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+{"id": "40951", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40951", "title": "Austria-Hungary", "text": "Austria-Hungary or the Austro-Hungarian Empire was a state in Central Europe from 1867 to 1918. It was the countries of Austria and Hungary ruled by a single monarch. This also included the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia as a constituent kingdom. The full name of the empire was \"The Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council and the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen\".\nThe dual monarchy replaced the Austrian Empire (1804\u20131867). It started with the compromise between the ruling Habsburg dynasty and the Hungarians. It was an empire made up of many different ethnic groups and was a great power. It found its political life full of arguments between the eleven main national groups. It had great economic growth through the age of industrialization. It also saw social changes with many liberal and democratic reforms.\nThe Habsburg dynasty ruled as emperors of Austria over the western and northern half of the country and as kings of Hungary over the Kingdom of Hungary. The Kingdom of Hungary had some ability to govern itself. It also had a say in things that affected both it and the rest of the empire. This was mainly foreign relations and defense.\nThe empire had two capital cities: Vienna in Austria and Budapest in Hungary. Austria-Hungary was the second largest country in Europe (after the Russian Empire). It had the third most people (after Russia and the German Empire).\nCreation of Austria\u2013Hungary.\nThe \"Ausgleich\" or compromise of February 1867 created the Empire's dualist structure. The Austrian Empire (1804\u201367) had lessened in strength and in power. This was because of the Austro\u2013Sardinian War of 1859 and the Austro\u2013Prussian War of 1866. Also, the Hungarian people were not happy with how Vienna treated them. This had been going on for many years and it led to Hungarian separation. This included the Hungarian liberal revolution of 1848\u201349.\nEmperor Franz Joseph tried to reach an agreement with the Hungarian nobility. He needed their support to keep the empire together. The Hungarian nobility would not accept anything less than equality between themselves and the Austrian elites.\nGovernmental structure.\nHungary and Austria had different parliaments. Each had its own prime minister. The monarch kept the two working together. He had absolute power in theory but very little in reality. The monarch\u2019s central government had charge of foreign policy, the customs union and the armed forces. The empire had a navy and three armies: an Austrian army, a Hungarian army, and the larger \"common\" army. \nWorld War I.\nThe deaths of Franz Joseph's brother, Maximilian I of Mexico (1867), and his only son, Crown Prince Rudolf, made the Emperor's nephew, Franz Ferdinand, next in line to the crown. On 28 June, 1914, the heir visited the Bosnian capital, Sarajevo. Bosnian Serb militants of the group Mlada Bosna attacked Franz Ferdinand's motorcade and assassinated him.\nSome members of the government, such as Conrad von H\u00f6tzendorf had wanted to fight the Serbian nation for many years. The leaders of Austria-Hungary decided to attack Serbia before it could start a revolt. They used the assassination as an excuse. They gave Serbia a list of ten demands called the July Ultimatum. They expected Serbia would not accept. Serbia accepted nine of the ten demands but only partially accepted the other one. Austria-Hungary declared war.\nThese events brought the Empire into conflict with Serbia. Russia moved its army to help Serbia. This set off troop movements on both sides and started World War I.\nEnd of the Empire.\nBy 1918, it was obvious that the Allied powers would win. Nations began declaring their independence from Austria-Hungary as the government of the empire began to collapse. The following nations were created from the territories of Austria-Hungary:\nSome nations only got part of their lands from the Empire. These include:\nSome Austro-Hungarian lands were also given to Romania and Italy. "}
+{"id": "40964", "revid": "1679911", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40964", "title": "Wisdom", "text": "Wisdom is using knowledge, experience, and insight to think and act with good judgment. Wisdom is defined differently by many cultures and gained through natural means (e.g., life experiences and reason) or supernatural means (e.g., divine revelation and religious teachings).\nSomeone who has wisdom is called wise. Most cultures historically recognized wise individuals, often called sages, who were sought for guidance because they understood things ordinary people did not. In Western culture, the owl of Athena or Minerva is a symbol of wisdom.\nWisdom is broadly categorized into theoretical wisdom, practical wisdom, and moral wisdom.\nPsychological perspectives.\nThe field of psychology has identified the following traits of wisdom:"}
+{"id": "40965", "revid": "558886", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40965", "title": "Skate (fish)", "text": "\"For the act of skating, see skating.\"\nSkates are cartilaginous fish. They are the family Rajidae in the order Rajiformes. They are chondrichthyes, and closely related to the rays. There are more than 200 species in 27 genera.\nThere are two subfamilies, the hardnose skates and the softnose skates.\nSkates and stingrays.\nSkates are a bit like stingrays (they are in the same group), but they are usually smaller with shorter, thicker tails. There is also a difference: skates do not have stings. Instead, their tails are thicker, with small \"thorns\" along the edges. At the base of the tail is a set of extra fins.\nSkates and rays are also different in the way the give birth. Most rays are ovoviviparous (the eggs develop inside a mother's body), but skates lay their eggs. This means they are oviparous."}
+{"id": "40977", "revid": "294863", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40977", "title": "Defend", "text": ""}
+{"id": "40981", "revid": "1689007", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40981", "title": "Roger Moore", "text": "Sir Roger George Moore (14 October 1927 \u2013 23 May 2017) was an English actor and a UNICEF ambassador. He is probably the most well known for playing fictional spy James Bond in seven movies from 1973 to 1985. He played James Bond more times than any other actor. He was also well known for playing Simon Templar in the television show \"The Saint\". He began his career by becoming a male model.\nHowever, Roger Moore stated, about his decision to leave the role of James Bond, that \"It wasn\u2019t because of the physical stuff as I could still play tennis for two hours a day and do a one-hour workout every morning. Physically I was okay, but facially I started looking\u2026well, the leading ladies were young enough to be my granddaughters and it becomes disgusting.\" According to him, he looked too old to be \"hanging around women in their early twenties without it appearing creepy.\" This statement is an ageist offense to many people, even other famous people, who are enganged in relationships with large age differences.\nEarly life.\nMoore was the only child of policeman, George Moore, and housewife, Lilian \"Lily\". He attended Battersea Grammar School, but was evacuated to Holsworthy, Devon, during the Second World War. He was then educated at Dr Challoner's Grammar School in Amersham, Buckinghamshire. He then attended the College of the Venerable Bede at the University of Durham, but never graduated. Moore served in the Royal Army Service Corps, commanding a small depot in West Germany.\nPersonal life.\nMoore left his first wife, skater Doorn Van Steyn, for singer Dorothy Squires. Squires was 12 years older than him. She was also, at that time, much more famous than he was. They lived together for a short time in Dafen, Llanelli, South Wales. While making a movie in Italy in 1961, Moore left Squires for Italian actress Luisa Mattioli. Moore has a daughter and two sons with Mattioli. Moore ended this marriage in 1993. His final marriage was to the Danish-Swedish multi-millionairess Kristina 'Kiki' Tholstrup.\nWhen Moore married Kiki Tholstrup, he began spending winters in Crans-Montana, Valais (Switzerland) and summers at his apartment in Monaco.\nIn 1999, Moore was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE), and advanced to Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) on 14 June 2003. He was proud the honor was for his charity work rather than his acting.\nOn 11 October 2007, three days before he turned 80, Moore was awarded a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Moore's Star was the 2,350th star. It is appropriately located at 7007 Hollywood Boulevard.\nIn 2008, the French Government appointed Moore a Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.\nHis autobiography \"My Word is My Bond\" was published the same year."}
+{"id": "40982", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40982", "title": "Melbourne Cup", "text": "The Melbourne Cup is Australia's major horse race. It happens once a year. People say it is \"The race that stops a nation\", it is for horses three-years-old and over, and it is 3200 metres long. The event has been held on the first Tuesday in November since 1861 (except on one year during the Second World War) by the Victoria Racing Club, on the Flemington Racecourse in Melbourne. Many people say it is the most important \"two-mile\" horse race in the world.\nThe race was first held over two miles, about 3,218 metres, but after Australia changed to the metric system in 1972 it was changed to 3,200 metres. This made it 61\u00a0ft 6in shorter, and Rain Lover's 1968 race record of 3min.19.1sec was changed to 3min.17.9sec. Now, the record holder is the 1990 winner Kingston Rule with a time of 3min 16.3sec.\nThe race starts at 3.00pm Melbourne (AEST) time.\nAttendance.\nThe event is one of the most popular events to watch in Australia. Over 110,000 people attend the race. Some people dress in traditional formal raceday clothing. Other people dress in different kinds of strange and amusing costumes,\nIn 2005 a total of 383,784 race fans went to the Melbourne Cup Carnival annual event \nHistory.\nSeventeen horses raced in the first Melbourne Cup in 1861. The prize was a gold watch and 170 pounds cash. Some people say Archer (the winner) walked 800\u00a0km to the course from Nowra, New South Wales. However, it is possible he travelled by ship. Four thousand people watched the race.\nArcher won again the next year. However, because the owner's application form arrived late the next year, Archer was unable to try for a third cup. Many owners boycotted (did not race in protest) the race, so it started with only seven horses. That is the smallest number in the history of the cup.\nThe winner of the Melbourne Cup last year was Rekindling, from Great Britain.\nOff the track.\n'Fashions On The Field' is a major focus of the day. Raceday fashion sometimes draws almost as much attention as the race itself. The miniskirt received worldwide attention when model Jean Shrimpton wore one on Derby Day during Melbourne Cup week in 1965.\nIn Melbourne, the race day is a public holiday. In the rest of Australia most people watch the race on television and gamble. Some people bet at the TAB (the Australian betting office). Other people bet in workplace cup \"sweeps\". (In \"sweeps\" each person pays a small amount [e.g. $3] and draws a random horse. First, second, and third place then share the money.) In 2000 it was estimated that 80 percent of the adult Australian population placed a bet on the race that year.\nBetting on the Melbourne Cup has become more and more popular over the years, with one time a year punters having a crack at picking the winning horse."}
+{"id": "40983", "revid": "627836", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40983", "title": "King Philip's War", "text": "King Philip's War (Metacom's War) was a war between Native Americans and English colonists. King Philip's War was fought between 1675 and 1676 in the area of the United States that is now New England.\nWhen the Pilgrims left England, they came to live in Massachusetts near the Indians. As more Puritans arrived, they needed more land and they took it. Metacom, or \"King Philip\" as he was called in English was the leader of one of the Wampanoag Pokanoket tribes. His father had made a treaty with the English.\nThe English began to fear the power of the natives. The two sides accused each other of violating the treaty and preparing for war. John Wussausmon was Christian convert and a trader. He told the English that Philip was preparing an alliance to attack them. When he was found dead, the English executed three Indians for his murder, and people on both sides became more angry. Philip brought together a large force of Indians and attacked the Puritan settlements. The resulting war was large. The Indians lost and thousands of them died but not before the whole countryside suffered much loss. Many towns burned and every inhabitant was enveloped some way in the conflict. When King Philip was killed by a native, his head was cut off by Benjamin Church to be brought back to Plymouth. 500 Indians were also taken prisoner and made slaves."}
+{"id": "40988", "revid": "48456", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40988", "title": "Lip balm", "text": "Lip balm is a product which is put on lips so they will not dry when a person is outside in the sun and wind. Lip balm is usually made from petrolatum. Some types of lip balm also include sunscreen to protect the lips from sunburn. Lip balm comes in tubes and small pots with screw-on lids. Lip balm is often used during the winter, because the cold winter winds can dry out a person's lips so that they are cracked and hurting (this is called having \"chapped\" lips)."}
+{"id": "40989", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40989", "title": "Coprophagia", "text": "Coprophagia is the eating of faeces. Many animals eat faeces, either their own or that of other animal groups. It is particularly common in dogs and puppies of about six months old, but little is known why; lack of stimulus and variety in the lifestyle or diet have been cited as potential reasons.\nAdding pineapple to their food is a well recognized solution for many dogs. Humans do it only on rare occasions and it is looked down upon in society. Eating one's feces can also spread disease."}
+{"id": "40990", "revid": "507729", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40990", "title": "Frankenwald", "text": "The Frankenwald (roughly translates to Franconian forest) is a mountain range. It is in the district of Oberfranken in Bavaria. It connects the Fichtelgebirge to the Thuringian forest. It is a long forested plateau. The hills in the plateau form a watershed between the Rhine and the Elbe rivers. \nIt was settled in the 13th century. The main branches of industry were porcelain-making, forestry, and the production of charcoal. Rafts were built to get the wood into the larger cities, along the Main river, and the Rhine. First, the people setlted on the plateau. They cut down some forest, and settled in the clearing that was created that way. A well preserved example of such a setltlement is Wilhelmsthal. Only at a later date did people settle in the valleys.\nIn the Frankenwald, the following landscapes are prevalent:"}
+{"id": "40992", "revid": "10403709", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40992", "title": "Rapid transit", "text": "Metro is a train that run very often and carry many passengers at one time. It is usually in a city or urban area and takes people in and out of it. Unlike buses or trams, trains go between places very quickly because they do not mix with other traffic. Most rapid transit railways do not have level crossings, but the tracks go over and under other roads, or run in tunnels or over bridges, so they do not meet.\nMany places call their rapid transit system a metro. Other words for rapid transit, which vary around the world, are subway, underground, tube, elevated, or heavy rail. These words sometimes describe how the system is built: some systems are completely below or above ground, while others may have both below-ground and above-ground sections.\nA single rapid transit system can have many lines that go to different places and many stations where people can get on and off trains. They often have stations where people can change from one line to another to go in a different direction, or change between other forms of public transport. These stations are called interchange stations, and many of the biggest rapid transit systems have several of these stations.\nEurope.\nMany people consider the oldest rapid transit system of any kind to be the Metropolitan Railway in London, the capital of the United Kingdom. The first part of what would eventually become the London Underground started building in 1860, and the first part was opened in 1863. The first underground trains were powered by locomotives that burned coal, and the smoke made many people suffer from choking in the tunnels. Later trains on the line ran on electric power. This line, now part of the Metropolitan line, is still running today. Another railway line in London, the City and South London Railway, was the first rapid transit line to use trains that run on electricity. This opened in 1890 and today is part of the Northern line. Several more underground railways were built in London, and today the Underground, which is called the \"tube\" for its small trains and tunnels, has eleven lines, some of which run on track that is also used by National Rail trains.\nThe next two cities to build rapid transit lines were Budapest, Hungary (whose first metro line opened in 1896) and Glasgow, Scotland whose \"Subway\" also opened in 1896. Soon, many other big cities in Europe were building metro lines, including Berlin, Germany (Berlin U-Bahn); Paris, France (Paris M\u00e9tro); and Moscow, Russia (Moscow Metro). A number of Paris M\u00e9tro lines use trains that have rubber tires along with wheels made of steel; this helps the trains run better and smoother especially on steep gradients. Montreal's metro system is also like this, along with some people mover systems, which carry fewer people than rapid transit.\nThe Americas.\nThe first subway in North America was in Boston. Building started in 1895 and the first section was opened in 1897. The tunnels for this subway are still used by the Green Line of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, which has since built some other subways. In 1904, the New York City Subway opened, serving New York City. It quickly grew and soon became one of the largest in the world. It still has the most stations of any rapid transit system, with over 400. Several more cities in the United States and Canada built subways, including Philadelphia (operated by SEPTA); Los Angeles (operated by METRO); Montreal Metro in Montreal, Toronto Subway in Toronto and the Vancouver SkyTrain in Vancouver, Canada.\nAlthough most rapid transit systems are built in underground tunnels, there are some lines which have been built above the street. These \"elevated\" lines are cheaper to build than subways since no tunneling is required. A well-known mostly elevated rapid transit system is the Chicago 'L' serving Chicago since 1892. The New York City Subway also has many elevated sections. The Bay Area Rapid Transit system in the San Francisco Bay Area and the Washington Metro in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area, two of the newer rapid transit systems built in the US, began running in 1972 and 1976, in that order. Although these last two systems have long sections of track without stations and run mostly above ground, in some places in the median strip of highways all the lines travel through subways in the inner cities.\nThe first subway in South America opened in the Argentine capital of Buenos Aires in 1913 (the Buenos Aires Underground). The oldest trains on the Underground were used for almost one hundred years, and were not replaced with new cars until 2013. Other cities in Latin America with rapid transit include S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil (S\u00e3o Paulo Metro); Santiago, Chile (Santiago Metro); and Mexico City, Mexico (Mexico City Metro). Trains in Santiago and Mexico City are like Paris and Montreal as they are rubber-tired. Although there are not as many cities with rapid transit railways as there are in Europe or other places, many large cities operate bus rapid transit networks, which carry many people like railways and often have their own lane on roads, but use buses instead of trains. These systems are often designed to be converted into rail-based rapid transit in the future.\nAsia, Africa, and Oceania (including Australia).\nThe first subway in Asia was the subway in Tokyo, Japan. The first section, part of the Ginza Line, was opened in 1927. Now, there are 13 lines run by two different companies (Tokyo Metro and Toei Subway), and many trains on these lines, called \"through trains\", run directly onto regular Japanese railways. Many other cities in Japan have subways of their own, like Osaka, Kyoto, and Nagoya. In China, the first subway, Beijing Subway, opened in Beijing in 1969. Other cities in China began to build subways, including Tianjin, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. These systems, especially Beijing with its 18 lines, are some of the largest and longest in the world. The Shanghai Metro had only one line when it opened in 1993, but today has 19. Both the Beijing and Shanghai systems have over 500 kilometers of track. Other cities in Asia with big subway systems are Taipei, Taiwan (Taipei Metro), Seoul, South Korea (Seoul Metropolitan Subway); Delhi, India (Delhi Metro); and Singapore (MRT). Three of Singapore's MRT lines, along with three smaller LRT lines, are automatically operated without a driver. A few more metro systems that run this way are London's Docklands Light Railway; the SkyTrain in Vancouver, Canada; and the Dubai Metro serving Dubai in the United Arab Emirates.\nAfrica does not have many cities with rapid transit. Among those that have one, the oldest is in Cairo, Egypt (Cairo Metro), in use since 1987. Some cities in South Africa, though, have commuter rail networks with trains that come at high frequencies like rapid transit. Australia was the last continent to have a rapid transit system, although its biggest cities already have large commuter rail networks, some of which run in tunnels like rapid transit. The first ever rapid transit system in Australia opened in Sydney (Sydney Metro) in 2019. It also uses driverless trains."}
+{"id": "40993", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40993", "title": "Metro", "text": ""}
+{"id": "40994", "revid": "1530097", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40994", "title": "Municipality", "text": "A municipality is a word used for a city, a town or a village, or a small group of them. It has a clearly defined territory, and all the people living on that territory share one common local government.\nIn most countries, a municipality is the smallest administrative subdivision to have its own democratically elected representative leadership. A municipality is usually governed by a mayor and a city or municipal council. The municipality can be created as a municipal corporation.\nThe word used may be \"commune\" (for example, French \"commune\", Italian \"comune\" or Swedish \"kommun\"), canton, district, civil parish or borough."}
+{"id": "40995", "revid": "1313425", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40995", "title": "Problem", "text": ""}
+{"id": "40996", "revid": "1260226", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40996", "title": "Order", "text": "Order has many meanings or uses:"}
+{"id": "40998", "revid": "888555", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40998", "title": "Friedrichshafen", "text": "Friedrichshafen is a city in Germany. It is at the north shore of the Lake of Constance. It is the second largest city at the lakeside, after Konstanz. About 58,000 people live there. The city is famous for having one of the first Zeppelins."}
+{"id": "40999", "revid": "687081", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40999", "title": "Zeppelin", "text": "A Zeppelin is a type of airship. Airships are aircraft that float in air, because they are filled with a lightweight gas. A Zeppelin is a dirigible, which means it is a rigid airship, but can be moved around by itself. It was developed by Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin, in the early 20th century. The name Zeppelin is now used as a common name for all rigid airships. Zeppelins were used in the First World War. In the Second World War the Nazis largely used them for propaganda purposes.\nOne of the most well-known Zeppelins was the LZ 129 Hindenburg, which caught fire on May 6, 1937, during a landing after a non-stop trip from Germany to New Jersey in the United States. After this, Zeppelin passenger service came to a stop. The LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin was still in use, although some modifications had to be made. Early the Second World War the remaining Zeppelins were demolished so their metal could be used for other things. \nPlans have been proposed, to use Zeppelins to lift heavy weights. Some are used as tourist attractions, or for advertising."}
+{"id": "41002", "revid": "10249385", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41002", "title": "666", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41010", "revid": "1412416", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41010", "title": "Stanza", "text": "A stanza is a related group of lines or verses in a poem. A stanza also can be a verse in paragraph form. They can keep on going without punctuation. It may also be a line poem.\nTwo most important features of a stanza is the number of lines and the rhyme scheme. There are many kinds of stanza. \nAn Italian sonnet consists of two four-line stanzas and two three-line stanzas:\nA French ballad is composed of three eight-line stanzas and a four-line one:\nSome stanzas are named after poets, who invented or often used them. An example is Sapphic stanza that was named after famous Greek woman poet Sappho.\nBibliography.\nJoseph Berg Esenwein, Mary Eleanor Roberts, \"Art of Versification\". Revised edition. Springfield: 1920."}
+{"id": "41013", "revid": "10319440", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41013", "title": "Nanga Parbat", "text": "Nanga Parbat is a mountain in Gilgit-Baltistan, between Chilas and Astore. It is the ninth highest mountain in the world. It is above sea level. Nanga Parbat means \"Naked Mountain\". In 1953, an Austrian German named Hermann Buhl was the first to climb it.\nNanga Parbat is in the west of the Himalayas, and is the most western of the mountains higher than eight thousand meters. It lies just south of the Indus River, in the Astore District of the Northern Areas in the region of Kashmir. Not far to the north is the western end of the Karakoram mountains.\nNanga Parbat is the highest peak in the Nanga Parbat Range. The range covers an area of in length and in width. In the east it joins the Pir Panjal Range.\nThe steep incline of its peak that rises above the ground far below makes Nanga Parbat a difficult and dangerous climb. Many deaths in the mid and early 20th century gave it the nickname of \"killer mountain\"."}
+{"id": "41014", "revid": "1649820", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41014", "title": "Cheema", "text": "Cheema (Shahmukhi: \u0686\u06cc\u0645\u06c1, : \u0a1a\u0a40\u0a2e\u0a3e), also spelled as Chima, is a group of Jats in India and Pakistan who are known as warriors. Jats are a large group in the Punjab region, and Cheemas are a major Jat sub-clan. They speak Punjabi, and are often large landowners. Most Cheema clans who are Muslims live in West Punjab, and many Sikhs live in the East Punjab of India.\nHistory.\nThe Cheema tribe was called \"Shaka\" in India, from the name (Saka) used by the Persians. After the \"Mahabharata\" wars (1500-500 BC), the Shakas often mentioned in texts like the Puranas, the Manusmriti, the \"Ramayana\", the \"Mahabharata\", the Mahabhasiya by Patanjali, the Brhat Samhita of Vraha Mihira, the Kavyamimamsa, the Brihat-Katha-Manjari, and the Katha-Saritsagara. The \"Sikh Jatts\" (Cheema, Sandhu and Gill) live in the Indian Punjab, the \"Muslim Jutts\" (Chattha, Cheema and Warraich) live in the Pakistani Punjab, and the Cheema/Chattha Jatts are said to be descended from Maharaja Prithvi Raj Chohan, the sovereign of Delhi.\nInvasion of India (after 180 BC).\nThe Vanaparava of the \"Mahabharata\" has a prophecy that the kings of the Shakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, Bahlikas, and Abhiras would rule poorly during the Kali Yuga (MBH 3/188/34-36).\nAlexander's invasion of Punjab.\nAlexander took over the Achaemenid Empire in 331 BC, and marched into present-day Afghanistan with an army of 50,000. His scribes do not mention Gandhara or Kamboja; instead, they name twelve small countries in those territories. This means that Gandhara and Kamboja were not have been very great kingdoms in the late 4th century BC. In 326 BC, most of these twelve or so countries in the Gandhara Kamboja Mahajanapadas were taken over by the Macedonian conqueror.\nAlexander invited the chieftains of the former satrapy of Gandhara to come to him and submit to his authority. Ambhi, ruler of Taxila, whose kingdom extended from the Indus to the Hydaspes (Jhelum), agreed. After confirming him as satrap, Alexander marched against the Sakas (Cheemas are considered to be descendants of the Sakas) and Kamboja highlanders of the Kunar and Swat valleys known in Greek texts as Aspasios and Assakenois and in Indian texts as Ashvayana and Ashvakayana who had refused to submit to Alexander. The Ashvayan, Ashvakayan, Kamboja and allied Saka clans offered tough resistance to the invader; Ashvakayan women took up arms and joined their men on the field, preferring \"a glorious death to a life of dishonor\".\nAlexander then marched east to the Hydaspes, where Porus, ruler of the kingdom between the Hydaspes (Jhelum) and the Akesines (Chenab), refused to submit to him. The two armies fought the Battle of the Hydaspes River on the riverbank outside the town of Nikaia (near present-day Jhelum). Porus's army fought bravely, but was no match for Alexander's. When the defiant Raja (wounded and having lost his sons) was brought before Alexander, Alexander asked him, \"How should I treat you?\" Porus answered, \"The way a king treats another king\". Alexander returned the conquered kingdom to Porus and added the land between the Akesines (Chenab) and the Hydraotis (Ravi), whose ruler had fled. Alexander's army crossed the Hydraotis and marched east to the Hesidros (Beas). His troops refused to march further east and Alexander turned back, following the Jhelum and the Indus to the Arabian Sea and sailing to Babylon.\nIn the middle of the 2nd century BC, the Yuezhi tribe of present-day China moved west into Central Asia; this caused the Sakas (Scythians) to move west and south. The Northern Sakas (also known as the Indo-Scythians) moved into Bactria and crossed the Hindu Kush into India, successfully taking power from the Indo-Greeks. They were followed by the Yuezhi, who were known in India as the Kushans or Kushanas. The Kushanas founded a kingdom in the 1st century that lasted for several centuries. The Indo-Scythians and the Kushans embraced Buddhism and absorbed elements of Indo-Greek art and culture. Another Central Asian people who settled in Punjab were the Hephthalites (White Huns), who continuously campaigned from across the Hindu Kush and established their rule in India in the fifth century.\nMuhammed Bin Qasim's invasion of Punjab.\nMany Cheemas were oppressed by the Hindu king Raja Dahir, who ruled Buddhist Punjab. They allied with the Muslim Arabs and hailed the invasion by Muhammad bin Qasim, an Arab general. Muhammad bin Qasim defeated the Hindu Raja Dahir in alliance with the Jats and other Buddhist Rajas. When he arrived in Brahmanabad, 6,000 to 16,000 men died in battle. Buddhists and the Jat Meds and Bhutto tribes hailed him as a rescuer from tyranny by Chach and his family (who were seen as usurpers of the Rai Dynasty). The historian Baladhuri wrote, \"[The] people of Hind wept for Qasim and preserved his likeness at Karaj\".\nThe 13th-century \"Chach Nama\" notes the following as highlights of Qasim\u2019s rule:\nAccording to Manan Ahmed Asif, however, the \"Chach Nama\" is unreliable as an historical source.\nOppression of the Jats.\nThe rulers before Islam were Siharus, Sahasi II, Chach, and Dahir. The first two were Buddhist Rajputs , and the last two were Hindus. The new Brahmin rulers were unfriendly to the Buddhists in Sind at the time, and were cruel to the peasants. The Jats lost many civil rights. \"When Chach, the Brahmim chamberlain who usurped the throne of chach King went to Brahmanabad, he enjoined upon the Jats and Lohanas not to carry swords, avoid velvet or silken cloth, ride horses without saddles and walk about bare-headed and bare-footed\". For this reason, Muhammad bin Qasim received cooperation from the Buddhists, the Jats and the Meds during his campaign in Sind.\nPresent day.\nThe Cheema have the largest number of seats in the National Assembly and Senate of Pakistan in Punjab. Nisar Ahmad Cheema from NA-79 leads the Cheemas in the National Assembly, and his ancestors have done so for the past six decades. \nThis Cheema family is the largest and the most powerful, supplying a large number of civil servants, judges, police officials, federal and provincial ministers, and a president of Pakistan. Many Cheemas have emigrated, establishing successful careers in aid agencies, armies and other professions. They are found in the United States, Canada, and Australia. The Cheemas control a number of Pakistani districts, such as Gujranwala. \nAutar Singh Cheema was the first Pakistan-born Indian national to climb Mount Everest, on 20 May 1965. After retiring from the Indian Army, he lived in his ancestral village at Chak Sri Ganganagar in Rajasthan, India. Many Cheemas have settled in England after participating in both world wars in the Indian Army.\nThe Cheema clan in Nurmahal (Cheema Kalan and Cheema kurd) lives on the land of the former Noor Jahan (the Persian Queen), the twentieth and last wife of the Mughal emperor Jahangir, and the queen's secret underground passages are on Cheema land. Most Cheema land in Nurmahal was given to the clan for their bravery, hard work and dedication to the Indian armed forces.\nHindu scriptures.\nThe \"Mahabharata\".\nThe Udyogaparava of the \"Mahabharata\" (5/19/21-23) says that a combined army of the Kambojas, Yavanas, and Shakas fought fiercely in the Kurukshetra War under the command of Sudakshina Kamboja. Originally noble kshatriyas, they were demoted to \"vrishala\" status for not following the sacred Brahmin codes.\nThe Manusmiriti.\nThe Manusmriti equates the Shakas with the Kambojas, Yavanas, Pahlavas, and Paradas, calling them degraded kshatriyas who defied the Brahmin laws and rituals.\nThe Puranas.\nIn the \"Puranas Darada\", the Jat sub-tribes have been called \"rakshasas\" (demons) who do not have the darshan of the brahmin.\nGeography.\nThe Cheema are most numerous in Amritsar district, and there are 42 villages in Patiala district. According to Alexander Cunningham, this area was called \"Chima des\" (\"des\" or \"desh\" means \"country\" in the Hindustani and Punjabi languages). Many people settled in Montgomery (Sahiwal) and Sandal Bar when the British ruled Punjab because of the construction of a large canal network in these areas. The Cheema also have a few villages scattered across Rawalpindi, Bhawalpur, Amritsar, Gurdaspur, Jalandhar, NurMahal (or Noor Mahal), Moga, Ludhiana, and Sangrur.\nIn the western Punjab plains, Cheema communities are not generally found past Chaj Doab. They were not found past Sangrur district in the eastern plains until 1947, when many Sikh Cheemas moved from Sialkot and Gujranwala to settle in Patiala, Karnal, and Sirsa after the partition of the Punjab. Some families later moved to Udhamsingh nagar (Uttrakhand), Pilibhit, Puranpur, and Rampur (Uttar Pradesh). This area is known as \"Mini-Punjab\" and the Terai Region.\nIn Pakistan, Sialkot and Gujranwal districts have large Cheema populations and many Cheema villages such as Chak 4e in Sri Ganganagar (Raj) Begowal, Verowala Cheema Jamke Cheema, Tajokay Cheema, Adamkay Cheema, Bhopalwala, Sahowala, Kamalpur, Manpur, and Lodikay Cheema. Gujranwala District has Baddokey Cheema, Kot Inayat Khan,Delawar Cheema, Saroki Cheema, Bharoki Cheema,Varoki Cheema,Mansorwali Cheema, Ratti Thatt, Bankay Cheema, Kathor, Kalay Wala, Kheway Wali, Wadala Cheema, Phaloki Cheema, Marday Ki, and Chabba Cheema. Sui Cheemian, a village near Gujar Khan in Rawalpindi District, has a substantial Cheema population.\nBahawalpur and Yazman in southern Punjab have considerable numbers of Cheema families, and have elected more than a dozen cabinet members. The Rupnagar and Mohali districts of the Indian Punjab state have large Cheema populations and many Cheema villages, such as Salaura."}
+{"id": "41016", "revid": "1696136", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41016", "title": "K2", "text": "K2 is the second-highest mountain in the world, standing at tall. It is also known as Mount Godwin-Austen or Chogori (\u0f46\u0f7c\u0f42\u0f7c\u0f0b\u0f62\u0f72\u0f0d). K2 is part of the Karakoram mountain range, and is located in Pakistan administered Kashmir. The name, 'K2' originated from the first survey of the Karakoram range. In the survey, surveyors named each mountain with a 'K' and a number after that. \nK2 is known as the '\"Savage Mountain and is considered more difficult to climb than Mount Everest, the highest mountain in the world. It has the second-highest fatality rate among all mountains over 8,000 meters, with approximately one death for every four climbers who reach the summit. As of 2011, only 300 people had successfully reached the top of K2, while more than 80 climbers lost their lives attempting the ascent. K2 can be climbed during both summer and winter seasons\"'.\nThe top of the mountain was first reached in 1954 by Italian climbers and .\nName.\nThe name K2 was first used by the Great Trigonometrical Survey of British India. Thomas Montgomerie conducted the first survey of the Karakoram range from Mount Harmukh. During the Survey, he sketched the two most prominent peaks and labeled them K1 and K2.\nThe rule of the Great Trigonometrical Survey was to use local names for mountains when possible. K1 was locally known as Masherbrum. K2, however, appeared not to have a local name. The reason was probably its remoteness. It cannot be seen from Askole, the last village to the south, or from the nearest village to the north. People think that the name \"'Chogori is the rightful local name for K2. Chogori\"' comes from two Balti words, \"chhogo\" (\"big\") and \"ri\" (\"mountain\") (\u0f46\u0f7c\u0f42\u0f7c\u0f0b\u0f62\u0f72\u0f0d) There is not much evidence for its widespread use, however. It may have been invented by Western explorers. It does form the basis for the name \"Qogir\" () which the Chinese government uses as the official name of the mountain.\nAs the mountain did not have a local name, the name \"Mount Godwin-Austen\" was suggested. This was in honor of Henry Godwin-Austen, who had been an early explorer of the area. While the name was rejected by the Royal Geographical Society, it was used on several maps and is still used.To this day, the mountain is still known as K2. This name now exists in the Balti language as \"Kechu\" or \"Ketu\" (\u0f40\u0f7a\u0f0b\u0f46\u0f74\u0f0d). The Italian climber stated that while the name K2 came by chance, it was good for the mountain. He said:\nClimbing history.\nEarly attempts.\nThe mountain was first surveyed by a European team in 1856. Team member Thomas Montgomerie first called the mountain K2. The other mountains were originally named K1, K3, K4, and K5, but were later changed to local names. In 1892, Martin Conway led a British expedition that made it to the Baltoro Glacier.\nThe first real attempt to climb K2 was made in 1902 by an Anglo-Swiss expedition. It took fourteen days for them to reach the foot of the mountain. After five attempts, the team only made it to .\nThe next expedition was in 1909. It was led by the Italian Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi. This team made it only to an elevation of on the Southeast Spur of the mountain. Not finding any other routes, the Duke said that K2 would never be climbed.\nThe next attempt was not made until 1938. At that time, American Charles Houston took an expedition to the mountain. They decided that the Abruzzi Spur was the best route and made it to a height of around .\nIn 1939, an American expedition led by Fritz Wiessner came within of the summit. It ended in disaster when four members died on the mountain.\nCharles Houston tried again in 1953. The try was a failure due to a storm, which trapped the team for 10 days at . One climber died in the expedition. Many others nearly died in a mass fall but were saved by Pete Schoening.\nFirst success.\nFinally, in 1954, an Italian expedition made it to the summit. It was led by geologist Ardito Desio. The two climbers to reach the top were Lino Lacedelli and Achille Compagnoni, at 6 pm on 31 July 1954. One member of the expedition (Colonel Muhammad Ata-Ullah of Pakistan) had been part of the 1953 American attempt as well. Other members were scientists, a doctor, a photographer, and others. Mario Puchoz died in the attempt. Two other members had to be hospitalized and one had to have his toes amputated due to frostbite.\nLater success.\nThe second success was not until 23 years after the first. It was a Japanese expedition led by Ichiro Yoshizawa in 1977.\nThe third success was in 1978 and used a different route from the first two. This one was done by an American team, led by James Whittaker.\nAnother notable success was in 1982 when a Japanese team climbed from the harder Chinese side of the mountain. The previous successes had been from the Pakistan side. The expedition was led by Makoto Shinkai and Masatsugo Konishi. Three members of the team made it to the summit on 14 August. One of them, however, died when coming down. Four other members made it to the summit the next day, on 15 August.\nThe first person to reach the summit twice was Czech climber Josef Rakoncaj. He was part of a 1983 Italian expedition that made the summit. Then three years later he made the summit again as part of an international expedition.\nThe first woman to reach the summit was Polish climber Wanda Rutkiewicz in 1986. Two other women reached the summit later that same day, but died when coming down.\nIn 1986, Benoit Chamoux used 23 hours to climb (from base camp) to the mountain top. He climbed without oxygen bottles.\nIn 2004, the Spanish climber Carlos Soria Font\u00e1n became the oldest person ever to summit K2, at the age of 65.\nIn 2018, Polish climber Andrzej Bargiel became the first person to ski down K2 after he made it to the top.\nIn 2022, Chhiring Sherpa climbed the mountain in 12 hours and 20 minutes. He used oxygen bottles.\nAround 700 people have climbed (as of August 2022) to the summit of K2. 190 of those (climbs or) ascents, were in 2022.\nClimbing difficulty.\nEven though the summit of Mount Everest is higher, K2 is a much more difficult and dangerous climb. This is because of its worse weather. It is believed by many to be the world's most difficult and dangerous to climb. This is why it is nicknamed \"The Savage Mountain\".The popularity was mentioned of the Mount Everest, which is much higher than the popularity or vanity of K2. At least 80 (as of September 2010) people have died attempting the climb.\nInvestigation of the death of a porter (2023).\nIn August 2023, Pakistani authorities started to investigate the death of Mohammed Hassan. Media said that \"dozens of climbers\" that wanted \"to reach the summit [or top of the mountain] had walked past the man after he was [...] injured in a fall.\" He died a few hours later on the mountain.\nVideo clips have been published by many news websites. Media says that video clips show climbers stepping or walking over the injured man without trying to help him.\nWilhelm Steindl, a mountain climber, said \"If I or any other Westerner [or people from the Western world] had been lying there, [then] everything would have been done to save them\", and \"Everyone would have had to turn back to bring the injured person back down to the valley\".\nOnly one witness has talked with the police, according to media (August 15). He says that climbers were jumping and straddling over the injured porter that was dying on the path. (A porter is a person who carries things (or cargo) for others.)\nThe police of Gilgit-Baltistan are doing the investigation. The military and the department of tourism have jurisdiction where the porter died. Furthermore, the government of Gilgit-Baltistan created a committee (or group) of 5 people that have made a report. The report \"will be made public\" [...] \"a few days after August 30. The report must be given [around August 23 or] within 15 days of August 7."}
+{"id": "41024", "revid": "9543397", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41024", "title": "Respiration", "text": "Respiration is how nutrients change into useful energy in a cell. During respiration, energy is released in a form that can be used by cells. All living things respire. Both plant and animal cells use respiration to release energy from glucose.\nThere are two types of respiration. One is aerobic respiration and the other is anaerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration happens in the with presence of oxygen. Oxygen breaks down food (glucose) to release high amounts of energy. Anaerobic respiration happens in the presence of oxygen making lactic acid. During respiration in yeast and bacteria, oxygen is not involved in the oxidation of food. Food (glucose) is broken down into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide this is called anaerobic respiration. \nSome use oxygen to break down glucose completely into CO2 (Carbon dioxide) and H2O (Water).\nRelated pages.\nSee these (in this order) for an outline of the biochemistry of aerobic respiration:"}
+{"id": "41026", "revid": "145452", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41026", "title": "Laughter", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41028", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41028", "title": "Kingsley Amis", "text": "Sir Kingsley William Amis (16 April 1922 \u2013 22 October 1995) was an English novelist, poet, critic, and teacher. He wrote more than twenty novels, three collections of poetry, short stories, radio and television scripts, and books of social and literary criticism. He was the father of the British novelist Martin Amis.\nBiography.\nKingsley Amis was born in Clapham, South London, England. He went to school at the City of London School and St. John's College, Oxford. At Oxford, he met Philip Larkin and became friends. Amis served in the Royal Corps of Signals in the Second World War.\nAmis was a fan of jazz music. He liked the American musicians Sidney Bechet, Henry \"Red\" Allen and Pee Wee Russell.\nHis first novel \"Lucky Jim\" was very successfull. The novel won the Somerset Maugham Award for fiction. \"Lucky Jim\" was the first English novel that focused on an ordinary man as anti-hero. As a poet, Amis was a part of The Movement (anti-romantic poetry).\nAs a young man, Kingsley Amis was a member of the Communist Party. He left them when the Soviet Union invaded Hungary in 1956. After that, Amis became anti-communist, and conservative. He talks about his political change in the essay \"Why Lucky Jim Turned Right\" (1967).\nAmis was an atheist. Novels such as \"The Green Man\" and \"The Anti-Death League\" were about the personality of a divine being. They were also about its relationship to death and dying.\nAmis's novel \"The Old Devils\" won the Booker Prize in 1986. He received a knighthood in 1990.\nAmis was married. The first time in 1948 to Hilary Bardwell and then to novelist Elizabeth Jane Howard in 1965. He divorced Howard in 1983. Amis spent his last years living with his first wife and her third husband. He had two sons and a daughter. His younger son was novelist Martin Amis. Martin wrote about his father's life and decline in his memoir \"Experience\".\nScience fiction.\nAmis' interest in science fiction led to \"New Maps of Hell\" (1960). It was about how he felt about science fiction in literature. He liked the stories of Frederik Pohl and C.M. Kornbluth. With the Sovietologist Robert Conquest, Amis produced the science fiction series \"Spectrum\" I\u2013IV. This series got a lot of its ideas from the 1950s magazine \"Astounding Science Fiction\". He wrote three science fiction novels. \"The Alteration\" was an alternate history novel set in a twentieth-century Britain. \"Russian Hide-and-Seek\" was an alternate history where Russia had conquered Britain after the Second World War. He also wrote the supernatural-horror novel \"The Green Man\" which the BBC adapted for television.\nJames Bond.\nAmis wrote books about Ian Fleming's James Bond. He wrote the popular \"James Bond Dossier\". Later, he wrote, \"The Book of Bond, or, Every Man His Own 007\". It was a tongue-in-cheek how-to manual about being a spy like Bond. He wrote it under the name \"Lt Col. William 'Bill' Tanner\". Tanner was M's Chief of Staff in many of the Bond novels."}
+{"id": "41048", "revid": "10249216", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41048", "title": "69", "text": "69 is a year in the 1st century."}
+{"id": "41051", "revid": "440188", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41051", "title": "410s", "text": "The 410s was a decade that began on 1 January 410 and ended on 31 December 419."}
+{"id": "41053", "revid": "81377", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41053", "title": "340s", "text": "The 340s decade ran from January 1, 340, to December 31, 349."}
+{"id": "41056", "revid": "3609", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41056", "title": "Eurovision", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41060", "revid": "5457", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41060", "title": "Chopin", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41062", "revid": "5457", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41062", "title": "Blood cells", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41078", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41078", "title": "Ferdinand II of Aragon", "text": "Ferdinand II the Catholic (, 10 March 1452 \u2013 23 January 1516) was king of Aragon (1479\u20131516), Castile, Sicily (1468\u20131516), Naples (1504\u20131516), Valencia, Sardinia and Navarre and Count of Barcelona. His marriage to Isabella of Castile brought together most of the Iberian Peninsula as Spain and started its move to become a great power.\nBiography.\nFerdinand was the son of John II of Aragon by his second wife, the Aragonese noblewoman Juana Enriquez. He married Infanta Isabella, the sister by a different mother of Henry IV of Castile, on 19 October 1469 in Oca\u00f1a. He became Ferdinand V of Castile when Isabella succeeded her brother as Queen of Castile in 1474. The two young monarchs had to begin with a civil war against Juana, princess of Castile (also known as Juana la Beltraneja), who claimed to be the daughter of Henry IV. They won. Ferdinand succeeded his father as King of Aragon in 1479. This meant the Crown of Castile and the various territories of the Crown of Aragon were united in a personal union. For the first time since the 8th century this created a single political unit which came to be called Spain, although the various territories were not administered as a single unit until the 18th century.\nThe first decades of Ferdinand and Isabella's joint rule were taken up with the conquest of the Kingdom of Granada, the last Muslim bit of Al-Andalus. This was completed by 1492 and then the Jews were expelled from both Castile and Aragon. The royal couple sent Christopher Columbus on his expedition which discovered the New World. By the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494, the extra-European world was split between the crowns of Portugal and Castile by a north-south line through the Atlantic Ocean.\nFerdinand was busy in the last decades of his life with the so-called Italian Wars. He was fighting with the Kings of France for control of Italy. In 1494, Charles VIII of France invaded Italy and expelled Ferdinand's cousin, Alfonso II, from the throne of Naples. Ferdinand's alliance with various Italian princes and with Emperor Maximilian I, expelled the French by 1496 and installed Alfonso's son, Ferdinand, on the Neapolitan throne. In 1501, following the death of Ferdinand II of Naples and his succession by his uncle Frederick, Ferdinand of Aragon signed an agreement with Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII. Louis had just successfully asserted his claims to the Duchy of Milan, and they agreed to partition Naples between them, with Campania and the Abruzzi, including Naples itself, going to the French and Ferdinand taking Apulia and Calabria. The agreement soon fell apart, and over the next several years, Ferdinand's great general Gonzalo Fern\u00e1ndez de C\u00f3rdoba conquered Naples from the French, by 1504. Another less famous \"conquest\" took place in 1502, when Andreas Paleologus, de jure Emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire, left Ferdinand and Isabella as heirs to the empire, thus Ferdinand became de jure Roman Emperor. \nAfter Isabella's death, her kingdom went to her daughter Joanna. Ferdinand served as the her regent during her absence in the Netherlands, ruled by her husband Archduke Philip. Ferdinand attempted to retain the regency permanently, but was rebuffed by the Castilian nobility and replaced with Joanna's husband, who became Philip I of Castile. After Philip's death in 1506, with Joanna mentally unstable, and her and Philip's son Charles of Ghent only six years old, Ferdinand resumed the regency, ruling through Francisco Cardinal Jimenez de Cisneros, the Chancellor of the Kingdom.\nIn 1508, war resumed in Italy, this time against Venice. All the other powers on the peninsula, including Louis XII, Ferdinand, Maximilian, and Pope Julius II joined together against as the League of Cambrai. Although the French were victorious against Venice at the Battle of Agnadello, the League soon fell apart, as both the Pope and Ferdinand became suspicious of French intentions. Instead, the Holy League was formed, in which all the powers now joined together against France.\nIn November 1511 Ferdinand and his son-in-law Henry VIII of England signed the Treaty of Westminster, pledging mutual aid between the two against France. Earlier that year, Ferdinand had conquered the southern half of the Kingdom of Navarre, which was ruled by a French nobleman, and annexed it to Spain. At this point to reinforce his claim to the kingdom, Ferdinand remarried with the much younger Germaine of Foix (1490\u20131538), a granddaughter of Queen Leonor of Navarre. The Holy League was generally successful in Italy, as well, driving the French from Milan, which was restored to its Sforza dukes by the peace treaty in 1513. The French were successful in reconquering Milan two years later.\nFerdinand died in 1516 in Madrigalejo, C\u00e1ceres, Extremadura. He had made Spain the most powerful country in Europe. The succession of his grandson Charles, who inherited not only the Spanish lands of his maternal grandparents, but the Habsburg and Burgundian lands of his paternal family, would make his heirs the most powerful rulers on the continent. Charles succeeded him in the Aragonese lands, and was also granted the Castilian crown jointly with his insane mother, bringing about at long last the unification of the Spanish thrones under one head.\nChildren.\nFerdinand and Isabella had 5 children, Isabella of Asturias, Juan of Aragon, Joanna of Castile, Maria of Aragon, and Catherine of Aragon. Joanna and Catherine married with several European dynasties, setting the bases for the huge heritage of their grandson Charles V. His granddaughter was Queen Mary I of England."}
+{"id": "41085", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41085", "title": "Web 2.0", "text": "Web 2.0 () is what people call new ways of showing or using things on the Internet. \nWeb 2.0 is considered beneficial because it is easy for people to publish their work, connect with other people, and share and exchange information.\nTo people who use the Internet, wikis and blogs are Web 2.0. Web 2.0 is mostly about user-generated and interactive content.\nBefore Web 2.0, Internet users could just read information on web pages. With Web 2.0, users can interact with the site and add information. In Web 1.0, the previous version, information was only written by the website author. \nThe Internet technology which is used for web 2.0 is not different from the old Internet technology, but the ways people use the web (the Internet) has changed.\nSome people think that Wikipedia is a great example of \"Web 2.0\". Many other famous websites, such as Facebook and Youtube, are considered Web 2.0 Websites."}
+{"id": "41090", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41090", "title": "The Broons", "text": "The Broons is a comic strip in the Scottish newspaper The Sunday Post. It is about a Scottish family with 11 members.\nThe strip is written in Scots."}
+{"id": "41095", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41095", "title": "Roman Republic", "text": "The Roman Republic was a phase in history of the Ancient Roman civilization. According to legend, the city of Rome was founded by Romulus in . It was a kingdom until 510 BC, when the last King, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus was overthrown. Then began the Roman Republic.\nThe Roman Constitution was mainly an oligarchy but with some democratic features. The Roman people elected various officials including \"consuls\", who ruled for about a year, from among a few noble families. Many of the ideas of the Roman Republic are still used today.\nThe Roman Republic got most of its wealth from trading and taxation. The Roman army was the strongest in Italy. It was constantly battling the Gauls, who were later conquered by Caesar. The Punic Wars against Carthage were fought all over the Mediterranean coasts, mainly because of disputes over Sicily and trade. The third enemy was the Germanic tribes or other barbarians (uncivilized people).\nThe Roman Republic suffered many disasters, including Spartacus (the leader of a slave revolt) who defeated one consul's army before he was captured. Also, Hannibal crossed the Alps and then defeated the Roman army at Cannae and many other battles, which saw Rome greatly fear being destroyed by Carthage.\nThe end of the Roman Republic is still a matter of dispute, and different scholars will give different dates for it. Usually, the dates of the start of either the First Triumvirate or the Second Triumvirate are given. The triumvirates were groups of three men who had much power.\nThe end of the Roman Republic is often said to be Gaius Julius Caesar's appointment as dictator (single ruler) by the Roman Senate. That happened after a series of civil wars lasting from about 49 BC to 44 BC.\nSome people say the Roman Republic ended with the naval Battle of Actium between Marcus Antonius and Octavian. Both had been in the Second Triumvirate. The battle was fought on 2 September 31 BC in which Octavian won. Later, he was proclaimed Roman emperor. The end date could also be when Octavian was given the title of the first \"Augustus\" by the Senate, on 16 January 27 BC.\nThose are modern views, however. In the view of the early emperors, the \"Res Publica\" (Republic, literally \"Thing of the People\") still existed but was simply \"under their protection\". They promised that some day that the Republic would restored to its original form. That never happened and so scholars divide the Roman Empire and the Roman Republic as two different and distinct periods in the history of Rome."}
+{"id": "41096", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41096", "title": "First Triumvirate", "text": "The First Triumvirate is the name most historians give to the political alliance between Gaius Julius Caesar, Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey). They made it in 60 BC to give each other power. Each person helped the others to be more powerful. \nCaesar was able to gain money from Crassus to finance his public works campaign. He also gained military power from Pompey's loyal legions. Crassus, who was much envied and hated for his wealth and the means he used to attain it, was also able to gain popularity from Pompey as well as Caesar who had a loyal following in the plebeian class. Pompey was grateful to Caesar for his support against slander in the senate. Caesar's speeches in the senate were in favor of giving the newly conquered land to Pompey's returned legions. Pompey and Crassus ended their old grudge that dated back to the Third Servile War because they realised the advantages they allowed each other. To cement the Triumvirate, Crassus told Caesar's numerous debt holders that he would pay Caesar's loans if Caesar defaulted. Pompey married Caesar's only child, Julia. The Triumvirate lasted until Crassus' death in the Battle of Carrhae in 53 BC.\nCaesar and Pompey started fighting. Caesar won at the Battle of Pharsalus. Caesar became dictator in the year 44 BC."}
+{"id": "41098", "revid": "1540039", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41098", "title": "Second Triumvirate", "text": "The Second Triumvirate was an alliance between Octavian, Mark Antony and Lepidus. It was formed to punish the conspirators who assassinated Julius Caesar.\nThe Triumvirate lasted from 43 BC to 33 BC. It ended the effort by Marcus Tullius Cicero to make the Senate once again the top body of the Republic. From then on Rome was ruled by an Emperor.\nThe Triumvirate army, led by Octavian and Mark Antony, defeated the Conspirators' army led by Cassius and Brutus. The war ended with the Battle of Philippi in Roman Macedonia in 42 BC. Cassius and Brutus committed suicide and the remainder of their army joined the Triumvirate forces."}
+{"id": "41100", "revid": "499883", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41100", "title": "Occam's razor", "text": "Occam's razor (or Ockham's razor) is a principle from philosophy. Suppose an event has two possible explanations. Occam's razor says that the explanation with the fewest assumptions is usually correct. Another way of saying it is that, the more assumptions you have to make, the more unlikely an explanation is. Occam's razor applies especially in the philosophy of science, but also appears in everyday life.\nHistory.\nWilliam of Ockham, a Franciscan friar who studied logic in the 14th century, first made this principle well known. In Latin it is sometimes called lex parsimoniae, or \"the law of briefness\". William of Ockham supposedly (see below) wrote it in Latin:\nThis translates roughly as:\nThis means if there are several possible ways something might have happened, the way which uses the fewest guesses is probably the correct one. However, Occam's razor only applies when the simple explanation and complex explanation both work equally well. If a more complex explanation does a better job than a simpler one, then you should use the complex explanation.\nFurther ideas.\nA problem with Occam's razor is that the sentence is not really about things (\"entia\" = entities), but about explanations or hypotheses. Other thinkers have come up with other versions:\nIn science, Occam's razor is used as an heuristic (general guiding rule or an observation) to guide scientists.\nExamples.\nExample: Two trees have fallen down during a windy night. Think about these two possible explanations:\nEven though both are possible, several other unlikely things would also need to happen for the meteorites to have knocked the trees down, for example: they would have to hit each other and not leave any marks. In addition, meteorites are fairly rare. Since this second explanation needs several assumptions to all be true, it is probably the wrong answer. Occam's razor tells us to favor the first explanation, because this is the simplest answer and therefore probably the right one.\nExample: A person is standing on the top of a roof and dropping a feather. In calculating how long it takes for the feather to reach the ground, to make the maths simpler, one might make an assumption: that the effect of air resistance can be ignored. This assumption makes the problem simpler, but is unlikely to lead to a good prediction as to the time it will take for the feather to fall. Thus, making the assumption that air resistance can be ignored is in this case not the \"simplest\" in concept, but the simplest in other respects (in this case, the maths). \"Not\" making the assumption here \"is\" the \"simplest\" in concept because it involves making fewer assumptions.\nOccam's razor also comes up in medicine. When there are many explanations for symptoms, the simplest diagnosis is the one to test first. If a child has a runny nose, it probably has the common cold rather than a rare birth defect. Medical students are often told, \"When you hear hoof beats, think horses, not zebras\"."}
+{"id": "41101", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41101", "title": "Ockham's razor", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41102", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41102", "title": "Lex parsimoniae", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41103", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41103", "title": "Law of succinctness", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41105", "revid": "31155", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41105", "title": "Rio Grande do Sul", "text": "Rio Grande do Sul is a Brazilian state. It is in Southern Brazil. It has common borders with Uruguay to the south, and Argentina to the west. It has a very high standard of living. Its capital city is Porto Alegre. About 10 million people live in the state. The surface area of Rio Grande do Sul is about 282,000 square kilometres."}
+{"id": "41107", "revid": "380105", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41107", "title": "Turbofolk", "text": "Turbofolk or Pop-folk is a style of music from the Balkans that was invented in the early 1990s. It mostly comes from Greece, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro, but it is also popular in other nearby countries. It sounds like a mix of Arabic-style singing (in the Serbian language) with electronic music and rock music.\nTurbofolk is sometimes associated with the recent Balkan wars and the Breakup of Yugoslavia but it is still popular."}
+{"id": "41108", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41108", "title": "B\u00e9rurier Noir", "text": "B\u00e9rurier Noir are a French punk band which formed in Paris in 1983. It is made up of Loran (guitar), Fran\u00e7ois (vocals) and Dede (drum machine). In 1985 Masto joined, playing the saxophone. They sing about French politics and anarchism. They are one of the most famous French punk bands."}
+{"id": "41110", "revid": "2262", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41110", "title": "Turbo-folk", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41111", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41111", "title": "R&B", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41112", "revid": "9811887", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41112", "title": "Roman Britain", "text": "Roman Britain (\"Britannia\") was the party of Great Britain in the Roman Empire from AD 43 to 409 or 410.\nHistory.\nThe first invasion was led by Julius Ceasar , in the days of the Roman Republic. He defeated the dominant Catuvellauni tribe in 54 BC near Wheathampstead in Hertfordshire. \nTheir capital was taken over by the Romans. Trouble in Gaul (mainly modern France & Belgium) prevented Caesar from staying in Britain. The full conquest of Britain was delayed for almost a century.\nIn 43 AD, the Emperor Claudius sent an invasion force, led by Aulus Plautius, a distinguished senator. He was given four legions, totalling about 20,000 men, plus about the same number of helpers. The legions were:\nThe \"II Augusta\" was commanded by the future emperor Vespasian. The other three legions were also led by high-ranking men.\nThe invasion was one of the most significant events in British history. After the revolt of Boudica there was usually peace and a process of full \"romanization\" started successfully in southeast Britain.\nThe Romans considered Britannia as a single territory and administratively they divided the huge island in five provinces: \"Britannia prima\" (capital London), \"Britannia secunda\", \"Flavia Caesariensis\", \"Maxima Caesariensis\" and \"Valentia\". It seems that they have created also a sixth province -during Agricola conquest- in Caledonia, called \"Vespasiana\".\nRoman legions left in 410 AD after almost four centuries, and the administration of the country was taken over by prominent local chieftains. This was known as Sub-Roman Britain, with a Romano-British culture and the people may have used a Latin-based language. It lasted for more than two centuries but gave way to an increasingly Anglo-Saxon England by the start of the seventh century.\nTechnology.\nRoman technology made its impact in road building and the construction of villas, forts and cities. During their occupation of Britain the Romans built an extensive network of roads. They were used in later centuries, and many are still followed today. The Romans also built water supply, sanitation and sewage systems. Many of Britain's major cities, such as London (\"Londinium\"), Manchester (\"Mamucium\") and York (\"Eboracum\"), were founded by the Romans.\nThere was no writing in Britain before the Romans. They introduced it and, when they left, writing only survived with the help of religion.\nThe British were skilled in the arts, and produced ornamental jewellery and pottery which was exported to Europe. They built defensive structures such as hill forts. They were proficient in warfare with spears, bows and arrows. Small round stones found in such sites indicate the use of slings or catapults.\nTo keep Roman control, forts and garrisons were built throughout Britain, and the existing roads improved. The local people had to maintain the Roman roads in Britain, and got tax relief for their efforts.\nRoman roads allowed for troop movements and the distribution of supplies. The forts and garrisons needed food and other services. Vast areas produced these goods. For example, the often flooded Somerset levels was like a huge market garden that provided supplies for the garrisons at Exeter, Gloucester, Bath and the forts in between. Local fishermen supplied fresh fish, and farmers reared sheep, pigs, cattle and poultry for the garrisons.\nChristianity.\nMissionaries from Gaul began to introduce Christianity to the West country. Before the end of the first century AD they had a Church of Celtic Christianity. This spread such that by the mid second century much of Cornwall, Devon, Western Dorset, and South Somerset had adopted Christianity. The spread of Christianity continued eastward and strongly northward into Wales through the next two centuries, especially after the adoption of Christianity by Rome. The Romans had built shrines and temples to their pagan gods and continued to patronize these, even after the adoption of Christianity by Rome."}
+{"id": "41113", "revid": "10249490", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41113", "title": "990", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41114", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41114", "title": "1073", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41125", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41125", "title": "Den Haag", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41127", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41127", "title": "Jenissei", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41140", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41140", "title": "Bixente Lizarazu", "text": "Bixente Lizarazu (born 9 December 1969) is a former French football player. He is one of the most successful football players in the world. He won the FIFA World Cup in 1998 and the European Football Championship in 2000. He has also won the UEFA Champions League (2001) and was champion of the Bundesliga (both with Bayern Munich) five times in a six-year period (1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2005).\nLizarazu was born in Saint-Jean-de Luz, a small village in Basque region of France, in 1969. His first club was Eglantins Hendaje (1977-1989). He then went to Girondins Bordeaux (1989-1996). After playing for Bordeaux, he played for the Spanish club Athletic Bilbao (1996-1997) before he went to Bayern Munich (1997-2005). For a six months, he played for Olympique Marseille (2004). He ended his career in 2005.\nHonours.\nBordeaux\nBayern Munich\nFrance\nIndividual\nOrders"}
+{"id": "41142", "revid": "223446", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41142", "title": "Shetland", "text": "Shetland (or the Shetland Islands) is an archipelago, the furthest out part of Scotland in the United Kingdom.\nThe islands are between the Faroe Islands and the Orkney Islands. They are about 50 miles to the northeast of the Orkney Islands. They are about 100 islands in the group. People live on 16 of them.\nThe islands form part of the boundary between the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the North Sea to the east.\nThe largest islands of the group are Mainland, Yell, Unst, Fetlar, Whalsay, and Bressay. In general, the climate of the group is subarctic, and rather bleak. \nThey used to be called Hjaltland or Zetland. Today, the islands are part of Scotland. The administrative centre is Lerwick.\nThe economy of the islands is largely based on agriculture. The sheep are known for their fine wool. Other well-known exports are the Shetland ponies and Shetland Sheepdog.\nIn 1969 crude oil was discovered near the islands, leading to an alternative source of income for them.\nHistory.\nScandinavian colonisation.\nBy the end of the 9th century the Norsemen shifted from plundering to invasion, mainly due to the overpopulation of Scandinavia in comparison to resources and arable land available there.\nShetland was colonised by Norsemen in the 9th century. The fate of the native population is unknown. The colonisers established their laws and language. That language evolved into the West Nordic language Norn, which survived into the 19th century.\nAfter Harald Finehair took control of all Norway, many of his opponents fled, some to Orkney and Shetland. From the Northern Isles they continued to raid Scotland and Norway, prompting Harald H\u00e5rfagre to raise a large fleet which he sailed to the islands. In about 875 he and his forces took control of Shetland and Orkney. Ragnvald, Earl of M\u00f8re received Orkney and Shetland as an earldom from the king as reparation for his son's being killed in battle in Scotland. Ragnvald gave the earldom to his brother Sigurd the Mighty.\nShetland was Christianised in the 10th century. In the Treaty of Perth in 1266 the Norwegian king surrendered his furthest British islands to Scotland. They included the Hebrides, and the Isle of Man. In return, the Scots recognised Norwegian sovereignty over Orkney and Shetland. The islands did not become Scottish until the 15th century, and were ratified by an Act of Parliament in 1669.\nHanseatic League.\nFor three centuries the Shetlanders sold their fish (salted cod) through the German Hanseatic League, a trading organisation. This arrangement lasted from 1400 to 1700 AD.\nWorld War II.\nIn WWII Shetland was active in covert operations against the Germans in Norway. The 'Shetland Bus' (fishing vessels) sailed in covert operations between Norway and Shetland. They carried intelligence agents, refugees, instructors for the resistance, and military supplies. Many people on the run from the Germans, and much important information on German activity in Norway, were brought back to the Allies this way.\nOil.\nIn the early 1970s, oil and gas were found off Shetland. The East Shetland Basin is one of the largest petroleum sedimentary basins in Europe. Sullom Voe terminal opened in 1978 and is the largest oil export harbour in the United Kingdom with a volume of 25 million tons per year.\nPrehistory.\nFirm geological evidence shows that at around 6100 BC a tsunami caused by the Storegga Slides hit Shetland, as well as the rest of the east coast of Scotland, and may have washed over some of the Shetland Islands completely.\nShetland has been populated since at least 3400 BC. The early people subsisted on cattle-farming and agriculture. During the Bronze Age, around 2000 BC, the climate cooled and the population moved to the coast. During the Iron Age, many stone fortresses were erected, some ruins of which remain today.\nDue to the practice of building in stone on the virtually tree-less islands, Shetland is extremely rich in physical remains of all these periods, though Shetland is less rich in material remains than Orkney.\nThe artifacts of all the eras of Shetland's past can be studied at the newly built (2007) Shetland Museum in Lerwick."}
+{"id": "41143", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41143", "title": "Salt evaporation pond", "text": "A Salt evaporation pond (or saltern pond) is a man-made shallow pond. Usually it is located near the sea. The ponds can be filled with salt water. The water is then left to evaporate. The salt is left behind, and can be harvested. Such ponds also provide a habitat for several kinds of animals. Most of these animals are birds. \nThe color tells how much salt there is left in the water. Green colors come from special algae. These algae are there in low to mid salinity ponds (ponds with little salt in the water). In middle to high salinity ponds, an alga called Dunaliella salina shifts the color to red. Millions of tiny brine shrimp create an orange cast in mid-salinity ponds. Other bacteria such as Stichococcus also contribute tints. These colors are especially interesting to airplane passengers or astronauts passing above due to their somewhat artistic formations of shape and color. "}
+{"id": "41145", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41145", "title": "Saltern pond", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41147", "revid": "1618275", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41147", "title": "Salinity", "text": "Salinity is a scientific term. Scientists use it to tell how much salt there is in water. Salinity is measured by the amount of sodium chloride found in 1,000 grams of water, if there is 1 gram of sodium chloride in 1,000 grams of water solution it is 1 part per thousand. This is written as 1\u2030."}
+{"id": "41150", "revid": "4580", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41150", "title": "Ethyl alcohol", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41151", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41151", "title": "Food preservation", "text": "Food preservation is about the ways and means which help to preserve food. Food spoils from bacteria if it is not treated. For thousands of years, humans have used methods of preserving food, so that they can store food to eat later. The simplest methods of preserving food, such as drying strips of fish or meat in the hot sun have been used for thousands of years, and they are still used today by indigenous peoples. The other ancient method is to use salt, and often drying and salting are done together. \nFood spoils mainly by decomposition by microorganisms. There are five basic techniques which make food last longer:\nUsually several of the techniques are combined.\nMethods of preserving food.\nCommon ways of preserving food are:\nMultiple methods.\nMany common methods use several of these approaches at the same time. For example, pickles preserved in a jar are heated then put in a mixture of vinegar and brine. Fruit jams and jellies are heated and mixed with a large amount of sugar. Some preserved fruit is heated and then mixed with alcohol (for example, Brandy) and a large amount of sugar. Smoked hams are cured in brine and then exposed to the smoke from burning wood chips."}
+{"id": "41152", "revid": "1673408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41152", "title": "Clapham Junction railway station", "text": "Clapham Junction railway station is a train station in Battersea in the London Borough of Wandsworth. It is on St. John's Hill in the south west of Battersea. It is served by London Overground, Southern and SWR.\nThe station.\nThe services.\nAll services to Waterloo and many services to Victoria and Croydon stations pass through the junction; these include South West Trains, Gatwick Express and Southern services. Services from Clapham Junction also head north along the West London line, through West Brompton and Kensington (Olympia), on to Willesden Junction and Watford Junction - services (to Willesden Junction) are operated by London Overground.\nTypical off-peak service of about 110 trains (one train every 30\u00a0seconds) is:\nThe facilities.\nThe station has 17 platforms, numbered 1 to 17, and arranged in two groups. Platform 1, the northernmost platform. The station's main entrance is from St. John's Hill, into a foot tunnel which is 15\u00a0ft (4.6\u00a0m) wide. It runs under the eastern end of the 17 platforms, and to a northern exit, which has restricted opening hours. The foot tunnel becomes very crowded during the morning and evening rush hours, and ticket barriers at the end of the tunnel are a particular pinch point.\nA covered footbridge connects the platforms at their western end. The footbridge does not have an exit to or from the station.\nThe Junction.\nThe station is named Clapham Junction because it is close to the joining point of a number of major rail lines\u2014although the name is not shared by any junction near the station. The names of the nearby rail junctions are:"}
+{"id": "41153", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41153", "title": "Adenosine triphosphate", "text": "Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a special molecule that all living things use to get energy for their activities. You can think of it like a rechargeable battery for cells. Each ATP molecule is built from three main parts: a base called adenine, a sugar called ribose, and three phosphate groups linked in a row. The bonds between the phosphate groups store a lot of energy, and when one of these bonds is broken, the cell can use the released energy to do work.\nYour body is constantly making and using ATP because it cannot store much of it at once. In fact, an average person only has about 250 grams of ATP in their body at a given moment, but it gets recycled more than 1,000 times per day to keep up with energy needs. Cells make ATP in different ways. Most ATP comes from mitochondria, often called the \u201cpowerhouses\u201d of the cell, through a process called cellular respiration. Plants and algae make ATP in their chloroplasts using sunlight in a process called photosynthesis. Some ATP is also made directly in the fluid part of the cell, the cytoplasm, during glycolysis.\nWhen ATP is used, it usually loses one phosphate group and becomes ADP (adenosine diphosphate), or sometimes loses two to become AMP (adenosine monophosphate). This release of energy powers important jobs in the body. For example, ATP helps muscles contract so you can move, it drives pumps in cell membranes that move ions in and out to keep cells alive. It fuels the building of proteins, DNA, and RNA. ATP is not just about energy, it also helps control how cells work. It can turn certain enzymes on or off to keep metabolism balanced, like a traffic light controlling when to go or stop. One key system that senses energy levels is called AMPK, which acts like a fuel gauge for the cell. Outside of cells, ATP can even act as a signal, sending messages between nerve cells, helping with senses like taste, and controlling blood flow.\nEven though ATP has a lot of potential energy, it is stable enough that it does not fall apart in water. Special enzymes are needed to release its energy at the right time, preventing waste. Different organisms have found unique ways to make ATP. For example, some bacteria make it without oxygen by fermentation, while others use unusual processes like methanogenesis. Because ATP levels inside cells must stay steady, a sudden drop in ATP can be deadly since the pumps that keep cells alive would stop working almost instantly.\nATP was first discovered in 1929 by a scientist named Karl Lohmann, but its importance was not fully understood until the 1940s when Fritz Lipmann showed that it was the universal energy carrier. Today we know that ATP is not for long-term energy storage like fats or sugars. Instead, it is the quick, ready-to-use \u201ccash\u201d of cellular energy, always being earned, spent, and recycled to keep every living thing alive.\nUse.\nThe ATP molecule is very versatile: it is used for many chemical reactions in the body. Energy is stored in its chemical bonds.\nThe energy that is stored can be used later. When ATP breaks a bond with a phosphate group and becomes ADP, energy is released. This is an exothermic reaction. \nThe ATP phosphate exchange is a nearly never-ending cycle, stopping only when the cell dies.\nFunctions in cells.\nATP is the main energy source for most cellular functions. This includes the synthesis of macromolecules. It is used in DNA and RNA. ATP also helps macromolecules get across cell membranes.\nDNA and RNA synthesis.\nIn all known organisms, DNA is made by the action of ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) enzymes. These enzymes reduce the sugar residue from ribose to deoxyribose by removing oxygen.\nATP is one of the four nucleotides put into RNA molecules by RNA polymerases. The energy driving this polymerization comes from cutting off two phosphate groups. The process is similar in DNA biosynthesis."}
+{"id": "41154", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41154", "title": "Shrimp", "text": "Shrimp are crustaceans. Shrimp are mainly found in three groups: Caridea, Procarididea, and Dendrobranchiata. There are thousands of species, and usually there is a species adapted to any particular habitat. Any small crustacean which resembles a shrimp tends to be called one.\nAdult shrimp are filter feeding benthic animals that live close to the bottom. They can live in schools and can swim rapidly backwards. They have a high tolerance to toxins in polluted areas, and may contribute to high toxin levels in their predators. They play important roles in the food chain and are important food sources for larger animals from fish to whales.\nShrimp are related to prawns. In cooking, the criterion is often only the size of the animal (prawns are bigger). Biologically, prawns and shrimp can be told apart by the structure of their gills. In prawns, the gills are branching; in shrimp they are not. A shrimp's heart is in its head.\nFood.\nMany shrimp species are caught to be eaten. Usually, the head and the digestive tract are removed before the shrimp is eaten. The muscular tails of shrimp can be eaten, and they are widely caught and farmed for human consumption.\nCommercial shrimp species support an industry worth 50 billion dollars a year. In 2010 the total commercial production of shrimp was nearly 7 million tonnes. Shrimp farming took off during the 1980s, particularly in China, and by 2007 the harvest from shrimp farms exceeded the capture of wild shrimp. There is often pollution damage done to estuaries when they are used for shrimp farming."}
+{"id": "41156", "revid": "1070632", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41156", "title": "Prawn", "text": "Dendrobranchiata is a suborder of decapod crustaceans, and contains shrimp and prawn.\nDendrobranchiata are commercially fished and are used for cooking. The difference between prawns and shrimp is usually that prawns are larger than shrimps. Prawns are crustaceans similar in appearance to shrimps, but they can be distinguished by the gill structure which branches out in prawns but not in shrimps. Prawns are also related to crabs and lobsters. Prawns have two pairs of antennae.\nPrawns are found in calmer waters were the they can nest in water plants to lay their eggs. Like shrimps, prawns tend to prefer warmer waters in the tropics but some species of prawn are found in the Northern Hemisphere.\nPrawns eat by filtering nutritious particles out of the water flowing around the prawn. Therefore, prawns are found near rocks or close to the sea floor.\nPrawns are a common source of food for humans around the world, particularly in areas where the prawn exists naturally such as South-East Asia."}
+{"id": "41157", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41157", "title": "Lee Redmond", "text": "Lee Redmond (February 2, 1941 \u2013 December 14, 2023) is a woman from the Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. She is famous for having the longest fingernails in the world.\nShe has not cut her fingernails since 1979. The combined length of her fingernails are 7 meters and 51 centimeters long (24 feet, 8 inches) . She has an active life despite of her long fingernails. Lee Redmond is in the Guinness Book of World Records in the category \"Longest Fingernails - Female\".\nOn February 10, 2009, Lee was in a car crash, and was thrown out of the car. She was badly hurt and all her fingernails were broken off. \nLee Redmond died in Utah on December 14, 2023, at the age of 82."}
+{"id": "41158", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41158", "title": "Martin Amis", "text": "Sir Martin Louis Amis (25 August 1949 \u2013 19 May 2023) was a Welsh novelist. His best known novels include \"Money\" (1984), \"London Fields\" (1989), \"Time's Arrow\" (1991) and \"The Information\" (1995).\nAffected by several writers including his father Sir Kingsley Amis, Amis's style of writing has affected a generation of writers. His later work looked at moral and geopolitical issues, including The Holocaust, Communist Russia, and the September 11, 2001 attacks and Islamism.\nEarly life.\nAmis was born in Swansea, South Wales. He was the middle of three children, with an older brother, Philip, and a younger sister, Sally. He went to many different schools in the 1950s and 1960s. The fame of his father's first novel \"Lucky Jim\" sent the Amises to Princeton, New Jersey, where his father lectured. Amis's parents, Hilly and Kingsley, divorced when he was twelve.\nAmis graduated from Exeter College, Oxford. He graduated with a first-class degree in English. After Oxford, he got a job at \"The Times Literary Supplement\". At age 27, he became literary editor of \"The New Statesman\".\nEarly writing.\nHis first novel \"The Rachel Papers\" (1973) won the Somerset Maugham Award. It tells the story of a smart, self-centered teenager (which Amis says he based on himself) and his relationship with his girlfriend in the year before going to university.\n\"Dead Babies\" (1975) has a typically 1960s plot. It has a house full of characters who abuse various substances. A movie version was made in 2000 which was unsuccessful.\n\"Success\" (1977) told the story of two foster-brothers, Gregory Riding and Terry Service, and their good and bad luck. \n\"Other People: A Mystery Story\" (1981), about a young woman coming out of a coma.\nLater career.\n\"Money\" (subtitled \"A Suicide Note\") is a first-person narrative by John Self. He was an advertising man who wanted to be a movie director. The book follows him as he flies back and forth across the Atlantic looking for success. The book was a huge success and is Amis's most highly regarded work.\n\"London Fields\" is Amis's longest book. It show the encounters between three main characters in London in 1999, as a climate disaster draws near.\n\"Time's Arrow\" is about a doctor who helped torture Jews during the Holocaust. It was written in the form of an autobiography. The story is unusual because time runs backwards during the entire novel.\nThe \"Experience\" is mainly about his relationship with his father, Kingsley Amis. He also writes about finding long-lost daughter, Delilah Seale and of how one of his cousins, 21-year-old Lucy Partington, became a victim of suspected serial killer Fred West.\nAmis was knighted in the 2023 King's Birthday Honours for services to literature, and the knighthood was backdated to the day before his death.\nPersonal life.\nHe lived and wrote in London and Uruguay and was married to writer Isabel Fonseca, his second wife.\nAmis died from oesophageal cancer at his home in Lake Worth Beach, Florida on 19 May 2023 at age 73.\nOther websites.\n "}
+{"id": "41159", "revid": "586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41159", "title": "Xi Shun", "text": "Bao Xishun (also known as Xi Shun; born November 2, 1951) is in the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's tallest living man. He is tall. The last time he was measured was on January 15 of 2005. On August 7, 2007 Leonid Stadnyk was measuring and was found to be taller than him. In September 2005 he made his first trip outside of China to London to visit Guinness World Records.\nXi Shun served in the People's Republic of China army but got discharged because of rheumatism. He once saved some dolphins' lives by getting pieces of plastic from their stomachs that veterinarians could not reach. Radhouane Charbib was the tallest man by Guinness world records until Bao Xishun beat his record on 15 January 2005. That is where he was measured 2 millimetres taller in the Chifeng Hospital in China."}
+{"id": "41160", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41160", "title": "Crab", "text": "Crabs are a form of decapods (having eight walking legs and two grasping claws), along with lobsters, crayfish and shrimps. Crabs form an order within the decapods, called the Brachyura. Their short body is covered by a thick exoskeleton.\nThey are an extremely successful group, found all over the world. They are basically heavily armored shell-breakers. Most crabs live in sea-water, but there are some who live in fresh water, and some who live on land. The smallest are the size of a pea; the largest (the Japanese spider crab) grows to a leg span of 4 metres. About 7,000 species are known.\nStructure and life-style.\nBody.\nCrabs have short tails. A crab's tail and reduced abdomen is entirely hidden under the thorax. It is folded under its body, and may not be visible at all unless the crab is turned over. Usually they have a very hard exoskeleton. This means they are well protected against predators. Crabs are armed with a single pair of claws. Crabs can be found in all oceans. Some crabs also live in fresh water, or live completely on land.\nPincers.\nThe pincers (claws) of crabs are their most important weapons. They have at least three functions. The pincers' role in eating is to seize and subdue the prey. If the food is a shellfish (mollusc), then the pincers can exert force to open or break the mollusks shell. Pincers are also used in fighting between males, and for signalling to other crabs.\nDiet.\nCrabs are omnivores, they eat almost anything they find. Often this is algae, but animal food is essential for its good health and development. They will eat molluscs, other crustaceans, worms, fungi and bacteria.\nCrabs as food.\nCrabs are prepared and eaten all over the world. Some species are eaten whole, including the shell, such as soft-shell crab; with other species just the claws and/or legs are eaten. In some regions spices improve the culinary experience. In Asia, Masala Crab and Chilli crab are examples of heavily spiced dishes. In the United States state of Maryland, blue crab is often eaten with Old Bay Seasoning.\nFor the British dish \"Cromer crab\", the meat is extracted and placed inside the hard shell. One American way to prepare crab meat is by extracting it and adding a flour mix, creating a crab cake. Crabs are also used in \"bisque\", a French soup.\nEvolution.\nTrue crabs appear in the fossil record in the Lower Jurassic. They are part of the 'Mesozoic marine revolution', in which a number of sea-floor predators evolved.\nTailpiece.\nThe closest relatives of the crabs are anomurans, a crustacean group which includes animals such as hermit crabs, king crabs and squat lobsters. They look a lot like crabs and many have the word 'crab' in their name, but are not true crabs. Anomurans can be told apart by the number of legs: crabs have eight legs, along with two claws or pincers, while the last pair of an anomuran's legs is hidden inside the shell, so that only six are visible.\nCultural influences.\nBoth the constellation Cancer and the astrological sign Cancer are named after the crab, and shown as a crab. William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse drew the Crab Nebula in 1848 and noticed it looked like the animal; the Crab Pulsar lies in the middle of the nebula. The Moche people of Peru worshipped nature, like the sea, and often have crabs in their art. In Greek mythology, Karkinos was a crab that helped the Lernaean Hydra while it was fighting Heracles. One of Rudyard Kipling's \"Just So Stories\", \"The Crab that Played with the Sea\", tells the story of a big crab who made the waters of the sea go up and down, like the tides. A Malay myth, ocean tides are thought to be caused by water going in and out of a hole in the Navel of the Seas (\"Pusat Tasek\"), where \"there sits a gigantic crab which twice a day gets out in order to search for food\"."}
+{"id": "41163", "revid": "1171648", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41163", "title": "Gran Colombia", "text": "Gran Colombia was a Centralist country formed after New Granada declared independence in 1819, initially made up of New Granada and Venezuela. The rebels, led by Simon Bolivar, defeated the Spanish Empire, but then fought among themselves. In 1831, Venezuela and Ecuador, being the eastern and southern part of the country, declared independence from Gran Colombia due to political differences. After that, the remaining territory was of New Granada. Decades later, Panama also became independent from Colombia with help from the United States.\nNow, modern Gran Colombia consists of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, Guyana, Ecuador, Amazonas, and Roraima which all are great places!"}
+{"id": "41166", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41166", "title": "Nail (anatomy)", "text": "A nail is a hard part of the body at the tip of the fingers and toes, of which most people have ten. Toenails and fingernails are similar, except that toenails grow four times more slowly. Only certain mammals have nails: mostly, they are found in primates. They are made of the same kind of material (keratin) as the claws of other animals.\nLike hair, nails never stop growing. They must be cut from time to time. It does not hurt when people cut their nails as they are not innervated. The nails are made up of a protein called keratin which also makes up the main element of hair and skin. People paint their nails to make themselves look more attractive, usually females. On occasion nails can grow into the skin acting as a place of infection known as an ingrowing nail. They can hurt, so are often treated through medicine. The cutting and painting of the nails is called a manicure.\nFunctions.\nThe functions of nails are not obvious. They include:"}
+{"id": "41167", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41167", "title": "Schleu\u00dfingen", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41169", "revid": "1507217", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41169", "title": "Crustacean", "text": "Crustaceans are a subphylum of arthropods with 67,000 described species. They are part of the phylum Arthropoda. Crustaceans include crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill and barnacles. They are relatives of insects. If the Arthropods are regarded as a superphylum, then the insects and crustacea would be phyla (see List of animal phyla). The group has an extensive fossil record, reaching back to the Cambrian.\nMost crustaceans are aquatic, mostly marine. Some have moved onto land permanently. Crustaceans that live on land include some crabs, and woodlice. Crustacea range in size from a parasite 0.1mm long, to the Japanese spider crab with a leg span of up to 14\u00a0ft (4.3 m) and a mass of 44\u00a0lb (20\u00a0kg). The North Atlantic lobster can weigh more than 40 pounds.\nMost crustaceans are motile, but some become sessile after their larval stage. Barnacles are crustacea which become attached to rocks on the sea shore. Some are parasitic, like fish lice, and tongue worms. Crustacea usually have separate sexes, however some are hermaphroditic. Their eggs eventually hatch into larvae.\nCrustaceans are a subphylum in the phylum Arthropoda, so they have a tough exoskeleton, a series of jointed appendages, and a segmented body. Crustaceans have three major body parts. They are, front to back: head, thorax, and abdomen. They have two pairs of antennae, and two eyes. The mouth has two mandibles. Most breathe with gills, although some land crabs have developed lungs. Lobsters and crabs have hard outer skeletons (exoskeleton), and tend to preserve well as fossils. As adults, they moult their shells as they grow in size.\nMost large crustaceans crawl along the bottoms of streams, rivers, and the ocean, sometimes coming on land. Because they move along the ground under the water, they are called \"benthic\" creatures. Even though lobsters and shrimps can swim a bit, they usually walk along the bottom of the body of water in which they live.\nMore than 10 million tons of crustaceans are produced by fishery or farming for human consumption, most of it is shrimps and prawns. Krill and copepods are not as widely fished, but they have the greatest animal biomass on the planet, and form a vital part of the food chain.\nGrowth and development.\nAll crustacea must replace their exoskeletons with new ones in order to grow. They replace their exoskeletons by moulting. Moulting is controlled by hormones. A new exoskeleton is then secreted to replace the old one. While they wait for their new exoskeleton to harden it can be dangerous. They may be preyed on by larger predators and not be able to defend themselves. Most crustaceans moult many times between hatching and adulthood. \nRespiratory pigments.\nThe main body cavity is an open circulatory system: blood is pumped into the haemocoel by a heart. Malacostraca have haemocyanin as the oxygen-carrying pigment, while copepods, ostracods, barnacles and branchiopods have haemoglobins. This indicates something very unusual: a phylum (or subphylum) with such a fundamental difference between the physiology of its member groups. \nLarvae.\nCrustaceans have a number of larval forms. The earliest and most characteristic is the nauplius. In most groups, there are further larval stages, including the \"zoea\" (pl. zoe\u00e6 or zoeas). This name was given to it when naturalists believed it to be a separate species. It follows the nauplius stage, and often has spikes on its carapace. These may assist these small organisms in swimming. In many decapods, due to their accelerated development, the zoea is the first larval stage. In some cases, the zoea stage is followed by the \"mysis\" stage, and in others, by the \"megalopa\" stage, depending on the crustacean group involved."}
+{"id": "41171", "revid": "1507217", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41171", "title": "Motile", "text": "An organism is called motile if it can move on its own. Most organisms are motile. Organisms that cannot move themselves are called \"sessile\"."}
+{"id": "41172", "revid": "10458928", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41172", "title": "Maria Montessori", "text": "Maria Montessori was an Italian educator and doctor. She was born on 31 August 1870 in Chiaravalle, Italy. \nMaria Montessori created the first Montessori school. It was a method of education that respected the natural development of the child. Its main feature was to allow a maximal independence to every child. Another feature was to allow mixed ages in the same classroom. This was different from the formal classroom teaching used even for young children at the time. Maria Montessori started this method when she was in charge of a school for handicapped children. Maria Montessori also founded the first Casa dei Bambini (\"Children's House\") in around 1907 in San Lorenzo, a slum area of Rome. She died on May 6, 1952 from a Hemorrhagic stroke. "}
+{"id": "41176", "revid": "1444326", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41176", "title": "Portrait of Jacob de Gheyn III", "text": "Jacob de Gheyn III is a famous painting.\nIt was painted by Rembrandt in 1632 and is the most stolen painting in the world. It has been stolen and recovered from galleries at least four times, making it the world's most stolen painting.\nEvery time the painting has been recovered anonymously and as a consequence nobody was accused of the theft. This painting by Rembrandt is so well known that it would be difficult for a thief to take it again.\nJacob de Gheyn III, also known as Jacob III de Gheyn (1596\u20131641), was a Dutch Golden Age engraver, son of Jacob de Gheyn II, canon of Utrecht (city), and the subject of a 1632 oil painting by Rembrandt. The portrait is half of a pair of pendent portraits. The other piece is a portrait of de Gheyn's friend Maurits Huygens, wearing similar clothing (ruffs and black doublets) and facing the opposite direction\nAs legend goes, a man by the name of Marcus Smith V was found in a gallery sneaking and slowly making his way toward the painting with intent to steal it. The ghost of Jacob de Gheyn III sneaked up behind him and killed him. the legend is most likely untrue because Smith was with a lover that night and was actually poisoned the next night.\nPast painting theft.\nThe painting has been given the name \"takeaway Rembrandt\" as it has been stolen four times since 1966 \u2013 the most recorded of any painting.\nBetween 14 August 1981 and 3 September 1981, the painting was taken from Dulwich Picture Gallery and retrieved when police arrested four men in a taxi who had the painting with them. A little under two years later, a burglar smashed a skylight and descended through it into the art gallery, using a crowbar to remove the painting from the wall. The police arrived within three minutes but were too late to apprehend the thief. The painting was missing for three years, eventually being found on 8 October 1986 in a luggage rack at the train station of a British army garrison in M\u00fcnster, Germany.\nThe other two times, the painting was found once underneath a bench in a graveyard in Streatham, and once on the back of a bicycle. Each time the painting was returned anonymously with more than one person being charged for its disappearance."}
+{"id": "41178", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41178", "title": "Fame", "text": "Fame or Famous may refer to:"}
