Crofton lies alongside the water. A miner named Henry Croft founded the town in 1902 so he could do better mining on the mountains around Crofton. But soon after, the mining stopped. In 1956, a mill that makes paper was built in Crofton. Today, that mill has over 1,000 workers. Because Crofton is on the water, it has a ferry that takes people to Salt Spring Island, which is nearby."}
+{"id": "37513", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37513", "title": "Zabno", "text": "Zabno (Polish: \u017babno) is a town in Poland. 4,275 people live there. Zabno is near a bigger city, Tarnow."}
+{"id": "37514", "revid": "201721", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37514", "title": "\u017babno", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37520", "revid": "17988", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37520", "title": "Western Australia", "text": "Western Australia is one of the eight states and territories of Australia. It is the largest state in Australia, with about 33% of the land area of the mainland. It has a population of nearly three million people. Over 90% live in the south-west. Its capital city is Perth. \nWA is the second-largest country sub-division in the world, only exceeded by the Russian Sakha Republic. Western Australia federated with the other British colonies in Australia in 1901.\nToday, Western Australia's economy is mainly mining, oil and gas, services and construction. The state produces 46% of Australia's exports. Western Australia is the largest iron ore producer in the world. Basically, the mountains in W.A. are made of iron ore which precipitated out of the ocean over three billion years ago when oxygen entered the atmosphere in large amounts.\nGeography.\nMost of Western Australia (WA) is made of very ancient rocks from the Proterozoic era. These rocks include a great deal of iron ore, which is exported to Japan and elsewhere. Other metals such as nickel, copper, lithium and gold are also found in the area. The area was connected to India and Africa in the Neoproterozoic era, and stayed connected until the break-up of Gondwana about 150 to 50 million years ago (mya).\nUnfortunately, the soils have low amounts of phosphorus and nitrogen, and so are not very fertile.\nHistory.\nBefore 1900.\nIn 1827, a captain in the British Navy, James Stirling, sailed up the Swan River and liked what he saw. He told the British government, and in 1829, Britain sent settlers to Western Australia. On June 18, 1829, the new Governor James Stirling claimed all the land of Australia that was not already included in New South Wales as the new colony of Western Australia. In 1868, Britain stopped sending convicts.\nFederation.\nUntil 1901, Australia did not exist it was six separate colonies governed by Britain. This worked well when everybody was British and there were only a few people. But now there were thousands of people and many of them had never been to Britain, an eight-month journey away by sea.\nThey decided to join to form one new country, the Commonwealth of Australia. This was called Federation, and happened in 1901. Western Australia did not want to join, because the other colonies were thousands of kilometres away. They joined when the other colonies promised to build a railway to Perth.\nSuccession referendum.\nIn 1933, the Western Australian people did not want to be part of Australia any more. The main reason was that Western Australia had to give money to the rest of Australia to pay for national services like the army and education, but they were not seeing the benefits. As well, the Great Depression had happened and many people were homeless and poor all over the world, including Western Australia.\nThe government decided to hold a referendum and ask the people whether they wanted to start their own country, and 68% said yes. However, the rest of Australia and the British Parliament stopped it.\nModern history.\nAfter that, things got back to normal. The Great Depression ended and the Second World War began, and many Western Australians went off to fight. Some of them had to stay here, because in 1942, the Japanese bombed the town of Broome in the far north.\nWhen the war ended, a lot of people from Europe who had lost their homes in the war came to Western Australia, as land was still very cheap. In the 1960s, iron ore was found in the north of the state, which could be made into steel. This discovery made Western Australia very rich, and iron ore still brings in a lot of money.\nPerth grew from being a small town to being a big city in just 30 years. By 1985 it had over a million people and is still getting bigger today. Due to the mining boom in the state, there has been an influx of people from the Eastern states to take advantage of the higher wages in industry."}
+{"id": "37521", "revid": "572554", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37521", "title": "South Australia", "text": "South Australia is one of the six states of Australia. The capital city is Adelaide.\nLocation.\nSouth Australia is in the southern central part of the country. It is one of the driest parts of the continent. South Australia gets very little rain. \nAppearance.\nThe state has a total land area of 984,377 km\u00b2 (380,070 sq mi). It is the fourth largest of Australia's states and territories. In 2006 there were 1,554,397 people living in South Australia.\nHistory.\nSouth Australia was a \"freely-settled\", planned British province. Settlement began on December 28, 1836. This was when the state was \"proclaimed\" at The Old Gum Tree by Governor Hindmarsh. The aim was to create the province as a center of civilization for free immigrants, promising civil liberties and religious tolerance. \nEvents.\nThe state is known for its festivals and fine wine.\nClimate.\nThe highest temperature recorded was 50.7\u00b0C at Oodnadatta on 2 January 1960.\nThe coldest temperature recorded was -8.2\u00b0C at Yongala on 20 July 1976.\nThe highest rainfall recorded was 272.6 mm at Motpena on 14 March 1989."}
+{"id": "37522", "revid": "5317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37522", "title": "Queensland, Australia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37526", "revid": "5005", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37526", "title": "Richard Roper", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37529", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37529", "title": "Richard Roeper", "text": "Richard Roeper (born October 17, 1959 in Chicago, Illinois) is an American movie critic, television personality, journalist, and historian. He starred on the American television program \"At the Movies\" with Roger Ebert from 2000 to 2008 as Gene Siskel's successor. Roeper also writes about movies for an American newspaper, the \"Chicago Sun-Times\"."}
+{"id": "37530", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37530", "title": "US of A", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37531", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37531", "title": "Alfred Deakin", "text": "Alfred William Deakin (3 August 1856 \u2013 7 October 1919) was the second Prime Minister of Australia.\nHe was born in Collingwood, Melbourne, Australia, the second child of William Deakin. In the 1890s he helped Australia become a country. He was Australia's first Attorney-General (head lawyer) when Edmund Barton was Prime Minister and then became Prime Minister after Barton left. He introduced the Bill to start Australia's High Court, began planning for a railway to cross Australia, took over control of New Guinea from Britain, and introduced old age pensions.\nDeakin married Elizabeth Brown on 3 April 1882. They had three children.\nWhen he was old he had Alzheimer's disease which made him forget a lot of things.\nAlfred Deakin died on the 7 October 1919 in South Yarra, Victoria. He was buried at St.Kilda Cemetery."}
+{"id": "37536", "revid": "201859", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37536", "title": "Pumas", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37537", "revid": "201861", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37537", "title": "Puma concolor", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37538", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37538", "title": "Tube sponge", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37539", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37539", "title": "Chris Watson", "text": "John Christian Watson (c. 9 April 1867 - 18 November 1941), known as Chris Waston, was the third Prime Minister of Australia. He was the first Prime Minister from the Labor Party. He was Prime Minister for only four months."}
+{"id": "37540", "revid": "5317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37540", "title": "24 September", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37544", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37544", "title": "Tube sponges", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37557", "revid": "1667609", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37557", "title": "Archie Comics", "text": "Archie Comics is a comic book company in the United States. Its most famous and popular title is \"Archie\". This comic book is about a teenage boy named Archie Andrews and his friends: Betty Cooper, Veronica Lodge, Reggie Mantle, Sabrina Spellman, and Jughead Jones. Every character in this comic book is fictional, and they were created by Bob Montana. All characters were based on people he knew in Haverhill, Massachusetts. Other popular titles by Archie Comics include \"Sabrina the Teenage Witch\", \"Sonic the Hedgehog\", and Josie and the Pussycats. Archie's first appearance was in Pep Comics #22 on December 22, 1941. The first edition was drawn by Montana and written by Vic Bloom.\nArchie lives in a small town named \"Riverdale\", in a state that is not known. However, in the early years of the Archie comics, Riverdale was in Massachusetts. This is known because a character Mr. Lodge was a senator for that state, but this is no longer part of the story. \nCharacters.\nParents (of the main characters).\nOf all the parents, Veronica's father and Archie's parents appear most often."}
+{"id": "37558", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37558", "title": "Zak Starkey", "text": "Zak Starkey (born 13 September 1965) is a British musician. He is the son of Beatles drummer Ringo Starr. Like his father he is also a drummer and has played with bands including The Who and Oasis."}
+{"id": "37559", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37559", "title": "Heroin", "text": "Heroin is a drug. It is also known as Diacetylmorphine or Diamorphine. Heroin was originally a trade name. It is an opioid - a type of drug which acts like morphine in the body. Heroin is called a semi-synthetic opioid. This means it is made from an opiate that occurs in nature. For Heroin, that natural opiate is morphine.\nHeroin is a white or brown powder made from the sap of the poppy plant. It is a painkiller. A painkiller is an analgesic drug. Its effects are like the other drugs that come from the poppy plant sap. In some types of poppy, such as Papaver somniferum, these include opium and morphine.\nPeople smoke or inject heroin to get a calm feeling of relaxation. It is commonly known as \"being high\". The extreme happiness is known as euphoria. Heroin is a very addictive drug. This means that if a person starts taking heroin, they will want to take more and more. In some cases, they will want to continue even when they know it is making them sick and harming them. Heroin is an illegal drug in most countries, unless it is made to treat a medical problems.\nDrugs like cocaine, marijuana, and heroin have been decriminalized in numerous countries. To date, these include somewhere between 25 and 30 countries.\nLegality.\nIt is illegal to make, sell, and use heroin in most countries, unless a doctor has prescribed it to a person to treat a medical problem. Many people smuggle heroin and sell it illegally on the streets to make money.\nEffects.\nSomeone using heroin may overdose (take too much), which can make them very sick or even kill them.\nWhen people take heroin, they get \"high,\" or intoxicated (like being drunk on alcohol). When a person is intoxicated, they can get hurt if they drive a car or other vehicle.\nAnother danger is \"withdrawal,\" which can happen when a person stops using heroin. As with other addictions, withdrawal is a painful, unpleasant process that involves physical and mental symptoms. Withdrawal is most common when people stop using heroin suddenly, or when a person who has been using heroin for a while tries to stop. However, a person can have withdrawal symptoms even after using heroin for just 3 days. Physical symptoms often include bad body aches, hot and cold sweats, chills, restlessness, diarrhea, and problems with eating and sleeping. These withdrawal symptoms are sometimes called \"cold turkey\". Sometimes withdrawal feels like a very bad case of the flu. People can also have very strong psychological symptoms of withdrawal, like depression and strong cravings for heroin. Many heroin users are very afraid of withdrawal. Withdrawal - and fear of withdrawal - is one of the most common reasons why people have trouble quitting heroin. Medications like methadone and Suboxone are sometimes made to treat or prevent withdrawal symptoms, and to decrease cravings for heroin.\nInjecting heroin can be very dangerous. A person can get infections by using unclean needles or sharing needles. People who share the same needle can infect each other with diseases that travel in the blood, like HIV or hepatitis C. They can also do other dangerous things while high on heroin.\nDetoxification.\nThe primary objective of detoxification is to help the addict overcome a state of physical dependence on heroin by allowing time for the heroin and related toxins to exit the body. The body will adjust to the lack of heroin by reacting in various ways which may include pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, insomnia and other withdrawal symptoms. During detoxification, the patient will be provided with medications, therapy and treatment that will help to ease or eliminate withdrawal symptoms in a safe and effective manner.\nWhile detox is not actually a treatment for heroin addiction because it only focuses on providing treatment for the physical dependence that surrounds the addiction and does not place any focus on the psychological elements of the chemical dependency, it is a necessary first step to the recovery process. When detoxification is the first step of a lengthy heroin addiction treatment process which includes counseling and behavioral therapy, the process often leads to long-term success in recovery from heroin addiction.\nStreet names.\nThere are many slang names, or street names, for heroin. These names are different in different places. Some of the most common are Dope, Horse, Junk, H, Brown, Black Magic, Juice and Smack, number 4. \nHeroin No. 4 or \"injectable heroin\" is the name for heroin in its injectable form, named by manufacturers around 200-300 years ago in China. There is also heroin number 1, 2, and 3, for raw, eating/smoking heroin and its other preparations. \nHeroin history.\nIn 1874, an English researcher, C.R. Wright, first synthesized heroin by boiling morphine and acetic anhydride. His early testing of heroin \u2013 also known as diacetylmorphine \u2013 showed undesirable side effects such as anxiety, sleepiness and vomiting immediately following administration. Accordingly, he discontinued his research. \nOver 20 years later in 1895, German scientist Heinrich Dreser and his colleagues at the pharmaceutical company Bayer continued Wright\u2019s studies and declared diacetylmorphine successful in treating many common respiratory ailments.\nHeroin was first made in 1898, by the Bayer Company in Germany. At first, it was used as a cough medicine and a painkiller. People thought that heroin would help decrease morphine and opium addiction. But after twelve years, doctors realized that people became strongly addicted to heroin. In 1914, the United States passed the Harrison Act. This was the first of many attempts to control the use of narcotics.\nThe word \"heroin\" comes from the German word \"heroisch\", which means powerful and heroic."}