+{"id": "41179", "revid": "1467751", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41179", "title": "Toy Story", "text": "Toy Story is a 1995 American computer-animated fantasy adventure movie. It was the first Disney/Pixar animated movie; Pixar made the movie while Disney packaged it and sold it to movie theaters. It was released on November 22, 1995. \"Toy Story\" was shown again in American cinemas on October 2, 2009 ( with \"Toy Story 2\" played after). It was the first animated movie to be completely made with computers instead of hand-drawn animation. \"Toy Story\" had three sequels, starting \"Toy Story 2\" being released in 1999. A fourth sequel, \"Toy Story 5\", will be released in 2026.\nPlot.\nSheriff Woody, a pullstring cowboy doll, is the leader of a group of toys that belong to a boy named Andy and come to life when humans are not to be seen. With his family moving to a new house and having a birthday party for Andy, the toys try to figure out what Andy's new presents are since they're worried about being replaced. Andy gets a space ranger Buzz Lightyear action figure, who replaces Woody as Andy's favourite toy. Buzz does not know that he is a toy when Woody tries to convince him and thinks that he is a real space ranger. While the other toys befriend Buzz, Woody hates Buzz out of jealousy. \nAndy prepares to go to a pizza restaurant and arcade called Pizza Planet with Buzz. Woody tries to stop this from happening by knocking Buzz behind a desk but accidentally knocks him out of a window instead, making the toys angry. Andy takes Woody to Pizza Planet with him instead. However, Buzz climbs into the car and confronts Woody when they stop at a gas station. The two toys fight and accidentally fall out of the car, which drives off and leaves them behind. Woody sees a pickup truck bound for Pizza Planet and plans to rendezvous with Andy there, convincing Buzz to come with him by saying that the pickup truck can take him to his home planet. Once at Pizza Planet, Buzz makes his way into a claw game machine shaped like a spaceship, thinking that it is the ship that Woody had promised him. Inside, he finds a horde of squeaky aliens who revere the machine's claw arm as their master. When Woody follows Buzz into the game to try to rescue him, the two of them are captured by Andy's next door neighbor, Sid Phillips, who likes to torture and destroy toys for fun.\nThe two toys try to escape from Sid's house before Andy and his family move, encountering nightmarish \"mutant\" toys which Sid's made as well as Sid's vicious dog, Scud. Buzz sees a commercial for Buzz Lightyear action figures just like himself and realizes that Woody was right about him being a toy. Unable to face the truth, Buzz tries to prove he is still a space ranger by attempting to fly out of the window, but falls and loses one of his arms. Buzz becomes too depressed over the truth to participate in Woody's escape plan. This forces Woody to try and get the other toys attention in Andy's room by waving Buzz's disconnected arm, but the other toys still distrust him for what happened to Buzz and leave him behind. Woody realizes that Sid's mutant toys are friendly when they fix Buzz's arm but is forced to hide when Sid arrives, leaving Buzz behind. Sid prepares to destroy Buzz by strapping him to a rocket, but is delayed by a thunderstorm and sleeps for the night. Woody convinces Buzz life is worth living even if he is not a space ranger because of the joy he can bring to Andy, and helps Buzz regain his spirit. Cooperating with Sid's mutant toys, Woody stages a rescue for Buzz and scares Sid away by coming to life in front of him. However, the two miss Andy's car as it drives away to his new house.\nRunning down the road, they climb onto a moving truck but Scud chases them and Buzz tackles the dog to save Woody. Woody attempts to rescue Buzz with Andy's RC car but the other toys, who think that Woody got rid of RC, toss Woody off onto the road. Spotting Woody driving RC back with Buzz alive, the other toys realize their mistake and try to help them into the truck. When RC's batteries become depleted, Woody ignites the rocket on Buzz's back and manages to throw RC into the moving truck just in time before they go soaring into the air. Buzz then opens his wings to cut himself free before the rocket explodes, and he and Woody glide through the air and land safely in the car. Andy looks in the box and is relieved to have found Woody and Buzz.\nOn Christmas Eve at their new house, Buzz and Woody stage another reconnaissance mission to prepare for the new toy arrivals, one of which is a Mrs. Potato Head, much to the delight of Mr. Potato Head. Woody jokingly asks Buzz \"What could Andy possibly get that is worse than you?\", a question which is immediately answered; Andy's new gift, as it turns out, is a puppy, and the two share a worried smile.\nCast.\nAdditional voices.\nNon-speaking characters include Scud, Barrel of Monkeys, Etch A. Sketch, Snake, Clown, Babyface, RC, and Buster.\nProduction.\nPixar's Oscar-winning short film \"Tin Toy\" (directed by Lasseter) and its CAPS project were among works that gained Disney's attention and, after meetings in 1990 with Jeffrey Katzenberg, Pixar pitched a television special called \"A Tin Toy Christmas\". By July 1991, Disney and Pixar signed an agreement to work on a film, based on the \"Tin Toy\" characters, called \"Toy Story\". The deal gave Pixar a three-film deal (with \"Toy Story\" being the first) as well as 10% of the films' profits.\n\"Toy Story\"s script was strongly influenced by the ideas of screenwriter Robert McKee. The script went through many changes before the final version. John Lasseter decided Tinny was \"too antiquated\", and the character was changed to a military action figure, and then given a space theme. Tinny's name changed to Lunar Larry, then Tempus from Morph, and eventually Buzz Lightyear (after astronaut Buzz Aldrin).\nBilly Crystal was going to play as Buzz, but later refused this role, although he would voice Mike Wazowski in Pixar's later movie, \"Monsters, Inc\". Katzenberg took the role to Tim Allen, who was appearing in Disney's \"Home Improvement\", and Allen accepted the Role. \"Toy Story\" was both Hanks and Allen's first animated film role.\nLasster's 1993 draft of the film was disastrous, presenting Woody as a \"sarcastic jerk\" because Katzenberg kept sending notes to Pixar saying that he wanted more edge to the character. Katzenberg talked with Walt Disney Feature Animation president Peter Schneider in the hall during the screening and asked him why it was so bad. Schneider responded that it \"wasn't their movie anymore.\" Schneider wanted to immediately shut down production, fire all recently hired animators and move the key writers (John Lasseter, Andrew Stanton, Pete Docter and Joe Ranft) into the Disney Studio, pending a new script approved by Disney. Pixar refused and said that the entire story will be changed in two weeks. As promised, two weeks later a new script had been written that made Woody a more likable character. It also included a more adult-orientated staff meeting amongst the toys rather than a juvenile group discussion that had existed in earlier drafts. Buzz Lightyear's character was also changed slightly \"to make it more clear to the audience that he really doesn't realize he's a toy\" as John Lasseter remarked. After the second screening Katzenberg restarted production. The voice actors returned in March 1994 to record their new lines.\n\"Toy Story\" was made on a $30\u00a0million budget, using a staff of 110 people; Lasseter told how hard of the computer animation was to do in the film: \"We had to make things look more organic. Every leaf and blade of grass had to be created. We had to give the world a sense of history. So the doors are banged up, the floors have scuffs.\"\nAccording to Lee Unkrich, one of the original editors of \"Toy Story\", there was a scene that was cut out of the movie. In this scene, Sid, after he leaves Pizza Planet, tortures Buzz and Woody violently. Unkrich decided to cut right into the scene where Sid was interrogating the toys because the creators of the movie thought the audience would be loving Buzz and Woody at that point.\nAnother scene, where Woody was trying to get Buzz's attention when he was stuck in the box crate, was shortened because the creators felt it would \"lose the energy of the movie.\" 2 more deleted scenes, abandoned at the story reel stage, were actually seen as active scenes in \"Toy Story 2\". The first scene was an opening sequence as a Buzz Lightyear cartoon, which ended up as a video game, and the second was the famed \"Woody's Nightmare\" scene, where Woody is thrown out, as he fails to glow in the dark and destroyed by cockroaches, but in \"Toy Story 2\", he was thrown out because his arm was broken, and he was sucked in by other broken toys.\nReception.\nEver since its original 1995 release, \"Toy Story\" received universal acclaim. Review aggregate Rotten Tomatoes (which gave the movie an \"Extremely Fresh\" rating) reports that 100% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 74 reviews, with an average score of 9/10. The critical consensus is: \"As entertaining as it is innovative, Toy Story kicked off Pixar's unprecedented run of quality pictures, reinvigorating animated film in the process.\" The film is \"Certified Fresh\". At the website Metacritic, which utilizes a normalized rating system, the film earned a \"universal acclaim\" level rating of 96/100 based on 16\u00a0reviews by mainstream critics. Reviewers liked the film for its computer animation, voice cast, and ability to appeal to numerous age groups.\nLeonard Klady of \"Variety\" commended the animation's \"... razzle-dazzle technique and unusual look. The camera loops and zooms in a dizzying fashion that fairly takes one's breath away.\" Roger Ebert of the \"Chicago Sun-Times\" compared the film's innovative animation to Disney's \"Who Framed Roger Rabbit\", saying \"Both movies take apart the universe of cinematic visuals, and put it back together again, allowing us to see in a new way.\" Due to the film's animation, Richard Corliss of \"TIME\" claimed that it was \"... the year's most inventive comedy.\"\nThe voice cast was also praised by various critics. Susan Wloszczyna of \"USA Today\" approved of the selection of Hanks and Allen for the lead roles. Kenneth Turan of the \"Los Angeles Times\" stated that \"Starting with Tom Hanks, who brings an invaluable heft and believability to Woody, \"Toy Story\" is one of the best voiced animated features in memory, with all the actors ... making their presences strongly felt.\" Several critics also recognized the film's ability to appeal to children and adults. Owen Gleiberman of \"Entertainment Weekly\" wrote: \"It has the purity, the ecstatic freedom of imagination, that's the hallmark of the greatest children's films. It also has the kind of spring-loaded allusive prankishness that, at times, will tickle adults even more than it does kids.\"\nIn 1995, \"Toy Story\" was named eighth in \"TIME\"'s list of the best ten films of 1995. In 2011, \"TIME\" named it one of \"The 25 All-TIME Best Animated Films\". It also ranks at number 99 in \"Empire\" magazines list of the 500 Greatest Films of All Time. .\nIn 2003, the Online Film Critics Society ranked the film as the greatest animated film of all time. In 2007, the Visual Effects Society named the film 22nd in its list of the \"Top 50 Most Influential Visual Effects Films of All Time\". In 2005 the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry, one of five films to be selected in its first year of eligibility. The film is ranked ninety-ninth on the AFI's list of the hundred greatest American films of all time. It was one of only two animated films on the list, the other being \"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs\". It was also sixth best in the animation genre on AFI's 10 Top 10.\nDirector Terry Gilliam would praise the film as \"a work of genius. It got people to understand what toys are about. They're true to their own character. And that's just brilliant. It's got a shot that's always stuck with me, when Buzz Lightyear discovers he's a toy. He's sitting on this landing at the top of the staircase and the camera pulls back and he's this tiny little figure. He was this guy with a massive ego two seconds before... and it's stunning. I'd put that as one of my top ten films, period.\""}
+{"id": "41184", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41184", "title": "Maria Esther", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41185", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41185", "title": "Metres", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41189", "revid": "687081", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41189", "title": "Mar\u00eda Capovilla", "text": "Mar\u00eda Esther de Capovilla (September 14, 1889 \u2013 August 27, 2006) was an Ecuadorian supercentenarian. She was the world's oldest living person between May 29, 2004, aged 114 years 258 days, and her death from pneumonia on August 27, 2006, aged 116 years 347 days. Following Capovilla's death, Elizabeth Bolden became the world's oldest person.\nShe was the last living person who was born in the 1880s and also she is still all-time record-holder of the oldest person who was born in Ecuador and the oldest person who was died in Ecuador. She remained the oldest validated South American and Latin American person ever until Francisca Celsa dos Santos of Brazil surpassed her age in October 2021 one day before her death who's final age was 116 years 349 days.\nOn 10 February 2004, Capovilla surpassed Australian Christina Cock to become the oldest person ever from the Southern Hemisphere. Capovilla was named the World's Oldest Person by Guinness World Records on 9 December 2005, thus superseding both Hendrikje van Andel-Schipper of the Netherlands thought to be the world's oldest person from 29 May 2004 to 30 August 2005, when she died, and Elizabeth Bolden of the United States, thought to be the world's oldest person from 30 August 2005 to 9 December 2005."}
+{"id": "41190", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41190", "title": "Gopher", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41192", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41192", "title": "Wart", "text": "Warts are growths on the skin. Very often they resemble solid blisters. \nUsually, applying pressure to a wart causes pain. Warts are caused by viruses in the HPV family. As there are many types of viruses in the HPV family, there are also many types of wart. In most cases, warts are not dangerous, but may cause a lot of pain.\nThe virus infects skin cells. If these infected skin cells move to other areas, new warts can grow there. With some warts, infected skin that has touched surfaces that other people touch can spread warts, so it may be better to wear socks or crocs. Warts contain tissue that bleeds easily. A bleeding of this tissue allows the wart to spread to other places. In general, coming in contact with infected tissue spreads the infection.\nThere are different ways of getting rid of a wart:\nTypes of warts.\nThere are different types of warts, caused by different HPV viruses:\nTreatment.\nThere are multiple different ways of getting rid of a wart:"}
+{"id": "41193", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41193", "title": "Suffocation", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41195", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41195", "title": "Ming Kipa", "text": "Ming Kipa is a Nepalese Sherpa girl who (as recorded in the 2009 Guinness Book of Records) was the youngest person to climb Mount Everest until 2010. She reached the summit on May 24, 2003 when she was 15 years old, with her brother Mingma Gyula and her sister Laphka. Nepalese law does not allow climbers under 16 to climb Everest, so Ming Kipa climbed from the Chinese side.\nIn 2010, her record was broken by 13-year old Jordan Romero."}
+{"id": "41197", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41197", "title": "Sun Tzu (mathematician)", "text": "Sun Tzu or Sun Zi was a Chinese mathematician of the third century CE.\nHis interests were in astronomy. He tried to develop a calendar and for this he investigated Diophantine equations. He is best known for authoring \"Sun Tzu Suan Ching\" (pinyin: \"Sun Zi Suan Jing\"; literally, \"Sun Tzu's Calculation Classic\"), which contains the Chinese remainder theorem."}
+{"id": "41198", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41198", "title": "Sergey Karjakin", "text": "Sergey Karjakin (born 12 January 1990 in Simferopol) is a Russian (formerly Ukrainian) chess grandmaster. \nHe was a chess prodigy and holds the record for the youngest grandmaster in history, at the age of twelve years and seven months. \nOn 25 July 2009 Karjakin adopted Russian citizenship and afterwards played for Russia.\nHe won Candidates Tournament 2016 and earned the right to challenge for the World Chess Championship. In November 2016, he lost the championship match to Magnus Carlsen in the rapid tiebreaks after drawing 6\u20136 in the classical games. He won the 2016 World Blitz Chess Championship. He played in the candidates tournament again in 2018, coming third."}
+{"id": "41203", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41203", "title": "Sound energy", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41206", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41206", "title": "Yusuf Islam", "text": "Yusuf Islam (born 21 July 1948) is an English singer. He sang many of his early songs when he called himself Cat Stevens. He was born as Georgiou to a Swedish mother and Greek Cypriot father. He became a Muslim in 1977. After two years, he took the name of Yusuf \u0130slam. He has sold over 60 million albums around the world since the late 1960s as Cat Stevens or Yusuf \u0130slam.\nAs a waiter in his father\u2019s cafe, he began writing songs \"to escape the mundanity of it all\". Chart success was followed by adulation, touring, drug use, confusion, tuberculosis and, in the early 1970s, Islam's changed outlook and an album called Tea For The Tillerman.\nStevens nearly drowned in an accident in Malibu in 1975. Stevens described the event in a VH1 interview some years later: \"I suddenly held myself and I said, 'Oh God! If you save me, I'll work for you.'\" He had looked into Buddhism; Zen and I Ching, numerology, tarot cards and astrology\", but when his brother David gave him a copy of the Qur\u2019an, Stevens began to convert to Islam.\nIn year 1977 he changed his name to Yusuf Islam upon becoming a Muslim. He stopped playing and recording pop music for almost 30 years, but started performing again in 2006.\nHe lives with his family in London, England.\nAlbums.\nAs Cat Stevens:\nAs Yusuf Islam:"}
+{"id": "41209", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41209", "title": "Malay language", "text": "Malay is an Austronesian language predominantly spoken by Malay people in northeastern of Sumatra to the Riau Islands and its surroundings; which includes Singapore and Malay Peninsula, as well as the western and northernmost coast of Borneo (especially in Pontianak and Brunei).\nWriting system.\nMalay is normally written with the Latin alphabet called Rumi. But there is also a modified Arabic alphabet that is called Jawi. Rumi is official in Malaysia and Singapore, and the Indonesian language has a different official orthography that uses also the Latin script. Rumi and Jawi are both official languages in Brunei. Efforts are currently being undertaken to preserve Jawi script and to revive its use amongst Malays in Malaysia, and students taking the Malay language examination in Malaysia have the option of answering questions using Jawi script. But the Latin alphabet is still the most commonly used script in Malaysia, both for official and informal purposes. \nHistorically, Malay has been written in various types of script. Before the introduction of Arabic script in the Malay region, Malay was written using Pallava, Kawi and Rencong script and are still in use today by the Champa Malay in Vietnam and Cambodia."}
+{"id": "41211", "revid": "10481028", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41211", "title": "Timothy Dalton", "text": "Timothy Peter Dalton (born 21 March 1946) is a British actor. He is famous for playing fictional spy James Bond in two movies in 1987 and 1989. He also voiced the hedgehog Mr. Pricklepants in \"Toy Story 3\". He currently is a Major Frontrunner for the role of Aslan for Netflix's New adaptation of Narnia.\nNational identity.\nHis father was English and his mother was an American of Italian and Irish descent.\nPersonal life.\nDalton has one son, Alexander (born 7 August 1997), by Russian musician Oksana Grigorieva. He was in a relationship with English actress Vanessa Redgrave (with whom he appeared in the 1971 film \"Mary, Queen of Scots\") between 1971 and 1986. Dalton is a Manchester City F.C. supporter. He is often seen at the City of Manchester Stadium to watch his team play. Dalton remains unmarried.\nFilmography.\nMovies.\n2026. Narnia The Magician's Nephew. Aslan. Voice only\nAudiobook narration.\nNovels by \"Benjamin Black\" (pseudonym of John Banville):"}
+{"id": "41220", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41220", "title": "Euzebiusz Smolarek", "text": "Euzebiusz Smolarek (born 9 January 1981) is a Polish football player. He plays for ADO Den Haag and Poland national team.\nIn 2004, he came to Dortmund with Bert van Maarwijk, who is his trainer. Before that, he played for Borussia Dortmund and under van Maarwijk with Feyenoord Rotterdam. He is also in the Poland national team.\nClub career statistics.\n68||12\n81||25\n34||4\n12||0\n15||3\n210||44\nInternational career statistics.\n!Total||47||20"}
+{"id": "41221", "revid": "814900", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41221", "title": "Bushido (rapper)", "text": "Bushido is a German rapper. He was born in Bonn, North Rhine-Westphalia, 28 September 1978 and raised in Berlin. His real name is Anis Mohamed Youssef Ferchichi. Bushido left the record company Aggro Berlin in 2001. Now he has his own record label ersguterjunge and insults his old label, for example in the song \"Sonnenbank Flavour\". Other big hits are \"Von der Skyline zum Bordstein und zur\u00fcck\" and \"Nie Ein Rapper\" ( \"Never a rapper\" ). In 2006, he won the category German act of the European Music Awards in Copenhagen.\nHistory.\nThe artist name \"Bushido\" is Japanese and means \"Way of the Warrior\". Bushido was raised by his mother. He met his Tunisian father when he was 26 years old. Bushido was raised in Berlin-Tempelhof and went to the \"Gymnasium\" (German \"grammar school\", the highest school form) which he quit without his Abitur (German \"A-level\", right to study at university). He started his drug-selling career.\nHe first came to rap through graffiti where he painted walls using the name \"Fuchs\" (German \"Fox\"). He learned about rap music from his friend Vader(-licious) from DMK (Dark Mingz Klique). Together with King Orgasmus, the three recorded a tape under the name \"030\" which is the telephone number for Berlin. Bushido's first commercial appearance was on the Frauenarzt-Tape with King Orgasmus for I Luv Money Records in 2002. A short time later he published his self-made first album \"King of Kingz\".\nGerman Rap is based on a monarchy view of things. Everything is a kingdom and the best rappers are kings. There are currently three Kings: Kool Savas, Azad and Bushido himself. However at that time, nobody knew him, but his raps were thought of being very good. Because he knew that, he named his record \"King of Kingz\". He said \"there can be 2 Kings, one for Berlin (Kool Savas) and one for Frankfurt am Main (Azad). Whatever. I shit on 'em. I'm the King. There is noone despite me. Fuck it. I'm the King of Kings.\"\nThis record was his way up. He was signed by Aggro Berlin which released this tape. He then made his well known record \"Carlo, Cokxxx, Nutten\" (English: \"Carlo, Cocain, Hoes\") and \"Vom Bordstein bis zu Skyline\" (\"From Pavement to the Skyline\") which gained him fame nationwide.\nIn 2004 he quit Aggro Berlin and started his own label Ersguterjunge (\"First best boy\", a term which was used in the 1930s). He recorded albums and released them every 6 months. Including \"Electroghetto\", \"Carlo, Cokxxx, Nutten 2\" and \"Staatsfeind Nr 1\" ( \"State enemy No. 1\"). He was officially accused for making racist material and disrespect of minorities and females. However, this could not stop him from gaining success and fame. All his Albums gained Top-3 Chart placements. He was the first German Rapper to have two Albums in TOP-10 Charts placement.\nReal life.\nOther rappers, for example the American rapper Raptile, said that Bushido rapped about a way of life he never lived. Media like CNN showed that this is not true. In August 2005 he was sentenced to jail in Austria for beating someone with his bodyguards. They beat up the person because that person damaged the tires of his car. The Austrian judge gave him the option to pay 100.000 Euro ( 150,000 USD) to get out of jail. This was the highest amount possible by law and the judge thought Bushido could not afford that."}
+{"id": "41228", "revid": "1244711", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41228", "title": "National Party of Australia", "text": "The National Party of Australia is the third biggest political party in Australia. It was first called the Country Party when it started in 1920 and then became the National Country Party in 1975. In 1982 it became the National Party.\nThe National Party represents the interests of people who live in rural areas, that is, not in big cities. It normally joins together with the Liberal Party to form a coalition government. It has fewer people in Parliament than the Liberal Party. The current leader is Warren Truss. When the National Party is in a coalition government its leader is usually the Deputy Prime Minister.\nThe Party was quite powerful during the 1940s, 1950's and 1960s. Because it worked closely with the United Australia and later Liberal Party, three National leaders - Earle Page, Arthur Fadden and John McEwen - were Prime Minister for a short time. The Party is strongest in Queensland, where it has had several State Premiers. In 2008, the Liberal Party and National Party came together in Queensland and are now called the \"Liberal National Party of Queensland\".\nThe party's federal parliamentary leader since 2022 is David Littleproud. He replaced Barnaby Joyce following a leadership spill after the 2022 federal election."}
+{"id": "41229", "revid": "5317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41229", "title": "Country Party", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41230", "revid": "5317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41230", "title": "Country Party of Australia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41231", "revid": "5317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41231", "title": "Liberal Party of Australia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41244", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41244", "title": "Oil well", "text": "An oil well is a well to get petroleum from the ground. People in the petroleum industry look for a place that might have oil. They drill a hole deep in the ground and, if the oil is there, then pump it up from the hole. Most oil is very deep underground.\nHistory.\nMore than 5,000 years ago, ancient people like the Sumerians, Assyrians, and Babylonians, used things like crude oil, bitumen, and asphalt from places like Tuttul (now called H\u012bt) on the Euphrates River. They used these substances for lots of things. The Egyptians were the first to use liquid oil as a kind of medicine, probably for healing wounds, as a rub for sore muscles, and to help with digestion. The Assyrians, on the other hand, used bitumen as a punishment by pouring it over people who broke the law.\nIn ancient times, oil and its products were also important for fighting wars. The Persians, for example, used arrows soaked in oil to set things on fire during battles. Later, people in places like Arabia and Persia learned to make flammable stuff from crude oil for military use. This knowledge eventually spread to Europe, likely because of the Arab invasion of Spain, and by the 12th century, Europeans were learning how to turn oil into things that could light up the darkness. A few hundred years later, Spanish explorers found oil coming out of the ground in places like Cuba, Mexico, Bolivia, and Peru. In North America, there were also lots of places where oil would naturally seep out of the ground. Early explorers in what's now New York and Pennsylvania noticed this, and even American Indians were known to use the oil for medicine.\nOil wells can be classified by purpose: \nActive wells can also be categorized as:\nWells may be straight holes, or directionally drilled:"}
+{"id": "41245", "revid": "1686735", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41245", "title": "Prairie", "text": "A prairie is a type of habitat with mostly grasses, but also flowering plants and occasional shrubs or isolated trees. This type of habitat can be found around the world, but it goes by different names, such as steppes in Asia. What attracts tourists is the golden grass in prairie grassland. The word 'prairie' generally means grasslands in North America. There are often many animals on a prairie. They either prefer a prairie or can only live in a prairie. Well-known are the American bison (also called the buffalo) and the pronghorn antelope. Birds include the bobolink and the meadowlark.\nTall grass prairie.\nA \"tall grass prairie\" has plants and grasses that typically grow three to seven feet (one to two meters) high, with occasional plants growing higher. This type of prairie grows in areas with a good amount of rain. Illinois (the \"prairie state\"), Indiana and Iowa are good examples of where a tall grass prairie would be. This type of habitat usually has rich soil and is very good for farming. Much of the original prairie has been changed into crops or lost to brush and trees.\nTrees can grow in this area, but most were stopped by fires that swept through. Some oaks and hickories could survive a prairie fire. If there are scattered trees, it is called a savanna, and an area in a prairie where trees grew closer together is called a grove. In the last century, fires have been stopped, and trees and brush that once did not grow in prairies are taking over. Some of these invasive species were accidentally introduced from Europe or elsewhere. In Illinois, less than 0.01% of the original prairie still exists. For this reason, conservationists in this area practice prairie restoration to keep the prairie in good condition.\nShort grass prairie.\n\"Short grass prairie\" is in drier areas, and is usually one to two feet (0.3 to 0.6 meters) high and has more space between plants. The \"American West\" (from central Texas up into Canada, east of the arid semi-desert) is all short grass prairie. Much of this area is converted to pastures for grazing cows and sheep. Areas near rivers are irrigated for crops. Some of the original native plants are still widespread.\nMixed grass prairie.\nMixed grass prairie is found between the short grass prairie and the tall grass prairie and contains more species than either the short grass prairie or the tall grass prairie."}
+{"id": "41246", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41246", "title": "Mall", "text": "A mall or shopping center is a large building that is full of many smaller shops and stores. It is different from earlier markets or bazaars because most of the shops are not little booths or stalls in one big open area. Each store has its own space with walls. Most of their entrances face a central walking area inside the building.\nPeople visit the stores in the mall to shop. Most malls have parking lots (places to park cars). Most malls also have roofs so people can shop inside. Most malls have a food court where people buy food. Some malls have movie theatres.\nName.\n\"Mall\" is the most common name for these buildings in America, and \"shopping center\" is the most common name for them in the United Kingdom. The name \"shopping center\" is also sometimes used in America. Malls are also sometimes called plazas."}
+{"id": "41247", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41247", "title": "Ice skating", "text": "Ice skating is skating on ice as a sport, entertainment or pastime. Ice skates, a special type of boot with metal blades on the bottom, are worn to skate on ice. Figure skating and speed skating are the sport forms of ice skating. Hockey is also played on ice, with players wearing ice skates. The International Skating Union (ISU) is the international governing body for figure skating and speed skating.\nHistory.\nIce skating probably began in Scandinavia as early as 1000 BCE, as a way to travel in the winter. The sport of skating started in the Netherlands. Since the Middle Ages, people in the Netherlands have skated on canals. The first skating club was created in Scotland in 1742. In 1850, Edward Bushnell created steel-bladed skates which allowed skaters to make difficult turns and movements on the ice. Figure skating was included in the Olympics in 1908. It was the first winter sport included in the Olympics. Today, ice skating is a popular pastime. Ice shows, like Ice Follies and Ice Capades, are a popular form of entertainment.\nEquipment.\nModern figure skates have two edges on the blades and a toothed toepick on the front of the blade. The toepick is used for jumps and spins. Figure skating boots are made of leather. Ice hockey skates also have two edges, but no toepick. Speedskating ice skates have a single edge on the blade.\nFigure skating.\nMen's singles, women's singles, pairs and ice dance are the four types of competitive figure skating. In singles competitions, skaters perform a short technical routine and a longer, creative free routine. The skaters are judged on their performance of jumps, spins and spirals, as well as their artistry. In pairs competitions, two skaters perform two original routines together and are judged on their skills, artistry, and synchronization. In ice dancing, two skaters perform two compulsory routines and an original routine together.\nSpeed skating.\nSpeed skating is racing on ice. Skaters are judged on their speed. Speed skating has been an Olympic sport since 1924."}
+{"id": "41248", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41248", "title": "Alpine Lynx", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41250", "revid": "45220", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41250", "title": "Rink", "text": "Rinks are places for sports. There are several types of rinks:"}
+{"id": "41251", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41251", "title": "Grasses", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41252", "revid": "5922151", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41252", "title": "Trading post", "text": "A trading post is a place where trade takes place. The path to a trading post, or between trading posts, is known as a trade route. \nTrading posts were common places in Canada and the United States when they were both new countries. People used trading posts to trade fur and other things. \nTrading posts are also used in many campsites across the United States and Canada as places to buy snacks and other things.\nThe clerk was in charge of a trading post and a fur trader owned the trading post."}
+{"id": "41253", "revid": "1635878", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41253", "title": "Wasp", "text": "Wasps are members of the order Hymenoptera, which also includes ants, bees and sawflies. \nThe common or garden wasps, \"Vespula vulgaris\", and hornets (\"Vespa\") are members of the eusocial family Vespidae. This has about 5000 species.\nBy far the greater number of wasp species (over 100,000) are the parasitic wasps. Most of them are parasitoids which lay their eggs in the caterpillars of other insect species. Almost every pest insect species has at least one wasp species that preys upon it or parasitizes it. This makes wasps vital to the natural control of pest numbers (biocontrol). Parasitic wasps are increasingly used in agricultural pest control as they prey mostly on pest insects and have little impact on crops.\nAnatomy.\nMany people get confused between wasps and bees. It is pretty easy to tell the difference between bees and wasps, because bees look quite hairy and wasps do not. \nWasps have biting mouthparts and antennae with 12 or 13 segments. They usually have wings and their abdomens are attached to their thorax by a slender petiole, or a \u201cwaist\u201d. Females have a sting, which they use for piercing and egg laying. Adult wasps feed mostly on nectar, but their larvae feed on insects or pollen, provided by the mother.\nFree-living wasps.\nNests made of paper.\nMost free-living wasps are social insects, like bees and ants, but there are a few solitary wasps. Social wasps are formed of paper wasps, yellowjackets and hornets. All three make paper nests from tree wood. They create paper cells similar to the combs that bees make with wax. They chew up bits of wood and convert it into a paste which they use to construct their paper nests.\nEggs & larvae.\nThe queen lays an egg in each cell of the nests. When it hatches the grub is fed regurgitated insects by the worker wasps. In one group, the pollen wasps, grubs are fed pollen and nectar only. Adult wasps eat only nectar.\nUnlike honeybees, the only one in a social wasp colony that will survive the winter is the queen. She will find a place to hibernate - in the hollows of trees, under bark, or in the walls of buildings. In the spring, she crawls out and starts all over again building a few cells, laying a few eggs, and nurturing them until they can become workers who will do all the work while she lays more eggs.\nParasitic wasps.\nWith most species, adult parasitic wasps themselves do not take any nutrients from their prey, and, much like bees, butterflies, and moths, those that do feed as adults typically derive all of their nutrition from nectar. Parasitic wasps are typically parasitoids, and extremely diverse in habits, many laying their eggs in inert stages of their host (egg or pupa), or sometimes paralyzing their prey by injecting it with venom through their ovipositor. They then insert one or more eggs into the host or deposit them upon the host externally. The host remains alive until the parasitoid larvae are mature, usually dying either when the parasitoids pupate, or when they emerge as adults. Farmers buy these parasitic wasps for insect control in their fields. \nSolitary life.\nThe mud dauber is one of the most common solitary wasps. The difference between normal wasps and mud daubers can be seen easily because of its long petiole. The female gathers together mud and puts it in her mouth to use when building her paper nest for her young. She uses her ovipositor to sting and paralyze tiny insects, spiders, caterpillars, and other creatures, which are stuffed into the mud nest. After each cell in the nest is filled and almost overflowing with spiders and insects, the mud dauber lays an egg in each cell, closes the openings, and leaves. Then, when the eggs finally hatch, the larvae, have a perfectly nice feast upon which they will dine until they become adults.\nSome solitary wasps make galls, which are abnormal growths on plants. They form directly after the wasp lays its eggs, and the plant develops a growth around the egg, encasing it. The trigger for the gall to form is not known. The gall protects the eggs while they develop. Galls can be found almost everywhere in the late summer, especially on the branches of oak trees, like in this picture.\nSome wasps deposit their eggs in wood so that the young wasp larvae will feed on the tree itself, making circular tunnels through the wood as they feed, until they pupate and crawl out of the tree as adult wasps.\nAllergy and stings.\nA few people are allergic and might die if stung by a wasp. Wasps do not usually sting something unless it bothers them first. Allergy to bees is uncommon compared with allergy to wasps. Some people have a very marked local reaction to a wasp sting. This can usually be prevented with good self care such as elevation, cold compress, pain relief tablets and (if medically advised) antihistamines. \nA sting is not the same as an allergy: the reaction to a sting is a normal immune response. If a person has symptoms at a distance from the sting (spreading rash or itch, tight chest, wheeze, tight swallowing, swollen lips/face, faintness or nausea), they need to seek medical care immediately. Prevention of stings is fairly easy if people understand how wasps live. Avoid eating sweet foods in their environment and take care over sweet smells when they are particularly hungry in the autumn."}
+{"id": "41254", "revid": "6764082", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41254", "title": "Trading", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41256", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41256", "title": "Human papillomavirus", "text": "The human papillomavirus (HPV) is a virus that can infect the skin or mucous membranes (like the genitals, or inside the mouth) of humans. They cause warts. Some of them may cause cancer. There are over 100 different virus types in this group. About 40 virus types can be transmitted sexually. About 12-15 can cause cancer. \nMost cases of HPV can be prevented by a vaccine, which also would stop the HPV from causing cancer. Most cases of cervical, oral and throat cancer are caused by HPV. The HPV immunisation programme has almost fully stopped cervical cancer happening in women born in England since September 1995. Prophylaxis (prevention) of HPV by vaccine is done with the HPV vaccine. \nA first step in treatment is the use of salicylic acid. This is available in pharmacies, usually without a prescription. If this does not help, the wart can be frozen and destroyed or a laser can be used to destroy it. If this still does not help, different methods of chemotherapy can be used."}
+{"id": "41257", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41257", "title": "HPV (virus)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41258", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41258", "title": "Salicylic acid", "text": "Salicylic acid is a chemical substance. It is an acid. It is the base ingredient for a drug called aspirin. It is also used as a food preservative, and to treat diseases of the skin, like acne or warts. It is also used in shampoos to treat dandruff (flaking skin on the head)."}
+{"id": "41260", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41260", "title": "Shampoo", "text": "Shampoo is a beauty care product. It is used to remove natural oils from hair. It is like liquid soap, but it is made to wash hair. It is sold in stores, and many people use it to make their hair clean. After people use shampoo, they might use a conditioner, which makes the hair soft. Together they have a good effect on a person's hair. The people who make shampoo try to make it smell nice. They also try to make the shampoo healthier.\nIn addition to shampoo for hair, there are body shampoos made to wash an entire body."}
+{"id": "41263", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41263", "title": "Colorless", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41264", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41264", "title": "Dmitri Shostakovich", "text": "Dmitri Dmitriyevich Shostakovich (born St Petersburg, September 25, 1906; died Moscow August 9, 1975) was a Russian-Soviet composer.\nShostakovich's life.\nEarly years.\nShostakovich's parents came from Siberia. His father was a biologist and engineer, and his mother was a pianist. They lived comfortably, although this was to change after the Revolution (1917). Shostakovich studied the piano and composition at the Petrograd Conservatory (St. Petersburg was called Petrograd between 1914 and 1924, after which it became Leningrad until 1991 when it became St. Petersburg again). After his mother died, the family were short of money, so young Dmitri had to earn money by playing the piano in cinemas for silent movies. He worked extremely hard and with a lot of concentration. He was very successful both as a pianist and a composer. His Symphony No. 1 was very popular. His music sounded very modern with lots of dissonant chords. His first dramatic works include an opera called \"The Nose\" and a ballet called \"The Golden Age\".\nMaturity.\nIn 1930, he wrote an important opera called \"Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District\". It was a huge success, and the critics said that \u201cit could only have been written by a Soviet composer brought up in the best traditions of Soviet culture\u201d. One night in 1936, Stalin came to watch it. He left before the end. Two days later there was an article in the official government paper \"Pravda\". The title was \u201cChaos instead of Music\u201d. It said that this opera was primitive and vulgar, full of screaming and noise. The politicians were criticizing not just Shostakovich but all modern Soviet music. Shostakovich was denounced, and his friends were too frightened to defend him in case they were denounced as well. Shostakovich suffered quietly and wrote his Fifth Symphony. The politicians liked this symphony. He was once more thought of as the leading Soviet composer. He was supposed to have said that his new symphony was the \u201ccreative reply of a Soviet artist to justified criticism\u201d, but it was actually a critic who said this. Shortly afterward, he received the Stalin Prize for his Piano Quintet.\nDuring World War II Shostakovich was evacuated with his wife and two children. His next two symphonies, nos.7 \"Leningrad\" and 8, describe the war. They were hugely popular in the West. In the United States, the Seventh Symphony became the symbol of resistance against Nazism.\nAfter World War II.\nAfter the war, Soviet politicians again began to control and criticize artistic life very hard. In 1948, there was a big meeting at which Shostakovich, Prokofiev, and several other composers were criticized. Their music was called \u201cformalist\u201d, \u201canti-democratic\u201d, and lots of other things which had nothing to do with music. There was nothing the composers could do except to say how sorry they were. For the next five years, Shostakovich was careful not to write anything the politiciones would not like. He wrote songs such as \"The Sun Shines on our Motherland\". Some of his other compositions in which he expressed his real feelings were kept in a drawer so that no one could see them.\nIn 1953, Stalin died and things became easier again. Shostakovich wrote his Tenth Symphony. The whole world now saw Shostakovich as the greatest Soviet composer. He suffered less from official repression. Surprisingly, articles criticizing the music of modern young composers carried his name, but a lot of these articles he had not written. He was persuaded to sign them so that the politicians would leave him in peace. He wrote more symphonies and quartets as well as concertos. His opera \"Lady Macbeth\" was revised and given a different title: \"Katerina Izmaylova\". It was performed in many countries and was made into a movie. Yet in 1962, he wrote his very serious Symphony No. 13 using poems including one of the Babi Yar massacre, so he suffered from repression again.\nIn his later years, Shostakovich suffered from ill-health. He had poliomyelitis (also known as polio), which made it difficult for him to use his hands and legs. He suffered several heart attacks, and started to lose his sight. He died of lung cancer in 1975.\nShostakovich\u2019s music.\nShostakovich is best known for his fifteen symphonies and fifteen string quartets. His most important opera is \"Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District\". He also wrote a lot of film music and music for plays including \"Hamlet\". Shostakovich read a lot of Russian literature. His songs had words by famous Russian writers such as Alexander Pushkin, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Marina Tsvetaeva and Alexander Blok. He wrote twenty-four Preludes and Fugues for piano, a piano trio, two piano concertos, a piano quintet, a sonata for cello and piano, and a sonata for viola and piano (his last work).\nHe had lots of friends who regularly gave the first performances of his works. Most of his symphonies were first performed by the Leningrad Philharmonic conducted by Eugeny Mravinsky. His string quartets were first performed by the Beethoven String Quartet. The violinist David Oistrakh, the cellist Mstislav Rostropovitch, and the pianist Sviatoslav Richter were all close friends who played his music.\nShostakovich the pianist.\nShostakovich had an amazing musical memory and could play almost anything he knew by ear. When he was young he spent hours improvising, composing, and playing. Although he had small hands, he was a very gifted pianist. He had no difficulty in playing any of his works on the piano, even music written for an orchestra. He often played his music too fast and without much expression.\nShostakovich\u2019s personality.\nShostakovich was a very nervous person. He was shy and very self-critical. He hated having to talk to people he did not know. He did not sit still, always fidgeting and twitching his face nervously. He was, however, always very polite and very kind to everyone he met. He was very careful not to criticize musicians who asked him for advice. He said very little, but what he said was carefully thought out. He wrote lots of letters to the authorities to try to help his friends. He was very reliable, and always tried to arrive on time. In his last years, he found it very difficult to use his hands because of his illness, but he always insisted on writing down his music himself."}
+{"id": "41265", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41265", "title": "Dmitry Shostakovich", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41266", "revid": "5296", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41266", "title": "Transparent", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41267", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41267", "title": "Mikhael Glinka", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41268", "revid": "1555593", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41268", "title": "Transparency", "text": "In optics, transparency is the property of allowing light to pass through something. \nAn object that is transparent can be seen through. The image you see through a transparent object is similar to the image you see without it. However, the object may be changed if the transparent object behaves like a lens or like an optical filter; this could change the size, shape, or color of the image. The opposite of transparency is opacity.\nSome animals are transparent, so predators cannot see them so easily. An example of a transparent animal is the jellyfish. Transparency works better in places with a small amount of light than in places with lots of light.\nTranslucency.\nIf some light can be seen through an object but some of the detail of the image is lost, it is a translucent material. \nLight passes through a translucent object, but you cannot see objects behind it. The light passes through but the material scatters the light, so you cannot see the object, only its shadow.\nExamples of translucent materials are frosted glass, thin paper, and some types of amber."}
+{"id": "41271", "revid": "1391867", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41271", "title": "Punjab region", "text": "Punjab is a region in the North Western part of the Indian subcontinent. It is divided by the Radcliffe Line: The western part is in the eastern part of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan; the eastern part is in the north western part of the Republic of India. It is in a plain, with the River Indus flowing through the western part. The soil is very fertile. It lives from agriculture. Main religions in the region are Islam, Sikhism and Hinduism. Today Panjab region is divided in 8 parts: Panjab (Pakistan), Islamabad Capital Territory (Pakistan), Panjab (India),Haryana (India), Himachal Pradesh (India), Delhi Capital Territory (India), Chandigarh (India)."}
+{"id": "41272", "revid": "18539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41272", "title": "Rug", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41273", "revid": "196884", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41273", "title": "Hepatitis", "text": "Hepatitis is a disease of the liver. In hepatitis, the liver is inflamed. There can be several reasons why the liver is inflamed. For this reason there are several kinds of hepatitis. The most common forms are Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. Most cases of Hepatitis are caused by viruses. Some forms are caused by bacteria, fungi or parasites. The bacteria that cause tuberculosis or syphilis can also cause hepatitis; so can the parasite that causes malaria. \nHepatitis can also be caused by alcohol. About one in four people who drink more than three alcoholic drinks a day (over a period of 10\u201315 days) will have some form of hepatitis caused by alcohol.\nVarious drugs and chemicals can also cause hepatitis, most notably paracetamol (overdose), yellow phosphorous, and others. Hepatitis may also be caused by other diseases.\nHepatitis A.\nHepatitis A can be spread through personal contact, eating raw seafood, or drinking water with the hepatitis A virus in it. This happens mostly in third world countries. Strict personal hygiene and avoiding raw and unpeeled foods can help prevent an infection. \nOnce a person has hepatitis A, their immune system makes antibodies to fight the virus. This will make them immune against future infection. \nPeople with hepatitis A should rest, drink a lot of water and avoid alcohol. The time between the infection and the start of the illness can run from 15 to 45 days. About 15% of people with hepatitis A have symptoms from six months to a year after the first diagnosis. Infected people excrete the hepatitis A virus in their stool two weeks before and one week after the appearance of jaundice. \nThere is a vaccine for hepatitis A. It will protect against hepatitis A for life. \nHepatitis B.\nHepatitis B is not spread by food or casual contact. Instead, hepatitis B is spread by blood or body fluids from an infected person. A baby can get it from its mother during childbirth, and it can also be spread by sexual contact, use of street drugs, and unsafe medical care. Some people just have hepatitis B for a little while and then suppress the infection. Others can be infected for life, usually with few or no symptoms for many years. Hepatitis B sometimes damages the liver severely, and can cause cancer and cirrhosis. \nThere is a vaccine that can prevent hepatitis B. There is no cure for hepatitis B, but there is treatment.\nHepatitis C.\nHepatitis C is not spread by food or casual contact. It is spread in ways that are similar to hepatitis B. There is no vaccine, and the treatment is somewhat unpleasant. People with hepatitis C who drink alcohol greatly increase their risk for liver damage."}
+{"id": "41275", "revid": "373511", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41275", "title": "Rodeo", "text": "A rodeo is a North American sport. It is a collection of several similar activities that came from the history of the day-to-day lives of Mexican vaqueros (cowboys) and American cowboys. It has events that came from the handling of cattle, and the riding and training of horses. Rodeos started as a competition between the cowboys to see who was the best. Over time it has gone from taking a collection of money for the person who won to today's large professional competitions such as the National Finals Rodeo with a lot of money for the winners."}
+{"id": "41277", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41277", "title": "Dewey Decimal System", "text": " \nThe Dewey Decimal System is a way to put books in order by subject. It is often used in public libraries and schools in the United States and other countries. It places the books on the shelf by subject using numbers from 000 to 999. It is called \"decimal\" because it uses numbers to the right of the decimal point for more detail (e.g. 944.1 for History of Brittany). Each subject has its own group of numbers. The system was created by Melvil Dewey in 1876. It is also called the Dewey Decimal Classification. The classification has been changed many times. The latest change is number 23 in 2011. There is also a smaller one for small libraries called \"Abridged Dewey\". \nEach subject is broken up into 10 smaller, more specific categories.\nHere is a list of some sections in it:"}
+{"id": "41278", "revid": "116449", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41278", "title": "WW2", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41280", "revid": "1677347", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41280", "title": "Rhombus", "text": "A rhombus is a unique geometric shape characterized by having four sides of equal length. The word \"rhombus\" comes from the Greek word \"rhombos\", meaning \"spinning top\". While the angles within a rhombus are not always 90 degrees, one important property is that opposite angles are always equal. This gives the rhombus a certain symmetry, even though it differs from a square, which has four 90-degree angles. The diagonals of a rhombus, which are the lines that connect opposite corners, cross each other at a 90-degree angle. Additionally, these diagonals not only intersect at right angles but also bisect (or split) the angles of the rhombus in half, creating smaller, equal angles at each corner.\nFinding the Area of a Rhombus.\nThe area of a rhombus can be easily calculated using the following formula:\nformula_1\nHere, formula_2 and formula_3 represent the lengths of the two diagonals. Since the diagonals bisect each other at right angles, they essentially divide the rhombus into four right-angled triangles, and this formula reflects that division.\nDifferences.\nAlthough a rhombus and a square both have four sides of equal length, there are key differences between the two. In a rhombus, the angles are not necessarily 90 degrees, whereas a square has four right angles. In fact, while a square is a special case of a rhombus (where all angles are 90 degrees), not all rhombuses are squares. This distinction makes the rhombus a more flexible shape, with a wider range of applications.\nApplications.\nRhombuses are often used in design, art, and architecture due to their symmetry and aesthetic appeal. The shape\u2019s equal sides and distinctive angles can be seen in various patterns, tiles, and decorative elements in buildings. The fact that the diagonals bisect the angles at right angles adds to the visual interest and symmetry, making the rhombus a popular choice in many creative fields."}
+{"id": "41281", "revid": "1025654", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41281", "title": "Change (money)", "text": "Change is the money returned after paying for something with more money than it costs. For example, if someone buys a 25-pence sweet bar with 1 pound (100 pence), they will get 75 pence back.\nChange can also mean any kind of money in coin form. To have \"exact change\" means to have the exact cost of the item. In the United States, buses require people riding the bus to have \"exact change\". The bus does not give money back. They must pay exactly what the cost is, they can not pay more."}
+{"id": "41293", "revid": "40117", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41293", "title": "Homework", "text": "Homework, or a homework assignment, is a set of tasks assigned to students by their teachers to be completed outside the classroom. Common homework assignments may include required reading, a writing or typing project, mathematical exercises to be completed, information to be read before a test, or other skills to be practiced. \nThe effects of homework are debated, since it lowers self esteem. It also may not actually help students since everyone learns differently. Generally speaking, homework does not help young children. Homework may help older students, especially low-achieving students. However, homework also creates stress for students and parents, and reduces the amount of time that students can spend in other activities. \nHomework dates back to the 1900s, though it may have existed from earlier. "}
+{"id": "41294", "revid": "1680918", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41294", "title": "Garlic", "text": "Garlic (species Allium sativum) is a type of plant that people eat for food. Garlic is related to onions, shallots, and leeks. It has a very strong flavor and smell. Most of the time, people use it as a flavoring so that it helps make food taste better.\nGarlic is used as herbal medicine in the treatment of cold and flu. It has side effects of heartburn, flatulence and sweating.\nThe part of the garlic plant that people eat is called the head. It grows at the bottom of a long green stalk. People pull the head apart into smaller pieces called cloves of garlic. Cloves have papery skin on them. People peel off the skin before cooking the cloves.\nPeople plant garlic in the fall right after the first frost. They plant the clove like a seed. One clove can grow into a whole head. The garlic plant grows its roots before the ground freezes for winter. People harvest (collect) the garlic in the middle of the next summer.\nCultivation.\nGarlic cultivation is when you grow garlic plants for their bulbs. The bulbs are the part of the plant that you eat or use for cooking. They have a strong smell and taste, and they are good for your health. To grow garlic, you need to do these things:\nChoose healthy pieces of garlic to plant. They are called cloves. Each clove can grow into a new plant.\nFind a place with good soil that is not too wet or too dry. The soil should have organic matter, like compost or manure, to make it rich and fertile. The place should also get enough sunlight, at least 6 hours a day.\nDig holes in the soil about 2 inches deep and 6 to 8 inches apart. Put one clove in each hole, with the pointy end facing up. Cover the cloves with soil and press it lightly.\nWater the soil well after planting, and then water it once a week or when it is dry. Do not water too much or too little, as this can affect the growth of the bulbs.\nGive the plants some nutrients, like fertilizer or organic matter, to help them grow better. You can do this when you plant them, or after a few weeks. Do not give too much nitrogen, as this can make the bulbs soft and rubbery.\nRemove any weeds that grow near the plants, as they can take away water and nutrients from the garlic. You can use a hoe or your hands to pull out the weeds.\nWait for the plants to grow and form bulbs. This can take 3 to 6 months, depending on the variety and the weather. The plants need some cold weather, called vernalization, to make the bulbs. You can tell when the bulbs are ready by looking at the leaves. When the leaves turn yellow and dry, it is time to harvest.\nDig out the bulbs carefully from the soil, using a spade or a fork. Do not pull them by the leaves, as this can damage the bulbs. Shake off any excess soil and cut off the roots and leaves. Leave a few inches of the stem attached to the bulb.\nDry the bulbs in a place that is dry, cool, and airy for a few weeks. This is called curing. It helps the bulbs last longer and have a better flavor. You can lay them on a flat surface, or hang them in bunches or braids.\nStore the bulbs in a dry, dark, and cool place, like a basement or a pantry. You can keep them in a mesh bag, a paper bag, or a cardboard box. Do not store them in a plastic bag, as this can make them rot. Check them regularly and remove any bad ones.\nGrowing garlic is not very hard, but it needs some care and attention. If you follow these steps, you can grow your own garlic and enjoy its benefits.\nGarlic is a perennial flowering plant that is native to Central Asia, South Asia and northeastern Iran. and grows from a bulb. It has a tall, erect flowering stem that grows up to . The leaf blade is flat, linear, solid, and the size is approximately wide.\nFolklore.\nGarlic is in legends about vampires. In these legends, vampires do not like garlic. Garlic keeps vampires away. Writers for the Toronto Garlic Festival say this might be because the vampire legend comes from the disease porphyria. People with porphyria do not like to eat foods that have sulfur in them, like garlic."}
+{"id": "41297", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41297", "title": "Glaze", "text": "Glaze is a layer or coating used on pottery or ceramics. It may be called vitreous enamel or porcelain enamel. Powdered glass is fused onto ceramics by firing to between 750 and 850 \u00b0C (1,380 and 1,560 \u00b0F). The powder melts, flows, and then hardens to a smooth, lasting vitreous coating on metal, or on glass or ceramics. This is done in a kiln. \nThere are many different types of glaze, some are used for decoration and some are used to make pottery watertight so it can hold liquids. Glaze serves to colour, decorate, strengthen or waterproof an item.\nGlazing is important for earthenware vessels as otherwise they would leak water. Glaze is also used on stoneware and porcelain. In addition to the functional aspect of glazes, they can form a variety of surface finishes, including degrees of gloss and matte and colour. Glazes may also enhance an underlying design or texture. \nGlaze is used on building materials. The Iron Pagoda, built in 1049 in Kaifeng, China, of glazed bricks is an example.\nCeramic glaze raw materials generally include silica, which forms glass when fired. Metal oxides, such as sodium, potassium and calcium, act as a \"flux\" to lower the melting temperature. Alumina, often derived from clay, stiffens the molten glaze to prevent it from running off the piece. Colour comes from iron oxide, copper carbonate or cobalt carbonate. Tin oxide or zirconium oxide make the glaze opaque."}
+{"id": "41303", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41303", "title": "Nuclear", "text": "Nuclear means relating to a nucleus. It may be about:\nIn mathematics:\nIn sociology:"}
+{"id": "41308", "revid": "4056", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41308", "title": "Leland Stanford University", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41309", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41309", "title": "Stanford University", "text": "The Leland Stanford Junior University, often called Stanford University (or simply Stanford), is a private university next to Palo Alto in California, in the middle of Silicon Valley,\nabout southeast of San Francisco and about northwest of San Jos\u00e9, in Santa Clara County. Leland and Jane Stanford opened the university on 1 October 1891. They named the university after their son, Leland Stanford Jr., who died at young age.\nWith one of the largest university campuses in the United States, the university includes the Schools of Engineering, Law, Medicine, Education, Business, Earth Sciences, and Humanities and Sciences. Stanford also hosts volunteer programs and a teaching hospital.\nHistory.\nLeland Stanford Jr. died in Europe in 1884. His parents, Leland and Jane Stanford, were rich and influential Californians. They chose to turn a farm they already owned into a large university as a memorial to their curious son. Stanford had early trouble, as the school ran low on money, and was hurt by the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake.\nHerbert Hoover, who later became the US President, helped the school improve its operations, and later university leaders pushed students and alumni to develop the surrounding area. By the 1950s, cities around Stanford University were filling with technology companies, starting what became Silicon Valley.\nCampus.\nStanford has many special areas. In honor of Stanford graduate and US president Herbert Hoover, Stanford hosts a large think tank and archive called the Hoover Institution. Many former students, like the founders of HP, donate lots of money and have buildings named after them. A large radio telescope called \"The Dish\" sits on the hills above Stanford.\nStudent Body.\nStanford has about 7,000 undergraduate students, and a larger number of students working on advanced degrees. Few high school students who apply to Stanford are accepted - over the last several years, only four out of every hundred students who applied were offered a spot.\nPeople who worked at or graduated from Stanford University.\nPeople who graduated from Stanford University are:\nPeople who have worked at Stanford are:"}
+{"id": "41315", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41315", "title": "Undergraduate", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41316", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41316", "title": "Beta (disambiguation)", "text": "Beta can mean one of the following:"}
+{"id": "41317", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41317", "title": "Talk Pages", "text": "\"This page is a redirect page. This tells you where to go if you type some text (like you did- \"Talk Pages\") and there is another article that links to it.\""}
+{"id": "41318", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41318", "title": "Palladium", "text": "Palladium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Pd. It has the atomic number 46. It is a noble metal. It is silver white. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the transition metals. It is also part of the platinum group.\nPalladium has similar chemistry to platinum. It is extracted from (made by taking from) some copper and nickel ores. Its main use is as a catalyst in a vehicle's catalytic converter, but it is also used to make jewellery. "}
+{"id": "41321", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41321", "title": "Personal care", "text": "Personal care items are toiletry items. These are products used by people to look after their bodies, and to improve their appearance. They are usually sold in chemist shops and supermarkets. Many celebrities use beauty products.\nProducts.\nPersonal care includes products as diverse as cleansing pads, bandages, colognes, cotton swabs, cotton pads, deodorant, eye liner, facial tissue, hair clippers, lip gloss, lipstick, lotion, makeup, nail files, pomade, perfumes, razors, shaving cream, moisturizer, talcum powder, toilet paper, toothpaste, and wet wipes."}
+{"id": "41323", "revid": "6162", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41323", "title": "Shonene", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41324", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41324", "title": "Irish Republican Army", "text": "The Irish Republican Army or IRA originated from the Irish Republican Brotherhood, and fought against the British Army to get freedom for Ireland in the Irish War of Independence. After some time when the IRA had fought the island of Ireland was split up and the Republic of Ireland became independent, the IRA split up and some parts of it were involved in the fighting in Northern Ireland called \"The Troubles\". The original IRA are now named as n\u00e1 \u00d3glaigh na h\u00c9ireann. While the other IRA have used guerilla tacticts to achieve a united Ireland free from British rule.\nThe original IRA.\nThe Irish Republican Army (Irish: \u00d3glaigh na h\u00c9ireann) was formed from the joining of a part of the Irish Brotherhood with the union's Irish Citizens Army militia after the Easter Rising of 1916. \nAfter the unilateral declaration of independence by the Irish Parliament in 1919, the IRA continued the war against British occupation in what was called the Irish War of Independence. This ended in 1921 with the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty, which divided the island into the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. The signing of the treaty led to a split in the IRA between those who were against the treaty and those who were for it. This led to a very bitter civil war, which saw former friends and even family members on different sides. The IRA lost the civil war but the group did not go away and they continued to fight Great Britain.\nThe Troubles.\nIn the 1930s, the leftist group achieved some success in overcoming the division between Catholics and Protestants in Northern Ireland . The refusal of IRA-Leadership, to cooperate with this course, led to a further division. Frank Ryan led a part of the Congress-group after Spain, where they are in the Spanish Civil War against General Francisco Franco.\nThe brutal police action against the Northern Ireland civil rights movement and the raids by loyalist paramilitaries in 1967 brought the IRA back on the map. At that time and until the end of the 80s were Northern Irish Catholics were in a legal vacuum, and were de facto vulnerable to the whims of the official from Britain supported nordir-Protestant police forces and paramilitary groups. Open violence to murders, torture, open prosecution, defamation and exclusion of qualified training and public offices were years of normalcy for the Northern Irish Catholics. The IRA obtained the support of large parts of the Catholic population, and almost had the status of a \"protecting power\". Some Irish-Americans also supported the violence. \nIn the 60s, there were differences between the military and the Provisionals oriented rather Marxist-theory oriented Officials. This resulted 1969 to re-divide into Provisional Irish Republican Army PIRA and the \"official\" group OIRA, which is strong in the civil rights movement-oriented. The \"official\" wing of the IRA never formally dissolved, but is de facto since about 1980 is no longer relevant.\nIn the 80 years changed the leadership of the Provisional IRA, instead of the veterans from the south over younger activists from Northern Ireland to key positions. At the top of the Sinn F\u00e9in joined Gerry Adams, the party clearly to the left. In 1993 he initiated jointly with the Social Democrats John Hume to the peace process, in August 1994, the IRA a unilateral ceasefire, a prerequisite for the Good Friday Agreement created. Despite the ceasefire, the IRA remained active even though not fighting.\nOnly two small splinter groups held up at the last state of war: The Real IRA and the Continuity IRA. When a car bomb attack the splinter group, which is called \"Real IRA\", in August 1998, in Northern Ireland Omagh were a total of 29 people killed.\nOn 28 In July 2005, the end of the IRA's armed warfare. \"All IRA-Soldiers have been instructed to lay down their arms,\" reads a statement from the IRA days, and continued: \"We believe that there is now an alternative way, (\u2026) the British rule in our country to an end.\u201dOn 26 September 2005, the complete disarmament of the IRA by the head of thedisarmament commission, Canadian General John de Chastelain, announced. Two pastors, one Catholic, one Protestant were present at the destruction of weapons, no photographs or video was allowed to be taken as proof.\nOn 29 In October 2005 Gerry Adams said that the IRA campaign had \"clearly come to an end\"."}
+{"id": "41336", "revid": "1663585", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41336", "title": "Rhythm and blues", "text": "Rhythm and blues (also known as R&B or RnB) is a popular music genre combining jazz, gospel, and blues influences, first performed by African American artists. It is now performed worldwide by people of many cultures and ethnic groups.\nContemporary R&B.\nDuring the 1960s, James Brown and Sly & the Family Stone had used parts of psychedelic rock and other styles in their music. Funk became a big part of disco music. In the early 1980s, funk and soul had become sultry and more sexual with the work of Prince and others. The modern style of \"contemporary R&B\" came to be a major part of American popular music.\nR&B today defines a style of African-American music. It combines elements of soul music, funk music, pop music, and (after 1986) hip hop in what is now called \"contemporary R&B\".\nIt is sometimes called \"urban contemporary\" or \"urban pop\".\nR&B in the 2000s.\nBy the 2000s, the only big difference between a record being a hip hop record or an R&B record is whether its vocals are rapped or sung. R&B started to focus more on solo artists than groups. By 2005, the most famous R&B artists include Usher, Beyonc\u00e9 (formerly of Destiny's Child), Ashanti, Ciara, Amerie and Mariah Carey.\nSoulful R&B continues to be popular, with artists such as Alicia Keys, R. Kelly, John Legend, and Toni Braxton. Some R&B singers have used parts of Caribbean music in their work."}
+{"id": "41340", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41340", "title": "Tungsten", "text": "Tungsten (sometimes named wolfram) is a chemical element on the periodic table. It has the chemical symbol W and it has the atomic number 74. It is a steel-gray to white colored metal. Tungsten\u2019s electron shell formula is: 2, 8, 18, 32, 12, 2. In chemistry, it is placed in a group of metal elements named the transition metals. Tungsten is found in several ores, including wolframite and scheelite.\nTungsten has a higher melting point than any other non-alloy that exists. The pure form (only tungsten) is mainly used in electrical equipment. Its compounds and alloys are used for many things, the most well known being its use in electrical filaments for light bulbs. It is also used in the filament and target in most X-ray tubes, superalloys, and in glass-to-metal seals.\nTungsten's density and hardness have many uses. In the military, for example, tungsten has been used in armor-piercing artillery. It is also used in machine tools.\nTungsten's density is almost the same as gold. Gold-plated tungsten ingots have been fraudulently passed off as solid gold."}
+{"id": "41342", "revid": "36199", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41342", "title": "Arc", "text": "An arc is a part of a circle. An arc is a curved line. The curve of an arc is constant and does not change (that is, an arc has constant curvature). It sometimes is portrayed as a dotted line.\nIn a circle, the arc from point A to point B is written as formula_1. We call the length of an arc an arc length. For an arc on a circle with radius \"formula_2\" subtended by an angle formula_3, its arc length is precisely formula_4."}
+{"id": "41343", "revid": "190121", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41343", "title": "Particulate", "text": "Particulates are very tiny pieces of a solid or liquid that are carried floating in a gas. When the tiny pieces are solid, it is called a smoke. When the tiny pieces are liquid, it is called an aerosol. Aerosols can be naturally found in clouds and geysers. There are also artificial aerosols such as haze and some air pollutants. Smokes can be found naturally in wildfires and volcanoes. Artificially, they can be found in cigarettes, factories and power plants. Both of them can cause air pollution and climate change. It is the job of a air filter to remove them."}
+{"id": "41344", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41344", "title": "Shorthand", "text": "Shorthand or stenography is a way of writing. Shorthand systems allow people to write much faster. Shorthand systems have been in use since antiquity. Now, they are not used as much, because there are dictation machines to record voices."}
+{"id": "41347", "revid": "1337031", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41347", "title": "Sine wave", "text": "A sine wave is a curve, a continuous function with this shape: \nThis is a picture of a sine wave.\nAll waves can be made by adding up sine waves. The sine wave has a pattern that repeats. The length of this repeating piece of the sine wave is called the wavelength. The wavelength can be found by measuring the length or distance between one peak of a sine wave and the next peak. The wavelength can be found in many other ways too. \nWaves made of Sine Waves.\nWaves are found everywhere in the natural world. Examples of waves:\nAll of these waves are the sum total of many signals.\nProperties of Sine Waves.\nSine waves have a \"length\" called a wavelength. There are other properties of waves and sine waves, such as their frequency, amplitude, phase, and speed.\nSine waves repeat over time, so this makes them periodic. The time it takes for a part of the sine wave (one cycle) to travel before it repeats itself is called the period, represented by the letter T. The frequency of a sine wave is the number of oscillations it makes in one second. This is measured in Hertz, which have units of s-1. The frequency can be found by dividing 1/T (this is also called taking the reciprocal). \nThe amplitude of the wave corresponds to how powerful the signal is. For example, a higher amplitude in a sound wave means it is louder. "}
+{"id": "41355", "revid": "9422947", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41355", "title": "Collingwood Football Club", "text": "Collingwood Football Club, the Magpies, is a club which plays Australian rules football in the AFL. It comes from Collingwood, a suburb of Melbourne in Victoria. In the AFL/VFL, it has won 16 premierships, which is a joint league record with Essendon and Carlton.\nHistory.\nThe Collingwood Football Club was formed in February 1892. Collingwood played its first game in the Victorian Football Association on 7 May 1892, against Carlton. In 1902, Collingwood won its first premiership against the Essendon Football Club.\nThe Victorian Football League (VFL) formed in 1897. Collingwood was one of the original teams (along with Fitzroy, Melbourne, St Kilda, Carlton, Essendon, South Melbourne and Geelong). In the early years of the VFL, Collingwood was the most successful team; it won 11 premierships in the first 40 years. They won the most recent AFL premiership against Brisbane in 2023.\nClub song.\n<poem>\n\"Good old Collingwood forever,\"\n\"They know how to play the game.\"\n\"Side by side, they stick together,\"\n\"To uphold the Magpies name.\"\n\"See, the barrackers are shouting,\"\n\"As all barrackers should.\"\n\"Oh, the premiership's a cakewalk,\"\n\"For the good old Collingwood.\"\n</poem>"}
+{"id": "41357", "revid": "3767", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41357", "title": "Collingwood", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41360", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41360", "title": "Vibration", "text": "Vibration means quickly moving back and forth (or up and down) about a point of equilibrium. The vibration may be periodic (having a pattern) or random. Something that is vibrating may shake at the same time. If it vibrates in a regular way, it may produce a musical note because it can make the air vibrate. This vibration will send sound waves to the ear and to the brain.\nIn structural engineering including earthquake engineering, vibrations may be bad. They may cause the structure to fail. Vehicles and their passengers or cargo may also suffer damage from vibrations.\nThe time it takes a vibrating object to go back and forth completely is the period. The number of back-and-forth movements in one second is its frequency, measured in Hertz (Hz). The farthest possible distance from the equilibrium point is the amplitude.\nTypes of vibration.\nFree vibration occurs when vibration is set off with a push and allowed to vibrate freely. Examples of this type of vibration are pulling a child back on a swing and then letting go or hitting a tuning fork and letting it ring. The mechanical system will then vibrate at a 'Natural frequency' and gradually wind down.\nForced vibration is when an alternating force or motion is applied to a mechanical system. Examples of this type of vibration include \nIn forced vibration the frequency of the vibration is the frequency of the force or motion applied. The size of the effect depends on the actual mechanical system."}
+{"id": "41361", "revid": "847394", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41361", "title": "Molybdenum", "text": "Molybdenum is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Mo. It has the atomic number 42. It has 35 isotopes. The name Molybdenum is from the Greek meaning \"leadlike\". The color of pure molybdenum is silvery-white. It does not occur naturally, and is made from molybdenite.\nUses.\nIt is used in alloys with other metals like stainless steel. It helps to make metal stronger, especially in high temperatures, and makes it less likely to rust. This makes it good for use in high speed tools, such as drills and saw blades. It is used in aircraft and missile parts, as well as in nuclear reactors. It is also not toxic, so it is used in making metal bowls for use in making food, medicines and other chemicals.\nHistory.\nMolybdenum was used for many years before it was identified in 1778 by Swedish scientist, Carl Wilhelm Scheele. In 1782, Peter Jacob Hjelm was able to separate it into a dark powder he called \"molybdenum\". It was first mined in 1916 at Climax, near Leadville, in Colorado."}
+{"id": "41362", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41362", "title": "Solution (chemistry)", "text": "In chemistry, a solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. The substances that are dissolved are called solutes. The substance the solutes are dissolved in is called the solvent. An example from everyday experience is a solid like salt or sugar (which are crystalline solids), dissolved in a liquid (like water). Gases can dissolve in liquids. An example is carbon dioxide or oxygen in water. Liquids may dissolve in other liquids and gases in other gases.\nThe amount of solute added to the solvent determines the concentration of the solution. The solution with the large amount of solute is called a concentrated solution; the solution with less solute is called a dilute solution.\nExamples of solid solutions are alloys and some minerals. For example, brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.\nAn aqueous solution is one that contains water as the solvent. An unsaturated solution has less solute than it can dissolve, while a saturated solution contains the maximum amount of solute it can hold. A supersaturated solution holds more solute than is typically possible under normal conditions."}
+{"id": "41363", "revid": "28880", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41363", "title": "Insurance", "text": "Insurance is a term in law and economics. It is something people buy to protect themselves from losing money. People who buy insurance pay a \"premium\" (often paid every month) and promise to be careful (a \"duty of care\"). In exchange for this, if something bad happens to the person or thing that is insured, the company that sold the insurance will pay the money back. (However, there are some times when the company will not have to pay the money back, such as if the person was not careful.)\nTypes of insurance.\nThere are different kinds of insurance. There are life insurance and general insurance.\nIn life insurance, someone ensures their life or someone else's life. At the death of the insured person or on the date of maturity whichever happens earlier, the amount insured will be paid. \nGeneral insurance is a non-life policy, such as: \nActuaries.\nActuaries are the people who figure out how much the premium should be, forecast trends, evaluate the cost impact of medical programs, design and price new products, assist in designing formulary models, and forecast the impact of risk adjustment on revenues. They balance how much the insurer might have to pay out against the chances of having to pay out. If actuaries think there is a big chance that the company will have to pay out, they will make the premium higher."}
+{"id": "41364", "revid": "1652218", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41364", "title": "Bunsen burner", "text": "A Bunsen burner is a common piece of laboratory equipment. It is commonly used for heating chemical substances, sterilization, and combustion. It works by burning flammable gas. It is named after Robert Wilhelm Bunsen, a German chemist. He made important improvements on an earlier burner invented by Michael Faraday. \nThe Bunsen burner can be adjusted to make a flame that is very hot without making much light. This allows seeing the different colors that various chemicals make when they are sprinkled into the flame. "}
+{"id": "41365", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41365", "title": "Reaction", "text": "A reaction might refer to:"}
+{"id": "41368", "revid": "1605789", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41368", "title": "Michael Faraday", "text": "Michael Faraday (Newington Butts, Surrey. 22 September 1791 \u2013 Hampton Court, Surrey, 25 August 1867) was the son of a blacksmith who became one of the most famous scientists of the 19th century. \nHe was sent to a local school to learn how to read and write. A local vicar paid for this, seeing his obvious intelligence. Faraday became the greatest experimental physicist of the nineteenth century.\nFaraday became a Fellow of the Royal Society, and was awarded the Royal, Copley and Rumford medals of the Society. Although Faraday had only primary school education, and did not know higher mathematics, he became one of the most influential scientists in history. For the most part, he was an autodidact: he taught himself.\nAt the time when he lived, people like him were called \"natural philosophers\". Then, only a little was known about electricity. Michael Faraday discovered many things about the way electricity flowing in a wire can act like a magnet (now called electromagnetism). He also found out a lot about the way electricity can be used with chemicals to make them change (now called electrochemistry).\nHe showed that magnetism is able to affect rays of light, as there is an underlying relationship between the two phenomena. His inventions of electromagnetic rotary devices formed the foundation of electric motor technology, and it was largely due to his efforts that electricity became viable for use in technology. He made the first electric motor. It is thanks to his early work that electricity has been made into a useful thing today.\nAs a chemist, Michael Faraday discovered benzene, invented an early type of Bunsen burner and popularized terminology such as anode, cathode, electrode and ion. Faraday was the first Fullerian Professor of Chemistry at the Royal Institution of Great Britain, a position to which he was appointed for life. He was also the Director of the Royal Institution after Sir Humphrey Davy.\nAlbert Einstein kept a photograph of Faraday on his study wall alongside pictures of Isaac Newton and James Clerk Maxwell.\nLife.\nMichael Faraday's family was poor. His father, James, was a blacksmith. James Faraday had come to London in the 1780s from North-West England. The young Michael Faraday was one of four children and only had the most basic school education. At fourteen he went to learn how to be a bookbinder and bookseller from a man called George Riebau.\nDuring his seven-year study of making books with Riebau, he read many books. He read Isaac Watts's \"The improvement of the mind\". Faraday loved to use the ideas in this book in his work. He became interested in science, especially in electricity. He began to attend public lessons run by the best scientists in London at the time. He showed the notes he made the great chemist Sir Humphrey Davy. Davy liked him and offered him a job as an assistant in March 1813.\nFaraday's knowledge continued to grow as he helped Sir Humphrey Davy until he made discoveries on his own. He was eventually made a professor in 1833. The importance of his work was seen within his lifetime and the British government gave him a pension in his old age as a reward.\nFaraday was a strong Christian. He belonged to a church that came from the Church of Scotland. He thought that both God and the physical world should be loved and made known. \nThe Faraday Cage.\nFaraday also discovered that if electricity strikes a metal object, it will only pass through the outside of the object. The inside is unaffected by the electricity. This is what keeps the people inside safe when lightning strikes a car or a plane. This is now called Faraday's Cage.\nLaw of Induction.\nFaraday stated that when a magnet moves across a coil and creates \"electricity\" , this effect is only secondary, and does not account for what is actually taking place inside the wire. "}
+{"id": "41369", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41369", "title": "Robert Bunsen", "text": "Robert Wilhelm Eberhard Bunsen (30 March 1811 \u2013 16 August 1899) was a German chemist. He improved the bunsen burner which now has his name. It was invented by Michael Faraday. \nMuch more important was the work he did which led to spectroscopy. Together with Gustav Kirchhoff, he developed a method of using the spectrum of light to identify the composition of solids,liquids or gases. Spectroscopy originated through the study of visible light dispersed according to its wavelength, for example, by a prism. Bunsen found the elements caesium and rubidium with his spectroscope. \nIn 1841, Bunsen developed the Bunsen cell, by improving the galvanic cell William Grove had developed in 1839."}
+{"id": "41377", "revid": "9685668", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41377", "title": "Keith Haring", "text": "Keith Haring (May 4, 1958 - February 16, 1990) was an American artist. He was famous in the 1980s for his art, which was a mixture of graffiti and pop art and used bright colors and simplistic images, as well as social and homoerotic themes. Haring also donated money to children's causes and organizations. His artwork became well known around the world. Haring was openly gay. He died of an AIDS-related illness in 1990. The Keith Haring Foundation set up in 1989, continues his legacy of promoting art and helping children."}
+{"id": "41382", "revid": "590442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41382", "title": "The Adventures of Tintin", "text": "The Adventures of Tintin () is a Belgian comic strip, created by Herg\u00e9 (Georges Remi) starting in the late 1920s and into the 1970s. They were originally written and published in French, but have been translated into many languages and are popular around the world.\nPlot and characters.\nThe stories center around a young reporter from Belgium named Tintin, who travels the world and has many exciting adventures with his dog, a white wire fox terrier named Snowy (Milou, in French) and later (starting with \"The Crab with the Golden Claws\" in 1941) his friend, Captain Haddock, a bearded drunk with a temper. Other popular characters include Professor Cuthbert Calculus (Professeur Tryphon Tournesol) an absent-minded and mostly deaf (but he insists he's hard of hearing) scientist and inventor, and Thomson and Thompson (Dupond et Dupont), two silly detectives.\nThe Books.\nThe stories are a mixture of many different genres, including adventure, satire, and social commentary and changed over time. The first story, \"Tintin in the Land of Soviets\" came out in 1929, and the last fully completed story, \"Tintin and the Picaros\", came out in 1976. Another story, \"Tintin in Alph-Art\", was never officially finished following the death of Herg\u00e9 in 1983. There have been many unofficial books, but most of those are parodies or not part of the official series. The books in the official series are:\nOther media.\nThere have also been plays, films, and animated cartoons based on the stories. Steven Spielberg and Peter Jackson have made a movie about Tintin. There are also Tintin Shops in Europe, which sell books, toys, and other items based on the books."}
+{"id": "41393", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41393", "title": "VP", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41394", "revid": "731605", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41394", "title": "Gastrointestinal tract", "text": "The gastrointestinal tract (also called the GI tract, digestive tract, and the alimentary canal) is the part of an animal that digests food and drink. For the human organs, see digestive system.\nThe canal (or tube) carries food through digestion and excretion. Into the tube come various digestive enzymes. Gut flora help digestion, and the production of vitamins. Muscular movements pass the material down the tube. The gut usually has an exit, the anus, by which the animal disposes of solid wastes. Some small animals have no anus and dispose of solid wastes by other means, for example through the mouth.\nEvolutionary history.\nThe gut evolved at least twice, an example of convergent evolution. Protostomes develop their mouths first, while deuterostomes develop their mouths second. Protostome include arthropods, molluscs, and annelids, and deuterostomes include echinoderms and chordates, including humans."}
+{"id": "41395", "revid": "731605", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41395", "title": "Gut", "text": "Gut, GUT or guts may mean:"}
+{"id": "41403", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41403", "title": "Selenium", "text": "Selenium is a chemical element. Its chemical symbol is Se and its atomic number is 34. It has 34 protons and 34 electrons and a mass number of 78.96. \nProperties.\nPhysical properties.\nSelenium (selenium atoms only) has several different forms. They are called allotropes. The most stable of these is a dense gray semimetal (an element that is partially a metal and a nonmetal). The way the atoms are put together is a named a trigonal polymer chain. It lets electricity pass through it better in the light than in the dark. This form is used in photocells. \nSelenium also has many nonconductive forms: a black glass-like substance, as well as several red crystalline forms. In the red form the eight atoms of selenium form ring to make a molecule. These rings then stack together to make the solid red selenium. The way that red seleniums atoms are put together is similar to sulfur.\nChemical properties.\nSelenium is not very reactive. It does not dissolve in acids except nitric acid. It also dissolves in alkalis like sodium hydroxide. It reacts with air when powdered to make selenium(IV) oxide. It does not react with many things, so selenium(IV) oxide is what most selenium compounds are made from.\nSelenium forms several oxidation states; -2, +2, +4, and +6. The -2 state is in selenides. Selenides are strong reducing agents. They are stronger reducing agents than sulfides. Hydrogen selenide is the acid made from selenide ion. Selenium also reacts with reactive metals to make selenides, such as sodium selenide or aluminium selenide.\nThe +1 state is found in some selenium compounds, such as selenium(I) chloride. They are the most unreactive selenium compounds.\nThe +4 state is found in selenites. Selenites and selenous acid are moderate oxidizing agents. It is made by dissolving selenium dioxide in water and making selenous acid. Then selenous acid is reacted with bases to make selenites.\nThe +6 state is found in selenates. Selenates and selenic acid are powerful oxidizing agents. Selenic acid can even dissolve gold! They are made by reacting hydrogen peroxide with selenium(IV) oxide to get selenium(VI) oxide, which dissolves in water to make selenic acid. Selenates are more reactive than sulfates.\nMost selenium compounds are colorless. Selenium compounds are not common.\nChemical compounds.\nSelenides are the most common -2 compounds. Selenides are strong reducing agents.\n+4 compounds can exist in anions or cations.\nSelenites are weak oxidizing agents.\n+6 compounds can exist in anions or cations, too.\nSelenates are powerful oxidizing agents.\nOccurrence.\nSelenium is very rarely found as an element in the ground. Most selenium in soil is in a very tiny amount. It is easily washed away. It is in very small amounts in the human body. Selenium is found most in sulfide ores like pyrite. This selenium is in selenides. Selenium is gotten as a byproduct. Sometimes selenium is concentrated in plants. It can also be leached into rivers when copper is mined. Too much selenium is bad for a river. Some coal has selenium in it.\nPreparation.\nIt is made as a byproduct when refining copper and certain other sulfide ores. Selenium is made by oxidizing selenide ores to selenium dioxide. The selenium dioxide is dissolved in acidic water to make selenous acid, which is reacted with sulfur dioxide to make selenium as an element. It is the red form that is made. To make the black form, the red form is heated and melted. \nUses.\nIn materials.\nSelenium is used in photocells. The gray metallic form is used, as it changes its electrical conductivity when light shines on it. Selenium is also used as a catalyst. The largest use is to color glass red. It can be used in special brasses instead of lead. It is used in some rectifiers. Most use silicon instead. It is used to tone photographs. It can be used to remove dandruff from hair in the form of selenium sulfide.\nIn the human body.\nSelenium is a trace element in the human body. Humans need very small amounts of selenium, at about 50-200 micrograms needed. Selenium can be toxic if more than 400 micrograms are taken. Once there was coal that had a large amount of selenium in it. People were getting selenium poisoning from the coal. \nSelenium deficiency is rare. Although selenium has some helpful effects on the human body, it also has some harmful effects and only a very little should be eaten.\nSafety.\nIt is toxic in large amounts. Some selenium compounds are very toxic and harmful to things that live in water. Consuming around 5 mg of selenium per day can kill a human being after a certain amount of time."}
+{"id": "41406", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41406", "title": "Germanium", "text": "Germanium is a chemical element. Its chemical symbol is \"Ge\". Its atomic number is 32. It was discovered by Clemens Winkler. It is a shiny, hard, silver-white metalloid. The chemistry of Germanium is quite like tin. Germanium forms many organometallic compounds. It is an important semiconductor material used in transistors. Many of the earliest transistors were based on germanium. Most later ones were based on silicon. The sound of germanium-based amplifiers and effect pedals is associated with 1960s-era rock music. Germanium-based guitar pedals are still made and are often used for their classic sound."}
+{"id": "41407", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41407", "title": "Organometallic compound", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41408", "revid": "486439", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41408", "title": "Tom Green", "text": "Michael Thomas \"Tom\" Green (born July 30, 1971) is a Canadian actor, comedian, rapper, director, producer and writer. He was born in Pembroke, Ontario. He had his own comedy program, \"The Tom Green Show\", on MTV. He directed, co-wrote and starred in \"Freddy Got Fingered\". He was also a member of the short lived hip hop group Organized Rhyme where he performed under the stage name \"MC Bones\"."}
+{"id": "41418", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41418", "title": "The Force", "text": "The Force is a term from the \"Star Wars\" universe. It is a set of mystical powers that all the Jedi and Sith have. They can do many things with the Force, such as lifting an object up without touching it, shooting lightning out of their hands, choking people and many other things.\nThe sides of the Force.\nThere are two sides to the Force: the light (or good) side and the dark (or bad) side.\nThe light side.\nThe light side is used for good things like healing. The people who study and learn the light side of the Force are called \"Jedi\".\nThe dark side.\nThe dark side of the Force is used by the Sith, the bad guys, in the \"Star Wars\" movies. Sith have a lot of anger, fear, hate and aggression. The dark side of the Force gives the bad guys powers that the Jedi, the good guys, do not have. For example, Darth Sidious is able to shoot lightning from his fingers. The dark side can seem stronger but that is just because a person who uses the dark side of the Force does not have to hold anything back, he is not restrained."}
+{"id": "41419", "revid": "10469300", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41419", "title": "Jedi", "text": "In the fictional \"Star Wars\" universe, the Jedi, or Jedi Knights, are members of an old order that uses a power that it calls The Force, which gives them psychic powers.\nThe Jedi's typical weapon is the lightsaber, a sword-like weapon with an energy blade.\nThe Jedi try to lead a good and virtuous life and serve others. They keep and defend the peace in the galaxy.\nThe opposite of the Jedi are the Sith, who follow the Dark Side of the Force, which is using the Force for evil."}
+{"id": "41420", "revid": "10487170", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41420", "title": "Sith", "text": " In the fictional \"Star Wars\" universe, the Sith are users of the dark side of the force and the opposite of the Jedi. \nThe Sith live to dominate all others and to control society throughout the \"Star Wars\" galaxy to get more power. Some famous Sith are Darth Vader, Darth Sidious, and Darth Maul. \nThey lead the Galactic Empire, the antagonist of the Star Wars series that is known for is brutality in the dictatorship and for having a strong control over peoples lives. The Sith lost power for hundreds of years before they slowly took over the Galactic Republic, or the Jedi government, and turned it into the Galactic Empire.\nIn the expanded universe, the Sith at the start were a different species and looked like humans but with red skin and small bones coming out from their heads. \nAlmost all of the Sith died after the Jedi committed genocide on them thousands of years before the movies. That makes some people think that the Sith Empire is the protagonist by bringing law and order to the Galaxy and only responds to the Jedi's actions. "}
+{"id": "41421", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41421", "title": "Alex Jones", "text": "Alex Jones (born February 11, 1974) is an American conspiracy theorist. Jones claims that the USA was responsible for the 9/11 attacks. He began as a radio talk show host from Texas. He is normally described as politically conservative. He calls himself as a paleoconservative, which means that he advocates old or traditional forms of political conservatives, as opposed to the newer forms, i.e. neoconservatives. He also calls himself an \"aggressive constitutionalist\". Jones is the host of \"The Alex Jones Show\" on Genesis Communications Network.\nBiography.\nJones was born in Dallas, Texas and grew up in the suburb of Rockwall. His father is a dentist. He attended Anderson High School in northwest Austin, Texas. Jones was a lineman on his high school's football team.\nHe began his career in Austin with a live, call-in format Public-access television cable TV program. In 1996, Jones switched format to KJFK, hosting a show named \"The Final Edition\". In 1998, he released his first film, \"America Destroyed By Design\".\nIn 1998, Jones organized a successful effort to build a new Branch Davidian church as a memorial to those who died during the 1993 fire that ended the government's siege of the original Branch Davidian complex near Waco, Texas. He often featured the project on his Public-access television program and claimed that Koresh and his followers were peaceful people who were murdered by Attorney General Janet Reno and the ATF during the siege.\nIn 1999, he tied with Shannon Burke for that year's \"Best Austin Talk Radio Host\" poll as voted by \"The Austin Chronicle\" readers. Later that year, he was fired from KJFK-FM. According to the station's operations manager, Jones was fired because his viewpoints made the show hard to sell to advertisers and he refused to broaden his topics. Jones argued: \"It was purely political, and it came down from on high [meaning it was ordered by powerful people]\", and, \"I was told 11 weeks ago to lay off Clinton, to lay off all these politicians, to not talk about rebuilding the church, to stop bashing [slang for criticizing] the Marines, A to Z.\"\nIn early 2000, Jones was one of seven Republican candidates for state representative in Texas House District 48, an open seat swing district based in Austin, Texas. Jones stated that he was running, \"to be a watchdog [a person who makes sure no wrongdoing is taking place] on the inside.\" He aborted his campaign and withdrew before the March primary when polls indicated he had little chance of winning.\nWorks.\nJones maintains several websites and has created numerous documentary movies.\nMovies.\nHe is also the author of \"9-11 Descent into Tyranny\"."}
+{"id": "41422", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41422", "title": "Stuart Sutcliffe", "text": "Stuart Fergusson Victor Sutcliffe (23 June 1940 \u2013 10 April 1962) was an early member of the English band The Beatles. He was born in Edinburgh, Scotland and raised in Liverpool, England. He was the band's original bassist, but left before they became famous. He wanted to be an artist, and he returned to art school, which he had quit to join the Beatles.\nSutcliffe died in 1962, at the age of 21, in Hamburg, Germany from a brain hemorrhage. It was long thought that the hemorrhage was from a fight with locals after a concert in 1961, but it is now believed he may have been born with a medical condition which caused it."}
+{"id": "41430", "revid": "10002342", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41430", "title": "Beautiful", "text": "If something is described as beautiful, it means that it has beauty. Beautiful can also mean:"}
+{"id": "41440", "revid": "10501833", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41440", "title": "George Boole", "text": "George Boole [], (November 2, 1815 \u2013 December 8, 1864) was an English mathematician and philosopher. \nWorks.\nHe created Boolean algebra. This is one of the bases of modern-day computer science. Other people, like Augustus De Morgan and Charles Peirce, refined and completed his work. In their times, very few people knew of the work those mathematicians had done. \"Boolean algebra\" was rediscovered by Claude Shannon about 75 years after Boole's death. In his doctoral thesis, Shannon showed that boolean algebra was useful. It could simplify the design of electric switches and relays (like those that were used in the telephone switchboards of the time). Shannon also showed that such switches could solve boolean algebra problems. All modern-day digital circuits (mainly computers) use such algebra to solve problems."}
+{"id": "41445", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41445", "title": "Managua", "text": "Managua has been the capital city of Nicaragua since 1855. There had been an Indian settlement there before the Spanish, but the modern city was founded as Leal Villa de Santiago de Managua in 1811. Before 1855, Le\u00f3n and Granada were the capital cities. The word \"managua\" comes from the Nahuatl language \"mana-ahuac\". It means \"near water\". About 1.8 million people lived there in 2004. This makes it one of the biggest cities of Central America (after Guatemala City). The city is at the shore of Lake Managua. Many people who live in Managua are White or Mestizo. They all speak Spanish. There are also big communities of Catalonians, Germans, Italians and French. Many of the people belonging to those communities have lived in the city for many generations. Many people see Managua as one of the safest cities in America to live in.\nThe city has had two destructive earthquakes in the 20th century. Hurricane Mitch caused further destructions in 1998. Many old buildings were damaged or destroyed in these earthquakes, and new streets and monuments were built in their place. In general, addresses are rarely used to give directions. Instead, people usually use monuments to tell where a certain place is. The problem with that approach is that sometimes, the monuments themselves were destroyed. Therefore, foreigners often have problems finding their way around the city."}
+{"id": "41448", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41448", "title": "Leal Villa de Santiago de Managua", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41449", "revid": "294833", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41449", "title": "Flat", "text": "Flat might mean:\nIn music \"flat\" can have two (related) meanings:"}
+{"id": "41451", "revid": "248200", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41451", "title": "Curve", "text": "A curve is a line that turns or bends. A curved line is never straight, and a curved surface is a surface that is never flat. Some curves can be drawn on paper, but some curves, like a helix, can only be seen in 3-D. A circle is a curve that can be described with the formula \"x\"2 + \"y\"2 = \"r\"2. \"x\" and \"y\" are used as in a Cartesian coordinate system, and \"r\" is the radius of the circle (distance from the center to the outside). Many other curves can also be described with a formula like that."}
+{"id": "41453", "revid": "1695695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41453", "title": "M\u00f6bius strip", "text": "The M\u00f6bius strip or M\u00f6bius band, is a looped surface with only one side and only one edge. A demonstrative band can be made using a strip of paper by gluing the two ends together with a half-twist. The twisting is possible in two directions; so there are two different (mirror-image) M\u00f6bius strips.\nThe Mobius strip is known for its unusual properties. A line being drawn along the center of the loop would go around twice before coming back to its starting point. Cutting along the center line of the loop creates one longer band, not two. Cutting one third of the way in from the edge (and parallel to it) produces two M\u00f6bius strips, looped together.\nThe M\u00f6bius strip was discovered independently by the German mathematicians August Ferdinand M\u00f6bius and Johann Benedict Listing in 1858.\nMathematical description.\nOne way to represent the M\u00f6bius strip as a subset of formula_1 can be done using the parametrization:\nWhere 0 \u2264 \u03b1 < 2\u03c0 and \u22121 \u2264 \"r\" \u2264 1. This creates a M\u00f6bius strip of width 1 whose center circle has radius 1, lies in the \"xy\" plane and is centered at The parameter \"u\" runs around the strip while \"v\" moves from one edge to the other.\nIn cylindrical polar coordinates (\"r\", \u03b8, \"z\"), an unbounded version of the M\u00f6bius strip can be represented by the equation: \nTopologically, the M\u00f6bius strip can be defined as the square [0,1] \u00d7 [0,1] with its top and bottom sides identified by the relation for as in the diagram on the right.\nThe M\u00f6bius strip is a two-dimensional compact manifold (i.e. a surface) with boundary. It is a standard example of a surface which is not orientable. The M\u00f6bius strip is also a standard example used to show the mathematical idea of a fiber bundle. Specifically, it is a nontrivial bundle over the circle \"S\"1 with a fiber the unit interval, \"I\" = [0,1]. Looking only at the edge of the M\u00f6bius strip gives a nontrivial two point (or Z2) bundle over \"S\"1.\nA simple construction of the M\u00f6bius strip, which can be used to show it in computer graphics or modeling packages, is as follows:\nM\u00f6bius bands in nature and technology.\nThere have been several technical applications for the M\u00f6bius strip. Giant M\u00f6bius strips have been used as conveyor belts. Such belts last longer because the entire surface area of the belt gets the same amount of wear. M\u00f6bius bands have also been used as continuous-loop recording tapes (to double the playing time). M\u00f6bius strips are common in the making of fabric computer printer and typewriter ribbons. There, they allow the ribbon to be twice as wide as the print head while using both half-edges evenly.\nA device called a M\u00f6bius resistor is an electronic circuit element which has the property of canceling its own inductive reactance. Nikola Tesla patented similar technology in the early 1900s: \"Coil for Electro Magnets\" was intended for use with his system of global transmission of electricity without wires.\nThe M\u00f6bius strip is the configuration space of two unordered points on a circle. Consequently, in music theory, the space of all two note chords, known as dyads, takes the shape of a M\u00f6bius strip.\nIn physics/electro-technology: \nIn chemistry/nano-technology: "}
+{"id": "41454", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41454", "title": "M\u00f6bius band", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41455", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41455", "title": "Moebius strip", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41456", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41456", "title": "Moebius band", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41458", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41458", "title": "Klein bottle", "text": "The Klein bottle is a geometrical object, named after the German mathematician Felix Klein. He described it in 1882, and named it \"Klein'sche Fl\u00e4che\" (Klein surface). Like the M\u00f6bius strip, it only has one surface. Mathematicians call this a non-orientable surface. Klein bottles only exist in four-dimensional space, but a model of a Klein bottle can be made in 3D. This model is different from the original because at some point the shape touches itself. In 3D, part of the shape is \"inside\" the rest. This is not the case in 4D. Some 3D models use different colors to show the 4th component. The part that lies \"inside\" then has a different color.\nBecause the surface is non-orientable, there is no \"inside\" or \"outside\". This means that if a liquid were filled \"in the bottle\", it would run down its surface. This may not be true for the 3D models of the bottle.\nThe 2-dimensional version of a Klein bottle is a M\u00f6bius strip.\nMaking a Klein bottle from a rectangle.\nJoin the arrows so that they face the same way, like so:"}
+{"id": "41459", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41459", "title": "Hindu Goddess", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41462", "revid": "1187223", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41462", "title": "Entropy", "text": "The entropy of an object is a measure of the amount of energy which is unavailable to do work. Entropy is also a measure of the number of possible arrangements the atoms in a system can have. In this sense, entropy is a measure of uncertainty or randomness. The higher the entropy of an object, the more uncertain we are about the states of the atoms making up that object because there are more states to decide from. A law of physics says that it takes work to make the entropy of an object or system smaller; without work, entropy can never become smaller \u2013 you could say that everything slowly goes to disorder (higher entropy).\nThe word entropy came from the study of heat and energy in the period 1850 to 1900. Some very useful mathematical ideas about probability calculations emerged from the study of entropy. These ideas are now used in information theory, statistical mechanics, chemistry and other areas of study. \nEntropy is simply a quantitative measure of what the second law of thermodynamics describes: the spreading of energy until it is evenly spread. The meaning of entropy is different in different fields. It can mean:\nEnergy Dispersal.\nEntropy measures how energy spreads and becomes less useful for work. When energy in a system disperses more evenly, there are more possible ways the particles can be arranged. This increase in possible arrangements makes the system more disordered, which is why higher entropy means greater energy dispersal and less available energy to do work.\nWhen an ice cube melts, for example, the molecules move from an orderly, solid structure to a freely moving liquid where energy is more dispersed."}
+{"id": "41464", "revid": "36199", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41464", "title": "Side", "text": "In geometry, a side is a straight line that is part of a shape. A shape made of straight lines is called a polygon. The number of sides on a polygon can be written as formula_1.\nA side can also mean the face of a 3D shape. A 3D shape made of flat faces is called a polyhedron. The number of faces on a polyhedron can be written as formula_2.\nAs an example, the square on the right has four sides. The sides in this picture are made with black straight lines. The four sides are:"}
+{"id": "41467", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41467", "title": "Te Puke", "text": "Te Puke is a small town in the Bay of Plenty in New Zealand. 6670 people live there. It is famous for kiwifruit, which is grown there. Lots of other fruit is grown there too.\n\"Te Puke\" means \"the hill\" in M\u0101ori."}
+{"id": "41468", "revid": "1242899", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41468", "title": "Valley", "text": "A valley is a type of landform. A valley is a lower part in the land that sits between two higher parts which might be hills or mountains. Valleys often start as a downward fold between two upward folds in the surface of the Earth, and sometimes as a rift valley. A valley is made deeper by a stream of water or a river as it flows from the high land to the lower land, and into a lake or sea. Some valleys are made by glaciers which are slow-moving rivers of ice. Water or ice make a valley deeper or wider by erosion. Wind can also make valleys larger by erosion.\nA valley has a \"head\" where it begins in the mountains or hills, \"sides\" where it rises up on either side, a \"floor\" which is where the valley is most flat. Some valleys have an \"entrance\" where the valley opening can be seen between two hills or mountains or cliffs. A place where a valley is very narrow and has high walls is sometimes called a \"gorge\". (This word \"gorge\" is sometimes used to mean the \"throat\" on a human body). \nMany of the people of the world live in valleys because there is often a river or stream in a valley for fresh water, and there is often good soil in a valley to grow crops.\nTypes of valleys.\nValleys in mountains.\nMountains and hills are made when the layers of rock and soil (called \"strata\") get folded. Fault block mountains may have rift valleys. There are valleys in mountain ranges, between the highest parts which are the \"peaks\". People who want to travel to the other side of the mountains usually go by the valleys. A valley that people use to travel through mountains or hills is called a mountain pass.\nValleys that are high in the mountains are usually made deeper by a stream or small river running fast down the mountainside, from a place where there is lots of rainwater or melting snow, or by a glacier. The mountain stream winds around the biggest rocks and washes the soil away as it flows. It cuts a passage for itself through the softest soil and smallest stones. A small stream can cut a very deep valley. Valleys that are high in the mountains are usually V-shaped. There are many valleys like this in hills and mountains all over the world. \nValleys in hilly country.\nIn country that has hills, but is not very steep, a river or stream runs more slowly. It makes a wider valley that often has some large bends as the river flows around the hills, always following the lowest way. Water running down from the hillsides often carries soil that spreads out across the valley, making flat land that is good for growing food crops and raising cattle and other animals. Many farms are in valleys that are in hilly land. Many towns are built on the sloping sides of valleys. Famous valleys of this type are the Loire Valley and the Lower Rhine Valley in Europe and the Thames Valley in England. \nValleys in flat country.\nSome valleys are almost flat, like a large saucer. Valleys of this type often have a very large river with many \"tributaries\" (streams that are like branches) running through them. The \"tributaries\" carry water from the hills or mountains that may be far from the main river. After heavy rain, lots of water rushes into the main river so that it rises and floods over the flat floor of the valley. When the flood waters spread, they drop lots of soil which has washed down from the hills. The soil that drops on the valley floor makes a flat flood plain. Valleys of this type are very useful for growing food crops. The widest valleys in the world are like this. Famous valleys of this type are the Mississippi-Missouri Basin in North America, the Amazon Basin in South America, the Lower Danube in Europe, the Ganges River Valley in India, the Nile River Flood Plain in Africa and the Darling River Basin in Australia. \nValleys made by glaciers.\nA glacier is like a frozen river. Many countries do not have any glaciers. A glacier starts in very high mountains where there is snow and ice all the year. The snow and ice starts to move down a valley that has been made by a fast-flowing stream. As the ice starts to slide down the mountainside, it does not flow around the rocks; it pushes the rocks out of the way. As a glacier moves, it picks up more ice and gets bigger and bigger. A big glacier cuts through the soil and softer rock of the valley and piles up the rocks on either side, or pushes them in front of it. When a big glacier melts, it leaves a valley of a deep U-shape. Many valleys like this were made in the Ice Ages. In mountainous countries like Switzerland many people live in the valleys that were made by glaciers. Some of the deepest valleys in the world were made by glaciers. The fjords of Norway and \"sounds\" of New Zealand are where glaciers went into the sea. \nValleys in plateau country.\nA plateau is high land that is flat on top, or gently rolling, not pointed like mountains or rounded like hills. In hilly or mountainous country, the bands of a soil and rock are folded, but in a plateau the \"strata\" are in flat layers. The water that makes streams on the top of a plateau cuts down in wide valleys with sides that are steep cliffs and a bottom that is quite flat. Valleys like this are often deep and very narrow. Some valleys like this are very deep and wide. They are called \"canyons\". Famous valleys of this type are the Grand Canyon in the United States and the Megalong Valley in Australia. \nSunken valleys.\nSometimes a valley has been formed in the hills near the coast of a country. Movement in the Earth's surface may cause the land to sink lower and become flooded by the sea. The shape of the valley can still be seen from the tops of the hills that stick out from the water. Some of the hills may become islands, and others become the shore of a bay. Sunken valleys often make good harbours. The east coast of Australia has many sunken valleys of which the most famous is Sydney Harbour. "}
+{"id": "41470", "revid": "7629", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41470", "title": "See", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41472", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41472", "title": "Manifold", "text": "A manifold is a concept from mathematics. Making a manifold is like making a flat map of a sphere (the Earth).\nThe Earth is a sphere, a three dimensional object of geometry. Yet, maps (two-dimensional representations) can be made of the Earth. At the edges of a certain map, the map needs to be changed. That way it is possible to make a two dimensional image of the whole surface of the Earth. There need to be rules, on how to change the maps, and some areas (near the edges of the map) will be on more than one map. It is not possible to make one map only, which would have no edges. This map would either have edges (and overlapping areas), or there would be some places where the paper was torn. Tearing and overlapping isn't allowed.\nOther shapes can be manifolds too. For example, a hyperbolic plane is a shape that looks like a saddle or leaf of lettuce. If you try to press it down onto a piece of paper, it will have wrinkles, and it will go on forever past the edges of the paper. But you can make a map of part of it by squishing the edges, just like with the Earth you can make a map by taking part of it and stretching the edges.\nEach manifold has a dimension. This is the number of dimensions of the maps, in the example above. It is the same for all maps. "}
+{"id": "41473", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41473", "title": "Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate", "text": "NADP (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) (formula C21H29N7O17P3) is a coenzyme that carries electrical energy used in cellular processes. When a hydrogen atom is added, NADP becomes charged and is renamed NADPH. NADP is used extensively during the Krebs (citric acid) cycle and during glycolysis and in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis."}
+{"id": "41474", "revid": "11594", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41474", "title": "NADPH", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41477", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41477", "title": "Ice-hockey", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41479", "revid": "1386969", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41479", "title": "The CW", "text": "The CW Television Network (commonly referred to as simply The CW) is an American television network that is operated by The CW Network, LLC. It launched at the beginning of the 2006\u20132007 television season and is a joint venture between Paramount Global's CBS Entertainment Group, the former owner of United Paramount Network (UPN), Warner Bros. Discovery's Warner Bros., former majority owner of The WB Television Network and Nexstar Media Group, the largest affiliation of the network. The \"CW\" name comes from the first letter of the names of these corporations (CBS and Warner Bros.)."}
+{"id": "41484", "revid": "1687530", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41484", "title": "Borzoi", "text": "Borzoi is a type of Russian dog. It used to be called a Russian Wolf Hound.\nThis breed of dog was brought to the United States in 1889. It was approved by the American Kennel Club one year later. The breed is beautiful and has a gentle personality. It makes it a good pet.\nThe breed was approved and the descriptive standard was written in 1650. It has not changed much since then. It is about tall at the withers (its back near the shoulders). It weighs from . Borzois have a long coat. They can be any color from solid white to brown and white, gray and white or brindle. They can also be all black. People who take care of Borzois have done a good job of stopping health problems. Borzois do not have many of the problems other breeds have with health.\nIn Russia, they were well liked by the royalty. It was illegal to sell them. They were given to those who did something special for the Tzars. They feature in Russian novels e.g. in Tolstoy's \"Anna Karenina\". During the Russian revolution, most of the breed were killed because they were a symbol of royalty. A few were taken from the country. Borzois also feature prominently in the TV adaption of the book series Big Nate as Spitsy, the dog of the titular character's neighbor.\nThey have been used in advertising for luxury cars and jewelry. This is because of their elegant looks."}
+{"id": "41486", "revid": "10187003", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41486", "title": "Giuseppe Garibaldi", "text": "Giuseppe Garibaldi was an Italian soldier who is best known for the unification of Italy.\nGaribaldi led the navy of the separatist Riograndense Republic, in southern Brazil, until it was defeated in 1839. He escaped and led the navy of Uruguay to victory.\nLater, inspired by Giuseppe Mazzini, he fought for Italian unification. He led a group, called the Red Shirts, through the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1860 to bring different kingdoms in Italy together."}
+{"id": "41487", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41487", "title": "Giuseppe Garibaldi.", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41488", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41488", "title": "Digital Restrictions Management", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41490", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41490", "title": "Dominique Villepin", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41492", "revid": "9642420", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41492", "title": "Edward the Confessor", "text": "Edward the Confessor (4 April 1003 \u2014 5 January 1066) also nicknamed as the Saint, the Pious, and the Faithful was the King of England from 1042 until his death in 1066. During his reign, England experienced peace, stability, and prosperity. The kingdom was also very unstoppable and also, the kingdom's life quality and the standard of living and health care improved as well.\nEdward spent many years in Normandy. The Anglo-Saxon nobles invited Edward back to England in 1041. He became part of the household of his half-brother Harthacnut. According to the \"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle\" both were sworn in as king together.\nFollowing Cnut II's death on 8 June 1042, Edward ascended the throne. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle indicates the popularity he enjoyed at his accession \u2014 \"before he (Cnut II) was buried, all the people chose Edward as king in London\". Edward was crowned at the cathedral of Winchester, the royal seat of the West Saxons on 3 April 1043.\nThe succession.\nEdward's death left England without a clear-cut successor. Harold Godwinson had led successful raiding parties into Wales in 1063. He negotiated with his inherited rivals in Northumbria in 1065, and in January 1066, upon Edward's death, he was made King Harold II.\nThe Norman position was that William the Conqueror had been designated the heir, and that Harold had been publicly sent to him as emissary from Edward, to apprise him of Edward's decision. However, William's biographer, William of Poitiers, admitted that the old king had made a deathbed gift of the crown to Harold. On Edward's death, Harold was approved by the Witenagemot which, under Anglo-Saxon law, held the ultimate authority to convey kingship.\nEdward also made his great nephew Edgar \u00c6theling his heir. However, Edgar had no following among the earls: he had lived in Hungary, and was a boy of fifteen. This opened the way for Harold's coronation, and the invasions of two claimants to the throne, the unsuccessful invasion of Harald Hardrada in the north and the successful one of William of Normandy.\nEdward was canonized (made a saint) in 1161 by Pope Alexander III, and is commemorated on 13 October."}
+{"id": "41493", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41493", "title": "27 BC", "text": "Year 27 BC was either a common year starting on Sunday, Monday or Tuesday or a leap year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar."}
+{"id": "41494", "revid": "10249435", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41494", "title": "899", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41496", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41496", "title": "Octavian", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41497", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41497", "title": "St Petersburg", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41498", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41498", "title": "Gilbertville, Ontario", "text": "Gilbertville is a hamlet in Norfolk County, Ontario, Canada that is in between Delhi and the historical hamlet of Pine Grove. There is a small grocery store, a tractor shop, a car repair shop, and farmland to the south. In addition to all this, Gilbertville is also the site of a former army base and was founded by the Gilbert family in the 19th century as a place to rest horses when travelling to and from the towns of Simcoe and Delhi."}
+{"id": "41506", "revid": "1301875", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41506", "title": "World War III", "text": "World War III (WWIII or WW3), also known as the Third World War, is the name given to a possible third global conflict subsequent to World War I (1914-1918) and World War II (1939-1945) which could happen.\nA world war might be fought by multiple countries of the world against one other, sometimes across different continents. An all-out war fought between two or three major superpowers would be a world war.\nBecause technology and weapons have become so advanced, most people agree that if World War III ever happens, nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons may be used. Biological weapons are living things, usually bacteria or viruses. Chemical weapons might not kill quickly but poison people or their land. Nuclear weapons release vast amounts of stored energy through nuclear reactions. Together, nuclear, biological and chemical weapons are called weapons of mass destruction. Conventional weapons, on the other hand are \"normal\" weapons like guns or chemical explosives.\nMass destruction could damage much of the Earth, kill many humans, animals and other living things, and cause the collapse of modern civilization. Albert Einstein is often quoted as having said: \"I know not with what weapons World War III will be fought, but World War IV will be fought with sticks and stones\". Einstein might not have actually said this, but other things that he said show that he believed the weapons used in World War III might be so devastating that they would end civilization as we know it.\nActual events called World War III.\nSome events, for example the Cold War, have been called \"World War III.\" US President George W. Bush compared the War on Terrorism to World War III."}
+{"id": "41507", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41507", "title": "Shotgun", "text": "A shotgun is a type of gun. To make a shotgun work, gunpowder is lit by a primer inside a shotgun shell. The gas from the burning gunpowder pushes whatever is being fired out of the barrel (usually a bullet). Originally, a shotgun shell would have small lead balls called a \"buckshot\" or \"birdshot\". Now, instead of lead shots, the cartridges have iron or steel balls, because lead in the environment can poison wildlife. The balls spread out when they are fired. Sometimes a shotgun shell will have bigger shot, of bullet size, called a \"slug\".\nA shotgun usually has one or two barrels, each with a chamber to hold a shell. These barrels can be next to each other ('side-by-side') or on top of each other ('over-and-under'). There are many types of shotguns with different ways of loading and shooting. Some will snap open, and shells can be put inside until they are shot again. These are called break-open shotguns. Others hold more shells and are pumped back and forth to shoot. These are called pump-action shotguns. Some shotguns are semi-automatic, so each time the trigger is pulled, one shot is fired without any need to use a pump or a lever. These are semi-automatic shotguns. Some shotguns are fully automatic, meaning that pulling and holding the trigger back will keep shooting the gun without needing to reload until the shotgun is out of ammunition. These are automatic shotguns. However, these types of shotguns are not common.\nShotguns can also fire things that do not kill people. Police use small things like rubber balls and beanbags filled with the small metal balls instead, to cause non-deadly injuries."}
+{"id": "41519", "revid": "6216", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41519", "title": "Warszawa", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41521", "revid": "9637222", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41521", "title": "Randy Quaid", "text": "Randall Rudy \"Randy\" Quaid (born October 1, 1950) is an American actor. He was born in Houston, Texas and has been in many movies. He is the brother of actor Dennis Quaid."}
+{"id": "41527", "revid": "1617448", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41527", "title": "Oakland, California", "text": "Oakland is a city in California. It is across the bay from San Francisco. It is the county seat of Alameda County and the third-most populous city in the Bay Area, after San Jose and San Francisco. At one time, Oakland had many factories that built cars, ships and airplanes. It is a major seaport and rail junction. It is the home of the Athletics baseball team.\nCalifornia governor Jerry Brown was once mayor of Oakland. They used to have 3 sports ball teams, now they have none. But they have minor league teams, including Oakland Ballers (baseball) and Oakland Roots (soccer).\nDemographics.\nGerman, Irish, English, Italian and European are the most common ancestries. Chinese and Spanish are the most common spoken foreign languages. \n2020 census.\nIn the 2020 census, there were 440,646 people, 167,909 households, and 92,285 families living in Oakland. The population density was 7,878.4 people per square mile (3,041.9/km\u00b2). There were 178,469 housing units. The breakdown by race was 30.0% White, 21.3% Black, 16.1% Asian, 1.9% Native American, 0.7% Pacific Islander, 18.3% from one other race, and 11.8% from two or more races. Hispanics and Latinos made up 28.8% of the people.\nThe median (middle) age was 37.2 years. The age breakdown was 19.1% under age 18, 66.9% from 18 to 65, and 14.0% over 65. The gender breakdown was 48.7% male and 51.3% female.\nOf the households, 26.9% had children under age 18, 34.9% had a married couple, 9.5% had an unmarried couple, 33.4% had a woman with no partner, 22.1% had a man with no partner, and 32.0% had one person living alone. The average household size was 2.52 people."}
+{"id": "41531", "revid": "10215642", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41531", "title": "Mosquito", "text": "A mosquito is a type of fly. It is the common name of a family of flies in the order Diptera. \nOverview.\nFemale.\nThe females are ectoparasites: they land on warm-blooded animals, pierce a capillary, and inject saliva to stop the blood coagulating. Then they suck up and eat the blood. Deadly microscopic parasites often live in the saliva. The mosquito's saliva is transferred to the host during the bite. It can cause a histamine reaction exhibited by an itchy rash. \nIn addition, many species can transmit pathogens form one host to anoher, whien biting. In this way, mosquitoes are important vectors of parasitic diseases such as malaria and filariasis, and arboviral diseases such as yellow fever, Chikungunya, West Nile, dengue fever, and Zika.\nBy transmitting diseases, mosquitoes cause the deaths of more people than any other animal taxon: over 700,000 each year.\nMales.\nThe males are nectar-feeders, and so are the females. However, in preparation for egg-laying the females turn to blood for its protein. \nLife cycle.\nUsually both male and female mosquitoes feed on nectar and plant juices. In many species the mouthparts of the females are adapted for piercing the skin of animal hosts and sucking their blood as ectoparasites. In many species, the female needs to get proteins from a blood meal before she can produce eggs. Hence, only female mosquitoes bite humans to suck their blood. In many other species, she can produce more eggs after a blood meal.\nReproduction.\nThey lay their eggs in pools of water. The larvae move around near the surface of the water, breathing through air tubes that stick out of the water. They get their food from the water, usually eating algae and other tiny creatures. They like to wiggle (move around) near the surface, which is why some people call them \"wigglers\". The larvae usually enter the pupa stage within a few days or weeks of hatching, depending on the water temperature and the species.\nThe pupae are called \"tumblers\" as they tumble in (fall into) the water when the water surface is touched. Tumblers do not eat, but they move around in the water a lot, and like larvae, they breathe from tubes that stick out of the water. The pupa stage is short \u2013 only for a few days \u2013 and the mosquito reaches adulthood. There are many species of mosquito. This comes about because, of those which suck blood, each species is adapted to a different host or group of hosts. There are two subfamilies, 43 genera and over 3,500 species of the Culicidae.\nDisease vectors.\nMosquitoes are a vector (carrier) which carries disease-causing viruses and parasites from person to person. The principal mosquito borne diseases are the viral diseases yellow fever, dengue fever malaria Morbius, HIV, Covid-19, Covid-23, and Covid 24 carried by the genera \"Anopheles\" and \"Culex\". Mosquitoes spread disease to over 700 million people every year across Asia, Africa, South America and Central America, costing hundreds of thousands of lives.\nMosquito control.\nMethods for preventing the spread of mosquito-borne diseases and protecting individuals in areas where disease is endemic include but not limited to:\nWater.\nStanding water, as in a pond or lake, is the main breeding ground. It may or may not be practical to eliminate this water. The water in bird baths can be changed once a week, but one can hardly do that with larger bodies of water. The method used to be spraying water with DDT, but that does a lot of damage, and in any event the mosquito is now highly resistant to the chemical.\nRepellents.\nWith increasing reports of the harmful effects DEET has on humans, there has been a move to repellents which are organic. These are of the kind that have had traditional household purposes before their being used as mosquito repellents.\nNatural predators.\nThe dragonfly nymph eats mosquitoes at all stages of development and is quite effective in controlling populations. Some bats can eat as many as 500 mosquitoes per hour. Some copepods are predators on first instar larvae, killing up to 40 Aedes larvae per day. Several species of fish eat mosquito larvae, including goldfish, catfish, piranhas and minnows.\nEvolution.\nThe oldest known mosquito with a basically modern anatomy was found in 79-million-year-old Canadian amber from the Upper Cretaceous period. An older sister species with more primitive features was found in amber that is 90 to 100 million years old.\nGenetics.\nGenetic analyses indicate that the Culicinae and Anophelinae clades may have diverged about 150 million years ago. The Old and New World \"Anopheles\" species are believed to have subsequently diverged about 95 million years ago."}
+{"id": "41539", "revid": "62523", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41539", "title": "Molasses", "text": "Molasses (known as treacle in the United Kingdom if it was made to be eaten by humans) is a by-product of sugar canes or sugar beets being turned into sugar. It is like a thick syrup. Some people also call molasses sorghum syrup. The quality of the molasses depends on how the sugar is refined. Molasses is like a black golden syrup type liquid. \nMolasses is the base for making rum. Sometimes vodka is also made from molasses.\nHistory.\nMolasses was first imported to United States by the British, (The Sugar Act, 1764), during the early times of the United States. The United States got sugar from southern islands. While the United States was getting sugar, they decided to ask for the leftover material, or molasses. The United States then used the molasses for their personal use, as well as making it into rum to trade with other nations."}
+{"id": "41540", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41540", "title": "Sorghum syrup", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41541", "revid": "1055293", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41541", "title": "Syrup", "text": "Syrup is a thick, sweet, flavored liquid with a high sugar content. There are different flavored syrups, such as chocolate syrup, vanilla syrup, and maple syrup. Syrups are used to sweeten and flavor hot and cold drinks, and they are poured on desserts and breakfast foods.\nUsed in drinks.\nSyrups are used in many different types of drinks. Coffee shops add chocolate syrup and other flavored syrups (for example: vanilla) to coffee drinks. Ice cream parlors add chocolate syrup to milk shakes. In Italy, caf\u00e9s often offer a choice of different syrups that can be added to carbonated soda water, to add sweetness and flavor.\nUsed for desserts.\nSyrups are also used in many desserts. Ice cream parlors pour chocolate and butterscotch syrup on bowls of ice cream. Caf\u00e9s and restaurants pour syrup on cakes, pies, crepes, and pancakes. \nIn North America, maple syrup is often poured over pancakes as a breakfast food. It is made from the sap of maple trees, which is boiled until it thickens. During the summer months, flavored syrups are also used over crushed ice to make \"slush puppies\" or \"slush puppies\".\nIn China, pear syrup is used to make ligaotang, a staple of Shanghainese food. It comes in many flavors, including pinenut, rose, and meat floss. It is also used as a traditional Chinese medicine to help with coughs or poor appetite."}
+{"id": "41542", "revid": "9555982", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41542", "title": "Sugarcane", "text": "Sugarcane (or sugar cane) is a Genus of plants. There are between 6 and 37 types of sugarcane.Sugarcane grows in warm and tropical climates. It first grew in Asia, but after the year 700 people started planting it in Africa and southern Europe. Later it spread to the Americas and Australia. Today the biggest producer is Brazil in South America. India in Asia is second biggest producer after Brazil.\nSugarcane stalks grow to between 2 and 6 meters tall. These stalks contain sugar, which is used to sweeten food and drinks. After the sugar has been taken out the remains of the stalks can be burned to generate heat and electricity. It can also be made into paper, cardboard and cutlery. This crop requires high temperature and high rainfall. In areas of low rainfall this crop is cultivated with the help of irrigation. Black soil or alluvial soil is the best for this crop. Sugarcane requires a large amount of water. As such, holding deep soil is required. As this crop absorbs nutrient matter from the soil, compost manure and chemical fertilizers are used. It requires 75-100cm rainfall.\nSugarcane juice can be made by pressing the stalks in a machine. It is often sold in the streets in some countries. It can contain disease."}
+{"id": "41543", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41543", "title": "Sugar cane", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41544", "revid": "160132", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41544", "title": "Sugar beet", "text": "Sugar beet is a plant. Its roots contain a high amount of sucrose. This can be made into sugar. Sugar beets are grown for sugar. The sugar beet is related to chard.\nThe biggest producers of sugar beet are the European Union, the United States and Russia. 30% of the world sugar production is from sugar beets."}
+{"id": "41545", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41545", "title": "Sugarbeet", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41547", "revid": "1320974", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41547", "title": "Tourette syndrome", "text": "Tourette syndrome is an inherited neurological disorder. Tourette syndrome can also be called \"Tourette's syndrome\", \"Tourette's disorder\", \"GTS\", \"Tourette's\", or \"TS\". People that have Tourette's have tics, which are sounds or movements that can\u2019t easily be controlled. Tourette's is normally inherited, and starts in childhood. \nPeople who have Tourette's have a normal life expectancy and normal intelligence. Tics are normally not as bad as people get older. Adults with severe Tourette's are rare. Fewer than 15% of people with Tourette's have coprolalia. Coprolalia is using words or phrases that some people might find offensive without being able to stop saying them. These may include curse words. \nMost people with Tourette's do not need treatment. There are drugs that can help people manage tics. There are also therapies that can help people live easier with Tourette's.\nThe disease is named after Georges Gilles de la Tourette. He was one of the first doctors to describe the symptoms."}
+{"id": "41550", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41550", "title": "1134", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41551", "revid": "1055293", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41551", "title": "Soybean", "text": "The soybean (or soya bean) is a plant with fruit called beans, from Eastern Asia. The height of a grown soybean is between less than 20 centimetres and up to 2 metres. One soybean lives for only one year.\nUses.\nSoybeans can be eaten or used to make oil, sauce, milk, flour, tofu and other foods. These soy foods have much protein, and many vegetarians like that. \nSoybean oil has a component of oleic acid that can be used to make an insect repellent.\nAlso fuel can be made from soybeans.\nSoybeans can also be fermented to make natt\u014d.\nHistory.\nIn 1997, 81% of all soybeans were of genetically modified stock. This means that genes were changed directly.\nIn China, going back the ancient Chou dynasty soy beans were considered to be one of the five sacred foods."}
+{"id": "41554", "revid": "1517749", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41554", "title": "Henagon", "text": "A henagon (or monogon) is a shape in geometry. It is like a polygon, except that it only has one side and one corner (vertex). Henagons are considered to be impossible to draw, using Euclidean geometry. This is because the single side would go to infinity.\nFor example, a line around a sphere would be considered a henagon.\nSince it only has one side, there is only one angle. Therefore, all henagons are considered regular shapes. "}
+{"id": "41555", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41555", "title": "Monogon", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41569", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41569", "title": "Moors", "text": "The Moors were the Muslims who lived in the Maghreb and on the Iberian Peninsula, Sicily and parts of Southern France in the Middle Ages. In Europe, the word was often used for indigenous European people whose ancestors were converted to Islam, although Islam was not actually documented until 700 A.D. \nIn 750 A.D. the Umayyad Dynasty was defeated in Syria. Many refugees came to what is now Spain and Portugal. They had a very big influence on the culture of these countries.\nUmayyad Muslims were the ones who captured and named Al-Andalus, which means land of the Vandals. The majority of Moors in Iberia were native European populations who converted to Islam due to the Arab conquests of the peninsula. These Moors were forcefully converted to Catholicism after the Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula in completion of the period popularly known as the Reconquista."}
+{"id": "41575", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41575", "title": "Habitat", "text": "A habitat is the area in which an organism lives. It is a summary term for all the resources, physical and living which are present in an area. It is the natural environment in which an organism lives, and the physical environment which surrounds a population.\nAnimal habitats.\nMost animals live in one type of environment because they are best suited to it. We say they are 'adapted to this environment'. For example, animals such as frogs, newts, and ducks have webbed feet to help them swim in the water. There are many different types of habitats and many kinds of adaptations to each habitat.\nIf the habitat changes, it may no longer be suitable for the animals and plants that live there. Climate change is making some habitats warmer, and so many animal species are moving to cooler areas. However some species are not able to move and the populations are getting smaller. Scientists think that 10% of species may become extinct because of these changes. Other habitats have been cleared to make them into farm land. In Australia for example, 80% of the eucalypt forests have been cleared for farming over the last 210 years. This is threatening the survival of forest animals such as the koala.\nPlant habitats.\nJust as animals adapt to the places they live, so do plants. Plants are adapted to a wide variety of habitats. As a result, each plant has certain characteristics. Some are adapted to living on land while others live in water. Plants that grow on land usually have stiff stems to hold them upright, while water plants tend to have less rigid stems because the water supports them.\nPlants that live in dry climates like the desert have few or no leaves. Many, such as cacti, store water when rain occurs. Their adaptations save water. Plants that grow in shaded areas have large leaves to capture as much sunlight as possible, or they climb towards the light."}
+{"id": "41576", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41576", "title": "Biotope", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41577", "revid": "1674917", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41577", "title": "Long Island", "text": "Long Island, NY is the biggest island in the continental United States. About 8 million people live there. The majority live in the western part, in Brooklyn and Queens. The other people live in two counties. Nassau County is in the central area, and Suffolk County fills approximately the eastern half. To the north is Long Island Sound and to the south is the Atlantic Ocean. There are almost 200 Long Island Towns on Long Island, NY. While the areas closest to New York City are urban with a high population density, the central and eastern parts of Long Island are more rural with a lower population density.\nThe East River separates Long Island from Manhattan island and the Bronx mainland. The Narrows separates it from Staten Island. Long Island is a terminal moraine left by glaciers during the ice ages. \nThe 2020 census counted 8,063,232 people living on Long Island, making it by far the most populated island in all of the United States, and more populated than Ireland, Sicily or Puerto Rico. Long Island is in the Eastern Time Zone. \nThe term \"Long Island\" often refers only to the mostly suburban counties of Nassau and Suffolk because Brooklyn and Queens are part of New York City."}
+{"id": "41587", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41587", "title": "K.M. Peyton", "text": "Kathleen Wendy Herald Peyton (born 2 August 1929 in Birmingham, England, died 19 December 2023) was an English writer. She wrote over 50 books, including \"Blind Beauty\" (1999) and \"Stealaway\" (2001)."}
+{"id": "41592", "revid": "5005", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41592", "title": "Sublimate", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41593", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41593", "title": "F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de Volleyball", "text": "The F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de Volleyball (), often called just FIVB, is the organization that controls international Volleyball."}
+{"id": "41595", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41595", "title": "Redshift", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41600", "revid": "1092985", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41600", "title": "Old World", "text": "The Old World is the three continents, Europe, Asia and Africa, whose people knew about each other from ancient times. \nHumans originated in Africa, but modern history is mostly about European history. This is because the Europeans wrote more history. For a long time \"history\" meant the history of Europe and the Middle East. That is still the kind of history which is taught in many schools. Having history depends on having writing. The first writing we know of comes from the Middle East, and the Chinese claim they also had early writing.\nPeople had no idea there were other continents, and no idea that those continents (the Americas and Australasia) had humans living there. They also knew little about Africa beyond the coasts until the 19th century.\nIn 1492 Spain sent Columbus to the New World. They found Native Americans there. Then there was trade, warfare and spreading disease. They had foods and animals the Native Americans had not seen before, like sugarcane, pigs, and horses. But they did not know that they were also causing sickness. The people of the Old World called the Americas the New World.\nEuropeans discovered Australia, New Zealand and Papua/New Guinea in the 17th century. The British Royal Navy did more exploration in the 18th and 19th centuries.\nBoth the Americas and Australasia had humans living there already, who were not known to Europeans before the voyages of discovery, as it is called."}
+{"id": "41601", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41601", "title": "International Astronomical Union", "text": "The International Astronomical Union (IAU) is an international group that brings together the national astronomical groups from around the world. It was created in 1919. It was created to promote and protect the science of astronomy by getting different nations to work together. Its members are professional astronomers from all over the world, and they all work on research and education in astronomy. The IAU has good relationships with groups that include amateur astronomers. \"National Members\" are usually people with a high level of professional astronomy. There are more than 10,000 active \"Individual Members\" in 107 countries. It has 62 \"National Members\". \nThis organization has many working groups like the Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN), which maintains the astronomical naming conventions and planetary nomenclature for planetary bodies, and the Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) for naming stars. \nThe IAU is also the group in charge of naming objects in space and anything on them such as mountains and craters."}
+{"id": "41605", "revid": "231673", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41605", "title": "Subgenius", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41608", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41608", "title": "Obfuscation", "text": "Obfuscation means making something harder to understand, usually by complicating sentences. Weasel words are a form of obfuscation. Obfuscation is usually used when people either do not know what they are talking about or wish to hide what they really mean.\nSome people say that when doctors use difficult medical words to hide unpleasant things from patients, they are using obfuscation.\nTechnical term: Obfuscation is sometimes used to make source code much harder to read and reverse engineer. This can be a significant problem for technology like Python and JavaScript that require source code to be exposed in order to function."}
+{"id": "41609", "revid": "4056", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41609", "title": "Obfustication", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41611", "revid": "1669736", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41611", "title": "Chicago Bears", "text": "The Chicago Bears are a professional American football team in the National Football League based in Chicago, Illinois. The Bears were founded in Decatur, Illinois, by George Halas, in 1919. They were first called the Decatur Staleys, after the A.E. Staley Starch Company which owned the team for its first two seasons. The team has won nine NFL Championships, with the last being in 1985 (Super Bowl XX). They also played in Super Bowl XLI in 2006 against the Indianapolis Colts, but they lost 29-17 to Peyton Manning and the Colts. The team is owned by Virginia Halas McCaskey, and the general manager is Ryan Pace. The team's current head coach is Matt Nagy since 2018.\nThe Bears play their home games at Soldier Field. They played there from 1974 to 2001 and then 2003-present (Soldier Field was being made new in 2002). The Bears had played at Wrigley Field from 1921 to 1970. Wrigley Field is the home of the Chicago Cubs baseball team, and the Bears were named after the Cubs.\nThe Bears have retired 14 uniform numbers, the most than any NFL Franchise."}
+{"id": "41617", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41617", "title": "Cool Runnings", "text": "Cool Runnings is a 1993 Disney sports comedy movie. It stars John Candy and Doug E. Doug. It is about the first Jamaican bobsled team who wanted to compete in the 1988 Winter Olympics.\nStory.\nCool Runnings is set in Jamaica. When a Jamaican sprinter gets disqualified during the tryouts for the Olympics because he fell over, he still wanted to compete. After seeing a picture of a bobsled, he wanted to become a bobsledder. He managed to get 3 other people to form a team. The first ever Jamaican bobsled team was trained by Irv, a retired athlete. When they went to the Olympics, they successfully passed the track under 1\u00a0minute, so they qualified. After being disqualified, Irv went to talk to the judges, and the Jamaican team were back. After a rough first round, they came back surprisingly. however, during the finals the bobsled broke, crashing. They walked to the finish line, with everyone cheering. When they returned, they were heroes and the competed in the next Olympics."}
+{"id": "41629", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41629", "title": "Schmallenberg", "text": "Schmallenberg is a town in the German state North Rhine-Westphalia. About 24,965 people live there.\nGeography.\nSchmallenberg is in the middle of the Sauerland (Rothaargebirge). It is about south of Meschede, and from K\u00f6ln (Cologne).\nNeighbouring communities.\nLennestadt borders in the north on the communities of Bestwig and Meschede, in the east on Winterberg, in the south on Bad Berleburg, and in the west on the towns of Eslohe and Lennestadt.\nTown twinning.\nSchmallenberg is twinned with\nHistory.\nThe Benedictine monastery began in 1072 near Schmallenberg on a site at the foot of the Wilzenberg mountain, by Saint Anno, Archbishop of Cologne.\n\"Alexander de Smalenburg\" is said to have given his name to the city of Schmallenberg. The origins of the narrow castle lie in a castle complex that belonged to Cologne, and in 1244 the curtain-walled settlement was officially elevated to city status by Konrad von Hochstaden, Archbishop of Cologne.\nDuring the Middle Ages, textile and ironmongery trades were the main industries in Schmallenberg. Around 1350 there were about 800 living in the town. After an economically quiet period during the 16th century, the new iron hammer technology put the city back on the map. At that time, Schmallenberg\u2019s ironmongery trade was considered the most important one in Westphalia.\nIn parts of the town like in Oberkirchen there were many witchcraft trials. In 1630 there were 7 processes, from April to June. During these, 58 people were convicted to burn at the stake, for alleged witchcraft. One of the victims was Christine Teipel, a 9-year-old child.\nAfter a big fire in 1822, the town was rebuilt using a classical ground plan. This can still be seen today. Ten years before that, the city wall and gates had been torn down. Today, Schmallenberg\u2019s typical features are its half-timbered houses with slated roofs and carved doors, small bays and gables as well as symmetric perrons.\nEconomy.\nSince the 19th century Schmallenberg was a \"Sauerl\u00e4nder centre\" of the textile industry (the largest company: FALKE-GROUP). This gave Schmallenberg the nickname \"Strumpfstadt\" (\"socktown\"). Since the development of the textile industry in Schmallenberg is declining dominated the economy many medium-sized enterprises and tourism. In 2002 there were 7924 on social insurance jobs.\nImportant Schmallenberger companies are:\nFraunhofer Society.\nThe Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME conducts research in the field of applied life sciences from a molecular level to entire ecosystems. The IME-Institute has about 140 employees working at the locations Schmallenberg and Aachen.\nSport.\nHiking trails adding up to about 2,500 kilometers, leading through forests, across mountains and through valleys make Schmallenberg. The town at the upper course of the river Lenne has developed into one of Westphalia\u2019s winter sports centers. 250 kilometers of cross-country ski tracks and 30 ski-lifts turn any kind of skiing.\nAir transport.\nSchmallenberg's airport is Flugplatz Schmallenberg-Rennefeld (ICAO-Code: EDKR)."}
+{"id": "41637", "revid": "6258", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41637", "title": "Clit", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41644", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41644", "title": "French and Indian War", "text": "The French and Indian War was fought between 1754 and 1763 in British North America and French North America. The land is now in the United States and Canada. The French were allies of some Native Americans, and the British were allies of others. \nThe conflict was part of the Seven Years' War among the European great powers, which took place in various parts of the world. France was already fighting Prussia and so did not send many troops to America.\nBattles.\nThe French built a new fort in the disputed territory, and the British decided to expel them. After failing in a small battle in 1754, the British tried again at the Battle of Monongahela in 1755. The British commander, General Edward Braddock, died with many of his men in a failed attack against the French in what later became Pittsburgh. A militia officer, George Washington, led the defeated survivors home.\nAfter the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, the British conquered Quebec City. \nOutcome.\nThe fighting in North America stopped on September 8, 1760, with the French surrender of Montreal and the rest of Canada to the British.\nThe war ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris on February 10, 1763. France lost all of its North American lands east of the Mississippi River to Britain except the small islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon, near Newfoundland. Britain offered France the choice to give up its Canadian land or the Caribbean islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique, which British troops had taken during the war. France chose to keep the islands, which were valuable for their sugar plantations. \nWith the Royal Proclamation of 1763, the colonists in British North America became unhappy over their share of the winnings. That became one of the causes of the American Revolution."}
+{"id": "41646", "revid": "1555593", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41646", "title": "Sif", "text": "Sif is a goddess in Norse mythology. She is the wife of Thor and mother of Thrud and Ull.\nSif has hair made of gold. It grows just like normal hair. Her original hair's color looked like wheat. Loki cut off Sif's hair as a prank. When Thor found out he made Loki have golden hair made for her by the Dwarves.\nIt is believed that Sif was a goddess of the home, of field and of the crop. It is also said that she had some control of destiny. \nThrud is the only daughter of Thor and Sif. Ull is her son with another man. Thor also has two sons with a giantess. In two different poems in Poetic Edda, Sif is said to have a mysterious lover, but no one knows who he is.\nA volcano on the planet Venus is named after Sif. Sif is also a character in the comic book The Mighty Thor from Marvel Comics. \nShe is one of the most famous vikings around."}
+{"id": "41651", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41651", "title": "Political correctness", "text": "Political correctness (or PC for short) means using words that will not offend any group of people. Some offensive words have been used for a long time. Some of these words have now been replaced by other words that are not offensive. These new words are described as politically correct.\nThe term is often used in a mocking sense when attempts at avoiding offense are seen to go too far.\nHistory.\nThis term has been used since the early 1970s. It started being used in the modern negative sense in the late 80s in America.\nExamples.\nPolitically correct words or terms are used to show differences between people or groups in a non-offensive way. This difference may be because of race, gender, beliefs, religion, or sexual orientation, or because they have a mental or physical disability, or because of any difference from what some people believe is normal.\nPolitical correctness with gender.\nThroughout the 20th century, feminists fought for women to have the same rights as men. In PC language this is seen in changes to job titles such as \"policeman\", \"postman\", and \"chairman\" which now commonly go by the gender-neutral titles \"police officer\", \"letter carrier\" and \"chairperson\" or \"chair\" as well as with terms having broader application, such as \"humankind\" replacing \"mankind\".\nPolitical correctness in medicine.\nPeople who are mentally disabled are now rarely described as \"mentally retarded\" (sometimes called \"M.R.\") but may be said to have \"special needs\". M.R. has been changed to I.D.; Intellectual Disabilities.\nPeople with significant vision loss are called low vision or blind.\nPeople with significant hearing loss are called deaf and/or hard of hearing.\nPeople who cannot speak are no longer called \"dumb\", they are non vocal. Those who are vocal but cannot communicate fluently are called non verbal.\nThe overall terms 'handicapped\u201d or 'challenged' are not considered appropriate (there is no distinction between physical or mental, acquired or inborn, because unless you're the disabled person, it's your choice to disclose and confirm whether this matters).\nPerson first language is \u201cSarah has physical disabilities\u201d. This is part of the medical model of disability, which suggests disabled people are something to be fixed, even if there is no pathology to suggest \u201cfixing\u201d.\nThe social model of disability encourages identity first language (Sarah is disabled) and is not just preferred by most of the disabled community but is also part of the social model of disability. The social model of disability invokes (rather than erasing as medical model does) the idea that disability isn't just about limitations within daily life but also acknowledges that most of what creates \"disability\" are the social and infrastructural challenges faced, such as inaccessible housing, sidewalks, and elevators.\nCriticism.\nSome of the new politically correct words are often criticized for being rather ridiculous. Some examples of these are the terms ending in challenged. For example, someone who is very short might be described as \"vertically challenged\". People also say that things that are obviously bad are called by something else which hides the fact that they are bad. For example, young people who are in trouble with the law, instead of being called \"juvenile delinquents\" became \"children at risk\". Some PC terms may be ambiguous i.e. have two possible meanings. \"hearing impaired\" can also refer to someone who has partial hearing (hard of hearing) and \"vision impaired\" can also refer to someone who has partial vision.\nRelated pages.\n has quotes related to political correctness."}
+{"id": "41652", "revid": "1260859", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41652", "title": "Mjolnir", "text": "In Norse mythology, Mj\u00f6lnir (Old Norse: \"Mj\u01ebllnir\" - \u201cLightning\u201d or \u201cThat which smashes\u201d) is the hammer of Thor, the god of thunder and lightning. Forged by the dwarven brothers Brokk and Sindre, Mj\u00f6lnir is the most feared weapon in the Nine Realms, capable of leveling entire mountains with only one hit. Mj\u00f6lnir was also a symbol of both fertility and destruction, and was thought to possess regenerative healing powers. \nWhen thrown, Mj\u00f6lnir would return to Thor's after hitting its target. \n\"... He [Thor] would be able to strike as firmly as he wanted, whatever his aim, and the hammer would never fail, and if he threw it at something, it would never miss and never fly so far from his hand that it would not find its way back, and when he wanted, it would be so small that it could be carried inside his tunic.\""}
+{"id": "41654", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41654", "title": "Ragnarok", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41655", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41655", "title": "Jormungandr", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41657", "revid": "1475106", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41657", "title": "Orphan", "text": "An orphan is a child who has lost both parents. Their parents are either dead or didn't want the child. Some orphans end up in a house called an orphanage. This is where children with no parents live. Many children that live in an orphanage get fostered or adopted by a person or a couple. Some people are called other names as in todays day and age it may be offensive.\nCauses.\nSometimes parents get sick and die while their child or children are still young, and if no close relatives take care of them, if they cannot or will not do so, they are normally raised in an orphanage. When several children, brothers or sisters are left orphaned they are sometimes split up; one child going to one family or one child going to a foster family while another may stay in the orphanage or foster home.\nSometimes parents may not have jobs or money and abandon their children because they cannot afford to bring them up. The parents may feel that if someone else brings them up they may have a better future in the long run.\nOrphan care.\nIn many developing countries orphans are often seen wandering about begging for money and food; many may not be going to school. Not much organised help exists for them in poor countries.\nBut in richer countries many orphanage, organisations and institutions help the orphans and work to help parents when they are sick or very poor so they do not abandon their children. Organisations such as churches and community services sometimes will assist them.\nIn many countries, foster care has replaced orphanages.\nOrphans in fiction.\nMany characters of books and movies have been orphans, such as Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Annie, Heidi, Batman, and Harry Potter."}
+{"id": "41666", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41666", "title": "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District", "text": "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District () is an opera by the Russian composer Dmitri Shostakovich. It is one of the most important Russian operas of the 20th century. The words for the opera (the \u201clibretto\u201d) were written by Alexander Preis who based them on a story by the Russian writer Nikolai Leskov. The opera has nothing to do with Shakespeare\u2019s play Macbeth except for the fact that it is about a woman like Lady Macbeth who is tempted to commit a murder.\nHistory of the opera.\n\"Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District\" was the second opera that Shostakovich wrote. It was first performed on 22 January 1934 at the Leningrad Maly Theatre. It was very successful and lots of people came to hear it.\nHowever, Shostakovich lived in difficult times. The dictator Josef Stalin was making life very difficult for creative people. He thought that music and all the other arts should praise and glorify their country (the Soviet Union). He did not allow people to express their own personal feelings. Anything that he did not like was called \u201cformalist\u201d. If Stalin did not like someone that person would not be allowed to work. They might even get sent to prison in Siberia where they were treated very badly. Many of them died.\nStalin came to hear a performance of \"Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District\". However, he did not like it, and he left during the performance. A few days later an article was written in the newspaper \"Pravda\" about the opera. The article heading was: \u201cChaos instead of music\u201d. It said that the opera was full of horrible music and noisy chords. The opera was not allowed to be performed again in the Soviet Union for almost thirty years.\nShostakovich had to be very careful what he said otherwise he could have been in big trouble. He never spoke in public about music and culture. In 1937 he wrote his Symphony no 5. The music in this symphony was easier to understand than the music he had been writing before which had a lot of atonal music. Shostakovich said that this new symphony of his was \u201ca Soviet artist\u2019s reply to just criticism\u201d. He had to agree to say this so that he would be allowed to carry on composing. Later, in 1962, he made some changes to the opera and called it \"Katerina Ismailova\". Since his death in 1975 it is usually the original version which is performed.\nThe opera tells the story of a lonely woman in 19th century Russia, who falls in love with one of her husband's servants and is driven to murder. Some of the music is influenced by Expressionism and verismo. After being condemned by Stalin it was banned in the Soviet Union for almost thirty years.\nThe story.\nKaterina is lonely. She is married to a merchant, Zinovy, but they have no children. Her father-in-law Boris is horrible to her and blames her for not having any children. When Zinovy goes away on business Boris forces her to swear to be faithful (not to make love to any other man while her husband is away). However, one of the servants, Sergei, becomes her lover. When Boris finds out he is furious and whips Sergei and locks him up. Katerina poisons Boris with mushrooms. When he dies she gets the key from his pocket and frees Sergei.\nKaterina and Sergei go to bed together, but Katerina suffers from the ghost of Boris. When Zinovy comes back Sergei hides, but Zinovy guesses what has happened. Katerina and Sergei kill Zinovy and hide his body in the cellar.\nKaterina and Sergei get married. A peasant finds Zinovy's body in the cellar and goes to fetch the police. The police arrive, Katerina and Sergei try to escape but are caught and sent to prison in Siberia. On the way there Sergei makes love to another girl Sonyetka. When Katerina finds out she pushes Sonyetka into a river to her death and finally jumps in herself.\nCriticism.\nIt is hard to know why Stalin decided he did not like the opera. It may have been because the police are made to look silly. It may have been because it showed people being sent to Siberia. Maybe it was because Katerina sings a lot of beautiful music, while the other characters have music which often made them look stupid and grotesque. He may have thought that Shostakovich was being critical of the leaders of the Soviet Union."}
+{"id": "41670", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41670", "title": "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk district", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41674", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41674", "title": "Adoption", "text": "In English, adopt may mean 1) to take something up, such as an opinion ('we adopt the view that ...'), or 2) for a grown person to care for another person's child as if it was their own. This article is about the adoption of children.\nOverview.\nBefore adoption laws existed, there was trouble when people gave their children away, and later wanted them back again. These days, children may be put in foster care for a short time, and after, the child may go back to the parents again. However, legal adoption lasts for ever. After legal adoption the adoptive parent(s) have all rights and responsibilities to the child. The biological parents have no legal rights or responsibilities to the child at all. Legal adoptions may only be cancelled if they were not done as the law says.\nPublic opinion.\nIn the West, till not long ago, public opinion was that people should only have children if they were married. Everything else meant shame, not only for the parents, but also for a child whose parents were not married. Many children of unmarried parents were given for adoption, and adoptive parents would make out they were biological parents and try to keep secret that their child was adopted.\nToday there is still secrecy about adoption. General opinion is that all adoptions are good, but even so, experts know that adoption can be trouble. Some ask questions about the family love for an adopted child. \nAlmost one out of three people asked say that adopted children have trouble behaving, have more illness, and are more easily addicted to drugs and alcohol. But adoptive parents were described by almost 90 percent as \u201clucky, advantaged, and unselfish\u201d \nIn many countries, there are strong opinions on adoption. In some places single women may adopt a child, but single men may not. Some people say men are more likely to abuse children than women Opinions are changing fast, and many places these days homosexual couples may adopt children.\nSelf-perception of the adopted.\nMany adopted people are pleased with their adoption. But many others are not. For example, experts have looked into adopted people's identity problems - their idea of self. \nThough the law says adoption lasts for ever, people from troubled adoptions want to know about their biological parents more than people from happy adoptions. Inter-racial adoption may also have problems for the adopted child's idea of self, of culture, and of where they come from.\nFamily history of the adopted.\nMany grown people who had a troubled adoption look into their family history. Even some people who were happily adopted want to know more about where they came from. In some countries, people can read about their adoption at a public records office. In other countries adoption records are kept secret.\nIn England and Wales, people adopted after 1975 may easily read parts of their adoption records. For people adopted earlier than 1975 there are more complex rules. In Scotland, adopted people have always been able to find their birth records with details of their biological mother, and possibly their father. But all over the United Kingdom there are rules that limit the details which public records may give out about living people.\nMeetings between adopted people and their biological parents have different effects. In England and Wales, about 40% of these meetings do not lead to a long lasting relationship.\nWomen.\nMany women are sad after giving a child up for adoption. Some women never forget, and remember the child on birthdays, and some even say they think of the child every day. Many feel they were forced to give their child away, and that they did not get any help. Many can not take in what happened to them. They want people to know what happened, and to make sure that it does not happen again."}
+{"id": "41677", "revid": "1463501", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41677", "title": "Border dispute", "text": "A border dispute is when two governments or more do not agree on the location of the border between their lands. An example is Pakistan and India over the territory of Kashmir. Another example is Kosovo which Serbia believe is theirs. An historical example is the Honey War between Iowa and Missouri.\nWars are sometimes fought over border disputes. Irredentism is often a border dispute."}
+{"id": "41695", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41695", "title": "Ambiguity", "text": "Ambiguity means that what a thing is, is not clear. Literally, the word refers to a choice between two different things. In the proper sense it should mean \"two different meanings\" because \"ambi-\" comes from the Greek word for \"two\".\nOverview.\nWe see things happen, and then we decide what they mean. If we cannot decide what is going on, the event is ambiguous. This is an extension of the original use of the word. Words or sentences that are ambiguous can lead to misunderstandings \u2013 people get the wrong meaning. This can sometimes be serious, but it can also be funny. Jokes often rely on ambiguity.\nExamples.\nThe sentence \nis ambiguous because it could mean:\nThe British comedian Ronnie Barker said that he loved the English language because there are so many jokes you can make using ambiguity. He gave the following example:\nThe mother meant \u201cold\u201d in a friendly way (\"dear old Mrs Jones\"), but the sentence could also mean: \nThis is obviously how Johnny understood his mother's instruction.\nThe antonym, or opposite word, of ambiguous is unambiguous, meaning that something is perfectly clear and can only have one meaning. Ambiguity is not the same as vagueness, which means that there is so little detail given that a statement can mean almost anything."}
+{"id": "41699", "revid": "1649829", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41699", "title": "Qantas", "text": "Qantas is the flag carrier airline of Australia. Its headquarters is near Kingsford Smith Airport in Sydney. It is the second oldest continuously operating airline in the world. Qantas is commonly known as the \"Flying Kangaroo\". This is because of its logo, which is a white kangaroo on a red triangle. Qantas is a founding member of oneworld alongside American Airlines, British Airways, Canadian Airlines (until 2000) and Cathay Pacific.\nHistory.\nQantas began in Winton, Queensland on 16 November 1920 as \"Queensland and Northern Territorial Aerial Service Limited\". It flew air mail services for the Australian government. In 1934, QANTAS Limited and Britain's Imperial Airways formed a new company, Qantas Empire Airways Limited. Qantas Empire Airways started services between Brisbane and Singapore using de Havilland DH-86 Commonwealth airplanes. In June 1959, Qantas' first jet airliner was delivered. It was a Boeing 707-138.\nDestinations.\nQantas flies to 18 places in Australia and 23 place in 15 other countries.\nIn Australia\nWorldwide\nFleet.\nThe table below shows how many different types of aircraft Qantas have operating and on order as of December 2019."}
+{"id": "41700", "revid": "10484259", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41700", "title": "Heavy metal music", "text": "Heavy metal is a loud, aggressive style of rock music. The bands who play heavy metal music usually have one or two guitars, a bass guitar and drums. In some bands, electronic keyboards, organs, or other instruments are used. Heavy metal songs are loud and powerful-sounding, and have strong rhythms that are repeated. There are many different types of heavy metal, some of which are described below.\nCommon features of heavy metal include slackened (downtuned) instruments and unusual key changes and time signatures (metre).\nHeavy metal bands sometimes dress in jeans, leather jackets, and leather boots, and have long hair. Heavy metal bands sometimes behave in a dramatic way when they play their instruments or sing. However, many heavy metal bands do not like to do this.\nHistory.\n1960s and 1970s.\nIn the very late 1960s and 1970s, rock and roll turned into a harder, louder form of music called rock. In the 1970s, rock music bands played huge, loud concerts in outdoor stadiums. In the early 1970s, many rock bands played psychedelic rock, a type of rock music with lyrics and sounds that were intended to give the listener some idea of what it felt like to be on so-called \"mind-expanding\" (and usually illegal) drugs, and which some believe even enhanced the experience of being on the drugs themselves. Many bands from Britain played blues music mixed with rock music, such as The Animals, The Kinks, The Who, Jimi Hendrix, and Jeff Beck.\nIn the late 1960s, a harder and heavier form of rock music called \"heavy metal\" was first played. The first use of the term was in a 1968 song by Steppenwolf, \"Born to be Wild\", and other early heavy metal bands appeared in the same year. Many historians believe that Black Sabbath invented heavy metal music in the late 1960s. The band played loud, hard rock music based on blues music. Heavy metal music was mostly based on the sounds of the electric guitar. The electric guitar in heavy metal is always amplified through powerful amplifiers so that it has a loud, distorted, angry sound. Other bands such Deep Purple, Black Sabbath, Judas Priest, Eric Burdon and Alice Cooper played even louder, harder forms of heavy metal rock music.\nMany debate which played heavy metal first, Black Sabbath or Led Zeppelin, however it is generally accepted in the metal community that both created heavy metal.\n1980s.\nIn the 1980s more sub-genre's of Heavy Metal bands were created, one of which was \"Hair-Metal\" with Bands such as M\u00f6tley Cr\u00fce, W.A.S.P. and Ratt became popular. Heavy Metal rock bands had long hair and the men wore make up (lipstick and eyeshadow) and tight leather pants and boots. Many metal songs were about love, sex, partying, having a good time, illegal drug use, and drinking alcohol. Rarely, but sometimes, metal songs were also politically and socially critical. In the late 1980s, groups such as Poison and Warrant were very successful, smashing the field with songs like \u201cTalk Dirty to Me,\u201d and \u201cCherry Pie.\u201d\nAnother type of heavy metal in the 1980s was thrash metal, also known as thrash. Thrash metal bands played a faster, more aggressive type of metal. Thrash metal bands Metallica, Megadeth, Anthrax and Slayer are considered \"The Big Four of Thrash.\"\n1990s.\nIn the 1990s, a new form of heavy metal developed, called alternative metal. Alternative metal combined thrash metal and grunge rock with hip-hop music and industrial music. Also in the 1990s was nu metal, a shortening of \"new metal\". Nu metal started with funk influences, later mixing rap and hip hop style singing with metal music. Nu metal bands also often include DJ decks, synthesizers and other electronic instruments. Nu metal was very successful and made a lot of money, especially bands such as Korn, Linkin Park, Limp Bizkit, Slipknot and Disturbed.\nTwo more aggressive styles of heavy metal music, death metal and black metal, are louder and faster than other types of metal.The singers usually do not sing, but instead they growl or roar to make the songs more intense. These lyrics often tell of suffering, dying, and war. The guitars are usually distorted and drum sets containing .\nOther important styles of metal are: power metal, a style whose music often is about fiction and epics like \"The Lord of the Rings\", and gothic metal, which has melancholy songs about abstract subjects like pain, life, death, faith and religion.\n2000s.\nY2K saw a new horizon for metal, with the evolutions of post hardcore creating and influencing many new genres. \nPost hardcore birthed a new type of punk known as Emo, a shortened form of Emotional Post Hardcore. Emo was characterized by a focus on depression and sadness, with a culture centered around mental health. As time went on Emo morphed into a genre closer to Pop-Punk, often called Midwest Emo.\nAnother new genre was Metalcore, known for its intense breakdowns which control tension built throughout songs. Metalcore is often said to be a combination of Heavy Metal and Hardcore, but in truth draws more from Post Hardcore. Notable bands include Bring Me The Horizon and Killswitch Engage.\n2010s.\nThe 2010s did not change much for metal genres, mostly having developments in Metalcore. Metalcore built off the previous years and incorporated more melody and clean singing- while still keeping heavy distortion guitar and strong breakdowns. This later came to be known as melodic Metalcore.\nAnother Notable Genre is Deathcore, A combination of Metalcore and Death metal. Deathcore features a wide range of harsh vocals and a lot of animalistic sounds, while taking melody and rhythms from Metalcore. Notable bands include Suicide Silence, Whitechapel, and ."}
+{"id": "41701", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41701", "title": "Ambiguous", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41702", "revid": "9845035", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41702", "title": "Gesualdo", "text": "Gesualdo is an Italian commune of the region of the Campania, province of Avellino, with about 3.800 inhabitants. \nIt shares border with Sturno, Villamaina, Frigento, Fontanarosa, Grottaminarda.\nCarlo Gesualdo, the Renaissance composer and murderer lived in a castle in Gesualdo."}
+{"id": "41703", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41703", "title": "Politically correct", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41706", "revid": "5804", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41706", "title": "Traffic", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41709", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41709", "title": "AFL", "text": "AFL is a three-letter acronym that may mean one of the following:"}
+{"id": "41714", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41714", "title": "Aphra Behn", "text": "Aphra Behn (10 July 1640 \u2013 16 April 1689) was an English playwright. She is buried in Westminster Abbey."}
+{"id": "41717", "revid": "1582584", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41717", "title": "Ben Jonson", "text": "Ben Jonson (11 June 1572 \u2013 6 August 1637) was a major poet and playwright in English Renaissance drama. Many critics consider Jonson to be among the best playwrights of his time, a time when William Shakespeare also lived. \nJonson was classically educated. He was a well-read and cultured man of the English Renaissance with an appetite for controversy of all kinds. \nHe is best known for satirical plays \"Every Man in His Humour\" (1598), \"Volpone, or The Fox\" (c. 1606), \"The Alchemist\" (1610) and \"Bartholomew Fair\" (1614); also his lyric and epigrammatic poetry'"}
+{"id": "41718", "revid": "11350", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41718", "title": "Robert Browning", "text": "Robert Browning (7 May 1812 \u2013 12 December 1889) was an English poet and playwright of Victorian era. He was born in Camberwell, London. He was married to the poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning. They both moved to Italy and lived in Florence. He had one son. Browning died in Venice, Italy. He was buried in Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey.\nHe wrote a poem called The Laboratory which was about a woman using poison to kill her lover's girlfriend.\nBrowning's longest work was the poem \"The Ring and the Book\". It consists of more than twenty thousand lines. It is based on a true story. It tells about a real crime committed in Italy at the end of 17th century. Its main hero is Pompilia Comparini, a young woman stabbed to death by her husband, count Guido Franceschini.\nPoet's best work is probably the book \"Men and Woman\". It was published in 1855. It is a collection of monologues.\nBrowning's last book is \"Asolando\" which was published in 1889.\nGilbert Keith Chesterton wrote a book about Robert Browning; it was called \"Robert Browning\" and was published by Macmillan & Co. in 1903."}
+{"id": "41720", "revid": "1601409", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41720", "title": "The Unknown Warrior", "text": "The Unknown Warrior is a tomb of an unknown British soldier who was killed on the battlefield during World War I. \nBurial.\nThe unknown warrior was buried in Westminster Abbey on November 11, 1920. The tomb is covered by a slab of black Belgian marble and is the only tomb in Westminster Abbey that people may not walk on.\nIt has an inscription on it that is written by Herbert Ryle, Dean of Westminster.\nMedal of Honor.\nThe unknown warrior was awarded the United States Medal of Honor on October 17, 1921. This hangs on a pillar near his burial. The handles of the unknown warrior's tomb were lost, then found by a man in East London whilst digging up weeds."}
+{"id": "41721", "revid": "760123", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41721", "title": "Joseph Addison", "text": "Joseph Addison (May 1, 1672 \u2013 June 17, 1719) was a famous author and essayist who is known as \"The Noblest Purifier of English Literature\". Addison is buried in Westminster Abbey in the north aisle of the Henry VII Chapel."}
+{"id": "41732", "revid": "1530097", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41732", "title": "Ipia\u00fa", "text": "Ipia\u00fa is a city in Bahia, Brazil.\nLocation.\nThe city is in the meeting point of the \"Contas River\" and the \"\u00c1gua-Branca River\" (White-water River).\nIpia\u00fa is bordered by Ibirataia and Jequi\u00e9 to the north, Aiquara and Jita\u00fana to the west, Ibirataia and Barra do Rocha to the east and Itagib\u00e1 to the south.\nEconomy.\nThe city is an important producer and exporter of cacao in Brazil.\nImportant people.\nIpia\u00fa is the birthplace of many noted Brazilian writers and musicians such as Euclides Neto and Luiz Caldas."}
+{"id": "41733", "revid": "232403", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41733", "title": "Ipiau", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41734", "revid": "4580", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41734", "title": "Star Craft", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41741", "revid": "10159904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41741", "title": "German Empire", "text": "The German Empire (), also referred to as Imperial Germany, the Second Reich or simply Germany, was a country in Europe during the period of the German Reich from 1871 to its dissolution in November 1918. When the German Empire collapsed, it became the Weimar Republic, a republic."}
+{"id": "41744", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41744", "title": "Anthony Powell", "text": "Anthony Dymoke Powell CH, CBE (December 21, 1905 \u2013 March 28, 2000) was a British novelist. He is best known for his \"A Dance to the Music of Time\" series of books published between 1951 and 1975. \nChildhood.\nPowell was born in Westminster, England, to Philip Powell and Maud (n\u00e9e Wells-Dymoke). His father was an officer in the Welsh Regiment. His mother came from a wealthy family in Lincolnshire. Powell's early childhood was spent in a flat in Kensington. It overlooked the Gardens where he often played. In 1913, the family moved to Aldershot and into Stonehurst. Stonehurst was a large bungalow on top of a hill.\nOn the start of World War I in August 1914, his father went to France and took part in the early fighting. Powell moved with his mother to London. He went to a private school for a short time. Powell was later sent to a boarding school in Kent. In early 1919 Powell passed the Common Entrance Examination for Eton where he started that autumn. Powell went to Balliol College at the University of Oxford to study history in the autumn of 1923. During his third year Powell lived out of college, sharing a place with Henry Yorke. Powell travelled on the Continent during his holidays.\nPowell came to work in London in the autumn of 1926. He got a job as an apprentice at the publishers, Duckworth and Company in Covent Garden.\nPowell in the 1930s.\nPowells first novel, \"Afternoon Men\", was published in 1931. A second novel, \"Venusberg\", followed in 1932. Powell\u2019s third novel, \"From a View to a Death\", was published in 1934. All three of Powell\u2019s novels were liked in the London literary world. His next work was a part of a collection of works in which various authors wrote about their schooldays. Powell\u2019s memories of Eton appeared under the title of \"The Wat\u2019ry Glade\".\nIn the autumn of 1936, he left Duckworth\u2019s and took a job as a script writer at the Warner Brothers Studio in Teddington. The job paid well, but it involved long hours. With a team of others, he worked to create a cheap movie for the Quota. The Quota was created by the Government to protect the British movie industry. It required movie theaters to show British-made movies as well as the more popular foreign movies they normally showed. Warner Brothers, an American movie studio, set up studios in Teddington to take advantage of this. After six months of work with no movie created, Powell\u2019s contract ended and was not renewed.\nWartime years.\nPowell and his wife moved back to Regent's Park. Powell heard about a job in the movie industry, this time in Hollywood. The Powells went to Hollywood to try to get the job but he did not get it. They returned to London in August 1937. Powell began work on his fifth novel, \"What\u2019s Become of Waring\". He finished it in late 1938 or early the following year. The book sold fewer than a thousand copies. \nPowell was told to report for duty on December 11. He was a part of the 1/5th Battalion of the Welsh Regiment at Haverfordwest in Pembrokeshire. Once war came, the long hours stopped any thought of writing a lot. Powell believed that this could help him. War service gave him a lot of material for later use. Parts of \"A Dance to the Music of Time\" are about the war years. These parts are \"The Valley of Bones\", \"The Soldier's Art\", and \"The Military Philosophers\". Powell\u2019s military service gave him the basic ideas for these three novels.\nAfter war years.\nPowell was 39. His first task was to work on \"John Aubrey and His Friends\". It was completed in May 1946. In 1949 The Cressett Press hired Powell to write a book that they brought out under the title \"Brief Lives and Other Selected Writings\" by John Aubrey.\nAnthony Powell would go on to international fame. He was made Companion of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in 1956. In 1973, he turned down the offer of knighthood. He was made Companion of Honour (CH) in 1988. He published two more novels, \"O, How The Wheel Becomes It!\" (1983) and \"The Fisher King\" (1986). His \"Writer's Notebook\" was published after his death in 2001.\nAnthony Powell died at his home, The Chantry, near Frome, Somerset, aged 94, on 28 March 2000."}
+{"id": "41747", "revid": "1625909", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41747", "title": "Journalist", "text": "A journalist is a person who works in journalism to report the news. They may work on their own (\"freelance\") or for a newspaper, a radio or television programme. There are different kinds of journalists.\nA reporter is a type of journalist who researches, writes, and reports information. Newspaper reporters write news articles and stories for newspapers. They write these articles and stories by interviewing people, asking questions, and doing research.\nReporters must tell the truth in their reports. Telling the truth is a very important part of all journalism jobs. Those who do not tell the truth may be punished like other workers who do not do their work. They can be suspended (do not work for a short time) or fired (losing their jobs).\nHowever, frequently news reporting does show bias instead of objectivity.\nDangers.\nJournalists sometimes expose themselves to danger, especially when reporting in areas of armed conflict or in places that do not respect the freedom of the press. Organizations such as Reporters Without Borders publish reports on press freedom and advocate for press freedom. The Committee to Protect Journalists has reported that as of 13 December 2022, 363 journalists were imprisoned around the world for reporting the news. Current numbers are even higher. The ten countries with the most journalists currently imprisoned are China (110), Iran (47), Myanmar (42), Turkey (40), Vietnam (39), Belarus (26), Eritrea (18), Bahrain (15), Burma (13) and India (7).\nIn the 2023 Israel\u2013Hamas war, atleast 30 journalists \"(26 Palestinians and 4 Israelis)\" were killed while covering the operations.\nTerms.\nThere are many different types of jobs in journalism."}
+{"id": "41750", "revid": "9648694", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41750", "title": "Centennial High School", "text": "Centennial High School is a high school is in Las Vegas, Nevada and is one of many high schools in the Clark County District. Centennial is in the Northwest Region in the Centennial Hills Community. In 2006 - 2007 there were more than 3000 students.\nSports.\nThe mascot is the Bulldogs.\nCentennial High School is home to the four-time Nevada Girl's Basketball Champions 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2005."}
+{"id": "41751", "revid": "844779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41751", "title": "Nellis Air Force Base", "text": "Nellis Air Force Base (Nellis AFB) is a United States Air Force military base. It is located in the north part of Las Vegas, Nevada. It is home to the Thunderbirds. The base also trains fighter aircraft for the US Air Force. The base is named for William Harrell Nellis, a Las Vegas resident and P-47 pilot who died in action during the Battle of the Bulge in World War II. Nellis AFB is home to the F-15, F-16, and the F-22 Raptors.\nThe main base covers close to 11,300 acres (46 km\u00b2). Much of the base is undeveloped. The rest of the area is either paved or has buildings. The Indian Springs Air Force Auxiliary Airstrip was a part of Nellis. It used to be known as \"Area 3\". On June 20, 2005 the field was renamed to Creech Air Force Base.\nMajor Areas.\nThe base has three main areas."}
+{"id": "41755", "revid": "1687742", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41755", "title": "Women's basketball", "text": "Women's basketball is a sport for women. The rules are the same as men's basketball, but the ball is smaller. It is popular in colleges, universities, and professionally.\nDifferent rules.\nModern rules for women's basketball are much the same as those for men's basketball, with a few changes.\nBasketball size.\nThe correct size for the ball in WNBA (Women's National Basketball Association) rules is 28.5 inches (72.4\u00a0cm) in circumference. This is 1.00 inch (2.54\u00a0cm) smaller than the NBA ball. From 2004, this size is used for all professional women's competitions around the world.\nCourt dimensions.\nThe three-point line (a line from which a ball thrown into the basket is worth three points) is 22 feet and 1.75 inches (6.75 m) from the middle of the basket in WNBA competition. Also, there is no block/charge arc under the basket.\nShot clock.\nThe WNBA and Women's NCAA college basketball use a 30-second shot clock. NBA basketball uses a 24-second shot clock.\nGame clock.\nBasketball is normally played in four 12 minute quarters. WNBA games are played in four 10 minute quarters.\nLevels of competition.\nCollege.\nWomen's basketball is very popular in colleges in North America. It is sponsored by athletics associations (groups that help organize sports). The most important competition is organized by a group called the NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association), and the winner is called the 'national champion'.\nThe 2022-23 national champion was the University of South Carolina Gamecocks.\nAmerican Professional Leagues.\nWomen's Pro Basketball League.\nThe Women's Professional Basketball League (WBL) was a professional women's basketball league in the United States. The league played three seasons from the fall of 1978 to the spring of 1981. The league is the first American professional women's basketball league.\nWomen's Basketball Association.\nThe Women's Basketball Association (WBA) was a professional women's basketball league in the United States. The league played three seasons from the summer of 1993 to the summer of 1995. The league is said to be the first American professional women's basketball league to be played in Summer.\nAmerican Basketball League.\nThe American Basketball League was started in 1996 because the Olympics made people more interested in basketball. The league played two full seasons (1996-97 and 1997-98) and started a third (1998-99) before it ended in 1998.\nWomen's National Basketball Association.\nThe Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) is a group that organizes professional basketball games for women. It is like the NBA (National Basketball Association), but for women. It was started in 1996."}
+{"id": "41757", "revid": "9416800", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41757", "title": "Cebu", "text": "Cebu is an island province of the Philippines. Cebu has nine cities: Bogo, Carcar, Danao, Lapu-Lapu, Mandaue, Naga, Talisay, and Toledo, with the largest city being Cebu City, the capital. "}
+{"id": "41758", "revid": "1631579", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41758", "title": "Siberian Husky", "text": "The Siberian Husky is a medium-sized working dog. It is quick and graceful. They have a compact and furry body, pointed ears, and a bushy tail. The husky is a sled dog. It is used for carrying a light load over great distances. Huskies show a balance of power, speed and endurance. Male huskies are usually thicker in appearance than female huskies.\nThe personality of the Siberian Husky is friendly and gentle. They are also alert and outgoing. They do not act possessive like a guard dog. They are curious, but they are not usually aggressive with other dogs. A husky's intelligence, and friendly behavior make them a companion.\nThey usually have long fur.\nFamous Siberians.\nSiberians gained in popularity with the story of the \"Great Race of Mercy,\" the 1925 serum run to Nome. This made dogs Balto and Togo famous. Several purebred Siberian Huskies played the part of the \"half-wolf\" companion in the television series \"Due South\"."}
+{"id": "41771", "revid": "1572762", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41771", "title": "Paradise", "text": "Paradise (or often called heaven) is an idea in religion. It is a place where everything is good."}
+{"id": "41774", "revid": "515", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41774", "title": "Date Rape", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41775", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41775", "title": "Classification", "text": "Classification could mean:"}
+{"id": "41778", "revid": "1044401", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41778", "title": "Heaven's Gate", "text": "Heaven's Gate was the name of a UFO group led by Marshall Applewhite and Bonnie Nettles, until their deaths.\nThe group ended with the appearance of Comet Hale-Bopp, in the United States in the year 1997. Applewhite convinced 38 followers to kill themselves so that their souls could ride on a spaceship they believed was hiding behind the comet. Beliefs such as this led some people to call this a \"UFO Religion\". This belief was made up of UFO, New Age and Christian ideas."}
+{"id": "41779", "revid": "7848920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41779", "title": "Colt", "text": "Colt may mean many things, like:"}
+{"id": "41780", "revid": "10372195", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41780", "title": "Colt (horse)", "text": "A colt is a young male horse, under the age of four. Older male horses are called either a \"stallion\", if left fertile, or a \"gelding\" if neutered. The verb \"to geld\" refers to the process of neutering a stallion.\nA group of colts is called a \"rag\"."}
+{"id": "41784", "revid": "16647", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41784", "title": "House M.D.", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41788", "revid": "9662190", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41788", "title": "Positive number", "text": "A positive number, otherwise referred to as a plus number or an above number, is an opposite number that is bigger than zero. The set of all positive integers is written as formula_1 or formula_2. \nA positive number can be written with a \"+\" symbol in front of it, or just as a number. For example, the numbers \"+3\" and \"3\" are the same. \nPositive numbers are written to the right of zero on a number line:\nIn the above line, the positive numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 are shown."}
+{"id": "41789", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41789", "title": "Prehistoric", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41790", "revid": "1109570", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41790", "title": "Bernkastel-Kues", "text": "Bernkastel-Kues () is a city in Germany. It is on the Moselle River."}
+{"id": "41791", "revid": "145452", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41791", "title": "Thionville", "text": "Thionville (Luxembourgish: \"Diddenuewen\", German: \"Diedenhofen\") is a city in northeast France, close to the Luxembourgian and German border. It is on the left side of the Moselle River. About 41,000 people were living there in 2014.\nHistory.\nUntil 1659 Thionville was part of the Holy Roman Empire (as a part of Luxembourg till 1462). From 1871 to 1919 it was part of the German Empire, and from 1940 to 1944 part of Nazi Germany."}
+{"id": "41792", "revid": "1554665", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41792", "title": "Metz", "text": "Metz is a city in France, the prefecture of the Grand Est region and the Moselle department. \nHistory.\nThere was once a city in Roman times, called \"Divodurum\". It was the capital of a Celtic tribe called \"Mediomatrici\". They were called the \"Mettis\" for short, which is where the name \"Metz\" comes from. The Romans controlled this city for a long time as an important center in Gallia, but it was captured by Attila the Hun in 451. It was shortly after taken over by the Franks. \nMetz remained a very important city, and as the borders changed over the years, it became the capital of Austrasia (from 561 to 751) and of Lotharingia (from 843 to 925), before becoming part of the Holy Roman Empire (from 925). The city was handed to King Henry II of France in 1552. In 1633, it became the capital of a French province called the \"Three Bishoprics\". The Prussians captured the town in 1870 and Metz once again became part of Germany, until 1918 when it was won back by France. The Germans captured it once more in1940 but France regained it in 1944.\nMonuments.\nIn this city, there are a lot of monuments like :<br>\nClimate.\nMetz has an oceanic climate (\"Cfb\" in the Koeppen climate classification). \nTwin towns \u2013 sister cities.\nMetz is twinned with:"}
+{"id": "41793", "revid": "232742", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41793", "title": "Bernkastel", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41794", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41794", "title": "Cochem", "text": "Cochem is a town in Germany. It is on the Moselle River."}
+{"id": "41795", "revid": "10038044", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41795", "title": "Saar (river)", "text": "The Saar () is a river in northeastern France (Grand Est) and western Germany (Saarland, Rhineland-Palatinate). It is a right tributary of the Moselle River. It rises in the Vosges Mountains in Grand Est and flows northwards into the Moselle near Trier.\nThe first written mention of the Saar, in Latin language as \"Saravus\", is found in the poem \"Mosella\" by the Roman poet Decimus Magnus Ausonius.\nGeography.\nWith a length of , it is the largest tributary of the Moselle river. Its drainage basin has an area of approximately .\nCourse.\nThe Saar river is born at the foot of Mont Donon, the highest peak of the northern Vosges Mountains. It flows first for about through the French region of Grand Est. The Saar marks the border between France and Germany for about from its confluence with the Blies, between the towns of Sarreguemines and Saarbr\u00fccken and goes into German territory.\nThen the river flows about through the Saarland, and about through the Rhineland-Palatinate and, finally, flows into the Moselle at Konz between Trier and the Luxembourg border.\nUpper Saar.\nThe \"Sarre Rouge\" (Red Saar) and \"Sarre Blanche\" (White Saar) are considered as the two source rivers of the Saar.\nThe Red and the White Saar have their sources on Donon, less than distance apart. The source of the White Saar is near the town of Grandfontaine (Bas-Rhin department), and the source of the Red Saar is near the town of Abreschviller, (Moselle department). The confluence of the two rivers is near Hermelange (), south of Sarrebourg.\nThe Saar river, and its two source rivers, flow first through the Moselle department, in the Lorraine region; then, for a short distance, flow through the Bas-Rhin department, in the Grand Est region. From Sarrealbe to Sarreguemines, the Saar flows along the border with Germany. At Sarreguemines, the Blies river, the largest tributary of the Saar, flows into the Saar and its discharge rises from 20.9 m\u00b3/s to 41.5 m\u00b3/s.\nMiddle and lower Saar.\nFrom Sarreguemines, the Saar is (it is deep, wide and slow enough for a ship to pass). Then the Saar gets into German territory forming a narrow valley through the western Rhenish Massif. At its beginning in this region, it forms the famous Saar loop (German: \"Saarschleife\") at Mettlach.\nAfter 246\u00a0km (129\u00a0km in France, and 117\u00a0km in Germany) the Saar flows into the Moselle river at Konz (Rhineland-Palatinate) between Trier and the Luxembourg border.\nGrapes, to produce wine, are grown along the lower Saar, mainly between Serrig and Konz.\nTributaries of the Saar.\nSome of the important tributaries of the Saar are:\nTowns along the river.\nSome towns and cities found along the river are:"}