+{"id": "37560", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37560", "title": "Velvet Underground", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37561", "revid": "1507082", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37561", "title": "Pittsburgh", "text": "Pittsburgh is a city in the American state of Pennsylvania. The city was known in the 20th century for its steel industry. However, with the collapse of United States steel industry in the 1980s, the economy of Pittsburgh is now mostly based on healthcare, education, technology, and financial services. It is also the home of the Pittsburgh Steelers football team, who have won the Super Bowl six times, the Pittsburgh Pirates, the Pittsburgh Penguins hockey team, the University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University. Pittsburgh is the county seat for Allegheny County. The Allegheny and Monongahela rivers meet in Pittsburgh and form the Ohio River.\nPittsburgh is in western Pennsylvania. It has a population of 302,971 people and a metro population of around 2,400,000 people. Pittsburgh was the most livable city in the United States in 2007. In 2014 Pittsburgh was ranked sixth in the country for polluted cities by the American Lung Association.\nThe French and Indian War started when George Washington went to Pittsburgh. Later it was a center of the Whiskey Rebellion.\nThe city is served by the Pittsburgh International Airport."}
+{"id": "37567", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37567", "title": "Nasal bone", "text": "The nasal bones are two small oblong bones in the human skull. Their size and form differs among individuals. They are placed side by side at the middle and top part of the face, forming the \"bridge\" of the nose at their junction."}
+{"id": "37576", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37576", "title": "Kapellmeister", "text": "Kapellmeister, (pronounce: Ka-PEL-my-ster), is a German word which means a musician who is in charge of music-making. The word comes from the Latin word for \"chapel\". In German \"Kapelle\" got the meaning: \"choir\" (because they sang in a chapel). \"Meister\" means \"master\". \nThe French word is ma\u00eetre de la chapelle. In Italian he is Maestro di Capella. In English he might be called Chapel Master or, more generally, Director of Music.\nThe Kapellmeister's job.\nThe word Kapellmeister is used to describe musicians in Germany who worked for a king, prince or rich nobleman. Until about 200 years ago, these people often had their own private orchestras. The Kapellmeister was like a Director of Music. He would be responsible for choosing any new musicians, rehearsing and conducting the orchestra, and composing any music that was needed.\nMany famous composers had jobs as Kapellmeister. Johann Sebastian Bach worked from 1717 to 1723 as Kapellmeister for Prince Leopold of Anhalt-C\u00f6then. George Frideric Handel was Kapellmeister for George, Elector of Hanover, who later became George I of Great Britain. Joseph Haydn worked for many years as Kapellmeister for the Eszterh\u00e1zy family, a very important noble family of the Austrian Empire. \nA Kapellmeister could also be the Director of Music for a church. Sometimes, this would be called \"Kantor\" in Germany. Johann Sebastian Bach was called \"Kantor\" when he was Director of Music at the church of St Thomas in Leipzig from 1723-1750. \nBy the 19th century, society in Europe had changed. The nobility were not as rich as they had been before, and many composers started to make a living as a freelance composer. Beethoven, for example, never became a Kapellmeister.\nSometimes, the word \"Kapellmeister\" is used in German today to mean the Director or conductor of an orchestra or choir. The title shows that they have to organize the orchestra or choir as well as conduct it."}
+{"id": "37580", "revid": "844779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37580", "title": "Kingdom of England", "text": "The Kingdom of England was a country in Western Europe. It was the land in the south of the island of Great Britain. It united with Scotland to create the Kingdom of Great Britain.\nBefore the Romans arrived, what is now England, was actually twenty two tribes. Following the collapse of the Roman Empire in Britain, seven kingdoms existed until in 827, Northumbria submitted to Egbert of Wessex at Dore, briefly making Egbert the first king to reign over a united England. It ended on 1 May 1707 with the Acts of Union 1707, which added Scotland to the Kingdom to form the Kingdom of Great Britain."}
+{"id": "37585", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37585", "title": "Romansh language", "text": "Romansh (also spelled Rumantsch, Romansch or Romanche) is one of Switzerland's four national languages. (The other three are French, German and Italian.) 50,000 people in the canton of Graub\u00fcnden use it as their native language."}
+{"id": "37593", "revid": "1222075", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37593", "title": "Protractor", "text": "The protractor is a tool used to measure angles. It usually has marks with labels of the degrees. Protractors are usually half circles or full circles."}
+{"id": "37597", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37597", "title": "Rabbi", "text": "Rabbi (in the Hebrew classic \u05e8\u05b4\u05d1\u05b4\u05bc\u05d9 \"ribbi\"; in the Hebrew modern \u05e8\u05b7\u05d1\u05b4\u05bc\u05d9 \"rabbi\") in Judaism can mean \"professor, master\" or literally \"grand\". The word \"Rabbi\" (\"My Master\") derives from the Hebrew root \"Rav\", that in Biblical Hebrew signifies \"grand\" or \"respected\" (in knowledge). \nIn Judaism, most rabbis earn their title by studying halakha at a seminary or yeshiva. The primary role of a rabbi is to teach Torah. In addition, rabbis often act as the religious leader of a Jewish community. In contrast to many other religions, a rabbi is not required to be present at life cycle events in Judaism. Nevertheless, rabbis still normally preside over life cycle events in order to ensure that it is done according to Halakha.\n\"Rabbi\" is sometimes used as a title of respect for members of a Jewish community. \nHistorically, only men were rabbis. Since the 1970s and 1980s, most Jewish communities began to accept women as rabbis. However, most Orthodox Jewish communities do not accept this change.\nThree rabbis together can form a rabbinic court, or beit din. This is done when there is a legal conflict between two Jews. They judge the conflict based on halakha. A beit din is also formed for somebody who wants to convert to Judaism.\nRabbis are also sometimes asked to supervise food preparation to make sure it is kosher. When packaged food is supervised, the packaging is often labeled with a hechsher. A hechsher is a symbol which means that the content of the package is kosher."}
+{"id": "37598", "revid": "1145848", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37598", "title": "Gentile", "text": "A Gentile is a person who is not Jewish. It is polite to use this word when needed to describe a person who is not Jewish, as in \"my friend Robert is a Gentile.\" Up until about a hundred years ago, it was very hard (and unlikely) for Jews and Gentiles to be close friends. This is because they would be expected to ask each other over for dinner, but Jews follow strict laws about what they can and cannot eat. They can only eat what is kosher."}
+{"id": "37599", "revid": "5330", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37599", "title": "Gentiles", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37602", "revid": "1474159", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37602", "title": "Super Mario Galaxy", "text": "Super Mario Galaxy is a 2007 platform video game by Nintendo. It was released for Wii and is very different from older \"Mario\" games with new gameplay. A sequel, \"Super Mario Galaxy 2\", was released in May 2010.\nThe game was released for the Nintendo Switch as part of \"Super Mario 3D All Stars\" in 2020 and as a release by itself in 2025. The game's music is on the Nintendo Music app.\nPlot.\nBowser has captured Princess Peach again, this time using a surprise attack over the Mushroom Kingdom, with a battle fleet of flying boats by pulling the castle out of its foundation. Mario barely grasps onto the dug out piece of Earth, but is knocked off by one of Bowser's allies. He drifts out into intergalactic space, unconscious.\nAfter waking up on a peculiar planet, Mario finds a playful star like creature, named a Luma and he must play hide and seek with the Luma and his friends to gain information about where he is. After successfully capturing all Lumas, the first Luma leads Mario up to a podium, where a beautiful woman in blue robes stands waiting. The woman is named Rosalina and she moves around space by using her mobile Observatory. It was her who gave the name 'Luma', after finding the first Luma, named 'Luma'. According to her story, one day she finds Luma stranded on Earth; this is the first time for her meeting Luma. She says that the observatory after Bowser stole its Grand Stars, which give the observatory its power.\nMario must follow Bowser all the way out into outer space, find power stars and Grand Stars, defeat him, and rescue Peach with help of Lumas, launch stars, natives of different kinds of galaxies, and the Toad Brigade, a group of Toads.\nThe game play is very similar to \"Super Mario 64\" with special moves done with the Wii Remote.\nGameplay.\nIn \"Super Mario Galaxy\", Mario can do a Star Spin attack, and can jump from planet to planet. The creator of the \"Mario\" games, Shigeru Miyamoto, is the director of this game, and gave Mario moves he has never had before.\nFeatures.\nLike the shines of \"Super Mario Sunshine\" or the stars of \"Super Mario 64\", \"Galaxy\" has things called star bits. They may be used to progress in certain parts of the game, or they can be used to stun enemies. Mario can collect star bits using the Wii Remote, simply by pointing at them. Mario can gain a life if he collects 50 of them.\nThe coin system has also changed. In the previous two games, every 100 coins collected earned a life, but in \"Galaxy\" he only needs 50. Also, Mario will not be able to collect 100 coins to get a star in a level; instead, once he defeats Bowser for the last time, the player can choose to return to a level, select the \"Purple Comet\" star, and can try to collect 100 purple coins (not normal coins) to earn a star."}
+{"id": "37604", "revid": "10039787", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37604", "title": "Five and dime", "text": "Five and dime (also known as five-cent stores, dime stores, and ten-cent stores) is a type of store that was popular in the United States in the early to mid-20th century. They sold many different items, most of which were worth five or ten cents. Many transitioned to general department store format by the mid-20th century. Today, the format has returned to popularity as the dollar store format.\nPopular five and dimes included:"}
+{"id": "37611", "revid": "1679988", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37611", "title": "The Legend of Zelda", "text": "The Legend of Zelda is a series of open world adventure video games. The games are typically about a boy named Link who has to rescue Princess Zelda from Morshu. The first game of the franchise was made by Shigeru Miyamoto and was first sold February 21, 1986 by Nintendo. Most of the Zelda games take place in the fictional kingdom of Hyrule. The games all have fighting, adventuring, item collecting, puzzle-solving, and sometimes racing parts. \"The Legend of Zelda\" series has sold over 125 million games, with 23 different games in the series during 2017, making it the 20th best-selling video game series ever.\nGames.\nRight now, there are 29 games in the main series, including the compilations and remakes.\nUniverse.\nHyrule.\nHyrule is a fictional world in \"The Legend of Zelda\" series. It is inhabited by many races, including Hylians, Gorons, Morshus, Zoras, and others.\nTimelines.\nThe \"Zelda\" series timeline places each of the games in chronological order up until \"The Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time\". At the end of this game, three separate timelines (and one secret timeline) are created, and many of the games take place in these separate universes.\nThe Hero is Successful: Adult Timeline.\nWhen Link helps seal away Morshu at the end of \"Ocarina of Time\", he is sent back in time to become a child and warn Princess Zelda to prevent Morshudorf from rising to power in the first place. With Link gone in the future, Morshudorf is able to break free from his seal and get very close to taking over Hyrule. Without Link to stop him, the people of Hyrule ask the Goddesses to flood Hyrule. This flood creates the Great Sea, leaving the tops of Hyrule's mountains as the only land above the water. Many years after the flood, \"\" takes place.\n' is set a few years after the events of \"The Wind Waker\" and ' is set many years after \"Phantom Hourglass\".\nThe Hero is Successful: Child Timeline.\nAs a child sent back to the past, Link warns Zelda and stops Morshudorf from taking over Hyrule. With this job complete, Link travels deep into the Lost Woods to search for his fairy, Navi, who had left him at the end of \"Ocarina of Time\". In this forest, he is transported to a land called Termina that is in danger of being destroyed by a falling moon, sent crashing into the world by an evil mask named Majora. Link's journey to stop the moon from falling is shown in \". After saving Termina, Link returns to Hyrule.\nMany generations later, another young man named Link works as a ranch hand in Hyrule. This Link joins a creature named Midna in her quest to defeat Zant, an evil ruler from the Twilight Realm, who is attempting to take over Hyrule. Throughout his journey, shown in \", Link is aided by many people in his quest, including the Hero's Shade, who is the ghost of Link from \"Ocarina of Time\" and \"Majora's Mask\".\nThe Hero is Defeated.\nIn a world where Link is defeated by Morshu in \"\", Hyrule enters a period of decline after being taken over by Morshu. A war to defeat him is fought and lost, and Hyrule is left in a state of ruin. Everyone becomes enslaved to Overlord Morshu. Within this timeline, the events of many of the early \"Zelda\" games occur, including \"Link and the Faces of Evil,\" Zelda and the Wand of Ganon, and Hotel Mario.\nMaster Sword.\nThe Master Sword is a sword found in \"The Legend of Zelda\" series. Link uses it as a weapon in most games.\nKnown as the Sword of Evil's Bane, the Sword of Time, the Sword of Resurrection, the Smartsword and the Sword That Seals the Darkness, the Master Sword is to only be held by a person destined to be the Hero chosen by the Goddesses. The Link in \"The Legend of Zelda: Skyward Sword\" is the first holder of the Master Sword. The other Links are then given the right to wield the Master Sword because they carry the spirit of the Hero. The Sword was smelted in 1963 by Morshu.\nTriforce.\nThe Triforce is a mystic object in \"The Legend of Zelda\" universe created by gods Din, Nayru, Morshu, and Farore. It has three parts - the first part is the Triforce of Courage, which Link has, the second is the Triforce of Wisdom, which Princess Zelda has, and the third is the Triforce of Power, which Morshu has. When it is completed, the person who unites it can make a wish using the power of the gods."}