+{"id": "41796", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41796", "title": "Konz", "text": "Konz is a city in Germany. It is on the Moselle River."}
+{"id": "41797", "revid": "373511", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41797", "title": "Saar", "text": "Saar has several meanings:\nOther.\nSAAR may refer to:"}
+{"id": "41798", "revid": "232747", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41798", "title": "Riesling", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41799", "revid": "232748", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41799", "title": "Elbling", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41800", "revid": "232749", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41800", "title": "M\u00fcller-Thurgau", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41801", "revid": "1336189", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41801", "title": "Max", "text": "Max might refer to:"}
+{"id": "41807", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41807", "title": "Easy (Paula DeAnda song)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41808", "revid": "1011913", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41808", "title": "Simple living", "text": "Simple living is when people choose to live in a way that focuses on less complexity and more focus on what really matters. It often involves owning fewer things, using less technology and services, and spending less money. Simple living is not just about changing what you do but also about changing your way of thinking and what you value.\nPeople may choose simple living for many reasons, like wanting a more spiritual life, being healthier, having more time for family and friends, balancing work and life better, or saving money. It can also help people live in a way that is better for the environment or reduce stress. Some people practice simple living because they want to reject consumerism, materialism, or support social or political causes like environmental protection, peace, and fairness.\nFamous people who chose the simple living lifestyle include Francis of Assisi, Leo Tolstoy, Rabindranath Tagore, Albert Schweitzer, Mohandas Gandhi, and Henry David Thoreau. The Amish live simply by using only things that are described in the Bible.\nHistorical background.\nThe idea of simple living can be traced back to antiquity. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Diogenes of Sinope and Epicurus advocated for a life of moderation and self-sufficiency. Similarly, major religious figures, including Gautama Buddha, Jesus of Nazareth, and Muhammad, promoted simple, humble lifestyles that emphasized spiritual development over material wealth.\nIn the 19th century, American transcendentalist Henry David Thoreau famously documented his experiment in simple living in his book \"Walden\" (1854), in which he lived in a small cabin near Walden Pond in Massachusetts. Thoreau's work became a foundational text for the modern simplicity movement.\nMotivations.\nPeople adopt simple living for various reasons:\nPractices.\nSimple living practices vary widely, depending on individual preferences and circumstances. Common approaches include:\nModern movement.\nIn recent decades, simple living has gained renewed attention through movements such as minimalism, downshifting, and slow living. Books like \"Your Money or Your Life\" by Joe Dominguez and Vicki Robin, and popular documentaries such as \"Minimalism: A Documentary About the Important Things\", have helped popularize the concept.\nThe rise of digital technology and remote work has also made it easier for individuals to adopt simpler lifestyles while maintaining professional and social connections.\nCriticism.\nWhile simple living is often praised, it is not without criticism. Critics argue that the lifestyle can be idealized and may not be accessible to everyone, particularly those living in poverty or facing structural barriers. Others note that some forms of voluntary simplicity may rely on hidden privileges, such as inherited wealth or social safety nets."}
+{"id": "41809", "revid": "1540039", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41809", "title": "Meteor burst communication", "text": "Meteor burst communication uses radio waves which bounce off the ionized trails made by meteors as they enter the earth\u2019s atmosphere. It is also called Meteor scatter communication.\nMeteors are lumps of rock which are floating about in space. There are always meteors which are entering the earth\u2019s atmosphere. They normally burn up in the atmosphere. A few very large ones that hit the earth are called 'meteorites'. Most meteors are only tiny specks of dust. As they enter the atmosphere the heat made by air friction rips off electrons. This produces an ionized trail. This trail can reflect radio waves in the same way that a wire would.\nThe meteors that are used for meteor burst communication are between one thousandth and one hundredth of a gram. Meteors which are smaller than this are too weak to be used. Larger ones are not frequent enough.\nThe ionized trail can last for several seconds. During this time messages can be sent between two radio communication stations. The messages will be transmitted very fast: about 200 times as fast as with ordinary shortwave radio communication. A teletypewriter may type several lines of text during a meteor burst. The two stations that want to communicate will have to be ready all the time as they never know when the next burst of communication will come. They may have to use several meteor bursts before the whole message is received. The transmitters are often put on buoys in the sea.\nMeteor burst communication was first widely used in the 1950s. It was particularly useful for military communications, because a receiver could not tell exactly which direction the message had come from. This was because the message was reflected on the way, so it did not travel in a straight line (i.e. in a simple great circle round the earth\u2019s curve).\nThe use of communications satellites in the late 20th century has made meteor burst communication rare."}
+{"id": "41810", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41810", "title": "Meteor scatter communication", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41811", "revid": "9105261", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41811", "title": "Hole", "text": "A hole is an empty space in a solid object, which can be flat.\nIt can also mean other things:"}
+{"id": "41813", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41813", "title": "Spyware", "text": "Spyware is a category of software for computers. Spyware is malware that collects some data, usually without the computer users' knowledge. Very often, this data is then sent over the internet to someone else. Very often, this is used for marketing. Spyware can also be used to steal data from computers. One kind is a keylogger which can see whatever you are typing. Keyloggers can steal important information like passwords that you type. \nThe best protection is to get a program that protects against spyware. However, many websites that claim to have them are actually spyware, not something to protect against it. This method of installing spyware is called a Trojan horse which looks like a normal program, but when it runs, it collects information to use against you. Spyware tracks your computer and uses some of the things on it. This includes your files, your downloads, and usernames/passwords for websites and programs. With this, the trojan operator can log into your accounts. \nThere are spyware applications that are designed to enable users to spy on themselves rather than others. This is called myware. The term myware has mainly been applied to software applications in three areas: social networking, marketing and time tracking."}
+{"id": "41814", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41814", "title": "Vector space", "text": "A vector space is a collection of mathematical objects called vectors, along with some operations you can do on them. Two operations are defined in a vector space: addition of two vectors and multiplication of a vector with a scalar. These operations can change the size of a vector and the direction it points to. The most important thing to understand is that after you do the addition or multiplication, the result is still in the vector space; you have not changed the vector in a way that makes it not a vector anymore. A vector space is often represented using symbols such as formula_1, formula_2 and formula_3.\nMore formally, a vector space is a special combination of a group and a field. The elements of the group are called vectors, and the elements of the field are called scalars. Vector spaces are important in an area of mathematics called linear algebra, an area which deals with linear functions (functions of straight lines, not curves). \nA vector can be represented graphically with an arrow that has a tail and a head. To add two vectors, you place the end of one vector at the head of the other one (see figure). The sum is the vector that goes from the tail of the first vector to the head of the second. \n\"Scalar multiplication\" means that one vector is made bigger or smaller (it is \"scaled\"). Scalars are just numbers: if you multiply a vector by 2, you make it twice as long. If you multiply it by 1/2, you make it half as long.\nThe \"vectors\" don't have to be vectors in the sense of things that have magnitude and direction. For example, they could be functions, matrices or simply numbers. If they obey the axioms of a vector space (a list of properties a vector space needs to satisfy), you can think of them as vectors and the theorems of linear algebra will still apply to them.\nThere are some combinations of vectors that are special. A minimum set of vectors that\u2014through some combination of addition and multiplication\u2014can reach any point in the vector space is called a basis (of that vector space). It is true that every vector space has a basis. It is also true that all bases of any one vector space have the same number of vectors in them. This is called the dimension theorem. We can then define the dimension of a vector space to be the size of its basis."}
+{"id": "41815", "revid": "1411457", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41815", "title": "Basis (linear algebra)", "text": "In linear algebra, a basis is a set of vectors in a given vector space with certain properties:\nThe plural of basis is bases. For any vector space formula_1, any basis of formula_1 will have the same number of vectors. This number is called the dimension of formula_1.\nExample.\nformula_4 is a basis of formula_5 as a vector space over formula_6.\nAny element of formula_5 can be written as a linear combination of the above basis. Let formula_8 be any element of formula_5 and let formula_10. Since formula_11 and formula_12 are elements of formula_6, then we can write formula_14. So formula_8 can be written as a linear combination of the elements in formula_16.\nAlso, this process would not be possible for any vector formula_8 if an element was removed from formula_16. So formula_16 is a basis for formula_5.\nThe basis formula_16 is not unique; there are infinitely many bases for formula_5. Another example of a basis would be formula_23."}
+{"id": "41817", "revid": "314538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41817", "title": "Prisoner of war", "text": "A prisoner of war (short form: POW) is a non-combatant who has been captured or surrendered by the forces of the enemy, during an armed conflict. In past centuries, prisoners had no rights. They were usually killed or forced to be slaves. Nowadays prisoners of war have rights that are stated in the Geneva Conventions and other laws of war.\nRights.\nThe Third Geneva Convention gives prisoners of war many different rights. Here are some examples:\nIf they are very sick or hurt, prisoners of war have the right to be let go. After a war ends, all prisoners must be let go quickly.\nPrisoners of war also have the right NOT to:\nNot every prisoner gets these rights.\nNot all people who are caught while fighting wars are \"prisoners of war.\" The Third Geneva Convention has a strict definition of what a prisoner of war is. For example, it says that to be \"prisoners of war,\" soldiers must:\nAccording to the Geneva Conventions, if soldiers do not meet these requirements, they are not \"prisoners of war.\" They are \"unlawful combatants\" (which means \"people who fight in ways that are against the law). This means they do NOT have the rights that are listed in the Geneva Conventions.\nThis caused controversy in the early 21st century. For example, in June 2002, the United States was fighting the War in Afghanistan. The Secretary of Defense, Donald Rumsfeld, announced that the people the U.S. had captured were \"unlawful combatants [who] do not have any rights under the Geneva Convention[s].\" The U.S. said these people were unlawful combatants, not prisoners of war, because:\nThe U.S. brought some of these people to a prison in Guant\u00e1namo Bay. Because they were enemy combatants, the inmates at Guant\u00e1namo did not get the rights that the Geneva Conventions give to prisoners of war.\nWar crimes against prisoners of war.\nWhen a country, or a group of people, does not give prisoners of war their rights, they are committing a war crime. However, punishing those war crimes has not always been easy.\nPunishing crimes.\nThe Geneva Convention lists the rights that prisoners of war have. However, there is nothing in the Geneva Convention that says how people should be punished when they do not give prisoners of war these rights.\nIn the past, when a country broke the Geneva Convention by not giving prisoners of war their rights, many different things might happen. For example, after World War II ended, the countries that won the war set up military tribunals called the Nuremberg Trials and the Tokyo Trials. At these trials, military leaders from Nazi Germany and the Empire of Japan were tried for crimes against prisoners of war (and many other things). Many of them were convicted and sentenced to death or to life in prison.\nHowever, at other times, crimes against prisoners of war might be tried in the same country where the crimes happened. This might happen before or after the war ended. Sometimes crimes against prisoners of war were not punished at all.\nThe International Criminal Court.\nIn 2002, the International Criminal Court (ICC) was created to look into war crimes around the world, and punish people for them, if possible.\nThe ICC has a long list of crimes that are defined as war crimes. Some war crimes against prisoners of war are:\nIf a country, or a group of people, commit a war crime against prisoners of war, the ICC can put them on trial and punish them if they are found guilty."}
+{"id": "41818", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41818", "title": "Jackson's chameleon", "text": "Jackson's chameleon (\"Trioceros jacksonii\"), also known as the horned chameleon, Jackson's horned chameleon, or Kikuyu three-horned chameleon, is a species of chameleon found in the forests of Kenya and Tanzania. They have been introduced to the United States and Hawaii.\nCharacteristics.\nMales.\nMales are easily recognized, they have two horns above their eyes and one horn on their nose. If males are kept together in a cage, they get stressed, and eventually die. \nFemales.\nFemales do not have horns, or if they do they are very small. Their biggest size is 15 inches. This species gives birth to live young with a gestation period of about 5-10 months."}
+{"id": "41819", "revid": "1664802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41819", "title": "Resuscitation", "text": "Resuscitation is a thing to do in a medical emergency. It is first aid which is given to a person who is unconscious, and where breathing or pulse can not be detected. It is done to make oxygen continue to reach the heart and the brain. That way, a doctor may be able to restart the heart, possibly without damaging the brain.\nThe most common cause for a stopping heart is a heart attack.\nWhat to do.\nThe person helping must:"}
+{"id": "41822", "revid": "1677208", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41822", "title": "Aubergine", "text": "The aubergine (also called eggplant or brinjal) is a plant. It is actually a fruit, but it is used like a vegetable. The plant is in the nightshade family of plants. It is related to the potato and tomato. Originally, it comes from India and Sri Lanka. The Latin/French term aubergine comes from the historical city of Vergina (\u0392\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b1) in Greece. The aubergine eggplant is estimated to have been brought to Greece around 325 BC after the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC. Discovering this new vegetable during his conquest, Alexander the Great wanted to bring it back to his country on his return. After his death, members of his army brought aubergine seeds with them to Greece and specifically to the city of Vergina (\u0392\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03af\u03bd\u03b1). The Latin/French term aubergine (au\u00b7ber\u00b7gine) (\\\u02c8\u014d-b\u0259r-\u02cczh\u0113n\\) is estimated around 1505 AD and is coined to Franco-Catalan gastronomist Sergius Rosario Silvestri, co-traveller and close friend to Amerigo Vespucci. Upon arrival to the historical site of Vergina (\u0392\u03b5\u03c1\u03b3\u03b9\u03bd\u03b1) and wanting to try the local delicacies, Silvestri came across the plant of aubergine. Not knowing its name, he referred to it as aubergine (au Bergine or au Vergine) which in French means \"at Vergina\" or \"found at Vergina\"."}
+{"id": "41823", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41823", "title": "Eggplant", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41829", "revid": "1338010", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41829", "title": "Coral Sea Islands", "text": "The Coral Sea Islands (or Coral Sea Islands Territory) is a group of islands on the Great Barrier Reef, in the country of Australia. Some islands have automatic weather stations or lighthouses on them. Willis Island is the only island where people live; four people there run a weather station. They are in the Coral Sea, northeast of Queensland."}
+{"id": "41830", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41830", "title": "Coral Sea Islands Territory", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41832", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41832", "title": "Unconscious", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41837", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41837", "title": "Pernambuco", "text": "Pernambuco is a state of Brazil. The capital city of the state is Recife. About 8 million people live in Pernambuco with 1.5 million of those living in Recife. The economy is largely based on agriculture, its main exports are sugar cane and manioc. It has a mainly tropical climate."}
+{"id": "41838", "revid": "1668368", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41838", "title": "Manioc", "text": "Manioc (or Cassava, or Yuca, especially in Latin America) is a shrub. It belongs to the Spurge family of plants and it grows in tropical climates. It is cultivated for its edible root. The manioc must be cooked properly to detoxify it before it is eaten as it contains cyanide, and can be used in dumplings, soups, stews and gravies.\nManioc is a plant grown for its big white root. The root is an important food source for people in many tropical countries. Such countries are like Africa, South America and Asia. It is a tall, shrubby plant that grows to about 4-6 meters tall. It has large green leaves. The root of the plant is long and white. It is usually about 15 centimeters wide.\nThe root of the manioc plant is rich in carbohydrates. It also contains other important nutrients, such as vitamin C and iron. 100 grams of manioc root contains around 130 calories, 30 grams of carbohydrates, 2 grams of fiber, 1.6 gram of protein, and negligible amount of fat.\nTo eat the root, it must be cleaned, peeled, and sometimes grated. It can be cooked in different ways, like fry, boil, or bake. It is used to make different foods like cakes, bread, and fufu.\nManioc is also used to make flour and other food products. The flour is gluten-free. The it can be used for baking and making different dishes. It is commonly used to thicken sauces and soups. Tapioca the popular ingredient in many dishes also made with manioc.\nPeople eat leaves of manioc as a vegetable. People also used the young shoots in salads or cooked as a green.\nHowever, it is important to note that it contains a toxic chemical called linamarin. It needs to be removed before eating. This is done by grating, soaking and cooking the root. If it's not done well, it can make sick.\nIn some places, people make a drink from the root called \"cassava beer\". Also, it is used as food for animals, and its leaves as forage.\nManioc can be grown with little care and few things, making it a good crop for small farmers. It can also be grown on the same land for a few years in a row."}
+{"id": "41839", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41839", "title": "Cassava", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41840", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41840", "title": "Yuca", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41843", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41843", "title": "Life cycle", "text": "Life cycle means the stages a living thing goes through during its life.\nIn some cases the process is slow, and the changes are gradual. Humans have various stages of growth during their lives, such as zygote, embryo, child and adult. The change from a child to an adult is slow and continuous. In many societies it is marked by ceremonies at puberty.\nIn most insects the transition is sharp and well-defined: egg > larva > pupa > imago (adult).\nDifferent generations have different forms.\nIn some animals, the parent generation looks different from the child. The most common case is that there are two different forms. One form will have sexual reproduction, the others might not reproduce, or might reproduce asexually.\nSome plants and a few other organisms have a system called \"alternation of generations\" which is not quite the same because one form is haploid and the other is dipoid.\nParasites.\nParasites are organisms that benefit from harming other organisms. The organism they profit from is usually called host. Many parasites have complex life cycles, where they need different hosts for different stages of their development. As an example, the cycle egg > snail host > mammal host is common for parasites of herbivorous mammals. Malaria is caused by single-celled parasites. These parasites go through two stages in their development. One stage is in the blood of mosquitoes, the other in the blood of humans.\nCnidaria.\nExamples of this can also be found in the Cnidaria. These animals live in the sea or in freshwater and the structure of most is relatively simple. Some live as single animals, others form colonies. In a colony, many animals live together. Often, each animal in a colony is specialized, and needs the other animals of the colony to survive.\nComplete cycle.\nA well-known example where different generations have different forms is the jellyfish. It has two: \nIn a complete cycle, the offspring of a medusa will develop into a polyp, and the offspring of a polyp will be a medusa. \nIncomplete cycle and variations.\nSometimes the cycle is modified or incomplete. Anthozoa is a group of the Cnidaria which contains sea anemones and corals. In the anthozoa, there is only a polyp stage, and no medusa stage.\nThe box jellyfish form another small group in the Cnidaria. In the box jellyfish, the polyp transforms into the medusa. In some cases, only part of the polyp transforms, the part that is left regenerates to form a new polyp. People have also talked about the box jellyfish because many of them produce poison that is very effective, and that can be dangerous to humans.\nIn the stalked jellyfish, there is only one form, which has been interpreted as a sessile medusa. "}
+{"id": "41845", "revid": "5979697", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41845", "title": "Yucca", "text": "Yucca is a family of shrubs and trees, related to the agaves. There are between 40 and 50 different kinds of Yucca. All come from the hot and dry places in North and Central America, as well as the Caribbean. \nThey have a very special way of pollination. There is an animal, the Yucca moth, which does the pollination. It also lays its eggs in the plant. The larvae will eat some of the seeds, but not all of them.\nIn many parts of the world, yuccas are grown as ornamental flowers. "}
+{"id": "41846", "revid": "11132", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41846", "title": "Pepperoncini", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41847", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41847", "title": "Herb", "text": "Herbs are plants that are grown either as a food (usually as a condiment), or because they have some use in treating diseases (or making them better), or for spiritual reasons (for example, their smell). Some herbs may act as an aphrodisiac.\nThe word herb comes from the Latin word \"herba\", meaning grass, green stalks, or blades. Botanists use the word to mean any plant with soft, succulent tissues. But many people use the word to mean only herbs with some economic value.\nHerbs are small plants that have a fleshy or juicy stem when they are young. The stems of some herbs develop hard, woody tissue when they grow old.\nMost herbs are perennials. This means that the top of each plant die each growing season, but the roots remain alive and produce new plants year after year.\nSome herbs are annuals. They live for only one growing season and must be raised from seed each year.\nUses.\nThe leaves, stems, or seeds of herbs can be used fresh, or they can be dried for later use. Dried herbs can be pounded to a fine powder, placed in airtight containers, and then stored.\nSome herbs are used in cooking to flavor foods. Others give scents to perfumes. Still others are used for medicines. Some herbs, such as balm and sage, are valued for their leaves. Saffron is picked for its buds and flowers. Fennel seeds are valuable in relishes and seasoning. Vanilla fruit pods yield vanilla flavoring. Ginseng is valued for its aromatic roots.\nGrowing herbs.\nPeople often grow herbs in their gardens. Some people grow herb gardens for the patterned beds that they can create with these plants. Many other gardeners grow herbs for the flavor that the fresh or dried plants add to food.\nHerb seeds and seedlings are inexpensive, and the plants grow easily. People who do not have enough outdoor space for herb beds can grow most kinds of herbs in containers.\nMany kinds of herbs can also be grown indoors. The plants grow well with little care. Gardeners plant herbs in good soil that has been well-cultivated. They choose a sunny spot near a window."}
+{"id": "41848", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41848", "title": "Herbs", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41856", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41856", "title": "Podcasting", "text": "Podcasting is a way to share information as digital audio files. People often subscribe, download, and share podcasts using a computer and listen to them on an MP3 player.\nMany podcasts are similar to broadcast radio news or discussion programs. Some use other formats such as a continuing story, comedy show, lecture, or audiobook.\nAs of 7 August 2022, there are at least 2,864,367 podcasts and 135,736,875 episodes.\nPodcasts can be produced by individuals, organizations, or companies, covering a wide range of topics from entertainment to education and news.\nDifferent types.\nPodcasts can be found for almost any topic. Radio programs, do-it-yourself projects, special interest groups, religious sermons, comedy sketches, cartoons, and just about anything else can be found. A podcast can be found using a podcast search engine. Once a podcast is found, it can be subscribed to, like a magazine or newspaper, and streamed or downloaded. Podcasting services are used to stream or download podcasts and listen to them. \nPodcasting has become so popular that many people who write for magazines or report news on television have also been putting out their own podcasts. Anyone can start a podcast and share their knowledge with the world with the help of different platforms that are currently available online."}
+{"id": "41865", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41865", "title": "Alexander Fleming", "text": "Sir Alexander Fleming (6 August 1881 \u2013 11 March 1955) was a Scottish biologist and pharmacologist. His father Hugh, died at 59 when Alexander was only seven. He is best known for discovering the antibiotic substance penicillin in 1928. He shared Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945 for this discovery with Howard Walter Florey and Ernst Boris Chain. His accidental finding of penicillin in the year 1928 marked the start of today's antibiotics.\nFleming was a captain in the Royal Army Medical Corps during World War I. He saw many soldiers die of infection after being wounded, and after the war did research in bacteriology. After accidentally finding penicillin he studied ways to use it. \nFleming died of a heart attack in London. He was buried in St. Paul's cathedral. "}
+{"id": "41869", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41869", "title": "Litter box", "text": "A litter box (sometimes called a sand box, a litter tray or a litter pan) is a place for cats and some other pets to use as a toilet. Litter boxes usually need to be cleaned regularly. Cats, for example, wish to have their box cleaned every two to three days. Some cats create litterboxes in places like playgrounds and sandpits. Litterboxes usually produce bad smells, which can be avoided by special litter. Many people buy a special kind of clay to fill the box, for this reason."}
+{"id": "41870", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41870", "title": "Playground", "text": "A playground is an area used by children to play in. They usually have equipment such as slides, swings and seesaws for children to play on. They are usually outside, but sometimes they are in a building. Having a playground can enhance your macadam surface and improve your kid\u2019s time in the playground.\nThe equipment may be made of metal, wood or plastic. The ground beneath the equipment will not be hard in case a child falls. It may be a rubber floor, or there may be woodchips or sand. \nPlaygrounds give children a place for physical exercise. This helps them get and keep physical fitness and be strong and healthy. Daily exercise reduces the risks of obesity. "}
+{"id": "41871", "revid": "9852068", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41871", "title": "Woodstock Festival", "text": "The Woodstock Music and Art Festival was a rock music festival at 's 600 acre (2.4 km\u00b2) dairy farm in the town of Bethel, New York from 15 to 18 August 1969. It might be the most famous rock concert and festival ever held. For many, it showed the counterculture of the 1960s and the \"hippie era\".\nMany of the most famous musicians at the time showed up during the rainy weekend, as can be seen in a 1970 movie, \"Woodstock\". Joni Mitchell's song \"Woodstock\", about the event, also became a major hit song for Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young. In recent years, a number of attempts were made to recreate it, but the original Woodstock festival of 1969 has proven to be legendary.\nThe festival was called \"Woodstock\", because the investment group that backed the concert was called \"Woodstock Ventures.\" It was originally planned for Saugerties, and then the Town of Wallkill, in Orange County (not to be confused with the Hamlet of Wallkill, in Ulster county). People in the Town of Wallkill, meaning those on the Town Board, quickly passed a law that required a permit to hold any gathering for over 5,000 people. A permit was applied for, but it was denied because the portable toilets proposed were considered to be inadequate. A Sullivan County farmer named Max Yasgur heard about the festival and the problems and offered his farm in the Town of Bethel. He was paid $10,000 for the three days.\nAlthough all the municipalities were told there would be no more than 50,000, the organizers thought they would get as many as 150,000, and by best counts, there were more than three times that number over the three days. Most did not pay to get in, and the festival lost money as a result. The roads to the concert were jammed with traffic. People left their cars and walked for miles to get to the concert area. The weekend was rainy and overcrowded, and fans shared food, alcoholic drinks, and drugs. Some people who lived there, including those at nearby Camp Ma-Ho-Ge, gave blankets and food to some concert-goers.\nAfter two days of rain, there was deep mud in many places. There was almost no water for washing, and not enough toilets. Many of the concert-goers had brought small tents to sleep in; some of these turned into piles of cloth and mud. Even though this may not have been the most comfortable place, the crowd kept up kindness and good cheer among themselves. As the half-million people in the audience became aware of this, a warm feeling of friendship spread to everyone.\nSome of the music stars of Woodstock were The Who and Jimi Hendrix. Because of arguments about getting paid, The Who did not play on the stage until about 4:00 in the morning. One part of The Who's show was the song \"See Me, Feel Me\", when the sun rose just as lead singer Roger Daltrey started to sing the chorus. When The Who was still playing, Abbie Hoffman jumped on the stage stopping the show, and tried to stir up the crowd with political slogans, but he was knocked off the stage by the guitar of the band's leader, Pete Townshend, to the delight of the audience. At the end of The Who's set, Townshend slammed his guitar into the stage and threw it into the crowd. This helped set up The Who as super-stars, and caused their album \"Tommy\" to sell multi-platinum.\nJimi Hendrix had a big show with the songs he played, including a new version of \"The Star Spangled Banner\". The song caused some disagreements, because the Vietnam War was going on, and the sounds that Hendrix made with his guitar were like the sounds of the violence of the war. Fans remember these two acts as some of the greatest in rock history, although both The Who and Hendrix thought of their performances as not the best.\nWoodstock was put on by Michael Lang, Artie Kornfeld, John Roberts and Joel Rosenman. Roberts was the financer, backed by a trust fund; his friend Rosenman, a graduate of Yale Law, was an amateur guitarist. Their friends were Kornfeld, vice-president at Capitol Records, and Michael Lang. Lang was a light-hearted hippie who had owned a head shop, and hoped to build a studio in the Woodstock area to serve singers such as Bob Dylan and Janis Joplin, who had homes nearby. When Lang and Kornfeld told the idea to Rosenman and Roberts, Rosenman got the idea of a rock concert with the same musicians. They picked the slogan \"Three Days of Peace and Music\". They hired artist Arnold Skolnick to design the artwork for the poster with the bird. It wasn't until years later, after the release of the 3-LP album and the documentary-like movie that the original investors began to recoup their investment.\nIn 1997, the concert place and 1,400 surrounding acres were bought by Alan Gerry, and have become the Bethel Woods Center for the Arts. It opened on July 1, 2006 with the New York Philharmonic playing. On August 13, 2006, Crosby Stills Nash & Young amazed 16,000 fans at the new Center\u2014exactly 37 years after they played at Woodstock."}
+{"id": "41872", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41872", "title": "Woodstock", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41873", "revid": "36199", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41873", "title": "Phishing", "text": "Phishing is a way that people get sensitive information such as usernames or passwords. It is a method of social engineering. Very often, phishing is done by electronic mail. This mail looks as if it comes from a bank or other trusted company. It usually says that because of some change in the system, the users need to re-enter their usernames/passwords to confirm their identity. The emails usually have a link to a page that looks like that of the real bank. \nPhishing allows criminals to get access to bank accounts or other accounts. Types of accounts that are often accessed include shopping, auction or gaming accounts. It can also be used for identity theft.\nMost forms of phishing have not had much change over the lifetime of the Internet. During this time, some phishing tactics have gotten much more sophisticated. For example, many phishing techniques via e-mail involve spoofing the email address and creating emails that look just like emails sent from the real company. Not all phishing attempts do this, however. \nPhishing can also be done over text using instant messaging apps such as Facebook Messenger or WhatsApp. It can even be done using snail mail. If someone gets a text from an unknown number that tells them to visit a specific website for any reason, it might be a phishing link.\nFilter evasion.\nSome people who do this started using images of text to make it harder for anti-phishing filters to see it. This can work because the filters look for words often used in phishing emails/messages. However, better filters have been invented that can still read the text using\u00a0OCR (optical character recognition).\nSome anti-phishing filters can even read cursive, hand-written, upside-down, distorted (for example, wavy or stretched) text, as well as writing on colored backgrounds."}
+{"id": "41874", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41874", "title": "Edward Heath", "text": "Sir Edward Richard George Heath (9 July 1916\u00a0\u2013 17 July 2005), often known as Ted Heath, was a British Conservative politician. He was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1970 until 1974. Heath was also the leader of the Conservative Party from 1965 until 1975.\nHeath was educated at Balliol College, Oxford.\nIn 1937, as a student when he was travelling in Nuremberg, Heath met three of Adolf Hitler's top Nazi leaders Hermann Goering, Joseph Goebbels and Heinrich Himmler. He described Himmler as the most evil man he had ever met. Heath also travelled to Barcelona in Spain in 1938 at the time of the Spanish Civil War. In 1939, Heath went again to Germany, and returned to Britain before the outbreak of World War II.\nHeath was a lifelong bachelor. He never married. His sexual orientation was a matter of dispute during his lifetime, and since. There were rumours that he was gay. Heath never spoke about his sexuality.\nHe was also a classical organist and conductor and a sailor.\nIn August 2015, ten years after his death, it was claimed that five police forces were investigating Heath about allegations of child sexual abuse. Writing in \"The Independent\", Heath's biographer John Campbell said: \"If he had any inclinations that way he would have repressed them; he was too self-controlled and self-contained to do anything that would have risked his career\".\nEarly life.\nEdward Heath was from a working class family, the son of a carpenter and a maid. He was the first of two important post-World War II prime ministers to come from the lower ranks of society (the other being Margaret Thatcher). Heath went to a grammar school in Ramsgate, and won a scholarship to Balliol College, Oxford. Heath was a talented musician, and won the college's organ scholarship in his first term. This enabled him to stay at the university for a fourth year. He eventually graduated with in philosophy, politics and economics (PPE) in 1939.\nHeath served in the army in WWII, starting as a second lieutenant in the Royal Artillery. In 1944 he took part in the Normandy Landings. Heath was eventually demobilised (left the army) as a lieutenant-colonel in 1947.\nAfter a spell in the Civil Service, Heath won a seat as Member of Parliament (MP) for Bexley in the February 1950 general election.\nPolitical career.\nHeath's early appointments were as a whip in the Conservative Party in the House of Commons. He rose to be Chief Whip and Parliamentary Secretary to the Treasury from 1955 to 1959. Harold Macmillan appointed him Minister of Labour, a Cabinet post, in 1959.\nIn 1960 Macmillan gave Heath responsibility for negotiating the UK's first attempt to join the European Economic Community (as the European Union was then called). After extensive negotiations, the British entry was vetoed by the French President, Charles de Gaulle.\nFrom 1965 to 1970 Heath was Leader of the Opposition when the Labour Party were in power. Then he was elected Prime Minister in the General Election of 1970.\nDuring his premiership the UK government passed through parliament some quite radical changes.\nCurrency and metrication.\nSince Anglo-Saxon times, the currency of England (and so later the UK) was based on the pound sterling, at a rate of 240 pence to \u00a31. On 15 February 1971, known as Decimal Day, the United Kingdom and Ireland decimalised their currencies.\nThis change had many consequences, but it was eventually accepted by most people. It was an expensive change. Not only was the whole of the currency in circulation changed, but many mechanical gadgets also had to be changed. Every cash register in the country, every commercial machine which took coins, every public notices of monetary charges, and so on.\nThe other change, which happened at roughly the same time, was metrication of the old imperial system of weights and measures. This idea dated to before Heath, and was continued after him by the next Labour government. It was never fully completed. Speed limits are still in miles per hour, and measurements of length are still in traditional yards, feet and inches, with metric as an alternative. Once again, the changes were hugely expensive. It meant an almost complete retooling in the machine tool industry.\nIt was mainly done because joining the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1973 obliged the United Kingdom to take into its law all EEC directives. These included the use of a prescribed SI-based set of units for many purposes within five years. However, metric measures are not much used in everyday life in the UK.\nJoining Europe.\nHeath took the United Kingdom into Europe with the European Communities Act 1972 in October.\nOnce de Gaulle had left office, Heath was determined to get the UK into the (then) European Economic Community. The EEC economy had also slowed down and British membership was seen as a way to revitalise it. After a 12-hour talk between Heath and French President Georges Pompidou Britain's third application succeeded.\nEnd of his premiership.\nHeath failed to control the power of the unions. Two miners' strikes damaged the economy. The 1974 strike caused much of the country's industry to work a three-day week to conserve energy. That was enough for the electorate to put the government out of office. The loss of the 1974 general election ended Heath's career at the top. The Conservative Party replaced him with Margaret Thatcher.\nOther interests.\nHeath never married. He had been expected to marry childhood friend Kay Raven, who reportedly tired of waiting and married an RAF officer whom she met on holiday in 1950. In a four-sentence paragraph of his memoirs, Heath claimed that he had been too busy establishing a career after the war and had \"perhaps ... taken too much for granted\". In a 1998 TV interview with Michael Cockerell, Heath admitted that he had kept her photograph in his flat for many years afterwards.\nHis interest in music kept him on friendly terms with a number of female musicians including Moura Lympany. Lympany had thought Heath would marry her, but when asked about the most intimate thing he had done, replied, \"He put his arm around my shoulder.\" Bernard Levin wrote at the time in \"The Observer\", forgetting two other prime ministers who were bachelors with no known romantic interests, that the UK had to wait until the emergence of the permissive society for a prime minister who was a virgin. In later life, according to his official biographer Philip Ziegler, Heath was \"apt to relapse into morose silence or completely ignore the woman next to him and talk across her to the nearest man\".\nJohn Campbell, who published a biography of Heath in 1993, devoted four pages to a discussion of the evidence concerning Heath's sexuality. Whilst acknowledging that Heath was often assumed by the public to be gay, not least because it is \"nowadays ... whispered of any bachelor\" he found \"no positive evidence\" that this was so \"except for the faintest unsubstantiated rumour\". Campbell concluded that the most significant aspect of Heath's sexuality was his complete repression of it."}
+{"id": "41877", "revid": "16647", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41877", "title": "Litter trays", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41878", "revid": "8121298", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41878", "title": "One Magic Christmas", "text": "One Magic Christmas is a 1985 Christmas movie released by Walt Disney Pictures, starring Harry Dean Stanton and Mary Steenburgen. The other cast is Gany Basaraba, Elisabeth Harnois, Arthur Hill, Wayne Robson, Elias Koteas, Michelle Meyrink, Sarah Polley.\nThe genre of this movie is family, drama, fantasy movie. The director is Phillip Borsos."}
+{"id": "41880", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41880", "title": "Wojty\u0142a", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41881", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41881", "title": "Ugly Duckling", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41882", "revid": "10495", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41882", "title": "HBP", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41883", "revid": "1498485", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41883", "title": "Kidney failure", "text": "Kidney failure (also called renal failure) is a term used to describe when a person's kidneys stop working (functioning) properly, or fail. Kidney failure can be divided into two categories: chronic renal failure, and acute renal failure.\nChronic renal failure.\nChronic renal failure develops slowly, and there are not many noticeable symptoms at first. Chronic kidney disease causes tropinin levels (tropinin T only, in chronic kidney disease) to rise and elevation is less marked. \nChronic renal failure can be a sign of other diseases, like IgA nephritis, glomerulonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis, and urinary retention. \nChronic renal failure will eventually develop into end-stage renal failure if it is left untreated. End-stage renal failure can only be treated with dialysis or a kidney transplant.\nAcute renal failure.\nAcute renal failure develops in a short time, and symptoms are more noticeable. Signs and symptoms include:\nThe cause of acute renal failure needs to be found quickly. Dialysis is often needed to prevent permanent damage to the body while the cause is being found.\nAcute-on-chronic renal failure.\nIt is possible to have acute renal failure on top of chronic renal failure. This is called \"acute-on-chronic renal failure.\""}
+{"id": "41884", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41884", "title": "Renal failure", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41888", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41888", "title": "Foxtrot (disambiguation)", "text": "Foxtrot has several meanings."}
+{"id": "41892", "revid": "8689922", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41892", "title": "Raoult's law", "text": "Raoult's law states that the vapour pressure of a binary solution containing a non-volatile solute is directly related to the mole fraction of solvent (i.e. volatile) in the solution.\nAlso, it states that the vapour pressure of each component in a binary solution containing volatile components is directly related to its respective mole fraction in the solution.\nRelative going-down of vapour pressure is equal to mole fraction of non volatile and non-electrolytic solute. This is known as Raoult's law.\nP-P(INITIAL)/P(INITIAL)=n(SOLUTE)/n(SOLVENT)"}
+{"id": "41895", "revid": "19297", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41895", "title": "Syonan-to", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41896", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41896", "title": "Nippon-go", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41897", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41897", "title": "E2", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41900", "revid": "1633172", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41900", "title": "Overdose", "text": "An overdose is when someone takes too much of a certain drug. This may be done voluntarily (as an attempt of suicide) or involuntarily (accidentally). The drug may be a drug taken to treat some medical condition, or it may be a drug taken for recreation. Overdoses are considered to be poisoning, usually. They may lead to death, depending on the drug used.\nWhat to do with people who had an overdose.\nIf someone is thought to have had an overdose it is important to get them to a doctor, or hospital. It can be very hard to see what kind of drug was taken. Therefore, it can be hard for the doctor to find an antidote to give. For this reason, a packet (even if it is empty) of the drug should be taken. "}
+{"id": "41901", "revid": "1541887", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41901", "title": "Kargil War", "text": "The Kargil War also known as the Kargil conflict, was a war fought between Indian armed forces and Pakistan Army in 1999. Pakistani regiments involved in the Kargil War were Northern Light Infantry, Sind regiment, Azad Kashmir regiment, Baloch Regiment, Gilgit Scouts, Chitral Scouts, Bajaur Scouts, troops from Special Service Group, Regiment of Artillery. The Pakistan Army also used artillery support from Pakistan Occupied Kashmir.\nBeginning.\nIt took place between May and July 1999 in the Kargil district of Kashmir and along the Line of Control, starting on 3rd of may 1999. The cause of the war was a series of events that worsened the already existing Indo-Pakistani relations. India had violated agreements concerning the Kashmir conflict before. In Jammu and Kashmir, the Line of Control resulting from the cease-fire of December 17, 1971, shall be respected by both sides without prejudice to the recognized position of either side. Both sides refrain from the threat of use of force in violation of this Line.\"\" India's move into Siachen in 1984 was a flagrant violation of this agreement. It had breached the agreement of LOC by perpetuating aggression in Neelum Valley as well and finally in Kargil. To put a stop to India's actions, the Pakistan army went on, although without proper coordination with its government. Pakistan clearly did not win the war militarily as well as politically and diplomatically. However, confusions still remain to this day as to who won the war but based on military action alone it was a decisive victory for India as India successfully regained most of the intruded territory and was also successful in pushing back both Pakistani and Pakistani based militants back on the other side of LoC. Pakistani soldiers and Pakistan backed militants got into areas on the Indian side of the Line of Control to occupy military posts vacated in the winter. India responded by launching a military and diplomatic offensive to drive out the Pakistani forces. The Indian Army launched a number of patrols to the area to estimate the extent of the infiltration. The Indian Army recaptured majority of the positions on the Indian side of the LOC within two months of the conflict according to official count, an estimated 75%\u201380% of the intruded area and nearly all high ground was back under Indian control while Pakistan lost all control over the Kargil area due to orders to withdraw from the Kargil area. Fearing large-scale increase in seriousness in the military conflict, the international community, led by the United States, increased diplomatic pressure on Pakistan to withdraw forces from remaining Indian territory.\" The Pakistani casualties in the war were around 400 while the Indian casualties during the conflict stood at more than 587 soldiers.\"\"\nEnd.\nPakistan lost the Kargil War. The conflict officially came to an end on July 26, with India regaining its earlier hold on Kargil.\nThe Kargil war is one of the most recent examples of high-altitude warfare in mountainous terrain. \nLosses.\nAccording to the neutral claims Pakistan suffered from 400 casualties and India suffered from 600 killed and 1,800 wounded as well as 2 aircraft destroyed and 1 helicopter."}
+{"id": "41902", "revid": "18539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41902", "title": "Estate", "text": "Estate could mean:"}
+{"id": "41904", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41904", "title": "Shock (circulatory)", "text": "A person is in shock when blood is not sufficient to bring oxygen to the brain. The shock is progressive and can be deadly if it is not quickly made well.\nThe normal first aid action is the \"Trendelenburg position\", the person is lying face upward, with legs lifted. The blood is forced to flow to the brain."}
+{"id": "41905", "revid": "680", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41905", "title": "Hip Hop", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41912", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41912", "title": "Hillel Sloavk", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41913", "revid": "1673565", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41913", "title": "David Lloyd George", "text": "David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd-George of Dwyfor, (17 January 1863 \u2013 26 March 1945) was the British Prime Minister during the last half of the First World War. He was Prime Minister for six years, between 1916 and 1922.\nEarly life.\nLloyd George was born in Chorlton-on-Medlock, Manchester, Lancashire, England to Welsh parents. His father, who died before he was two years old, was a teacher and a farmer. When Lloyd George was young, he lived with his mother and his brother. When he was 21, he became a lawyer and opened an office in the back of his brother's house.\nPolitical career.\nLloyd George's law practice was a success. Shortly after opening it, Lloyd George became interested in politics. He began working with the Liberal Party. He was elected as a Member of Parliament (MP) on 13 April 1890. Lloyd George would serve as an MP until 1945. In the House of Commons, Lloyd George worked to promote Welsh issues, fought against the Boer War and campaigned for education reform.\nIn 1905, Lloyd George was selected to become a cabinet minister. He served as President of the Board of Trade (1905\u20131908) and Chancellor of the Exchequer (1908\u20131915). After the First World War started, he held the positions of Minister of Munitions (1915) and War Secretary (1916).\nBy the end of 1916, the war was going badly for the British. Lloyd George gathered together a coalition (a type of political team) of Liberal and Conservative MPs to form a new government. On 5 December 1916, Prime Minister Herbert Asquith resigned, and Lloyd George took his place. Lloyd George's government introduced conscription (forcing men to join the armed forces) and rationing (placing limits on the amount of goods that people can buy) by the end of the war.\nAfter the war, Lloyd George represented Britain at the Paris Peace Conference and helped create the Irish Free State. By 1922, Lloyd George's coalition was breaking apart. In October 1922, the Conservative Party, led by Andrew Bonar Law, won the election. Lloyd George remained an MP, however, until 1945.\nIn 1945, he was given the titles Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor and Viscount Gwynedd. He was to take a seat in the House of Lords, but he died before he could do so."}
+{"id": "41927", "revid": "974", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41927", "title": "Big Ben", "text": "Big Ben is the nickname of a bell that hangs in the clock tower at the northern end of the Houses of Parliament in Westminster, London, England. Officially, the tower itself is called Elizabeth Tower. It was previously known as just the Clock Tower, but was renamed in September 2012 as a tribute to the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. However, most people, including those that live in London, call the tower \"Big Ben\" because it is very large.\nDesigned by Edmund Beckett Denison, the clock took 13 years to build and it was completed in 1859. It has worked continuously since then except for a few months in 1976 when it broke down and had to be fixed.\nBig Ben is one of England\u2019s best-known landmarks. Some believe it got its name from Sir Benjamin Hall. The Elizabeth Tower which it is located in has become one of the most prominent symbols of the United Kingdom and is often in the\u00a0establishing shot\u00a0of films set in London.\nIn August 2017, repair work commenced on the clock, which was intended to take four years. However, Big Ben did not resume regular service until November 2022. For the safety of those doing the repair work, Big Ben no longer rang out every hour during construction. It was still heard on special occasions, such as the New Year and Remembrance Day.\nDescription.\nThe Elizabeth Tower is over high and the turret clock mechanism that drives the clock alone weighs about 5 tons (5.08 tonnes). The clock on it has four faces that are in diameter, making it one of the largest in the world for a clock that chimes and strikes every hour. The figures on the clock face are about long and the minute spaces are long. There are, however, clocks with much bigger faces that Big Ben. One of these is the Abraj Al Bait, a hotel in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Its faces are more than ten times bigger than Big Ben.\nThe bell known as Big Ben weighs 13 tons and is the biggest of the five bells in the Elizabeth Tower. Big Ben only sounds at the top of every hour, and at that time it rings once for every hour (for example, it rings three times at 3 o'clock). The other four bells in the tower are smaller and play a short melody every 15 minutes. This melody, which is broadcasted live on BBC Radio 4 at 6 pm and midnight every day, can be heard in many other clocks around the world and is called the Westminster Chimes.\nThe bells are struck by hammers that are connected to the clock mechanism, which is powered by large weights that are wound three times a week. It does not use any electricity except for winding and to light the faces so that the clock could be seen when it is dark."}
+{"id": "41931", "revid": "9154500", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41931", "title": "Strontium", "text": "Strontium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Sr. It has the atomic number 38. It is a metal. The color of the metal is silver-white or yellow-silver. The metal is soft, and highly reactive chemically. \nIn chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the alkaline earth metals. Strontium has a high chemical reactivity. The metal turns yellow when exposed to air. Strontium has properties similar to those of its two vertical neighbors in the periodic table, calcium and barium. \nIt is found naturally in the minerals celestite and strontianite. The 90Sr isotope is present in radioactive fallout and has a half-life of 28.9 years.\nStrontium forms salts which make a red flame when they burn. They are used in flares for signalling the position of survivors or shipwrecks and to make the red color in fireworks.\nIt is named after the village of Strontian, Scotland. "}
+{"id": "41932", "revid": "9135620", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41932", "title": "Alkaline earth metal", "text": "The alkaline earth metals are the second group of metals on the periodic table. They are related to the Alkali metals, but they do not react as much because they need more energy to remove their two electrons, so they do not have to be stored in petrol.As ions they have a charge of +2a. The alkaline earth metals are mostly silver colored, soft metals, which react readily with \"halogens\" and water to form salts, though not as rapidly as some of the alkali metals, to form\" alkaline hydroxides\". Many \"prokatates and hantates\" can be found in the crust of these metals\nThe alkaline earth metals are: Beryllium (Be), Magnesium (Mg), Calcium (Ca), Strontium (Sr), Barium (Ba), and radium (Ra). \nBeryllium is very brittle metal that is used in gemstones.\nMagnesium is used in making steel alloys.\nCalcium can be used in dairy products like milk.\nStrontium is used for making glass for TVs and to make fireworks red.\nBarium is used in fireworks to turn them green.\nRadium is a very radioactive metal used in glowing watches."}
+{"id": "41934", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41934", "title": "Dag Hammarskj\u00f6ld", "text": "Dag Hammarskjold (Swedish: Dag Hjalmar Agne Carl Hammarskj\u00f6ld) (29 July 1905 \u2013 18 September 1961) was a Swedish diplomat and the second Secretary-General of the United Nations. He served as Secretary-General from April 1953 until his death in a plane crash in what is now Zambia, on 18 September 1961. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize after his death in 1961."}
+{"id": "41935", "revid": "9115995", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41935", "title": "My Belarusy", "text": "\"My Bie\u0142arusy\" (, meaning \"We Belarusians\") is the national anthem of Belarus. The song's music, which was composed by Nie\u015bcier Saka\u0142owski, is the same as that of the anthem used when the country was part of the former Soviet Union. The words of the song were written by Micha\u015b Klimkovi\u0107 and U\u0142adzimir Karyzna. This song became the country's national anthem in 2002."}
+{"id": "41942", "revid": "9768652", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41942", "title": "Yorkshire pudding", "text": "Yorkshire pudding is a British food, a baked pudding made from a batter of eggs, flour, and milk or water. It is usually served with roast meat and vegetables."}
+{"id": "41947", "revid": "4172", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41947", "title": "Extraterrestrial life", "text": "Extraterrestrial life is life that is not from the planet Earth. It is also called alien life or just extraterrestrials or aliens. The word Terra in Latin refers to our planet - Earth. Thus, extraterrestrial life refers to the life forms not originating on or from the planet Earth.\nIt is reasonable to say that planets rather like ours exist, and that life might evolve there also. So far, none has been found, though it is possible that life once existed on Mars. It is not a new idea. Some philosophers have speculated on the existence of other planets like ours, with the idea that what happened here could also happen there. One thing we do know is that many other star systems have exoplanets.\nSearches like SETI have been made for signals from extraterrestrial life-forms. No clear signals from outer space have been detected yet.\nIn fiction.\nAlien life is commonly seen in Science fiction and some Fantasy. Aliens in fiction are frequently shown as looking a lot like humans, but some authors have created much stranger aliens. H.P. Lovecraft, Kurt Vonnegut, and H.G. Wells all wrote about aliens that look very different than humans.\nIn religion.\nSome religions believe in aliens and may treat them like divine beings in other religions. Examples are Ra\u00eblism, Scientology and the Heaven's Gate cult, who killed themselves because they thought it would allow their souls to go to an alien spaceship.\nIn pseudoscience.\nSome people think that UFOs are alien spacecraft, or claim to have seen alien life on Earth. They may even claim they were kidnapped by aliens, who are often said to have big black eyes and grey skin. There is no good evidence for these claims and most scientists consider them Pseudoscience or Urban legends."}
+{"id": "41949", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41949", "title": "Extraterrestrial being", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41951", "revid": "10493644", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41951", "title": "Christian Apologetics and Research Ministry", "text": "Christian Apologetics Research Ministry (CARM) is a religious organization that was created in 1995 by Matt Slick. It is an internet apologetics ministry. It writes things against what he considers cults. On the CARM website there is a chat room and internet forum. This lets people to talk to other people about things related to CARM and its teachings. On the CARM website there is a theology and apologetics school that is online. There is a cost to join the school. Matt Slick also has the website The Calvinist Corner."}
+{"id": "41953", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41953", "title": "CARM", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41956", "revid": "1665638", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41956", "title": "Loo", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41958", "revid": "1142876", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41958", "title": "Gothic", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41960", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41960", "title": "Etcetra", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41961", "revid": "9557869", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41961", "title": "Companies", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41971", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41971", "title": "Autistic", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41974", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41974", "title": "Mum", "text": ""}
+{"id": "41981", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41981", "title": "American University of Beirut", "text": "The American University of Beirut (AUB; ) is the first American university to be built in Beirut, Lebanon. Its old name was the Syrian Protestant College, and it was built in the year 1866. The name was changed to American University of Beirut on November 18, 1920."}
+{"id": "41983", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41983", "title": "Caliph", "text": "A caliph is a Muslim monarch who claims to be a successor to the Islamic prophet Muhammad, the founder of the Muslim Arab rule in the 7th century. Their rule is called a caliphate. Some Caliphs were appointed by a Shura council.\nSome of the early leaders of the Muslim community following Muhammad's (570\u2013632) death called themselves \"Khalifat Allah\", meaning \"representative of God\". But the other title of \"Khalifat rasul Allah\", meaning the successor to the prophet of God, became the common title. Some academics write the term as \"Khal\u012bf\".\nCaliphs were often also called \"Am\u012br al-Mu'min\u012bn\" (), \"leader of the Muslims\". This title has since been shortened to \"emir\". It is also found as a personal name in some countries.\nAfter the first four caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, and Ali ibn Abi Talib), the title was used by the Umayyads, the Abbasids, and the Ottomans, as well as by other dynasties in Southern Pakistan, Spain, Northern Africa, and Egypt. Most historical Muslim rulers simply titled themselves sultans or emirs, and the caliph himself often had very little real authority. The title was not used after the Republic of Turkey abolished the Ottoman caliphate in 1924."}
+{"id": "42001", "revid": "8754683", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42001", "title": "Bensheim", "text": "Bensheim is a city in Hesse, Germany. It is at the edge of the Odenwald and near to the river Rhine. It had 39,642 inhabitants in 2005 and is the biggest city of the Bergstra\u00dfe district.\nIndustry.\nEconomically it is in an area where wine grapes are grown. Many small businesses in the areas such as electronics, software development or services can be found.\nThe city has also factories/offices of Sirona former known as Siemens, Tyco International, Akzo Nobel , Suzuki and SAP SI .\nBensheim-Auerbach - F\u00fcrstenlager State Park.\nThe \u201dF\u00fcrstenlager\u201d near Bensheim-Auerbach are simple buildings built like a village around the Good Well in the middle of a landscaped park. Its owners sought the peace of a rural idyll far removed from the court.\nNeighbouring communities and areas.\nTo the West, Bensheim borders Lorsch and Einhausen; to the North Zwingenberg; to the East Lautertal; and to the South Heppenheim.\nIt is also known for its good traffic connections to other nearby cities. In the North Darmstadt and Frankfurt am Main; in the East Worms; and in the South Heidelberg, Mannheim and Ludwigshafen are all within an hour's drive."}
+{"id": "42034", "revid": "1039498", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42034", "title": "False prophet", "text": "A false prophet is a person who claims to be a true prophet but really is not. A false prophet is also someone who uses prophecy to do evil. The term is also used outside religion to describe someone who zealously promotes a theory considered by the speaker as false.\nChristianity.\nIn Christianity, false prophets are thought of as being inspired by Satan, or the Devil. False prophets are the opposite of prophets. False prophets try to deceive people and bring them away from god. They use false information to lead people away from god. There are many false prophets in the Bible."}
+{"id": "42036", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42036", "title": "Paul Dirac", "text": "Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac, OM (August 8, 1902 in Bristol \u2013 October 20, 1984 in Tallahassee) was an English physicist.\nDirac's father came from the French-speaking part of Switzerland.\nDirac worked out a formulation of quantum mechanics, which includes Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger's wave mechanics and Werner Heisenberg's matrix mechanics in 1926. In 1928 he found the Dirac equation and he found out that spin in quantum mechanics is an effect of relativity. The Dirac equation allowed Dirac to predict the existence of antimatter, which is the opposite of matter.\nIn 1933 he won the Nobel Prize in Physics.\nDirac was the Lucasian Professor of Mathematics chair at Cambridge University from 1932 until his retirement in 1969. He was Professor of Physics at Florida State University from 1972 until his death in 1984."}
+{"id": "42038", "revid": "1429636", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42038", "title": "Emperor of Japan", "text": "The Emperor of Japan is the head of state of Japan, The monarch is the symbol of the Japanese nation and the unity of its people. \nIn the Japanese constitutional monarchy, the emperor does not have any political power. In world politics, he is the only current emperor.\nThe current emperor is his Majesty emperor Naruhito. He has been on the Chrysanthemum Throne since his father Akihito abdicated in 2019.\nThe amount of power belonging to the emperor of Japan has changed a lot throughout Japanese history. The Emperor of Japan has sometimes been a cleric with mostly symbolic powers and sometimes an actual ruler. Some believe that the emperor is descended from gods. \nSince the mid-1800s, the Imperial Palace has been located on the former site of Edo Castle \uff08\u6c5f\u6238\u57ce\uff09in the heart of Tokyo. Earlier emperors lived in Kyoto for nearly eleven centuries.\nOrigin.\nThe earliest monarch listed as an emperor who is believed by historians to have existed in history was Emperor Ojin.\nThe imperial dynasty that rules Japan today began as a local kingship in Central Japan in the 500s. It slowly increased its power over its neighbors. This led to a more centralized state made up of almost all of the central areas of what is now Japan. The remote areas were outside its borders.\nCurrent role of Emperor.\nThe emperor's role is defined in Chapter I of the 1947 Constitution of Japan. \nThe emperor of Japan has no reserve powers.\nWhile the emperor does serve as head of state, many people question if the emperor is a true monarch in a political sense. Efforts in the 1950s by conservative powers to change the constitution to actually name the emperor as head of state were rejected. Regardless, the emperor does do all the diplomatic functions of a head of state and is recognized as one by foreign powers.\nSuccession of Emperor.\nSuccession is now controlled by laws passed by the Japanese Diet. The current law does not let females take the throne. A change to this law was considered until Princess Kiko gave birth to a son.\nUntil the birth of a son to Prince Akishino on September 6, 2006, there was a potential succession problem. No male child had been born into the imperial family since Prince Akishino in 1965. Following the birth of Princess Aiko, some felt they needed to change the current Imperial Household Law to allow women to succeed to the throne. In January 2005 Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi created a group of judges, university professors, and civil servants to study the problem.\nOn October 25, 2005 they recommended changing the law to allow females of the male line of imperial descent to ascend the Japanese throne. On January 20, 2006, Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi made an announcement that they would change the law to allow women to ascend the throne. However, after finding out that Princess Kiko was pregnant with her third child, Koizumi decided to wait. Her son, Prince Hisahito, is the third in line to the throne under the current law of succession.\nAddressing and Naming.\nNaming the emperors of Japan is difficult because of differences between Japan and the Western world. The Japanese use \"{name} tenn\u014d\" (for the past emperors) or \"Kinj\u014d Heika\" (\u4eca\u4e0a\u965b\u4e0b\uff09 for the current one). Problems occur because emperors are named \"{name} tenn\u014d\" after their death.\nSome Japanese once thought it was rude to call a person of noble rank by their given names. This belief is not commonly followed today, but still used for the imperial family. The current emperor on the throne is almost always referred to simply as \"Tenn\u014d Heika\" (\u5929\u7687\u965b\u4e0b, lit. \"His Majesty the Emperor\") or formally as Kinj\u014d Heika (\u4eca\u4e0a\u965b\u4e0b).\nIn English, the recent emperors are called by their personal names.\nFor example, the previous emperor is usually called Hirohito in English, but after his death he was renamed \"Sh\u014dwa Tenn\u014d\" and is now only called by this name in Japanese. However, when he was in power, he was never called Hirohito or \"Sh\u014dwa Tenn\u014d\" in Japanese. Rather, he was simply called \"Tenn\u014d Heika\" (meaning \"His Majesty the Emperor\")."}
+{"id": "42041", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42041", "title": "Pipe (smoke)", "text": "A pipe is a tool that people use to smoke tobacco and other drugs. Pipe smokers do not usually breathe in the smoke. They let it go into their mouths and then exhale it. Pipe smoking is not a healthy alternative to cigarette smoking.\nTypes of pipes.\nTobacco pipes are used to smoke tobacco. In some Middle Eastern countries, people smoke tobacco with water pipes, which cool the smoke in water. Different types of pipes are also used to smoke marijuana, hashish, and crack cocaine. Some people who smoke marijuana or hashish use a special water pipe called a bong.\nNative American tobacco pipes had two parts: a stone bowl and a wooden stem. Japanese \"kiseru\" pipes have a metal bowl and mouth piece with a wooden stem. Arabian \"midwakh\" pipes may be made from different materials. European tobacco pipes have been made from clay, tree root wood, meerschaum stone or even maize cobs.\nPipes to smoke opium may have clay or metal bowls with a wooden stem. Pipes for marijuana or hashish may be metal, wood or glass. Pipes to smoke other drugs may also be made of glass.\nHistory.\nPipes were first used by Native Americans in religious ceremonies. When the English came to North America, they tried pipe smoking and liked it. They sent tobacco back to England."}
+{"id": "42042", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42042", "title": "Thomas Tallis", "text": "Thomas Tallis (born c.1505; died Greenwich November 23 1585) was the most important English composer of his generation.\nWe know very little about Tallis\u2019s youth. He may have started his career as organist at Dover and then Waltham Abbey. After the Dissolution of the monasteries he had a job at Canterbury Cathedral for a short time. He was soon made a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal. He had a job in the royal household until his death. He worked for four monarchs: Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary Tudor and Elizabeth I.\nTallis was an organist and composer. He had to write music for the royal chapels. He was given the lease of a big house in Kent and a salary of \u00a391 12s a year (12s is 60p in modern money). That was a very good salary in those days. In 1575, Queen Elizabeth I gave Tallis and William Byrd a licence which meant they were the only people allowed to print and publish music in England (music printing was a very new invention at the time). Tallis owned a house in Greenwich where he died in 1585.\nIn the early 16th century church music was often very polyphonic. Voices imitated one another and sang different things at the same time. Tallis wrote church music which was much simpler. In a lot of his music the choir sing homophonic music instead of using the older polyphony. For a short time, during the reign of the Catholic Mary Tudor, polyphonic music was in fashion again. This was the time when Tallis wrote an antiphon \u201cGaude gloriosa Dei mater\u201d and a mass musical setting|mass \u201cPuer natus est nobis\u201d. These two works are once more very complicated polyphonic works. After that his works become simpler once more, but he was always keen to try out new ideas from the continent of Europe. He wrote some very fine anthems. Many of his works are settings of Latin words, but he also made settings of English texts.\nOne of his works is called \"Spem in Alium\". The choir divide into forty parts i.e. the choir need at least 40 people to sing it, and each person sings a different line. It is possible that he wrote it for Queen Elizabeth I\u2019s 40th birthday in 1573, but we cannot be sure.\nHis \"Diliges Dominum\" is a collection of contrapuntal exercises which includes a very famous canon often simply called \u201cTallis\u2019s canon\u201d."}
+{"id": "42045", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42045", "title": "Polyphonic", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42047", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42047", "title": "Homophony", "text": "Homophony means music in which the voices or instruments sing or play chords (chords are when two or more notes are played together.) In homophonic music all the choir (sopranos, altos, tenors and basses) are singing the same words at the same time. There is a tune on top and the lower parts are the accompaniment. This is what happens in hymn singing. The opposite is polyphony. Polyphonic writing is more complicated: the choir sing different melodic lines at the same time (see counterpoint). The terms \"homophony\" (literally: \"one sound\") and \"polyphony\" (literally: \"many sounds\") are mostly used for choir music.\nIn homophonic music it is easy to hear the words that are being sung. In polyphonic music it is much harder for the listener to understand the words. Composers often used polyphony when writing music for the mass because everyone knew the words anyway. Homophonic music became more important when composers started to write operas and madrigals where a story is being told and the words must be heard clearly. "}
+{"id": "42048", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42048", "title": "Homophonic", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42050", "revid": "1256747", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42050", "title": "Technetium", "text": "Technetium is a radioactive chemical element that has the chemical symbol Tc and has the atomic number 43. It is the lightest synthetic element.\nChemistry of Technetium.\nThe color of technetium is silvery-grey and is a crystaline metal. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the transition metals. The chemistry of technetium is similar to rhenium and manganese.\nThe isotope 99mTc is used in nuclear medicine. It is used for many diagnostic tests. It has a short half-life. 99Tc is used as a source of beta particles without emitting gamma rays. The ion that has oxygen and technetium bonded together (TcO4-) is named the pertechnetate ion. The pertechnetate ion could be used as to prevent anodic corrosion in steel.\nHistory.\nBefore the element was found, many of the properties of element 43 were predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev. Mendeleev noticed a gap in his periodic table and named the element in the gap eka-manganese. In 1937 the technetium isotope 97Tc was the first element to be artificially produced. This was the reason why he named it Technetium as in Greek, \u03c4\u03b5\u03c7\u03bd\u03b7\u03c4\u03bf\u03c2 means \"artificial\". Most technetium made on Earth is a by-product of fission of uranium-235 in nuclear reactors. It is extracted from nuclear fuel rods. On earth, technetium occurs naturally only in uranium ores as a product of spontaneous fission. The amount of technetium in the ore is very small but has been measured. The longest half-life of Technetium is 4.2 million years (98Tc). This means that its detection in red giants in 1952 helped support the theory that stars can produce heavier elements."}
+{"id": "42051", "revid": "234902", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42051", "title": "Emit", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42054", "revid": "36199", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42054", "title": "Monastery", "text": "Monasteries are places where monks live. Although the word \"monastery\" is sometimes used for a place where nuns live, nuns usually live in a convent or nunnery. The word abbey (from the Syriac/Aramaic word ': \"father\") is also used for a Christian monastery or convent. The monk in charge of an abbey is called an abbot; the nun in charge of an abbey is an abbess.\nSeveral religions have a system of monasteries. Christian monasteries have a chapel for the monks to worship. Monks are not allowed to marry (celibacy). They are also not allowed to own anything. Everything they use, including their clothes, belongs to the monastery. During the Middle Ages after the Roman Empire was defeated, monasteries were some of the few places where knowledge still existed.\nSome monasteries were built in places far away from where other people lived. The monks who live there live very isolated lives, growing their own food and looking after one another. Other monasteries were in or near towns. Monks do a lot of work in the community, including as teaching, medical care or telling people about God. Few monks live isolated lives nowadays."}
+{"id": "42057", "revid": "10092291", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42057", "title": "Windows Neptune", "text": "Windows Neptune is a version of Microsoft Windows that was being made during 1999 and January 2000. Windows 2000 was released as an operating system for businesses and people that know how to use computers well. Windows Neptune was going to be a version of Windows 2000 that was easier for home users to use. Nobody knows if Microsoft was ever going to release Windows Neptune. After Microsoft stopped developing it, some of its features were merged with Windows 2000's and a new project, \"Whistler\", was formed. \"Whistler\" was later released as Windows XP.\nOnly one known confirmed version of Windows Neptune exists. which is Windows Neptune Build 5111.1. Windows Neptune Build 5111.1 exists on the Internet as an ISO image. It used to be hard to find, but now it can easily be found."}
+{"id": "42058", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42058", "title": "The Society of Saint John the Evangelist", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42059", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42059", "title": "Christian cults", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42060", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42060", "title": "Christian cult", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42061", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42061", "title": "Albino Luciani", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42062", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42062", "title": "Vatican City State", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42065", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42065", "title": "Sermons", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42067", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42067", "title": "Alexander Lukashenko", "text": "Alexander Grigoryevich Lukashenko (born 30 August 1954) is the President of the country of Belarus. He has been its leader since 1994. He was the first leader of the country to be chosen by Belarus citizens. \nBefore becoming the leader, he belonged to the law making section of the government. He was also in the military of the Soviet Union and ran a factory that made things to help farming.\nHis re-election in 2020 was seen as controversial with many saying it was rigged and unfair. His re-election caused many to protest against the election results. After the contested election, the European Union, the United Kingdom, Canada, Ukraine and the United States do not recognize him as the legitimate president of Belarus.\nIn July 2020, he said that he had COVID-19 after telling people that to avoid the disease they should drink vodka and go to a sauna.\nAlexander Lukashenko is under the sanctions of the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Canada, Japan, Australia and New Zealand\nOn February 25, 2024, Alexander Lukashenko announced that he was running for the 2025 presidential elections, which means that he is running for an eighth consecutive term."}
+{"id": "42069", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42069", "title": "Shelf", "text": "A shelf is a piece of furniture that is used for storing items.\nIt could also mean:"}
+{"id": "42070", "revid": "24306", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42070", "title": "Throat", "text": "The throat is a part of the body. The throat is connected to the mouth at the top and to the stomach at the bottom. The throat is where food travels after being eaten and chewed by the teeth. Fluid drinks, such as water, also travel through the throat to the stomach and on to the rest of the body."}
+{"id": "42071", "revid": "1508758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42071", "title": "Safe", "text": "The word safe has more than one meaning. "}
+{"id": "42072", "revid": "1367976", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42072", "title": "Jelly", "text": "Jelly or Gelatin desert is a dessert item. It comes in different taste choices, or flavors, depending on what fruit or artificial flavor has been added. Jelly is a cold and solid food that is normally made from hot water and powder. The powder is made from gelatin and various additives.\nJelly can be added to foods like a peanut butter and jelly sandwich.\nNaming and Spelling.\nDepending on where you live, gelatin may be called different things. In the United States and Canada, jelly is often called 'Jell-O'. Jell-O is a brand of gelatin that has become a generic, or typical, name for gelatin desert. In Commonwealth Nations like the United Kingdom and New Zealand, almost all gelatin is called jelly. Also, it is spelled gelatine.\n'Jell-O Shots'.\nSometimes, alcohol is added to jelly. You can make jello shots with almost any type of alcohol. Jello shots can be served in small glasses and can be any color depending on the other ingredients put into the Jell-O shot. The jello shot is also known as the poison rainbow."}
+{"id": "42078", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42078", "title": "Biogeography", "text": "Biogeography is the study of how species are distributed. It notes where organisms live, and why they are (or are not) found in a certain geographical area.\nBiogeography teaches how animals and plants are adapted to the places they live in, and how similar places often have quite different animals and plants.\nBetween about 1800 to 1855, natural historians made lists of species in various regions of the world. These lists were published as tables in their books. Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace published the idea of evolution by natural selection. They travelled to tropical countries, and wrote about the life in those countries. They said that evolution was the key to understanding geographical distribution.\nNew species are usually formed by speciation an earlier species splitting into two. These species may travel to new places. but they may be stopped from travelling by mountains and seas, and by climate. This means that \"two places with similar climate often have different kinds of animals and plants\". For example marsupials, which live in Australia, are very different from the fauna in South America. The species on islands (Hawaii, Galapagos) may be very different to species on mainland continents.\nHistory.\nThe scientific theory of biogeography grows out of the work of Alexander von Humboldt (1769\u20131859), Hewett Cottrell Watson (1804\u20131881), Alphonse de Candolle (1806\u20131893), Alfred Russel Wallace (1823\u20131913), Philip Lutley Sclater (1829\u20131913), and other biologists and explorers.\nWallace studied the distribution of flora and fauna in the Amazon Basin and the Malay Archipelago in the mid-19th century. Wallace and Sclater saw biogeography as a source of support for the theory of evolution. Key findings, such as the sharp difference in fauna either side of the Wallace Line, can only be understood in this light. Otherwise, the field of biogeography would be a purely descriptive one.\nBoth Darwin and Wallace gave a great deal of attention to oceanic islands as offering examples of evolution, especially speciation. Darwin visited the Galapagos Islands and studied its fauna. Wallace spent years on the islands of S.E. Asia. This interest was revived by \"The theory of island biogeography\" by Robert MacArthur and E.O. Wilson in 1967. They showed that the variation in species in a single area could be predicted if one knew the habitat area, immigration rate, and extinction rate.\nIt was realised that habitat fragments are like islands. They can be investigated by the same methods. This spurred the development of conservation biology.\nGenome analysis allows scientists to test theories about the origin and dispersal of populations, such as island species. It allows biologists to test theories about where the species come from."}
+{"id": "42079", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42079", "title": "Biophysics", "text": "Biophysics is a science where the laws of physics are used to study biology, the science on life and living things. Unlike biochemistry and molecular biology, sciences where macromolecules or \"large\" groups of molecules are studied, biophysicists study single or small groups of molecules. "}
+{"id": "42080", "revid": "1241374", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42080", "title": "Macromolecule", "text": "A macromolecule is a molecule with a large number of atoms. The word is usually used only when describing polymers, molecules which are made up of smaller molecules called monomers. All organic monomers are based on carbon, usually with hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. There are inorganic macromolecules based on other monomers."}
+{"id": "42081", "revid": "1430893", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42081", "title": "Dendrology", "text": "Dendrology is the science of trees and other woody plants (plants that make wood) such as shrubs or lianas. The word \"dendrology\" comes from Greek words \u03b4\u03ad\u03bd\u03b4\u03c1\u03bf\u03bd meaning \"tree\" and \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 meaning \"study\". \nBotany and dendrology are not very different, since woody plants come from many different plant families. Those families can also have species that are not woody. Dendrology usually focuses on identifying woody plants that are bought and sold. It also focuses on how all the woody plants taxonomically relate to each other. Dendrologists study species that are native in the area, and species that are not native in the area.\nDendrology used to include the natural history of woody species in specific areas, but that is now under ecology. Dendrologists also help to conserve woody plants that are endangered."}
+{"id": "42082", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42082", "title": "Entomology", "text": "Entomology is the science of insects. People who study insects are called entomologists. Insects have been studied since prehistoric times, but it was not until as early as the 16th century that insects were scientifically studied.\nSome entomologists study how insects are related to each other. Others study how insects live and reproduce because we do not know very much about some kinds of insects. Other entomologists study ways to keep insects away from crops that people use for food. There are billions of unknown species throughout the world and taxonomists categorize the newly found.\nEntomologists meet to talk about their study of insects and to share ideas, just as all scientists do."}
+{"id": "42084", "revid": "9348046", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42084", "title": "Ethology", "text": "Ethology is the scientific study of animal behaviour (U.S. \"behavior\"), and a sub-topic of zoology. Ethology overlaps, to some extent, with psychology. Psychology is a social science which studies human behaviour, but many psychologists have done experiments on learning in animals. Ethology studies animal behaviour, but many ethologists have been interested in human behaviour.\nHistorical development.\nAn American specialist on ants, William Morton Wheeler, first used the term 'ethology' in English in 1902.\nThe study of animal behaviour, which had been going on in an anecdotal way since Aristotle, had its roots in natural history. It became more scientific during the 19th century. The French zoologist \u00c9tienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire was the founder of ethology in Europe, and his son Isidore produced a three-volume encyclopaedia \"Histoire Naturelle G\u00e9n\u00e9rale\". In the third volume he talked about animal behaviour in almost modern terms. The entomologist J.-H Fabre (1823\u20131915) was a remarkable observer of natural life. His popular writing on natural history kept ethology alive in Europe.\nDouglas Spalding (1841\u20131877) was a British biologist who was the first to notice the effect called imprinting. Instinct and imprinting were the first scientific concepts in ethology.\nHe was able to prove that the behaviour of chicks after hatching from the egg happened even when they had no experience, practice or even information from the senses. Therefore, the capacity was inherited.\nStudies by Charles Otis Whitman, Oskar Heinroth and Julian Huxley set the tone in the 20th century. This work was mostly on bird behaviour, especially mating behaviour. The behaviour of birds played a big part in early ethology, but there was a start to studying our nearest relatives. Wolfgang K\u00f6hler's \"Mentality of Apes\" was a landmark in the study of primates. In 2020, Dr. Tobias Starzak and Professor Albert Newen from the Institute of Philosophy II at the Ruhr University Bochum proposed that animals may have beliefs despite these being more difficult to determine than humans.\nNobel prizewinners.\nThe next generation began during the 1930s with the work of Austrian biologists Konrad Lorenz and Karl von Frisch, and the Dutch biologist Niko Tinbergen. The three men were joint winners of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1973.\nLorenz is famous for his 'longitudinal' studies: he lived with the animals he researched, and made observations throughout their lives. Then he wrote about what he had discovered in long, very readable papers. He researched instinctual behaviour, which he called 'fixed action patterns' (FAPs). Lorenz popularized FAPs as instinctive responses that would occur reliably in the presence of specific stimuli (called sign stimuli or releasing stimuli). von Frisch worked on communication in honey bees: the famous 'bee dances'. Tinbergen experimented with the stimuli which trigger fixed action patterns. He found out that artificial super-stimuli could often work better than the natural stimuli.\nEthology is a combination of laboratory and field science, with a strong relation to certain other disciplines\u2014e.g., neuroanatomy, ecology, evolution. Ethologists are typically interested in a behavioural process rather than in a particular animal group and often study one type of behaviour (e.g. aggression) in a number of unrelated animals.\nTinbergen's four questions.\nIn the 1960s Nico Tinbergen set out a framework for research on behaviour. It involved four questions and their answers.\nFunction (adaptation).\nThe only scientific explanation for an animal\u2019s behaviour is that it is well adapted for survival and reproduction in its environment. A trait is the result of its past contribution to survival. In practice, this is simple. For instance, birds fly south in the winter to find food and warmth, and mammalian mothers nurture their young, thereby having more surviving offspring.\nEvolutionary history.\nPhylogeny explains why some adaptation is less than perfect. From where it is, there are always some possibilities which a particular species can never get to. This is because all stages in evolution must be viable, else extinction occurs.\nAnother reason is that not all traits of a species can be maximised at the same time. Increase in armour, for example, is bound to slow down movement. Teeth which are best for vegetation are much less good for meat. The final result is a set of traits, most of which are sub-optimal.\nEarlier phylogenetic stages and (pre-) conditions which persist often determine the form of more modern characteristics. For instance, the vertebrate eye (including the human eye) has a blind spot, whereas octopus eyes do not. Once the vertebrate eye had evolved, the only way it could improve was to minimise the effect of the blind spot. We don't notice it ordinarily, because with binocular vision what one eye misses, the other fills in.\nDevelopment (ontogeny).\nAll instances of behaviour require an explanation at each of these four levels. For example, the function of eating is to acquire nutrients (which ultimately aids survival and reproduction), but the immediate cause of eating is hunger (causation). Hunger and eating are evolutionarily ancient and are found in many species (evolutionary history), and develop early within an organism's lifespan (development). It is easy to confuse such questions \u2013 for example to argue that people eat because they're hungry and not to acquire nutrients \u2013 without realizing that the reason people experience hunger (causation) is because it causes them to acquire nutrients (function)."}
+{"id": "42085", "revid": "3164", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42085", "title": "Communicate", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42086", "revid": "1668356", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42086", "title": "Henry III of England", "text": "Henry III (1 October 1207 \u2014 16 November 1272), also known as Henry of Winchester and nicknamed the Pious, the Wise and later the Saint. was the King of England from 1216 until his death in 1272. He was considered one of England's best kings. His long and mostly-successful 56-year reign was the longest in mediaeval English history.\nThroughout his reign, England would experience peace, stability and prosperity. Henry was extremely helpful, pious, and religious. He helped the poor people in England. He upgraded Westminster Abbey and reisssued Magna Carta. However in 1258, Henry became unpopular, as the barons forced him to give up some of his power to them. In 1263, Simon de Montfort, a baron who was Henry's brother-in-law by he married one of Henry's sisters, defeated and imprisoned him and became the disputed ruler of the country. However, Henry, with the help of his son, Crown Prince Edward, managed to escape captivity, and Montfort was killed. Henry regained his powers from the barons, which made him popular again. However, in 1264, the barons rebelled against him and started the Second Barons' War. However, Henry defeated the barons again in 1267.\nHenry continued to be helpful, pious and religious by continuing to help the poor. He continued to rebuild Westminster Abbey and to improve life and health care in England.\nIn early 1272, Henry's health started to decline, and in November of that year, he died at the age of 65. He was buried at Westminster Abbey.\nBecause Henry was such a religious person, he was canonised only two months after his death on 26 February 1273 by Pope Gregory X. Many historians view Henry as a weak but great king overall."}
+{"id": "42087", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42087", "title": "1 October", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42089", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42089", "title": "Edward I of England", "text": "Edward I (17 June 1237 \u2013 7 July 1307), nicknamed the Tall, the Brave, the Lord, the Hammer and as well as Longshanks (meaning 'long legs'), was the King of England from 1272 to his death. He was the son of King Henry III of England and Queen Eleanor of Provence. He was considered one of England's best kings because of his effective rule and his braveness.\nAs a young man, Edward fought Simon de Montfort in defence of his father's crown. He went on a crusade, and his father died as Edward was on his way back.\nAs a ruler, he improved the laws and made the English Parliament regular and more important. He conquered Wales and subdued the Welsh by brutal policies. He was determined to control Scotland through puppet kings and barely managed to do it during his lifetime. He expelled the Jewish people from England.\nEarly life.\nEdward I was born at Westminster in June 1237 to King Henry III of England and his wife, the French noblewoman and English Queen Eleanor of Provence. The baby was named Edward after an earlier king, Edward the Confessor, who happened to be a personal hero of his Henry As a boy, Edward had a good education and was taught in Latin and French, the most used languages in Europe at the time. \nIn 1254, English fears of a Castilian invasion of the English province of Gascony made Henry III arrange a marriage between his 15-year-old son and the 13 year-old Eleanor, the half-sister of King Alfonso X of Castile. \nEleanor and Edward married on 1 November 1254 in Castile. As part of the marriage agreement, the young prince got grants of land worth 15,000 marks a year. Though the endowments King Henry made were sizable, they offered Edward little independence. He had received Gascony as early as 1249, but Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester, as royal lieutenant, drew the income. In practice, Edward derived neither authority nor revenue from the province. The grant that he received in 1254 included most of Ireland and much land in Wales and England, including the earldom of Chester, but the king kept control over the land, particularly in Ireland and so Edward's power was limited there as well, and the king got most of the income from those lands.\nCivil war.\nThe years 1264\u20131267 saw the conflict known as the Second Barons' War in which baronial forces led by Montfort fought against those who remained loyal to the king. The first scene of battle was the city of Gloucester, which Edward, now a young man who could participate in battles, managed to retake from the enemy. When Robert de Ferrers, Earl of Derby, came to the assistance of the rebels, Edward negotiated a truce with him but later broke its terms. Edward then captured Northampton from Montfort's son, also Simon. The baronial and royalist forces finally met at the Battle of Lewes, on 14 May 1264. Edward, commanding the right wing, performed well and soon defeated the London contingent of Montfort's forces. Unwisely, however, he followed the scattered enemy in pursuit and on his return found the rest of the royal army defeated. By the agreement known as the Mise of Lewes, Edward and his cousin Henry of Almain were given up as prisoners to Montfort.\nEdward remained in captivity until March, and even after his release he was kept under strict surveillance. Meanwhile, de Montfort used his victory to set up a \"de facto\" government. He even summoned the Parliament of 1265, known as Montfort's Parliament.\nThen, on 28 May 1265, Edward managed to escape his custodians and joined up with the Earl of Gloucester, who had recently defected to the king's side. Montfort's support was now dwindling, and Edward retook Worcester and Gloucester with relatively little effort. Meanwhile, Montfort had made an alliance with Llywelyn and started moving east to join forces with his son Simon.\nEdward managed to make a surprise attack at Kenilworth Castle and moved on to cut off Montfort.\nThe two forces then met at the second great encounter of the Barons' War, the Battle of Evesham, on 4 August 1265. Montfort stood little chance against the superior royal forces, and after his defeat, he was killed and mutilated on the field.\nThe war did not end with Montfort's death, and Edward continued campaigning. At Christmas, he came to terms with the younger Simon de Montfort and his associates at the Isle of Axholme, in Lincolnshire. In March, Edward led a successful assault on the Cinque Ports. A contingent of rebels held out in the virtually-impregnable Kenilworth Castle and did not surrender until the drafting of the conciliatory Dictum of Kenilworth. In April, it seemed as if the Earl of Gloucester would take up the cause of the reform movement, and the civil war would resume, but after a renegotiation of the terms of the Dictum of Kenilworth, the parties came an agreement. Edward, however, was little involved in the settlement after following the wars since his main focus was now on planning his upcoming crusade.\nCrusade and accession.\nEdward took the Crusader's cross in an elaborate ceremony on 24 June 1268, with his brother Edmund and cousin Henry of Almain. Among others who committed themselves to the Ninth Crusade were some of Edward's former opponents. There was great difficulty raising funds for the expedition.\nOriginally, the Crusaders intended to relieve the beleaguered Christian stronghold of Acre, but before they could do so, several disasters happened to the French forces. They were struck by an epidemic, which on 25 August took the life of King Louis himself in 1270 When Edward arrived at Tunis, Charles had already signed a treaty with the emir, and there was little else to do but return to Sicily. The crusade was postponed until next spring, but a devastating storm off the coast of Sicily made Charles of Anjou and Louis's successor, Philip III, decide against from any further campaigning. \nEdward decided to continue alone and on 9 May 1271 finally landed at Acre. By then, the situation in the Holy Land was become fragile. Jerusalem had fallen in 1244, and Acre was now the centre of the Christian area. The Muslim states were on the offensive under the Mamluk leadership of Baibars and were now threatening Acre itself. An embassy to the Mongols helped bring about an attack on Aleppo in the north, which helped to distract Baibar's forces. \nIn November, Edward led a raid on Qaqun, which could have served as a bridgehead to Jerusalem, but both the Mongol invasion and the attack on Qaqun failed. Things now seemed increasingly desperate. Finally, an attack by a Muslim assassin in June forced him to abandon any further campaigning. Although he managed to kill the assassin, he was struck in the arm by a dagger that was feared to be poisoned, and he became severely weakened over the following months.\nIt was not until 24 September that Edward left Acre. Arriving in Sicily, he was met with the news that his father had died on 16 November. Edward was deeply saddened by this news, but rather than hurrying home at once, he made a leisurely journey northwards. The political situation in England had been stable since the mid-century upheavals, and Edward was proclaimed king at his father's death, rather than at his own coronation, as had been customary. In Edward's absence, the country was governed by a royal council, led by Robert Burnell. The new king embarked on an overland journey through Italy and France, where, among other things he visited the pope in ,and suppressed a rebellion in Gascony. It was only on 2 August 1274 that he returned to England, and he was crowned on 19 August.\nKing.\nEdward's reign had two main phases. The first phase was administration of a now-peaceful country. The second phase was warfare against Wales and Scotland.\nAdministration.\nHis first concerns were to restore order and to re-establish royal authority after the disastrous reign of his father. To do so, he changed the administrators. He appointed Robert Burnell as chancellor, who held the post until his death in 1292. Edward then replaced most local officials such as the sheriffs. That was done to prepare for an inquiry, which would hear complaints about abuse of power by royal officers. Laws were made to define rights about ownership of land, recovery of debts, trade and local peacekeeping. \nParliament.\nEdward reformed the English Parliament and made it a source for generating revenue. Edward held Parliament regularly in his reign. In 1295, a significant change occurred. For Parliament, in addition to the Lords, two knights from each county and two representatives from each borough were summoned. Before, the Commons had been expected simply to assent (say 'yes') to decisions already made by the rulers. Now, they would meet with the full authority (\"plena potestas\") of their communities to give assent to decisions made in Parliament. The king now had full backing for collecting 'lay subsidies' from the entire population. Lay subsidies were taxes collected at a certain fraction of the movable property of all laymen. Historians have called it the \"Model Parliament\".\nWar in Wales.\nLlywelyn ap Gruffudd, the main Welsh leader, refused to do homage to Edward and married Eleanor, the daughter of Simon de Montfort. In November 1276, war was declared. Initial operations were launched under the command of Mortimer, Edmund Crouchback (Edward's brother) and the Earl of Warwick. Support for Llywelyn was weak amongst the Welsh. \nIn July 1277, Edward invaded with a force of 15,500, 9,000 of whom were Welshmen. The campaign never came to a major battle, and Llywelyn soon realised that he had no choice but to surrender. By the Treaty of Aberconwy in November 1277, he was left only with the land of Gwynedd, but he was allowed to keep the title of Prince of Wales.\nWhen war broke out again in 1282, it was entirely different. For the Welsh, the war was over national freedom and had wide support, especially after attempts to impose English law on Welsh subjects. For Edward, it became a war of conquest. The war started with a rebellion by Dafydd, Llywelyn's younger brother, who was annoyed with the reward that he had received from Edward in 1277. Llywelyn and other Welsh chieftains soon joined in, and initially, the Welsh experienced military success. The Welsh advances ended on 11 December, however, when Llywelyn was lured into a trap and killed at the Battle of Orewin Bridge. The English conquest was complete with the capture in June 1283 of Dafydd, who was taken to Shrewsbury and executed as a traitor next autumn.\nFurther rebellions occurred in 1287 to 1288 and in 1294. In both cases, the rebellions were put down. By the 1284 law, the Statute of Rhuddlan, Wales was incorporated into England and was given an governing system like the English, with counties policed by sheriffs. \nEnglish law was introduced in criminal cases though the Welsh were allowed to maintain their own laws in some cases of property disputes. After 1277 and increasingly after 1283, Edward embarked on a full-scale project of English settlement of Wales. He created new towns like Flint, Aberystwyth and Rhuddlan. \nEdward started a large program of building castles to keep the Welsh under control. His castles started the widespread use of arrowslits in castle walls across Europe and drre on Eastern influences. Another product of the Crusades was the introduction of the concentric castle, and four of the eight castles that Edward founded in Wales followed such a design. \nIn 1284, King Edward's son Edward, later Edward II. was born at Caernarfon Castle. In 1301 at Lincoln, the young Edward became the first English prince to be invested with the title of Prince of Wales.\nWars in Scotland.\nScotland and England were at peace in the 1280s. Alexander III of Scotland and Edward had an understanding by which Alexander held land in England. Thay gave him the excuse to acknowledge Edward as his lord and left ambiguous whether or not thay applied to Scotland as well.\nThe heir to the throne was his infant granddaughter Margaret. Unfortunately, Alexander died in 1286, followed by Margaret in 1290. That left Scotland without a king, which started the problems.\nStruggle for the crown of Scotland.\nThere were fourteen claimants of whom John Balliol and Robert de Brus (the grandfather of the famous Robert the Bruce) had the best cases. The competitors agreed to hand over the realm to Edward until a decision was made. John Balliol was chosen in 1292.\nEdward continued to push his claim as overlord of Scotland. He interferred in some of the legal affairs of Scotland and insisted for the Scots to provid military service in his army. This caused the Scots to make an alliance with France and to attack Carlisle. \nEdward responded by invading Scotland in 1296 and taking the town of Berwick in a particularly-bloody attack. At the Battle of Dunbar, Scottish resistance was effectively crushed. Edward confiscated the Stone of Destiny, the Scottish coronation stone, and brought it to Westminster. He also deposed Balliol, placed him into the Tower of London and installed Englishmen to govern the country. The campaign had been very successful, but the English triumph would only be temporary.\nWilliam Wallace.\nAlthough the Scottish conflict had seemed settled in 1296, it was started again by William Wallace, who came from one of the notable families. Wallace was a warlord, rather than a politician, and soon started a rebellion. He defeated a large English force at Stirling Bridge in 1297 while Edward was in Flanders. In 1298, Edward defeated Wallace at the Battle of Falkirk. The Scots then avoided open battle in favour of raiding England with small groups.\nEdward's next move was political. In 1303, a peace agreement was made between England and France, breaking up the Franco-Scottish alliance. Robert de Brus and most of the other nobles pledged allegiance to Edward. Wallace was betrayed, handed to the English and was publicly executed. \nThe situation changed again in 1306, when Brus murdered his rival John Comyn and had himself crowned King of Scotland by Isobel, the sister of the Earl of Buchan. Edward, in ill health, sent armies north under other commanders. Brus was beaten at the Battle of Methven in June 1306. After the battle, Edward followed with brutal suppression of the allies of Brus, which fuelled more rebellions in response. The conflict was still in progress in 1307 when Edward, now an elderly man, led his final campaign into Scotland before he died at the border city of Burgh by Sands at age 70. That led to the succession of the Prince of Wales as Edward II of England.\nIssue.\nEleanor of Castile died on 28 November 1290. Unlike most other arranged marriages, it was a happy one. Edward was deeply affected by her death. He erected twelve Eleanor crosses, one at each place that her funeral cort\u00e8ge (procession) stopped for the night. As part of the peace accord between England and France in 1294, it was agreed that Edward should marry the French princess Margaret. The marriage took place in 1299.\nEdward and Eleanor had at least fourteen children, perhaps as many as sixteen. Of them, five daughters survived into adulthood, but only one boy did so: his son and heir Edward, Prince of Wales.\nEdward was concerned with his son's failure to live up to expectations and at one point exiled the prince's favourite Piers Gaveston. Edward may have known his son was bisexual but did not throw Gaveston from the castle battlements, despite what is shown in \"Braveheart\"."}
+{"id": "42090", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42090", "title": "2 October", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42098", "revid": "9899317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42098", "title": "Cell nucleus", "text": "The\u00a0cell nucleus (plural: cell nuclei) contains the cell's genes and controls the cell's growth and reproduction. It has a double layered nuclear membrane round it. The nucleus is usually the most prominent\u00a0organelle\u00a0in a cell. The nucleus is small and round, and works as the cell's control center. It contains chromosomes which house the DNA. The human body contains billions of cells, most of which have a nucleus. \nAll eukaryote organisms have nuclei in their cells, even the many eukaryotes that are single-celled. Bacteria and Archaea, which are prokaryotes, are single-celled organisms of a different type and do not have nuclei. Cell nuclei were first found by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in the 17th century.\nThe nucleus has a membrane around it but the things inside it do not. Inside it are many proteins, RNA molecules, chromosomes and the nucleolus. In the nucleolus ribosomes are put together. After being produced in the nucleolus, ribosomes are exported to the cytoplasm where they translate mRNA into proteins.\nWhen a cell is dividing or preparing to divide, the chromosomes become visible with a light microscope. At other times when the chromosomes are not visible, the nucleolus will be visible.\nNuclear membrane.\nLarge molecules cannot get through the double-layer nuclear membrane. However, nuclear pores exist. They control the movement of molecules across the membrane. The pores cross both nuclear membranes, providing a channel. The larger molecules are actively transported by carrier proteins, and there is free movement of small molecules and ions. Movement of large molecules such as proteins and RNA through the pores is required for both gene expression and the maintenance of chromosomes.\nNucleolus.\nWithin the nucleus is a structure called a nucleolus. It is made at a nucleolus organizer region (NOR). This is a chromosomal region around which the nucleolus forms. Inside the nucleolus ribosomes are made. These are exported through the nuclear pore complexes to the cytoplasm. There they work to build proteins. They become attached to the endoplasmic reticulum if they are making membrane proteins."}
+{"id": "42112", "revid": "1405015", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42112", "title": "Scotland Yard", "text": "Scotland Yard (officially New Scotland Yard) is the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police in London. \nDuties.\nThis police force is responsible for the security in Greater London. They are not responsible for the square mile of the City of London, which is covered by the City of London Police. Also, they are not responsible for the London Underground and National Rail networks, which are the responsibility of the British Transport Police. \nThe name \"New Scotland Yard\" comes from the original Metropolitan Police headquarters at 4 Whitehall Place. This had a rear entrance on a street called Great Scotland Yard. The Scotland Yard entrance became the public entrance to the police station, and over time the street and the Metropolitan Police became synonymous. \n\"The New York Times\" wrote that, just as Wall Street gave its name to New York's financial district, Scotland Yard became the name for police activity in London.\nBuildings.\nThe force moved from Great Scotland Yard in 1890 to a newly completed building on the Victoria Embankment right next to the Ministry of Defence. The name \"New Scotland Yard\" was adopted for the new headquarters. An adjacent building was completed in 1906. A third building was added in 1940. \nIn 1967, the Metropolitan Police Service (MPS) moved its headquarters from the three-building complex to a tall, newly constructed building on Broadway in Victoria. In summer 2013, it was announced that the force would move to a building on New Scotland Yard's previous site (1890\u20131967). The headquarters were renamed as 'Scotland Yard.' In November 2016, MPS moved to its new headquarters. \nThe words \"New Scotland Yard\" (in tall letters) can be seen in a photograph of the front of the building. \nHistory.\n4 Whitehall Place.\nThe Metropolitan Police was formed by Robert Peel with the implementation of the Metropolitan Police Act, passed by Parliament in 1829. Peel selected the original site on Whitehall Place for the new police headquarters. Previously a private house, 4 Whitehall Place () backed onto a street called Great Scotland Yard.\nNew Scotland Yard is in a 20-storey office block on Broadway and Victoria Street in Westminster, about 450 metres away from the Houses of Parliament. The famous rotating sign, which is seen on television and in films, is outside the main doors on Broadway."}
+{"id": "42120", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42120", "title": "Antimony", "text": "Antimony is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Sb. The symbol Sb is from the Latin word \"stibium\", meaning stibnite. It has the atomic number 51. Its atomic mass is 121.8. It is a blue-gray element that is somewhat toxic.\nIt is a solid at 25 degrees Celsius at standard atmosphere (a specific pressure).\nProperties.\nPhysical properties.\nAntimony has four allotropes. The common allotrope of antimony is a blue-white metalloid. It looks black when powdered. It is brittle, soft, and shiny. Yellow and black antimony are unstable nonmetals. Yellow antimony is only found at very cold temperatures. It is made by oxidation of stibine. It turns into black antimony when light is shined on it or when it is warmer. Black antimony is normally made by heating metallic antimony until it boils and then cooling the vapors very quickly. It can ignite spontaneously (without any ignition source like a spark or a flame). It also corrodes easily. There is another explosive form of antimony that is made by electrolysis of antimony trichloride. This antimony is impure, containing a lot of chlorine. It explodes when heated, scratched, and/or smashed changing into the metallic form. There is no chemical reaction; the atoms in the antimony crystal are rearranging themselves. When antimony is talked about it normally means the blue-white metalloid form, since it is most common.\nAntimony is found as two stable (not radioactive) isotopes naturally. Sb- 123 and Sb-121\nChemical properties.\nAntimony is a rather unreactive element. It does not dissolve in acids easily. It can dissolve in oxidizing acids like nitric or sulfuric acid. It does not corrode easily in air, although the black allotrope can corrode. Antimony burns in air to make antimony trioxide. In excess air, it burns to antimony tetroxide.\nChemical compounds.\nAntimony forms chemical compounds, mostly in three oxidation states: -3, +3, and +5. -3 compounds are called antimonides. They are made by reacting antimony with other metals. They react with acids to make the toxic and unstable gas stibine. +3 compounds are the most common. They are weak oxidizing agents. They are somewhat covalent, having low melting points. Antimony trichloride is a colorless and soft solid that has a strong odor. Antimony trioxide is a white solid that dissolves a little in water. The other antimony(III) halides all react with water except for antimony trifluoride. +5 compounds are strong oxidizing agents. Antimony pentafluoride is highly reactive, as well as antimony pentoxide.\n-3 compounds are reducing agents. The antimonides have properties between alloys and salts.\n+3 compounds are weak oxidizing agents. They are covalent. Most of them are colorless or light yellow solids. They are the most common antimony compounds.\nAntimony tetroxide has antimony in both its +3 and +5 oxidation state.\n+5 compounds are strong oxidizing agents. They are rare.\nHistory.\nAntimony sulfide was known for a long time. Some things plated with antimony and made out of antimony were found in Egypt and Chaldea. The first time antimony was mentioned in Europe was in the 1540. The first native antimony was found in Sweden in 1783. Antimony sulfide and antimony were confused sometimes in antiquity. \nThere is a debate over the etymology (original meaning) of the Latin name \"antimonium\".\nOccurrence.\nAntimony is not common. It is found about as often as thallium. It is quite easy to get, though and is in many minerals. Antimony is sometimes found as an element, but normally it is found as stibnite, an antimony sulfide mineral. Stibnite is the main ore of antimony. China is the biggest maker of antimony; it makes 84% of all antimony. Other countries that make antimony are South Africa, Bolivia, and Kyrgyzstan. Antimony is not used in the human body.\nProduction.\nAntimony is made from stibnite by heating it with air. This makes antimony trioxide. Since it gets so hot, the antimony trioxide is evaporated. Other metal oxides in the stibnite ore do not evaporate. The antimony trioxide gas is condensed in a container. The antimony trioxide is then heated with carbon to make carbon dioxide and antimony. Another way to make antimony is to heat stibnite with scrap iron. This makes iron(II) sulfide and antimony. The antimony is separated and used.\nUses.\nAbout half of all antimony is used to make antimony trioxide for flame proofing.\nIt makes an alloy with lead. This alloy, 5% antimony and 95% lead, is harder than pure lead. It is used in lead acid batteries, as well as some other things. It is used as an alloy with lead in the pipes of pipe organs. Pewter has antimony in it. Some lead-free solder has antimony in it. It is used as an alloy with lead in ammunition for small arms and in covering of cables as well. It is also used in some alloys that have very little friction like Babbitt metal.\nAnother use is in a catalyst for making some plastics. Antimony(III) oxide is added to some glass to remove bubbles for things like television screens. Antimony is used as a dopant in electronics. Some antimony compounds were used as medicines to kill protozoans. The antimony pill was a chunk of antimony that was supposed to heal diseases. It is used in medicines for pets. Antimony sulfide is used in matches.\nSafety.\nAntimony is toxic. Its toxicity is similar to arsenic, although it is less toxic than arsenic. Breathing in antimony dust can be very dangerous. Antimony reacts with strong oxidizing agents."}
+{"id": "42121", "revid": "974", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42121", "title": "Buckingham Palace", "text": "Buckingham Palace is a palace in London. It is in the City of Westminster, in central London.\nThe Palace is the main official residence where the British monarch lives and works. The palace is a setting for state occasions and royal hospitality. It has been a focus for the British people at times of national rejoicing and crisis.\nBuckingham Palace was built in 1703 by John Sheffield, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Normandy, as a townhouse residence in London. It was bought by the British royal family in 1761. It became the official London home of the family in 1837 and was greatly expanded in the 19th century. It has 775 rooms, 19 staterooms, and 79 bathrooms. Leading up to it is a ceremonial road called The Mall. A German bomb damaged the Palace during the London blitz.\nThe Palace's guard is changed every day at 11:01am."}
+{"id": "42131", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42131", "title": "Amherst, Massachusetts", "text": "Amherst is a town in the American state of Massachusetts. It is in Hampshire County. There are three colleges in Amherst. It is named after Sir Jeffrey Amherst. It has a population of about 40,000 people."}
+{"id": "42142", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42142", "title": "Amherst Massachusetts", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42147", "revid": "10312064", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42147", "title": "Conservative (disambiguation)", "text": "Conservative means wishing or tending to save something old. Thus, culturally conservative is saving cultural heritage. Other kinds of conservative include:"}
+{"id": "42155", "revid": "1386969", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42155", "title": "2008 Summer Olympics", "text": "The 2008 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad, were celebrated in Beijing, People's Republic of China from August 8 to August 24. The opening ceremony began at 08:08:08\u00a0pm CST (12:08:08 UTC) at the Beijing National Stadium in Beijing, People's Republic of China. During the games, 10,500 athletes competed in 302 events in 28 sports.\nThe Olympic games were awarded to Beijing after a vote of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) on July 13 2001. The official logo of the games, titled \"Dancing Beijing,\" features a stylised calligraphic character \"j\u012bng\" (\u4eac, meaning \"capital\"), meaning the host city. The mascots of Beijing 2008 are the five Fuwa, each representing both a colour of the Olympic rings and a symbol of Chinese culture. The Olympic slogan, \"One World, One Dream\", calls upon the world to unite in the Olympic spirit. Several new NOCs were also recognised by the IOC.\nThe Chinese government used the games to promote China as an important and powerful country, and spent a lot of money on building new facilities and transportation systems for the games. The events were held in 37 venues, including 12 newly built buildings. In 2007, former IOC president Juan Antonio Samaranch said that he thinks that the Beijing games will be \"the best in Olympic history\". Although there was some controversy about having the games in China, the IOC's former president Jacques Rogge said that the IOC has \"absolutely no regrets\" in choosing Beijing to host the 2008 games.\nMedal table.\nAt the end of the Olympics, China won the total gold medal count, while the United States led the grand total medal count.\nHere is the top of the medal table at the end of the games.\nMedal numbers shown in bold are the highest in their section. China, the host nation is highlighted in lavender."}
+{"id": "42165", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42165", "title": "Vuelta a Espa\u00f1a", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42167", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42167", "title": "Pierre de Fermat", "text": "Pierre de Fermat (17 August 1601 \u2013 12 January 1665) was a French lawyer at the \"Parlement\" of Toulouse, southern France, and a mathematician. Many people see him as the father of modern calculus.\nHis method of finding the biggest and smallest ordinates of curved lines also makes him a contributor to differential calculus, which was not known at that time. His studies in the theory of numbers give him the rank of the founder of the modern theory. He also made notable contributions to analytic geometry, probability and optics.\nHe is also famous for making a simple mathematical statement (known as Fermat's Last Theorem) that he said he could prove, but he never wrote down his proof. Mathematicians tried to prove it for hundreds of years before finally managing it. Fermat probably did not really have a proof for this theorem, and only thought he did.\nHe proposed his principle on light which states that light selects the path which takes least time to travel.This principle was famous as Fermat principle."}
+{"id": "42170", "revid": "10440581", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42170", "title": "Gottfried Leibniz", "text": "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (also \"Leibnitz\" or \"von Leibniz\") 1 July 1 (21 June OS) 1646 \u2013 14 November 1716) was a German intellectual who wrote mostly in French and Latin.\nHe played an important role in both philosophy and mathematics. He invented calculus independently of Newton, and his notation for derivatives is the one in general use since then. He also invented the binary system, foundation of modern computers.\nWorks.\nHe was taught law and philosophy. He served as secretary to two major German noble houses: one became the British royal family while he served it. Leibniz played a major role in the European politics and diplomacy of his day.\nPhilosophy.\nIn philosophy, he is most remembered for optimism. He thought our universe is the best possible one God could have made. He was one of the great 17th century rationalists. Ren\u00e9 Descartes and Baruch Spinoza are the other two. His philosophy also both looks back to the Scholastic tradition and anticipates modern logic and analysis.\nTechnology.\nLeibniz also made contributions to physics and technology, and anticipated ideas which surfaced much later in biology, medicine, geology, probability theory, psychology, and information science. He wrote on politics, law, ethics, theology, history, and philology. Sometimes, he even wrote in verse. His contributions are scattered in journals and in tens of thousands of letters and unpublished manuscripts. There is no complete edition of Leibniz's writings, and a complete account of his accomplishments is not yet possible. Leibniz is sometimes known as the last \"universal genius\".\nLeibniz is perhaps most famous for his involvement in development of calculus independent of Isaac Newton and creation of Leibniz Notation which is the standard form of calculus today."}
+{"id": "42171", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42171", "title": "Optimism", "text": "Optimism is a philosophy and a way of life. Optimists believe that the world is generally a positive place to be in. In the view of an optimist, people and things are good. Many liberal optimists do not believe in original sin. \nOptimism basically looks on the positive side, believing things will work out in the end. When a person is optimistic, it doesn't mean that they never doubt themselves. They might have a bad day or two. They recognize that they can make things better; there is a lesson to be learned from this, and they will move on. \nThe opposing theory is called pessimism. Gottfried Leibnitz was a famous optimist. Arthur Schopenhauer is often considered to be a famous pessimist.\nOptimism is associated with the idea of a glass looking \"half full\", instead of looking \"Half empty\". Optimism is also a habit of looking on the bright side of a situation."}
+{"id": "42172", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42172", "title": "Pessimism", "text": "Pessimism is an attitude of mind and a way to look at life. Pessimists believe that generally things are bad, and the world people live in is the worst possible world.\nSomeone who uses the philosophy is called a pessimist, they are the opposite of an optimist.\nAn example of pessimism is seeing that a glass of water is \"half empty\", not \"half full\"."}
+{"id": "42175", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42175", "title": "Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42177", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42177", "title": "Gottfried Leibnitz", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42180", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42180", "title": "Vuelta", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42182", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42182", "title": "Fermat", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42185", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42185", "title": "UB313", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42187", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42187", "title": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", "text": "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is the largest group in the Mormon movement. It was started in 1830 in New York by Joseph Smith. Members of this church believe that Joseph Smith was chosen to be a prophet to bring back the church more like how Jesus Christ had set it up when he was alive. They also believe that the Father, Son and Holy Spirit are three separate individuals, but all have the same purpose. LDS scriptures include the Bible, the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants, and the Pearl of Great Price. Members of the church are sometimes called Mormons. They properly known as Latter-Day Saints. They are well known for being active in missionary work. \nBeliefs and practices.\nThe headquarters of the church is in Salt Lake City, Utah, but there are more than 16 million members living all over the world. About six million members live in the United States. It is also the fourth largest church in the United States. The leader of the Church is called the President of the Church, and members respect him as a prophet. The current President is Dallin H. Oaks.\nLatter-day Saints believe in the Holy Scriptures including the Bible and the Book of Mormon. They also believe that it is important for families to spend a lot of time together, and that after they die, they can live together forever. Latter-day Saints do not drink alcohol, coffee, or tea; smoke tobacco; or use other drugs. They meet once a week on Sunday for church, where they take the sacrament and listen to short talks by members of their own congregation. They also alternate between Sunday school to learn more about their scriptures and Relief Society (women group) and Elders Quorum (men group) where they discuss religious topics. Latter-day Saints also have buildings called temples. These are the most holy buildings in their religion. After a temple has been dedicated, only Latter-day Saints that are living lives in accordance with the teachings of the church can go in the temple.\nLatter-day Saints believe in helping poor and needy people all around the world. Because of this, Latter-day Saints have given $1.2 billion, since 1985, in cash and assistance to other people. They also believe it is important to learn their family history, often called genealogy. They also help others to learn their family histories, and give access to all their family history records for free, through the internet, on the website Familysearch.org.\nOrganization.\nThe leaders of the Church are fifteen men titled apostles. The man who has been an Apostle for the longest time becomes President of the Church and the man who has been an Apostle the second longest is President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. The President of the Church picks two Apostles to be his First and Second Counselors in the First Presidency (the First Presidency being the President and the 2 Counselors while the other 12 Apostles make up the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles). If the President of the Quorum of the Twelve is one of the Counselors, or the second longest serving Apostle is too sick to do the work that comes with being President of the Quorum of the Twelve, the longest serving other Apostle who is not in the First Presidency is named Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Since Dallin H. Oaks became President of the Church, Jeffrey R. Holland has been President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and First Counselor in the First Presidency, and until he died in November 2023 M. Russell Ballard was Acting President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles.\nThere are several geographical divisions of the Church. The biggest ones are areas. An area might be a whole country, or part of a continent. Another division is a temple district. A temple district contains all the congregations served by one temple. This often means a whole state, region, or large city. Still another division is the mission, which is an area to which missionaries are assigned; almost all of the world is part of a mission, whether or not missionaries live or seek converts there.\nAnother geographical division of the church is the stake. Stakes contain all the Latter-day Saints in a geographic area (for example, the stake in Whittier, California serves all the Latter-day Saints in Whittier, Pico Rivera and La Mirada). A stake often contains several thousand members. Stakes are divided into wards.\nIn areas where the church is less established and there are not enough members to form a stake, a district is formed. Districts serve much the same role as stakes. In turn, districts are divided into branches. If the church membership grows large enough, a district will be changed into a stake and the branches into wards.\nEach congregation is one ward (or branch). A ward might contain only people who speak a language other than the local language of its area. Examples include areas next to large U.S. military bases in foreign countries, where English-language wards may be organized, and major U.S. cities with many immigrants, where wards using Spanish, dialects of Chinese, or other languages are often formed. In some places, there are special wards for deaf people, where the services are held in the local sign language (such as American Sign Language in English-speaking North America). The church also has \"singles wards\", in which the congregation is made up only of single adults. In turn, there are two types of singles wards\u2014Young Single Adult (YSA), for ages 18 to 30, and Single Adult (SA), for those over 30.\nHistory.\nThe church was founded by Joseph Smith in 1830 in upstate New York. It was probably due to the Book of Mormon, which Smith said he had translated from gold plates that were buried in a nearby hill. Smith's followers first went to Kirtland, Ohio in 1831. The first temple was built in Kirtland, and by the mid-1830s, there were over 17,000 members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. In 1838, the Latter-day Saints settled in Independence and Far West, Missouri. They were driven out because people in Missouri did not trust Latter-day Saints. The Latter-day Saints then moved to Nauvoo, Illinois. There, Smith started to practice polygamy and tried to start a \"theodemocracy,\" which combined Latter-day Saints rule with American democracy. In 1844, Smith got a Nauvoo newspaper shut down that said he was doing bad things. Then Smith was accused of treason, and while he was waiting in jail, he was killed by a mob.\nAfter Smith's death, there was a fight over who should replace Smith. Brigham Young led most of the Latter-day Saints to Utah in 1847. When Utah became a territory in 1850, it was somewhat of a theocracy. Later in the 1850s, there was conflict between the Latter-day Saints and the U.S. government over control of the territory. This was called the Utah War. The Mountain Meadows massacre was part of the Utah War. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Latter-day Saints settled the \"Mormon Corridor\" in Utah and surrounding states in the Western United States. Some of the places they settled were Mesa, Arizona; San Bernardino, California; Las Vegas, Nevada; and Cardston, Alberta. By 1890, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints had built temples in three Utah cities.\nBrigham Young died in 1877. Around that time, the U.S. government made polygamy against the law. Polygamy had been practiced by Young and some members of the church since the 1840s. Laws by the U.S. government led to many Latter-day Saints leaders going into hiding, and many polygamists being sent to jail. In 1890, the church stopped polygamy. This is thought to be the beginning of the modern era of the Mormon church.\nIn the early 20th century, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints grew, and opened its first temples outside of Utah. Soon tithing (giving money to the Church) was made a part of being a good member. In 1995, Gordon Hinckley became president. He got the church to build many temples in the United States and elsewhere around the world. The current President is Dallin H. Oaks after the death of Russell M. Nelson in October 2025.\nMissions.\nYoung people are encouraged to go on missions when they get old enough. Men may go for two years after they are 18 years old (as long as they have graduated from high school), and women may go for 18 months after they are 19 years old. Before an August 2012 change in church policy, men had to be 19 in most countries, and women throughout the world 21, before they could go on missions. More men go on missions than women do. These missionaries go to a \"Missionary Training Center\" for a few months where they learn how to be good missionaries, and then live in another place for their mission. The Church tells them where they need to go. Then they work with one other missionary who is the same gender as they are (called a \"companion\"), and change companions often so they are not always with the same person. Missionaries will go to people who live near them and teach them about the Church, and baptize people who want to join the Church. They also help people around them, even if these people are not in the Church. Often they help by building houses for people who need them.\nOlder people sometimes go on missions after their children grow up. They get to go with their spouse. There are many different kinds of missions for \"senior missionaries\". Some of them are only a few months, and some of them are a few years. These missions can be \"service missions\", which means that they go to help people who live in the area. Sometimes the senior missionary is a \"mission president\". This means that they lead and help young missionaries in the place where they go to live.\nCriticisms.\nThe LDS church has been heavily criticized since its creation. Some of the criticisms are listed below."}
+{"id": "42188", "revid": "1539758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42188", "title": "Fenrir", "text": "In Norse mythology, Fenrir (Old Norse: \u201che who dwells in the marshes\u201d), also known as Fenris\u00falfr (Old Norse: \u201cFenrir's wolf\u201d), or Vanargand (\"Monster of the River Van\"), is a giant, monstrous wolf, son of Loki and the giantess Angrbo\u00f0a, and the brother of Hel and J\u00f6rmungandr. \nFenrir was tied up by the gods but was destined to break free from his bonds and devour Odin during Ragnar\u00f6k, after which he is killed by Odin's son, V\u00ed\u00f0arr. \nFenrir has two sons, Hati ('hate') and Skoll.\nThe Legend of Fenrir.\nOdin found out about a prophecy that the children of Loki and Angora would cause trouble for the gods. He had Fenrir brought to him along with its brother J\u00f6rmungandr and its sister Hel. \nAfter throwing J\u00f6rmungandr into the sea and sending Hel into the land of the dead, Odin had the wolf raised among the \u00c6sir. Only the god T\u00fdr was brave enough to feed the growing monster. The wolf got stronger and stronger. The gods were scared that he would eventually destroy them. They tried to chain it up. He agreed to be chained two times. Both times he easily broke the chains. \nOdin had the dwarfs make the chain Gleipnir (\"deceiver\" or \"entangler\"). It looked like a silken ribbon but was made of six magical ingredients: the sound of a cat's step, the beard of a woman, the roots of a mountain, bear's sensibility, fish's breath, and bird's spittle.\nThe gods challenged Fenrir to break this chain as well. The wolf saw how thin and well made Gleipnir was and thought it was a trick. He agreed to try and break the chain, but only if one of the gods would put his hand in the wolf's mouth. He believed this would force them to free him if he could not break the chain. Only T\u00fdr was willing to put his hand in the wolf's mouth. Fenrir tried to break the chain. The more he tried, the tighter the chain held him. When the gods would not free him, the wolf bit off T\u00fdr's hand at the wrist. \nIt is said that at Ragnar\u00f6k, the wolf will break free. He will join forces with the enemies of the gods and will then eat Odin. After that Vi\u00f0arr, Odin's son, will slay that wolf to avenge his father's death."}
+{"id": "42191", "revid": "1041406", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42191", "title": "Russell Crowe", "text": "Russell Ira Crowe (born 7 April 1964) is an actor with New Zealand citizenship who lives in Australia. He is most well known for the movie \"Gladiator\". This movie gave him his fame in America. He won the academy award (Oscar) for Best actor in 2001, for acting in \"Gladiator\". He also starred as Jor-El in the 2013 movie \"Man of Steel\".\nCrowe had attended Auckland Grammar School before moving to Australia.\nHe is married to Danielle Spencer. She is an Australian singer, songwriter and actress. They have two sons, Charles Spencer Crowe (born 2003) and Tennyson Spencer Crowe (born 2006). "}
+{"id": "42196", "revid": "8702247", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42196", "title": "Renin", "text": "Renin is an enzyme that is made by the kidneys. It is released into the circulatory system to raise blood pressure. This causes more blood to be sent to the kidneys."}
+{"id": "42210", "revid": "6389", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42210", "title": "Port Arthur Massacre", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42214", "revid": "314538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42214", "title": "Knight", "text": "A knight is a person who is given an honorary title of knighthood by a monarch, church, or country.\nDuring the Middle Ages, knights were professional heavy cavalry soldiers. Knights were the best soldiers in the kingdom. They fought for lords or nobles, and got land in return. They thought honour was very important, and they had a code of honour called chivalry. A knight usually had a coat of arms, also called an armorial achievement.\nAlthough they no longer fight as elite warriors, knights still exist. Today, King Charles III names Knights of the Commonwealth Realms. \nKnights in the Middle Ages.\nKnights were first used in the 8th century in the late Roman armies.[\"citation needed\"] The era of the knights lasted until the 16th century. After that, national armies replaced feudal armies. Many knights were recruited as officers in the new armies.\nKnights today.\nModern-day Knights of the Commonwealth Realms are named by the British monarch, King Charles III. To knight a person, he taps their shoulders with the flat side of a sword during a ceremony. Bill Gates, Clint Eastwood, Michael Caine, Elton John, and George H.W. Bush have all been knighted.\nSome British orders of knighthood still exist, like the Order of the British Empire. Today, knights are called \u201cSir\u201d followed by their first name.\nMany members of nobility are descended from knights. For example, Wijerd Jelckama is descended from a knight who died at the siege of Antioch in 1199."}
+{"id": "42219", "revid": "1634936", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42219", "title": "Kuiper belt", "text": "The Kuiper belt is an area of the Solar System beyond the orbit of Neptune (at 30 astronomical units) to 50 AU from the Sun. \nThe objects within the Kuiper Belt together with the members of the \"scattered disk\" beyond, are together called trans-Neptunian.\nMany objects such as dwarf planets in the Kuiper belt are much bigger than the ones in the asteroid belt and are round. At least some Kuiper belt objects are icebound.\nThe first objects in the Kuiper belt to be found were Pluto and Charon but the belt was only identified and named in 1992 when more Kuiper belt objects (KBOs) were found. A few thousand have since been discovered and more than 70,000 KBOs over 100 km (62 mi) in diameter are thought to exist. "}
+{"id": "42220", "revid": "13640", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42220", "title": "Eat", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42227", "revid": "1098103", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42227", "title": "Mole", "text": "Moles are small mammals adapted to a burrowing (under the ground) lifestyle. This lifestyle is called \"fossorial\".\nMoles are found in North America, Europe and Asia. They eat insects, larvae or worms. Moles have velvety, soft fur. They have powerful front paws so they can dig. A mole has an extra thumb.\nThe family includes the shrew moles and the desmans. There are \nthree subfamilies, 17 genera and 46 species in total in this very common group of mammals. Moles have poor vision.\nThe largest type of mole is the Russian desman. The smallest type of mole is the American shrew mole."}
+{"id": "42245", "revid": "1667133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42245", "title": "Terence Tao", "text": "Terence Chi-Shen Tao (born 17 July 1975) is a Chinese-Australian mathematician who currently resides in the United States. In 2006, Tao won the Fields Medal for his work in number theory. Tao shared the award with three other mathematicians. He also won the FRS in 2007. He is known for his studies in harmonic analysis, partial differential equations, combinatorics, analytic number theory and representation theory. Tao teaches math at UCLA.\nLife.\nTao was born in Adelaide, South Australia, Australia. His parents are Han. Tao is the youngest person to be in the International Mathematical Olympiad.\nEver since he was a young child he had shown great skills in mathematics and logic.\nHis father claimed that at the age of 2, during a family gathering, the infant Tao taught a 5-year-old child mathematics and English. According to Smithsonian Online Magazine, Tao taught himself arithmetic by the age of two. When asked by his father how he knew numbers and letters, he said he learned them from \"Sesame Street\". Aside from English, Tao speaks fluent Cantonese, but does not write Chinese. He was promoted to a full professor at age 24. He currently lives with his wife and son in Los Angeles, California."}
+{"id": "42255", "revid": "276159", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42255", "title": "Fritz Lang", "text": "Fritz Lang (5 December 1890 \u2013 2 August 1976) was an Austrian director, screenwriter, and movie producer. His movies include \"Metropolis\" and \"M\". He is one of the most famous German expressionist filmmakers.\nLang was born in Vienna. He died in Beverly Hills, California."}
+{"id": "42257", "revid": "844779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42257", "title": "Scattered disc", "text": "The scattered disc (or scattered disk) is a distant part of the solar system. The area has small icy minor planets known as scattered disc objects (SDOs). The part of the scattered disc closest to the sun is in an area of space called the Kuiper belt. The Oort cloud lies beyond the scattered disc. The first SDO was found in 1995 by Spacewatch.\nThe scattered disc is still not understood well. Astronomers believe that it was created when objects in the Kuiper belt were \"scattered\" by the gravity of the outer planets, mainly Neptune. Unlike most objects in the Solar System which move in a round and flat path, scattered disc objects go every which way. Different SDOs have different orbital eccentricity and orbital inclination."}
+{"id": "42263", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42263", "title": "Husky", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42265", "revid": "7441666", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42265", "title": "Flatworm", "text": "Flatworms (Platyhelminthes, Greek \"platy\"': flat; \"helminth\": worm) are a phylum of invertebrates. They are relatively simple animals. They have soft bodies. \nWith about 25,000 known species, they are the largest phylum of animals without a body cavity. Flatworms can be found in marine, freshwater, and even damp terrestrial environments. \nA troublesome terrestrial example is the New Zealand flatworm, \"Arthurdendyus triangulatus\". It is an invasive species which colonized large areas of Ireland and Scotland. It was brought there by accident in the 1960s. Since then, it has destroyed most of the indigenous earthworms.\nMost free-living flatworms found in Britain are very small ranging from 5mm to less than 1\u00a0cm. They are usually black and can easily be mistaken for debris. These are mostly found in freshwater rivers or streams and are of the Turbellaria class.\nMost flatworms (over 50%) are parasitic on other animals. There are four classes: \nand \nFlatworms are one of the invertebrate groups which are studied in school biology. The main reason for this is that they may infect humans, pets and farmyard animals. Some do enormous harm to humans and their livestock. Schistosomiasis, caused by one genus of trematodes, is the second most devastating of all human diseases caused by parasites, surpassed only by malaria. Effective treatments are now available for these infections. Also, in first-world countries, regulations on domestic cattle prevent infected meat from reaching the human hosts."}
+{"id": "42267", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42267", "title": "Phylum (biology)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42268", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42268", "title": "Cestoda", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42269", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42269", "title": "Trematode", "text": "The Trematodes are a class of flatworms in the phylum Platyhelminthes. They are called flukes, and are internal parasites of molluscs and vertebrates. Most trematodes have a complex life cycle with at least two hosts. The primary host, where the flukes sexually reproduce, is a vertebrate. The intermediate host, which is the agent of dispersal, is usually a snail.\nThe trematodes or flukes are estimated to include 18,000 to 24,000 species."}
+{"id": "42270", "revid": "756599", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42270", "title": "Fluke", "text": "Fluke can refer to different things:"}
+{"id": "42271", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42271", "title": "Period instruments", "text": "The period instruments are musical instruments which have been made in the same way they were made hundreds of years ago. This is done so that earlier music will sound like it did when it was first composed.\nMusical instruments have changed a lot during the last few centuries. Composers like Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) wrote music for instruments which sounded differently from the way they do today. Although most of the orchestral instruments we use nowadays were already in use in Bach\u2019s day, instrument makers have made changes to them. These changes often gave the instruments a bigger sound so that they could be heard well in large concert halls. Orchestras also have increased in size.\nDuring the 20th century musicians started to realize that the way we play the music of Bach and other composers was making the music sound different from how it would have been first heard. People became interested in hearing what the music would have sounded like back in the 17th and early 18th centuries (the Baroque period). Few of the old instruments still existed and many that had survived had been \u201cmodernized\u201d. So instrument makers started to make instruments in the old ways. Some musicians and orchestras started to play these instruments. The instruments are often called \u201cperiod instruments\u201d (or \"authentic instruments\" or \"historical instruments\") because they are made so that they are like instruments of earlier periods.\nDevelopment of the instruments.\nToday's instruments of the string family (violin, viola, cello and double bass) may look almost the same as the old ones, but there are differences: the old fingerboards were shorter and the strings used to be made of gut, not metal. The bows were shaped differently, and the technique of playing was also different.\nWoodwind instruments have changed a lot since the old times. Flutes, oboes and bassoons hardly had any keys (the metal keys which help to cover the holes). The keys were added in the 18th century and it made it much easier to play difficult music with lots of sharps and flats. Clarinets were not invented until the late 18th century, but even they have developed a lot since Mozart\u2019s time (1756-1791).\nBrass instruments like the trumpet and French horn now have valves which make it easier to play in different keys. The trombone is the only instrument which has not changed. The tuba was invented in the early 19th century.\nPercussion instruments include the timpani which have changed a lot. In Baroque times they had calf-skin heads but now the heads are made of plastic. This makes a very different sound.\nBaroque keyboard instruments included the harpsichord and clavichord. The piano was invented during the 18th century. It still sounded very different when Mozart wrote for it. The frame was made of wood, not of cast iron, and the hammers had leather heads instead of felt. A modern piano sounds quite different.\nModern interest in period instruments.\nThe interest in period instruments started in the mid 20th century. People like Wanda Landowska played Baroque keyboard music on the harpsichord instead of the piano. Conductors like Nikolas Harnoncourt have trained small orchestras to play on period instruments using techniques which were used in Baroque times. Gradually musicians also started using period instruments for music from the Classical music period (the time of Mozart and Beethoven). Even in the mid 18th century the modern orchestra had not yet evolved. In recent years conductors like John Elliot Gardiner have performed music by Hector Berlioz on period instruments. There are now many small instrumental groups and orchestras who regularly perform on period instruments e.g. The English Concert and the English Baroque Soloists.\nEvaluation.\nDoes old music sound better on period instruments? Musicians do not all agree about this question and they still argue a lot about the way that some of the music should be played. However, it is important to listen to the way that period instruments are played. Musicians such as the violinist Andrew Manze have done a lot of research in old books and old music and have done a lot to make people rethink the way in which music from former centuries should be performed."}
+{"id": "42272", "revid": "227702", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42272", "title": "Monogenea", "text": "Monogenea are a type of flatworm. They are parasites which means that they always need another creature to live on. They live on the outside of their host. Some parasites, like tapeworms, live on the inside of a larger creature. \nEcology and life cycle.\nMonogenea are especially common on the skin, fins and gills of fish. Less commonly, they can be found in the urinary bladder and rectum of cold-blooded vertebrates. No types of Monogenea infect birds, but one (\"Oculotrema hippopotami\") infects mammals. It is a parasite in the eye of a hippopotamus. \nMonogenea are usually hermaphrodites. This means that they have both sexes. First they are males, and only later do they become females as well. They have direct life-cycles with no asexual reproduction (unlike the Digenea). In those types of Monogenea that lay eggs, the young ones grow to a larval stage called an \"oncomiracidium\". It is at the \"larva\" stage that they are able to travel from one host creature to another. When they are adults, Monogenea eat the blood, mucus, and epithelial cells of their host creature."}
+{"id": "42273", "revid": "586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42273", "title": "Turbellaria", "text": "Turbellaria are a class of free-living flatworms. Most of them are carnivores. They actively search for food. Most of them are small, less than 60 cm in size. Almost all of them are aquatic. Some also live on land, in damp places."}
+{"id": "42274", "revid": "9626984", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42274", "title": "Bifr\u00f6st", "text": "In Norse mythology, Bifr\u00f6st is the bridge between the land of mortals, Midgard, and the land of the gods, Asgard. The gods cross it every day to meet and decide things at Urdarbrunn (Well of Urd) under the tree Yggdrasill. The bridge is a rainbow. It was built by the \u00c6sir and is guarded by the god Heimdall.\nOnly the thunder god Thor was not allowed to use the rainbow, because he may break it. The bridge will be destroyed at the end of the world, Ragnar\u00f6k, when the relentless army of giants and the dead run on it to attack Asgard.\nAlternative names: Bilr\u00f6st, \u00c1sbr\u00fa, Bifrost."}
+{"id": "42275", "revid": "9010552", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42275", "title": "Mendoza Province", "text": "Mendoza is a Province of Argentina. It is in the region called Cuyo. The province borders San Juan in the north, San Luis and La Pampa in the east, Neuqu\u00e9n in the south, and Chile to the west.\nIt is the major wine producer of Argentina and has many other crops. It has the highest mountain in the country, Aconcagua.\nMendoza has a population of 1,579,651 people (2001). Spanish is the main language but many people also speak English, Italian and Portuguese."}
+{"id": "42287", "revid": "1540081", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42287", "title": "Dosimeter", "text": "A dosimeter is a tool that can measure different levels of hazardous environments. Common dosimeters are those used for sound (They measure how loud a certain noise is) and radiation (they measure how much radiation there is in an environment).\nThere are many uses for dosimeters. For example, workers in nuclear power plants use them to track their radiation exposure. Doctors, especially ones using X-rays, use them too."}
+{"id": "42288", "revid": "1532873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42288", "title": "Geiger counter", "text": "A Geiger counter (sometimes called Geiger-M\u00fcller counter) is an instrument that measures ionizing radiation such as alpha particles, beta particles, or gamma rays. It is best known as a hand held radiation survey instrument, but it can also be used as a bench instrument or permanently installed.\nThe original operating principle was discovered in 1908 and since the subsequent development of the Geiger-M\u00fcller tube in 1928 the counter has been a very popular instrument due to its robust sensing detector and element and relatively low cost.\nPrinciple of operation.\nThe radiation sensor is a Geiger-M\u00fcller tube which gives out an electronic signal when radiation is present. \nThe readout is counts or radiation dose. The counts display is commonly \"counts per second\". Radiation dose rate is displayed in a unit such as the sievert.\nThe readout can be analogue or digital, and modern instruments have communications with a computer or network.\nThere is usually an option to produce audible representing the radiation intensity. This allows the user to concentrate on manipulation of the instrument without looking at the display.\nTypes and applications.\nFor alpha particles and low energy beta particles the \"end window\" type of GM tube is used as these particles have a limited range even in free air and are easily stopped by a solid material.\nGeiger counters can be used to detect gamma radiation, and for this the windowless tube is used. A special type of the Geiger tube is used to measure neutrons.\nPhysical design.\nFor hand-held units there are two fundamental physical configurations: the \"integral\" unit, with both detector and electronics in the same unit, and the \"two-piece\" design which has a separate detector probe and an electronics module connected by a short cable. \nThere is a particular type of gamma instrument known as a \"hot spot\" detector which has the detector tube on the end of a long pole or flexible conduit. These are used to measure high radiation gamma locations whilst protecting the operator by means of distance shielding.\nHistory.\nIn 1908 Hans Geiger, developed a technique for detecting alpha particles that would later be used in the Geiger-M\u00fcller tube. This counter was only capable of detecting alpha particles but in 1928 Geiger and Walther M\u00fcller developed the sealed Geiger-M\u00fcller tube which could detect more types of ionizing radiation and it became a practical radiation sensor. Once this was available, Geiger counter instruments could be produced relatively cheaply."}
+{"id": "42289", "revid": "1301875", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42289", "title": "Caitlyn Goodwin", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42290", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42290", "title": "Geiger-M\u00fcller counter", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42291", "revid": "1301875", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42291", "title": "Dorie Goodwin", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42298", "revid": "9539310", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42298", "title": "Wide area network", "text": "A worldwide area network, or WAN, is made up of several computer networks connected together, often over the Internet. In most cases, the networks in WANs all belong to the all same company or school.\nUsage.\nWANs are used to connect LANs and other types of networks together, so that users and computers in one location can communicate with users and computers in other locations. Many WANs are built for one particular organization and are private. Others, built by Internet service providers, provide connections from an organization's LAN to the Internet. WANs are often built using leased lines. At each end of the leased line, a router connects to the LAN on one side and a hub within the WAN on the other. Leased lines can be very expensive. Instead of using leased lines, WANs can also be built using less costly circuit switching or packet switching methods. Network protocols including TCP/IP deliver transport and addressing functions. Protocols including Packet over SONET/SDH, MPLS, ATM and Frame relay are often used by service providers to deliver the links that are used in WANs. X.25 was an important early WAN protocol, and is often considered to be the \"grandfather\" of Frame Relay as many of the underlying protocols and functions of X.25 are still in use today (with upgrades) by Frame Relay.\nStudies.\nAcademic research into wide area networks can be broken down into three areas: mathematical models, network emulation and network simulation.\nImprovements.\nPerformance improvements are sometimes delivered via WAFS or WAN optimization."}
+{"id": "42299", "revid": "823563", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42299", "title": "Corporate network", "text": "A corporate network is a group of computers, connected together in a building or in a particular area, which are all owned by the same company or institutions."}
+{"id": "42300", "revid": "823563", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42300", "title": "Disk", "text": "A disc or disk generally refers to a round flat object, although the usage varies between different variants of English. Common types of disc include:"}
+{"id": "42301", "revid": "4580", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42301", "title": "Hard Disk", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42307", "revid": "1680064", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42307", "title": "Noodle", "text": "Noodles are thin strips of pasta which are made from dough. The dough for the noodles can be made in different ways:\nNoodles are usually cooked in boiling water. Sometimes, after boiling, noodles are fried in a pan with other ing\nredients while being moved around in order to be mixed well, which is called stir frying. "}
+{"id": "42308", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42308", "title": "Gaia Online", "text": "Gaia Online is a website created around anime and chatting. In Gaia, users can work on an online economy, chat with other people with the same interests, and even play online games found around the site. Also, you have to be 13 and older to join."}
+{"id": "42313", "revid": "642202", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42313", "title": "Jotunheim", "text": "J\u00f6tunheimr (or Jotunheim) is the land of the giants in the Norse mythology. Two kinds of giants (or Jotuns) live in J\u00f6tunheimr, rock giants and frost giants. From here they can attack the humans in Midgard and the gods in Asgard. Jotunheim is ruled by King Thrym. "}
+{"id": "42314", "revid": "1538641", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42314", "title": "Leia Organa", "text": "Princess Leia Organa, born Leia Amidala Skywalker, is a character from the \"Star Wars\" universe. Leia was played by Carrie Fisher in the original three \"Star Wars\" movies: ', ', and \"\". She is also a main character in many novels that are set in the \"Star Wars\" universe.\nCharacter history.\nOrgana is the daughter of Padm\u00e9 Amidala and Anakin Skywalker. She has a twin brother, Luke Skywalker. Her mother died giving birth to her and her brother. The twins were taken at birth and given to different families to raise. Leia was raised by the family of Alderaan's Senator Bail Organa as his daughter. \nLeia was in a romantic relationship with Han Solo and both have a child Ben Solo. Kylo Ren becomes evil and becomes the main villain in Star Wars sequel trilogy. "}
+{"id": "42327", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42327", "title": "Ayrton Senna", "text": "Ayrton Senna da Silva (21 March 1960 \u2013 1 May 1994), better known as Ayrton Senna, was a Brazilian Formula 1 driver who won the championship three times, in 1988, 1990 and in 1991. He died in an accident that took place on the Autodromo Enzo e Dino Ferrari, better known as Imola, in the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix. He is considered by many people to be the most skilled driver in the history of motor racing.\nLife before Formula 1 Racing.\nSenna was born in S\u00e3o Paulo, a city in Brazil where the Brazilian grand prix is hosted. When he was four years old, he first got into a kart. When he was 13, he entered a karting competition for the first time. A fun fact is that he started his first kart race on pole position. The start places were written on pieces of paper and put in a driver's helmet, and he drew number one. Because he was a lot lighter than the other racers, he was much faster than all of them. He won the \"South American Kart Championships\" in 1977 and was runner-up in the World Championship, but he never won it.\nIn 1981 he raced in the British Formula Ford 1600 championship, and won it as well. He also changed his name to Senna, since da Silva is used a lot in Brazil.\nIn 1982 Senna won two European championships; the European and the British Formula Ford 2000. After testing with Williams, McLaren, Brabham and Toleman, he got a place within the Toleman team for the 1984 Formula One season.\nInto Formula One.\nThe Toleman team was a very small team compared to other famous teams like Williams, McLaren and Brabham. Even though, the team built a car good enough to let Senna impress with his talents. Ayrton Senna scored his first championship point on April 7, 1984 at the South African Grand Prix. Three races later, Senna impressed at the Monaco Grand Prix, where it was raining. Senna started on the 13th position, but right after the race started, he soon was gaining position after position on the track that is known for its small roads. On the 19th lap, he took second place from Niki Lauda and was making up a lot of time to the race leader, Alain Prost. It started to rain harder and the race was stopped on the 31st lap. Even though almost everyone agrees Senna should have won the race, Senna had a result to be proud of. In the rest of the season he would finish third place in two races, the British and the Portuguese Grand Prix. He finished his first year in Formula One racing on a shared 9th position and 13 points, sharing his 9th position with Nigel Mansell.\nSenna did not just race in Formula One that year. He also co-drove a Porsche 956 with Henri Pescarolo and Stefan Johansson in the 1000km N\u00fcrburgring race. He also raced in a race to celebrate the opening of the new N\u00fcrburgring. He won this race.\nAyrton's Years With Lotus.\nThe following year, joined the Lotus team, and many thought he would be able to meet his potential. The other driver for Lotus was Elio De Angelis. Ayrton scored his first of 65 pole positions in his career during the Brazilian Grand Prix, but was not able to win the race. He retired with an electrical problem after 48 laps. He did not had to wait a long time for his first ever victory in Formula 1, however, because he won the next race, the Portuguese Grand Prix starting off from pole position again. He showed his true talent driving in such bad weather which even later champion Alain Prost could not race in (he spun into a wall). The rest of the season was not too good for Senna though. He scored a lot of points but often retired because of mechanical problems. He won the Belgian Grand Prix in another wet race and finished 4th at the end of the season, scoring 38 points total. He also took two first places, two second places, two third places and seven pole positions.\nHis second season with Lotus, in 1986, was better than his first. The Lotus Car was a lot more reliable. He finished second in the Brazilian Grand Prix, with only Nelson Piquet being faster than Ayrton. He even took the lead in the World Championship standings during the Spanish Grand Prix after managing to keep Nigel Mansell away from stealing the victory. The gap between both drivers was only 14 thousand of a second. He did not have a lot of time to enjoy his lead, however, because his Lotus did not have the reliability Ayrton needed to chase after the title."}
+{"id": "42328", "revid": "664627", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42328", "title": "Adriano Emperado", "text": "Adriano Emperado (June 16, 1926 - April 4, 2009) is a Filipino-Hawaiian martial artist. He is one of five martial artists who developed a system of self-defense called Kajukenbo.\nChildhood.\nAs a young man in Honolulu, Hawaii, Emperado began his early training in the Filipino art of Escrima. That had a huge impact on his development of Kajukenbo. Emperado later became interested in Kenpo Karate. After years of training, he earned a fifth-degree black belt under the direction of William K.S Chow.\nLater life.\nThe first school of Kajukenbo was directed by Adriano Emperado and his brother, Joe Emperado. In 1959, Emperado began combining Wushu into Kajukenbo. Adriano Emperado's life has been about teaching the martial arts. \"Black Belt Magazine\" named him its Instructor of the Year 1991."}
+{"id": "42330", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42330", "title": "House husband", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42332", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42332", "title": "Ayrton Senna da Silva", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42335", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42335", "title": "Sranang", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42336", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42336", "title": "Republiek Suriname", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42338", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42338", "title": "Paramaribo", "text": "Paramaribo (, nickname: Par\u2032bo) is the capital city of Suriname. About 250,000 people live in the city. It is at the Suriname River about 15 km before the river flows into the Atlantic Ocean. \nParamirbo used to be called in French \"Bourg nomm\u00e9 des Juifs\" because so many Jewish people lived there."}
+{"id": "42339", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42339", "title": "Nederlands Guyana", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42340", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42340", "title": "Netherlands Guiana", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42341", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42341", "title": "Dutch Guiana", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42345", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42345", "title": "Ancient Domains of Mystery", "text": "Ancient Domains of Mystery (ADOM) is a computer game. More specifically, it's a Roguelike."}
+{"id": "42357", "revid": "1204528", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42357", "title": "Jagdterrier", "text": "Jagdterriers are a breed of dogs. Their full name is Deutscher Jagdterrier. This translates to German terrier to mean a hunting dog. "}
+{"id": "42358", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42358", "title": "Deutscher Jagdterrier", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42360", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42360", "title": "Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger", "text": "Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger (Erwin Rudolf Josef Alexander Schr\u00f6dinger, 12 August 1887, Vienna-Erdberg 4 January 1961, Vienna) was an Austrian physicist and theoretical biologist. He was one of the founding fathers of quantum theory and won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933.\nLife.\nSchr\u00f6dinger went to the Academic Gymnasium from 1898 to 1906.\nAfterwards he studied mathematics and physics in Vienna and wrote his habilitation up from 1910.\nHe was a soldier in World War I. Afterwards he got professorships in Z\u00fcrich, Jena, Breslau and Stuttgart. In 1920 he married.\nIn 1927 he went to Berlin to fellow Max Planck.\nAfter the take-over of power by the Nazis, Schr\u00f6dinger left Germany and got a new professorship in Oxford.\nIn 1933 he was awarded the Nobel Prize.\nThree years later he returned to Austria and became professor in Graz.\nIn 1938 he had to leave Austria, because the Nazis had taken over government.\nHe went to Dublin and became director of the School for Theoretical Physics.\nIn 1956 he returned to Vienna and got a professorship for Theoretical Physics.\nHe died of tuberculosis in 1961.\nImportant work.\nSchr\u00f6dinger's most important work is the wave mechanics \u2013 a formulation of quantum mechanics, and especially the Schr\u00f6dinger equation. He also worked on the field of biophysics. He invented the concept of negentropy and helped to develop molecular biology."}
+{"id": "42364", "revid": "9568547", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42364", "title": "Dioxin", "text": "Dioxins is the name for a group of chemical compounds. These are organic compounds. Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), or simply dioxins, are a group of halogenated organic compounds which are significant because they act as environmental pollutants. They are very poisonous. Many dioxins cause cancer.\nToday, Dioxins are no longer made. They can occur as a by-product of other processes, though. Examples where dioxins can result are the production of PVC or the bleaching of paper. In nature, they are produced in volcanoes and forest fires.\nA chemical accident where a lot of dioxin was released was the Seveso disaster."}
+{"id": "42371", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42371", "title": "Arnold Sommerfeld", "text": "Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld (December 5, 1868 in K\u00f6nigsberg, East Prussia \u2013 April 26, 1951 in Munich) was a German mathematician and theoretical physicist.\nEducation.\nSommerfeld was the son of a practical physician. After finishing school in 1886, he started studying mathematics at the University of K\u00f6nigsberg. In 1891 he wrote his doctorate thesis about arbitrary functions in mathematical physics. Afterwards he had to serve in the army.\nThen he went to G\u00f6ttingen. He became assistant at the institute for mineralogy, but was still interested in mathematical physics.\nWorks.\nIn 1894 he became the assistant of Felix Klein. The year after he wrote his habilitation about the mathematical theory of optical diffraction and became docent for mathematics in G\u00f6ttingen.\nIn 1897 Sommerfeld married. In the same year he became ordinary professor for mathematics at the mining college of Clausthal. Three years later he got a professorship at the Technical University of Aachen.\nIn 1906 he became professor for theoretical physics in Munich, were he stood for his lifetime. While he was professor in Munich, he travelled twice around the world - in 1922/23 he was guest professor in Wisconsin and travelled afterwards through India, China and Japan, in 1928/29 he made a journey through the US as a university teacher.\nHe started taking out a pension in 1935, but he still worked until 1940. There was a lot of trouble choosing the person who should follow him. Sommerfeld wanted to have Werner Heisenberg to follow him, but in the time of the Nazi regime the job could only go to a person who taught the so-called German Physics, which included a kind of mysticism. Sommerfeld tried to prevent that.\nSommerfeld died in 1951 in a traffic accident."}
+{"id": "42373", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42373", "title": "James Clerk Maxwell", "text": "James Clerk Maxwell (born 13 June 1831 in Edinburgh \u2013 died 5 November 1879) was a British mathematician, physicist and discoverer of Maxwell's equations.\nEarly life.\nMaxwell grew up in a rich religious family. In 1845, when he was only 14, he wrote a paper describing a way of drawing mathematical curves with a piece of string. In 1847 he started studying mathematics at the University of Edinburgh. In 1850 Maxwell changed to Peterhouse and then Trinity College at the University of Cambridge. He won prizes from the university for his work and was given his degree in 1854. From 1855 to 1872 he did research on colour blindness.\nWorks.\nIn 1856 Maxwell was made a professor of 'Natural Philosophy' (which is what science was called then) at Marischal College, Aberdeen. He worked there until the two colleges in Aberdeen joined together in 1860 and he lost his job. He then became a professor at King's College London. In 1861 he was elected to the Royal Society.\nIn 1871, he became the first Cavendish Professor of Physics at Cambridge. He studied many things, but is known best for his mathematical work on electromagnetism and on the behaviour of gases. He used the experiments of Michael Faraday to see how magnetism and electricity were connected. This helped him to make his equations that allowed scientists to understand light and radio waves. \nHe lived at Glenlair House, his family estate near the village of Parton, Castle Douglas in Kirkcudbrightshire. Maxwell died in 1879 from cancer, and is buried in the graveyard at Parton Church."}
+{"id": "42379", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42379", "title": "Roman Vishniac", "text": "Roman Vishniac (; ; August 19, 1897 \u2013 January 22, 1990) was a Russian-American photographer and a biologist. He is well known for taking pictures of Jewish culture in Central and Eastern Europe before the Holocaust. Many of these pictures are in his book, \"A Vanished World\", published in 1983."}
+{"id": "42551", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42551", "title": "Penicillin", "text": "Penicillin is a group of common antibiotics, made to treat bacterial infections. It was one of the first antibiotics to be discovered, and worked well against staphylococci and streptococci. Many strains of bacteria are now resistant. Chemists and many businesses keep changing part of its structure in the effort to keep it working against the bacteria. Penicillin is sometimes made to treat syphilis, tonsillitis, meningitis, and pneumonia as well as other diseases.\nMechanism.\nPenicillin can be used to enter and kill two types of bacteria, Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It does this by lysis of the cell membrane. Gram-positive bacteria have no outer cell membrane (protective layer around the bacteria cell) and have large pores (holes) which allows penicillin to enter easily and kill the cell from the inside. Gram-negative bacteria are harder for penicillin to enter as they have smaller pores and an outer cell membrane so penicillin has to enter through smaller aqueous pores (holes in the membrane where water enters and leaves the cell). This means that killing Gram-negative bacteria takes a longer amount of time and some penicillin drugs may not work against them.\nOnce the Penicillin is inside the bacteria, it destroys the cell wall by stopping new chains in the outer membrane from forming and so the structure of the membrane collapses. This means that there is no longer a structure to support the cell and control how much of substances can enter and leave so a large amount of water from the surroundings enters the cell until it can no longer function and so the cell dies.\nHistory.\nPenicillin was discovered by Scottish scientist Sir Alexander Fleming in 1928, but it was not mass-produced until 1940 when it was first used widely during World War II.\nPenicillin was discovered when Fleming noticed a mold that was stopping bacteria from growing in a petri dish. Australian scientist Howard Walter Florey made the penicillin mold into a medicine. Together with another scientist Ernst Boris Chain, Fleming and Florey were given the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1945. The first time penicillin was used in medicine to treat a bacterial infection was in 1930.\nModern day use.\nThe antibiotic penicillin is naturally produced by fungi of the genus \"Penicillium\". There is now a whole group of antibiotics derived from \"Penicillium\" including penicillin G, procaine penicillin, benzathine penicillin, and penicillin V which are effective against different bacterial diseases.\nSome people are allergic to penicillin. Side effects of taking antibiotics may include nausea, diarrhea, or a rash. Rarely, patients who are allergic to penicillin get a fever, vomit, or have serious skin irritation. Because it is such a popular antibiotic, penicillin is the most common cause of serious allergic reactions to a drug. The amount of penicillin allergies out there is said to be overstated (they think there are more than there are). \nThey are now used regularly in hospitals but because its use is so common in modern medicine, strains of bacteria have developed resistance against the antibiotic. This means the antibiotic can no longer kill those bacteria. \nTotal synthesis.\nChemist John C. Sheehan at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) did the first chemical synthesis of penicillin in 1957."}
+{"id": "42563", "revid": "1721", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42563", "title": "National flag", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42580", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42580", "title": "Olympia,Washington", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42648", "revid": "1391867", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42648", "title": "Depleted uranium", "text": "Depleted uranium is what is left over after uranium is enriched. Enriched uranium has enough uranium-235 to be used in nuclear reactors or nuclear weapons. Depleted uranium is made up mostly of the isotope uranium-238. Uranium-238 is mildly radioactive. Uranium is very dense, or heavy for its size. Because of this, depleted uranium is used in armor piercing bullets and heavy machine guns. Its high density allows weapons to put more energy into a fired bullet which causes more damage to its targets. Bullets made from it will burn when they hit something hard, and their smoke is dangerous to breathe. \nDepleted uranium has long been used in nuclear reactors to make plutonium for producing nuclear energy. In 2010 a new kind of \"traveling wave reactor\" was proposed to use it more directly."}
+{"id": "42651", "revid": "3901", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42651", "title": "Tropical storm", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42653", "revid": "5804", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42653", "title": "Commuter", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42654", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42654", "title": "Commuting", "text": "Commuting is the act of travelling from home to a workplace every day. A commuter is a person who commutes. This was uncommon until the 19th century, when the word was invented for people who used public transport daily. For many commuters, home is a suburb and work is in the inner city; but the reverse is sometimes the case and is called a reverse commute. Commuters may use other transport, such as cars or bicycles."}
+{"id": "42655", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42655", "title": "Km", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42656", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42656", "title": "Anne Redpath", "text": "Anne Redpath (1895 \u2013 1965) was a Scottish artist. She was born in Galashiels, Scotland.\nShe was the daughter of a tweed designer. Her father's work affected her use of colour and texture in her paintings. \"I do with a spot of red or yellow in a harmony of grey, what my father did in his tweed\", she said. She went to France during 1920 \u2013 1933."}
+{"id": "42658", "revid": "823563", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42658", "title": "CD-RW", "text": "A CD-RW (which stands for Compact Disc ReWritable) is a Compact disc that can be recorded and erased multiple times. It can hold data or music. Most of the time it will hold data, since many CD players can not play CD-RWs. During its development, the format was known as CD-E, which stands for Compact Disc Erasable. The standard was introduced in 1997. It replaced the less successful CD-MO.\nThe disk used for this is an optical disc. Phase change technology is used to write to the disk. A laser beam is used to heat a certain point of the disk. Once this point is hot, the information stored there can be changed.\nAccording to what the manufacturers of these disks say, it is possible to record and erase such a disk up to 1000 times. They behave very much like CD-Rs, otherwise. Entire sessions can be written. As long as there is space on the disc, new sessions can be appended. To be readable in an ordinary CD drive, all sessions must be closed though.\nCD-RWs never gained the popularity of CD-Rs. This is because they are more expensive to make and to buy. Also, not all CD drives can read them. Reading and writing speeds are also lower than those of pre-made CDs and CD-Rs.\nAlso, like with the CD-R, it is impractical (and slow) to use these disks to quickly add or remove small files. Other formats, like Zip disk, Jaz disk, Magneto-optical disks, and USB flash drives are More used for quickly reading, writing, or erasing small (sets of) files. When a deletion needs to be made, the whole CD needs to be erased.\nCD-RWs (like CD-Rs) are more used for backups. They are usually cheaper than tape-based solutions.\nDepending on the method used to write, and the type of disk used, usable capacities range from about 500 to 700 megabytes.\nPretty much the same concepts are used for DVD-RWs, which have a much higher capacity."}
+{"id": "42660", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42660", "title": "Compact Disc Rewritable", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42661", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42661", "title": "CD-E", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42662", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42662", "title": "Copact Disc Erasable", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42665", "revid": "1662932", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42665", "title": "Magneto-optical drive", "text": "A Magneto-optical drive is a disk drive for computers. It can read and write data to magneto-optical disks. The technology was made at the end of the 1980s. Both 5.25\" and 3.5\" media exist. The disks look like CD-ROMs, but they are protected with a plastic cover. The MiniDisc is a Magneto-optical disk. The other disks look similar but have a bigger physical size. \nHow it works.\nThe operating system sees (and uses) the disk like a normal hard-drive. 3.5\" disks can hold between 128 megabytes (MB) and 2.3 gigabytes (GB) of data. 5.25\" disks hold between 650 MB and 16.7 GB.\nResistance.\nAll disks have a physical write protection switch (like 3.5\" floppy disks). They are pretty resistant to data change, can support temperatures up to about 100\u00a0\u00b0C, and do not care much about light. \nDVD-RAM disks are very similar in appearance, they are optical though."}
+{"id": "42675", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42675", "title": "Flatport", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42676", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42676", "title": "Royal City province", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42678", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42678", "title": "Royal City", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42689", "revid": "1104831", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42689", "title": "United States presidential line of succession", "text": "The United States presidential line of succession is the order in which government officials replace the president of the United States, if the president leaves office before an elected successor is inaugurated. If the president dies, resigns or is removed from the office, the vice president becomes president for the rest of the term. If the vice president is unable to serve, the Speaker of the House acts as president.\nPrevious lines.\nThe United States Constitution says that the vice president of the United States is the person who will replace the president if the president is not able to continue. In 1868, during the impeachment trial of President Andrew Johnson, Benjamin Wade was the leader of the Senate, who nearly became president, as Johnson was found not guilty by one vote. Johnson had previously served as the vice president for Abraham Lincoln, and became president after Lincoln\u2019s assassination. As a result, there was no vice president during Johnson\u2019s presidency. \nIn 1886, after the death of Vice President Thomas A. Hendricks, Congress passed a law that took out the leaders of the Senate and House of Representatives from the line of succession. The new person behind the vice president in line was Secretary of State, followed by other Cabinet members. The leaders of the Senate and House were restored to the line of succession by the Presidential Succession Act of 1947.\nPresent line of succession.\nBelow is the line of succession for the president of the United States under Donald Trump:"}
+{"id": "42690", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42690", "title": "Oulu", "text": "Oulu () is a city in Northern Ostrobothnia, Finland. It is the biggest city in the Northern Finland. The population of Oulu was about 193,000 in January 2014. It is the sixth largest city in Finland.\nMunicipalities next to Oulu are Hailuoto, Ii, Kempele, Liminka, Lumijoki, Muhos, Pudasj\u00e4rvi, Tyrn\u00e4v\u00e4 and Utaj\u00e4rvi.\nThere is a university in Oulu. The university is one of the largest in Finland, with over 15,000 students.\nMany people work in technology firms making mobile phones, computers and software.\nHistory.\nOulu was established in 1605, so it is more than 400 years old. In the old days, Oulu was famous for selling tar all over the world.\nSubdivisions.\nOulu has 106 city districts.\nIn 2009, the former municipality of Ylikiiminki became a part of Oulu. In 2013, the former municipalities of Haukipudas, Kiiminki, Oulunsalo and Yli-Ii were merged to form the city of Oulu."}
+{"id": "42692", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42692", "title": "James Boswell", "text": "James Boswell (29 October 1740 (N.S.) \u2013 19 May 1795) was a Scottish lawyer and author. He is best known for having written the Life of Johnson, a biography of his close friend Samuel Johnson, published in 1791. In the 1920s and 1930s, a large number of his personal papers and journals were discovered. They have since then been published by Yale University."}
+{"id": "42694", "revid": "440188", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42694", "title": "Gondola", "text": "A Gondola is a kind of boat. Gondolas are mainly used in Venice. Unlike other boats, a long oar is used to move the gondola."}
+{"id": "42695", "revid": "9898787", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42695", "title": "MiniDisc", "text": "A MiniDisc (MD) is a small magneto-optical disk. It is used as a replacement for the Audio cassette. It was developed by Sony to store music. Later it was modified, so it can also store data. The music it stores is compressed in some way, like an MP3. Recent Hi-MD models have the option to not compress audio, and offer audio identical to CD-quality. \nMiniDisc recorders allow the user to modify the contents of (recordable) disks. That way, tracks can be split, combined or rearranged. Audio tracks can be input while a live recording is in progress, too, for example, while recording a live concert or interview via the microphone input on a MiniDisc recorder."}
+{"id": "42709", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42709", "title": "Lolita", "text": "Lolita is a novel by Vladimir Nabokov. The book was written in English. It was published in Paris in 1955. It was translated into Russian by Nabokov. The story is about the sexual relationship that develops in the United States between a middle-aged British professor and a 12-year-old girl after he becomes her stepfather. It was a very controversial book. The novel was made into a movie by Stanley Kubrick in 1962, and remade in 1997."}
+{"id": "42714", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42714", "title": "Angela Haynes", "text": "Angela Haynes (born September 27, 1984 in Bellflower, California ) is a professional tennis player from the United States. Haynes's top WTA singles ranking is World No. 95 which she got in August, 2005. Angela was ranked World No. 157, race-singles World No. 120 and World No. 171 in doubles as of November 7, 2009.\nHaynes' brother, Dontia Haynes, who used to be a San Diego State University tennis player ranked among the top 100 ranked collegiate tennis players in the United States, died on September 23, 2005.\nClothing.\nAngela's clothes are made by Adidas. Her racquets are made by Babolat. Angela's current racquet is believed to be the Babolat Pure Storm. Angela likes to wear bandanas while playing.\nAppearances.\nAngela appears in \"Top Spin 2\" which is for the Xbox 360, Nintendo Game Boy, and Nintendo DS."}
+{"id": "42716", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42716", "title": "Vania King", "text": "Vania King (born February 3, 1989) is an American tennis player. She was born in Monterrey Park, California. King was ranked the 50th best player in the world in 2006.\nShe won her first singles title against Tamarine Tanasugarn at Bangkok, Thailand. Vania won 2-6, 6-4, 6-4. King also won the doubles title at Bangkok with partner Jelena Kostanic. King got second place with her partner Alexa Glatch at the 2005 US Open Juniors. "}
+{"id": "42718", "revid": "1386969", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42718", "title": "Bottle cap", "text": "Bottle caps are used to seal the opening of bottles. For glass bottles, these are usually small, specially adapted pieces of metal. With plastic bottles, plastic caps are used instead. \nThe original bottle cap was called Crown cork. It is pressed onto the bottle, and can be removed, using a bottle opener.\nIn recent years bottle caps with screw on mounts are used that way, a bottle opener is no longer required. Caps for plastic bottles are often made of a different type of plastic from the bottle.\nA cork is another type of closure for the top of a bottle."}
+{"id": "42719", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42719", "title": "Crown cork", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42721", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42721", "title": "Amount", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42732", "revid": "527152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42732", "title": "Quality", "text": "Quality is how good something is. If the quality of a product is high then that means that it is fit for its purpose. If the quality of an item is low that means that the product may break easily or not work properly. When people say something is a quality product that means that the product is of good quality. Usually higher-quality products cost more money, because the materials used to make them are better, or the way they were made was more effective. In other words, things that are low quality are cheap.\nQuality is understood differently by different people, depending on what they consider quality to be. Generally, though, it is how well a product is suited to the purpose it was made for."}
+{"id": "42733", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42733", "title": "Gargoyle", "text": "A gargoyle is a grotesque statue that is attached to a building. It is carved out of stone, usually granite. It is used to get water away from the building when it rains. Gargoyles are often made to look like animals or people. The collected water comes out of their mouths. Most gargoyles were made a long time ago. People used to believe that they scared away evil spirits. Many cathedrals have gargoyles.\nNew buildings use rain gutters instead of gargoyles to move water. There are not many gargoyles in America.\nGargoyles are often confused with grotesques. They are similar, but only gargoyles get rid of rainwater through their mouths."}
+{"id": "42735", "revid": "10408232", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42735", "title": "Oostende", "text": "Ostend (, ; ; ; , literally \"East End\") is a city in the Belgian province of West Flanders.\nIn 2007, 69115 people lived there.\nIt is at 51\u00b0 13 North, 02\u00b0 54 East."}
+{"id": "42736", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42736", "title": "Ostend", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42737", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42737", "title": "Ostende", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42739", "revid": "859018", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42739", "title": "Windows 2.0", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42740", "revid": "1035196", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42740", "title": "List of UEFA European Championship finals", "text": "The list of UEFA European Championship champions:\nThe number of times each country has won the UEFA European Championship including finals and semi-finals results: "}
+{"id": "42741", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42741", "title": "Abuja", "text": "Abuja () is a city in Nigeria. It is the national capital of Nigeria. Around 2.5 million people live there. Abuja is in the middle of the country, in the center of the Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. It replaced Lagos, the country's most populous city but very small in size, as the capital on 12 December 1991.\nAbuja is a planned city, which means that architects designed it specifically to be Nigeria's capital city. Construction of the first parts of the city was finished in the late 1980s."}
+{"id": "42742", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42742", "title": "Quang Ngai City", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42743", "revid": "642202", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42743", "title": "Irony", "text": " \nIrony is a term for a figure of speech. Irony is when something happens that is opposite from what is expected. It can often be funny, but it is also used in tragedies. There are many types of irony, including those listed below:"}
+{"id": "42744", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42744", "title": "Assault rifle", "text": "An assault rifle is a rifle that has a removable magazine, automatic-fire and semi-automatic modes, and uses intermediate cartridges. These cartridges include the 5.56 NATO and 7.62x39mm cartridges. Intermediate cartridges have more power and penetration than pistol cartridges fired by submachine guns, and less than the larger battle rifle cartridges.\nTwo rifles made in Italy and Russia before World War I are sometimes called assault rifles. The Germans were the first to use assault rifles in large numbers. \nCommon examples of \"assault rifles\" are the English L85, Russian AK-47, the American M16.\nThe term \u201cassault rifle\u201d comes from the firearm Sturmgewehr 44 (StG 44), translated to \u201cAssault Rifle 1944\u201d. The armed forces of other sovereign states adopted assault rifles later.\nThe term \"assault rifle\" and less commonly \"assault weapon\" have seen increasing use by American, Canadian and European politicians seeking to limit access to civilian rifles that fire similar or identical rounds to common \"assault\" or \"battle\" rifles, such as the or the 30-06 Springfield."}
+{"id": "42745", "revid": "3164", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42745", "title": "Assault Rifle", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42748", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42748", "title": "Salvador Dal\u00ed", "text": "Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dal\u00ed i Dom\u00e8nech, 1st Marquess of Dal\u00ed of P\u00fabol (; ; ; 11 May 1904 \u2013 23 January 1989) was a Spanish painter who became famous for the unusual images he used in his paintings. He was born in Figueres, Catalonia, Spain. He was a key figure in surrealist art.\nHis most famous work was \"The Persistence of Memory\" (1931), which is now in MoMA, the Museum of Modern Art in New York. It is a dream-like landscape with a soft, melted pocket-watch.\nDal\u00ed died of a Cardiac arrest on January 23, 1989 in Catalonia, Spain. Salvador Dal\u00ed had a wife called Gala Dal\u00ed."}
+{"id": "42749", "revid": "3164", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42749", "title": "Salvador Dali", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42754", "revid": "9411537", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42754", "title": "Anne Mowbray, 8th Countess of Norfolk", "text": "Anne de Mowbray, \"Baroness Mowbray\" (10 December 1472 - 19 November 1481) was the daughter of John Mowbray, 4th Duke of Norfolk and Elizabeth Talbot. She was born in 1472 in Framlingham Castle, Suffolk, England. She also became Baroness Segrave.\nWhen Anne's father died in 1476 Anne became very rich. She also became Countess of Norfolk. Anne was married to Richard of York on 15 January, 1478 in Westminster Abbey. Richard was the son of King Edward IV of England and Elizabeth Woodville. Richard's father had married him to Anne so that he could have control of her fortune. When he married Anne became known as the Duchess of York\nAnne died when she was 8 years old at Greenwich, London, England in 1481. Her body was placed in a lead coffin in the Chapel of St Erasmus of Formiae in Westminster Abbey. However, when this chapel was knocked down around 1502 to make room for the Henry VII Lady Chapel, Anne's coffin became lost.\nIn December 1964, construction workers in Stepney, London, accidentally found Anne's coffin. It was opened and Anne's remains were looked at by scientists. Anne's body still had a shroud wrapped around her and there was still red hair on her skull. Her body was later reburied in Westminster Abbey.\nA facial reconstruction of the duchess, commissioned by the late John Ashdown-Hill and executed by Amy Thornton of Dundee University, was completed in 2016. \nReferences.\nFrom The Peerage.com"}
+{"id": "42755", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42755", "title": "Framlingham Castle", "text": "Framlingham Castle is a castle in Framlingham, Suffolk, England. It was once the home of the Dukes of Norfolk, and was where Anne Mowbray, 8th Countess of Norfolk was born in 1472."}
+{"id": "42759", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42759", "title": "Warwick Castle", "text": "Warwick Castle (pronounced 'Worrick') is a large castle in Warwickshire, England. It is near the town of Warwick. The castle was once the family home of the Earls of Warwick. \nThere are many rooms in the castle. Some of the rooms have mannequins in them that look like real people. These are dressed in costume. They are used to show how people might have lived in the castle hundreds of years ago. Warwick Castle has a dungeon. One part of the castle is said to be haunted. Actors play the part of the ghost and the servant who killed him in a dramatic \"Spook Experience\". Lights and sounds are used to add to the effect.\nThe castle has a very high wall walk. It can be explored, so that visitors can see from where the guards looked for enemies. A long, steep flight of steps leads up to the highest part of the castle where the flagpole is. \nThere are many paintings in the castle. There are portraits of English Kings and Queens as well as of members of the family who owned the castle. It is possible to see the private chambers, or bedrooms, where the family and their most important guests slept."}
+{"id": "42760", "revid": "1555874", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42760", "title": "Edinburgh Castle", "text": "Edinburgh Castle is a castle in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is built on the volcanic Castle Rock in the centre of Edinburgh, and is easy to see from the main shopping streets. In 1103, Edinburgh Castle was built which makes the Castle over 900 years old. The castle has a military display every year, called a \"tattoo\", where soldiers show their skills at marching and competitions, and there are brass bands and bands of bagpipes. "}
+{"id": "42765", "revid": "1508758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42765", "title": "Alfred Kinsey", "text": "Alfred Charles Kinsey (June 23, 1894 August 25, 1956) was an American biologist. He was born in Hoboken, New Jersey.\nIn the first part of his career he was an entomologist specializing in gall wasps of the family Cynipidae. Later, he became famous for the research he did on human sexuality. His research had a great influence on social and cultural values in many parts of the world. It also had an influence on the sexual revolution of the 1960s and 70s.\nKinsey and his co-workers wrote two books which became known as the Kinsey Reports. They were based on thousands of interviews with men (first report), and then women. The aim was to find out how widespread or differentiated human sexual practices were. He developed the Kinsey Scale to measure sexual orientation. On one end of the scale, at the value 0, the individual is entirely heterosexual. On the other end, at value 6, he or she has a purely homosexual orientation. Kinsey was bisexual.\nKinsey died of heart disease and pneumonia in Bloomington, Indiana.\nA biopic of him, \"Kinsey\", was released in 2004.\nEarly work.\nKinsey wrote his doctoral thesis on gall wasps. In 1919, Kinsey was awarded a ScD degree by Harvard University, and he accepted an academic post in biology at Indiana University. \nIn 1920 he published several papers in the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. The papers introduced the gall wasp to the scientific community and described its phylogeny. Of the more than 18\u00a0million insects in the museum's collection, some 5\u00a0million are gall wasps collected by Kinsey."}