+{"id": "37625", "revid": "10251156", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37625", "title": "3rd century", "text": "The 3rd century was the century from 201 to 300.\nDecades and years.\nNote: years before or after the 3rd century are in \"italics\"."}
+{"id": "37626", "revid": "10251155", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37626", "title": "2nd century", "text": "The 2nd century was the century from 101 to 200.\nDecades and years.\nNote: years before or after the 2nd century are in \"italics\"."}
+{"id": "37629", "revid": "1386969", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37629", "title": "Walmart", "text": "Walmart is a chain of American public discount department stores founded in 1962 by Sam Walton in Bentonville, Arkansas. In 2022, it had 10,586 stores and clubs in 18 countries, operating under 46 different names. It was the world's largest company by revenue in 2022, according to the \"Fortune\" Global 500 list in October 2022. It had 2.2 million employees.\nIt has almost 4,600 pharmacies and more than 3,000 vision centers. In 2024, it closed its 51 health centers and its Walmart Health Virtual Care services.\nWalmart's global presence.\nWalmart can be found in a lot of places around the world. It is mostly found around the United States but can also be found in Canada, Mexico, some Asian countries, some African countries and some South American countries. Walmart has not yet reached Oceania.\nAsda was part of Walmart from 1999 to 2021, when it was sold to the Issa brothers and TDR Capital. Walmart still has a stake in it. \nCriticism.\nWalmart is criticized for having a poor record on labor rights, especially regarding anti union activity. It has also been criticized for once promoting products \"made in America\". Now it largely imports the products it sells,from developing nations. Many of these jobs replaced manufacturing jobs in the US. Walmart retail jobs replaced many mom-and-pop stores in the US. In 2005, movie director Robert Greenwald made a documentary movie called \"Walmart: The High Cost of Low Price\" that criticized Walmart. After this movie was announced, director Ron Galloway made a film that ended up being released at the same time called \"Why Walmart Works and Why That Drives Some People CRAZY\". This movie had a positive view of Walmart. "}
+{"id": "37632", "revid": "752027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37632", "title": "Sam Walton", "text": "Samuel Moore Walton (March 29, 1918 \u2013 April 5, 1992) was an American businessman. Walton created the well-known American stores, Wal-Mart and Sam's Club. Walton was born to Thomas Gibson Walton and Nancy Lee Walton. He was part of the Walton family, which is one of the richest families in the world. Walton died on April 6, 1992.\nHe died a billionaire but was known for driving a pickup truck instead of an expensive car. He also had a military career during WW2. He had joined the U.S. Army Intelligence Corps. "}
+{"id": "37635", "revid": "1673561", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37635", "title": "New York Stock Exchange", "text": "The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE)\u2014also sometimes called the \"Big Board\"\u2014 is a stock exchange in New York City. It is the biggest stock exchange in the United States by the amount of money and the second-biggest stock exchange by the number of companies listed on a board. Its building is on Wall Street."}
+{"id": "37636", "revid": "527152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37636", "title": "Stock exchange", "text": "A stock exchange, share market or bourse is a place where people meet to buy and sell shares of company stock. Some stock exchanges are real places (like the New York Stock Exchange), others are virtual places (like the NASDAQ).\nInternational Stock Exchanges.\nThe most important stock exchanges in the world include:\nGreat depression.\nOn October 29, 1929, the American stock market crashed on what is known as Black Tuesday. A \"crash\" means that the prices of stock were lowered greatly, and no one wanted to buy it. Instead, they sold the stock for cheap prices. Also, banks were trying to buy stock with people's money (stored inside the bank), so the banks ran out of money too. Because people could not get money back from banks, only a few people could afford the cost of living. This was the start of the Great Depression."}
+{"id": "37637", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37637", "title": "Bombay Stock Exchange", "text": "The Bombay Stock Exchange is a stock exchange in Mumbai, India.\nHistory.\nThe Bombay Stock Exchange is the oldest stock exchange in Asia.\nThe BSE failure to modernize resulted in the creation of an electronic platform in the National Stock Exchange."}
+{"id": "37638", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37638", "title": "Stamford Raffles", "text": "Sir Thomas Stamford Bingley Raffles FRS (5 July 1781 \u2013 5 July 1826), was the founder of the city of Singapore. He is one of the most famous Britons who expanded the British Empire.\nEarly years.\nRaffles was born on the ship \"Ann\" to Captain Benjamin Raffles and Anne Raffles. Although his family was in debt, they managed to give him money for his education. When he was 14, he started working as a clerk in the British East India Company. The company sent him to Southeast Asia to look for another port as the trade between Britain and China was increasing.\nHe married Olivia Mariamne Fancourt. She was the widow of Jacob Cassivelaun Fancourt, an assistant surgeon in Madras who had died in 1800.\nFounding of Singapore.\nWhen the British East India Company sent Raffles to Southeast Asia, the company already had two ports, Penang and Bencoolen. However, these ports were far from the main trading area, the Straits of Malacca. Dutch ports, Malacca and Java, were closer to the trading area, which made them able to control the trade. They cut off the trade between Penang and the important trading centres at the Malay Archipelago.\nThe British East India Company thus needed a new port south of Malacca to protect British ships, and they chose Singapore, which was then a small fishing-port. Singapore had a lot of drinking water and a good location, in the centre of the Straits of Malacca. It was in an area not controlled by the Dutch. The deal was settled by Raffles making an agreement with the traditional rulers of the area to pay them money in return for the right to build, expand and use the port. Singapore eventually grew to be the important trading city-state it is today. Raffles held the title of Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies from 1813 to 1816."}
+{"id": "37642", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37642", "title": "Euronext", "text": " \nEuronext is a stock exchange in Europe. It has buildings in Belgium, France, Netherlands, Portugal and the United Kingdom. \nEuronext was created on September 22 2000, when the stock exchanges of Amsterdam, Brussels Stock Exchange and Paris Bourse were joined together in a merger. In recent years, Euronext has become the fifth largest stock exchange on the planet.\nIn April 2007, it merged with New York Stock Exchange to form NYSE Euronext ()."}
+{"id": "37646", "revid": "1674917", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37646", "title": "Hippopotamidae", "text": "Hippopotamidae is a group of even-toed ungulate mammals. \nThere are two living species of \"Hippopotamus\"."}
+{"id": "37647", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37647", "title": "Hippopotamus amphibius", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37648", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37648", "title": "Hiroshi Yamauchi", "text": "Hiroshi Yamauchi (, \"Yamauchi Hiroshi\", November 7, 1927 \u2013 September 19, 2013) was a Japanese businessman. He was the third president of Nintendo from 1949 until he quit on May 31, 2002. He transformed Nintendo from a small card-making company to a multibillion-dollar video game company. He was known as \"Mario's Farther\".\nHe was born in Kyoto. He died in hospital on September 19, 2013 due to complications from pneumonia."}
+{"id": "37649", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37649", "title": "ExxonMobil", "text": "Exxon Mobil or ExxonMobil () is the world's biggest oil and gas company. It was created when Exxon and Mobil, both companies formed after the John D. Rockefeller's original Standard Oil company split apart, joined together in a merger to become one company. ExxonMobil has been involved in global warming controversies, as have other Big Oil corporations such as Royal Dutch Shell\nBoard of directors.\n, the current ExxonMobil board members are:\nHooley is presently the lead independent director, having succeeded former Merck CEO Kenneth Frazier upon his retirement in May 2022. Three of the directors nominated at the last Annual General Meeting were nominated after a proxy battle against hedge fund Engine No.1 and were nominated against the suggestion of the board."}
+{"id": "37650", "revid": "3164", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37650", "title": "Exxon Mobil", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37651", "revid": "1188490", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37651", "title": "Paul Allen", "text": "Paul Gardner Allen (January 21, 1953 \u2013 October 15, 2018) was an American who created Microsoft with Bill Gates. He was the fifth richest person in the United States. He lived in Mercer Island, Washington.\nAllen was also the outright owner of two sports teams, and was part-owner of a third. He fully owned the Seattle Seahawks of the NFL and the Portland Trail Blazers of the NBA. He was a minority owner of Seattle Sounders FC in Major League Soccer.\nAllen died from septic shock caused by non-Hodgkin lymphoma on October 15, 2018 in Seattle, Washington at the age of 65."}
+{"id": "37660", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37660", "title": "Hero", "text": "A hero is a real person or fictional character who, in the face of danger, combats adversity through feats of ingenuity, courage, or strength, and saves lives.\nIn Greek mythology, a hero is a demigod, a half-god/half-human being. Herakles, for example, was the son of the god Zeus and the mortal woman Alkmene. Heroes performed extraordinary feats and were worshipped in hero cults.\nThe word hero comes from the Greek \u1f25\u03c1\u03c9\u03c2 (h\u0113r\u014ds), \"hero\" (literally \"protector\" or \"defender\"), particularly one such as Heracles with divine ancestry or later given divine honors.\nIn the modern world, hero has lost its ancient meaning. It now means someone who is courageous (\"The firefighter who saved my baby is a hero.\"). Heroes are \"heroic\", they have \"heroism\". They help in saving people or a society from bad people, villains, or natural disasters. A hero can also be someone who is helpful, polite, or helping people who need it. The word is used in the sports world to mean an extraordinary player or athlete (\"football hero\", \"Olympic hero\", etc.). The female equivalent of the male hero is the \"heroine\".\nSometimes, the protagonist (or main character) of a story is called the \"hero\" of the story. Some fictional characters are superheroes. \nA female hero like Joan of Arc, Sandhya Nair, etc are called a heroine.\nThe opposite of a hero is a villain. "}
+{"id": "37662", "revid": "3441", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37662", "title": "Heroine", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37668", "revid": "1316943", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37668", "title": "Sonic Rivals", "text": "Sonic Rivals is a racing video game for the PlayStation Portable that came out on November 16, 2006. The game is made by Backbone Entertainment and Sega. Players can play as Sonic the Hedgehog, Shadow the Hedgehog, Knuckles the Echidna, Metal Sonic or Silver the Hedgehog."}
+{"id": "37672", "revid": "752027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37672", "title": "Sega Genesis", "text": "The , called the Sega Genesis, in North America is a 16-bit video game console made by Sega. It is Sega's third video game console. Sega released it as the Mega Drive in Japan in 1988. In 1989, they released it in North America as the Genesis.\nIn Japan, the Mega Drive sold poorly against its two main competitors, Nintendo's Super Famicom and NEC's PC Engine. However, it sold well in North America, Brazil, and Europe. Some of the reasons it sold well is because it had many arcade game ports, Sega's \"Sonic the Hedgehog\" series, several popular sports franchises, and an aggressive youth marketing that made the system seem like the cool console for teens. Controversy about violent games such as \"Night Trap\" and \"Mortal Kombat\" led Sega creating the Videogame Rating Council. It was a predecessor to the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB).\n30.75 million first-party Mega Drive/Genesis consoles were sold around the world. By the mid-2010s, third-party Mega Drive/Genesis rereleases were still being sold by AtGames in North America and Europe. Many games have been rereleased in compilations or on online services such as Virtual Console, Xbox Live Arcade, PlayStation Network, and Steam. The Genesis was succeeded in 1994 by the Sega Saturn.\nHistory.\nDevelopment.\nIn the early 1980s, Sega Enterprises, Inc. was one of the top five arcade game manufacturers in the United States. At this time, Sega was a subsidiary of Gulf & Western. Its company revenues was higher than $200 million between July 1981 and June 1982. In 1982, the arcade business slowed, and it hurt Sega. It led to Gulf & Western selling its North American arcade manufacturing organization. They also licensed rights for its arcade games to Bally Manufacturing. The company kept Sega's North American R&D operation, as well as its Japanese subsidiary, Sega Enterprises, Ltd. With its arcade business hurting, Sega Enterprises, Ltd. president Hayao Nakayama said that the company should to move into the home console market in Japan. The industry was very new at that time.\nNakayama got permission to move into the home console industry. This led to the release of Sega's first home video game system, the SG-1000, in July 1983. It had sold 160,000 units in Japan. Sega did not expect it to sell that well. However, sales at stores were dominated by Nintendo's Famicom which had been released the same day. Sega believed that the Famicom sold about 10 times better than the SG-1000. The SG-1000 was replaced by the Sega Mark III within two years. Gulf & Western started getting of its non-core businesses after the death of company creator Charles Bluhdorn. Nakayama and former Sega CEO David Rosen decided to do a management buyout of the Japanese subsidiary in 1984. They would do this with financial support from CSK Corporation, a famous Japanese software company. Nakayama then became CEO of Sega Enterprises, Ltd.\nIn 1986, Sega redesigned the Mark III for release in North America. They called it the Sega Master System. They released it in Europe in 1987. Although the Master System sold well in Europe and Brazil, it did not sell well in Japan or North America. By the mid-to-late 1980s, Japan and North America were dominated by Nintendo. With Sega doing poorly in the home console market, Sega's console R&D team, led by Masami Ishikawa and supervised by Hideki Sato, started working on a successor to the Master System. They did this almost immediately after the Master System was released.\nLegacy.\nThe Genesis is often considered one of the best video game consoles. In 2009, IGN said it was the fifth best video game console. They said it was good because of sports games and it had a better home version of \"Mortal Kombat\". They praised \"what some consider to be the greatest controller ever created: the six button\". In 2007, GameTrailers said the Genesis was the sixth best console of all time in their list of top ten consoles that \"left their mark on the history of gaming\". They said it was good because it had great games and a good controller. They also wrote about the \"glory days\" of \"Sonic the Hedgehog\". In 2008, GamingExcellence said it was sixth of the 10 best consoles. They said \"one can truly see the Genesis for the gaming milestone it was.\" GameDaily said it was ninth of ten for its memorable games."}