+{"id": "42766", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42766", "title": "Alfred Charles Kinsey", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42767", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42767", "title": "Charles Kinsey", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42769", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42769", "title": "Kinsey Reports", "text": "The Kinsey Reports are two books, published in 1948 and 1953 by Alfred Kinsey and his co-workers. The books \"Sexual Behaviour in the Human Male\" and \"Sexual Behaviour in the Human Female\", were based on thousands of interviews by Kinsey and his team. \nThe books were shocking when they came out, as they talked about subjects that were taboo. It also questioned widely-held beliefs about sexuality. They were controversial. \nFindings of the reports.\nKinsey found the following, amongst other things:\nCriticism.\nPeople said that the selection of the sample (those asked) was not well done. One in four were prisoners, and 5% were male prostitutes. The institute, or location Kinsey did these tests, then did another such tests, without asking prisoners or prostitutes, and the findings were more or less the same. People also say that child abuse may have been involved when collecting the data.\nKinsey scale.\nThe Kinsey scale attempts to describe a person's sexual history or episodes of their sexual activity at a given time. It uses a scale from 0 to 6. \"0\" means the person tested is exclusively heterosexual. A person scoring \"6\" is exclusively homosexual. In the \"Kinsey Reports\", an extra grade was used for asexuality. The scale was first published in \"Sexual Behavior in the Human Male\" (1948). It was also important in the complementary work \"Sexual Behavior in the Human Female\" (1953).\nKinsey introduced the scale:\nThe scale is as follows:"}
+{"id": "42770", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42770", "title": "Kinsey Report", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42771", "revid": "126147", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42771", "title": "Kinsey Scale", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42772", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42772", "title": "Ruthenium", "text": "Ruthenium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Ru. It has the atomic number 44. It is a rare metal. It is silver white. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the transition metals. It is also part of the platinum group. Ruthenium is found in platinum ores.\nRuthenium is used as a catalyst in some platinum alloys."}
+{"id": "42773", "revid": "986092", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42773", "title": "Niobium", "text": "Niobium is a chemical element. It is sometimes named columbium. It has the chemical symbol Nb. It has the atomic number 41. It is a rare metal. Niobium is hard and grey. It is ductile. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the transition metals. Niobium was discovered in a variety of a mineral called columbite (now called niobite). Niobite is an ore of niobium. \nNiobium is considered a \"technology-critical element\". It is used in alloys, such as to make special steels and strong welded joints. Less than 0.1% of Niobium significantly improves the strength of steel. It is in the superconducting alloys used in MRI scanners, which are one of the most important medical inventions of the modern age.\nName and history.\nIn 1801, Charles Hatchett claimed to have discovered a new chemical element in a sample from the United States. He named the mineral \"columbite\" and his element \"columbium\", after Columbia, another name for the United States. However, chemists were uncertain that columbium was a new element because of its similarity to tantalum. William Hyde Wollaston claimed that columbium and tantalum were the same element. Other chemists claimed that up to five new elements were in these minerals, one of which was named \"niobium\".\nIt took until 1864 to make pure tantalum and niobium and show there were only two elements in these minerals. One of these two elements was named \"tantalum\", but this showed that \"niobium\" and \"columbium\" were the same element. Americans preferred the name \"columbium\", while \"niobium\" was more common in Europe. Almost a hundred years later, IUPAC decided on the name niobium as part of an effort to make the names of chemical elements more universal.\nProduction.\nNiobium and tantalum are in the same group, so their chemistry is very similar. Their ores make a solid solution series called coltan. Niobium and tantalum are both extracted from coltan by leaching. Pyrochlore is another important niobium ore, which can be reduced by aluminium or carbon to make ferroniobium.."}
+{"id": "42777", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42777", "title": "Explosion", "text": "An explosion is a fast increase in volume and increase in energy made available. It normally makes high temperatures and makes gases. Many natural events can make explosions, such as lightning, volcanic eruptions, meteors, and supernovae. People make explosions mostly by using chemical explosive materials. \nA chemical explosion starts pressure waves in the medium where it happens. Explosions are categorized as deflagrations if the pressure waves are subsonic and detonations if they are supersonic. When a detonation happens, the resulting pressure waves are named shock waves.\nUnintentional explosions.\nUnintentional explosions can be caused when chemicals are mixed together, or when pressurized containers or flammable materials are heated or exposed to flames as in the Texas City disaster. To cause an explosion, pressure does not have to be present but is always a result of an explosion.\nSeveral safety measures are used to prevent unintentional explosions. Many countries require that chemicals, fuels, and pressurized containers that may explode be labelled with warning labels. As well, many countries have regulations restricting the possession and use of potentially explosive materials so they will only go to appropriate industrial and research uses. Transportation regulations require potentially explosive chemicals, fuels, and pressurized containers to be transported safely.\nIntentional explosions.\nIntentional explosions are caused when armies fire artillery or when air forces drop bombs on enemies. Military engineers handle explosives and arrange intentional explosions during wartime. Intentional explosions are also used by civilians in \"demolition\". They break up old and obsolete buildings and bridges, and break rock and stone for construction. Explosions are made for activities such as mining, construction, and large-scale civil engineering projects such as building tunnels, roads, railways, and dams."}
+{"id": "42781", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42781", "title": "Rhodium", "text": "Rhodium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Rh. It has the atomic number 45. It is a rare metal. It is silver white and hard. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the transition metals. It is also part of the platinum group. Rhodium is found in platinum ores.\nRhodium is used as a catalyst in some platinum alloys. It is the most expensive precious metal."}
+{"id": "42782", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42782", "title": "Tellurium", "text": "Tellurium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Te and the atomic number 52. It has 52 protons and 52 electrons. Its mass number is 127.6. It has 8 natural isotopes. 4 are stable and 4 are radioactive. One of the radioactive ones lasts longer than any other isotope. It has a half life of 2.2 x 1024 years (2.2 septillion years).\nProperties.\nPhysical properties.\nIt is a brittle silver-white metalloid. When it is pure it has a metallic shine. It is ground easily. It can be made in an amorphous form. It is a semiconductor. It changes conductivity a little when light shines on it, similar to selenium. It is corrosive to many metals when molten.\nChemical properties.\nIt can react with reactive metals to make tellurides. It can burn in air to make tellurium dioxide. It can be oxidized even more to tellurium trioxide. It does not corrode. The chemistry of tellurium is similar to some chemistry of selenium and sulfur, although its compounds are more reactive and the element is less reactive. It does not dissolve in most acids, although it dissolves in concentrated sulfuric acid to make a special red tellurium cation.\nChemical compounds.\nTellurium makes chemical compounds in several oxidation states: -2, +2, +4, and +6. -2 compounds are normally found in tellurides. They are strong reducing agents. Tellurides are normally the main ore of tellurium. Most natural tellurides are not pure, so they are much less reactive. +2 compounds are found in some tellurium halides, like tellurium(II) chloride and tellurium(II) bromide. They are the rarest oxidation state. +4 compounds are found in tellurites and tellurous acid. They are weak oxidizing agents, that can be reduced to tellurium. Tellurites are made by reacting tellurium dioxide with a metal oxide. +6 compounds are found in tellurates and telluric acid. They are powerful oxidizing agents. Tellurates are made by reacting telluric acid with metal oxides.\nOccurrence.\nTellurium is a very rare mineral. There is 14 times more silver in the earth than there is tellurium. Tellurium is sometimes found as an element, but most of the times is found as tellurides. Gold tellurides (Calaverite) are found in the earth. They are valuable ores of both tellurium and gold. This gold ore was not recognized as gold during one gold rush and was used as a filler. It was then discovered that it was gold telluride, making another gold rush. Telluride cannot replace sulfide in elements like selenide does.\nPreparation.\nTellurium can be taken from gold telluride by dissolving the gold telluride in concentrated sulfuric acid. The tellurium dissolves to make a red solution, while the gold sinks to the bottom.\nA more common way of extracting tellurium from tellurides is to heat the tellurides. The tellurides are heated with sodium carbonate and air. This makes sodium tellurite. Selenites are normally found as an impurity. They are separated by reacting them with sulfuric acid. The selenites stay in solution. The tellurites turn into tellurium dioxide. Then the tellurium dioxide is reacted with sulfur dioxide dissolved in sulfuric acid to make tellurium metal. The tellurium can be melted and reformed to make bars of tellurium metal.\nUses.\nThe main use of tellurium is in alloys. It is used in iron, copper, and lead alloys. It makes the metals more easily machinable (able to be shaped by a machine). It improves strength and durability of lead and makes it more resistant to corrosion by sulfuric acid.\nTellurium is also used in cadmium telluride solar cells. These are very efficient. It can be alloyed with both cadmium and mercury to make mercury cadmium telluride, an infrared sensitive semiconductor. It is used in some rewritable (able to be erased and written again) optical discs. Lead telluride is used in another type of infrared sensor.\nIt is also used to color ceramics. It is used to make fiberglass that is used in telecommunications (telephones, internet, etc.). It helps increase the refraction. It is also used in delay blasting caps. Rubber can be hardened.\nIn biology.\nTellurium is not really used in any living things. Some fungi, though, can use tellurium instead of selenium or sulfur. Most organisms can metabolize tellurium to make dimethyl telluride, which is a garlic-smelling chemical. If someone eats a tellurium compound, it gives them garlic breath.\nSafety.\nTellurium is very toxic to humans. If a person touches tellurium, it can irritate their skin and nose. "}
+{"id": "42786", "revid": "576341", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42786", "title": "Indium", "text": "Indium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol In. It has the atomic number 49. It is a rare metal which is soft, malleable, and poor (post-transition). Indium looks like zinc. Pieces of indium can easily be joined by pushing one piece into another. The chemistry of indium is quite like aluminium or gallium. Zinc ores are the main source of indium.\nUses.\nThe main use of indium is in the chemical compound indium tin oxide in liquid crystal displays. It is also used in very thin layers as a lubricant. In World War II it was used to coat bearings in aircraft.\nLike other group 13 elements, indium is used to make III-V semiconductors. Indium phosphide and indium arsenide are binary (two-element) semiconductors made with indium. It is also used as a dopant for other semiconductors like boron nitride and silicon."}
+{"id": "42787", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42787", "title": "Francium", "text": "Francium is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Fr and an atomic number of 87. It is a metal. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the alkali metals. Francium is very radioactive. It is in very small amounts in uranium and thorium ores. It has the lowest electronegativity and electron affinity of all the chemical elements.\nFrancium reacts violently with water, as do all of the elements in group 1 on the periodic table.\nFrancium is one of the hardest to find elements on the planet Earth. It is estimated that there are only about 15\u00a0grams or half an ounce in the Earth's crust at a single time.\nAlthough chemists knew the element number 87 in the periodic table should exist, it was a long time before it was discovered. In the early 1900s, nearly all boxes on the periodic table had been filled. Chemists knew that one element had been found to fit into each box. Francium was discovered in 1939 by a French chemist called Marguerite Perey. She named it after her home country, France.\nIsotopes.\nThere are 34 known isotopes of francium ranging in atomic mass from 199 to 232. Francium-223 and francium-221 are the only isotopes that occur in nature.\nFrancium-223 is the most stable isotope, with a half-life of 21.8 minutes. Francium-223 is the fifth product of the actinium decay series as the daughter isotope of actinium-227. Francium-223 then decays into radium-223 by beta decay (1.149 MeV decay energy), with a minor (0.006%) alpha decay path to astatine-219 (5.4 MeV decay energy).\nFrancium-221 has a half-life of 4.8 minutes. It is the ninth product of the neptunium decay series as a daughter isotope of actinium-225. Francium-221 then decays into astatine-217 by alpha decay (6.457 MeV decay energy)."}
+{"id": "42791", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42791", "title": "Rhenium", "text": "Rhenium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Re. It has the atomic number 75. It is a rare noble metal. It is silver white. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements called the transition metals. The chemistry of rhenium is similar to manganese. Discovered in 1908, rhenium was the second-last stable element to be discovered ('stable' meaning not radioactive). It was named after the river Rhine in Europe.\nNickel-based superalloys of rhenium are used in the combustion chambers, turbine blades, and exhaust nozzles of jet engines. These alloys contain up to 6% rhenium, making jet engine construction the largest single use for the element. The second-most important use is as a catalyst: rhenium is an excellent catalyst for hydrogenation and isomerization. \nRhenium found as a by-product of molybdenum refinement. \nRhenium is used in some manganese alloys. Rhenium-molybdenum alloys are superconductors.\nHistory.\nRhenium was discovered by Walter Noddack, Ida Noddack, and Otto Berg in Germany. In 1925, they reported that they detected the element in a platinum ore and in the mineral columbite. They also found rhenium in gadolinite and molybdenite. In 1928, they were able to remove 1 g of the element from 660 kg of molybdenite.\nCharacteristics.\nRhenium is a silvery-white metal. It has the third highest melting points of all elements. It is also the third densest element.\nIsotopes.\nRhenium has one stable isotope which is rhenium-185. Rhenium that is found in nature is made up of 37.4% rhenium-185 and 62.6% rhenium-187. Rhenium has 33 known radioisotopes. They range from rhenium-160 to rhenium-194. The longest-lived radioisotope of rhenium is rhenium-183 which have a half-life of 70 days.\nOccurence.\nRhenium is one of the rarest elements in Earth's crust. It the 77th most abundant element in the Earth's crust. Rhenium may not be found free in nature. It is found in small amounts in the mineral molybdenite.\nProduction.\nCommercial rhenium is gotten from molybdenum roaster-flue gas. Some molybdenum ores contain 0.001% to 0.2% rhenium. Rhenium metal is made by reducing ammonium perrhenate with hydrogen at high temperatures.\nUses.\nNickel-based superalloys of rhenium are used in the combustion chambers, turbine blades, and exhaust nozzles of jet engines. Rhenium is used in superalloys, such as CMSX-4 (2nd generation) and CMSX-10 (3rd generation). These superalloys are used in industrial gas turbine engines like the GE 7FA. Rhenium filaments are used in mass spectrometers, ion gauges and photoflash lamps in photography. Rhenium-platinum alloys are used as a catalyst for catalytic reforming. Rhenium-188 and Rhenium-186 are used to treat of liver cancer."}
+{"id": "42793", "revid": "1407066", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42793", "title": "Thallium", "text": "Thallium is at chemical element, it has symbol Tl and atomic number 81. Its standard atomic weight is 204.4. It is found in Group 15 of the periodic table. Thallium is a soft, heavy and gray metal, but can look red due to oxidation. Thallium and its compounds are extremely toxic, even more than cyanide and arsenic.\nProperties.\nPhysical properties.\nThallium is a soft, malleable, grayish post-transition metal. It can be cut with a knife at room temperature. It melts at a low temperature, 304\u00a0\u00b0C., which is typical of a post-transition metal. Thallium has 25 known isotopes and two stable (nonradioactive) ones. It is extremely toxic.\nChemical properties.\nThallium is a moderately reactive metal. It corrodes easily in air with a color similar to lead. If it is kept in air for a long time, a large amount of thallium(I) oxide will build up. It corrodes in the presence of water to make the hydroxide. It burns with a greenish flame. It reacts with most acids.\nChemical compounds.\nThallium makes chemical compounds in two oxidation states: +1 and +3. The +1 state is more common and less reactive. Its chemical compounds are very similar to potassium or silver compounds. It makes a hydroxide that in a strong base when dissolved in water. Most other transition metal and post-tranansition metal hydroxides do not dissolve in water. This reacts with carbon dioxide to make thallium(I) carbonate, which is also water-soluble and very heavy. It is the only heavy metal carbonate that can dissolve in water. Other compounds are similar to silver compounds. Thallium(I) bromide turns yellow when exposed to light, similar to silver(I) bromide. Thallium(I) sulfide is black, similar to silver(I) sulfide. The +3 state compounds are oxidizing agents. The black oxide, thallium(III) oxide and the hydroxide, thallium(III) hydroxide, are the only stable +3 compounds. They break down to oxygen and thallium(I) oxide when heated. Thallium and its compounds are rare because they are toxic and polluting.\n+1 compounds.\n+1 compounds are quite unreactive. It is the more common oxidation state. They are made when thallium dissolves in acids or corrodes in air.\n+3 compounds.\n+3 compounds are oxidizing agents. They are quite rare.\nHistory.\nThallium was found by spectroscopy in 1861 by a bright green line in its spectrum. The main use for thallium, rat poison, was banned in many countries in the 1970s. Thallium was also used to poison people, similar to the more popular arsenic.\nOccurrence.\nThallium is found most in certain clays and granites. It cannot be gotten easily from these, though. Thallium is normally gotten from the waste after other ores like galena are processed. Hutchinsonite is another mineral that has thallium in it.\nPreparation.\nWhen lead and zinc are taken from their ores, many impurities are left behind. Sulfuric acid is used to dissolve the thallium from it as thallium(I) sulfate. Then the thallium(I) sulfate is electrolyzed to make thallium metal.\nUses.\nIt is used in rat poisons and insecticides. The use of thallium as a poison has been reduced or banned in many countries because these countries think that thallium might cause cancers. It is also used in infrared detectors. It has been used in some murders. Like arsenic, the use of thallium in murders has given it the name \"inheritance powder\". Thallium compounds are used in glass for infrared light. Thallium was also used to kill skin infections, but it is too toxic to be used for that now. A superconductor that can work at higher temperatures than normal ones do uses thallium. A radioactive thallium isotope was used for nuclear scans. An alloy of thallium and mercury has a low freezing temperature and is a liquid. A very dense solution of a thallium compound was used to test minerals for specific gravity, but it is too toxic for use.\nSafety.\nThallium is extremely toxic, even touching it is dangerous. Many of its salts easily dissolve. Some are colorless, tasteless, and odorless, but are very toxic. Some think that it is a carcinogen. Thallium can be a pollutant if the thallium waste from metal processing is washed away."}
+{"id": "42799", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42799", "title": "N\u00e9stor Kirchner", "text": "N\u00e9stor Kirchner (born N\u00e9stor Carlos Kirchner Ostoi\u0107, 25 February 1950 \u2013 27 October 2010) was an Argentine lawyer and politician who was the 54th President of Argentina from 2003 to 2007. Previously, he was the acting president of Argentina from May to December 2003. After his presidency, Kirchner became the First Gentleman of Argentina from 2007 until his death in 2010. As member of the Justicialist Party, he previously served as Governor of Santa Cruz Province from 1991 to 2003, and mayor of R\u00edo Gallegos from 1987 to 1991. He later served as the first ever (and still only) First Gentleman of Argentina during the first tenure of his wife, Cristina Fern\u00e1ndez de Kirchner. Ideologically, he identified himself as a Peronist and a progressive, with his political approach called Kirchnerism.\nDuring his presidency, Kirchner was considered Argentina's fixer as he led Argentina out of instability and violence following the December 2001 Argentine Riots. He made many Argentine's experience, stability and prosperity. Corruption and Inflation lowered as well.\nIn 2007, Kirchner handed over the presidency to his wife, Cristina Fern\u00e1ndez de Kirchner. This was the second time a male Argentine presidnet handed over power to his wife, after Juan Per\u00f3n and Isabel Peron in 1974 where Isabsl took power after Juan died. \nAfter handing power to his wife, Kirchner became the First Gentleman of Argentina. On 27 October 2010, Kirchner died of a heart attack in El Calafate, Santa Cruz at the age of 60."}
+{"id": "42805", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42805", "title": "The Cunning Little Vixen", "text": "The Cunning Little Vixen (original title: \"P\u0159\u00edhody li\u0161ky bystrou\u0161ky\", literally translates to \"The Adventures of Vixen Sharp-Ears\") is an opera by the Czech composer Leo\u0161 Jan\u00e1\u010dek. Jan\u00e1\u010dek loved animals, and in this opera some of the characters are humans but some are animals. Some of the little animals, (like the grasshopper, frog and cricket) are usually sung by children.\nJan\u00e1\u010dek got the idea of this opera from a cartoon strip called \u201cSharp-ears\u201d (in Czech: \"Bystrou\u0161ka\"). The cartoon was published in a popular daily newspaper Lidov\u00e9 noviny. It was about a vixen (a female fox) and her adventures in the forest. He thought that the story would make a good opera. He made a few changes to the story: he left out a some characters, changed the order of the story a little, and made the humans and the animals behave in a similar way. It was first performed in Brno on 6 November 1924.\nWhen Jan\u00e1\u010dek died in 1928 the last part of the opera was played at his funeral.\nThe Story of the opera.\nA forester is sleeping under a tree. Nearby a young vixen (here, vixen means baby fox) is playing. She nearly catches a frog, but the frog jumps away and lands on the forester\u2019s nose. He wakes up and sees the little vixen playing. He catches the vixen and take her home with him. He gave her a name: \u201cSharp-ears\u201d.\nSharp-ears is unhappy at the forester\u2019s cottage. She is tied up with a rope in the yard. The hens keep teasing her and the dog is boring. One day she tells the hens that they are silly to stay in the farmyard being bossed about by the rooster. She tells them they ought to fly away to freedom. She pretends to die, then jumps up and starts to catch them. When the forester\u2019s wife comes out Sharp-ears bites through the rope and disappears into the forest.\nShe finds a nice sett (badger's hole) where a badger lives. She wants to live there herself so she chases the badger out of his home. One winter\u2019s night the forester is drinking in the inn. He teases the priest and the schoolmaster for not having found someone to love. They in turn tease the forester for having let the vixen go. The schoolmaster starts to go home. He is drunk. He sees the vixen who reminds him of his former lover, but he is too drunk to catch hold of her.\nSharp-ears meets a handsome young male fox called Goldskin. The two fall in love. When she realizes she is pregnant the fox and vixen get married. The woodpecker is the priest who marries them. The cubs (baby foxes) are born in the spring.\nThe forester is still searching the forest for Sharp-ears. One day he finds a dead hare. The poacher persuades the forester to make a trap, because he thinks that Sharp-ears will come back to eat the hare. The cubs arrive and play near the trap. Sharp-ears realizes the poacher is trying to catch her. She teases him cruelly and dares him to kill her. He shoots her with his rifle, then he is very sad.\nSome time later the forester is sleeping under a tree. He wakes up when a frog lands on his hand. He sees a young vixen playing in front of him. He tells the young cub that she looks just like her mother. He reaches out for her but catches a frog instead. He lets it go. He realizes that life must go on.\nMeaning of the story.\nJan\u00e1\u010dek made some changes to the story in the cartoon. This made it more suitable for an opera. He did not have all the characters that are in the cartoon, and he changed the order of the story to make it more dramatic. He compares the human beings with the animals. For example: we see vixen Sharp-ears falling in love and having a family. But the forester\u2019s friends: the school master and the priest, have not been so lucky with their love-life. The priest looks like the badger, the woodpecker is like the priest. When the opera is performed the same singer sometimes sings both parts. The end of the opera is like the beginning. This shows that life carries on and one generation follows another.\nThe Music.\nThe music matches the story beautifully. There are a lot of tunes with very exciting harmonies. Sometimes he uses modes and whole-tone scales. Jan\u00e1\u010dek often makes his music sound like folk music of his country."}
+{"id": "42806", "revid": "9000475", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42806", "title": "Guaran\u00ed alphabet", "text": "The Guaran\u00ed alphabet is a system used to write the Guaran\u00ed language. The Guaran\u00ed language is used in Paraguay and some countries near it. The alphabet has 35 letters. These are:\n\"A\", \"E\", \"I\", \"O\", \"U\", \"Y\" are vowels, just like English. Those letters with tildes on top make the same sound, except more nasal sounding. The apostrophe sounds like a glottal stop. The other letters are consonants."}
+{"id": "42807", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42807", "title": "Consonants", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42810", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42810", "title": "Lake Victoria", "text": "Lake Victoria or Victoria Nyanza (also known as Ukerewe and Nnalubaale) is a lake in Africa. It is bordered and governed by the countries of Tanzania, Uganda and Kenya. The lake is in the western part of Africa's Great Rift Valley. \nLake Victoria is 68,800 square kilometres (26,560\u00a0mi\u00b2) in size. It is Africa's largest lake, and the second largest fresh water lake in the world. It was named for Queen Victoria. The White Nile flows out of the lake."}
+{"id": "42819", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42819", "title": "Tonsillitis", "text": "Tonsillitis is a disease. It is also known as pharyngitis, laryngitis and Tonsillar infection. Tonsillitis is caused by either a virus or bacteria. It is the inflammation and infection of the tonsils. The tonsils are in the back of the throat. The tonsils get inflamed and red. Other symptoms include headaches, fevers, back and neck aches, chills, bad breath, weak voice, fatigue, having trouble swallowing, and more. There are treatments for tonsillitis. One treatment is antibiotics. Medicines to relieve pain like Tylenol and Advil are also suggested. The tonsils may be removed surgically if it is medically necessary. This operation is called a \"tonsillectomy\". It is the most effective way to get rid of the infection. All kinds of tonsillitis are contagious. Tonsillitis is spread by human contact."}
+{"id": "42821", "revid": "1683798", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42821", "title": "Encephalitis", "text": "Encephalitis is sudden inflammation (swelling) in the brain. It is usually caused by viruses, bacteria, or other pathogens. As the brain swells, it can get damaged when it gets crushed against the skull. Encephalitis can cause serious symptoms, like seizures and strokes, and can be fatal. In 2013, encephalitis killed about 77,000 people in the world.\nSigns and symptoms.\nUsually, adults with encephalitis have a fever that starts suddenly, a headache, confusion, and sometimes seizures. Younger children or infants may be irritable (easily upset), not want to eat, and have a fever. Usually, patients are either very tired or confused.\nA stiff neck is a sign that the person has either meningitis (inflammation of the meninges, which cover the brain) or meningoencephalitis (swelling of both the meninges and the brain) but not chronic meningitis.\nCauses.\nViruses.\nViral encephalitis can happen when a virus infects the brain. The most common causes are the rabies virus, herpes simplex virus (HSV), the polio virus, and the measles virus. Viral encephalitis can also be caused by a \"latent\" virus - a virus that hides from the body's immune system the brain's nerve cells. Two examples of viruses that cause latent infection are the varicella-zoster viruses, which can hide in the brain after causing chicken pox, and the herpes simplex virus.\nAbout 100 different viruses can infect the brain. Other examples include West Nile virus, Chikungunya virus, and Japanese encephalitis virus.\nBacteria.\nEncephalitis can happen when a person gets a bacterial infection, like bacterial meningitis. It can also be a complication of an infectious disease that a person already has, like syphilis. This is called \"secondary encephalitis.\" \nExamples of other bacteria which can cause encephalitis are \"Staphylococcus aureus\", which causes toxic shock syndrome; \"Bordetella pertussis\", which causes pertussis (whooping cough); and types of \"Borellia\" bacteria, which cause Lyme disease.\nParasites.\nSome parasites can infect the brain, especially in people who have weak immune systems. Examples include \"Toxoplasma gondii\", which causes toxoplasmosis; two parasites from the species \"Trypanosoma\" \"brucei\", which cause African trypanosomiasis (African sleeping sickness); and \"Plasmodium\" parasites, which cause malaria.\nAutoimmune diseases.\nAutoimmune diseases can cause encephalitis if the body's immune system attacks the brain, the spinal cord, and their nerves. Two examples are autoimmune encephalitis and acute disseminated encephalitis. \nDiagnosis.\nEncephalitis can be diagnosed in a few different ways:\nTreatment.\nSome treatments for encephalitis depend on the cause:\nOther treatments are \"supportive\" - they treat the symptoms of encephalitis. For example:\nPrevention.\nVaccines have made encephalitis from some diseases much less common. These diseases include measles, mumps, rubella (German measles), polio, varicella (chicken pox), and pertussis (whooping cough). There are also vaccines for rabies, bacterial meningitis, Japanese encephalitis, Human Papillomavirus (HPV), and some other diseases that can cause encephalitis.\nPeople can protect themselves from diseases that are spread by insects, like Lyme disease and malaria, by avoiding insect bites. For example, they can use bug spray; wear long sleeves and long pants; sleep under a mosquito net; and make sure they have good window and door screens."}
+{"id": "42824", "revid": "10250939", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42824", "title": "Mitosis", "text": "Mitosis is part of the cycle of cell division. During this process, the chromosomes of a cell are copied to produce two identical sets of chromosomes, and the cell's nucleus divides to form two identical nuclei.\nBefore mitosis begins, the cell creates an identical copy of its genetic material \u2014 a process known as replication. The genetic information is contained in the DNA of the chromosomes. At the start of mitosis, the chromosomes coil and become visible under a light microscope. Each chromosome then consists of two identical chromatids joined at a centromere. These identical chromatids are called \"sister\" chromatids.\nMitosis occurs in all types of dividing cells in the human body, except in sperm and ova, which are gametes or sex cells. Gametes are produced through a different type of cell division called meiosis.\nPhases of mitosis.\nThere are five phases of mitosis. Each phase is used to describe what kind of change the cell is going through. The phases are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. \nProphase.\nDuring prophase, chromatin (tangled-up DNA) in the nucleus condense into chromosomes (bunched-up DNA). Pairs of centrioles move to opposite sides of the nucleus. Spindle fibers begin to form a bridge between the ends of the cell. \nPrometaphase.\nDuring prometaphase, the nuclear envelope around the chromosomes breaks down. Now there is no nucleus and the sister chromatids are free. A protein called a kinetochore forms at each centromere. Long thin proteins reach across from opposite poles of the cell and attach to each kinetochore.\nMetaphase.\nDuring metaphase, the pair of chromatids are aligned by the pushing and pulling of the attached kinetochore microtubules, similar to a game of \"tug of war\". Both sister chromatids stay attached to each other at the centromere. The chromosomes line up on the cell's equator, or center line, and are prepared for division. This is the longest phase of mitosis.\nAnaphase.\nDuring anaphase, the sister chromatids split apart and move from the cell's equator (metaphase plate) to the poles of the cell. The kinetochore is attached to the centromere. The microtubules hold on to kinetochore and shorten in length. Another group of microtubules, the non-kinetochore microtubules, do the opposite. They become longer. The cell begins to stretch out as the opposite ends are pushed apart.\nTelophase.\nTelophase is the final stage in mitosis: the cell itself is ready to divide. One set of chromosomes is now at each pole of the cell. Each set is identical. The spindle fibers begin to disappear, and a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes. Also, a nucleolus appears within each new nucleus and single stranded chromosomes uncoil into invisible strands of chromatin.\nCytokinesis.\nCytokinesis, even though it is very important to cell division, is not considered a stage of mitosis. During cytokinesis, the cell physically splits. This occurs just after anaphase and during telophase. The cleavage furrow, which is the pinch caused by the ring of proteins, pinches off completely, closing off the cell. \nThe cell now has reproduced itself successfully. After cytokinesis, the cell goes back into interphase, where the cycle is repeated. If cytokinesis were to occur to a cell that had not gone through mitosis, then the daughter cells would be different or not function properly. One would still have the nucleus and the other would lack a nucleus. Cytokinesis is different in both animals and plant cells. In plant cells, instead of splitting into two halves, it forms a cell plate. This is a cell wall that forms between the two nuclei after they have split apart. This must happen because the cells have a rigid shape, and must be completely covered in the cell wall to function."}
+{"id": "42825", "revid": "9037159", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42825", "title": "Inflammation", "text": "Inflammation is the first reaction of the immune system to an infection or irritation. It is an attempt of the immune system to dispel invaders and repair the body. It can happen in many parts of the body and often involves the following five steps:\nThe first four of these reactions have been known for a long time, since antiquity. Finding them is attributed to Celsus. The last one was added by Rudolf Virchow in 1858.\nThere are two types of inflammation: acute and chronic. Acute inflammations are more intense but short-lived, while chronic inflammations are less intense but long-lived. Examples of acute inflammation include skin disorders (e.g., psoriasis, dandruff) and arthritis, while chronic inflammation can be responsible for diseases such as cancer, heart disease, type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Adoption of healthy diet, physical exercise and rest are some of the ways to reduce Inflammations."}
+{"id": "42827", "revid": "1678019", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42827", "title": "Car rental", "text": "Car hire is the act or procedure of hiring (renting) a car, usually for a fee.\nThe business that provides the car becomes the car hire service provider, and the party who hires the car becomes the car hirer.\nA car hire company is usually the business that hires out automobiles for fixed periods of time (ranging from as little as hours up to weeks or longer). \nLocation.\nThey can be found primarily located near airports or busy city areas. The internet is changing the car rental industry with companies that are now called online car rental companies. Travelers can pre-book their rental car online anywhere across the globe directly from the service providers like Hertz, Budget, Alamo, , Thrifty, Travelauto.com, Dollar, Enterprise Rent-A-Car and Europcar.\nPurpose.\nCar rental agencies are mainly for people who need a car for a short period of time, for example travellers who are out of town, people whose cars were damaged or destroyed. Car rental agencies may also rent trucks for self-moving industry \nConditions.\nCar rentals are subject to many conditions which vary from one brand to another. The vehicle must be returned in a good condition and must not exceed a maximum driven distance, otherwise extra fees may be incurred. Additionally, some companies set up a minimum age for the vehicle driver, which in some cases is as high as 25, even in countries where the minimum legal age to hold a driver's license is much lower. Recent conditions have used GPS technology to limit maximum speeds or driving to specific regions.\nGlobal market.\nNorth America and Europe are leading the car rental market, followed by Asia-Pacific. North America is dominating the car rental market, owing to the high usage rate of car rental services by daily commuters, office-goers, and tourists in the country. Also, the growing trend of car sharing also boosts the usage of car rental in this region."}
+{"id": "42828", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42828", "title": "Mechanical engineering", "text": "Mechanical engineering is a branch of engineering that applies the principles of Mechanics and Materials science for analysis, design, manufacturing, and maintenance of mechanical systems. It involves the production and usage of heat and mechanical power for the design, production, and operation of machines and tools. They can range from building a rocket ship down to things as small as an integrated circuit. It is one of the oldest and broadest engineering disciplines."}
+{"id": "42829", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42829", "title": "Paul Newman", "text": "Paul Leonard Newman (January 26, 1925 \u2013 September 26, 2008) was an American actor, movie director, race car driver, philanthropist, and entrepreneur. He was born in Cleveland Heights, Ohio. His mother was a Slovak; his father was a Jew who had one parent from Hungary and the other from Poland. He considered himself Jewish and would have been accepted as one by other Jewish movements.\nHe was known especially for the 1969 movie \"Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid\". He played Butch Cassidy in the movie. He was married to actress Joanne Woodward. He died of lung cancer in 2008.\nRetirement.\nNewman retired from acting in May 2007. He said \"You start to lose your memory, you start to lose your confidence, you start to lose your invention. So I think that's pretty much a closed book for me.\"\nHe came out of retirement to narrate the 2007 documentary movie \"Dale\", about the life of NASCAR driver Dale Earnhardt. He also narrated the 2008 BBC documentary \"Meerkats: The Movie\". It was recorded at a studio near his home shortly before his death. \"The Meerkats\" was the last movie credit of Newman's long career."}
+{"id": "42835", "revid": "1657009", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42835", "title": "IRA", "text": "IRA may mean:"}
+{"id": "42836", "revid": "735934", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42836", "title": "Piccadilly line", "text": "The Piccadilly line is a line of the London Underground. It is coloured dark blue on the Tube map. It is the fifth busiest line on the Underground network judged by the number of passengers transported per year. It is mainly a deep-level line, running from the north to the west of London via all different 6 zones on the London railway fare system. However, there are a number of surface sections mostly in its westernmost parts. Out of the 53 stations served, 25 are underground. It is the second longest line on the system, after the Central Line.\nInfrastructure.\nRolling stock.\nLike all Underground lines, the Piccadilly line is operated by a single type of rolling stock. In this case it is the 1973 tube stock. The trains are painted in the standard London Underground livery of blue, white and red. Seventy-six trains out of a fleet of 88 are needed to run the line's peak service. One unit (166-566-366) was severely damaged by the terrorist attacks on 7 July 2005. The stock was recently refurbished, and was due for replacement by 2014, but the order for new trains was cancelled in July 2010.\nThe line was previously worked by 1959 stock, 1956 stock, 1938 stock, standard tube stock and 1906 gate stock.\nThe line has two depots, at Northfields and Cockfosters. There are sidings at Oakwood, South Harrow, Arnos Grove, Rayners Lane, Down Street, Wood Green, Barons Court, Acton Town, Ruislip and Uxbridge.\nSignalling.\nThe line is controlled from the control centre at Earl's Court, which it used to share with the District line. It is in need of resignalling, and this work is planned to be carried out by 2014.\nService pattern.\nThe current off-peak service pattern is:\nOften late evening services terminate at instead of Cockfosters.\nTrains will also make an additional stop at during early mornings and late evenings but will not stop at the station during the main part of the day.\nOther services operate at times, especially at the start and towards the end of the traffic day.\nMap.\nEasier Versions can be found http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/standard-tube-map.gif \nStations.\n\"(In order from east to west.)\"\nFuture.\nThe Piccadilly line was to be upgraded in 2014\u201315 and would have had new trains as well as new signalling. This would have increased the line's capacity by some 24%. Bids for the rolling-stock order were submitted in 2008. However, after the acquisition of Tube Lines by Transport for London in June 2010, this order was cancelled."}
+{"id": "42846", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42846", "title": "European Football Championship", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42847", "revid": "24139", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42847", "title": "List of Ligue 1 champions", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42848", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42848", "title": "Olympiastadion Berlin", "text": "The Olympiastadion is a sports stadium in Berlin, Germany. It was built for the 1936 Olympic Games."}
+{"id": "42849", "revid": "3609", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42849", "title": "Olympic Stadium (Berlin)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42850", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42850", "title": "Olympic Stadium (Athens)", "text": "The Athens Olympic Stadium () is a sports stadium in Athens, Greece."}
+{"id": "42851", "revid": "1403860", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42851", "title": "2000 Summer Olympics", "text": "The 2000 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXVII Olympiad, took place in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia from September 15, 2000 until October 1, 2000.\n199 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) were in the Sydney Games. Four were in the Olympics for the first time. These were Timor-Leste, Eritrea, Micronesia and Palau.\nReturned medals.\nMarion Jones, winner of three gold and two bronze medals for the United States, gave back her medals in October 2007. She said she took tetrahydrogestrinone (THG), a drug that could make her run faster, from September 2000 through July 2001.\nOn 2 August 2008, the International Olympic Committee took the gold medal from the U.S. men's 4x400-meter relay team. Antonio Pettigrew said he used a banned substance. Besides Pettigrew other athletes used performance-enhancing drugs. These are twins Alvin and Calvin Harrison, and Jerome Young.\nOn 28 April 2010, the IOC took China's bronze medal from Gymnastics. This was for using an underage gymnast."}
+{"id": "42852", "revid": "8975375", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42852", "title": "2002 Winter Olympics", "text": "The 2002 Winter Olympics, officially known as the XIX Olympic Winter Games, were held in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States from February 8 2002 to February 24 2002. There were about 2,400 athletes from 77 nations. They were in 78 events. Utah was the fifth state in the United States to host the Olympic Games.\n78 National Olympic Committees sent athletes to the Salt Lake City games. Cameroon, Hong Kong (China), Nepal, Tajikistan, and Thailand were in their first Winter Olympic games."}
+{"id": "42853", "revid": "196884", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42853", "title": "Stradivarius", "text": "A Stradivarius is a string instrument (such as a violin) built by the 17th century Italian luthier Stradivari family (especially by Antonio Stradivari) that was famous for making them.\nViolins have been sold (at auction) for as high as US dollars [11 million] or 11.25 million; That violin is from 1714; It is called the \"Joachim-Ma Stradivarius violin\"; Two of its previous owners, were \"Joachim\" and \"Ma\".\nStradivarii are known for their high quality sound and ability to last a long time without tuning. Most of these instruments survive to this day, though few have been stolen. They are some of the best and most expensive instruments, and even each string instrument created has a name. So many people have wanted Stradivarii, and some have sold for more than a million dollars. Famous violinists, such as Midori Goto or Joshua Bell have Stradivarii."}
+{"id": "42854", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42854", "title": "Gadolinium", "text": "Gadolinium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Gd. It has the atomic number 64. It is part of a group of chemical elements in the periodic table named the Lanthanides. It is a rare earth element. It is silvery white, malleable and ductile.\nIts main uses are as chemical compounds in color televisions and nuclear magnetic resonance radio contrast agents. In color cathode ray tube televisions (the type first produced, not flat televisions) some of the pixels are dots of gadolinium compounds. When the electrons from the cathode ray tube hit the pixels and transfer energy to the gadolinium compounds they give out light as energy. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging is used in medicine where it is named MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging). It is used to take picture of inside the body. How the pictures look is changed by the gadolinium compounds and how much water is around. It makes the images clearer because it makes the difference in the concentration of water in different parts of the body look more clear (more contrast) in the picture that is made."}
+{"id": "42858", "revid": "8153171", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42858", "title": "Grand coalition", "text": "The \"Grand coalition\" refers to if the two biggest political parties in Germany (the CDU, CSU and the SPD) join forces together (\"form a coalition\")."}
+{"id": "42859", "revid": "1691206", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42859", "title": "Persephone", "text": "Persephone (, \"Persephon\u0113\") is the goddess of the dead and queen of the underworld in ancient Greek religion and myth. She is the daughter of Zeus and Demeter and is married to the god Hades, with whom she rules over the souls of the dead. As a vegetation goddess, she presided over the bounty of the harvest as it emerged during the season of spring. \nPersephone and her mother Demeter were the central figures of the Eleusinian Mysteries, which promised initiates a reward in the afterlife. The tale of her being abducted by Hades, during which she was tricked into eating seeds from a pomegranate (the food of the dead), served to explain the cause of the seasons, and is one prominently featured in ancient Greek literature. Her symbols included the pomegranate, flowers and seeds of grain. During the summer she would rise up from the underworld to be with her mother Demeter. The goddess Proserpina is her Roman counterpart. \nBirth and Early Life.\nPersephone is the daughter of two powerful gods in Greek mythology. Zeus, was the king of all gods. Demeter, her mother, was goddess of the harvest, agriculture and fertility. Her mother was affectionately known as 'Mother Nature'. Persephone was born as a result of one of father's numerous affairs. Being born to a goddess of agriculture, it would come as no supride that Persephone is a goddess of spring and new life."}
+{"id": "42860", "revid": "1456026", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42860", "title": "German Bundestag", "text": "The German Bundestag (commonly referred to as \"Bundestag\") is the legislature of Germany. It meets in Berlin, in the Reichstag building, which was specially rebuilt ready for the Bundestag to move from Bonn.\nThe Bundestag has at least 598 members. Every 4 years the German people vote. After the 2017 election there were 709 members. In the election of 26 September 2021, 736 members were assigned - the base 598 seats plus 138 overhang and leveling seats. After the 2025 election, this was reduced to 630. The next election is expected in 2029.\nA party gets seats when it gets at least 5% of the votes or 3 direct mandates. Every voter has two votes, one for a person and one for a party. 299 members each represent a constituency, just as in the British House of Commons or the US House of Representatives. The other half are elected from a party list in each Land. The total number of seats a party gets depends on the number of the second \"party votes\" it gets.\nBut if a party wins more constituency seats than its share of the party votes, then it keeps those extra seats. These extra seats, or \"extra mandates\", are the reason the Bundestag sometimes has more than 598 members. If a party gets extra mandates, the other parties get some extra seats too to make sure every party gets exactly its share of party seats. This system of giving extra mandates was changed in 2013. Before 2013, if a party won extra mandates, then it got to put more members in the Bundestag, which gave the party more influence over the Bundestag than it won in the elections. \nThe Bundestag president is named B\u00e4rbel Bas. She oversees the sessions of the body."}
+{"id": "42861", "revid": "10129518", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42861", "title": "1. FC Nuremberg", "text": "The 1. F.C N\u00fcrnberg is a football club from Nuremberg, Germany. It was founded on May 4, 1900.\nThe manager are Andreas Bornemann (Sports) and Michael Meeske (Finance). The coach is Miroslav Klose.\nThe players in the season 2012/13.\nGoalkeepers:\nDefenders:\nMidfielders:\nForwards:"}
+{"id": "42874", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42874", "title": "Human history", "text": "Human history is the study of what the entire human race did in the past. It includes the time from prehistory to the present day. It is different from natural history.\nDevelopment of the human species.\nModern human beings are called \"Homo sapiens\" ('wise man'). They have existed for about 250,000 years. Biologists believe that \"Homo sapiens\" evolved in Africa.\n\"Homo sapiens\", lived at the same time as other \"species\" of human. These included \"Homo erectus\" ('standing man') and \"Homo neanderthalensis\" ('man from Neanderthal'). The theory of human evolution says that modern humans, Neanderthals, and \"Homo erectus\" slowly developed from other earlier species of human-like creatures.\n\"Homo neanderthalensis\" are the first humans scientists discovered which were not \"Homo sapiens\". \"Homo neanderthalensis\" are usually called Neanderthal Man. They were discovered when the cranium of a skull was found in the Neanderthal Valley in 1856. It was different from a modern human skull so scientists believed it was from a new species. Entire Neanderthal skeletons have been found in other places since then. When ancient stone tools are found, their style often shows whether they were made by \"Homo sapiens\" or Neanderthals (see Palaeolithic). Neanderthals existed before modern humans. They knew how to use tools and fire.\nScientists believe that \"Homo sapiens\" spread from Africa to all other parts of the world, replacing \"Homo neanderthalensis\" in Europe and \"Homo erectus\" in Asia. By the end of the Stone Age, it is believed that \"Homo sapiens\" were the only type of humans left.\nInfluence of climate.\nClimate is the normal weather in a place. It changes from one part of the world to another. Some areas are hot all year, and some are cold all year. Some areas are dry all year, and others are wet all year. Most areas have climates that are warmer in the summer and cooler in the winter. Most parts of the world get rain at some times of the year and do not get rain at other times of the year. Some parts of the world have oceanic climates and others have alpine climates.\nClimate affects what food people eat. This is because climate affects what foods can grow. If one food is easier to grow, people usually eat that food more often than other foods. Foods that people eat more of than other foods are called staple foods. Staple foods are usually grains or vegetables because they are easy to grow. Wheat, maize, millet, rice, oats, rye, potatoes, yams, breadfruit and beans are examples of different staple foods from around the world.\nClimate can affect the way people live in many other ways. It affects the types of animals that can live in any area, which affect the types of meats that are available to eat.\nClimate also affects the buildings that people make, the clothes that they wear and the way that they travel.\nClimate change.\nThe climate on earth has not stayed the same through human history. There are long periods of time when it is generally warmer, and there are long periods of time when it is generally colder. When it is generally colder, there is more ice on the poles of the planet. A cold period is called an ice age. There have been many ice ages in the history of the earth. Two have affected humans.\nFrom 70,000 to around 10,000 years ago there was a big ice age which affected humans and the way that they lived. Between 1600\u00a0AD and 1900\u00a0AD there was a period called the Little Ice Age when the climate was a little bit colder than usual.\nPrehistory.\nThe word \"Prehistory\" means \"before history\". It is used for the long period of time before humans began to write about their lives. This time is divided into two main ages: the Paleolithic Age (or Early Stone Age) and the Neolithic Age (or late Stone Age). The two ages did not start and end at the same time everywhere. \nThe end of prehistory varies from one place to another. It depends on the date when that place began to use writing. In Egypt the first written documents date from around 3200\u00a0BC. In Australia the first written records date from 1788 and in New Guinea from about 1900.\nPaleolithic Era.\nThe Paleolithic Era is by far the longest age of humanity's time, about 99% of human history. The Paleolithic Age started about 2.6 million years ago and ended around 10,000\u00a0BC. The age began when hominids (early humans) started to use stones as tools for bashing, cutting and scraping. The age ended when humans began to plant crops and have other types of agriculture. In some areas, such as Western Europe, the way that people lived was affected by the Ice Age. In these places, people moved towards agriculture quicker than in warmer places where there was always lots of food to gather. Their culture is sometimes called the Mesolithic Era (Middle Stone Age).\nHuman beings are social animals. During the Paleolithic Era they grouped together in small bands. They lived by gathering plants and hunting wild animals. This way of living is called a \"hunter-gatherer society\". People hunted small burrowing animals like rabbits, as well as birds and herds of animals like deer and cattle. They also gathered plants to eat, including grains. Grain often grows on grasslands where herds of grass-eating animals are found. People also gathered root vegetables, green vegetables, beans, fruit, seeds, berries, nuts, eggs, insects and small reptiles.\nMany Paleolithic bands were nomadic. They moved from place to place as the weather changed. They followed herds of animals that they hunted from their winter feeding places to their summer feeding places. If there was a drought, flood, or some other disaster, the herds and the people may have moved a long distance, looking for food. During the \"Ice Age\" a lot of the water on Earth turned to ice. This made sea much lower than it is now. People were able to walk through Beringia from Siberia to Alaska. Bands of \"Homo sapiens\" travelled to that area from Asia. At that time there were rich grasslands with many large animals that are now extinct. It is believed that many groups of people travelled there over a long time and later spread to other parts of America, as the weather got warmer.\nPalaeolithic people used stone tools. Sometimes a stone tool was just a rock. It might have been useful for smashing a shell or an animal's skull, or for grinding grain on another rock. Other tools were made by breaking rocks to make a sharp edge. The next development in stone tool making was to chip all the edges of a rock so that it made a pointed shape, useful for a spearhead, or arrow tip. Some stone tools are carefully \"flaked\" at the edges to make them sharp, and symmetrically shaped. Palaeolithic people also used tools of wood and bone. They probably also used leather and vegetable fibers but these have not lasted from that time. Palaeolithic people also knew how to make fire which they used for warmth and cooking.\nSettling down.\nIn the \"Paleolithic Era\" there were many different human species. According to current research, only the modern human reached the \"Neolithic Era\".\nThe Neolithic era was marked by changes in society. During the Neolithic era, people started to settle down. They developed agriculture and domesticated animals, both of which took a long time. Because of these two things, people did not have to migrate as much any more. Villages could grow to much larger sizes than before. Over time, villages fought and spread their control over larger areas and some became civilisations. During this time, humankind also developed further intellectually, militarily and spiritually.\nWhen humans started to grow crops and domesticate certain animals such as dogs, goats, sheep, and cattle; their societies changed. Because people now grew crops and raised livestock, they started to stay in the same place and build permanent settlements. In most places, this happened between 10,000 and 12,000 years ago. Their diet also changed. People ate more cereals and vegetables. They started to keep extra foods and seeds for later. In some years there were surpluses (extras) that could be traded for other goods. People who could tolerate milk had an advantage. Originally, milk drinking could only be done by babies. Farming societies gave a great advantage to the few people who could tolerate milk. This tolerance eventually became almost universal.\nThese changes happened independently in many parts of the world. They did not happen in the same order though. For example, the earliest farming societies in the Near East did not use pottery. No one is sure if Britain had agriculture, or if permanent villages existed there at all. Early Japanese societies used pottery \"before\" developing agriculture.\nVere Gordon Childe gave the name \"Neolithic Revolution\" to this process in the 1920s. He thought that it was as important as the Industrial Revolution (which happened in the 18th and 19th century).\nAncient history \u2013 the early civilizations.\nAncient history was the time from the development of writing in the Middle East to the fall of the Roman Empire. The fall of the Roman Empire caused chaos in Europe, leading to the Middle Ages (also called the Dark Ages or the Age of Faith).\nThe first civilizations were built along major river systems. These civilizations are called river valley civilizations. River valley civilizations were the most powerful civilizations in this time period because water was needed to have an agricultural society.\nThese civilizations were similar in that:\nMiddle East and North Africa.\nSumer.\nSumer was the world's first known ancient civilization. The Sumerians took over the fertile crescent region of Mesopotamia around 3300 BC. They grew crops on the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. By 3000 BC, many cities had been built in parts of Sumerian Mesopotamia. They formed independently and each had their own government. They were called city-states and often fought with each other.\nA surplus in food led to a Division of labour. This means that some people were able to stop growing crops and do other jobs, since enough crops were already grown. This brought a split in society. Today, such a split is called \"social pyramid\". In a social pyramid, people are grouped into social classes based on their wealth and power. In Sumer, the king, priests, and government officials were at the top of the social pyramid. Below them were the artisans, merchants, farmers, and fishers. At the bottom of the pyramid were slaves. Slaves were often prisoners of war, criminals, or people working to pay off debt.\nThe Sumerians created the world's first system of writing; it was called cuneiform. The oldest versions of one of the world's first literary works, the \"Epic of Gilgamesh\", go back to this time. In Sumer, only the sons of the rich and powerful learned how to read and write. They went to a school called \"edubba\". Only the boys who went to \"edubba\" could become scribes.\nThe Sumerians also invented sun-dried bricks, the wheel, the ox plow, and were skilled at making pottery. They are also thought to have invented the sailboat.\nAfter the Sumerians, the civilizations of Babylonia and then Assyria rose to power in Mesopotamia. Babylonia had a king named Hammurabi. He is famous for the Codex Hammurabi. Just to the East was the long-lasting civilization of Elam.\nAncient Egypt.\nAncient Egypt grew along the Nile river. It was created around 3500\u00a0BC. It was most powerful in the second millennium BC. When it was its biggest, it went all the way from the Nile delta to a mountain called Jebel Barkal in Sudan. It probably ended at about 30\u00a0BC when the country was invaded by the Roman Empire.\nThe society of ancient Egypt depended on a balance of natural and human resources, especially the irrigation of the Nile Valley so that Egyptians could grow crops.\nThere was a great difference between classes in this society, as there is today. Most of the people were farmers but they did not own the agricultural products they produced. These were property of the state, temple, or noble family that owned the land. There was slavery, but it is not clear how it was practiced.\nThe Religion of Ancient Egypt encouraged people to respect their rulers and their past. The Egyptians are known for writing in hieroglyphs, building the famous pyramids, and their successful agriculture.\nThe religion of Judaism formed about 1500 BC.\nMid and Eastern Asia.\nAncient China.\nChina began as city-states in the Yellow River valley. The Shang Dynasty (\u5546\u671d) was the first dynasty of Ancient China. Turtle shells with writing on them have been carbon dated to about 1500\u00a0BC.\nThe Zhou Dynasty came after the Shang Dynasty. \"Kong Fuzi\" and Laozi lived at the end of the Zhou Dynasty. They were the greatest Chinese philosophers. They founded new philosophies, or ways of thinking. Confucius founded Confucianism and Laozi founded Daoism.\nAfter the Zhou Dynasty came the Warring States Period.\nThe Qin (\u79e6) dynasty came after the Warring States Period. The Qin emperor Qin Shi Huang created the first centralized state in China in 221\u00a0BC. It was based on his based on his political philosophy of legalism. He made everyone write the same way. He fought against \"Confucianism\". He also started building what would later become the Great Wall.\nIn 202\u00a0BC the Han Dynasty took over. It was about as strong as the Roman Empire. Towards the end of the Han Dynasty, Buddhism became influential in China.\nAncient South Asia.\nThe Indus Valley Civilization lasted from about 2600\u00a0BC to 1900\u00a0BC. It was the first urban civilization in the subcontinent. It was centered on the Indus River and its tributaries in what is now Pakistan. It also had sites in modern-day India and Afghanistan. The civilization is famous for its brick cities that had road-side drainage systems and multi-storied houses.\nThe Maurya dynasty started in 321 BCE. This was the first time most of the Indian subcontinent was united under a single government. Ashoka the Great was a famous Mauryan emperor. When he started ruling, he sought to expand his empire, but then followed a policy of ahimsa (non-violence) after converting to Buddhism. He wrote about this in the Edicts of Ashoka. The Edicts of Ashoka are the oldest historical documents from India that still exist. During the peak of the Gandhara civilizationin Pakistan, Buddhist ideals spread across all of East Asia and South-East Asia.\nThe Gupta dynasty ruled from around 320 to 550\u00a0AD. The Gupta Empire included only Central India, and the area east of current day Bangladesh. Gupta society was ordered in accordance with Hindu beliefs. Historians place the Gupta dynasty alongside with the Han Dynasty, Tang Dynasty and Roman Empire as a model of a classical civilization.\nThe Americas.\nAncient Maya.\nThe Maya civilization is a civilization that started in Central America. They lived mostly on the Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula in what is now known as Mexico, but also Honduras, Belize and Guatemala. They were the only known civilization of pre-Columbian America to have a fully developed written language. They also made great achievements in art and architecture and had a very advanced system of mathematics and astronomy.\nThe area where the Maya civilization developed was inhabited from around the 10th millennium BC. The first Maya settlements were built there in about 1800\u00a0BC, in the Soconusco region. This is in the modern-day state of Chiapas in Mexico, on the Pacific Ocean. Today, this is called the \"Early Preclassic period\". At the time, humans began to settle down permanently. They started to grow livestock. Pottery and small clay figures were made. They constructed simple burial mounds. Later they developed these mounds into step pyramids. There were other civilizations around, especially in the north, such as the Olmec, the Mixe-Zoque, and Zapotec civilizations. These people mostly lived in the area of the modern-day state Oaxaca. The exact borders of the Maya empire in the north are unclear. There were probably areas where Maya culture overlapped with other cultures. Many of the earliest significant inscriptions and buildings appeared in this overlapping zone. These cultures and the Maya probably influenced one another.\nAustralia.\nThere has been a long history of contact between Papuan peoples of the Papua New Guinea and the Aboriginal people. Aboriginal people seem to have lived a long time in the same environment as the now extinct Australian megafauna. Stories about that are told in the oral culture of many Aboriginal groups.\nAncient Europe.\nHallstatt culture.\nThe Hallstatt era is named after the city Hallstatt in Austria, where the first artifacts were found. It lasted from about 1200\u00a0BC to about 275\u00a0BC. There were different periods, which today are mainly told apart by the kinds of brooches used at the time. These brooches changed rather rapidly, and can therefore give us good guesses at to what time they came from. Hallstatt culture sites have been found in the east of France, in Switzerland, in the south of Germany, in Austria, in Slovenia and Croatia, northwestern Hungary, southwestern Slovakia and southern Moravia. The culture can be divided into an eastern and a western one quite easily; the dividing line runs through the Czech Republic, and Austria, between longitudes 14 and 15 degrees east.\nIn this time, the social structure developed into a hierarchy. This can be documented by various things that were added to graves. In the Bronze Age, people used to live in big settlements. As iron became available, trade routes changed. A new richer class evolved. Unlike before, these richer class people liked to live in big houses in the countryside, as a demonstration of their wealth. Funerals also changed, from cremation burials, to burials with stone coffins. The new upper class used their wealth for import goods, mostly from the Mediterranean.\nLa T\u00e8ne culture.\nThe La T\u00e8ne culture is a culture that lasted from about 500\u00a0BC to about 100\u00a0AD. It is named after the city of \"La T\u00e8ne\" (today, Marin-Epagnier, next to Neuch\u00e2tel). It was influenced a lot by the Roman and Greek cultures. There are two sources for this:\nThe Celts basically lived in clans. Each clan was headed by a leader, which came from the Druids or the Bards. Women were much better off than with the Romans, they were almost equal to men. There was polygamy and polyandry (A man could have several women, a woman could have several men).\nIllyria.\nIllyria is the part of west-south Balkan Peninsula populated by Illyrians whose descendants are Albanians.\nIllyrians lived in tribunes such as Epirus, Dardania, Taulantia etc.\nThey had their own language, the Illyrian language that was different from the Greek language and Latin.\nAt the year 1000\u00a0BC the population of Illyria is estimated to be around 500,000.\nAncient Greece.\nWhat is known today as \"Ancient Greece\" is a very important period in history. Most people agree that it came after the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations. It ended when the Romans invaded Greece, in 146\u00a0BC. Greek culture had a very powerful influence on later civilizations, especially the Romans. The Greeks developed what is now called a city-state, or a polis. There were many polises. Some of the more important ones were Athens, Sparta, Corinth and Thebes. The word \"politics\" comes from there. It literally means: things that are about the polis. Greek cities did not have much contact with each other, because of the mountains and many islands Greece is made up of. When a city no longer had enough food to care for all its citizens, some people were sent out to set up a new city. This was called a \"colony\". Each city was independent, and ruled by someone within that city. Colonies also looked to the city where they originally came from for guidance.\nWhen Greece went to war (for example against the Persian Empire), there was an alliance of such city states, against the Persians. There were also many wars between different city states.\nThere were many artists and philosophers who lived in that period. Most of them are still important for philosophy today. A well-known artist was Homer. He wrote epics about the war against the Trojans, and the early history of Greece. Other well-known artists were Aristophanes and Sappho. Well-known philosophers include Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. A well known mathematician of the time was Euclid. Statesmen of the time were Pericles and Alexander the Great.\nAncient Rome.\nAncient Rome was a civilization that started in modern-day Italy, in the 8th Century before Christ. The civilization lasted for 12 centuries. It ended, when Mehmed II conquered Constantinople, on May 29, 1453. According to legend, the Roman civilization was founded by Romulus and Remus, in the year 753\u00a0BC. The Roman Empire developed in wars against Carthage and the Seleucid Empire. Julius Caesar conquered Gaul, modern France, and Augustus ended the Roman republic by becoming emperor. At its biggest extent, the empire covered all of the Mediterranean. Rome became so big, because it led war against other nations and then assimilated their culture.\nSplit of the Empire into East and West.\nIn 293, Diocletian organized a separate administration of the western and the eastern part of the empire. The capital of the western part was Rome, the capital of the eastern part was Constantinople. Constantine I was the first to stop discrimination against Christians (313). Christianity became state religion under the reign of Theodosius I.\nThe western part of the empire had many problems with barbarians. In the 5th century, the Huns migrated westwards. This meant that the Visigoths moved into the empire, to seek protection. Rome was sacked by barbarians multiple times. On September 4, 476, the Germanic chief Odoacer forced the last Roman emperor in the west, Romulus Augustus, to quit. After about 1200 years, the rule of Rome in the West came to an end.\nThe eastern part had similar problems. Justinian I managed to conquer parts of North Africa and Italy. Shortly after he died, all that was left were parts of Southern Italy, and Sicily. In the east, the empire was threatened by the Sassanid Empire.\nNew departures and continuity.\nAfter the fall of Western Rome, the Germanic tribes that took over tried to learn from Roman civilization, but much was forgotten and up to the Renaissance not many achievements happened in Europe. But with the rise of Islam, many changes happened during the Islamic Golden Age. The Greek and Roman traditions were kept and further development took place. The Chinese civilization had a Golden Age during the Tang period, when their capital was the biggest in the world. During the Renaissance, Europe developed and made great advancements in many areas as well.\nAsia.\nMiddle East \u2013 Islamic rise, Byzantine decline.\nIn Arabia, Muhammad founded Islam in 632. His followers rapidly conquered territories in Syria and Egypt. They soon were a danger to the Byzantine Empire. In the 8th and 9th centuries, the Byzantine Empire stopped Islamic expansion and reconquered some lost territories. In 1000 A.D. the eastern Empire was at its height: Basileios II reconquered Bulgaria and Armenia. Culture and trade flourished. In 1071 the Battle of Manzikert led the empire into a dramatic decline. For the Byzantine Empire this meant centuries of civil wars and Turkic invasions. The Muslim caliphate had an Golden Age under the Abbasids.\nTheir power forced Emperor Alexius I Comnenus of the Byzantine Empire to send a call for help to the West in 1095. The West sent the Crusades. These eventually led to the \"Sack of Constantinople\" in the Fourth Crusade in 1204. Because of this, what was left of the Empire broke into successor states. The winner of these disputes was that of Nicaea. After Constantinople was again conquered by imperial forces, the empire was little more than a Greek state on the Aegean coast. The Eastern Empire came to an end when Mehmed II conquered Constantinople on May 29, 1453. The Ottoman Empire took its place and from 1400 to 1600 was the most powerful empire in the Middle East and ruled at the southern and eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea.\nChina.\nThe Tang Dynasty (618\u2013907), with its capital at Chang'an (today Xi'an), was the biggest city in the world at the time and is considered by historians as a high point in Chinese civilization as well as a golden age of cosmopolitan culture. The Ming Dynasty ruled from 1368 to 1644. The Ming built a vast army and navy.\nIndia.\nFrom around the 6th\u20137th century. In South India, Chola kings ruled Tamil Nadu, and Chera kings ruled Kerala. They had trading relationships with the Roman Empire to the west and Southeast Asia to the east. In north India, Rajputs ruled in many kingdoms.\nIn 1336, two brothers named Harihara I and Bukka founded the Vijayanagara Empire in an area which is now in the Karnataka state of India. The most famous king of this empire was Krishnadevaraya. In 1565, rulers of this empire were defeated in a battle. But the empire continued for about the next one hundred years.\nNorthern India was ruled by Islamic sultans.\nJapan.\nThe Heian period in Japan is famous for its art, poetry and literature. The writing system, Kana, was developed. It was followed by the feudal period (1185\u20131853) during which samurai and daimyos were the leading figures and the shogun the real monarch whereas the tenn\u014d had only a role as religious head. Between the years 1272 and 1281 the Mongols tried to invade but were driven out by the Japanese.\nIn 1542, a Portuguese ship reached Japan. Japanese learned about guns and firearms from them.\nMongols.\nGenghis Khan in 1209 brought together the Mongol tribes and founded the Mongol Empire, one of the largest land empires in history. Later Kublai Khan would go on to expand the empire and found the Mongol-ruled Yuan Dynasty of China. The empire later broke into several empires, all of which were later destroyed.\nEuropean Middle Ages.\nThe Middle Ages was the time from the fall of the Roman empire until the middle of the 15th century. From 500 to about 800 there was some decline compared with the Roman civilization. European villages were often destroyed and looted by barbarians such as the Vikings. During the High Middle Ages magnificent castles and large churches called cathedrals were built and important works of literature were written. In the later Middle Ages, there was a plague called the Black Death. The Black Death killed one-third to one-half of Europe's population.\nA system called feudalism was a very important part of the Middle Ages. In this system, the king was at the top of the social pyramid. The king gave land to the lord in exchange for loyalty. The lords were the next in the pyramid. The lords gave land (called a fief) to knights in exchange for loyalty and protection. The knights came next in the pyramid. Peasants were not part of the feudal system because they did not give or receive land. They worked on a lord's manor in exchange for protection.\nThe Crusades were also fought during the Middle Ages. There is a theory that says the Crusades helped end the Middle Ages along with the Black Death, increased trade and better farming technology.\nRenaissance.\nThe Renaissance started in Italy. \"Renaissance\" is a French word meaning \"rebirth\". The Renaissance meant that people learned from the ancient Greek and Roman or \"classical\" cultures that had been forgotten for some time. Artists learned from classical paintings and sculptures. So they reinvented perspective and the art of free standing realistic sculptures that had been characteristic in Greek and Roman art. Some famous Renaissance artists are Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. The Gutenberg printing press, invented by Johannes Gutenberg, was also developed during this time.\nThe Renaissance was also a time of great achievements in science (Galileo Galilei, Francis Bacon), philosophy (Thomas More) and literature (Dante Alighieri, William Shakespeare).\nAmerica.\nMaya civilization (classical period).\nWhat is known as the classical period lasted from about 250 to about 900. During this time, many monuments were constructed. There are also many big inscriptions from then. In this period, the Maya moved to building large cities. This is known as urbanism. Many important intellectual and artistic developments happened in an area that is known as the \"southern lowlands\".\nLike the Ancient Greek, the Maya civilization was made of many independent city-states. Agriculture was important around these city states like Tikal and Cop\u00e1n.\nThe most important monuments are the pyramids they built in their religious centers and the palaces of their rulers. The palace at Cancu\u00e9n is the largest in the Maya area. There are no pyramids in the area of the palace. Other important things the archaeologists found include the carved stone slabs usually called \"stelae\" (the Maya called them \"tetun\", or \"tree-stones\"). These slabs show rulers along with hieroglyphic texts describing their genealogy, military victories, and other accomplishments. In North America, they made Mississippian culture with the largest land field from around 800 CE to 1600.\nTrade with other civilizations.\nThe Maya also had trade routes that ran over long distances. They traded with many of the other Mesoamerican cultures, such as Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, and other groups in central and gulf-coast Mexico. They also traded with non-Mesoamerican groups, that were farther away. Archaeologists have found gold from Panama in the Sacred Cenote of Chichen Itza.\nImportant trade goods were cacao, salt, sea shells, jade and obsidian.\nSudden collapse.\nIn the 8th and 9th century, the cities in the southern lowlands had problems, and declined. At the same time, the Maya stopped making big monuments and inscriptions. Shortly afterwards, these cities were abandoned. Currently, archaeologists are not sure why this happened. There are different theories. Either ecological factors played a role in this, or the cause of this abandonment was not related to the environment.\nPost-classical period and decline.\nIn the north, development went on, form the 10th to about the 16th century. The influences from the outside left more traces in the Maya culture at that time. Some of the important sites in this era were Chichen Itza, Uxmal, and Coba. At some point, the ruling dynasties of Chichen and Uxmal declined. Afterwards, Mayapan ruled all of Yucat\u00e1n until a revolt in 1450. The area then degenerated into competing city-states until the Yucat\u00e1n was conquered by the Spanish.\nBy 1250, there developed other city-states. The Itza maintained their capital at Tayasal. It ruled over an area extending across the Peten Lakes region, including the community of Ekckixil on Lake Quexil. Postclassic Maya states also survived in the southern highlands. One of the Maya kingdoms in this area is responsible for the best-known Maya work of historiography and mythology, the Popol Vuh.\nThe Spanish started to conquer Maya lands. This took them much longer than with the Inca or Aztecs, because there was no capital city. This meant that when they had conquered one city, this had little influence on the whole empire. The last Maya states were finally subdued in 1697.\nThe Maya people did not disappear though. There are still about 6 million of them. Some are well-integrated, others continue speak one of the Maya languages and uphold their cultural heritage.\nThe Aztecs.\nThe Aztecs built an empire in Central America, mainly in Mexico. The empire lasted from the 14th to the 16th century. They spoke the Nahuatl language. Their capital was Tenochtitlan. It was built on islands in a lake. Tenochtitlan was one of the greatest cities of the world in that time.\nThe Aztecs believed in polytheism. Quetzalcoatl (feathered snake), Huitzilopochtli (hummingbird of the south) and Tezcatlipoca (smoking mirror) were the most important Gods. Sometimes the Aztecs killed humans to please their gods. Between 1519 and 1521 the Spanish leader Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s defeated the Aztecs and took their empire. Some Aztecs did not want to fight against the soldiers of Cort\u00e9s, because they thought they were Gods.\nToday many Mexicans have Aztec and other Native American forefathers. People still use Aztec symbols in Mexico. On the Mexican flag there is a picture of an eagle on a cactus with a snake in its mouth. This was an Aztec symbol. Also the name \"Mexico\" is an Aztec word.\nThe Aztecs ate a lot of plants and vegetables that could be grown easily in the Mexico area. The main food that they ate was corn, which they called maize. Another food that they ate was squash.\nAztecs also had a lot of harsh punishments for certain crimes. For the following crimes the punishment was death: adultery, wearing cotton clothes (cotton clothes were only for the nobles), cutting down a living tree, moving a field boundary making your land bigger, making someone else's smaller, major theft and treason.\nThe Incas.\nThe Incas were a civilized empire in western South America. The Incas are called a \"pre-Columbian\" empire. This means that their country was here before Christopher Columbus. They ruled parts of South America around what is now Peru for a little over 100 years, until the Spanish invasion in the 16th century.\nThe Incan empire or , meaning \"four regions\" in Quechua, only lasted for about 100 years as the arrival of the Spaniards in 1532 conquered them. Their main language was Quechua, but as the Incas were basically made up of many different groups there were probably many other different languages.\nTheir capital was in the city of Cusco, or Qosqo, in what is now southern Peru.\nManco Capac founded the first Inca state around 1200. It covered the area around Cusco. In the 1400s, Pachacuti began to absorb other people in the Andes. The expansion of the Inca Empire had started. The Inca Empire would become the biggest empire in the Americas before Columbus.\nIn 1532, the civil war ended. The brothers Huascar and Atahualpa, fought for who would succeed their father. During this time, the Spanish conquerors took possession of the Inca territory. They were led by Francisco Pizarro. In the following years the conquistadors managed to extend their power over the whole Andean region. They suppressed successive Inca rebellions until the establishment of the Viceroyalty of Per\u00fa in 1542 and the fall of the resistance of the last Incas of Vilcabamba in 1572. The Inca civilization ends at that time, but many cultural traditions remain in some ethnic groups as Quechuas and Aymara people.\nAfrica.\nAncient Egypt and Carthage are well known civilizations of ancient Africa. But because there are not many written sources in large parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, the history of Africa is not easy to write about. But with new techniques such as the recording of oral history, historical linguistics and archeology knowledge has improved, not only for the empires and kingdoms of Ethiopia, Ghana, Mali, Nubia, Kush and Kerma.\nGlobalization.\nFrom colonialization to imperialism.\nThe rise of Europe.\nColonization.\nColonization happened after Christopher Columbus came to the Americas. European countries such as England, France, and Spain built colonies in the Americas. These settlers fought the Native Americans to take over their land. The colonisation of the Americas was the beginning of modern times.\nAn important part about contact with the Americas was the Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange brought new foods, ideas, and diseases to the Old World and New World, changing the way people lived. Historians believe that almost everyone as far as Asia was affected in some way by the Columbian Exchange.\nReformation and Counter-Reformation.\nProtestant Reformation started with Martin Luther and the posting of the 95 theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg, Germany. At first he protested against corruption such as simony or the sale of indulgences. But then it became clear that he had different ideas about the church doctrine. He thought that Christians should only read the Bible to find out what God wants from them. That meant that they did not need priests (see: Five solas). The three most important traditions that came directly from the Protestant Reformation were the Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist, Presbyterian, etc.), and Anglican traditions.\nThe Counter-Reformation, or Catholic Reformation, was the Catholic Church fighting the Protestant Reformation. New religious orders, such as the Jesuits were founded and missionaries sent around the world. Decisions were taken at the Council of Trent (1545\u20131563).\nIndustrial revolution.\nThe Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain. It brought many advances in the way goods were produced. These advances allowed people to produce much more than they needed for living. The early British Empire split as its colonies in America revolted to establish a representative government.\nFrom nationalism to imperialism.\nThe French Revolution lead to massive political change in continental Europe, as people following the ideas of Enlightenment asked for human rights with the slogan \"libert\u00e9, egalit\u00e9, fraternit\u00e9\" (liberty, equality, fraternity). That led to the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, but also to terror and the execution of King Louis XVI. The French leader, Napoleon Bonaparte, conquered and changed Europe through war up to 1815. As more and more small property holders were granted the vote, in France and the UK, socialist and trade union activity developed and revolution gripped Europe in 1848. The last vestiges of serfdom were abolished in Austria-Hungary in 1848. Russian serfdom was abolished in 1861. The Balkan nations began to regain their independence from the Ottoman Empire. After the Franco-Prussian War, Italy and Germany became unified in 1870 and 1871. Conflict spread across the globe, in a chase for empires. The search for a \"place in the sun\" ended with the outbreak of World War I. In the desperation of war, the Russian Revolution promised the people \"peace, bread and land\". The defeat of Germany came at the price of economic destruction, which was written down in the Treaty of Versailles.\nAsia.\nChina \u2013 continuity.\nFrom 1644 to 1912 the Qing or \"Manchu Dynasty\" ruled China. The dynasty was founded by the Manchu clan in northeast China (Manchuria). It expanded into China proper and its surrounding territories, establishing the \"Empire of the Great Qing\".\nIts military power weakened during the 1800s, and faced with international pressure, massive rebellions and defeats in wars, the Qing Dynasty declined after the mid-19th century. It was overthrown in 1912.\nJapan.\nDuring the Edo period, Japan had many small rulers. There were about 200 of them, called the daimyo. Out of them, the Tokugawa clan was most powerful. They ruled from a place called Edo. This place was around the present day\u2019s Tokyo. For fifteen generations they were the most powerful clan in Japan.\nBeginning from the early 17th century, the rulers (known as shogunate) started a policy of seclusion (stopping some people coming in), known as sakoku in Japanese language. They suspected that traders, merchants and missionaries wanted to bring Japan under the control of European powers. Except the Dutch and the Chinese, all foreigners, traders and merchants from other countries, missionaries were no longer allowed into Japan.\nStill even during the period of seclusion, Japanese continued to gain information and knowledge about other parts of the world.\nThis policy of seclusion lasted for about 200 years. It ended 1868 with Meiji Restoration, when the emperor took over again and started a lot of reforms.\nIndia \u2013 Mughal Empire.\nThe Mughal Empire existed from 1526 to 1857. When it was biggest it ruled most of the Indian subcontinent, then known as Hindustan, and parts of what is now Afghanistan. It was founded by Babur in 1526 and ruled until 1530. Its most important ruler was Akbar (1556\u20131605). After the death of Aurangjeb (1658\u20131707), the Mughal Empire became weak. It continued until 1857. By that time, India came under the British Raj.\nAmerica.\nSettlement by the Spanish started the European colonization of the Americas, it meant genocide of the native Indians. The Spanish gained control of most of the Caribbean and conquered the Aztecs. So they founded the Spanish Empire in the New World.\nThe first successful English settlements were in North America at Jamestown (Virginia), 1607 (along with its satellite, Bermuda in 1609) and Plymouth (Massachusetts), 1620. The first French settlements were Port Royal (1604) and Quebec City (1608). The Fur Trade soon became the primary business on the continent and as a result transformed the Native Americans lifestyle. Plantation slavery of the West Indies lead to the beginning of the Atlantic slave trade.\nRivalry between the European powers created a series of wars on the North American landmass. The American Revolution led to the creation of the United States of America. Spain's hold on its colonies weakened till it had to give them independence.\nThe United States expanded quickly to the west. At the same time, British built more in Canada.\nAfrica.\nDuring the 15th century the Portuguese began exploring Africa. At the Guinea coast they built their first fort in 1482. They started slave trade after the first European contact with America in 1492 to supply settlers from there with workers. Soon English, Spanish, Dutch, French and Danish merchants also built forts. But their influence on the inland was minor (except from decimation of population by slave trade) till during the 19th century larger colonies were founded.\nTwentieth Century onward.\nThe 20th century was a very important time in history. New technology and different ideas led to many worldwide changes in the time of just 100 years.\nWorld Wars.\nThe First World War.\nWorld War I was a war fought from 1914 to 1918. During the time of the war, it was called \"The Great War\", or \"The War to End All Wars\". Chemical poisons, tanks, aeroplanes, and bombs were used for the first time.\nThere were four main causes of the war:\nThese were causes that made it likely that a war would start in Europe. The \"spark\" that started the war was the assassination of the heir to the throne in Austria-Hungary: Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a group of young Serbians. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia and each country's allies then joined the war. This created a bigger conflict which turned into World War I.\nEurope divided into two groups of allies: the Central Powers and the Allied Powers (the \"Allies\"). The Central Powers were made up of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria. The Allies were made up of Britain, France, Russia, Italy and the United States.\nWorld War I was fought on two fronts; the Eastern Front and the Western Front. Trench warfare was commonly used on the Eastern Front.\nBecause of a British blockade, Germany began using U-boats, or submarines, to sink British ships. After the sinking of two ships with Americans on board, and the public release of the Zimmermann Note, The U.S. declared war on Germany, joining the Allies.\nOn November 11, 1918, Germany signed the armistice, meaning \"the laying down of arms\", to end the war. After the war ended, the Treaty of Versailles was written and Germany was made to sign it. They had to pay $33 million in reparations (payment for damage). The influenza pandemic of 1918 spread around the world, killing millions.\nAfter the First War.\nAfter the war the German Empire, the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire and Austrian Empire ended and France and Britain got weaker.\nThe 1920s and 1930s had military-related fascist dictators take control of Italy, Germany, Japan and Spain. They were helped by the Great Depression starting in 1929. When Hitler in 1933 had gained power in Germany he prepared World War II.\nThe Second World War.\nOf all the wars ever fought, World War II involved the most countries and killed the most people. More than 60 million people died, making it the worst disaster of all time. It lasted six years in Europe, from 1939 to 1945.\nIt was fought between the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy and Japan) and the Allied Powers. At first the Axis Powers were successful, but that ended in Europe with the Battle of Stalingrad in 1943 and the invasion in Normandy in 1944. But Hitler was able to pursue his plan to annihilate Jews nearly all over Europe. Today, this plan is called the Holocaust.\nIn the Pacific it ended with the battles of Midway and Guadalcanal. Germany surrendered on May 8. The Empire of Japan surrendered on August 15, 1945.\nAfter World War II.\nAfter World War II the United Nations was founded in the hope that it could solve arguments among nations and keep wars from happening. Communism spread to Central and Eastern Europe, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania, Albania, North Vietnam and North Korea. In 1949, China became communist. During the 1950s and 1960s, many third world countries became communist.\nThis led to the Cold War, a forty-year argument between the United States, the Soviet Union, and their allies (mainly countries that were members of NATO or the Warsaw Pact). Each country wanted to promote their type of government. The Soviet Union wanted to spread communism, and the United States wanted to spread democracy. People across the world feared a nuclear war because of the tension.\nCommunism became less popular when it became clear that it could not promote economic growth as well as Western states and that it was not suited for a reform that allowed freedom of speech for everybody. Therefore, the Soviet Union forced Hungary to give up its reform in 1956, it favored the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961 and it stopped reform in Czechoslovakia in 1968. When in 1988/89 Gorbachev made clear that he would not force the countries of the East block to stick to Communism the Berlin Wall was torn down in 1989 and the Soviet Union collapsed (1991). Then the United States was the only superpower left.\nMalaysia, under Mahathir Mohamad's leadership, saw significant economic growth and modernization during the late 20th century. Mahathir's policies focused on industrialization and infrastructure development, shaping Malaysia into a key player in Southeast Asia.\nAs the 20th century ended, the European Union began to rise and included former satellite states and even parts of the Soviet Union. States in Asia, Africa and South America tried to copy the European Union.\nThe twentieth century was a time of great progress in terms of technology. People began to live longer because of better medicine and medical technology. New communications and transportation technologies connected the world. But these advances also helped cause problems with the environment.\nThe last half of the century had smaller wars. Improved information technology and globalization increased trade and cultural exchange. Space exploration expanded through the solar system. The structure of DNA was discovered.\nThe same period also raised questions about the end of human history because of global dangers: nuclear weapons, greenhouse effect and other problems in the environment.\n21st century.\nDuring this period, communications with mobile phones and the Internet expanded. This led to social changes in corporation, political, and individuals' personal lives. Because of population growth and industrialization, worldwide resource competition became increasingly high. The increasing demand affected environmental degradation and global warming, as well the globalization has continued.\nA new Great Recession affected the world in the late 2000s and the early 2010s. The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 caused further global economic and political disruption. Some scientists referred to this as a \"Planetary Phase of Civilization\"."}
+{"id": "42875", "revid": "1570152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42875", "title": "Ur", "text": "Ur was the one of the world's first cities, in Mesopotamia. It was a Sumerian city-state, founded around 3,800\u00a0BC. There are written records dating from the 26th century. Ur was once a coastal city near the mouth of the River Euphrates on the Persian Gulf. It is now well inland, south of the Euphrates on its right bank, from Nasiriyah, Iraq.\nZiggurat.\nIn the Sumerian city, the Ziggurat of Ur was a skyscraper over the city. It was about 20\u00a0metres (66\u00a0feet) tall. The only level that remains today is the bottom. There were big staircases to get up and down. They tell a lot about the people who built them. Sumerians had no tools and machinery like us. They were careful brick builders. Brickmakers formed mud bricks that were perfect. After drying they took them to the site and set them in place with bitumen. Bitumen is similar to asphalt, a thick sticky black stuff. It's like asphalt, the stuff they use to pave roads. They braided reeds so they would be stronger, and hooked them up like steel cables. Later the Ziggurat became more than a place for gods. There were workshops for craftworkers. For the priests, there were temples to do worship.\nSocial classes.\nUr had four social classes. The richer, like government officials, priests, and soldiers, were at the top. The second level was for merchants, teachers, laborers, farmers and craftmakers. The bottom were for slaves captured in battle. The level above all was the singular Owen Ramm Steffen, ruler of all people of Ziggurat. He was the most importante y gracioso and believed in member of Ur, even writing on the walls, \"I hope Carter Mikolay burns in hell.\" Burials at Ur give insight into people's social standing. Kings and queens were buried with treasure. Since irrigation gave Ur abundant crops, not everybody needed to work on farms. People learned other skills. Sir Leonard Woolley found a tablet that listed Ur's specialized workers. The chisel workers made sculptures, the gem cutters made gems, and the fullers stomped on woven wools to make them soft. The metal workers made weapons."}
+{"id": "42880", "revid": "983938", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42880", "title": "Odenwald", "text": "The Odenwald is a mountain chain in the south of Hesse, in the north of Bavaria and the north of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg. \nGeography.\nIn the south of the Odenwald there is the Neckar River. In the east there is the Main River . In the west there is the valley of the Rhine River. The highest mountain is the Katzenbuckel (literally \"cat's hump\", 626\u00a0m).\nNeighboring cities.\nThe big cities Mannheim and Frankfurt am Main are near to the Odenwald. People of these cities like to go there at holidays. It is known for its clean thin air. There are many marked hiking paths. You can find wild blueberries, strawberries and mushrooms in the forests. \nSeveral small towns are very beautiful like Weinheim on the Bergstra\u00dfe and Michelstadt. The mild climate of the area is well known. "}
+{"id": "42885", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42885", "title": "The Worlds History", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42886", "revid": "233259", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42886", "title": "Sviatoslav I, Prince of Kiev", "text": "Sviatoslav I was an early ruler of the Kievan Rus', a nation that evolved into modern Ukraine. He was the son of Igor I of Kiev and Olga of Kiev. He ruled from 962 until 972. During his reign he destroyed the Khazar Empire and for a short time conquered what is now Bulgaria."}
+{"id": "42889", "revid": "9854147", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42889", "title": "List of citrus fruits", "text": "Citrus is a common term and genus of flowering plants in the family Rutaceae. It originated in tropical and subtropical southeast Asia. The name comes from the citron.\nCitrus fruits usually have a sour taste but farmers grow more of the sweet ones. There are many types of citrus fruits in the world."}
+{"id": "42895", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42895", "title": "Citrus fruits", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42899", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42899", "title": "Daylight saving time", "text": "Daylight saving time (DST) or summer time (ST) is a time to keep during summer. During the summer months, the sun stays visible for a longer time, and sunset happens late in the day. For this reason, certain countries advance the time by one hour near the start of summer, and put it back one hour during autumn.\nDST helps stores that sell to people after they get off work, and it does not hurt farmers and others whose hours are set by the sun. It cuts traffic accident rates. Sometimes it can reduce energy costs, but it can also increase them.\nMost of the world's countries do not use DST, but it is common in Europe and North America.\nThe United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, Canada and many other countries have DST. These countries also have regions that do not have DST:\nIceland, Russia, Belarus, and some parts of Ukraine are countries in Europe without DST.\n, the following places plan to start and end DST at the following times:\nIn the table above, the DST times show the time before being moved forward or back. The shift is how much time is added at the DST start time and subtracted at the DST end time. For example, in Canada and the United States, the local time changes from 02:00 to 03:00 when DST starts and from 02:00 to 01:00 when DST ends. If a time zone is listed (e.g., ), all time zones in a country move forward and backward simultaneously; otherwise, time zones change in their local time. Areas shown in the same color start and end DST within less than a week of each other.\nEurope.\nEuropean Union.\nSince 1971 all clocks in the European Union have changed on same dates and at the same time, 06:00 GMT.\nEuropean Summer Time begins (clocks go forward) at 01:00 UTC on the last Sunday in March, and ends (clocks go back) at 01:00 UTC on the last Sunday in October:\nUnited Kingdom.\nPermanent Summer Time has support in some northerly countries such as the UK. It was tried in the British Standard Time experiment, with Britain remaining on GMT+1 throughout the year. This took place between 27 October 1968 and 31 October 1971.\nThere are proposals for GMT+1 in the winter, and DST summer time (GMT+2) in the summer. In favour are most city dwellers: children do not have to come home after school in the dark, and late afternoon and early evening activities benefit. In favour also were those concerned with accidents, because both accidents and fuel consumption go down.RoSPA suggests this would reduce the number of accidents over this period as a result of the lighter evenings.\nAgainst are many farmers in northerly latitudes, because sunrise would occur in winter at about 10:00 in the morning. However, in March 2010 the National Farmers Union said that it was not against Single/Double Summer Time, and is in fact relatively neutral, with many farmers expressing a preference for the change.\nNorth America.\nUnited States.\nThe following table lists future starting and ending dates of daylight saving time in the United States:\nAutomatic adjustment.\nMost mobile phones and computers connected to the Internet will automatically adjust their clocks for DST. Some computers will not adjust or will adjust the time incorrectly or on the wrong date. Also, computers with more than one operating system may be incorrectly adjusted twice or more when each operating system boots.\nNotes.\n. WebExhibits"}