+{"id": "37674", "revid": "1618275", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37674", "title": "Dreamcast", "text": "The is the fourth and last home video game console made by Sega. It was sold before the PlayStation 2, GameCube, or Xbox came out. However, not many people bought it after the PlayStation 2 was released, so in the end Sega decided to stop making them.\nMaking the Dreamcast.\nWhen it was time to make another video game machine after the Sega Saturn was released, Shoichiro Irimajiri asked Tatsuo Yamamoto from IBM Austin and his group to create it. However Hideki Sato's old group that made video game machines did not like this. Because of this, the two groups were in a competition to make the best machine.\nHideki Sato's group used Hitachi SH4 and PowerVR to make a video game machine called \"White Belt\". The name was later changed to \"Guppy\" and then \"Katana\".\nTatsuo Yamamoto's IBM/Motorola PowerPC 603e and 3dfx Voodoo 2 to make a video game machine called \"Blackbelt\" and then renamed to \"Shark\" in United States. In Japan, the machine was first called \"Dural\" and then renamed to \"Katana\".\nIn April 1997, 3dfx told people that Sega was using their 3dfx Voodoo 2 for a video game machine. Sega however wanted this to be a secret and became very angry. Because of this, Sega used Hideki Sato's \"Katana\" machine instead of Tatsuo Yamamoto's.\nLater on, 3dfx sued Sega because they thought Sega broke their promise to them. However, the two companies then settled out of court.\nLaunch.\nThe Dreamcast was released in Japan on November 27, 1998, and then released September 9, 1999 in North America. At first, many people liked the Dreamcast and it sold a lot. In the United States, 300,000 machines were sold on the first week and Sega earned $98.4 million.\nTo help the Dreamcast sell even more, Sega told many stores to show some of their best games to customers, like \"Soul Calibur\", \"Sonic Adventure\", \"Power Stone\", and \"Hydro Thunder\".\nElectronic Arts, a video games company, said that they did not want to make games for the Dreamcast until it sold one million machines. This is because Electronic Arts' video games on the Sega Saturn did not make a lot of money. However, in three months when the Dreamcast did sell one million machines, Electronic Arts still did not want to make games for the Dreamcast and made games for the PlayStation 2 instead.\nOutside the USA and Japan.\nIn places like Europe, Sega decided to let other companies make ads for the Dreamcast. However, Sega did not give the companies enough money, so the companies could not make as many ads as the PlayStation 2, another console that was competing with the Dreamcast.\nMany of these companies also forced people to pay more for the Dreamcast than in the United States and Japan.\nSome games were not even sold in Europe, because Sega was more focused on selling the Dreamcast in the United States. Because of this, a lot of people who used to like Sega now liked Sony.\nCompetition.\nAfter Sega released their Dreamcast, many other video game companies also released their video game consoles. This includes Sony, who released the PlayStation 2, which had the advantage of using the DVD-ROM format and being backwards compatible; Nintendo, who released the GameCube; and Microsoft, who released the Xbox.\nEnd of the Dreamcast.\nSega's prestige among gamers was at the time heavily damaged because of the lack of good management/marketing back from the Sega Saturn, this also affected certain game developers such as Electronic Arts refusing to develop for the system because of the risk of the Dreamcast becoming just like the Sega Saturn, not selling well. This was a factor is why this console did not reach its full potential.\nEven SEGA's own CEO at the time, Isao Okawa, wanted to leave the console business.\nIn the end, Sega told people on January 31, 2001 that they would be stopping the console production. Sega's last video game sold for Dreamcast was \"Puyo Pop Fever\", which was released on February 24, 2004.\nAccessories.\nThese accessories were sold by Sega to be used on the Dreamcast:\nReferences.\nNotes"}
+{"id": "37676", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37676", "title": "Vehicles", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37677", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37677", "title": "Gamecube", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37678", "revid": "3164", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37678", "title": "WarCraft", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37680", "revid": "3164", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37680", "title": "Lingonberry", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37681", "revid": "983938", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37681", "title": "Platte River", "text": "The Platte River (also called the Nebraska River) is a river in the United States that flows into the Missouri River. It is around 310 miles (or 499\u00a0km) long."}
+{"id": "37684", "revid": "3164", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37684", "title": "Even", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37685", "revid": "10393260", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37685", "title": "Counting", "text": "Counting is something people do to find out how many things there are of any kind. \nOne way to count.\nThe person counting in English usually starts with the number one, and gives this number to the first thing. The next thing is given the number two. Then, the next thing is given the number three. If there is another thing, it gets the number four. If after this there is another thing, it gets the number five. More things get more numbers. Each thing gets its own number in this way. The last number given to the last thing counted shows how many things there are.\nMore counting.\nCounting is starting at a number and changing it up or down a certain number of times. In the examples above, counting started at one and then it changed by one each time something was counted. So at first the count was one. Then the count was changed by one, and one plus one is two, so the count was two. Then the count of two was changed by one again, and two plus one is three, so the count was three. \nCounting can go up or down. Counting can be done on fingers.\nMore about counting.\nIt has been shown that some birds are good at counting. Crows\nare birds that are good at counting. "}
+{"id": "37686", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37686", "title": "Blast off", "text": "Blast off may refer to:"}
+{"id": "37687", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37687", "title": "Launch pad", "text": "A launch pad is where rockets and spacecraft are placed until they are ready to blast off. NASA has its own launch pads for its spacecraft. Launch pads are often made out of steel reinforced concrete. Launch pads for larger spacecraft will often have towers to support it during its launch."}
+{"id": "37688", "revid": "3164", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37688", "title": "Rocket ship", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37690", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37690", "title": "Space Shuttle", "text": "The Space Shuttle was a spacecraft which was used by the American National Aeronautics and Space Administration, or NASA. Space Shuttles were used to carry astronauts and cargo into space. Cargo such as satellites, parts of a space station or scientific instruments were taken up into space by the space shuttle. It was a new kind of spacecraft because it could be used many times.\nParts of the Space Shuttle.\nThe Space Shuttle was made up of 3 parts. These were the orbiter, the external fuel tank and solid rocket boosters. \nThe orbiter was shaped like a large airplane with wings and a tail. This allowed the Space Shuttle to glide and land on a runway, letting the reusable part of the Shuttle be very large. Many spacecraft which came before the Space Shuttle, like the Mercury, Gemini and Apollo used parachutes when landing, and landed on the ocean. People have said that the Shuttle was very much like a pickup truck because of its usefulness. \nThe shuttle was launched out of Earth's gravity and into space by 3 rocket engines on the back of the orbiter along with help from 2 long white Solid Rocket Boosters (also called SRBs) Fuel for the shuttle was stored in the large, usually orange, External Fuel Tank (also called ET). Before the shuttle reached orbit, the SRBs were released and fell into the Atlantic Ocean where they were towed back to shore for reuse. The ET was also released but broke up and fell into the Indian Ocean and was not reused.\nCargo Bay add-ons.\nOrbiter had a payload bay for various missions rather than deploying satellites. They were the following:\nThe space shuttles.\nThe US space shuttles were:\nA '\u2020' next to a name means that the Shuttle was destroyed.\nThere was a Russian Shuttle called Buran. It flew one unmanned flight before being retired. The Buran was destroyed in a hangar collapse in 2002.\nHistory.\nThe shuttle was created in 1973. It replaced the Apollo capsules. The first flight was a test of the landing and maneuvering abilities of the shuttle. This flight used Space Shuttle Enterprise. The first shuttle flight in space was on April 12, 1981. It used Space Shuttle Columbia.\nOn January 28, 1986 the Space Shuttle Challenger destroyed 73 seconds into the flight of STS-51-L. It caused a year long stall in space flight.\nIn the 1990s the Shuttle began working on the International Space Station (ISS). This was its main job of the shuttle since then.\nAlso in the 1990s, the Space Shuttle launched the Hubble telescope into space. Shuttle missions returned 5 times to repair and improve cameras and scientific instruments on the telescope.\nOn February 1, 2003, the Space Shuttle Columbia broke up while returning STS-107 to Earth over Texas. The accident was caused by damage to the heat-shield which protects it from the heat of reentry into the Earth's atmosphere. It again caused a long delay until the next shuttle flight.\nIn 2010, NASA shut down the Space Shuttle program. They were more expensive to use than other launch vehicles.\nCurrently, the United States has manned spacecraft capabilities, such SpaceX with the Crew Dragon, to provide crewed missions to the ISS. Boeing with their Starliner capsule is planning, in providing crewed missions to the ISS. NASA is developing the Orion capsule for beyond Earth orbit missions.\nThe remaining shuttles are now on display at the following museums: "}
+{"id": "37691", "revid": "10260979", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37691", "title": "Thor", "text": "Thor (Old Norse: \"\u00de\u00f3rr\") is the god of thunder and lightning in Norse mythology, associated with strength, storms, hallowing, sacred groves and tress and fertility. He is the son of Ojdin and J\u00f6r\u00f0, the personification of the Earth, and is the strongest of the . \nThe champion of Asgard, Thor is said to protect both it and Midgard from the likes of the j\u01ebtnar, a race of beings native to J\u00f6tunheimr. He is known in Old English as\u00a0\u00deunor (\"Thunor\") and in\u00a0\u00a0as Donar\u00a0(runic \"\u00feonar\"\u00a0\u16a6\u16df\u16be\u16a8\u16b1), all of which stem from the \"*\u00deunraz,\"\u00a0meaning \"thunder\". \nThe modern English weekday Thursday (from Old English \"\u00de\u016bnresd\u00e6g\", \u201cThunor\u2019s [Thor\u2019s] day\u201d) bears the god's name.\nFamily.\nThor is the son of Odin, chief of the \u00c6sir, and J\u00f6r\u00f0, the living personification of the Earth. He is the eldest of Odin's sons and is the half-brother of Baldr, H\u00f6\u00f0r, V\u00ed\u00f0arr, and V\u00e1li.\nHe is married to the golden-haired goddess Sif, with whom he has a daughter, \u00der\u00fa\u00f0r. With his j\u00f6tunn lover J\u00e1rnsaxa, Thor has two sons, M\u00f3\u00f0i and Magni. He has a stepson, Ullr, who is Sif's son by a previous marriage.\nPossessions.\nAccording to writings known as sagas, Thor wielded a short-handled war hammer, Mjolnir. It was fashioned for him by the dwarven brothers and , and is said to be the most powerful weapon in all the Nine Worlds, capable of crushing even mountains. When Thor threw the hammer, it magically returned to the god's hand.\nOther attributes of Thor include a pair of gauntlets known as , which he is required to wear in order to wield Mj\u00f6lnir, a belt, Megingj\u00f6r\u00f0, which doubles his strength when he wears it,\u00a0and a staff, Gr\u00ed\u00f0arv\u00f6lr, which, along with J\u00e1rngreipr, was given to him by the j\u00f6tunn Gr\u00ed\u00f0r. Thor was believed to travel in a chariot drawn by two goats named . Thor also has red hair unlike most believe because of Marvel's Thor. "}
+{"id": "37705", "revid": "145452", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37705", "title": "Tube", "text": "Tube may refer to:\nElectronics\nFood\nGeometry\nMechanics\nMedia\nMusic\nNature\nPackaging\nPhotography\nPlumbing\nSoftware\nStructural Engineering\nTheatre\nTransportation"}