+{"id": "42910", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42910", "title": "Lanthanum", "text": "Lanthanum is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol La. It has the atomic number 57. It is part of a group of chemical elements in the periodic table named the Lanthanides. It is a rare earth element. It is silvery white, malleable and ductile. It is soft and can be cut with a knife."}
+{"id": "42914", "revid": "373511", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42914", "title": "Rowing", "text": "Rowing is about moving a boat on water using human muscle power. It can be a sport. The goal in rowing is to move as fast as possible on top of the water. The athletes use a boat. They move the boat forward by using two sculls or one oar. There are different types of rowing. The types depend on how many people are in the boat and if they have a coxswain or not. Rowing is a very popular sport in England, the Commonwealth, and the Northeastern United States. The old universities of the United States and England have yearly rowing matches."}
+{"id": "42916", "revid": "1301336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42916", "title": "Inkjet printer", "text": "An Inkjet printer is a printer for computers. It uses special ink to print on the paper. Another type of printing technology is the Laser printer. Inkjet printers are preferred for printing photos and graphics due to their high-quality color output, whereas laser printers are preferred for printing text due to their high contrast and speed.\nUsually, inkjet printers are used by people who print very little. The ink comes in special ink cartridges, which can be very expensive and uneconomical. Also, the ink in the cartridge may dry up. This means that a new cartridge is needed. Three colors of cartridges, which combine magenta, yellow and cyan inks are used to create color tones. A black cartridge is also used for crisp monochrome output. Some professional printers have one or more additional colors for better photo quality, such as light cyan, light magenta, blue, red, green, orange, and grey.\nInkjet printers may use either dye or pigment inks. Pigment inks are less likely to fade, whereas dye inks create more-realistic photos and are less likely to clog the printhead.\nMany professionals use inkjet printers to print on very large surfaces (up to 5m width). These printers usually do not use cartridges, but have a continuous supply of ink that could last for a long time. Standard-size (A4 or US Letter) printers with a continuous ink supply are also available.\nInkjet printers need special paper. This paper has been treated so that the ink does not smear. \nLess expensive inkjet printers, which cost a little more than 100 US dollars, are a bargain for users who want to be able to print pages in color. Inkjet printers can be very cheap but the ink can also be rather expensive. Some professional inkjet printers can print on surfaces other than paper, such as CDs/DVDs or plastic cards.\nAn inkjet printer can print between 300 and 720 DPI (Dots Per Inch). Some newer printers can print at higher resolutions, although the benefit of resolutions beyond 720 DPI may not be noticed by the human eye.\nA common problem with inkjet printers is that if the printhead is clogged, banding (stripes) will appear in the printed image. To fix this, the printhead needs to be cleaned using the software included with the printer. This problem occurs most often when the printer has not been used for a long time. To prevent this from happening on rarely-used printers, a cron job can be scheduled to print a purge sheet (an image containing all colors used by the printer) once per day. A small, barely noticeable (usually only noticeable by magnification) amount of banding will occur even with a perfectly clean printhead due to the way the printer works."}
+{"id": "42917", "revid": "844779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42917", "title": "Laser printer", "text": "A laser printer is a printer for computers. It uses laser or LED-technology to get small particles of toner from a cartridge onto paper. Very often, this costs less to use than the ink of inkjet printers. Laser printers often print text more neatly than inkjet printers, but print photos less clearly. Printing on photo paper or coated paper designed for inkjet printers can damage the laser printer's drum and fuser unit.\nThe laser printer was first invented by a team at Xerox in 1969. The first laser printer was called the Xerox 2000.\nProcess.\nLaser printing is a process which typically involves seven steps:"}
+{"id": "42919", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42919", "title": "Lawrencium", "text": "Lawrencium is a chemical element. Before being officially named, it was known as eka-lutetium and unniltrium. It has the symbol Lr. It has the atomic number 103. It is a group 3 element and transition metal, but is also often counted as an actinide.\nIt is a radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made. Lawrencium is made from californium. The isotope that has the longest half-life (262Lr) has a half life of about 3.6 hours.\nNo uses for lawrencium are known. What lawrencium looks like is not known because not enough has been made to see it with human eyesight.\nDiscovered by Albert Ghiorso and co-workers in 1961, in California. Named after Ernest O. Lawrence, inventor of the cyclotron, a research instrument with which several new elements have been found/made."}
+{"id": "42921", "revid": "11487", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42921", "title": "Grat Coalition", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42928", "revid": "242253", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42928", "title": "Savannah", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42937", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42937", "title": "Darmstadtium", "text": "Darmstadtium is a chemical element. It has been named ununnilium (Uun) or eka-platinum but is now named darmstadtium. It has the symbol Ds. It has the atomic number 110. It is a transuranium element.\nThe element is named in honor of German city Darmstadt.\nDarmstadtium is a radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made. The isotopes with an atomic mass from 267 to 273 have very short half-lifes. The half life of these isotopes is measured in milliseconds. Isotopes of darmstadtium with an atomic mass of 279 and 281 were synthesised after the other isotopes. Ds-279 and Ds-281 decay more slowly. The isotope with an atomic mass of 279 has a half life of 180 milliseconds and Ds-281 has a half life of 11.1\u00a0seconds.\nNo uses for darmstadtium are known. What darmstadtium looks like is not known because not enough has been made to see it with human eyesight.\nHistory.\nDarmstadtium was first made on November 9, 1994. It was made at the Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany. Only a few atoms of it were made. It was made by bombarding a lead target with nickel. A nuclear fusion reaction happened and made the element.\nThis is shown by the equation below that is the reaction that happened. Pb is the symbol for lead, Ni is the symbol for nickel and n is the symbol for a neutron.\nThe element was named for Darmstadt which was the place of its discovery. The GSI is in Wixhausen, a part of the north of the city of Darmstadt. The new name (darmstadtium) was given to the chemical element by the IUPAC in August 2003."}
+{"id": "42939", "revid": "314538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42939", "title": "Wampanoag", "text": "The Wampanoag are a Native American tribe. They are part of the Northeast Woodlands. They have lived in present-day Massachusetts and Eastern Rhode Island for over 12,000 years. There are around 4,000 to 5,000 Wampanoag people living in New England today.\nHistory.\nAfter the Pilgrims arrived in the New World on the \"Mayflower\" in 1620, the Wampanoag tribe helped them survive.\nIn the early 17th century, an epidemic of leptospirosis (a bacterial infection also called Weil's syndrome) killed many Wampanoags and greatly damaged their society. \nToday.\nThere are multiple Wampanoag communities in Massachusetts today. The United States government officially recognizes two surviving Wampanoag tribes: the Mashpee Wampanoag Tribe and the Wampanoag Tribe of Gay Head (Aquinnah)."}
+{"id": "42940", "revid": "9999862", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42940", "title": "Mandir", "text": "Hindu temple or Mandir is referred to a place where Hindus go to worship gods in the form of various deities. Many Hindu temples are filled with wooden and stone arts like pashupatinath temple. A mandir is a spiritual place for Hindus. It is the landmarks around which ancient arts, community celebrations and economy were developed, as well as this the mandir has been recognised for.\nIt is believed that the Mandir are stone or wooden images of idols ceremonially infused with the divine presence of God. They worship with arts and other ceremonies.\nPurpose.\nHindus believe that gods and goddesses will answer the prayers of the faithful and inspire spiritually. For them, the temple also acts as a contact between the gods and goddesses and the worshipers. They also believe that the gods and goddesses will grant their wishes and protect them from danger.\nAppearance.\nIn Hinduism gods are represented in various forms. Sometimes gods or goddesses are represented in a human form like Shiva, Vishnu, Saraswati or Kali. Sometimes there are gods goddesses in human and animal fused form like Ganesh. Sometimes they are also represented in plants and non-living form like Tulsi and Shaligrams. Murtis are made according to the prescriptios of the ilpasastra, and then installed by priests through the prana pratishtha ceremony. Afterward the divine personality is believed to be present in the Murtis.\nMethod.\nTo show respect, Hindus give gifts and food to the murtis. They are treated with respect and worshipped everyday. If a temple is a family temple it is treated as part of the family. Some Hindus also offer a part of their daily food to the god or goddess. They are given clothes and are changed at certain times. "}
+{"id": "42941", "revid": "21928", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42941", "title": "Babes in Toyland", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42948", "revid": "1572824", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42948", "title": "Kitchener, Ontario", "text": "Kitchener is a city in Ontario, Canada. Kitchener is in Southwestern Ontario and is near Toronto, Hamilton, Mississauga and London. It is in Waterloo Region. Other cities in Waterloo Region include Waterloo and Cambridge. Sometimes Kitchener, Waterloo, and Cambridge are known as the \"technology triangle\". It is on the Grand River, which leads to Lake Erie.\nHistory.\nAt first, Kitchener was called Berlin. When World War I started it seemed like a bad idea to have a city named after the capital of Germany. The city was renamed Kitchener, after a British general, Herbert Kitchener. Kitchener then slowly became a prosperous city as it is today.\nFuture.\nA rapid transit system is planned to be added in the Waterloo Region.\nMedia.\nCHYM 96.7\nCKWR 98.5"}
+{"id": "42949", "revid": "1070632", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42949", "title": "Spring (water)", "text": "A spring is a place where groundwater flows out of the ground. A spring may flow the whole year or only sometimes. This depends on the water getting into the ground all of the time (rain) or only once in a while (snow melting).\nWater from a spring often flows downhill, along the land. This is how rivers start.\nSome springs produce water that is good for health reasons. Sometimes towns grow by these springs because many people who are ill come there to get better. Such towns are called spa towns."}
+{"id": "42951", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42951", "title": "Thorium", "text": "Thorium is a chemical element in actinide group. It is a weakly radioactive metal. It has a shiny, silvery white color. It has the chemical symbol Th and the atomic number 90. Natural thorium has an atomic weight of 232. Thorium is named after Thor, the Norse god of thunder. Its ores are found in nature (that is, on Earth), especially in India, the United States, and Australia. \nThorium would make a good source of nuclear fuel because it makes much less waste and is four times as common as uranium. It does not need the wasteful process of enrichment. It makes 3,200,000 times as much energy as coal and 200 times as much energy as uranium. Scientists believe that there is enough of it to power the world for thousands of years. Thorium has been used for various purposes since the 19th century. It is an alloying agent in magnesium and is also used as an industrial catalyst.\nThorium is safer than uranium. This is because thorium cannot undergo nuclear fission on its own. Usually, plutonium is need to start and maintain a reaction. This is why thorium is considered better for nuclear reactors. Also, nuclear waste from thorium reactors contains far smaller amounts of dangerous transuranic elements than waste from uranium reactors.\nEstimates of Thorium that can be mined.\nEstimates of mineral resources have been made about how much Thorium is available to be mined from different countries,"}
+{"id": "42952", "revid": "9238206", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42952", "title": "River source", "text": "The source of a river or stream is the original point from which the river flows. It may be a lake, a marsh, a spring or a glacier. This is where the stream starts.\nThe source is the farthest point of the river stream from its estuary or its confluence with another river or stream. Rivers are usually fed by many tributaries. The farthest stream is called the head-stream or head water. There is sometimes disagreement on which source is the head water, hence on which is the true source. \nA lake fed by many rivers is sometimes called the source of the bigger river flowing out of it. For example, Lake Victoria is often called the source of the Nile, as the rivers that flow into it have names of their own. \nHeadwaters are usually in mountains. Glacial headwaters are made by melting of glaciers.\nThe source is where a river begins, and the river mouth is where it joins the sea. The mouth may be in the form of a river delta. The joining of a streams is called a confluence."}
+{"id": "42953", "revid": "1618275", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42953", "title": "Laserdisc", "text": "A Laserdisc, like a DVD, can play video of a higher quality than VHS. A Laserdisc is much larger than a DVD. To play Laserdisc movies, a LaserDisc player is needed. LaserDisc was also known by the names DiscoVision and LaserVision.\nLaserdisc was first produced by MCA in 1978, and became well known in the 1980s. Movie companies stopped making Laserdisc movies when DVDs became well known in the late 1990s. Today some of the better Laserdisc players still sell for $1,000 USD or more.\nTechnology.\nLaser Discs work like a regular CD-ROM or DVD. The surface of the disc is covered with small holes that are read by a laser. This sequence of holes and no holes is turned into pictures and sound by the Laserdisc player. Most Laserdiscs can hold about 30 minutes to an hour of video per side for a total of 1 to 2 hours per disc.\nThe early Laserdisc players used a Helium-Neon laser to read the disc, but the later models used infrared lasers. The first units that were made with the infrared laser had some problems such as skipping, strange colors spots, and fuzziness. These problems were fixed in later models.\nSome of the later Laserdisc players made were ones that could play Audio CDs as well as Laserdiscs. In Japan, one of the last models to be produced even had the ability to play DVDs as well as CDs and Laserdiscs."}
+{"id": "42956", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42956", "title": "Californium", "text": "Californium is a chemical element. It is a radioactive metal. It has the chemical symbol Cf. It has the atomic number 98. Californium is a transuranium element. Californium does not have many uses. It was discovered by bombarding a curium target with alpha particles (helium ions). Californium is named after the US State of California, where it was discovered, in the University of Berkeley.\nCalifornium is produced in nuclear reactors and particle accelerators. \nThere are 20 known isotopes. The most stable is californium-251, which has a half-life of 898 years. This short half-life means the element is not found in the Earth's crust. Californium-252, whose half-life is 2.645 years, is the most common isotope used.\nCompounds of californium are mostly of californium(III), which can take part in three chemical bonds. Californium can be used to help start up nuclear reactors, and is used as a source of neutrons. It can be used in making higher mass elements. Ununoctium was synthesized by bombarding californium-249 atoms with calcium-48 ions.\nSafety.\nWhen californium is used, workers must be protected from the element's ability to disrupt the formation of red blood cells."}
+{"id": "42959", "revid": "10495", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42959", "title": "Menuetos", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42960", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42960", "title": "Torgau", "text": "Torgau is a town on the banks of the Elbe in northwestern Saxony, Germany. The town is well known as the place where during the Second World War, United States Army forces met with forces of the Soviet Union during the invasion of Germany on April 25, 1945.\nThis marked the beginning of the line of contact between Soviet and American forces, but not the occcupation zones. In fact the area surrounding Torgau at first occupied by U.S. forces was later, in July 1945, given over to Soviet forces."}
+{"id": "42963", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42963", "title": "Chemical bond", "text": "A chemical bond is a type of attraction force which holds together different chemical species. Atoms bonded stay together unless the needed amount of energy is transferred to the bond. \nIn general, strong chemical bonding comes with the sharing or transfer of electrons between the participating atoms. The atoms in molecules, crystals, metals and diatomic gases are held together by chemical bonds. \nThere are two types of bonds; covalent and ionic. Covalent bonds form when atoms share electrons. Ionic bonding is the attraction between oppositely charged ions. Chemical bonds are negatively charged electrons that are pulling protons into each other.\nBecause atoms and molecules are three-dimensional, it is difficult to use a single method to indicate orbitals and bonds. In molecular formulas the chemical bonds between atoms are indicated in different ways depending on the type of discussion.\nA common way chemists describe chemical bonds is through the number of electrons each atom has on itself. Each atom is drawn with the number of electrons as dots or lines to form a maximum of eight. If the electrons form a chemical bond then a line is drawn between the two electrons. The number of bonds developed increases the number of lines.\nBonds can be double bonds or triple bonds.\nIonic bonding.\nIonic bonding is when non metals and metals are attracted to each other in a crystal structure.The metals and non metals in the crystal structure become charged atoms, called ions.The ions can either be positive or negative, a positive ion loses electrons and is called a cation and a negative ion gains electrons,and is called an anion.Generally the cation is a metal and an anion a non-metal,however this is not always the case.\nCovalent Bonding.\nCovalent bonding is when elements share electrons by mixing atomic orbitals together. Covalent bonds can be split into 2 types. The first type is called a Sigma bond and is represented by the Greek letter \u03c3, and this is when two different atoms overlap head-on,which makes the bonds quite strong, usually single bonds are usually sigma bonds. The other type is a Pi bond which is represented by the Greek letter \u03c0, and they are formed when p orbitals overlaps sideways(laterally).There are two bonds that are bonded by both sigma bonds and pi bonds, double bonds and triple bonds. Double bonds are formed from one sigma bond and one pi bond whereas triple bonds are formed from one sigma bond and two pi bonds.\nTriple bond.\nA triple bond is when two chemical elements share six electrons rather than two.Here is some examples of triple bonded compounds."}
+{"id": "42965", "revid": "1555593", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42965", "title": "Physical property", "text": "A physical property is a property, quality or way that an object is. A physical property can always be measured without changing or making the object chemically different or different in a way that would effect its chemical or atomic structure. There are two types of physical properties: \"intensive\" and \"extensive\"."}
+{"id": "42967", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42967", "title": "Concept", "text": "A concept is an idea that is applied to all objects in a group. It is the way people see and understand something. The name used to identify a concept (the concept's label) is a \"term\". For example, the word \"Dog\" is the term to identify the concept of what a dog is. Everything that a person knows about a dog is the concept of the term dog. \nDifferent terms can be used to identify the same concept. Car and Automobile are synonyms for the same concept. Different languages have different terms for the same concept. This is what makes translation possible. The terms may be different in each language, but the concept is the same. The concept of jumping is the same to a person from England and a person from Italy, but one person uses the term \"Jump\" to mean the concept and the other person uses \"Salto\"."}
+{"id": "42968", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42968", "title": "Kenpo", "text": "Kenpo or kempo is the descriptive name of various Japanese martial arts with Chinese origins, and also of hybrid martial arts: the Japanese ones and the Chinese ones. Kenpo is similar to karate and includes more punches and kicks than holds or joint locks of wrestling. \nMore known styles of Kenpo.\nKempo is a Japanese Martial Arts form. However, unlike Karate, its origins are linked back to China and still have very strong influences from Chinese systems. \nIt is not uncommon for a Kempo artist to both use traditional Japanese and Chinese style techniques. The difference lies in that because of the Chinese influence, the Japanese moves tend to emphasize more fluidity than most of the other Japanese styles. And because of the Japanese influence, there is a stronger focus for shorter stances and movements than other Chinese styles.\nFor the same reason that many other styles are sometimes simply listed as \"karate\", Kempo has long been strongly linked under the general banner of \"karate\". Kempo is known for its near explosive, short-ranged attacks that often move faster than the opponent can see. \nKempo has a very strong presence in Hawaii, the home base for many of the systems under Kempo that exist today in the United States. Throughout each of the histories of the different groups there are strong signs of the continued merging of both Chinese and Japanese influences."}
+{"id": "42971", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42971", "title": "Kempo", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42977", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42977", "title": "Edge", "text": "Edge can mean:"}
+{"id": "42979", "revid": "9169154", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42979", "title": "Tyr", "text": "Tyr is the god of war, heroic endeavor and justice in Norse mythology. In the Eddas, he is either the son of Odin or Hymir. He is the god of single (man-to-man) combat. Tyr only has one hand.\nHow Tyr lost his hand.\nAt one point in time, the gods decided that the wolf Fenrir (also called \"Fenriswolf\") could no longer go free. They wanted to lock him up onto a chain. But he broke every chain they tried to put on him. Finally, they had the dwarves make a magical chain. But Fenrir sensed what the gods would do. So Fenrir asked that one of them put his hand into his mouth. Knowing that if Fenrir was left unfettered, he would have grown strong enough to kill all the gods and destroy the world. Tyr was the only one who had the courage. When Fenrir sensed he had been tricked, he bit off Tyr's hand. Tyr remained handless forever.\nFenrir will remain bound until Ragnar\u00f6k. Then, Tyr's opponent will be , the guard dog of Hel."}
+{"id": "42981", "revid": "1626716", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42981", "title": "Loki", "text": "Loki (, ) is a god in Norse mythology. Loki is the son of F\u00e1rbauti and the brother of Helblindi and B\u00fdleistr. Loki is married to Sigyn. They have a son, Narfi (Nari). Loki is the father of Hel, the wolf Fenrir, and the world serpent J\u00f6rmungandr. While in the form of a horse, Loki was impregnated by Sva\u00f0ilfari and gave birth to the eight-legged horse Sleipnir. Loki is referred to as the father of V\u00e1li in \"Prose Edda\". This source also refers to Odin as the father of V\u00e1li twice and V\u00e1li is only said to be a son of Loki once.\nLoki's relation with the gods varies by source. Loki sometimes helps the gods and sometimes behaves badly towards them. Loki can change his shape. He has appeared in the form of a salmon, a mare, a fly, and possibly an old woman named \u00de\u00f6kk . Loki's good relations with the gods end with his role in causing the death of the god Baldr. During Ragnar\u00f6k, Loki is said to fight against the gods among the forces of the j\u00f6tnar. He will fight the god Heimdallr, and they two will kill each other.\nLoki is talked about in the \"Poetic Edda\", the \"Prose Edda\" and \"Heimskringla\", the Norwegian Rune Poems, in the poetry of skalds and in Scandinavian folklore. Loki may be shown on the Snaptun Stone, the Kirkby Stephen Stone, and the Gosforth Cross. Scholars disagree about Loki's origins and role in Norse mythology. Some have described him as a trickster god.\nOther media.\nLoki has been used in many different forms of media in modern popular culture. Most notable of this is his use in Marvel Comics and the Marvel Cinematic Universe. Tom Hiddleston has played Loki in the movies \"Thor\", ', ', \"The Avengers\" and \"\". He also played versions of Loki in the TV series \"Loki\" on Disney+."}
+{"id": "42983", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42983", "title": "Freyja", "text": "Freyja (Old Norse: \u201c[the] Lady\u201d) is the goddess of love, beauty, sex, fertility, sei\u00f0r, war, and death in Norse mythology. A member of the Vanir, Freyja is the daughter of Nj\u00f6r\u00f0r, and twin sister of Freyr. The most beautiful and refined of the goddesses, she owns the necklace Br\u00edsingamen, and rides in a chariot pulled by two cats, accompanied by a giant boar named Hildisv\u00edni; in addition to this, Freyja possesses a cloak of falcon feathers. She is married to the god \u00d3\u00f0r, by whom she is the mother of the twin goddesses Hn\u00f6ss and Gersemi. Freyja rules over the heavenly field(s) of F\u00f3lkvangr, where she receives half of those that die in battle, as the other half go to Valhalla. The minor goddesses Gefjon, Ska\u00f0i, \u00deorger\u00f0r H\u00f6lgabr\u00fa\u00f0r and Irpa (Old Norse: literally \u201c\u00deorger\u00f0r, H\u01eblgi\u2019s bride\u201d), and Mengl\u00f6\u00f0 all serve as her handmaidens. \nHer name is often translated into English as Freya when used nowadays, but the original Norwegian name is spelt \"Freyja.\"\nReceiver of the slain.\nThe Valkyries, having chosen who is to live and die in battle, collect the souls of those slain and bring them to Valhalla, where they will feast and make revelry with Odin; Freyja herself shares half of these heroes with Odin. Her sacred realm is the field of F\u00f3lkvangr, wherein lies her great hall Sessr\u00famnir. There, Freyja decides where her warriors shall sit.\nThis is what is written in the original myth:\n\"The ninth hall is Folkvang, where bright Freyja decides\"\n\"Where her warriors shall sit,\"\n\"Some of the slain belong to her,\"\n\"Some belong to Odin.\"\nBride of the Odr.\nFreyja married a god called \u00d3\u00f0r. She loves her husband deeply, but he often went away on long journeys, and Freyja cried red golden tears for him. Her tears become gold and amber when they fall to Earth, therefore gold was called \"Freyja's tears\". They have two beautiful daughters called Hnoss and Gersemi.\nOwner of Brisingamen.\nFreyja often rides in a chariot pulled by big silver tabby cats (her sacred animal) or on a golden boar named Hildisv\u00edni, who accompanies her in battle. Freyja was renowned for her loveliness and beauty, as the myths tell of three giants who wanted to marry her, but they were all killed by Thor, the god of thunder.\nFreyja also has a precious necklace called Br\u00edsingamen. The god Loki once stole this necklace, and Freyja had to ask the guardian Heimdall for help. Heimdallr engaged Loki in combat and won against the Trickster, giving the necklace back to Freyja. For this, Loki is also called \"Thief of Brisingamen\", and Heimdall is also called \"Seeker of Brisingamen\".\nThrymr, the king of the j\u01ebtnar, once stole Thor's hammer, Mj\u00f6lnir. When Loki went to J\u00f6tunheimr to retrieve the hammer, he found Thrymr, who revealed that he planned to give Mj\u00f6lnir to Freyja as a wedding gift, as he requested her hand in marriage. When Loki returned to Asgard to deliver the news, Freyja was so angered that the heavens shook, and the necklace Brisingamen broke. When it was decided that Thor would go to Thrymr posing as Freyja (Loki disguised himself as one of the goddess' maidservants), he borrowed the necklace. Upon their arrival, Thrymr threw a huge feast in celebration of the marriage, as he presented Mj\u00f6lnir to \"Freyja\" as a wedding gift; Thor then took his hammer, killing Thrymr and all who attended the wedding.\nJobs.\nFreyja is a warrior goddess. Whenever she rides into battles, she gets half of the souls of dead heroes. She is also a practitioner of magic, otherwise known as sei\u00f0r, and is highly proficient in using it. She has a magical cloak made of falcon feathers which allows her to fly between different worlds.\nFreyja is the patron goddess of crops and childbirths. She is also a goddess of love, whom lovers may send prayers to.\nFrigg and Freyja were two of the most revered goddesses in Norse mythology. They were especially worshipped by Vikings. Freyja is said to be the kindest among goddesses. In a poem in the Poetic Edda, a young man called Ottar always trusted in the goddesses; he built a rock shrine for the goddesses, and Freyja answered his prayers. She disguised Ottar as her golden boar, and went on a trip to help him find his ancestors.\nAfter Ragnarok.\nIn final battle of Ragnar\u00f6k, Odin, and Freyr will die. Freyja is not stated as having died during Ragnar\u00f6k or surviving.\nNames.\nFreyr's name means \"the Lord\", and Freyja's name means \"the Lady\".\nThe day of the week, Friday, is named either after her, or after Odin's wife Frigg. Before Christianity became the dominant religion of the region, the Orion constellation was called Frigg's distaff or Freyja's girdle. Frigg and Freyja may be one and the same goddess.\nFreyja is also widely known as Vanadis (Old Norse: Vanad\u00eds - \"Lady of the Vanir\"). The metallic element Vanadium was named after her. The Vanir are close relatives of elves. Freyr is the Lord of the elves, and his sacred realm is Alfheim, home of the elves.\nAnother well-known name of Freyja is Gefn, which means \"Giver\", a suitable name for the fertility goddess.\nFreyja represents the Norse women of the Viking Age, whose husbands often went away to war. From Freyja's name, noble Norse women were called Fru, and wives were called house-fru. Frau means \"woman\" in German.\nFreya and Freja are now common Scandinavian female names."}
+{"id": "42984", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42984", "title": "Freya", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42985", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42985", "title": "Freja", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42986", "revid": "1555593", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42986", "title": "Frigg", "text": " \nFrigg (or Frigga) is the goddess of marriage, family, and motherhood in Norse mythology. She is the wife of\u00a0Odin (chief of the\u00a0\u00c6sir), by whom she is the mother of\u00a0Baldr and\u00a0H\u00f6\u00f0r, and stepmother of Thor (Odin's eldest son) and V\u00ed\u00f0arr. Ruling Asgard as queen alongside the All-Father, Frigg often dwells in the dense, foggy lands of\u00a0Fensalir\u00a0(Old Norse: \u201cHalls of Fen\u201d) when her husband is away on one of his quests for knowledge; additionally, she is the only one besides Odin permitted to sit on his throne Hli\u00f0skj\u00e1lf, and look out across the Nine Realms. Serving as Frigg's attendants are Eir, the gods' doctor and goddess of healing, Hl\u00edn (a goddess of protection), Gn\u00e1 (a messenger goddess), and Fulla (a fertility goddess). It is unclear whether Frigg's companions and attendants are simply different aspects of Frigg herself (cf. avatar). "}
+{"id": "42987", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42987", "title": "Frigga", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42990", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42990", "title": "William Wallace", "text": "William Wallace ( 127023 August 1305) was a Scottish knight who fought the King of England (Edward I) in the Middle Ages. He was born in c. 1270, and was hanged by the English on 23 August 1305 and had died on the same day. Scotland had been claimed by Edward, and Wallace refused allegiance to Edward.\nOrigins.\nWallace was probably born around 1270-1272. Little is known about his birth or childhood. Exactly where and when Wallace was born is not very clear. Some people say he was born about 1272, but a book printed in the 16th century called \"History of William Wallace and Scottish Affairs\" says he was born in 1276. Tradition says he was born in Elderslie, near Paisley in Renfrewshire. There are links with Ayrshire as well, and it is not clear whether Wallace first fought the English in Ayrshire or Lanark. Tradition sees Wallace as a being a 'commoner', or normal person. Robert the Bruce, who also fought the English, was seen as being more noble. But this is not strictly true because Wallace's family were minor nobles.\nThe struggle.\nKing Edward offered Scotland a deal which allowed them to have a Scottish king so long as King Edward was still in charge. This required the Scottish nobles to kneel, and swear allegiance to his sovereignty. Wallace refused, and led the resistance which followed. A series of battles were fought:\nCapture and execution.\nWallace evaded capture by the English until 5 August 1305 when John de Menteith, a Scottish knight loyal to Edward, turned Wallace over to English soldiers at Robroyston near Glasgow. Wallace was taken to London at Westminster Hall, where he was tried for treason. He replied to the charge, \"I could not be a traitor to Edward, for I was never his subject\". Wallace was however found guilty.\nAfter the trial, on 23 August 1305, Wallace was taken from the hall, stripped naked and dragged through the city at the heels of a horse to the Elms at Smithfield. He was hanged, drawn and quartered\u2013the most terrible execution in English law. It meant he was strangled by hanging but released while he was still alive, his body cut open, and his bowels burnt before him. Then he was beheaded, and his body cut into four parts. His preserved head (dipped in tar) was placed on a pike atop London Bridge. It was later joined by the heads of the brothers John and Simon Fraser, who had been colleagues of Wallace. Wallace's limbs were displayed, separately, in Newcastle upon Tyne, Berwick-upon-Tweed, Stirling, and Aberdeen. \nNotes.\nA book called \"The Acts and Deeds of Sir William Wallace, Knight of Elderslie\" was written by a minstrel named Blind Harry in the 15th century. The book is written more like a story than a true version of his life, and has led to much of the legends around William Wallace. The film Braveheart is based on the novel.\nA plaque stands in a wall of St Bartholomew's Hospital near the site of Wallace's execution at Smithfield. In 2002 William Wallace was ranked as number 48 of the \"100 Greatest Britons\" in an extensive UK poll conducted by the BBC."}
+{"id": "42992", "revid": "13", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42992", "title": "Middle ages", "text": ""}
+{"id": "42994", "revid": "10113298", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42994", "title": "\u00c6sir", "text": "The \u00c6sir (Old Norse: singular \"\u01eb\u0301ss\" or \"\u00e1ss\"; feminine \"\u00e1synja\", plural \"\u00e1synjur\") are the main group or tribe of deities in Norse mythology. Including Odin, Frigg, Thor, and Baldr, the \u00c6sir reside in the realm of Asgard, at the top of Yggdrasil's highest branch.\nAlongside the \u00c6sir is a second family of gods, known as the Vanir, who joined with the \u00c6sir to form a single, unified pantheon after the devastating war between the two tribes of deities. The Vanir were native to Vanaheimr, the god Nj\u00f6r\u00f0r and his children, Freyr and Freyja chief among them. The \u00c6sir gods were usually connected with power and war, and the Vanir were associated with fertility and nature.\nNorse mythology.\nThe things that happened between the \u00c6sir and the Vanir are an interesting part of Norse mythology. While other cultures have had \"elder\" and \"younger\" generations of gods, as with the Titans and the Olympians of ancient Greece, the \u00c6sir and Vanir were portrayed as contemporaries. The two tribes fought battles, concluded treaties, and exchanged hostages. Freyr and Freyja were said to be hostages. Some believe that events that occurred between the \u00c6sir and Vanir were a reflection of events common between different Norse clans at the time.\nThe \u00c6sir did not grow old and instead remaining young by eating the apples of I\u00f0unn. While they did not age, they could be killed. It was said that most of them woulld die at Ragnar\u00f6k."}
+{"id": "42999", "revid": "10500809", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42999", "title": "Braveheart", "text": "Braveheart is an American historical movie war drama movie starring Mel Gibson and Sophie Marceau. It is loosely based around the life of 13th century Scottish warrior William Wallace, who fought against the English when they occupied Scotland."}
+{"id": "43000", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43000", "title": "Semiconductor", "text": "A semiconductor is a material that in some cases will conduct electricity but not in others. Good electrical conductors, like copper or silver, easily allow electricity to flow through them. Materials that block the flow of electricity, like rubber or plastic, are called insulators. Insulators are often used to protect people from electric shock. As the name implies, a semiconductor does not conduct as well as a conductor. Silicon is the most used semiconductor, but gallium arsenide is also used.\nBy the addition of different atoms into the crystal lattice (grid) of the semiconductor it changes its conductivity by making n-type and p-type semiconductors. Silicon is the most important commercial semiconductor, though many others are used. They can be made into transistors, which are small amplifiers. Transistors are used in computers, mobile phones, digital audio players and many other electronic devices.\nLike other solids, the electrons in semiconductors can have energies only within certain bands (i.e. ranges of energy levels) between the energy of the ground state, corresponding to electrons tightly bound to the atomic nuclei of the material, and the free electron energy, which is the energy required for an electron to escape entirely from the material.\nHistory.\nSemiconductors were being studied in laboratories as early as the 1830s. In 1833 Michael Faraday was experimenting with silver sulfide. He discovered that as the material was heated it conducted electricity better. This was the opposite of how copper acted. When copper is heated it conducts less electricity. A number of other early experimenters discovered other properties of semiconductors. In 1947 at Bell Labs in New Jersey, the transistor was invented. This led to the development of integrated circuits, which power almost all electronic devices today.\nDoping.\nDoping is the process of adding a small impurity to a pure semiconductor to change its electrical properties. Lightly and moderately doped semiconductors are called extrinsic. A semiconductor doped to such high levels that it acts more like a conductor than a semiconductor is referred to as degenerate. Most semiconductors are made out of silicon crystals. Pure silicon has little use but doped silicon is the basis for most semiconductors. Silicon Valley was named for the large number of semiconductor startup companies that were located there.\nSemiconductors today.\nToday, semiconductors are used far and wide. Semiconductors can be found in nearly every electronic device. Desktop computers, the Internet, tablet devices, smartphones all would not be possible without semiconductors.\nSemiconductors can be made into very precise switches with a small amount of voltage. The voltage that the semiconductor doesn\u2019t need can be sent to other electrical components in the device. Semiconductors can also be made very tiny and many of them can fit into a rather small circuit. Since they can be made so small, electrical devices today can be made thin and lightweight without compromising processing power.\nSome of the dominating companies in the semiconductor business are Intel Corporation, Samsung Electronics, TSMC, Qualcomm and Micron Technology."}
+{"id": "43002", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43002", "title": "Curium", "text": "Curium is a synthetic chemical element in the periodic table that has the atomic number 96. It has the chemical symbol Cm and it is a radioactive metal. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the actinides. Curium is a transuranic element. It is a radioactive element that does not exist in nature. Curium has a silver color and it is made by bombarding a plutonium target with alpha particles (helium ions). Curium was named after Marie Curie and her husband Pierre.\nUses.\nCurium is used currently in rovers and space machinery."}
+{"id": "43003", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43003", "title": "Lanark", "text": "Lanark is a town in South Lanarkshire, Scotland. It is close to Carluke and Biggar. Lanark is approximately 40 miles from Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. William Wallace once lived there. There is a statue of Wallace on the town church. A plaque remembers where he \"first drew sword to free his native land\" in 1296, when he killed Heselrig, the English sheriff of Lanark. This event forms the start of the Mel Gibson film, \"Braveheart\". \nLanark is also notable for its annual Lanimer celebrations, where local children on coloured floats parade through the streets along with marching pipe bands. A Lanimer Queen is elected from the children, and crowned in a ceremony at the foot of the High Street. A Lord Cornet is chosen from local businessmen, and acts as escort for the Queen for the events of Lanimer Week."}
+{"id": "43004", "revid": "9594404", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43004", "title": "Robert I of Scotland", "text": "Robert I of Scotland (11 July 1274 \u2013 7 June 1329) was King of Scotland from 1306 to 1329. He is better known as Robert the Bruce, or simply The Bruce. He is famous for beating the English army at the Battle of Bannockburn near Stirling in 1314.\nEarly life.\nRoberto the Bruce was born at Turnberry Castle kaka on 11 July 1274. He was the oldest son of the sixth Robert Bruce and Marjorie, the Countess of Carrick. \nRobert the Bruce's family originally came from France. They were from a place called Brus in Normandy, which is in the northern part of France. An ancestor also named Robert de Brus came to England with William the Conqueror in 1066. Another Robert de Brus came to Scotland with David I of Scotland and his family became powerful lords.\nIn 1286, King Alexander III of Scotland died. His granddaughter was supposed to become Queen of Scotland, but she died too. In 1292 the Bruce family and another family called the Balliols (BAY-lee-ols) asked King Edward I of England to decide who would become the new king. King Edward chose John Balliol.\nIn 1292 Robert's family decided that he should be the head of all the Bruces in Scotland. In 1297, King Edward I of England wanted Scotland go to war against France. Many Scottish leaders said no and against the English king. Robert joined this rebellion. Edward won most of the battles against the Scottish rebels. Finally Robert ended up doing what Edward wanted.\nKing of Scots.\nIn 1306, Robert the Bruce met a man called John Comyn III (KOHM-in) in a church. John Comyn also wanted to be King of Scotland. They had an argument and Robert killed John. Soon after, Robert went to Scone (skoon), and the Scottish lords brought out the royal clothes that they had hidden from the English. Then Robert was crowned King of Scots.\nRobert the Bruce then fought a lot of battles to make Scotland free instead of always doing what the English king wanted. He fought King Edward I, and then his son, King Edward II. In 1314, Robert the Bruce's army defeated Edward II's army at the Battle of Bannockburn.\nIn 1315, Robert the Bruce sent his army to Ireland. At that time the English were in control of Ireland. Robert fought with them and made his brother, Edward Bruce, High King of Ireland in 1316. The Scottish army did not treat the Irish people well, and they were forced to leave after Edward Bruce was killed in 1318.\nLegacy.\nOn June 7th, 1329, Robert the Bruce died. After a life of fighting he had wanted to redeem himself by joining the Crusades. Realizing he could not accomplish this he sent his trusted friend Sir James Douglas to take his heart in a small silver box on crusade. James Douglas took the heart and with several knights left on their journey to honor Robert's request. But in fighting in Spain Sir James was killed and the heart was returned to Scotland. the Bruce's body is buried in Dunfermline Abbey, while his heart is buried in Melrose Abbey.\nRobert did not want any fighting over his kingdom after he died. He provided for his brother Edward Bruce to follow him as king. But after Edward died in 1318 Robert's heir became his son David who became king as David II of Scotland. Following David, Robert's grandson Robert II Stewart by his daughter Marjorie was heir to the throne king as Robert II of Scotland. He left behind him a well-ordered kingdom.\nFamily.\nIn 1295 Robert married Isabella of Mar, daughter of Donald, 6th Earl of Mar. Together they had a daughter:\n<br>\nIn 1302 Robert married his second wife Elizabeth de Burgh. She was the daughter of Richard de Burgh, Earl of Ulster Together they had:\n<br>\nRobert also had several illegitimate children."}
+{"id": "43007", "revid": "9779473", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43007", "title": "Geelong", "text": "Geelong is the second biggest city in the state of Victoria, Australia. It has a large port and 190,000 people living in its area. Geelong at Corio Bay, which is 75 kilometres south-west \nMelbourne.\nThe city is a near many famous tourist attractions, for example the Great Ocean Road, the Shipwreck Coast and the Bellarine Peninsula. Geelong also has the second oldest Australian rules football club in the world, the Geelong Football Club, also called \"The Cats\"."}
+{"id": "43008", "revid": "1298454", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43008", "title": "Monty Python's Life of Brian", "text": "Monty Python's Life of Brian is a 1979 comedy movie by Monty Python. It is about the life of Brian Cohen (Graham Chapman), a young man born on the same night and the same neighbourhood as Jesus Christ. People mistake Brian for the Messiah."}
+{"id": "43009", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43009", "title": "Foundry", "text": "A foundry is a place where molten (melted) metals are poured into casts, to make metal things of a certain shape. Aluminum and cast iron are most commonly cast in foundries, but other metals, like bronze, can be cast as well. During casting, parts of different sizes and shapes can be made. Foundries also scrap used metals and recast them into more useful forms."}
+{"id": "43014", "revid": "10189949", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43014", "title": "Call of Duty", "text": "Call of Duty is a series of first-person shooter video games.\nThe first 6 games are about World War II, but the series began branching out beginning with \"Modern Warfare\". The series now spans World War II, the Cold War, the present, the near future, and the far future. The \"Modern Warfare\" series takes place in present times and is developed by Infinity Ward. Infinity Ward also created \".\" The \"Black Ops\" series takes place in the secret missions of the Cold War and in the future, and is developed by Treyarch. The majority of the games have been developed by Infinity Ward and Treyarch, with studio Sledgehammer Games developing ,and . Many smaller studios have also assisted with development duties. \nThe \"Call of Duty\" games are on the Gamecube, Xbox, PlayStation, PlayStation 2, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox 360, Xbox One, Xbox Series X, Xbox Series S, PC, Nintendo Wii, Wii U, and the Nintendo DS. The first four games are rated Teen, and each game released after that is rated Mature for blood, violence and strong language. "}
+{"id": "43022", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43022", "title": "Elementary particle", "text": "In physics, an elementary particle or fundamental particle is a particle that is not made of other particles.\nAn elementary particle can be one of two groups: a fermion or a boson. Fermions are the building blocks of matter and have mass, while bosons behave as force carriers for relations between fermion and some of them have no mass. The Standard Model is the most accepted way to explain how particles behave, and the forces that affect them. According to this model, the elementary particles are further grouped into quarks, leptons, and gauge bosons, with the Higgs boson having a special status as a non-gauge boson.\nOf the particles that make up an atom, only the electron is an elementary particle. Protons and neutrons are each made of 3 quarks, which makes them composite particles, particles that are made of other particles. The quarks are bound together by the gluons. The nucleus has boson pion fields responsible for the strong nuclear force binding protons and neutrons against the electrostatic repulsion between protons. Such virtual pions are composed of quark antiquark pairs again held together by gluons.\nThere are three basic properties that describe an elementary particle: \u2019mass\u2019, \u2019charge\u2019, and \u2019spin\u2019. Each property is assigned a number value. For mass and charge the number can be zero. For example, a photon has zero mass and a neutrino has zero charge. These properties always stay the same for an elementary particle.\nMass and charge are properties we see in everyday life, because gravity and electricity affect things that humans see and touch. But spin affects only the world of subatomic particles, so it cannot be directly observed.\nFermions.\nFermions (named after the scientist Enrico Fermi) have a spin number of \u00bd, and are either quarks or leptons. There are 12 different types of fermions (not including antimatter). Each type is called a \"flavor\". The flavors are:\nSix of the 12 fermions are thought to last forever: up and down quarks, the electron, and the three kinds of neutrinos (which constantly switch flavor). The other fermions \"decay\". That is, they break down into other particles a fraction of a second after they are created. Fermi-Dirac statistics is a theory that describes how collections of fermions behave.\nBosons.\nBosons, named after the Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose. Bosonic particles have spin 1 (integral spin). Although most bosons are made of more than one particle, there are two kinds of elementary bosons:\nThe photon and the gluons have no charge, and are the only elementary particles that have a mass of 0 for certain. The photon is the only boson that does not decay. Bose-Einstein statistics is a theory that describes how collections of bosons behave. Unlike fermions, it is possible to have more than one boson in the same space at the same time.\nThe Standard Model includes all of the elementary particles described above. All these particles have been observed in the laboratory.\nThe Standard Model does not talk about gravity. If gravity works like the three other fundamental forces, then gravity is carried by the hypothetical boson called the graviton. The graviton has yet to be found, so it is not included in the table above.\nThe first fermion to be discovered, and the one we know the most about, is the electron. The first boson to be discovered, and also the one we know the most about, is the photon. The theory that most accurately explains how the electron, photon, electromagnetism, and electromagnetic radiation all work together is called quantum electrodynamics."}
+{"id": "43025", "revid": "380105", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43025", "title": "Seamonkey", "text": "Seamonkey may mean:"}
+{"id": "43027", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43027", "title": "Zatch Bell", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43029", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43029", "title": "Spin (physics)", "text": "In physics, spin is the constant rotation of an object. \nFor large visible objects like the Earth, spin is the angular momentum of the turning of the Earth around its axis. This tells the amount of rotation that it has. Angular momentum changes with the mass and shape of the object, and with how fast it is turning.\nSpin in quantum theory.\nExperiments such as the Stern-Gerlach experiment have shown that sub-atomic particles, such as electrons, seem to have a north pole and a south pole much like magnets do. Scientists once thought that this was caused by the particle spinning on its axis like a planet.\nLater, it was shown that the electron would have to be spinning faster than the speed of light to do this. This is why scientists no longer believe that the electron is actually spinning like a planet. Scientists do, however, continue to refer to the magnetic properties of particles as \"spin\".\nSpin, whatever it is, seems to follow some of the laws of angular momentum, but not all of them. A \"spinning\" electron (or any other sub-atomic particle with spin) can only have certain values of angular momentum. Electrons can also align themselves against a magnetic field in ways that would be impossible in the everyday world.\nSpin is considered a fundamental property of any particle. \u00a0"}
+{"id": "43031", "revid": "1061539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43031", "title": "Bendigo, Victoria", "text": "Bendigo is a city in central Victoria, Australia. There are about 86,000 people in Bendigo. It is the fourth biggest city in Victoria after Melbourne, Geelong and Ballarat. The city area is and has the towns Bendigo, Marong, Lockwood, Lockwood South, Ravenswood, Sebastian, Elmore, Heathcote, Maiden Gully, Lake Eppalock, Axedale, Goornong, Raywood and Huntly, all together, there are 100,000 people living there.\nStrathfieldsaye.\nStrathfieldsaye is a small suburb in Bendigo. It takes its name from Stratfield Saye House, which was awarded to the Duke of Wellington after his defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo. In the 2011 census, Strathfieldsaye had a population of 4,648. "}
+{"id": "43032", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43032", "title": "Ballarat", "text": "Ballarat is a city in central Victoria, Australia. Nearly 90,200 people live there, which makes it the third biggest city in Victoria, after Melbourne and Geelong. It is also the biggest city that is not on the coast in Victoria. It is about north-west of Melbourne. The city area covers about .\nHistory.\nIndigenous Australians.\nTribes of Australian Aboriginals, the Wathaurang and the Borneghurk, used to rest here, and called it \"Balla-arat\" meaning \"Resting - Place\"\nThe first people from Europe came to Ballarat in 1837 to be sheep farmers. They took over large areas of land, with some farms more than . By 1840 there were more than 20 farms with thousands of sheep in the Ballarat area. The city area was a farm owned by William Cross Yuille and Henry Anderson who arrived in 1838.\nGold rush.\nGold was found at Ballarat in late August 1851, by James Regan and John Dunlop and within three weeks there were nearly 1000 people digging in the area looking for gold. In two days the Cavanagh brothers dug up of gold from a hole less than two metres deep. This area is now called \"Golden Point\". Within a year there were 20,000 people living in Ballarat. With so many people coming to look for gold, the town soon became bigger. The Post Office opened on November 1, 1851.\nBallarat is famous as the site for an uprising, or rebellion. This is known as the Eureka Stockade or the Eureka Rebellion, which took place on 3 December 1854. About 30 miners were killed. This is an important moment in Australian history. The site now has a museum, called the Eureka Centre, with displays about the rebellion. The rebel miners flag, the Eureka Flag can be seen at the Ballarat Fine Art Gallery.\nBig city.\nGold mining made Ballarat a rich town, and it was made a city in 1871. The railway came to the town with the opening of the Geelong-Ballarat line in 1862, and a direct line to Melbourne finished in December 1889.\nThe money made from gold mining can still be seen in size of many public buildings, the large parks, wide streets, the grand style of shops and hotels, and large houses built for the wealthy residents. From the 1880s to the start of the 20th century the city changed from a gold rush town to a large industrial city. Factories that made equipment for mining slowly changed into engineering and manufacturing businesses. The Victorian Railways built the Ballarat North Workshops in April 1917.\nDuring 1901, the Duke of Cornwall and York, later King George V, opened the first Commonwealth Parliament in Melbourne. While in Victoria, the Duke and Duchess made several journeys by train, on 13 May they went from Melbourne to Ballarat via Geelong, returning to Melbourne via Bacchus Marsh. Ballarat's airport was opened in 1930.\nWorld War II.\nIn 1940 the Federal Government took over the airport as an air base for the Empire Air Training Scheme. During WWII the base was a RAAF Wireless Air Gunners' School as well as the base for USAAF Liberator bomber squadrons. During the war the airport was made much bigger, with three sealed runways. Two of these were over 2,000\u00a0metres (6,550\u00a0ft) long and 45\u00a0metres (150\u00a0ft) wide. The aerodrome remained the RAAF School of Radio until 1961 when it was returned to normal use. The City of Ballarat now runs the airport which is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register for its social and historic importance.\nAfter the war.\nAfter World War II, Ballarat grew to the northwest. To ease the housing shortage a large estate was built by the Housing Commission of Victoria on the old Ballarat Common This area is now called Wendouree West. From 1951 to 1962, 750 houses were built, with another 300 added in the 1970s. This was matched by private housing built in Wendouree.\nIn the 1980s the areas of growth have been in the south and west of the city, as well as new building in the inner areas of the city. Through the 20th century Ballarat continued to grow at a steady rate. New public buildings have been built including the hospital, the library, the law courts and the police station complex. Ballarat is home to many schools, including Damascus College."}
+{"id": "43036", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43036", "title": "Rosa parks", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43037", "revid": "1055405", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43037", "title": "Heimdall", "text": "Heimdall (or Heimdallr) is one of the gods in Northern mythology. He is the guardian of the Bifr\u00f6st Bridge. He was the son of nine different mothers and was called the \"White God\". \nHeimdall is the guardian of the gods. He will blow a horn, called the \"Gjallarhorn\", if Asgard is in danger. His senses are so good that he can hear the grass grow and he can see to the end of the world. Heimdall could hear a leaf fall. He does not need any sleep at all. \nHeimdall was said to be the last of the gods to die at Ragnarok when he and Loki would kill one another."}
+{"id": "43038", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43038", "title": "Tantalum", "text": "Tantalum is a chemical element. Tantalum was named tantalium. It has the chemical symbol Ta. It has the atomic number 73. It is a rare metal. It is hard and blue-gray. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the transition metals.\nTantalum does not easily corrode. It is found in the mineral tantalite."}
+{"id": "43039", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43039", "title": "Hafnium", "text": "Hafnium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Hf. It has the atomic number 72. It is a metal. It is silver gray. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the transition metals. The chemistry of hafnium is similar to zirconium.\nHafnium is found in zirconium minerals. Separating hafnium from zirconium is important for their use in nuclear power plants. The two metals are very similar, so it is difficult to separate them.\nHafnium is used in tungsten alloys in filaments and electrodes. It is also used as a neutron absorber in control rods in nuclear power plants."}
+{"id": "43040", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43040", "title": "Lutetium", "text": "Lutetium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Lu. It has the atomic number 71. It is a metal and a rare earth element. It is silver white. In chemistry it is placed in a group of metal elements named the transition metals. Lutetium can also be grouped with the lanthanides because it is near the lanthanides in the Periodic Table. Its physical properties are like the lanthanides."}
+{"id": "43041", "revid": "9121020", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43041", "title": "Anaheim Ducks", "text": "The Anaheim Ducks are an ice hockey team from Anaheim, California. They are in the National Hockey League (NHL). The Ducks changed the name on June 22, 2006. They used to be the Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. The name comes from the Disney movie \"The Mighty Ducks\".\nHistory.\nThe team was created in 1991 and started playing in the 1993 season. The Ducks were originally owned by The Walt Disney Company. In 2005, Disney sold the Ducks to Susan and Henry Samueli\nThey are in the Western Conference's Pacific Division. They play their home games at Honda Center, in Anaheim, California. Their team colors are black, gold, and orange. Dallas Eakins is the team's head coach. Ryan Getzlaf is the captain of the team. \nTo date, they have won one Stanley Cup. It was in the 2006-2007 season. The Anaheim Ducks won the conference championship in the 2002-03 season and 2006-2007 season. They have won 6 Pacific division titles."}
+{"id": "43042", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43042", "title": "M\u00f3\u00f0i and Magni", "text": "Magni and M\u00f3\u00f0i\u00a0(Old Norse: \"strength\" and \"bravery\") are a pair of minor deities in Norse mythology. They are sons of the god Thor, said to be embodiments of their father's traits. While Magni is born to Thor by the j\u00f6tunn J\u00e1rnsaxa (a lover of Thor), the name of M\u00f3\u00f0i's mother is unknown. \nOther than his part after Ragnar\u00f6k, little is known about M\u00f3\u00f0i. Magni however, is featured prominently in the myth of Thor's battle with the giant Hrungnir. \nThor hit the giant Hrungnir in the head with his hammer, Mj\u00f6lnir, shattering Hrungnir's skull. The giant then fell dead, as his leg landed on Thor's neck, pinning the god to the ground. The other \u00c6sir tried to lift Hrungnir's leg off of Thor, but were unsuccessful. Thor's son, Magni, who was only three days old at the time, then came to his father and lifted Hrungnir's leg off of Thor all by himself. In his gratitude, Thor gifted his son Hrungnir's horse, Gullfaxi (Old Norse: \"Gold-mane\"). Odin himself was upset that Thor gave the horse to \"the son of a giantess\" and not to Odin, Thor's own father. "}
+{"id": "43047", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43047", "title": "Modi and Magni", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43048", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43048", "title": "Bifrost Bridge", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43049", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43049", "title": "Bifrost", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43050", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43050", "title": "AEsir", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43051", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43051", "title": "Aesir", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43053", "revid": "36199", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43053", "title": "Kerosene", "text": "Kerosene or paraffin oil is a colourless flammable liquid, usually used for fuel. Kerosene is made by fractional distillation of petroleum. It may be used as fuel for lamps, in some kinds of cooking stoves and heaters, and there are even kerosene refrigerators. Kerosene is mainly used in the fuel for jet engines. The most common consumer use for kerosene in Canada and the US is lighting camp lamps. Kerosene is used as cooking fuel in some places, such as South Asia. Kerosene is also used to store sodium and other alkali metals."}
+{"id": "43055", "revid": "10173346", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43055", "title": "Brass instrument", "text": "A brass instrument is a musical instrument that you play by blowing through a mouthpiece to change the pitch, or note. \nBrass players use their breath to produce sound. Instead of blowing into a reed, they vibrate their lips by buzzing them against a metal cup-shaped mouthpiece. The mouthpiece helps to amplify the buzzing, which creates the sound. Most brass instruments have valves attached to their long pipes; the valves look like buttons. Pressing on the valves makes them open and close different parts of the pipe.\nWith brass instruments, the sound starts at the lips.\nTheir mouthpieces just help your lips buzz. It does not matter if the instrument is really made of brass, as long as it works that way. \nIt is not important what the instrument is made of. Some brass instruments are really made of wood, but are still called brass instruments, like the serpent. Other instruments are made of brass but do not work like this, like the saxophone. They are not called brass instruments, because they don't work that way.\nThere are also parts of the instrument that change the resonance and thus the pitch, like slides or valves.\nA brass band is a group of brass instruments and drums that play music together. They are often used to play for parades and processions because the players can march and play at the same time. Brass bands were very popular in England. Many factories and coal mines had their own bands. The workers would play in the bands after work. One famous band is the Grimethorpe Colliery Band."}
+{"id": "43056", "revid": "826545", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43056", "title": "Crystallization", "text": "Crystallization is the way that atoms link up in a regular structure. The structure is held together by chemical bonds or connected groups. Crystallization can be from a melt or from a solution, and can be natural or artificial. Rarely, crystal can form directly from a gas. Faster crystallization makes smaller size crystals as in basalt, and slower can make bigger crystals, as in granite. \nCrystallization occurs in two major steps. The first is \"nucleation\". This is the appearance of a crystalline phase from a super-cooled liquid or a supersaturated solvent. The second step is \"crystal growth\", where more atoms link up with the crystal structure. This means the (crystal) particles get bigger; this leads to a crystal state. Loose particles form layers at the crystal's surface and lodge themselves into open pores, cracks, etc.\nArtificial crystallization is a technique to get solid crystals from a homogeneous solution. For crystallization to occur the solution should be supersaturated. Put simply, the solution should contain more solute molecules than it would under ordinary conditions. This can be achieved by various methods\u2014solvent evaporation, cooling, and chemical reaction.\nTo make things clear we can use a simple example. We take a bowl of water to which we add sugar crystals. We keep adding sugar to it until we reach a stage when no more crystals can be dissolved. This solution is now a saturated one. It is interesting to note that we can dissolve more crystals to this particular saturated solution by heating it. Solubility of solutes increases with increase in temperature, but there are exceptional cases. This increase in temperature causes more sugar crystals to dissolve (so forming a supersaturated solution). When the temperature of the solution cools down, the solubility goes down, i.e. not as much sugar can be dissolved, so the extra sugar crystallizes out. This process is one of the simplest supersaturation techniques. \n'Drowning' is the addition of a non-solvent in the solution that decreases the solubility of the solid. Alternatively, chemical reactions can also be used to decrease the solubility of the solid in the solvent, thus working towards supersaturation.\nCrystallization can be divided into stages primary nucleation is the first. It is the growth of a new crystal. In turn this causes secondary nucleation \u2013 the final stage if removal of the crystals is not an issue. Secondary nucleation needs existing crystals to continue crystal growth. In our sugar example, we had got such nuclei when the 'excess' sugar had just about crystallized out. Secondary nucleation is the main stage in crystallization for this is what causes the 'mass production' of crystals. Crystals start to form when the liquid starts to cool and harden."}
+{"id": "43058", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43058", "title": "Pearl Harbour Incident", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43059", "revid": "5387016", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43059", "title": "Stir frying", "text": "Stir frying is a when food is cooked in a Wok (a traditional Asian pan for cooking). This method usually makes food cook faster."}
+{"id": "43061", "revid": "4056", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43061", "title": "Iridium (element)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43070", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43070", "title": "Ragnarok Online", "text": "Ragnarok Online is a 2002 massively multiplayer online role-playing game developed and published by Gravity. The game is based on the manhwa \"Ragnarok\" by Lee Myung-jin."}
+{"id": "43071", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43071", "title": "Cairns", "text": "Cairns () is a city in Queensland, Australia. 120.000 people live there. Cairns is about 1720 km (1,069 miles) north of Brisbane and about 2500km (1,553 miles) from Sydney by road. It is built on the shores of Trinity Bay.\nCairns is an important travel destination for tourists because it has a games arcade at Cairns Central, Public toilets, Zoos, Casinos, Various Takeaway shops, Pubs, Nightclubs, Movie theatres and Beaches, it is warm all year round and is near many attractions. The Great Barrier Reef is only one-and-a-half hours away by boat. The Daintree National Park and Cape Tribulation, about 130km north of Cairns, are popular areas for experiencing a tropical rainforest. It is also a starting point for people wanting to see Cooktown, Cape York Peninsula, and the Atherton Tableland.\nHistory.\nCaptain James Cook named Trinity Bay when he arrived there in his ship HM Bark Endeavour on Trinity Sunday, 1770. The first Europeans to settle arrived in 1876 when gold was found near Cairns. It was named after the Governor of Queensland, Sir William Cairns."}
+{"id": "43073", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43073", "title": "Arabian Sea", "text": "The Arabian Sea is the northwest part of the Indian Ocean. To its west are the Guardafui Channel, Somali Sea and the Arabian Peninsula. To its east is the Indian Peninsula. It covers around . The Arabian Sea is one of the warmest seas.\nLimits.\nThe International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Arabian Sea as follows:\nBorder and Basin countries.\nThe countries into which the Arabian Sea drains include:\nOther names.\nOther names for the sea include:\nThe Arabian Sea, historically and geographically, has been referred to by different names by Turks, Persians, Arabs,Indians and scholars of Geography and cartography in medieval Islam, European geographers and travelers, including the Ministry of Iran.\nIn Indian folklore, it is referred to as Darya, Sindhu Sagar, and Arab Samudra.\nArab sailors and nomads used to call this sea by different names, including the green sea, Bahre Fars, the ocean sea, the Hindu sea, the Makran Sea, the sea of Oman, among them the Zakariya al-Qazwini, Al-Masudi , Ibn Hawqal and (Hafiz-i Abru) They wrote: \u201cThe green sea and Indian sea and Persian sea are all one sea and in this sea there are strange creatures. Ibn Khordadbeh, Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi, Muhammad al-Idrisi, Istakhri, Mahmud al-Kashgari, Khashkhash Ibn Saeed Ibn Aswad, and Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi had mentioned the sea as Persian sea and Bahr e Fars.\nSome medieval maps, including the map by Vincenzo Maria, Coronelli, 1693 had mentioned the Persian sea and also Macran. Cornelius Le Brun's Year 1718 Map. On this map, the name of the Oman Sea is recorded as \"Gulf of Hormuz\". Map of Iran in the 16th century by Abraham Ortelius in which the name of the Persian Sea and the Indian Sea appear. Iran, had in the past, been called persian sea, but now like Turkey, it is called Oman sea together with the gulf of Oman Encyclop\u00e6dia Iranica also call it Oman sea.\nMaps with historical names.\nMany atlases had published old maps of Asia and Indian ocean such as Atlas of The Arabian Peninsula in Old European Maps.Paris, 424pp. contains 253 maps.10 maps have used persian Sea (for the body of water which is now called Arabian sea)the maps in pages: -141-226-323-322-331-345-347-363-355\u2022 such as the hours shape map of Bunting H.S.Q34/24CM Hanover,1620."}
+{"id": "43075", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43075", "title": "Base (chemistry)", "text": "A base is a substance that can accept a hydrogen ion (H+) from another substance. A chemical can accept a proton if it has a negative charge, or if the molecule has an electronegative atom like oxygen, nitrogen, or chlorine that is rich in electrons. Like acids, some bases are strong and others are weak. The weak bases are less likely to accept protons, while the strong bases quickly take protons in solution or from other molecules.\nAn acid is a base's \"chemical opposite\". An acid is a substance that will donate a hydrogen atom to the base. \nBases have a pH greater than 7.0. Weak bases generally have a pH value of 79 while strong bases have a pH value of 9\u201314. \nHow bases work.\nBases react with acids. This reaction makes a weaker acid and weaker base, called the conjugates.\nIn water, strong bases make hydroxide ions. The hydroxide takes a hydrogen ion from an acid. This makes a water molecule, which is neutral (it is the same as the solvent). The other parts of the acid and the counterion from the base are attracted together to make neutral salts. Because adding the base to the acid makes its pH more neutral, this is called neutralization.\nWeak bases react without making hydroxide. For example, ammonia () is a weak base that dissolves in water but does not react. When a strong acid like hydrochloric acid is added, it gives a hydrogen ion to the ammonia molecule, making ammonia's conjugate acid, the ammonium ion . The ammonium solution will stay slightly acidic unless a stronger base is added, which will change it back into ammonia.\nCharacteristics.\nBases have these characteristics:\nSome common household products are bases. For example, caustic soda and drain cleaner are made from sodium hydroxide, a strong base. Ammonia or an ammonia-based cleaner such as window and glass cleaner, is basic. These stronger bases may cause a skin irritation. Other bases, like cooking ingredients sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) or cream of tartar are basic, but these are not harmful and suitable for cooking. \nGloves should always be worn when handling bases. If skin irritation is encountered, the affected area should be rinsed thoroughly with cold water. If that does not stop the problem, contact medical help as soon as possible.\nStrong bases.\nA strong base is a base that completely converts to hydroxide ions, , in water. Most strong bases are hydroxide salts, which dissolve in water rather than reacting with it.\nSodium hydroxide is the most commonly used strong base, but all salts of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals and the hydroxide ion are strong bases:\nThese are sometimes listed as the \"only\" strong bases, following the Arrhenius acid-base theory, but this is inaccurate in general. Because of the leveling effect, stronger bases than the hydroxide ion will react with water to produce hydroxide and their conjugate acid. For example, the strong base sodium methoxide reacts to make sodium hydroxide and methanol in water:"}
+{"id": "43076", "revid": "9174321", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43076", "title": "Ytterbium", "text": "Ytterbium is a chemical element. It has the chemical symbol Yb. It has the atomic number 70 which means it has 70 protons in an atom. It is part of a group of chemical elements in the periodic table named the Lanthanides. Ytterbium, along with yttrium, terbium, and erbium, is one of the four elements to be named after the town of Ytterby in Sweden, all of which are rare earth elements. It is soft and silver in color.\nYtterbium is found in minerals named gadolinite, monazite, and xenotime. In nature it is found as a mix of seven stable isotopes. Ytterbium is used in some steels and is also used to make lasers."}
+{"id": "43079", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43079", "title": "Ununtrium", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43081", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43081", "title": "Heart transplant", "text": "A heart transplant is a type of surgery where someone's damaged or failing heart is removed and replaced with a healthier donor heart, likely to be from someone who passed just a few hours before the surgery. it is required that two or more healthcare providers declare the donor brain-dead.\nIt is otherwise known as an 'open heart procedure', taking several hours to accomplish. The first heart transplant on a human was done by Christiaan Barnard on Louis Washkansky, a 54-year-old with both diabetes and incurable heart disease at the time. This procedure was carried out on Sunday 3rd December 1967."}
+{"id": "43085", "revid": "1565378", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43085", "title": "Joan Baez", "text": "Joan Chandos Baez (born January 9, 1941) is an American folk singer and activist. Baez is known for her very individual vocal style. She is a soprano with a three-octave vocal range. Many of her songs talk about social issues.\nShe is best known for her 1970s hits \"Diamonds & Rust\" and \"The Night They Drove Old Dixie Down\". She is also known for \"Sweet Sir Galahad\" and \"Joe Hill.\" She sang these songs at the 1969 Woodstock festival and the songs became famous. She is also a well known singer due to her relationship with Bob Dylan and her love for activism in areas such as nonviolence, civil and human rights and the environment.\nMusic.\nBaez has performed for over 65 years, since the release of her eponymous album. She has released over thirty albums. She has recorded songs in over eight languages. Baez is known primarily as a folksinger, but she sings many kinds of music, including rock, pop, country, and gospel. Baez is famous for covering other artists' songs with her own unique style. She sang songs by The Beatles, Jackson Browne, Paul Simon, The Rolling Stones, Stevie Wonder and many others.\nActivism.\nBaez protests against social and environmental problems. She did not support the Vietnam War. She did not want people to pay taxes that paid for the Vietnam War. Baez did not want men going to fight in the war. She did not perform in places where people of color were treated differently. In addition, Baez helped found the Resource Center for Nonviolence. The Resource Center for Nonviolence is an organization whose goal is to make social change without violence."}
+{"id": "43086", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43086", "title": "Kalmar Union", "text": "The Kalmar Union was a royal personal union consisting of the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, and various other provinces and areas. At that time, Norway included Iceland, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, Jan Mayen, Shetland, and Orkney. Parts of Finland belonged to Sweden. The union was started in 1397 when Eric of Pomerania was crowned in the town of Kalmar in Sweden. The union ended on 6 June 1523 when Sweden left the union by Gustav I."}
+{"id": "43088", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43088", "title": "Tomorrow Never Knows (Mr. Children song)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43089", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43089", "title": "Francisco Goya", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43099", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43099", "title": "Bay of Plenty", "text": "The Bay of Plenty is a region in New Zealand. It was first called the Bay of Plenty by Captain James Cook in November 1769. The M\u0101ori name for the bay is \"Te\u00a0Moana-a-Toi\" (\"the sea of Toi\")."}
+{"id": "43101", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43101", "title": "Plotter", "text": "A plotter is a kind of printer for computers. Plotters use vector graphics. Usually they are used to print to paper which is very large in size. Plotters print things using special, colored pens. There is one called the drum plotter. They are often used in warehouses. They are generally used for making flex or maps."}
+{"id": "43102", "revid": "1652218", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43102", "title": "Dot matrix printing", "text": "Dot-matrix printers are printers for computers. A dot matrix printer creates characters by striking pins against ink ribbons. The print head moves back and forth on the paper like a typewriter and prints the image. Each pin makes a dot, and combinations of dots form characters and pictures. This is much like a typewriter. Each character is made from a matrix of dots. These were used a lot in the 1970s to the 1990s. Today, dot matrix printers are not used by many people anymore. Most people use inkjet printers or laser printers now. They are still in use where forms (with multiple copies) need to be filled out. It is not advisable for office uses as it is an impact printer (make noise as the job is getting done). It prints information on continuous paper. "}
+{"id": "43105", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43105", "title": "Vercingetorix", "text": "Vercingetorix ( in Gaulish) born c.82 BC, died 46 BC. was a chieftain of the Gallic tribe of the Arverni. \nHe led the Gauls in 52 BC against the Roman army in Gaul led by Julius Caesar. Vercingetorix's name in Gaulish means \"over-king of the marching men\"; the \"marching men\" would now be called \"infantry\".\nVercingetorix was probably one of the first to unite some tribes of Gaul against a common enemy. This was the last major uprising of the peoples of Gaul against the Roman invaders.\nAfter the celebration of Caesar's triumph was over, Vercingetorix was executed."}
+{"id": "43106", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43106", "title": "Philippe Noiret", "text": "Philippe Noiret (1 October 1930, in Lille, France \u2013 23 November 2006 in Paris) was a well-known French actor. He is probably best known for his role in Cinema Paradiso, and for playing Pablo Neruda in the film Il Postino. He died on November 23, 2006 of cancer.\nSelected works.\nFilm"}
+{"id": "43108", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43108", "title": "Eva Peron", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43112", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43112", "title": "Monica Bellucci", "text": "Monica Bellucci (born 30 September 1964) is an Italian fashion model and actress. She was born in Citt\u00e0 di Castello, Umbria. Bellucci started modelling at 16. She is the daughter of Maria Gustinelli, a painter, and Luigi Bellucci, who owned a trucking company. She used to be a fashion model. She speaks Italian, French, and English fluently and has acted in each of these languages, as well as Aramaic. She is currently considered as an Italian sex symbol. \nBellucci was married to Vincent Cassel and has a daughter named Deva (born 12 September 2004). She has been in a relationship with American director Tim Burton since 2022. \nIn 2004, while pregnant with her daughter, Bellucci posed nude for the Italian \"Vanity Fair\" Magazine in protest against Italian laws that allow only married couples to use in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) and that prevent the use of donor sperm."}
+{"id": "43118", "revid": "6528", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43118", "title": "Simpsons", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43119", "revid": "6528", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43119", "title": "800 BC", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43123", "revid": "18539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43123", "title": "Play (disambiguation)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43127", "revid": "6522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43127", "title": "Heart transplantation", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43128", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43128", "title": "Aik", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43129", "revid": "586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43129", "title": "Murrayfield Stadium", "text": "Murrayfield Stadium in Edinburgh is the home of the Scottish national rugby team. It was first built in 1925. In 1995, the stadium was renovated. It has seats for 67,144 people. It held the record for the most people at a rugby union match. 104,000 people watched Scotland play Wales in 1975."}
+{"id": "43130", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43130", "title": "List of football clubs in Sweden", "text": "This is a list of football clubs in Sweden.\nAlphabetically.\n\u00c5 \u00c4 \u00d6"}
+{"id": "43131", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43131", "title": "Allm\u00e4nna Idrottsklubben", "text": "AIK (which stands for Allm\u00e4nna Idrottsklubben), is a sports club from Sweden. It is one of the biggest and one of the oldest in the country. It was founded in 1891. The name means \"Common\" (or \"Public\") \"Sports Club\". It has departments for many different sports including football, ice hockey, bandy, golf, table tennis, bowling, and handball."}
+{"id": "43132", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43132", "title": "Neighbor", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43133", "revid": "1674917", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43133", "title": "Network Ten", "text": "Network Ten is one of three major television networks in Australia. It started broadcasting television on 1 September 1964, when they were called Independent Television Network.\nShows.\nShows that Network Ten buy from other countries and broadcast in Australia include:\nShows made in Australia for Network Ten include:"}
+{"id": "43135", "revid": "1659580", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43135", "title": "Seven Network", "text": "Seven Network is one of three major television networks in Australia. It started broadcasting in 1956. In recent years, it has grown into a diversified media company. Seven Network's main shareholder is Kerry Stokes.\nSeven Network's studio headquarters are in a converted warehouse at Jones Bay Wharf in Pyrmont, Sydney. Its headquarters for its news department are in Martin Place, Sydney. Seven's major production facilities are at Epping in Sydney's northern suburbs. Seven Network are planning to move their production facilities to a specially built site at the Australian Technology Park in Redfern."}
+{"id": "43136", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43136", "title": "Accounting", "text": "Accounting or accountancy is the job of sharing financial information about a business to managers and shareholders or owners. Accounting is often called the \"language of business\". Accountants are people who do accounting, and also carry out the auditing or checking of a company's books and records. In Britain, this auditing is often carried out by a qualified person called a \"chartered accountant\". In the United States, the professional designation is Certified Public Accountant or \"CPA\".\nWhen accountants do accounting work, they write in the books of account (ledgers) that belong to a company. Every time money is spent or earned, it is written in the ledger. The information in the ledger is used to prepare the company accounts monthly, quarterly (every three months) and annually (every year). The accounts show what money the company has taken in over time and what it has spent money on. It also shows if the business made a profit in the year (if it made more money than it spent), who owes the company money, who the company owes money to, and any big expensive items the company has bought which they expect to use for many years. Lenders, managers, investors, tax authorities (the people who collect taxes for the government) and other decision-makers look at these accounts. Managers and investors look at the ledger and make decisions about how to spend money in the future. Lenders like banks look at the accounts before they lend money to the company. Tax authorities look at them to check that the company is paying the correct amount of taxes.\nWhere the word comes from.\nThe word \"accountant\" originally comes from the Latin word \"computare\" \u2013 \"to reckon, count, number\", via French. \"Accomptant\" was the original spelling and pronunciation of the word \"accountant\". However, over time, people began to drop the \"p\" in the word \"accomptant\". Over time, the word changed both in the way it was said and spelled to how it is today.\nAccounting theory.\nThe basic accounting equation is assets=liabilities+equity.\nHistory.\nEarly history.\nAccountancy is very old. It started when humans first started to farm and form towns and cities. People who thought about economics (keeping track of money and valuable things) thought of a way to write down the size and values of crops.\nToken accounting in ancient Mesopotamia.\nThe earliest accounting records were found among the ruins of ancient Babylon, Assyria and Sumeria, which are more than 7,000 years old. The people of that time relied on primitive accounting methods to record the growth of crops and herds. Because there is a natural season for farming and herding, it is easy to count and determine if a surplus had been gained after the crops had been harvested or the young animals weaned.\nThe invention of a form of bookkeeping using clay tokens represented a huge cognitive leap for mankind.\nIn the twelfth-century A.D., the Arab writer, Ibn Taymiyyah, wrote a book called \"Hisba\". This book has details about accounting systems that were used by Muslims before the mid-seventh century A.D. Muslim accounting was influenced (changed) by Romans and Persians. In his book, Ibn Taymiyyah gives details of a complex governmental accounting system.\nAccounting in the Roman Empire.\nThe \"Res Gestae Divi Augusti\" (Latin: \"The Deeds of the Divine Augustus\") is a remarkable account to the Roman people of the Emperor Augustus' stewardship. It listed and quantified his public expenditure. This included distributions to the people, grants of land or money to army veterans, subsidies to the \"aerarium\" (treasury), building of temples, religious offerings, and expenditures on theatrical shows and gladiatorial games. It was not an account of state revenue and expenditure, but was to show Augustus' generosity. The significance of the \"Res Gestae Divi Augusti\" lies in the fact that it illustrates that the executive authority had access to detailed financial information, covering a period of some forty years, which was still retrievable after the event. The scope of the accounting information at the emperor's disposal suggests that its purpose encompassed planning and decision-making.\nThe Roman historians Suetonius and Cassius Dio record that in 23 BC, Augustus prepared a \"rationarium\" (account) which listed public revenues, the amounts of cash in the \"aerarium\" (treasury), in the provincial \"fisci\" (tax officials), and in the hands of the \"publicani\" (public contractors); and that it included the names of the freedmen and slaves from whom a detailed account could be obtained. Tacitus' says that it was written out by Augustus himself. \nRecords of cash, commodities, and transactions were kept by military personnel of the Roman army. An account of small cash sums received over a few days at the fort of Vindolanda circa 110 CE shows that the fort could calculate revenues in cash on a daily basis, perhaps from sales of surplus supplies or goods manufactured in the camp, items given to slaves such as \"cervesa\" (beer) and \"clavi caligares\" (nails for boots), as well as things bought by individual soldiers. The basic needs of the fort were met by a mixture of direct production, purchase and requisition; in one letter, a request for money to buy 5,000 \"modii\" (measures) of \"braces\" (a cereal used in brewing) shows that the fort bought provisions for a lot of people.\nThe Heroninos Archive is the name given to a huge collection of papyrus documents, mostly letters, but also including a fair number of accounts, which come from Roman Egypt in 3rd century CE. Most of the documents relate to the running of a large, private estate named after Heroninos because he was \"phrontistes\" (Koine Greek: manager) of the estate which had a complex and standardised system of accounting which was followed by all its local farm managers. Each administrator on each sub-division of the estate drew up his own little accounts, for the day-to-day running of the estate, payment of the workforce, production of crops, the sale of produce, the use of animals, and general expenditure on the staff. This information was then summarized as pieces of papyrus scroll into one big yearly account for each particular sub\u2014division of the estate. Entries were arranged by sector, with cash expenses and gains from all the different sectors. Accounts of this kind gave the owner the opportunity to take better economic decisions because the information was purposefully selected and arranged.\nLuca Pacioli and modern accountancy.\nLuca Pacioli (1445\u20131517), also known as Friar Luca dal Borgo, is said to be the \"Father\" of accountancy. He wrote a textbook in Latin called \"Summa de arithmetica, geometrica, proportioni et proportionalita\" (\"Summa on arithmetic, geometry, proportions and proportionality\", Venice 1494). This textbook was used in the abbaco schools in northern Italy. Sons of merchants and craftsmen were taught in these schools. This textbook was written about math. It has the first printed description of how merchants from Venice kept their accounts. Merchants from Venice used a system called the double-entry bookkeeping system. Double-entry bookkeeping is where there is a debit and credit entry for every transaction.\nPacioli wrote down this system. He did not invent it, but he is still called the \"Father of Accounting\". The system he wrote had most of the accounting cycle as it is known today. He wrote about using journals and ledgers, and warned that a person should not go to sleep at night until the debits were the same as the credits. His ledger had accounts for assets (things that have value), liabilities (debts and loans that are to be paid to someone else), capital (money), income and expenses. He showed how to write year-end closing entries and suggested that a trial balance be used to prove that a ledger is balanced. His treatise (long essay) in the book is also about other topics, such as accounting ethics and cost accounting.\nPost-Pacioli.\nThe first book written in the English language on accounting was published in London, England by John Gouge in 1543.\nIn 1588 John Mellis from Southwark, England wrote a short book of instructions for keeping accounts.\nThere was another book written in 1635 that was described as \"The Merchants Mirrour, or directions for the perfect ordering and keeping of his accounts formed by way of Debitor and Creditor\". This book was written by Richard Dafforne, who was an accountant. This book has many references to books about accountancy that were written much earlier. One chapter of this book is titled \"Opinion of Book-keeping's Antiquity\". In this chapter the author says that, according to another author, the bookkeeping he wrote about was used two-hundred years earlier in Venice. There were several editions of Richard Dafforne's book. The second edition was published in 1636. The third edition was published in 1656. Another edition was published in 1684. The book is very complete in how it describes scientific accountancy. It contains a lot of detail and explanation. The science that supports accountancy was liked by many people in the seventeenth century. This is supported by the fact that there were so many editions. Since then there have been many books written about accountancy. Many authors claim to be professional accountants and teachers of accountancy. Because of this, it shows that there were professional accountants who were employed in the seventeenth century.\nTypes of accounting.\nA financial audit is where an internal audit and an external audit are done. For an external audit, an independent (unrelated) auditor takes a look at financial statements and accounting records. By looking at these records, the auditor can find out if these records are true, fair and follow Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP), or International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). \"Internal audit\" tries to get information for management usage, and is done by employees.\nResearch.\nAccounting research is research in the effects of economic events on the process of accounting, the effects of reported information on economic events, and the roles of accounting in organizations and society. It encompasses a broad range of research areas including financial accounting, management accounting, auditing and taxation."}
+{"id": "43138", "revid": "1315448", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43138", "title": "Des Lynam", "text": "Desmond Michael Lynam (born 17 September 1942) is an Irish television and radio presenter. He was born in Ennis, County Clare, Republic of Ireland. He was best known for presenting the BBC's sport coverage such as \"Grandstand\".\nLynam also presented \"Countdown\" on Channel 4 from 2005 to 2006. He was replaced by Des O'Connor."}
+{"id": "43139", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43139", "title": "Carbonate", "text": "A carbonate is a chemical compound that has the carbonate ion, . This ion is made of carbon and oxygen. The name may also mean an ester of carbonic acid, an organic compound containing the carbonate group C(=O)(O\u2013)2 of carbon and oxygen. They have a valency of 1.\nWhen added to an acid, a carbonate will produce carbon dioxide, water and a chemical salt. Sedimentary rocks containing calcite and other carbonates are plentiful in the earth."}
+{"id": "43145", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43145", "title": "Mercali intensity scale", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43146", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43146", "title": "Antonie van Leeuwenhoek", "text": "Antonie Philips van Leeuwenhoek (24 October 1632 \u2013 30 August 1723; last name pronounced 'Layvenhook') was a Dutch tradesman and scientist from Delft, Netherlands. He is best known for his work to improve the microscope.\nUsing his handcrafted microscopes, he was the first to see and describe single celled organisms, which he originally referred to as \"animalcules\", and which we now refer to as microorganisms. He was also the first to record microscopic observations of muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa and blood flow in small blood vessels. Van Leeuwenhoek did not write books, but sent letters to the Royal Society in London. The letters were published in the Royal Society's journal \"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society\".\nIn his youth van Leeuwenhoek was apprenticed to a draper. Later, a civil service position allowed him to give time to his hobby: grinding lenses and using them to study tiny objects. His simple microscopes were skillfully ground, powerful single lenses capable of high image quality. He looked at protozoa in rainwater, pond water and well water. He also looked at bacteria in the human mouth and intestine. In 1677, he first described the spermatozoa of insects, dogs, and humans.\nHis observations laid the foundations for the sciences of bacteriology and protozoology. He was the first to see bacteria, protists, spermatozoa, the cell vacuole, blood corpuscles, capillaries, and the structure of muscles and nerves."}
+{"id": "43147", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43147", "title": "Anton van leeuwenhoek", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43148", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43148", "title": "Thonius Philips van Leeuwenhoek", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43152", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43152", "title": "AIK", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43153", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43153", "title": "Barbie", "text": "Barbie is an American fashion doll best known as a toy doll. Starting as just a doll, Barbie became a brand. It is most common in the United States. It is named after a girl named Barbara, who was the toy maker's daughter. Though the brand is most famous for the doll, other merchandise has been created with the Barbie name such as games, movies, videos, clothing, accessories, and books. The clothes and fashion accessories allow girls a taste of high fashion. \nThroughout the decades, Barbie has reflected and encouraged feminine growth in the workplace in the United States. She has been a miniature model of women worldwide. The doll has been criticized for causing self-image complexes, yet other companies continue to produce similar dolls. \"The Barbie doll is the biggest selling toy in the history of proprietary toy manufacturing.\" On average, 173,000 dolls are sold by Mattel each day.\nOrigin.\nRuth Handler was the creator of Barbie. Her parents were Polish Jewish immigrants. She was the tenth child. Her husband, Elliot Handler was the founder of Mattel in 1945, which is the largest toy company in the world. She originally wanted to name the doll \"Barbara\", after her daughter, or \"Babs\" after her daughter's nickname. However, both those names were copyrighted.\nLate 1950s.\nBarbie was first released on March 9, 1959 at a toy fair in New York after seven years of battling disagreements. At the time, Mattel was the third largest toy company in the United States. Ruth's display of Barbie was housed at the New Yorker Hotel in a hotel room, since so many businesses brought their toys to put on display. She had to halt the projected production that she assumed she would acquire in business orders at the fair. It was a disappointing day for Ruth and Barbie. In March 1959, Barbie debuted as a teen fashion model on television with more positive response leading the way for the dolls popularity rise.\nA blonde Barbie from this decade in mint condition has an appraisal price listing of five thousand-$5,250. The brunette Barbie that was made at the same time is worth $1,000 more than the blonde.\nThe 1960s.\nIn the 1960s Barbie's friends joined the line up of fashion dolls. Ken was her boyfriend and came to be in 1962. The Ken doll got his name from Ruth's son. Midge was her friend who was a redhead meeting the toy marketplace in 1963, a year after Ken. Allen was Ken's friend. Skipper was her little sister that was produced in 1964. Tutti and Todd were her twin siblings were introduced in 1966. Francie was her adult cousin. In 1967, Francie was changed into the first black Barbie doll causing consumers to believe it reflected the support of interracial marriages. Since this was during Civil Rights' time, she was not very successful. Twelve months later Mattel introduced Christie, the second black Barbie, who was much more accepted. Cara and Julia were also produced as Barbie's black friends. The roles of Barbie evolved as equality for women's rights progressed. The doll started in the 1960s portraying stereotypical female positions like teacher, stewardess, nurse, etc. A series of novels were also written introducing Barbie and her birthplace in the 60's. Bendable legs and swivel hips were introduced on Barbie in 1965. Jack Ryan created them.\nHairstyles of the Barbie's in the 1960s were typically the classic bubble-cut hairstyle of the era taken from the First Lady of the early 60's Jackie Kennedy. The Barbie that is worth the most from this decade according to \"Schroeder's Collectible Toys\" is Color Magic Barbie made in 1967. Her hair and costume changes color. If it is complete with its cardboard box, it is worth $4,000.\nThe 1970's.\nChildren could purchase the new bendable Barbie's at a discounted rate if they wanted to trade in the old style in the 1970s. Christie's black boyfriend, Brad was introduced in 1970.\nBarbie's facial features were changed in 1971 from eyes cutting from the side and smile without teeth to eyes forward and a wide smile exposing teeth. This change occurred to keep current with the times representing a \"forward-thinking peace-and-love generation.\"\nThe first doctor Barbie appeared in 1973. Cara's boyfriend Brad reached the toy market in 1975. The flip hairstyle was a popular way for Barbie's hair to be styled in the 70's. The Sears' exclusive Dramatic New Living Skipper Very Best Velvet Barbie made in 1970-71 has the highest list price for the decade in \"Schroeder's Collectible Toys\" at $1,500.00.\nThe 1980's.\nHispanic and black Barbies were no longer featured as friends of Barbie's in the 1980s. They had reached the Barbie title in their own right. Magic Curl Barbie made its debut in 1982 feauting both black and white races. The first Asian doll produced representing Hong Kong in 1981 came from a mold with a rounder face and almond shaped eyes. A Japanese Barbie hit the market in 1985 as one of the first other nationalities offered with the collection of International Dolls of the World Barbies following its release. Barbie was made into a pilot in 1989. The doll could be viewed as opening the door for female acceptance in otherwise male dominant careers paving the way with astronaut Barbie debuting eighteen years prior to Sally Ride's first female in space endeavor. The 1980s also began the Holiday Barbie collection. The first one was produced in 1988 and its listed value is $325, which is $700 less than what it was worth in the 1990s.\nThe 1990's.\nShani, Asha, and Nichelle were produced to offer greater skin tone and facial feature selection to represent blacks more accurately in 1991.A hit single produced by the band Aqua entitled \"Barbie Girl\" climbed charts worldwide in 1997. Also in 1997, Puerto Rican Barbie debuted. Barbie's body measurements changed in 1998 due to consumer demand. Her breasts and hips were reduced and waist was widened. Race car driving NASCAR Barbie hit toy store shelves in 1998 and 1999 foreshadowing the first female race car driver Danica Patrick. Barbie was flashy and wore bright colors in the 90's. 1994's Barbie Snow Princess worth $1100 is the highest listed of the decade in \"Schroeder's Collectible Toys\".\nThe New Millennium.\nRuth had died, and could not dip Barbie's hand and footprints in her concrete slab on Hollywood Boulevard in 2002. Instead, Barbara, her daughter for whom the doll was named, did the honors inducting the doll to superstar status. In 2006 a movie, \"The Tribe\" used Barbie to connect with being Jewish in America. In 2008, Barbie was transformed into a representation of African culture for the hundredth anniversary of the first African American sorority Alpha Kappa Alpha. 2009 brought about changes to the black Barbie adding fuller lips and altered facial features at the request of consumer complaints. Tricelle was given more textured and curlier hair. Chataine Barbie made in 2003 is worth $425 according to \"Schroeder's\".\nMargot Robbie starred in the Barbie Movie in 2023.\nSelf Image.\nSome people believe Barbie gives girls a wrong idea of what they will look like when they grow up. They think the introduction of the doll was wrong because it made young girls believe they had to become skinny to be just like Barbie. As in earlier dolls, her head is disproportionately large. Unlike those, her breasts are large and her waist disproportionately small. Unlike many dolls, she has feet, but they are disproportionately small. If her doll size proportions were converted into life size body measurements (breast size, waist size, hip size) only 1 in 100,000 women would match them, at least without plastic surgery. Someone shaped like Barbie would suffer back problems due to her breast size. She would be unable to support her weight on her tiny feet and could not walk. \nThe doll has been blamed for eating disorders, such as anorexia and bulimia. She is not supposed to be taken as a literal interpretation of a teenage girl. Barbie was not built to give girls an inferior complex when comparing themselves to the doll. She was built to be a longer lasting alternative to the easily torn paper dolls for hours of enjoyment reinacting life scenes through a child's creativity and imagination. Barbie is a teen doll, which gives little girls a peek at what might happen in their teen life. This was thought to be bad, because Barbie has many boyfriends.\nBarbie rivals.\nRuth Handler, Barbie's creator, has been blamed for taking the Barbie doll design from a doll made in Germany in 1955, the Lilli doll that was sold mainly at tobacco shops, for men. Lilli was originally a cartoon character in a tabloid newspaper in Germany created by Reinhard Beuthein in 1952. O.M. Hausser/Elastolin Company had Max Weissbrodt, a doll maker of theirs get a patent for Lilli's limb design. Ruth is rumored to have purchased a few of the dolls while in Switzerland with her family. \nThe Barbie doll has been in competition with other toy companies' doll designs. Ideal Toy and Novelty Company began making Tammy in 1962, American Character Doll Company challenged Barbie's sales in 1963 with Tressy, and Remco started producing the Littlechap Family in 1964. However, none had the popularity of Barbie. At the time of production, Tammy gave Barbie creators a financial scare. She was based on a movie character played by Debbie Reynolds. Instead of being surrounded with friends and boyfriends, the doll came with a mother and father, which might be why her popularity never surpassed Barbie's.\nBarbie spin-offs.\nBarbie is a very big trend. She has had many sisters, boyfriends, and friends. She has \"dream houses\" and clothes. She has many jobs from teacher to doctor to astronaut. There have been many other dolls like Barbie since Barbie was first produced. Barbie also created MyScene dolls, a spoof of Bratz. The fact is the creator of Barbie, Ruth Handler, fought sexism and overcame her domesticated gender role to accomplish her goals in the business arena as a female by producing the world-famous Barbie doll."}