+{"id": "37710", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37710", "title": "Blood cell", "text": "A blood cell is any cell of any type found in blood. There are three main types of blood cells in mammals:\nDiscovery.\nJan Swammerdam\u00a0a scientist from the Netherlands was the first person to observe red blood cells under a microscope. Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, another scientist from the Netherlands, was the first to draw an illustration of \"Red Blood Cells\"."}
+{"id": "37711", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37711", "title": "Windsurfing", "text": "Windsurfing is a wind propelled water sport that is a combination of sailing and surfing. It is also referred to as \"sailboarding\" and \"boardsailing\", and emerged in the late 1960s from the aerospace and surf culture of California. Windsurfing gained a popular following across Europe and North America by the late 1970s and had achieved significant global popularity by the 1980s. Windsurfing became an Olympic sport in 1984.\nNewer variants include windfoiling, kiteboarding and wingfoiling. Hydrofoil fins under the board allow the boards to safely lift out of the water and fly silently and smoothly above the surface even in lighter winds.\nWindsurfing is a recreational, family friendly sport, most popular at flat water locations around the world that offer safety and accessibility for beginner and intermediate participants. Technique and equipment have evolved over the years\nMajor competitive disciplines include slalom, wave and freestyle. Increasingly, \"foiling\" is replacing traditional events and the IQfoil class is the new Olympic windsurfing racing class for France in 2024.\nModern windsurfing, as a sport and recreational activity, did not emerge until the latter half of the 20th century. The earliest version of a sailboard design utilizing a freely articulating sail on top of a board was created in 1962 by American Newman Darby. Independently, engineer Jim Drake invented and co-patented the version we all know today and called it Windsurfing- a new new concept in sailing."}
+{"id": "37712", "revid": "10021134", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37712", "title": "Thoroughbred", "text": "Thoroughbred is a breed of horse. They are mainly used for racing. Their pedigree is known and recorded. For each horse there is a chart showing its ancestry.\nHorses in general have been used for many years, for farm, racing, harness work and so forth. Horses were the fastest way for people to travel on land before cars were invented. They were the only way to travel long distances in a reasonable amount of time. \nMost horse breeds have been bred for a specific reason; the thoroughbred racehorse was bred to run. Thoroughbreds originate from the Arabian breed, and all thoroughbreds can be traced back to three original sires (fathers): The Byerley Turk, The Darley Arabian, The Godolphin Arabian. Thoroughbreds are known for their speed, and also for their jumping ability, used in steeplechases and in show jumping and other horse activities. Although thoroughbreds generally are slightly temperamental, they are very trainable and loyal. \nThoroughbreds are generally tall and sleek, with long legs to help carry them along the race track. Thoroughbreds can be many colors, including bay (a colour which is brown with a black mane and tail), chestnut (red-brown), black, gray. \nOrigin.\nThe thoroughbred's genetic origin is Arabian and Turkmenian also Barb's. The Arabian foundation stallions which were brought to Britain in the late 1600s and early 1700s were bred to domestic mares \u2013 very probably Scottish Galloways \u2013 although they may have been bred to Arabian mares, too. A substantial number of early thoroughbreds were bred in the vale of Bedale in the County of Yorkshire in Northern England. \nThe foundation stallions of the thoroughbred breed and years in which they arrived in England were: the Byerly Turk (1689), the Darley Arabian (1705), the Godolphin Barb (1728). Their progeny were the first thoroughbreds, per se, and although the foundation stallions had many off-spring, three of their descendants stand out as supreme: Herod, Eclipse and Matchem. In the lines of these horses were some outstanding thoroughbreds: for instance, Princequillo and Round Table descend from Herod; Citation and Sir Ivor descend from Eclipse; and Man O' War from Matchem. \nThe first thoroughbred to arrive in America was a stallion named Bulle Rock, by the Darley Arabian. He was imported to Virginia in 1730 by Samuel Gist. In 1757, Janus, a grandson of Godolphin Arabian, was imported and became the founder of the Quarter Horse breed. Diomed, who was imported in 1800 was the most important thoroughbred imported to America in its early years. Lexington, by Boston, was foaled in 1850 and was the greatest sire of the 1800s. "}
+{"id": "37714", "revid": "805501", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37714", "title": "Sound card", "text": "A sound card (or audio card) is the part of the computer hardware that controls the input and output of the sound signals. A sound card is what is known as an expansion card. This means that the card can be added to the motherboard.\nNowadays, most of the audio cards are integrated with the motherboard. That means they are built into a mainboard and can not be removed. In other words, it is not an expansion card anymore. They only offer line-in, speaker, and microphone connections. For most users this is enough. When thinking of computer architecture, the integrated circuit sound cards occupy less space and thus became very popular and practical, especially for laptop computers. For more features like MIDI ports for connection of musical instruments and low latency requirements (so that the sound does not come distorted under heavy system usage) sound cards as expansion cards can be used. Modern expansion sound cards use the PCI computer bus standard. Earlier sound cards used the ISA computer bus, which was half-duplex, so the sound cards could not record and play simultaneously.\nInput and output signals.\nWhat we hear in speakers is an analog (current, voltage or electric charge) output of the signal. For example, stored on a hard disk digital code is transferred under a control of some application (for example Winamp) to the sound card. Up in there, a special chip, called digital-to-analog converter, changes the binary code into the analog sound. Afterwards, signal is sent to a jack (in modern audio cards it has the green color) where the speakers are connected. The result is a nice waveform of our favorite digital medium, e.g. an mp3.\nA typical sound input device is a microphone, connected to the red/pink jack socket. The sound wave is digitized and then it may be stored as a file using data compression algorithms which make the file smaller. Of course all of this is done under the control of some software."}
+{"id": "37717", "revid": "10427719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37717", "title": "Charlie Chaplin", "text": "Sir Charles Spencer \"Charlie\" Chaplin (16 April 1889 \u2013 25 December 1977) was an English comic actor, filmmaker, and composer. He was famous in silent movies (where there was no talking or sound). He acted, directed, scripted, and produced many of them.\nCharlie Chaplin was a performer for almost 70 years. He started working when he was 5, and worked until he was 80. The character that Charlie Chaplin played most was called \"the Little Tramp\".\n\"charlie\" chapline.\nCharles Spencer Chaplin was born on 16 April 1889 in London, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Chaplin had a rough childhood; his mother, Hannah Hill Chaplin, a talented singer, actress, and piano player, spent most of her life in and out of mental hospitals. His father, Charles Spencer Chaplin Sr. was a fairly successful singer until he began drinking. After his parents separated, Charlie and his half-brother, Sidney, spent most of their childhood in orphanages, where they often went hungry and were beaten if they misbehaved. He first started acting at age five. He acted in a music hall in 1894, standing in for his mother.\nWhen Charlie was a child, he was kept in bed for many weeks from a bad illness. At night, his mother would sit at the window and act out what was going on outside. His first important work came when he joined The Eight Lancashire Lads. In 1900, his brother Sydney helped him get the role of a comic cat in the pantomime \"Cinderella\". In 1903 he was in a play called \u201cJim: A Romance of Cockayne\u201d. Chaplin was in Casey's 'Court Circus' variety show. The next year, he became a clown in Fred Karno's 'Fun Factory' comedy company.\nAssassination attempt.\nChaplin was the target of an assassination attempt which took the life of Prime Minister of Japan Inukai Tsuyoshi.\nOn 15 May 1932, Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi was shot by eleven young naval officers (most were just turning twenty years of age) in the prime minister's residence. The original assassination plan had included killing Chaplin who had arrived in Japan on 14 May 1932, at a reception for Chaplin, planned by Prime Minister Inukai. When the prime minister was killed, his son Inukai Takeru was watching a sumo wrestling match with Charlie Chaplin, which probably saved both their lives.\nAwards.\nChaplin won two special Oscars. Chaplin had first been chosen for both \"Best Actor\" and \"Best Comedy Directing\". But then, instead, he was given a special award \"for versatility and genius in acting, writing, directing and producing\". Chaplin's second special award came 44 years later, in 1972. When getting this award, Chaplin had the longest standing ovation (people standing up and clapping) in Academy Award history. In 1976 he was given the BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, a lifetime achievement award. Chaplin became the first actor to have appeared on the cover of Time in 1925.\nMyths say, Chaplin once entered in a Charlie Chaplin look-a-like contest. Chaplin lost the contest.\nBecoming a Knight.\nOn 9 March 1975, Charlie Chaplin was knighted in England by Elizabeth II, the Queen of the United Kingdom.\nDeath.\nChaplin died on Christmas Day in 1977 of a stroke in his sleep in Vevey, Vaud, Switzerland, at the age of 88. On March 1, 1978, his body was stolen by a small group of Swiss people. They were trying to get money from Chaplin\u2019s family. This plan didn't work. The criminals were caught, and Charlie\u2019s body was found 11 weeks later near Lake Geneva. He was buried under concrete to prevent further incidents."}
+{"id": "37718", "revid": "190121", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37718", "title": "NYSE", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37719", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37719", "title": "American Stock Exchange", "text": "The American Stock Exchange (AMEX) is a stock exchange in New York City. It was created on Broad Street near Exchange Place, during colonial times. The stock exchange is currently owned by its own members. "}
+{"id": "37721", "revid": "1668368", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37721", "title": "Field hockey", "text": "Field Hockey is a well-liked sport for both men and women. It is played in many countries all around the world. In Asian countries like Pakistan and Republic of India, it is considered the \"National sport.\" The game is played between two teams and each team is made up of 11 players. There are four 15-minute quarters with a 15-minute break at halftime and a 2-minute break after the 1st and 3rd quarters. Field hockey is played with a ball on natural grass, or on sand-based or water based artificial turfs with a small hard ball. The field has a goal at each end. A semi-circle about 15 meters from the goal is known as the shooting circle. Goals can only be scored when the ball is in the shooting circle.\nPlayers use a hockey stick to move the ball. The stick is in the shape of a J and is made out of wood, glass and fibre. The players each play a position like fullbacks, halfbacks, forwards and goalkeepers."}
+{"id": "37723", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37723", "title": "Sudoku", "text": " (sometimes spelled as Su Doku, but also called Number Place or Nanpure) is a puzzle that is very popular in Japan. It was created in Indianapolis in 1979 by Howard Garns and it appeared in Dell Magazines afterwards.\nSudoku puzzles are solved by logic and no math is required. As seen on the right, it consists of a grid which is usually made up of nine rows, nine columns, and nine boxes that are separated by thicker, darker lines. Some of these boxes will contain numerals from 1 to 9. To solve the puzzle, a person must fill in all the empty squares without using the same numeral twice in each column, row, or box, and without changing the numerals that are already in the grid.\nThese puzzles were created to be done using pencil and paper, and there are many books that contain collections of these puzzles with tips and strategies for completing them. They also appear in newspapers and magazines: typically, a different puzzle appears every day and the solution is printed somewhere else or in the next issue. Later, small handheld machines were created that generate Sudoku puzzles for the user to solve. More recently, though, the game can be played on the Internet or on mobile apps.\nVariations.\nThere are many Sudoku variations that have been created since the original Sudoku's release. The grid is most often 9 by 9, but can be different sizes, though, and separated into smaller grids in different ways. For example, there is a 6 by 6 grid with dark lines between the third and fourth columns and between two pairs of rows: the second and third rows, and the fourth and fifth rows. The numerals that must be filled in here are from 1 to 6.\nBecause no arithmetic is needed to solve Sudoku puzzles, the numerals can be replaced with letters or symbols. It is only their position that changes the solution to the puzzle, not their value.\nOn educational websites, such as Math Playground there are Sudoku games, such as 3-d Sudoku.\nJigsaw Sudoku.\nJigsaw Sudoku (also called Squiggly Sudoku, Odd Sudoku or JigSaw Doku) is just like a regular Sudoku puzzle, except that instead of the lines being perfect, they are different. Like regular Sudoku puzzles, you have to complete the grid.\nSamurai Sudoku.\nSamurai Sudoku is a Sudoku variation that has 5 overlapping Sudoku grids formed like a big X. These puzzles are big and take a long time to complete. Like regular Sudoku puzzles, you have to complete all 5 grids in order to complete the puzzle.\nMini Sudoku.\nMini Sudoku is played on a 6x6 grid with 3x2 regions. The object is the same as in Sudoku, but the puzzle only uses the numbers 1 through 6.\nLogic 5.\nLogic 5 is another Sudoku variation that uses 5x5 grids instead of 3x3 grids, and are in use at the Sudoku World Championships."}
+{"id": "37726", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37726", "title": "Muppet", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37751", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37751", "title": "Beatrix of the Netherlands", "text": "Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess Lippe-Biesterfeld(Beatrix Wilhelmina Armgard; born 31 January 1938) is the former queen regnant of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. She reigned from 1980 to 2013.\nBeatrix is the eldest daughter of Queen Juliana and her husband, Prince Bernhard of Lippe-Biesterfeld. In 1948, she became heiress presumptive to the throne of the Netherlands. Her mother abdicated (gave up) the throne on 30 April 1980. Beatrix succeeded her as queen.\nIn January 2013, Beatrix announced that she would abdicate on 30 April 2013. This day is known as Koninginnedag (Queen's Day). Her eldest son, Willem-Alexander, succeeded to the throne as King. He is the first King of the Netherlands in 123 years.\nSince her abdication, she is called Princess Beatrix.\nFamily.\nBeatrix was married to Claus von Amsberg, who died in 2002. Her sons are King Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau and Prince Constantijn. \nHer second son, Prince Friso of Orange-Nassau, died on 12 August 2013. He had been in a coma for more than a year because of a skiing accident in Austria in February 2012.\nHer younger sister Christina died of bone cancer on 16 August 2019.\nTitles \n31 January 1938-30 April 1980 Her Royal Highness Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld\n30 April 1980-30 April 2013 Her Majesty The Queen of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld\n30 April 2013-present Her Royal Highness Princess Beatrix of the Netherlands, Princess of Orange-Nassau, Princess of Lippe-Biesterfeld"}
+{"id": "37787", "revid": "214968", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37787", "title": "Crotch", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37788", "revid": "10036220", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37788", "title": "Qatar Airways", "text": "Qatar Airways () is an airline. The airline is based in Doha, the capital city of Qatar. Its headquarters can be found at the Hamad International Airport in Doha. It is one of the fastest growing airlines in the world."}
+{"id": "37789", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37789", "title": "George Reid", "text": "Sir George Houston Reid (25 February 1845 \u2013 12 September 1918) was the fourth Prime Minister of Australia. He was the first Leader of the Opposition and leader of Free Trade Party. He moved to London after he retired and was elected to the House of Commons.\nReid was elected to the Australian Paliament in 1901 for the Division of East Sydney. He retired in 1910."}
+{"id": "37791", "revid": "60955", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37791", "title": "V.f.B. Stuttgart", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37792", "revid": "1674917", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37792", "title": "Spider Riders", "text": "Spider Riders is an animated television series based on a trilogy novel series. It premiered on June 17, 2006, and was produced by Cookie Jar Entertainment and Bee Train.\nSynopsis.\nAfter wearing a manacle on his arm, Hunter Steele ends up entering the center of the Earth and seeing the inner world of \"Arachna\". There, he and his friends ride on mechanical spiders and save Arachna from an army of insect mutants.\nNovels.\nThe anime is based on each characters and stories in three parts for each books, including \"Shards of the Oracle\", \"Reign of the Soul Eater\" and \"Quest of the Earthen\". The first book was written by Ted Anasti and Patsy Cameron-Anasti. Stephen D. Sullivan joined them and helped write the second and third books in the series. The books were first published in December 2004. They were published by Newmarket Press."}
+{"id": "37793", "revid": "1237047", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37793", "title": "Boudica", "text": "Boudica (born about 25\u00a0AD, died 60/61\u00a0AD) was the queen of the Celtic Iceni people in Norfolk in the eastern part of Roman Britain. Her husband Prasutagus ruled an independent client state of Rome. He died in 60 AD and left his kingdom jointly to his daughters and the Roman emperor.\nA statue of Boudica has stood in the Westminster area of London since 1902. She was the Boss of the celts.\nDeath of Prasutagus and its aftermath.\nIn this era it was normal Roman practice to allow allied kingdoms independence for the lifetime of their client king. For example, the provinces of Bithynia and Galatia, were part of the Empire in just this way. Also, Roman law allowed inheritance only through the male line.\nWhen Prasutagus died, his will was ignored by the Governor, Gaius Suetonius Paulinus. His kingdom was then annexed just as if it had been conquered. To make matters worse, Roman money-lenders called in the debts which Prasutagus owed during his lifetime. To collect the debts the Romans confiscated the lands and property of the Iceni and treated their nobles like slaves.\nWhen Boudica protested, Paulinus had her flogged, and her two daughters raped in public. Tacitus reports:\nRevenge of the Iceni.\nChoosing a good moment, when the Governor was attacking Anglesey and another legion was in Bristol, Boudica led the Iceni and their associates, the Trinovantes, to war. They destroyed Camulodunum (modern Colchester), and moved towards Londinium. There was only the 9th legion (Legio IX Hispana) to defend it. The tribes burnt and destroyed both Verulamium (St Albans) and Londinium and massacred all they could lay their hands on. An estimated 70,000\u201380,000 Romans and British were killed in the three cities by those led by Boudica.\nBattle of Watling Street.\nThe final battle took place near Watling Street in the English Midlands. Watling Street was an old trackway between Canterbury and St Albans. The Romans rebuilt it their way, and took it through the Midlands into Wales.\nWhile Boudica's army assaulted in Verulamium, Suetonius put together a force with his own Legio XIV Gemina, some detachments of the Legio XX Valeria Victrix, and any available auxiliaries. Down near Exeter, The Prefect of Legio II Augusta, Poenius Postumus, ignored the Governor's call to arms. Nonetheless, the Governor was able to call on almost ten thousand men.\nThe Romans were heavily outnumbered. However, the tribes lacked manoeuvrability. They had no way to direct these numbers, which put them at a disadvantage to the Romans. The Romans were skilled at open combat, and had better equipment and discipline. Also, the narrowness of the field meant that Boudica could put forth only as many troops as the Romans at any given time.\nFirst, the Romans stood their ground and used volleys of \"pila\" (heavy javelins) to kill thousands of Britons who rushed toward the Roman lines. The Roman soldiers engaged Boudica's second wave in the open. As the Romans advanced in a wedge formation, the Britons attempted to flee, but were impeded by the presence of their own families. They had put their people in wagons at the edge of the battlefield, and were slaughtered.\nTacitus reports that \"according to one report almost eighty thousand Britons fell\" compared with only four hundred Romans. Boudica fled, and her time and place of death is not known.\nThe Prefect Postumus, on hearing of the Roman victory, fell on his sword. Fearing Suetonius' actions would provoke further rebellion, Nero replaced the governor with the more conciliatory Publius Petronius Turpilianus. The historian \u00a0Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus tells us the crisis had almost persuaded Nero to abandon Britain."}
+{"id": "37795", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37795", "title": "Sonic the Hedgehog (Archie character)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37796", "revid": "585618", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37796", "title": "Choir (music)", "text": "A choir or choral group is a collection of people who sing together. They typically rehearse together with a leader and perform concerts or sing during religious services. Some choirs are professional (the singers are paid for their work in the choir). Some choirs are semi-professional (the leaders are paid at a professional rate for their work with the choir but the singers are not). Some choirs are amateur or recreational (the leaders are either not paid or are offered an honorarium and the singers are not paid). Some amateur choirs invite anyone who is interested sing with them. Professional, semi-professional, and some amateur or recreational choirs require interested people to audition and then select their members based on a set of audition criteria. \nParts of a Choir.\nThe singers in choirs are grouped by their voice types and choral music is usually written with distinct lines or parts for some or all of these voice types. Voice types are typically organized into four groups. From highest vocal range to lowest, these include:\nMusic composed for choirs, or choral music, usually has at least two distinct vocal lines or parts that create harmony with one another. Although four vocal ranges are typically specified, composers of choral music often write more than four vocal lines. If the music divides into more than four parts this subdivision is typically shown by repeating the initials of the four voice parts to show which singers should be assigned to these vocal lines, e.g. SSAATTBB (for music in eight parts: two soprano lines, two alto lines etc.). Young children\u2019s choirs may be unison choirs (all singing the same line), but older children will sing in two (SS) or three (SSA) parts or more.\nTypes of Choirs.\nChoirs usually organize and limit themselves according to voicing and/or age of the singers as well as by the size of group or the type of music they sing. \nThe primary voicing categories are:\nChoirs that organize themselves by size or repertoire type, they can be called:\nChoir of a Church (Architectural).\nThe word choir can also mean the part of a church or cathedral where the choir sit. The choir is between the nave (the main body of the church) and the sanctuary (where the altar is). The singers will divide into two groups and sit facing one another on either side of the choir area in the \u201cchoir stalls\u201d. In cathedrals the singers on the left (when facing the altar) are called \u201ccantoris\u201d and those on the right are called \u201cdecani\u201d (pronounce: dee-CAY-nye).\nChoir of an Organ.\nA large pipe organ may have three or more manuals (keyboards). The third keyboard is called the \"choir\". Traditionally the sound from the choir organ comes from pipes in a separate box behind the organist, facing the choir (the singers). It is often used to accompany them.\nOriginally it was a separate instrument so that the organist had to turn round to play it. Later it became possible for the organist to play it from the main console. \nSome famous choirs.\nSome famous choirs include:"}
+{"id": "37806", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37806", "title": "Motherboard", "text": "The motherboard, also known as a mainboard, is the main circuit board in any electronic system. It's what holds together all the components needed for an electronic system to function. Although there may be other circuit boards attached to the motherboard, the motherboard is the largest.\nName origin.\nThe word was first used in 1965 in the magazine Electronics. The term was chosen to show both the physical size and importance of the board, being the \"mother of all boards\" in a computer system.\nComposition.\nThe painted, base material of a motherboard is composed of fiberglass yarn strands that have been woven together and coated with a liquid resin and set to dry. This combination of woven fiberglass and resin is sent through an oven at a high temperature. When it comes out, it hardens and becomes stronger than it was before. The finished material, called pre-preg, is layered together and then painted, typically green. It forms the base material of the motherboard. It acts as an electrical insulator and holds everything in place.\nCopper is used to form the communication pathways that connect all the different parts on the motherboard. It is used because of its excellent ability to conduct electricity.\n\u201cOn-board\u201d is a term used to refer to anything that is permanently embedded onto the motherboard. Electrical parts are soldered onto the motherboard. These parts include transistors and resistors. Other parts that are attached to the motherboard are able to be removed in the future so that they can be upgraded. The CPU is an example of a part that is usually removable.\nParts that are not \"on-board\" can be bought as a card. Some of these parts include RAM and CPU. Computers today usually have a memory port, 2 or more USB ports, a parallel port (for use with old printers usually), audio & microphone jacks, a network port and ports for the keyboard and mouse. There are also some rare motherboards that have plugs only for very specific parts.\nAll of the slots and plugs both inside and outside the computer case are shaped a certain way to accept a certain type of part. Some will not even accept parts even one generation behind, such as the CPU and memory. Others, like the video plug, have not changed in years. Some of the plugs, such as the video, keyboard and mouse plugs, are a special color. These colors make it easier to pair the plug to the port. The motherboard may also be referred to as a printed circuit board (PCB), though it is essentially a gigantic PCB and can be considered the 'primary' PCB."}
+{"id": "37809", "revid": "1495229", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37809", "title": "High-definition television", "text": "High-definition television (HDTV) is a television broadcasting system which uses a higher resolution than a normal television. With HDTV, people can see sharper pictures than with old television, giving a more vivid and clear screen.\nMost HDTV systems use digital signals with a aspect ratio (width to height). This is different to SDTV (standard-definition television) which uses analog signals and a aspect ratio.\nHDTV picture resolution is at least twice that of the SDTV of the 20th century, so it can present a more vivid screen than analog television or DVD. HDTV can control resolution efficiently.\nMany videos on the website YouTube, a free video sharing app that lets people upload and view videos, are in 1080p60 HDR and 1440p60 HDR. \nThere are different standards. Common ones are:\nAs a comparison, PAL+ is at 1024x576 pixels, and NTSC at 853x480 pixels."}
+{"id": "37813", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37813", "title": "Napoleon Dynamite", "text": "Napoleon Dynamite is a 2004 American comedy movie by John Hess and starring Jon Heder.\nStory.\nNapoleon is an unusual school teenager who lives in Preston, Idaho. He does not have a good home life. Napoleon lives with his older brother Kip and their grandmother. Napoleon\u2019s grandmother goes to see some friends. Napoleon and Kip are left to stay with their uncle Rico. One day Napoleon meets Pedro. They become good friends. Pedro runs for school president. Pedro has to compete with the most popular girl in school, Summer Wheatly, to win the school vote. Napoleon meets a girl named Deb who he begins to like. Deb, Napoleon and Pedro keep working for Pedro to beat Summer Wheatly for president. Napoleon dances in a skit at the announcing of the president for Pedro. Kip gets married and Pedro becomes school president. Napoleon and Deb live a happy life together."}
+{"id": "37814", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37814", "title": "Colour in world", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37815", "revid": "10416088", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37815", "title": "Charlize Theron", "text": "Charlize Theron (born 7 August 1975) is a South African-born American actress. She won an Academy Award for her role in the movie \"Monster\". She was nominated for her role in the movie \"North Country\". Theron can speak three languages, her first being Afrikaans.\nEarly life.\nTheron was born in Benoni near Johannesburg. Her ancestry is German and Dutch.\nShe attended a boarding school at the age of thirteen. At the age of fifteen, she saw her alcoholic father being killed by her mother as an act of self - defence. No charges were pressed against her mother.\nCareer.\nAt the age of sixteen, she won a local modelling competition and went to Milan, Italy for a one year contract. After her modelling contract was over, she moved to New York, United States, and became a ballet dancer. She injured her knee at the age of eighteen, ending her career of being a ballet dancer.\nShe did star in a few movies, but only really became noticed when she portrayed the life of serial killer, Aileen Wuornos, in the movie \"Monster\". She won an Oscar for her role in this movie. \nAfter this, she got a lot of attention from the perfume label, Dior, and appeared in some of their advertisements.\nShe also does a lot of community work, including for PETA, for their anti - fur ads. She also works with animal rights activists and supports same-sex marriage. She has become one of Hollywood\u2019s most acclaimed actresses.\nTheron became an American citizen in 2007."}
+{"id": "37816", "revid": "1658807", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37816", "title": "Running", "text": "Running is the way in which people or animals travel quickly on their feet. It is a method of travelling on land. It is different to walking in that both feet are regularly off the ground at the same time. Different terms are used to refer to running according to the speed: jogging is slow, and sprinting is running fast.\nRunning is a popular form of exercise. It is also one of the oldest forms of sport. The exercise is known to be good for health; it helps breathing and heartbeat, and burns any spare calories. Running keeps a person fit and active. It also relieves stress. Running makes a person thirsty, so it is important to drink water when running.\nWays to avoid injuries.\nRunning injuries are quite common among runners. \nMany running injuries can be reduced through proper training, wearing of the correct gear and awareness of the running environment.\nRacing.\nRunning is a part of many forms of competitive racing. Most running races test speed, endurance or both. Track and field races are usually divided into sprints, middle-distance races and long-distance races. Races held off the track may be called cross-country races. A marathon is run over 42\u00a0kilometres.\nFootraces have probably existed for most of human history. They were an important part of the ancient Olympic Games."}
+{"id": "37817", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37817", "title": "Jokes", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37818", "revid": "9390603", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37818", "title": "Monster (movie)", "text": "Monster is a 2003 American crime drama movie. It is a true story about female American serial killer Aileen Wuornos. Wuornos is played by Charlize Theron. She received an Academy Award for her role. The movie also features Christina Ricci as Wuornos' girlfriend. The movie was directed by first time director Patty Jenkins."}
+{"id": "37820", "revid": "9298925", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37820", "title": "Guard dog", "text": "A guard dog, sometimes called an attack dog, is a dog that is trained to watch for and guard against people or animals who should not be there. Their main job is to keep their owner and the owner's property safe from danger. A guard dog is not the same as a \"watchdog\". A watchdog will let its owner know that a stranger is coming by barking. Guard dogs, however, may be trained to attack if their owner tells them to. A guard dog may also be trained to attack if a stranger comes too close. If trained properly, they will give a warning before attacking. A different type of guard dog is a livestock guard dog. Certain breeds of dogs are natural guardians of livestock. Their job is to stay with and guard a flock or herd against predators.\nBreeds of Guard Dogs.\nDifferent breeds of dogs are bred for different reasons, and are good at different things. \nThe most common breeds used as personal protection and property dogs are:\nLivestock guard dogs include:"}
+{"id": "37825", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37825", "title": "Andrew Fisher", "text": "Andrew Fisher (29 August 1862 \u2013 22 October 1928) was the fifth Prime Minister of Australia. He was Prime Minister three times. His government helped create the Royal Australian Navy and make Australia's own paper money. When he retired he moved to London.\nFisher was born in Crosshouse, Scotland, where he was educated at the Crosshouse Primary School. At the age of 10 he left school to work in the coal mines. In 1885, he moved to Australia where he worked in the coal mines at Burrum and Gympie. He was elected to the Queensland Parliament in 1892. In 1901 he married Margaret Irvine. Fisher was elected in 1901 to the seat of Wide Bay in the first Australian parliament.\nWhen Fisher was Prime Minister a number of important projects were undertaken. The Commonwealth Bank was set up, the Northern Territory of South Australia was transferred to the Commonwealth, the federal capital of Canberra was founded, and the construction of the trans-Australian railway line linking Perth to the other capital cities was begun. As well as introducing maternity allowances, Fisher acknowledged the need for greater political equality for women.\nAndrew Fisher is one of Australia's most successful prime ministers because of the changes he made. He was the first prime minister to have a majority in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. He was able to have more than 110 Acts passed into law."}
+{"id": "37827", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37827", "title": "29 August", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37828", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37828", "title": "24 June", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37829", "revid": "7629", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37829", "title": "Lutheran", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37846", "revid": "3164", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37846", "title": "X-Rays", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37849", "revid": "844779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37849", "title": "David Schwimmer", "text": "David Lawrence Schwimmer (born November 2, 1966) is an American actor. He played Ross Geller, one of the six main characters in the television sitcom \"Friends\".\nEarly life.\nSchwimmer was born in Flushing, Queens, New York, to Arthur Schwimmer and Arlene Colman. He then lived in Valley Stream, Long Island, until he was two years old. He was raised in Los Angeles, California, where he attended Beverly Hills High School.\nHe attended Northwestern University\u2019s summer \u201cCherub\u201d program (the National High School Institute) in 1983. He later enrolled at the university as a theater student. In 1988, along with seven other Northwestern graduates, he co-founded Chicago's Lookingglass Theatre Company.\nPersonal life.\nSchwimmer married Zoe Buckman in June 2010. He has a daughter Cleo Buckman Schwimmer. He lives in Los Angeles, California and New York City, New York."}
+{"id": "37854", "revid": "1690158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37854", "title": "Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic", "text": "[[File:Western sahara walls moroccan map-en.svg|thumb|Image showing the [[Wall (Western Sahara)|Berm]], the walls that separate POLISARIO-held territory in Western Sahara from Moroccan-held territory. The large yellow area is the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]]\n[[File:Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|thumb|250px|Flag of Western Sahara]]\n[[File:Coat of arms of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg|thumb|200px|Coat of arms of Western Sahara]]\nThe Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is a self-declared state with a government in exile claiming all of [[Western Sahara]]. However, the government only has control over about 20% of the [[territory (country subdivision)|territory]]. It is recognized by around more than Third of [[United Nations]] member\u2019s Countries(71*). It is controlled by the [[Polisario Front]] consisting mostly of Sahrawis. Its [[President]] is Brahim Ghali and its [[Prime minister]] is Bucharaya Hammudi Beyun. The [[Polisario Front]] says the capital is [[Laayoune]] city. However, [[Aauin]] is controlled by [[Morocco]]. The Polisario declared sovereignty on [[Western Sahara]] in 1976. The Polisario currently claims to control about 25% of the [[territory (country subdivision)|territory]]. Poliario calls the territories under its control \"Liberated Territories\" or part of the Free Zone. [[Morocco]] controls and administers the rest of the disputed territory. It calls these lands its Southern Provinces. The [[SADR]] government considers the Moroccan-held territory occupied territory. [[Morocco]] considers the much smaller [[SADR]] held territory to be a buffer zone. The \"free zone\" is referred to as 'west of the Verge. The southern Provinces are referred to as 'east of the Verge' by the [[UN]].\nHistory.\n[[File:Control of Western Sahara.png|thumb|341x341px|Image showing Morocco (in orange) and Western Sahara divided between the Moroccan-held area (in red) and the POLISARIO-held area (in green).]]\n[[Western Sahara|The Western Sahara]] was a Spanish colony from 1884 to 1976. In the early seventies, Spain made its intentions to withdraw from the region clear. [[Morocco]], [[Mauritania]] and the liberation front [[Polisario Front|Polisario]] wanted to succeed the Spanish authority. Spain planned on holding a vote in 1975 so the population of the territory could determine who will gain authority. Morocco opposed this idea and requested the [[UN]] to inform about the legal status of the area. The International Court of Justice declared its statement in 1975 favouring the idea of self-determination. As a response to this statement, [[Hassan II of Morocco|King Hassan II]] of Morocco launched \"The Green March\". Hundreds of thousands of Moroccan civilians marched into Western Sahara to address its claim to the territory. Spain is able to stop the march, but under the pressure of Morocco and due to fear of getting engaged in a foreign conflict while having domestic problems decided to hand over the area to Moroccan and Mauritania. It agreed on a partition of the territory with Morocco gaining the northern two-thirds of the country and Mauritania the southern third.\n[[Morocco]] bases its claims on the territory on history It sees Western Sahara as part of the Moroccan nation. The presence of phosphor and fishing grounds in Western Sahara may have also been a motive.\n[[Polisario Front|The Polisario Front]] came to existence in the early seventies as a guerilla movement opposing the Spanish colonial control. The Front is mostly made up of Sahrawis - the indigenous nomadic people of Western Sahara. The movement had its base in Mauritania until the partition of Western Sahara. Polisario's military opposed the overtake of Morocco and Mauritania of Western Sahara. After the partition Polisario moved to Algeria\nIt established its headquarters in [[Tindouf Province|Tindouf.]] It kept on opposing [[Morocco]] and [[Mauritania]] with the military aid of Algeria. In 1976 they proclaimed independence of the SADR and the government in exile. [[Algeria]]'s support of Polisario and the SADR is a way to oppose Morocco. They compete for regional power since both countries gained independence. Their support of Polisario could give them access to the Atlantic Ocean if Polisario gained control over the [[Western Sahara]].\nIn 1976 [[Mauritania]] signed a peace treaty with Polisario. It retreated from [[Western Sahara]] in 1979. [[Morocco]] annexed those parts. In 1981 it started the construction of a berm that separates the parts controlled by Polisario from the part controlled by [[Morocco]].\nIn 1991 the [[United Nations|UN]] called for a cease-fire. It proposed that a referendum should be held with the creation of the United Nations Mission for the Organization of a Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO). The population should decide whether they wanted independence or integration in Morocco. The referendum kept on being postponed. When Muhammad VI replaced King Hassan II in 1999, [[Morocco]] did not agree anymore to holding the referendum. The UN then proposed what is known as the 'Baker plan'. Autonomy would be granted with [[Morocco]] still controlling foreign relations, national security, and defence for five years after which a referendum would be held for independence, autonomy or incorporation in [[Morocco]]. Algeria and Polisario accepted the plan but [[Morocco]] rejected it. They state that it only saw autonomy as an option and that independence was not possible. So far, no agreements have been reached.\nThe [[SADR]] was incorporated into the [[African Union]] in 1984. It gained recognition in many African states. [[Morocco]] left the Union but rejoined in 2017\nPolitics.\nThe Sahrawi parliament or [[:en:Sahrawi_National_Council|Sahrawi National Council]] is the legislative body of the SADR. It is unicameral. It consists of 53 members and has Hamma Salama as president. It was created in 1976 by the Polisario Front and they are the only party elected. Every three years new members are elected at elections held either in the 'free zones' or in the refugee camps in [[Algeria]] where most of the Sahrawi population lives. Delegates in the refugee camps, representatives of [[Polisario]] and several civil organizations chose the candidates for the parliament.\nThe first two constitutions were promulgated in 1976 with the proclamation of the republic. When [[SADR]] joined the [[African Union]] in 1982 it was required to organize itself better politically. There were constitutional reforms. In 1991 a new constitution was promulgated. The constitution is very similar to that of [[Algeria]]. The parliament is the main operating body instead of the president.\nReferences.\n[[Category:Unrecognized countries]]\n[[Category:Dependent territories]]\n[[Category:Western Sahara]]"}
+{"id": "37855", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37855", "title": "Plutonium", "text": "Plutonium is the chemical element with the atomic number 94 and chemical symbol Pu. It is a highly radioactive metal, and is the metal used in most nuclear weapons. The chemical element plutonium has some different isotopes. The most important isotope of plutonium is 239Pu (or plutonium-239). It takes 24,110 years for half of a sample of plutonium-239 to decay, which is called its half-life. It can be made from natural uranium. It is fissile and a nuclear fuel. \nThe isotope that has the longest half-life is 244Pu (or plutonium-244). Plutonium-244 has a half-life of about 80 million years. The half-life of 244Pu is long enough that some of this isotope of plutonium is found in very small amounts in nature. \nPlutonium-238 is used in Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators. \nLike other transuranium elements, plutonium can react with water, oxygen, carbon, halogens, nitrogen, and silicon. It forms oxides and hydrides in moist air, causing the plutonium sample to expand by up to 70%. Plutonium from the expanding sample can flake off and catch fire at room temperature. Plutonium is also toxic, although it is less toxic than many people think. The reactivity and toxicity of plutonium make it difficult to handle.\nIt is a solid, at 25 degrees Celsius (77 \u00b0F) at standard atmosphere (a pressure). Fresh plutonium has a silvery bright colour but takes on a dull grey, yellow or olive green tarnish when exposed to air."}
+{"id": "37857", "revid": "3164", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37857", "title": "Ocarina of Time", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37865", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37865", "title": "Superman Returns (video game)", "text": "Superman Returns is a video game based on the movie \"Superman Returns\". It is available for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, Xbox 360, Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance consoles.\nSome video game websites said this game would come out for computers (PC), but Electronic Arts chose not to make a PC version of this game. There was going to be a Gamecube version, but it was cancelled because of a 2006 contract with Major League Baseball as well as to avoid competition with two other movie-licensed games (\"Charlotte's Web\" and \"Dreamgirls\")."}
+{"id": "37867", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37867", "title": "Malay", "text": "Malay has several meanings:"}
+{"id": "37868", "revid": "593910", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37868", "title": "Al Jazeera", "text": "Al Jazeera (in Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 al-Jazi'yra) is an Arabic-language television channel from Doha, Qatar. Al Jazeera means \"The Peninsula\" in Arabic. It is named that way because it claims to be the only independent news network in the Middle East. At first it was a satellite TV channel which broadcast in Arabic only. Now there is also a channel in English, a sports channel, a conference channel, a documentary channel and a children's channel.\nChannels.\nNext to its original channel Al Jazeera also has many other channels about specific things.\nHistory.\nThe first Al Jazeera channel was created in 1996. This was made possible with 150 million US$ from the Emir of Qatar, Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa.\nIn April 1996 the BBC World channel, which operated in Arabic, was shut down. This channel was partly owned by Saudi-Arabia. Many of the journalists from this station started working with Al Jazeera. The channel started broadcasting at the End of 1996.\nBecause Al Jazeera was available in the whole region via satellite, it changed the television landscape of the region. Before that people could only watch channels that were censored by the different states. Al Jazeera brought a new level of freedom of speech in television to the Middle East. Al Jazeera has always shown controversy on many governments in the Middle East, for example Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain and Qatar. It also was critical about Syria's relationship with the Lebanon and of the judiciary in Egypt. \nFor example, on January 27, 1999 Al Jazeera had critics of the government of Algeria on their live program \"El-Itidjah el-Mouakass\" (Arabic for \"The Opposite Direction\"). To stop people from watching this program in Algeria, the government of Algeria cut the electricity in large parts of the country. At that time many people outside the Middle East did not know about Al Jazeera. Those people who knew it said generally good things about Al Jazeera. Because of good reporting from the Lebanese Civil War in 2000-2001 Al Jazeera got even more viewers. However it only became known worldwide after it broadcast statements from al-Qaeda leaders in 2001.\nViewership.\nMost people think that people that live in the Middle East are given little information and that what they get is biased toward the government. Many people in the Arab world see Al Jazeera as a good and true source of information. Some scholars use the word of \"contextual objectivity\", which means that Al Jazeera shows both sides of a story, but still manages to be popular with the audience. Because of this it is probably the most watched news channel in the Middle East. More and more channels, for example BBC and CNN, are using material from Al Jazeera.\nAvailability.\nThe first Al Jazeera can be watched all over the world with several different satellite and cable systems. In the U.S. Al Jazeera can be watched on DVB-S on the Galaxy 25 and 23 satellites. In Europe, Northern Africa and the Middle East it can be received via DVB-S on the Astra and Hot Bird satellites. In Australia Al Jazeera can be watched via the Optus C1 satellite and in the United Kingdom it can be watched via Sky and Freesat.\nControversy.\nAl Jazeera has had many controversies and criticism."}
+{"id": "37869", "revid": "4056", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37869", "title": "AlJazeera", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37872", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37872", "title": "Boron", "text": "Boron is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol B. It has the atomic number 5. It is a metalloid (it has properties of a metal and a non-metal). Much boron is found in chemical compounds in its ore borax. Boron is never found free in nature. \nTwo types of boron are found (allotropes). Amorphous boron is a brown powder and metallic (crystalline) boron is black and hard and a weak conductor at room temperature. Boron is the 5th element in the periodic table and is part of the Earth's surface.\nPure boron is used as a dopant (a substance added to semiconductors to change how it behaves with electricity) in the semiconductor industry. Chemical compounds of boron are important as to make strong materials not weigh very much, as nontoxic insecticides and preservatives, and for chemical synthesis.\nPlants need boron in them to live. Very small amounts of boron are needed in animal's bodies so that they are very healthy. How it keeps animals healthy is not known in detail. \nBoron was discovered by Sir Humphry Davy, an English chemist, in 1808.\nBoron melts at 2075\u00a0\u00b0C (3767\u00a0\u00b0F), and boils at 4000\u00a0\u00b0C (7232\u00a0\u00b0F)."}
+{"id": "37873", "revid": "1690882", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37873", "title": "Fireplace", "text": "A fireplace is a brick or metal structure used to hold a fire. Fireplaces are most often used for heating but they can also be used for cooking. The part of the fireplace that holds the fire is called a \"firebox\" or a \"firepit\". There is a chimney or flue above the firebox that lets the smoke from the fire go outside.\nUntil the early 1900s, most homes had one or more fireplaces as a source of heat for the residents of the house. In the mid-1900s, gas, oil, and electric heaters became more common and fireplaces were used less often as a source of heat. In the late 1900s, fireplaces were less commonly built in new houses."}
+{"id": "37874", "revid": "3164", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37874", "title": "Homes", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37876", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37876", "title": "Home", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37877", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37877", "title": "Dubnium", "text": "Dubnium is a chemical element. It has the symbol Db and it has the atomic number 105. It is a very radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made in a lab. It is a transuranium element created by bombarding californium-249 with nitrogen-15 nuclei. The isotope that has the longest half-life only has a half life of 32 hours. Dubnium is a transactinide element.\nHistory.\nThe Soviet Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) had said they first discovered the element in 1968, followed by the American Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory in 1970. Both teams shared their names for the new element and used them without formal approval. The long-standing argument was settled in 1993 by an official investigation of the discovery claims by the Transfermium Working Group, formed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics, resulting in credit for the discovery being officially shared between both teams. The element was then named \"dubnium\" in 1997 after the town of Dubna, the site of the JINR.\nUses.\nThere are no current uses for Dubnium seeing as its too radioactive and ts short half life makes it almost impossible to work with.\nChemistry.\nHypothesized research says that dubnium is a member of group 5 in the 6d series of transition metals, placing it under vanadium, niobium, and tantalum. Dubnium should share most properties, such as its valence electron configuration and having a mainly +5 oxidation state, with the other group 5 elements, with a few exceptions due to relativistic effects. Limited research of dubnium chemistry has confirmed this. Solution chemistry experiments have shown that dubnium often behaves more like niobium rather than tantalum, breaking periodic trends."}
+{"id": "37879", "revid": "1660968", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37879", "title": "Upland, California", "text": "Upland is a city in San Bernardino County, California. As of the 2020 census, 79,040 people lived in Upland. It became a city on May 15, 1906, after previously being named North Ontario and a part of Ontario.\nUpland used to be famous for skateboarding because of its skate park, The Pipeline, but the park was demolished in the 1980s.\nThe rapper Litefoot was born in Upland."}
+{"id": "37881", "revid": "8356587", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37881", "title": "Dr. Robotnik", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37882", "revid": "9392021", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37882", "title": "Neuch\u00e2tel", "text": "Neuch\u00e2tel is a city in Switzerland. It is the capital of Canton of Neuch\u00e2tel. As of 2003, the city had a population of 31,571 people. On 1 January 2021, the former municipalities of Corcelles-Cormondr\u00e8che, Peseux and Valangin merged to form the municipality of Neuch\u00e2tel."}
+{"id": "37884", "revid": "38711", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37884", "title": "70s", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37885", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37885", "title": "Sonic the Hedgehog", "text": "Sonic the Hedgehog is a Japanese platform video game series and media franchise created by Sega and featuring their mascot, Sonic. It is a series of fast platform games. Sonic is the main character. He is a bright blue hedgehog with supersonic speed. Usually, Sonic must stop the villain, Doctor Eggman's, plans for taking over the world. Sonic is often helped by his friends like Tails, Amy Rose, and Knuckles.\nThe first \"Sonic the Hedgehog\" game was released in 1991. It was created by Sega's Sonic Team division after Sega wanted a new mascot character. This was because they wanted to replace Alex Kidd, and they wanted to compete with Nintendo's mascot, Mario. Its success made many sequels, and it helped Sega become one of the biggest video game companies during the 16-bit era of the early 1990s. The first major 3D \"Sonic\" game, \"Sonic Adventure\", was released in 1998 for the Dreamcast. The first 3D Game is technically Sonic 3D Blast released on November 5, 1996 on the Game Gear.\nThe series made over by 2014. As of 2018, the series has sold 800million copies. This includes free-to-play mobile game downloads."}
+{"id": "37886", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37886", "title": "21 March", "text": ""}
+{"id": "37888", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37888", "title": "The Silence of the Lambs (movie)", "text": "The Silence of the Lambs is a 1991 American crime horror thriller movie. It was directed by Jonathan Demme. It stars Jodie Foster and Anthony Hopkins. It is based on the novel by Thomas Harris. The movie is about psychopathic psychiatrist and cannibal Dr. Hannibal Lecter and FBI agent Clarice Starling. The movie was released in 1991. \nBackground.\nIn the movie, Clarice Starling, a young FBI worker, is sent to see the Dr. Lecter in prison to ask his advice on catching a serial killer called Buffalo Bill. Buffalo Bill has been kidnapping women and killing them.\nWhen the movie was being made, the FBI helped with the making of the movie. They used the movie to try to have more women join the FBI.\nAwards.\nJonathan Demme won an Academy Award for Best Director. Jodie Foster and Anthony Hopkins both won Academy Awards. The movie also won Oscars for Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Picture. It became the third and most recent movie (the other two being 1934's \"It Happened One Night\" and 1975's \"One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest\") to win Academy Awards in all the major five categories: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Actress, and Best Adapted Screenplay. It is also the only horror movie to have won the Oscar for Best Picture.\nHopkins' performance as Lecter is one of the shortest lead acting Oscar-winning performances ever. Hopkins is only on screen for seventeen minutes in the movie."}
+{"id": "37894", "revid": "1068258", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37894", "title": "Ammerland", "text": "Ammerland is a district in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is bounded by (from the east and clockwise) the city of Oldenburg and the districts of Oldenburg, Cloppenburg, Leer, Friesland and Wesermarsch.\nGeography.\nThe central point of the district is the Zwischenahner Meer near the resort town of Bad Zwischenahn, a lake with an area of 5.5\u00a0km2 (\"Meer\" is the German word for \"sea\", but in the local Low German, as in Dutch, it means \"lake\")."}
+{"id": "37895", "revid": "1068258", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37895", "title": "Aurich (district)", "text": "Aurich is a district (\"Landkreis\") in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is bounded by (from the north and clockwise) the North Sea, the districts of Wittmund and Leer, and the city of Emden."}
+{"id": "37896", "revid": "145452", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37896", "title": "Bentheim", "text": "Bentheim may be:"}
+{"id": "37897", "revid": "1068258", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37897", "title": "Celle (district)", "text": "Celle () is a district (\"Landkreis\") in Lower Saxony, Germany."}