+{"id": "43158", "revid": "9931184", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43158", "title": "Parmesan cheese", "text": "Parmesan cheese is the name of an Italian extra-hard cheese made of raw cow's milk. \nThe original Parmesan cheese is more precisely called \"Parmigiano-Reggiano\". It is produced only in Italy, in the provinces of Parma, Reggio Emilia, Modena, Mantua (partly) and Bologna (partly). It is usually the cheese to go with Spaghetti and other typical Italian pasta, but it also has many other uses. Parmesan is a part of Italian national cuisine and it can be eaten both grated and in slivers. It is hard, sharp and dry.\nParmigiano-Reggiano is DOP / AOC. This means that the way they are made and the region in Italy they come from are strictly controlled.The brand (Parmigiano Reggiano) is protected, and only in Europe. In many parts of the world, cheese is sold as \"Parmesan cheese\" that has nothing to do with the true (Italian) Parmigiano Reggiano.\nThe original Parmesan cheese is one of the most expensive cheeses in the world.\nName.\nWithin the European Union, the term \"Parmesan\" may only be used, by law, to refer to Parmigiano-Reggiano itself, which must be made in a restricted geographic area, using stringently defined methods. In many areas outside Europe, the name \"Parmesan\" has become genericized: Any one of a number of hard Italian-style grating cheeses are called 'Patmesan'. After the European ruling that \"parmesan\" could not be used as a generic name, Kraft renamed its grated cheese \"Pamesello\" in Europe.\nOne kind of cheese, which is very similar, but produced in another region in Italy, is Grana Padano. Grana Padano is produced in Lombardy. "}
+{"id": "43159", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43159", "title": "Franz Liszt", "text": "Franz Liszt (born Raiding, October 22, 1811; died Bayreuth, July 31, 1886) was a Hungarian composer and pianist. Liszt (pronounced like \u201clist\u201d) was one of the most influential musicians of the 19 th century. He was the greatest pianist of his time and went on lots of tours through Europe where everyone filled the concert halls to hear him. He wrote a lot of music for piano. Many of his piano pieces were harder to play than anything that had been written before. In this way he developed the technique of piano playing, setting new standards for the future. In his compositions he often used new ideas which sounded very modern in his time. He was very helpful to other composers who lived at that time, helping them to become better known by conducting their works and playing some of their orchestral pieces on the piano.\nEarly years.\nLiszt\u2019s father was an official who worked for Prince Nikolaus Esterh\u00e1zy, the same noble family who employed the composer Joseph Haydn. When he was seven his father started to teach him the piano. He was a child prodigy, and within a year or two he was already playing in concerts. He was so promising that some rich Hungarians said they would pay for his music education.\nIn 1821 his family moved to Vienna. He had piano lessons from Czerny and composition lessons from Salieri. He soon became famous although he was still a young boy, and he met famous musicians like Beethoven and Schubert. Beethoven is supposed to have kissed him on the forehead.\nIn 1823 his family moved again, this time to Paris. He wanted to go to the Conservatoire to study music but Luigi Cherubini would not let him in because he was a foreigner (i.e. not French). So he studied music theory privately with Reicha and composition with Paer. Soon he was asked to play the piano everywhere in Paris. He travelled to London. On his second visit there in 1825, he played to King George IV at Windsor.\nLiszt continued to travel to other countries. After his father died he became a piano teacher in Paris. He fell in love with one of his pupils. It was the first of many love affairs he had with various women. He read a lot of books to try to educate himself properly. He met Berlioz and he liked the music of Berlioz very much. In 1831 he met the violinist Niccol\u00f2 Paganini and was amazed by his virtuoso playing. Liszt was to do for the piano what Paganini had done for the violin. Both men were drawn by cartoonists as devilish characters. Both men wrote music which was incredibly hard for their instruments.\nSoon Liszt met a Countess called Marie d\u2019Agoult. He began to have an affair with her. The Countess left her husband and went to live with Liszt in Geneva. They lived together for several years and had three children. When Liszt gave away a lot of his money to help pay for a monument to Beethoven in Bonn he had to earn money by going on tours again, so the countess left him. He still saw her and the children every summer for a few years but finally they separated completely.\nLater years.\nLiszt spent eight years in Rome. He wrote religious music and took holy orders in the Catholic Church. His daughter Cosima, who had married a famous conductor Hans von B\u00fclow, left her husband and lived with Richard Wagner. They had two children together. Liszt and Wagner quarreled for many years about this.\nLiszt spent most of his last years travelling to and fro between three cities: Rome, Weimar and Budapest. He called this his \u201cvie trifurqu\u00e9e\u201d (three-forked life). He died in Bayreuth July 31, 1886.\nHis personality.\nLiszt had a very strong personality which affected everyone he met. When he played the piano at concerts he was a great showman. People drew caricatures of him playing the piano with his wild mop of hair. He could be very polite and knew how to get on with the aristocracy. He could be very generous, giving both money and time to other musicians and giving praise where it was deserved. He was a powerful, unique character and one of the most important romantic composers of his day. He is known for his dazzling virtuostic piano displays best.\nCompositions.\nMost of Liszt\u2019s compositions were for piano. He wrote one piano sonata. It is in B minor. Its form is very different from the sonatas of composers like Beethoven. It is a very Romantic work, but it does not tell a story like a lot of Romantic pieces do. Most of his piano works are shorter pieces that are quite free in form. He often took a theme and transformed it (changed it gradually). He wrote studies which are much more than just pieces to improve one\u2019s piano technique. One collection is called \"Transcendental Studies\". In Switzerland he wrote \"Ann\u00e9es de p\u00e8lerinage\" (Years of Wandering), a collection of pieces to which he gave titles later. Liszt explored all the possible sounds that the piano could make (it was still a fairly new instrument). Sometimes he made it sound like an orchestra. Some of his last piano works are much simpler to play, although the chords would have sounded very modern for his time. They are like the Impressionistic music of Debussy.\nNot all Liszt\u2019s piano pieces were original compositions: he also made arrangements or transcriptions. It seems a strange idea to us now to take someone else\u2019s symphony and arrange it for piano. This is what Liszt often did. He took symphonies by Beethoven or songs by Schubert and changed them so that they could be played on the piano. Many people did not have the opportunity to hear concerts very often, and they certainly did not have radios or CDs, so Liszt was making these works more famous, helping them to reach a wider audience. He often made difficult transcriptions which meant that he changed the pieces and added ornamental notes, making a new piece out of an old one.\nLiszt\u2019s orchestral music is also very important. He wrote symphonic poems: pieces which tell a story or describe something. The best known one is called \"Les pr\u00e9ludes\". He also wrote two piano concertos.\nHe wrote a lot of church music. Church music was often quite sentimental in those days, but Liszt tried to make his works help people to feel religious devotion. For composing and performing Liszt was using a variety of pianos (fortepiano). In his Portugal tour as well as in Kiev and Odessa tours, he used a Boisselot piano. This model has been recreated in the XXI century. The composer also owned an Erard piano, a Bechstein piano and Beethoven's Broadwood grand piano.\nConclusion.\nIn many ways Liszt was typical of the Romantic artist. He was always looking for a spiritual meaning to life. He carried a walking stick with the heads of St Francis of Assisi and Gretchen and Mephistopheles, characters from Goethe\u2019s Faust. He was a 19th-century musician but through his thinking and his music he looked forward to the 20th century.\nReferences.\nThe New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, ed. Stanley Sadie (1980) "}
+{"id": "43160", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43160", "title": "Fandom (website)", "text": "Fandom (previously known as Wikia and before that, Wikicities) is an organization for making websites that are wikis. Wikia was started in 2004 by Jimmy Wales, who also started Wikipedia, and Angela Beesley. The name of Wikicities was changed to Wikia on March 27, 2006 to prevent other people from mistaking it for a wiki on cities, and then renamed again on October 4th, 2016 to Fandom for an unknown reason. At the time, it was called \"Fandom powered by Wikia\" until June 2018. Since October 2018, most of the URLs have changed from x.wikia.com to x.fandom.com.\nthis does not include wikis based on serious topics which instead changed to x.wikia.org.\nWikis hosted on Fandom are about something which many people will like. All content on Fandom is released under a free license, such as the GNU Free Documentation License or the Creative Commons. Anybody can change pages on wikis at Fandom, so that no single person \"owns\" or is \"the boss\" of a wiki, and so that large communities can be made. The software used is MediaWiki.\nFandom uses advertisements to generate money.\nArticles on Fandom are often written in more \"in-universe\" style; meaning that fictional characters and plots are written as if they are real. Some projects on Fandom are more for people who are very interested in the topic.\nIn August 2010, they said that a new look was coming, making some people take their wikis off the service.\nFandom uses the MediaWiki software."}
+{"id": "43162", "revid": "322988", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43162", "title": "Mozzarella", "text": "Mozzarella is a kind of fresh cheese. Originally, it was Italian but now it can be found all over the world. Its made of the milk of cows or water buffalos. A cheese produced in a similar way, but with sheep's milk is common in Sardinia, Abruzzo and Lazio. It is sometimes called mozzapecora. Mozzarella made with goats milk can also be found. Its development is more recent, though. The main reason it is produced is that goats' milk is easier to digest than that of cows or buffalos.\nMozzarella is common in Italian cuisine. It can be used on pizza.\nMozzarella can be kept in the fridge for a few days, if it is covered in brine. \nMozzarella can come in different moistures. "}
+{"id": "43163", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43163", "title": "Limburger cheese", "text": "Limburger cheese is a cheese made from cows' milk. Its name comes from the Duchy of Limburg, which is divided between The Netherlands, Belgium and Germany today. Limburger cheese is known for its strong smell, which is caused by the bacterium that lives in its rind. Since about the mid nineteenth century, most Limburger is produced in Germany. \nIn 2006 a study showing that the malaria mosquito (\"Anopheles gambiae\") is attracted equally to the smell of Limburger and to the smell of human feet earned the Ig Nobel Prize in the area of biology. This Cheese has now been placed in strategic locations in Africa to fight against malaria, which is spread by mosquitoes."}
+{"id": "43167", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43167", "title": "Landjaeger", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43168", "revid": "8592035", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43168", "title": "MyScene", "text": "MyScene is a type of doll created by the Mattel Toy Company. They share the product name of Barbie, but they have differences with the head shapes. The line was supposedly started as a rival to the popular Bratz dolls.\nMovies.\nThe My Scene characters have starred in three DVD movies:"}
+{"id": "43170", "revid": "1467751", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43170", "title": "Bora Bora", "text": "Bora Bora is a small island in the Leeward group of the Society Islands of French Polynesia, an overseas territory of France in the Pacific Ocean. Vaitape is the largest city on the island with 4,000 people. There is an airport on an islet where residents can fly to other islands in French Polynesia.\nBora Bora has one main road which runs around the island."}
+{"id": "43171", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43171", "title": "Appalachian Mountains", "text": "The Appalachian Mountains (French: les Appalaches) are a large group of North American mountains. They are partly in Canada but mostly in the United States. They stretch southwestward from the Island of Newfoundland, in Canada, to central Alabama, in the United States.\nThe individual mountains have an average height if around 3,000 ft (900 m). The highest is Mount Mitchel,l in North Carolina (6,684\u00a0ft or 2,037\u00a0m), which is also the highest point in the United States east of the Mississippi River and is the highest point in eastern North America.\nThe Appalachians are a barrier to east\u2013west travel. Ridgelines and valleys run north\u2013south, and travelers must climb them again and again. Only a few mountain passes run east\u2013west. The Erie Canal was built through one of them. In most places, the Appalachians are the watershed between the drainage basins of the Mississippi River and the Atlantic Ocean.\nThe term Appalachia is used to refer to the mountain range and the hills and the plateau region around it. The term is often used to refer to areas in the central and the southern but not the northern Appalachian Mountains. Those areas usually include all of West Virginia and parts of the states of Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, and North Carolina and sometimes extend as far south as northern Georgia and western South Carolina, as far north as Pennsylvania, and as far west as southeastern Ohio. In 1965, the United States Congress created an Appalachian Regional Commission to include these areas and morem as far west as Mississippi.\nThe Appalachian Trail in the US is about 3,500\u00a0km (2,190 miles) long and goes through 14 states, from Georgia to Maine.\nGeologic history.\nThe geologic processes that led to the formation of the Appalachian Mountains started 1.1 billion years ago. The first mountain range in the region was created when the continents of Laurentia and Amazonia collided and created a supercontinent called Rodinia. The collision of those continents caused the rocks to be folded and faulted, which created the first mountains in the region. \nOver time, thesmountains were eroded by wind and water. The rocks that were eroded were deposited in the ocean, where they were eventually buried and turned into sedimentary rocks. Thesedimentary rocks were then uplifted and folded again, which created new mountains.\nThis process of erosion and mountain building has repeated itself many times over the past 1.1 billion years. As a result, the Appalachian Mountains are not a single continuous mountain range. Instead, they are a patchwork of different mountain ranges that have been created at different times.\nThe youngest rocks in the Appalachian Mountains are only about 250 million years old. The rocks were formed during the Alleghanian orogeny, which was the last major period of mountain building in the region.\nThe Appalachian Mountains are still being eroded. Over time, the mountains will continue to wear down, and the rocks that make up the mountains will eventually be recycled back into the Earth's crust.\nIn short, the geologic processes that led to the formation of the Appalachian Mountains started 1.1 billion years ago, but the mountains themselves are much younger. The rocks that make up the mountains are the result of millions of years of erosion, deposition, and mountain building."}
+{"id": "43172", "revid": "1673561", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43172", "title": "Raven-Symon\u00e9", "text": "Raven-Symon\u00e9 Christina Pearman (born December 10, 1985) is an American actress, comedian, model and singer. She was born in Atlanta, Georgia. She moved to Ossining, New York at age three. She played the role of \"Olivia\" in the last three seasons of \"The Cosby Show\" (1984) and Nicole Lee on \"Hangin' with Mr. Cooper\" (1992). \nPearman is most well known as the title character Raven in the TV show \"That's So Raven\" and Galleria in \"The Cheetah Girls\" and \"The Cheetah Girls 2\". Pearman goes by the name Raven for most of her acting.\nIn August 2013 Raven-Symon\u00e9 commented on legalizing gay marriage, \"I was excited to hear today that more states legalized gay marriage. I, however am not currently getting married, but it is great to know I can now, should I wish to\". She was dating AzMarie Livingston since 2012, and in October 2015, she announced that she had broken up with her."}
+{"id": "43175", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43175", "title": "Raven Symone", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43176", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43176", "title": "Raven Symon\u00e9", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43182", "revid": "10021125", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43182", "title": "Arabian horse", "text": "The Arabian horse is a breed famous for beauty and stamina. It is one of the oldest horse breeds in the world. Arabian horses were bred with other archaic Arabian horses, who are their direct relatives who have not became separate breeds with enough genetic differences to add their speed, beauty, endurance, strong bones. Today, Arabian horse and archaic Arabian horse ancestors are found in every Arabian breed of riding horse in the Arabian Peninsula.\nThe Arabian horse was developed in the deserts of the Arabian Peninsula by the Bedouin people. People sometimes brought their horses into family tents for shelter and protection. This close relationship with humans made the Arabian horses as horses with a kind temper for people and quickness to learn friendship with people. It also was used as a war horse. This meant that it needed to be speedy and to be very alert. This blend of traits makes it necessary for people today to treat Arabian horses with kindness and respect.\nBreed traits.\nAll Arabian horses have triangle-shaped heads, a wide forehead, big eyes, large nostrils, small muzzles (noses). Most have a concave or \"dished\" profile. They have a slim, arched neck, smooth hindquarters, a naturally high-carried tail. Arabians have strong bones and good feet. They are especially noted for their excellent endurance. Arabians's hair coat colors are bay, gray, chestnut, black, white, brown, roan, piebald. Arabian horses can have robicono, sabino genes. All Arabian horses have black skin under their hair coat, except under their white markings.\nThe Bedouins sold many Arabian horses to people from Europe. Other Arabian horses were captured in wars and taken to other countries outside of the Middle East. Today, Arabian horses are found all over the world. Arabian horse families are now labeled by where their most recent ancestors were bred, such as \"Polish,\" \"Spanish,\" \"Crabbet\" (from England), \"Russian,\" \"Egyptian\", and \"Domestic\" (in the United States), \"Weil-Marbach\" in Germany. For example, an Arabian horse who is called as a \"Polish Arabian\" is an Arabian horse who has recent ancestors that were bred at farms in Poland, from horses, which the Polish people bought from the Bedouins in the Arabian Peninsula many centuries ago.\nUses.\nArabian horses compete in many places, including horse races, horse shows, endurance riding, show jumping, and more. They also make good pleasure, trail, working ranch horses for people who do not like competitive events. Arabian horses also are seen in movies, parades, circuses and other places where horses are used.\nHistory.\nThere are many legends and myths about Arabian horses. One legend says that the prophet Muhammad selected his five finest mares (female horses), called \"Al Khamsa\" (\"the five\") to be the foundation of the Arabian breed of horses fully. An another legend says the Queen of Sheba gave an Arabian mare to King Solomon, and that is how the Arabian horse breed began historically. Yet an another story says that Yahweh created the Arabian horses from the south wind in the Arabian Peninsula, saying, \"I create you all, oh Arabian horses. I give you flight without wings.\"\nIn real history, Arabian horses are one of the oldest human-developed horse breeds in the world. Pictures of \"Proto-Arabian\" horses that look a lot like modern Arabian horses were painted on rocks in the Arabian Peninsula as far back as 2500 BCE. The ancestors of the Bedouins had tamed horses not long after they tamed camels also. A horse skeleton was also unearthed in the Sinai peninsula in Egypt in Avaris, that was dated to 1700 BCE, and that this horse is the earliest horse in live in all of Ancient Egypt. It was brought by the Hyksos invaders who lived in Egypt. This horse had a wedge-shaped head, large eyes, a small muzzle, just like the Arabian horses that live today.\nIn the Arabian desert, humans were the only source of food and water for the Arabian horse. Where there was no pasture, the Bedouin fed their horses dates, a fruit of the date palms, and camels's milk. Arabian horses needed to live on very little food and water, survive a dry climate that was very hot in the day but very cold at night. Weak horses did not live and died off immediately, and the strong horses who survived the Arabian desert also then survived being ridden onto all wars. Therefore, the Arabian horse became very tough and able to live in a harsh world.\nFamous Arabian horses.\nNapoleon rode a gray Arabian stallion named Marengo. George Washington rode a half-Arabian named Blueskin during the American Revolution. A fictional horse, \"The Black Stallion,\" was played by a real black Arabian stallion named Cass Ole in the movie that was based on the book by Walter Farley.\nAziziye Stud.\nIn 1864, the Sultan Abdulaziz, founded a new horse stud with Arabian horses and sent a commission to purchase in Bialocerkiew, the stud of Count Branicki in Poland, whose breeding have a very good reputation. The Commission purchased 92 horses, including some descendants of the 1855, stallion Indjanin imported from England."}
+{"id": "43183", "revid": "10144305", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43183", "title": "Earth's crust", "text": "The Earth's crust is the Earth's hard outer layer. It is less than 1% of Earth's volume. The crust is made up of different types of rocks: igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. The crust and the upper mantle make up the lithosphere. The lithosphere is made of tectonic plates, which move very slowly.\nThe crust is of two different types. One is the continental crust (under the land) and the other is the oceanic crust (under the ocean). \nThe temperature of the crust increases with depth because of geothermal energy. Where the crust meets the mantle the temperatures can be between 200\u00a0\u00b0C (392\u00a0\u00b0F) to 400\u00a0\u00b0C (752\u00a0\u00b0F). The crust is the coldest layer because it is exposed to the atmosphere.\nComposition.\nIgneous rocks make up over 90% of Earth's crust by volume.p47 This is not noticeable because they are mostly covered by sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.\nA single family of silicates, the feldspars, account for about half of the material in the crust (60% by weight), and quartz is a sizeable proportion of the rest. Other common minerals are mica and hornblende.\nOnly 8% of Earth's crust is non-silicate minerals, and this includes carbonates, sulfides, chlorides and oxides.\nFormation of the crust.\nEarth's mantle and crust formed about 100 million years after the formation of the planet, about 4.6 billion years ago. At first the crust was very thin, and was probably changed often as the tectonic plates shifted around a lot more than they do now. The crust would have been destroyed many times by asteroids hitting Earth, which was much more common in the Late Heavy Bombardment.\nThe oldest oceanic basalt crust today is only about 200 million years. Most of the continental crust is much older. The oldest continental crustal rocks on Earth are cratons between 3.7 and 4.28 billion years old. These have been found in the Narryer Gneiss Terrane in Western Australia, in the Acasta Gneiss in the Northwest Territories on the Canadian Shield, and on the Fennoscandian Shield. A few zircons at least 4.3 billion years old have been found in the Narryer Gneiss Terrane in Western Australia.\nThe average age of Earth's continental crust is about 2.0 billion years. Most crustal rocks formed before 2.5 billion years ago are in cratons. Such old continental crust and the mantle below it are less dense than other places in the Earth. These are not easily destroyed when the plates shift. New continental crust was made in times of major orogeny or mountain building. This happened at the same time as the formation of the supercontinents, such as Rodinia, Pangaea and Gondwana. The crust formed in part by the coming together of island arcs. These were made of granite and metamorphic fold belts. They are kept together partly by the subduction of the mantle below the crust, which makes a mantle on which the crust floats."}
+{"id": "43184", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43184", "title": "Food chain", "text": "A food chain shows the feeding relationship between different organisms in a particular environment and/or habitat. \nPlants are at the bottom of a food chain because they are producers that make their food from photosynthesis. Consumers are animals that eat the products of producers or other animals. The direction of arrows between the organisms shows who eats what and what gets eaten by what.\nA food chain also represents a series of events and consumption in which food and energy are consumed from one organism in an ecosystem to another. Food chains show how energy is passed from the sun to producers, from producers to consumers, and from consumers to decomposes such as fungi. They also show how animals depend on other organisms for food.\nIn any ecosystem, many food chains overlap. Different food chains may include some of the same organisms. Several consumers may eat the same kind of plant or animal for food. When this happens, the food chain forms a food web."}
+{"id": "43188", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43188", "title": "Embryology", "text": "Embryology is the study of embryos and their development. The study of embryology starts with the fertilisation of an egg, and continues until the foetus stage. A broader term, developmental biology, covers the whole period of growth from the egg to adult life. \nIn mammals (and some other animals) embryos develop inside the mother, in the mother's womb. Otherwise it takes place after the egg is laid. It most animals, there are various stages between the egg and the adult animal. If the stages are well-defined the process is called metamorphosis. "}
+{"id": "43191", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43191", "title": "Histology", "text": "Histology is the study of the microscopic anatomy of cells and tissues of plants and animals, particularly the tissues. It is a part of cytology, and an essential tool of biology and medicine.\nHistology is usually done by looking at cells and tissues under a light microscope or electron microscope. The tissue has to be specially prepared beforehand.\nThe process.\nThe stages below are only described in outline. Laboratories which do histology work from schedules which are much more detailed.\nFixing.\nChemical fixatives are used to preserve tissue from decay. This preserves the structure of the cell and of sub-cellular components such as cell organelles (e.g., nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria). The most common fixative for light microscopy is formalin (4% formaldehyde in saline).\nEmbedding.\nAfter fixing, the block of tissue is embedded in paraffin wax. This holds and preserves the tissue as a block.\nSectioning.\nThe section is cut into a series of wafer-thin slices, each of which is put on a glass microscope slide. The machine which cuts the block is a mechanical guillotine which can be set to cut at a suitable depth for the tissue in question.\nStaining.\nStains are dyes, chemicals used to make cells and tissues easy to see under a microscope. There are many tissue stains, and each of them has advantages and disadvantages.\nHaematoxylin and eosin (H&E).\nThis is the most widely used stain in biology and medicine. Haematoxylin colours cell nuclei and eosin colours cell cytoplasm.\nSilver nitrate.\nCamillo Golgi developed a silver nitrate stain for nerve cells. His idea was used by Santiago Ram\u00f3n y Cajal in his famous work on the structure of brain tissue.\nModern techniques.\nElectron microscopy is used often as well as light microscopy. This has its own procedures. Its advantage is that it resolves things which light cannot resolve. For example, viruses were first seen by electron microscopy..\nSpecialised selective stains using immunology or radioactive labelling are now routine. The advantage of using antibodies or radioactive labels is that they stick to \"specific kinds of molecules\". \nIncreasingly popular is tagging with a fluorescent stain, which shows up even if a tiny part of a cell is stained. Immunoinfluorescence is the name of this particular technique."}
+{"id": "43192", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43192", "title": "Ann Arbor, Michigan", "text": "Ann Arbor is a city in the US state of Michigan. It is the county seat of Washtenaw County. According to the 2020 United States Census, Ann Arbor was the 5th largest city in Michigan. In 2020, there were 123,851 people living there. The city is part of the Detroit Metropolitan Combined Statistial Area.\nAnn Arbor was started in 1824. It is thought that the city is named after the wife, Ann, of one of the founders. The University of Michigan was moved to Ann Arbor in 1837. (Before that, the university had been in Detroit.) The city grew during the 1800s and 1900s. The only time the city did not grow was the Depression of 1873.\nDuring the 1960s and 1970s, Ann Arbor was an important place for the Civil Rights Movement, the anti-Vietnam War movement, and for left-wing and liberal politics.\nToday, Ann Arbor is home to the University of Michigan. The university is very important to the city because 30,000 people work for it. 12,000 of these workers work for the University of Michigan Health System, which are hospitals and clinics run by the university. Ann Arbor's economy is also very high-tech. High-tech companies come to the area because there are many graduates and a lot of research and development money at the university."}
+{"id": "43194", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43194", "title": "Microbiology", "text": "Microbiology - (Greek \u03bc\u03b9\u03ba\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2, mikr\u00f3s, \u201etiny\u201c, \u03b2\u03af\u03bf\u03c2, b\u00edos, \u201elife\u201c and \u03bb\u03cc\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2, l\u00f3gos, \u201escience\u201c) is a science in the composition of biology, which is occupied by the study of microorganisms (bacterium, (archaebacteria), microscopic fungi, protozoa,alga,and viruses). Microbiology studies the systematics, morphology, physiology, biochemistry, evolution, ecological roles, and practical uses of microorganisms. Medical microbiology is also part of microbiology. \nDifferent parts of microbiology can be classified into pure and applied sciences.\u00a0 Microbiology can be also classified by taxonomy, as in the cases of bacteriology, mycology, protozoology, and phycology. There is considerable overlap of the specific branches of microbiology with each other and with other disciplines. Certain aspects of these branches can extend beyond the traditional scope of microbiology\nHistory.\nIn 1665, Robert Hooke saw that cork was made up of little cubes that he named cells. Later Anton van Leeuwenhoek made the important connection that cells are living things when he saw through his early microscope smallest one-celled organisms. Later Christian Ehrenberg found thatprotista or bacteria were different kinds of cells. In the late part of the 1800s Martinus Beijerinck showed that there were small particles called viruses. \nAnother important change in the study of microorganisms came from the discovery of DNA and RNA. This allowed using a vector to change the inside of a cell without killing it. One recent discovery that changed the study of microbiology is the discovery of transposons or jumping genes. Another one is the discovery of animal genes in the cells."}
+{"id": "43195", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43195", "title": "Transposable element", "text": "A transposable element is often called a transposon. It is a sequence of DNA that can move to new positions in the genome of a single cell. The press sometimes call them jumping genes, but it is not correct to call them 'genes'.\nTransposons were first found by Barbara McClintock while working on maize in the 1930s to 1950s. She discovered transposition in maize, but it took years before her work was understood. She received a Nobel Prize for her work in 1983.\nTransposition can create significant mutations and alter the cell's genome size.\nTypes.\nTransposons are only one of several types of mobile genetic elements.\nTransposons themselves are of two types according to their mechanism, which can be either \"copy and paste\" (class I) or \"cut and paste\" (class II).\nClass I (Retrotransposons, aka \"retroposons\"):\nThey copy themselves in two stages, first from DNA to RNA by transcription, then from RNA back to DNA by reverse transcription. The DNA copy is then inserted into the genome in a new position. Retrotransposons behave very similarly to retroviruses, such as HIV.\nClass II (DNA transposons):\nBy contrast, the cut-and-paste transposition mechanisms of class II transposons do not involve an RNA intermediate.\nAs causes of disease.\nTransposons are mutagens. They can damage the genome of their host cell in different ways:\nUse.\nTransposons can carry accessory genes, such as antibiotic resistance genes. They can be used to put a gene into the DNA of an organism. This has been done with fruit flies (\"Drosophila melanogaster\") by putting the transposon into the embryo.\nEvolution.\nTransposons are found in many forms of life. They may have arisen independently many times, or perhaps just once and then spread to other kingdoms by horizontal gene transfer.\nWhile some transposons may confer benefits on their hosts, most are regarded as selfish DNA parasites. In this way, they are similar to viruses. Various viruses and transposons also share features in their genome structures and biochemical abilities, leading to speculation that they share a common ancestor.\nExcessive transposon activity can destroy a genome, which is lethal. Many organisms have developed mechanisms to inhibit them. Bacteria may delete transposons and viruses from their genomes; eukaryotic organisms use RNA interference (RNAi) to inhibit transposon activity.\nIn vertebrate animal cells nearly all the 100,000+ DNA transposons in a genome code for inactive polypeptides. In humans, all of the Class I-like transposons are inactive. The first DNA transposon used as a tool for genetic purposes, the Sleeping Beauty transposon system, was a transposon which was resurrected from a long evolutionary sleep.\nRole in the immune system.\nTransposons may have been co-opted by the vertebrate immune system as a means of producing antibody diversity: The V(D)J recombination system operates by a mechanism similar to that of transposons. This is a system of three genes which get rearranged in the production of vertebrate lymphocytes. The system diversely encode proteins to match antigens from bacteria, viruses, parasites, dysfunctional cells such as tumor cells, and pollens.\nThe final DNA sequence, and thus the sequence of the antibody, is highly variable, even when the same two V, D, or J segments are joined. This great diversity allows VDJ recombination to generate antibodies even to microbes that neither the organism nor its ancestors have ever previously encountered."}
+{"id": "43199", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43199", "title": "Toowoomba", "text": "Toowoomba (also known as 'The Garden City') is a city in South East Queensland, Australia. It is 132 km west of Brisbane, and two hours drive from the Gold Coast and Sunshine Coast beaches. With a population around 135,000, Toowoomba is Australia's second largest city that is not on the coast, after Canberra.\nEvery year in September, Toowoomba holds its annual Flower Festival, at Queens Park. When this is taking place, the town, especially its CBD are decorated with flowers. People who live there may also open their gardens for public judging for the garden competitions. Another attraction is the parade, where one would see floats with flower themes. Many people from all over the nation visit the festival, and a popular way to arrive is on the specially operating retired steam train.\nAnother major event held in Toowoomba is the Easterfest. It is a large religious festival that thousands of people come to, to see many famous singers perform. Many put up tents on in Queens Park.\nToowoomba is also known for its historical buildings, such as the town hall, The Empire Theatre, and the Cobb & Co Museum. The town hall was the first in Queensland to be built for a town hall. The Empire Theatre was built as a silent movie house in 1911. A fire nearly destroyed the building, but it was built again, and reopened in 1933. Now, it is the biggest regional theatre in Australia. The Cobb & Co Museum began in the 1880s as a small mail run. It moved both mail and passengers to Brisbane and further.\nToowoomba is also home to some notable private schools, including Toowoomba Grammar School (which is a GPS school), Downlands College, and The Glenny School, none of which are 'co-educational'.\nDuring the 2010-2011 Queensland floods, several people were drowned in their cars when water flooded the main shopping centre."}
+{"id": "43200", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43200", "title": "Albury", "text": "Albury () is a city in New South Wales, Australia. It is on the Hume Highway that runs between Sydney and Melbourne. The Murray River separates Albury from Wodonga. Albury is on the north side of the Murray River. The river is also the border between Victoria and New South Wales. It is about 550 km from the state capital Sydney, but only 312 km from the Victorian capital Melbourne. Albury is believed to have been named after Aldbury in Hertfordshire.\nThe Australian Aboriginal people called the area Bungambrewatha. There are a number of historical aboriginal sites including rock paintings. There are also scarred trees, where the bark has been removed to make shields and canoes. The rich river flats would have provided food for native animals, and the wetlands would have been home to large numbers of water birds.\nThe first Europens to arrive in the area were the explorers, Hamilton Hume and William Hovell in 1824. They made their mark in a tree on the riverbank which later became the spot where people heading south would cross the river. Crossing the river was easy in summer when the water level was low. By 1844 a ferry was built to carry people over the river all year. There were soon many farmers moving into the area with large flocks of sheep. Some of the first in Albury were William Wyse and Charles Ebden.\nAlbury has passenger trains to and from Sydney."}
+{"id": "43204", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43204", "title": "Saloth Sar", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43205", "revid": "1534612", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43205", "title": "Francisco de Goya", "text": "Francisco Jos\u00e9 de Goya y Lucientes (30 March 1746 \u2013 30 April 1828) was a Spanish painter. He painted many portraits of the Spanish Royal Family. His most famous paintings are \"Charles IV of Spain and His Family\" and \"The Third of May 1808\". He regularly painted the famous Duchess of Alba.\nLife.\nYouth.\nGoya was born in Fuendetodos, in the region of Arag\u00f3n, Spain, in 1746. His parents were Jos\u00e9 Benito de Goya y Franque and Gracia de Lucientes y Salvador. He spent his childhood in Fuendetodos. His father's work was gilding (putting gold onto picture frames). In about 1749, the family moved to a house in the city of Zaragoza. Goya went to school at Escuelas Pias. He became best friends with Martin Zapater. Through their lives, they wrote many letters to each other. Because of these letters, historians know a lot about Goya's life. When he was 14 Goya became an apprentice to the painter Jos\u00e9 Luz\u00e1n.\nGoya later moved to Madrid where he studied with Anton Raphael Mengs, a painter who was popular with Spanish royalty. Goya and Mengs did not like each other, and Goya got bad marks in his examinations. Goya tried to join the Spanish Royal Academy of Fine Art in 1763 and 1766, but failed.\nHe then traveled to Rome. In 1771 he won second prize in a painting competition in the city of Parma. Later that year, he returned to Zaragoza. He got work painting frescos in several buildings including the dome of the Basilica of the Pillar. He studied with the painter Francisco Bayeu y Sub\u00edas. His painting began to show the style which later made his famous.\nSuccess.\nGoya married Bayeu's sister, Josefa, in 1774. Francisco Bayeu was a member of the Spanish Royal Academy of Fine Art. This helped Goya to get work with the Royal Tapestry Workshop. He worked there for 5 years, and designed 42 patterns. Many of his designs were made into tapestries and used to decorate the bare stone walls of the royal palaces, such as El Escorial. The Spanish Royal family saw his works and later gave him work as a portrait painter. He also painted an altarpiece (Holy picture) for the Church of San Francisco El Grande. Because of this picture, Goya was at last made a member of the Spanish Royal Academy of Fine Art.\nIn 1783, the Count of Florida blanca, commissioned Goya (gave Goya the paid work) to paint his portrait. Then King Charles III of Spain and other important people wanted Goya to paint their portraits. Goya became friends with Crown Prince Don Luis, and lived in his house. From 1788, in the reign of Charles IV, Goya became even more popular.\nLater life.\nIn the 1790s Goya became ill. It is not known exactly what his illness was. It is believed that he suffered mental breakdown. He may have had viral encephalitis or several strokes. He may have suffered from dementia. It is also thought that he may have been poisoned by lead paint. His sight, hearing, balance and mental health were all affected. \nHis unhappiness was also affected by the French invasion of Spain in 1808. One of his most famous paintings, \"The Third of May 1808\", is about the execution of Spanish men trying to defend their country.\nAfter the defeat of the French, Goya did not get on well with King Ferdinand VII. Goya moved to a house far away from the court. He lived there with his housekeeper and her daughter, and taught painting to the girl, Rosario Weiss. Some of the walls of the house are painted with strange dark pictures, but it is not sure whether Goya did them. For two years Goya lived in France but returned to Spain where he was warmly welcomed home in 1826, He died in 1828 at the age of 82. \nWorks.\nCourt paintings.\nGoya's early cartoons for the royal tapestries are merry scenes of festivals in bright colours.\nGoya painted portraits of many famous people, including the Duke of Wellington. His paintings of the Royal Family of Charles IV of Spain and Ferdinand VII show them looking like very ordinary people, not like proud nobility. Queen Maria Luisa was delighted with the large portrait that he did of her family in 1800, even though a French writer Th\u00e9ophile Gautier said that Goya made them look \"like the corner baker and his wife after they had won the lottery\".\nThe \"Majas\".\nTwo of Goya's most famous paintings were owned by a member of the royal court, Manuel de Godoy. These two paintings are called \"The Nude Maja\" (\"La maja desnuda\") and \"The Clothed Maja\" (\"La maja vestida\"). The nude painting was thought of as very shocking. In 1813, the Inquisition said that both paintings were pornography and took them away. They were returned to Goya in 1836. Nobody knows who the woman was that posed for Goya. One idea is that she was the Duchess of Alba. She may have been Godoy's mistress. Perhaps Goya painted the figure from his imagination. There is only one earlier nude painting by a Spanish artist, Velazquez's \"Venus and Cupid\", (see National Gallery, London). When this painting was done, other nude figures, painted in Italy, Germany and other countries, always showed the woman as a goddess from mythology or had some other \"allegorical\" meaning (was a symbol of some sort). This painting is unusual because the nude figure is not meant to be a Goddess and does not seem to have any symbolic meaning. It is the very first life-sized female nude in Western Painting that is just about the beauty of the female body.\nLater works.\n In 1793 and 1794 Goya was recovering from his illness. During this time, he painted eleven small pictures painted on tin. These pictures are known as \"Fantasy and Invention\" today. They show a change in his art. From that time on, he painted dark, frightening pictures about war, violence and madness.\nOne painting is called \"Courtyard with Lunatics\". It is a scene in a mental asylum. It is about loneliness and fear. It shows how mentally ill people have trouble dealing with other people and normal life. Goya was the first artist to paint people with mental illness in a realistic way. Goya wanted to show that it was wrong to punish mentally ill people, and lock them up with criminals. There was a movement at this time to improve the life of people in asylums and prisons.\nGoya made two series of prints. The first was called \"Caprichos\" and the second was called \"The Disasters of War\". The \"Caprichos\" series shows nightmarish scenes of the problems with Spanish society. \"The Disaster of War\" shows scenes of terrible violence. These were not published until more than 30 years after his death. \"The Disaster of War\" were made because of the war between France and Spain. One of Goya's most famous paintings is a large picture called \"The Third of May 1808\".(see above) It is about the executions of Spanish men that took place in 1808. This painting shows the courage of the unarmed Spanish hero. It shows the French soldiers in the firing squad acting as if they have no minds or feelings. This painting was a great inspiration to other painters such as the French painter Manet who painted a scene of the execution of the Governor of Mexico.\nGoya's most frightening picture shows a giant man, eating people. It is now called \"Saturn Devouring His Sons\", (after Saturn the Father of the Gods in Greek mythology) but no-one knows what it really means. It is more likely a picture of the way that War destroys people. In the house that Goya owned, there are paintings on the walls known as the \"Black Paintings\". They show scenes with the Devil and witches. It is not sure whether Goya really painted them. \nInfluence.\nGoya's brightly coloured tapestry cartoons influenced the French Impressionist painters such as Monet and Renoir. His portraits were an influence on Manet and Degas as well as Renoir. The \"Black Paintings\" influenced Expressionist painters."}
+{"id": "43206", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43206", "title": "SATA", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43207", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43207", "title": "Xor", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43208", "revid": "4056", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43208", "title": "Eclusive disjunction", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43209", "revid": "1389678", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43209", "title": "Inclusive disjunction", "text": "Inclusive disjunction (also called or) is a logic operation. It normally takes two truth values as inputs and returns one truth value as output. It is false when both inputs are false, but is true otherwise. It is written with the symbol formula_1.\nIn general, given two propositions formula_2 and formula_3, formula_4 is true if formula_2 is true, or if formula_3 is true, or if both formula_2 and formula_3 are true.\nThis is different from the exclusive disjunction, which asserts \"either \"x\" or \"y\", but not both\"."}
+{"id": "43210", "revid": "917214", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43210", "title": "Logical conjunction", "text": "Logical conjunction (very often called and) is a logic operation. It is represented by the symbol formula_1. Logical conjunction takes two truth values as inputs and returns an output. If both of the inputs are \"true\" at the same time, then logical conjunction outputs \"true\". If one of the inputs is false, or if both of the inputs are false, then logical conjunction outputs \"false\". Its logic gate equivalent is the AND gate."}
+{"id": "43211", "revid": "917214", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43211", "title": "Logical negation", "text": "Logical negation (also known as not) is a logic operation. For a proposition formula_1, its negation is written as formula_2. It takes one input. It flips the value of the input as the output. If the input was true, it returns false; If the input was false, it returns true."}
+{"id": "43212", "revid": "917214", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43212", "title": "Logic equality", "text": "Logical equality is a logical operation. It corresponds to equality (formula_1) in Boolean algebra and biconditional (written formula_2 or formula_3) in logic. It takes two inputs. It returns true if both inputs are true or if both inputs are false. Otherwise (when they are different), it returns false."}
+{"id": "43213", "revid": "10240985", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43213", "title": "Implication (logic)", "text": "Implication (also known as logical consequence, implies, or If ... then) is a logical operation. It is the relationship between statements that holds true when one logically \"follows from\" one or more others. While a statement of the form \"if \"P\" then \"Q\" is often written as formula_1, the assertion that \"Q\" is a logical consequence \"P\"\" is often written as formula_2.\nImplications take two arguments. It returns false if and only if the first term is true and the second term is false.\nThis may be problematic, because it means that from a false proposition, anything can follow.\nExamples.\nThe following shows a (valid) implication\nOn the other hand, the statement \"I promise that if I am healthy, I will come to class\" has four possibilities:\nIn the second scenario, the statement is false, since the promise is broken. In other scenarios, the statement is true, since the promise is kept."}
+{"id": "43215", "revid": "10432724", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43215", "title": "Hellenistic art", "text": "The art of the Hellenistic time (from 400 B.C. to the end of the first century B.C.) in Greece) is sculpture and painting and other things. For a long time, people said that the art of that time was not good. Pliny the Elder talked about the Greek sculpture of the classical time (500 B.C. - 323 B.C., the time before the Hellenistic time) and then said \"Cessavit deinde ars\" (\"then art stopped\"). But much good art is from the Hellenistic time. Many people know about the sculptures Laoco\u00f6n (in the picture) and Venus de Milo and Winged Victory of Samothrace.\nNow more people have looked at writing about the Hellenistic time. People discovered art from the Hellenistic time at Vergina and other places. Now people can see that the art of the Hellenistic time is very good art.\nArchitecture.\nOne of the things that made the Hellenistic time different from other times was the division of Alexander the Great's country into smaller parts. In every part there was a family of leaders. The Ptolemies had Egypt; the Seleucids had Mesopotamia, the Attalids had Pergamon, and other leaders had other parts. Every family of leaders gave money for art in a way that was different from the way the city-states did it. They made big cities and complex groups of buildings in a way that most city-states had already stopped doing by 500 BC. This way of making buildings was new for Greece. This way was not to try to change or fix a natural place, but to make the buildings fit the natural place. There were many places for pleasure, for example many theatres and places to walk. The Hellenistic countries were lucky because they had much empty space where they could make big new cities. Some of their new cities were Antioch, Pergamon, and Seleucia on the Tigris.\nPergamon is a very good example of Hellenistic architecture. It started with a simple fortress on the Acropolis (a very big rock).\nDifferent Attalid kings added to it and made a huge group of buildings. The buildings stretch out from the Acropolis in many directions, using the natural way of that part of the earth. The agora, on the south on the lowest level, has galleries along its sides, with \"stoai\" (beautiful tall stone things to hold up the roof.) The agora is the beginning of a street which goes through the whole Acropolis. On the east and top of the rock are the buildings of the organizers, leaders and soldiers. On the west side, at a middle level, are religious buildings. One of the biggest ones is the one with the Pergamon Altar which is called \"of the gods and of the giants\" and is one of the most beautiful pieces of Greek sculpture. A very big theatre has benches stretched out over the sides of the hill, for people to sit on, and is able to hold almost 10,000 people.\nAt that time they liked to make very big things. The second temple of Apollo at Didyma was like that. It was twenty kilometers from Miletus in Ionia. Daphnis of Miletus made the design for it at the end of the fourth century B.C. (about 300B.C.) but it was never finished. They continued building it until the 2nd century A.D. (past 100 A.D.). The sanctuary (special part of the temple) is one of the largest ever made near the Mediterranean. Inside a very big room, the \"cella\" has two rows of columns (tall round things) around it. The columns are the Ionic kind, almost 20 metres tall, with much complex stone art on the bases and tops.\nSculpture.\nHellenistic sculpture includes portraits which show things such as suffering, sleep or old age. \nAttalus I (269-197 BC), to commemorate his victory at Caicus against the Gauls \u2014 called Galatians by the Greeks \u2014 had two series of votive groups sculpted: the first, consecrated on the Acropolis of Pergamon, includes the famous Gaul killing himself and his wife, of which the original is lost (the best copy is in the Massimo alle Terme museum of Rome, see illustration); the second group, offered to Athens, is composed of small bronzes of Greeks, Amazons, gods and giants, Persians and Gauls. Artemis Rospigliosi of the Louvre is probably a copy of one of them; as for copies of the Dying Gaul, they were very numerous in the Roman period. The expression of sentiments, the forcefulness of details \u2014 bushy hair and moustaches here \u2014 and the violence of the movements are characteristic of the Pergamene style.\nThese characteristics are pushed to their peak in the friezes of the Great Altar of Pergamon, decorated under the order of Eumenes II (197-159 BC) with a gigantomachy stretching 110 metres in length, illustrating in the stone a poem composed especially for the court. The Olympians triumph in it, each on his side, over Giants most of which are transformed into savage beasts: serpents, birds of prey, lions or bulls. Their mother Gaia, come to their aid, can do nothing and must watch them twist in pain under the blows of the gods.\nAnother phenomenon appears in Hellenistic sculpture: privatization, which involves the recapture of older public patterns in decorative sculpture. This type of retrospective style also exists in ceramics. As for the portraits, they are tinged with naturalism, under the influence of Roman art.\nPaintings and mosaics.\nFew Greek wall paintings have survived the centuries. However, we can study the Hellenistic influences in Roman frescoes, for example those of Pompeii or Herculaneum. Certain mosaics provide a pretty good idea of the \"grand painting\" of the period: these are copies of frescoes. An example is the Alexander Mosaic, showing the confrontation of the young conqueror and the Grand King Darius III at the Battle of Issus, a mosaic which adorns the walls of the House of the Faun at Pompeii. It is believed to be a copy of a work described by Pliny the Elder (XXXV, 110) which had been painted by Philoxenus of Eretria for King Cassander of Macedon at the end of the 4th century BC. The mosaic allows us to admire the choice of colours, the composition of the ensemble with turning movement and facial expressivity.\nArcheological discoveries at the cemetery of Pagasae (close to modern Volos), at the edge of the Pagasetic Gulf, or again at Vergina (1987), in the former kingdom of Macedonia, have brought to light some original works. For example, the tomb said to be that of Philip II has provided a great frieze representing a royal lion hunt, remarkable by its composition, the arrangement of the figures in space and its realistic representation of nature.\nThe Hellenistic period is equally the time of development of the mosaic, particularly with the works of Sosos of Pergamon, active in the 2nd century BC and the only mosaic artist cited by Pliny (XXXVI, 184). His taste for\ntrompe l'oeil (optical illusion) and the effects of the medium are found in several works attributed to him such as the \"Unswept Floor\" in the Vatican museum, representing the leftovers of a repast (fish bones, bones, empty shells, etc.) and the \"Dove Basin\" at the Capitoline Museum, known by means of a reproduction discovered in Hadrian's Villa. In it one sees four doves perched on the edge of a basin filled with water. One of them is watering herself while the others seem to be resting, which creates effects of reflections and shadow perfectly studied by the artist.\nCeramics.\nThe Hellenistic period is that of the decline of painting on vases. The most common vases are black and uniform, with a shiny appearance approaching that of varnish, decorated with simple motifs of flowers or festoons. It is also the period when vases in relief appeared, doubtless in imitation of vases made of precious metals: wreaths in relief were applied to the body of the vase, or again the one shown here received veins or gadroons. One finds also more complex relief, based on animals or legendary creatures. The shapes of the vases are also inspired by the tradition of metal: thus with the lagynos (pictured here), a wine jar typical of the period.\nIn parallel there subsisted a tradition of polychromatic figurative painting: the artists sought a greater variety of tints than in the past. However, these newer colours are more delicate and do not support heat. The painting occurred therefore after firing, contrary to the traditional practice. The fragility of the pigments preventing frequent use of these vases, they were reserved for use in funerals.\nThe most representative copies of this style come from Centuripe in Sicily, where a workshop was active until the 3rd century B.C. These vases are characterized by a base painted pink. The figures, often female, are represented in coloured clothing: blue-violet chiton, yellow himation, white veil. The style is reminiscent of Pompei and is situated much more on the side of the grand contemporary paintings than on the heritage of the red-figure pottery.\nMinor arts.\nMetallic art.\nProgress in bronze casting made it possible for the Greeks to create large works, such as the Colossus of Rhodes, with a height of 32 meters. Many of the large bronze statues were lost - with the majority being melted to recover the material. Because of this, only the smaller objects still exist. Fortunately, during Hellenistic Greece, the raw materials were plentiful following eastern conquests.\nThe work on metal vases took on a new fullness: the artists competed among themselves with great virtuosity. At Panagyurishte (now in Bulgaria), skilfully sculpted gold vases have been found: on an amphora, two rearing centaurs form the handles. In Derveni, not far from Salonica, a tomb has provided a great krater with bronze volutes dating from approximately 320 BC and weighing 40 kilograms (Derveni krater).\nIt is decorated with a 32-centimetre-tall frieze of figures in relief representing Dionysus surrounded by Ariadne and her procession of satyrs and maenads.\nThe neck is decorated with ornamental motifs while four satyrs in high relief are casually seated on the shoulders of the vase. The evolution is similar for the art of jewellery. The jewellers of the time excelled at handling details and filigrees: thus, the funeral wreaths present very realistic leaves of trees or stalks of wheat. In this period the insetting of precious stones flourished.\nThe figurines were equally fashionable. They represented divinities as well as subjects from contemporary life. Thus emerged the theme of the \"negro\", particularly in Ptolemaic Egypt: these statuettes of Black adolescents were successful up to the Roman period. Sometimes, they were reduced to echoing a form from the great sculptures: thus one finds numerous copies in miniature of the Tyche (good luck) of Antioch, of which the original dates to the beginning of the 3rd century BC.\nTerra cotta figurines.\nPreviously reserved for religious use, in Hellenistic Greece the Greek terracotta figurine was more frequently used for funerary, and even decorative, purposes. The refinement of molding techniques made it possible to create true miniature statues, with a high level of detail.\nIn Tanagra, in Boeotia, the figurines, full of lively colours, most often represent elegant women in scenes full of charm. At Smyrna, in Asia Minor, two major styles occurred side-by-side: first of all, copies of masterpieces of great sculpture, such as Farnese Hercules in gilt terra cotta. In a completely different genre, there are the \"grotesques\", which contrast violently with the canons of \"Greek beauty\": the \"koroplathos\" (figurine maker) fashions deformed bodies in tortuous poses \u2014 hunchbacks, epileptics, hydrocephalics, obese women, etc. One could therefore wonder whether these were medical models, the town of Smyrna being reputed for its medical school. Or they could simply be caricatures, designed to provoke laughter. The \"grotesques\" are equally common at Tarsus and also at Alexandria.\nArt of glass and glyptic.\nIt was in the Hellenistic period that the Greeks, who until then only knew molded glass, discovered the technique of glass blowing, thus permitting new forms. The art of glass developed especially in Italy. Molded glass continued, notably in the creation of intaglio jewelry.\nThe art of engraving on gems hardly advanced at all, limiting itself to mass-produced items that lacked originality. As compensation, the cameo made its appearance. It concerns cutting in relief on a stone composed of several colored layers, allowing the object to be presented in relief through the effects of color. After that it is mounted on a pendant or as a ring. The Hellenistic period produced some masterpieces like the Gonzaga cameo , now preserved at the Hermitage Museum."}
+{"id": "43216", "revid": "1560098", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43216", "title": "Interest", "text": "Interest is the cost for borrowing money or the payment for lending money. Usually, this is fixed as a percentage of the amount of money borrowed (which is called \"interest rate\").\nSimple and Compound interest.\nIf the interest charged on $100 is 1 percent per year then every year the borrower must pay $1. If the $1 is not added to the amount owed then the borrower is paying simple interest. If simple interest of 1 percent is paid each year at the end of 100 years the borrower would have paid $100 in interest, $1 each year, and would still owe $100. If the $1 is added to the $100 the amount owed will increase to $101. 1 percent interest on $101 will be more than $1. This is called compound interest. Compound interest will cause the amount to grow each year. As the amount grows larger, more is paid as interest each year and added to the total. If compound interest of 1 percent is paid on a loan of $100 each year the amount of interest paid will slightly increase and after 70 years the amount owed will have grown to $200 and the interest payment will have increased to $2. \nRule of 72.\n1 percent compound interest on $100 will cause the amount to double to $200 in about 72 years. That is called the rule of 72 which can be used to figure out how fast something grows. The rule can be used to figure out how fast anything that always grows exponentially at the same rate will double in size. Suppose a kangaroo grows 12 percent a year; dividing 12 into 72 gives 6, so the kangaroo will double in size in 6 years. If the kangaroo grew 6 percent a year it would take 12 years for its size to double. If it only grew 2 percent it would take 36 years for its size to double.\nUsury.\nAt some times in the past, or in some places today, it has been illegal to make a person pay interest on a loan. It was, or is, against some religious rules. If the interest that a person must pay is too high, this is called usury. This is often illegal today, even when lower interest is legal.\nOther meanings of interest.\nInterest can also be the care or concern that someone has for something or someone. If someone cares about something, they \"have an interest\" in that thing, or they \"find it interesting\". If something is beautiful, or funny, or new, that might make the thing interesting. However, a very important concern, for example love or hate, is more than an interest. An interest can also be a task that someone likes to do or watch, like a game or a hobby.\nIf someone has a legal right to something (usually money or property) they have an interest in that thing. This is also true for someone who shares a right with others, or a person who has a future right to something. For example, if some brothers and sisters will be given a house after their parents die, each of them \"has a financial interest\" in the house, even if the parents are still living."}
+{"id": "43217", "revid": "9942752", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43217", "title": "Newcastle, New South Wales", "text": "Newcastle () is a city in New South Wales, Australia. It is also the second oldest city in Australia. Newcastle is 160km north of Sydney, and is the largest coal-harbour in the world. 500,000 people live in Newcastle making it second largest city in New South Wales. Newcastle was started in 1804 by Lieutenant Charles Menzies and was for convicts who mined the coal. It is named Newcastle after the English coal harbour of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. Newcastle has lots of things to do such as restaurants and food. It has passenger trains to and from Sydney.\nClimate.\nNewcastle has a humid subtropical climate with warm humid summers and mild winters with moderate rainfall throughout the year. Newcastle is the windiest city in Australia, with an average 3pm windspeed of 31.4 km/h (19.5 mph), annually."}
+{"id": "43219", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43219", "title": "Era", "text": "An era in geology is a time scale of several hundred million years. It describes a long series of rock strata which geologists decide should be given a name. An example is the Mesozoic era, when dinosaurs lived on the Earth. An era is made up of periods, and several eras make up an eon. The Phanerozoic eon started about 541 million years ago (mya). It is made up of the Paleozoic era (from the Greek for \"oldest life\"), the Mesozoic era (\"middle life\") and the Cainozoic era (\"latest life\")."}
+{"id": "43220", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43220", "title": "Drowning", "text": "Drowning is a form of death caused by being suffocated with water or another liquid.\nNear drowning is the survival of a drowning event where the person is unconsciousness (passed out) or breathes in a dangerously large amount of water, and can cause serious problems, including death, later on. That means that near drowning also requires help from a doctor. \nSecondary drowning is death caused by chemical or biological changes in the lungs after a near drowning incident.\nDrowning happens when a person spends too much time underwater or with their nose and mouth submerged in a liquid to the point where they are unable to breathe and their lungs are filled with liquid.\nIn many countries, drowning is one of the biggest causes of death for children under 14 years old. Children have drowned in wading pools and even bathtubs. Many people drown in countries where there is a lot of water, especially if they swim in dangerous waters. For example, in the United Kingdom there are about 450 drownings each year (that is: 1 per 150,000 of people), and in the United States there are about 6,500 drownings (or around 1 per 50,000 of people). Drowning related injuries are the fifth most likely cause of accidental death in the US. In some places, drowning is the second most likely cause of injury and death for children. \nPrevention.\nThere are many ways in which drowning can be prevented. Some examples are: "}
+{"id": "43221", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43221", "title": "Erwin Schrodinger", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43222", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43222", "title": "Schr\u00f6dinger's cat", "text": "Schr\u00f6dinger's cat is a thought experiment about quantum physics. Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger suggested it in 1935, in reaction to the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum physics. \nSchr\u00f6dinger wrote:\nSimple explanation.\nIn simple terms, Schr\u00f6dinger said that if you place a cat and something that could kill the cat (a radioactive atom) in a box and sealed it, you would not know if the cat were dead or alive until you opened the box, so that until the box was opened, the cat was \"both\" \"dead and alive\". This is a metaphor for subatomic particles which, according to quantum theory, exist in a superposition of states, or multiple simultaneous states, until observation determines a single final state.\nApplication to physics.\nPhysics can be divided into two types; classic physics and quantum mechanics. Classic physics explains most physical interactions, like why a ball bounces when it drops. It can also be used to predict physical interactions, like what will happen when you drop a ball. However, there are some physical interactions which it does not explain; for instance, how light can be turned into electricity. Quantum mechanics provides a way for physicists to explain why these things happen. \nThe Copenhagen interpretation is used to explain what is happening to the smallest part of an atom (a sub atomic particle) without looking at it (observing it or measuring it). Mathematics is used to show how likely something is to happen to the particle. A particle could be described as being 50% likely to be in one place at one time, or 50% likely to be in one place at another time. This could also be expressed as a chart (or wave form). This is very convenient when making quantum physics calculations. \nHowever the only way to be 100% sure of where a particle is, is to observe it. Up until the point that you observe it, the Copenhagen Interpretation says that the particle is there and is not there. It is only when you observe the particle that you know if it's there or not there. \nWhile this makes sense in quantum physics, it does not make sense in classical (real world) physics. \nSchr\u00f6dinger wanted to show that this way of thinking about quantum mechanics would lead to absurd situations. He designed a thought experiment. \n\"A cat is placed in a room that is separated from the outside world. \"\n\"A Geiger counter which counts the amount of radioactive decay and a little bit of a radioactive element is in the room. \"\n\"Within one hour, one of the atoms of the radioactive material might decay (or break down because the material is not stable), or it may not. \"\n\"If the material breaks down, it will release an atomic particle, which will hit the geiger counter, which will release poison gas, which will kill the cat.\"\nThe question now is: at the end of the hour, is the cat alive or dead? Schr\u00f6dinger says that according to the Copenhagen Interpretation, as long as the door is closed, the cat is dead and alive. There is no way to know until the door is opened. But by opening the door, the person is interfering with the experiment. The person and the experiment have to be described with reference to each other.\nBy \"looking\" at the experiment the person has influenced the experiment, therefore it may not give us the correct answer. \nThe thought experiment was invented by Schr\u00f6dinger to demonstrate the foolishness of thinking about quantum states for large objects. It has also been referenced many times in pop culture.\nThe thought experiment was also designed to demonstrate the absurdities of the cat being alive and dead at the same time until observed as a way to debate the idea of the observer effect causing the collapse of the wave function and can also be considered in the simplified thought experiment, if I were to say \"I'm thinking of a number between 1 and 100, can you guess which number\" then until you start asking questions to narrow it down and observe new information, then you would have to assume I'm thinking of every number at the same time placing my mind in a state of super position but I can assure it is not."}
+{"id": "43224", "revid": "9944871", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43224", "title": "Wollongong, New South Wales", "text": "Wollongong () is a city in New South Wales, Australia. It is on the eastern coast of Australia, , just over one hour from the south of Sydney and 2.5 hours from Canberra. It is the third largest city in New South Wales, after Sydney and Newcastle. It has passenger trains to and from Sydney."}
+{"id": "43225", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43225", "title": "Yule", "text": "Yuletide is a pagan holiday also known as the Winter solstice. Generally celebrated by Wiccans and Northern European Christians. \"Yuletide\" celebrates the birth of the Sun and also celebrates the \"Mother\" at the height of her \"Greatness\". \nPagans celebrate Yuletide in many ways, most will decorate a \"Yuletide\" tree, keep it in their homes until most of the leaves fall off then burn the Yule log. Many Wiccans will decorate their alters with Yule colours and items and generally just honour the Goddess.\nYuletide in Christianity.\nThe Christian holiday, Christmas, was created by the Christian Romans based around the polytheistic (many Gods) Sun God festival (Sol Invictis) on the winter solstice, and people in northern Europe combined it with their Yule festival. Yule is celebrated on the 25th of December by most Northern Europeans and the 21st of December, by Wiccans and many non religious groups. For them, Yule is celebrated as the longest night of the year. It is the night when the sun sets earliest and rises latest the next day. The Wiccan ritual includes thanking the Goddess for the past year and asking for a happiness in the year to come."}
+{"id": "43229", "revid": "1663316", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43229", "title": "List of cities in Australia", "text": "This is a list of cities in Australia sorted by state."}
+{"id": "43230", "revid": "5804", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43230", "title": "Darwin, Australia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43231", "revid": "4580", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43231", "title": "Gameboy Video", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43233", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43233", "title": "Warrnambool, Victoria", "text": "Warrnambool is a city on the south-western coast of Victoria, Australia. About 34,000 people live in the city. It is at the western end of the Great Ocean Road. It is also on the Princes Highway which links Melbourne and Adelaide. Warrnambool is 265 kilometres and 3 hours from Melbourne by road or rail. The name \"Warrnambool\" is an Indigenous Australian word meaning \"water between two rivers\", \"two swamps\", or \"plenty of water\".\nThere are daily trains to Melbourne, via Geelong, and buses to Ballarat, Hamilton and Mount Gambier, South Australia.\nThe average maximum temperatures are 22 C in summer and 14 C in winter.\nThe Mahogany Ship.\nIt is possible that the first European people to come to Warrnambool arrived in the 1500s. There is a wrecked ship in the sand dunes near Warrnambool which historians believe is an early Portuguese ship. It may have been part of an expedition in 1522, led by Christovao Mendonca. The wreck was first seen in 1836, but the last sighting was in 1880. It is now covered in sand, and its exact location is now unknown. It is just one of the 80 wrecked ships along the coast. There are 29 wrecks in Lady Bay at Warrnambool. The first recorded exploration of this part of the Victorian coast was by the French explorer Nicholas Baudin in 1802. During the 1830s whaler hunters lived on the coast during the whaling season.\nEarly settlement.\nFarmers began to settle along the coast during the 1840s. In 1846 the town was surveyed and laid out, and the first land sale was held in 1847."}
+{"id": "43238", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43238", "title": "Whitney Sloan", "text": "Whitney Adela Sloan (born August 21, 1988) is an English actress. She is from London, England. Perhaps her most notable role is in a recent Disney made movie, \"Go Figure\"."}
+{"id": "43239", "revid": "9363553", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43239", "title": "Macedonia", "text": "Macedonia or Macedonian may refer to:"}
+{"id": "43240", "revid": "10415664", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43240", "title": "Rock paper scissors", "text": "Rock paper scissors (RPS) is a two-person hand game. It is often used as a selection method in a similar way to coin flipping or drawing straws to randomly select a person for some purpose. However, unlike truly random selections, it can be played with skill if the game extends over many sessions, as a player can often recognize and exploit the non-random behavior of an opponent.\nSportsmen often use RPS (both officially and unofficially, in place of a coin toss) to decide on opening plays. Similarly, uncertain calls, or even the whole game in case of rain, may be so decided. It is also often used as a method for creating appropriately non-biased random results in live action role-playing games, as it requires no equipment. It is also used in some gambling sites as a form of novelty betting.\nThe exact name of the game can vary, with the three components appearing in a different order, or with \"stone\" in place of \"rock\". Non-English speakers may know the game by their local words for \"rock, paper, scissors\", although it is also known as Janken or Yakyuken in Japan, Kawi Bawi Bo in Korea, Pierre-Papier-Ciseaux in France, Ca-Chi-Pun in Chile, and in South Africa as Ching-Chong-Cha, the words used in the 'count'.\nThe players both count aloud to three, or speak the name of the game (e.g. \"Rock! Paper! Scissors!\" or \"Reaux! Sham! Beaux!\"), each time raising one hand in a fist and swinging it down on the count. On the third count, or on a further beat after the third count (saying \"shoot\"), the players change their hands into one of three gestures, which they then \"throw\" by extending it towards their opponent.\nRock is represented by a closed fist. \nPaper is represented by an open hand. \nScissors is represented by the index and middle fingers extended. \nThe objective is to select a gesture which defeats that of the opponent. Gestures are resolved as follows:\nRock blunts/smashes scissors; rock wins. \nPaper covers rock; paper wins. \nScissors cut paper; scissors wins. \nIn terms of logic, this type of game is intransitive.\nIf both players choose the same gesture, the game is tied and played again.\nIn some variations of the game, the winner of each round \"uses\" the weapon on the opponent's weapon, to demonstrate that they have won.\nRPS is frequently played in a \"best two out of three\" match, and tournament players often prepare sequences of three gestures ahead of time.\nPopularity.\nThe game is famous in Korea, Japan, China, and the United States."}
+{"id": "43244", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43244", "title": "Darwin", "text": "Darwin can mean:"}
+{"id": "43248", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43248", "title": "Katie Leung", "text": "Katie Leung (born 8 August 1987) is a Scottish actress. She is most famous for her role as Cho Chang in the \"Harry Potter\" series. She was born in Dundee, Scotland.\nHer parents, Peter and Kar Wai Li Leung, are Chinese immigrants. After her parents got divorced, she lived with her father in a \u00a3400,000 house in Motherwell, Scotland. Her two brothers and a younger sister, also lived with her. Her father owns a restaurant and a fast food business in Motherwell. Leung went to school at Hamilton College, a Scottish private school in Glasgow. She speaks fluent Cantonese and some Mandarin.\nLeung has been named as Scotland's most stylish female and as the hottest Scotswoman by \"The Scotsman\". She has also been in \"Teen Vogue\" and in \"Evening Standard\"."}
+{"id": "43253", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43253", "title": "Psycho (movie)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43262", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43262", "title": "Film noir", "text": "Film noir is a term used to describe crime drama movies from Hollywood that are often focused on sex, crime, and corruption. \nFilm noir movies were mostly made from the early 1940s to the late 1950s in the United States, and they were usually filmed in black-and-white. The term \"film noir\" comes from the French term for \"black film\" or \"dark film\". Film noir movies include many different genres of movies, such as gangster movies, police movies, and detective movies. \nFilm noir movies were often filmed so that there were many dark shadows in the movie, even on characters' faces. The Hollywood film noir movies were influenced by German film directors such as Fritz Lang, who used dramatic lighting techniques. Another influence on film noir movies was 1930s French books or movies about heroes who would die at the end of the story or stories with sad endings. Film noir movies were also influenced by crime fiction, such as the detective and crime stories by Dashiell Hammett, James M. Cain, and Raymond Chandler.\nExamples of film noir movies and actors.\nSome important film noir movies are: \"Stranger on the Third Floor\" (1940); \"The Maltese Falcon\" (1941) \"Double Indemnity\" (1944) \"The Big Sleep\" (1946) \"The Postman Always Rings Twice\" (1946); \"Key Largo\" (1948);\"Kiss Me Deadly\" (1955), and \"Touch of Evil\" (1958). \nThe important actors from Hollywood film noir movies were Robert Mitchum, Humphrey Bogart, and Peter Lorre.\nMovies from after the film noir period.\nThe film noir period was the 1940s and 1950s. Even in the years after the 1950s, some movies were made in the film noir style. In the 1960s and 1970s, there were movies like \"The Manchurian Candidate\" (1962) and \"Chinatown\" (1974), which were influenced by the film noir movies from the 1950s.\nIn the 1980s and 1990s there were movies that were a bit like film noir movies, like \"Body Heat\" (1981), \"Basic Instinct\" (1992), \"Kill Me Again\" (1989),\" Red Rock West\" (1992), and \"Fargo\" (1996). In the 2000s, there are also movies that are like film noir movies in some ways. For example, there are films such as \"Memento\" (2000) and \"Sin City\" (2005). \nThere are also science fiction movies that look a bit like film noir movies because they look dark and they have a lead character who does some bad things, such as \"Soylent Green\" (1973); \"Blade Runner\" (1982), which starred Harrison Ford; and \"Minority Report\" (2002), which starred Tom Cruise.\nThings seen in film noir movies.\nFilm noir movies are often shot in cities at night, and the stories often take place in bars, nightclubs, gambling clubs, casinos, and cheap hotels. This makes film noir movies look very dark, because the scenes are shot at night, or inside dark places like a bar or hotel.\nFilm noir movie scenes often have a lot of shadows, such as the shadows of window frames, blinds, or stair banisters. There are also often dark shadows on the movie scenes, even on the faces of the actors. All of the shadows and darkness make the film noir movies feel mysterious and stressful. \nThe characters in film noir movies are often motivated by greed, jealousy, or revenge. The characters in film noir movies are often private detectives or police officers who are investigating crimes committed by bad criminals and gang members such as murder, gambling or prostitution. In film noir movies, there are often stories about robberies, heists, extortion of money (which is called \"blackmail\"), or murder.\nWatching film noir movies.\nIn film noir movies, even the heroes or lead characters are often bad or partly bad in some way. For example, the hero of a film noir movie may help an innocent man or woman who is being threatened by a criminal, or rescue a woman from a criminal gang. Yet the hero or lead character may also do bad things, such as commit crimes, hurt or threaten people, or tell lies. \nOften, the hero or lead character of a film noir film will be bitter, sad, lonely, or depressed, because of bad things that happened to them. The person watching the movie has to decide if they think that a hero who does both good and bad things is a good person or not. The stories from film noir movies can make the audience think about how people should act, or how people should make choices in their life. This is one of the things that people like about watching film noir movies.\nFilm noir movies are not happy movies. In happy movies, like romance movies, people fall in love, get married, and live happy lives. In film noir movies, sad things happen. A good man with a wife might need money for their rent, and borrow the money from a criminal gang leader, because the good man has no other way of getting the money. Then the bad gang leader might force the good man to do bad things to pay back the money. Maybe the bad gang leader will threaten to hurt the good man's wife. Then the good man has to decide between protecting his wife or doing a bad crime. \nPeople who watch film noir movies like to see stories about people who have to make hard choices, or people whose lives have sad things happen in them. Real life is not a romantic comedy; people often have to make hard choices or have sad things happen.\nBooks about film noir.\nRobert Ottoson wrote a book in 1981 about film noir called \"A Reference Guide to the American Film Noir: 1940\u20131958\"."}
+{"id": "43263", "revid": "1452189", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43263", "title": "Jazz fusion", "text": "Jazz fusion (or \"jazz-rock fusion\" or fusion) is a genre or style of music. Jazz fusion mixes jazz with rock. Some jazz fusion also uses funk, rhythm and blues and world music.\nJazz fusion is usually played with instruments, without singing. The songs are often longer than those in pop music. A jazz fusion song could be five to ten minutes long. A pop song is usually about three minutes long. Also, jazz fusion songs have a long solo played by instruments. Frank Zappa, for example, had long guitar solos in his music, which was of the jazz fusion genre. In jazz fusion, solos are improvised, or made up as they are played, during a performance.\nJazz fusion music is not heard much on the radio in the United States or Canada. In Europe, it is more popular on radio stations.\nHistory.\nJazz fusion began in the late 1960s in the United States. In the late 1960s jazz musicians such as Miles Davis and a band called The Tony Williams Lifetime began using electric instruments such as electric bass and electric piano in their jazz music. As well, jazz musicians began adding rhythms or beats from soul music, rhythm and blues, and rock music into their jazz music. Two important jazz fusion albums are \"In a Silent Way\" and \"Bitches Brew.\"\nIn the 1970s, more people began playing jazz fusion. It became more popular, so more people began listening to jazz fusion and going to jazz fusion concerts. In the 1970s, jazz musicians such as Herbie Hancock, Joe Zawinul, Jan Hammer and Chick Corea began using electronic synthesizers in their songs.\nIn the early 1980s, a new style of jazz fusion called \"pop fusion\" began being played. This new style of pop fusion was softer and slower than fusion from the early 1970s. Pop fusion was played a lot more on the radio than the fusion from the early 1970s. Pop fusion musicians include Lee Ritenour, Al Jarreau, Kenny G, Bob James and David Sanborn.\nSteve Vai was an icon of jazz fusion in the 1980s and played extensive guitar based jazz fusion instrumentals."}
+{"id": "43264", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43264", "title": "Pyscho", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43266", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43266", "title": "Stadio Olimpico", "text": "Stadio Olimpico is a sports stadium in Rome, Italy."}
+{"id": "43267", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43267", "title": "Insulation", "text": "Insulation might mean:"}
+{"id": "43270", "revid": "10483201", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43270", "title": "Arc de Triomphe", "text": "The Arc de Triomphe de l'\u00c9toile is commonly known as Arc de Triomphe (meaning \"arch of victory\"). It is a famous monument in Paris. It is at the centre of the Place Charles de Gaulle. This was formerly called the \"Place de l'\u00c9toile\" at the western end of the Champs-Elys\u00e9es. \nEmperor Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte commissioned it in 1806 after victory in the Battle of Austerlitz. It was inaugurated on 29 July 1836. It is a large arch, but it is not possible to drive underneath it. Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Chalgrin designed it, and it has roughly 300 steps that lead to the top. It has four main sculptures and six reliefs. Just beneath the vault of the arch, there is the tomb of the unknown soldier. The names of French generals and battles are engraved on the walls. The first stone was laid on August 6th, 1806. It is over 160 feet high and serves as a gate/entryway for the city."}
+{"id": "43271", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43271", "title": "Show", "text": "Show can mean different things:"}
+{"id": "43273", "revid": "460714", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43273", "title": "Traffic light", "text": "Traffic lights (or traffic signals or stoplights) are lights used to control the movement of traffic. They are placed at road intersections and crossings. The different colours of lights tell drivers what to do.\nIn South Africa, they call them robots.\nIn Japan, the green light is also blue because \"ao\" in Japanese means green and blue.\nLight cycles.\nTraffic lights change their colours in the same order every time. In most English-speaking countries, traffic lights usually change in this order:\nLester Wire was credited with the invention of the electric traffic light in 1912 in Salt Lake City, Utah. Garrett Morgan, an African-American inventor, also developed a traffic signalling system, and was one of the first people to get a patent for a traffic light.\nWilliam Potts, a Detroit police officer, invented the first traffic light with three colours in 1920 in Detroit, Michigan."}
+{"id": "43274", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43274", "title": "Railway signal", "text": "A railway signal or just signal is a mechanical or electrical machine that gives train drivers or engineers information about the line ahead. These traffic signals say whether the train must stop or may continue and what speed the train may go.\nIn Britain, modern signalling uses a system similar to road traffic lights. The signals are coloured lights mounted on a pole. A red signal means 'do not go further'. A yellow signal gives a warning to the driver that the next signal is showing a red. Some signals can show two yellow lights, known as a \"double yellow\" and are warnings to the driver that the next signal is showing a yellow. A green signal means 'you can continue'.\nOn older lines semaphore signals are still used. These are poles with a coloured bar at the top, which can be moved so that it is either horizontal, or at an angle. When a red bar is horizontal this means that the train must stop, and when it is pointing diagonally up or down it means that it's safe for the driver to continue. There are also signals with yellow bars which give warnings in the same way as yellow lights on newer signals."}
+{"id": "43278", "revid": "9946344", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43278", "title": "Maitland, New South Wales", "text": "Maitland () is a city in New South Wales, Australia. The city is on the Hunter River. Maitland is 200 km north of Sydney and 30 km northwest of Newcastle. Maitland is the largest city that is not on the sea in New South Wales. The Maitland Gaol, which closed in 1998, is now a tourist attraction. It has passenger trains to and from Sydney."}
+{"id": "43279", "revid": "10040766", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43279", "title": "Benalla", "text": "Benalla is a city in Victoria, Australia. In 2016, 9,298 people lived there. Benalla is on the Hume Highway between Sydney and Melbourne. The town is on the Broken River, which often floods. Benalla has a station on the main railway line between Sydney and Melbourne. Benalla is widely known for its annual 'Wall to Wall' festival which sees many tourists through the area to visit the wall art. \nHistory.\nMajor Thomas Mitchell went through this area on his way back to Sydney in 1836. One of the men with him, a convict named James Taylor, was drowned while trying to cross the Broken River. After Mitchell many farmers arrived with sheep to make new farms. The Reverend Joseph Docker (1793 - 1865) started a farm called \"Benalta\" in 1838 but later settled on the run Bontherambo, near Wangaratta. The name came from the Taungurung Australian aboriginal word meaning \"musk duck\". The name was later changed to Benalla.\nSeven men, working for farmers George and William Faithfull, were killed by the aborigines at Winding Swamp on April 11 1838. The police under Captain Lonsdale killed many Taungurung people as punishment. Their ears were cut off and taken back to Melbourne as a trophy (prize).\nThe town of Benalla was surveyed in 1846.\nBotanical gardens.\nThe Benalla Botanical Gardens were started in 1886. They cover an area of . The gardens are well known for their collection of roses. The gardens also have three \"Ulmus x viminalis\", an elm tree hybrid. These trees are listed on the Significant Tree Register of the National Trust. They are the only known examples of the hybrid elm in Australia."}
+{"id": "43281", "revid": "1508978", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43281", "title": "Grafton, New South Wales", "text": "Grafton (, ) is a small city on the northern coast of New South Wales, Australia. It is on the Clarence River and is 640 kilometres north of Sydney. The town is famous for its double-decker road/railway bridge. There are passenger trains to and from Sydney or Brisbane and buses to and from Moree."}
+{"id": "43284", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43284", "title": "Drown", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43293", "revid": "10025556", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43293", "title": "Zupaysaurus", "text": "Zupaysaurus was a dinosaur that lived in South America 213 million years ago, during the Upper Triassic period. It was about 5 meters (15 feet) long. A dinosaur very similar to it, \"Dracovenator\", lived in South Africa at the same time. \nDuring the Triassic period, all the continents were connected to form the supercontinent of Pangaea, and animals could migrate freely between them. Zupaysaurus was a carnivore. "}
+{"id": "43295", "revid": "1061539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43295", "title": "Zephyrosaurus", "text": "Zephyrosaurus was a small dinosaur. It was a relative of Hypsilophodon. It lived 132 million years ago, in the western part of what is now North America. It was 6\u00a0ft (2 metres) long and 3\u00a0ft (1 metre) high.\nThe remains are bones from various parts of the body. It had a steep face, a raised knob on the upper jaw, and a larger knob on the cheekbone. Some of the bones may have allowed movement within the skull (cranial kinesis) as well. Like other hypsilophodonts, it had beak teeth."}
+{"id": "43296", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43296", "title": "Hypsilophodon", "text": "Hypsilophodon was a small, fast-running, plant-eating dinosaur. It lived 125 million years ago, was 2.3 metres long (7/8 feet), including tail, and weighed about the same as a man.\nIt was originally thought to be a young \"Iguanodon\" which could climb trees. Later it was realised to be a different species, and to be a running dinosaur, not adapted for climbing.\nPalaeobiology.\nLike most small dinosaurs, \"Hypsilophodon\" was bipedal and ran on two legs. Its entire body was built for running; a light-weight, low, aerodynamic posture, long legs and stiff tail for balance. All this would have allowed it to travel remarkably fast for its size.\n\"Hypsilophodon\" fed on low-growing vegetation, most likely preferring young shoots and roots in the manner of modern deer. The structure of its skull, with the teeth set far back into the jaw, strongly suggests that it had cheeks, an advanced feature that would have facilitated the chewing of food. There were twenty-eight to thirty ridged teeth in the animal's jaw which, due to their alternate arrangement, appear to have been self-sharpening. As in almost all dinosaurs and certainly all the ornithischians, the teeth were continuously replaced.\nThe level of parental care in this dinosaur has not been defined, although a neatly-arranged nest has been found, suggesting that some care was taken before hatching. Fossils of large groups have been found, so it is likely that the animals moved in herds. For these reasons, the hypsilophodonts, particularly \"Hypsilophodon\", have often been referred to as the \"deer of the Mesozoic\".\nDespite living in the Cretaceous, \"Hypsilophodon\" had a number of primitive, or basal, features. For example, there were five fingers on each 'hand' and four on each foot. Most dinosaurs had fewer digits by the Cretaceous period. Also, although it had a beak, \"Hypsilophodon\" still had pointed triangular teeth in the front of the jaw. Most herbivorous dinosaurs had, by this stage, lost the front teeth altogether (although there is some debate as to whether these teeth may have had a specialized function in \"Hypsilophodon\").\nThe group Hypsilophodontidae remained the same from the Upper Jurassic to the end of the Cretaceous. It is possible that this was because the animals were almost perfectly adapted to their lifestyle, therefore selective pressure, it is assumed, was low.\nHypsilophodontidae.\nThe family named after \"Hysilophodon\" has these genera:"}
+{"id": "43298", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43298", "title": "Dryosaurus", "text": "Dryosaurus was a small plant-eating ornithopod dinosaur that lived in forests of western North America around 150 million years ago.\nIts family, the Dryosauridae, were precursors (ancestors) of the Iguanodons, and lived from the Middle Jurassic to the Lower Cretaceous."}
+{"id": "43299", "revid": "121204", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43299", "title": "Iguanodon", "text": "Iguanodon is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous period in Europe, North America, Africa and Asia. It lived 125/126 million years ago (mya).\nDiscovered in 1822 and described three years later by English geologist Gideon Mantell, \"Iguanodon\" was the second dinosaur formally named, after \"Megalosaurus\". Together with \"Megalosaurus\" and \"Hylaeosaurus\", it was one of the three genera originally used to define the Dinosauria.\nA large, bulky herbivore, \"Iguanodon\" is thought by some to be in the same family as the duck-billed hadrosaurs. The taxonomy of the genus continues to be a topic of study as new species are named or long-standing ones reassigned to other genera.\nScientific understanding of \"Iguanodon\" has evolved over time. New information is got from the fossils. Researchers have made suggestions about the living animal, including feeding, movement, and social behaviour. As one of the first scientifically known dinosaurs, \"Iguanodon\" is well known.\nSpecies.\nThere are at least two species recognised:\nPosture and movement.\nBecause its front limbs were shorter than the hindlimbs, Mantell guessed it could move on two legs, as opposed to Owen, who thought it was quadrupedal. As it happens, it probably used both modes. Slow walking would be done on all fours, and faster running on the hind legs. Either way, the position of the body would be more horizontal than upright, with the tail held above the ground by its ossified (bony) ligaments (they can be clearly seen on the skeleton). It would defend itself against predators on its hind legs, using its strong front arms and dagger-like thumbs as weapons.\nEating.\nThe teeth were close-set grinding teeth suitable for a browser. it is believed that, as with most other ornithischians, \"Iguanodon\" had some sort of cheek-like structure, muscular or non-muscular, to keep food in the mouth."}
+{"id": "43300", "revid": "7501045", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43300", "title": "Xylem", "text": "Xylem is a tissue in vascular plants. Its cells have thick, hard walls. Xylem tissue dies soon after it is formed and is the wood in the middle of a tree. The dead cells are like pipes, hollow and rigid.\nXylem is one of two tissues in the plant which transport substances that plants need to live. Substances that xylem transports include water and minerals obtained through the plant's roots, as xylem runs from the roots to the stems and leaves. The other transport tissue is the phloem, which transports energy in the form of sugar (as well as any other chemicals) from the leaves to the rest of the plant.\nXylem cells are present in all parts of a plant, in stems, roots, and leaves. Water is carried against gravity by the negative pressure that builds up through the process of transpiration, which is the evaporation of moisture in leaves.\nXylem consists of four types of cells:\nMost of these cells are dead cells and have thick walls."}
+{"id": "43301", "revid": "1694305", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43301", "title": "Allosaurus", "text": "Allosaurus was a large theropod dinosaur from the Jurassic period, a predatory carnivore. \"Allosaurus\" averaged 8.5 metres (28\u00a0ft) in length, though some remains suggest it could reach over 12 meters (39\u00a0ft). Its three-fingered forelimbs were smaller than its large hind legs, and the body was balanced by a long, heavy tail. It weighed 2.3 tons. It is the most common large predator found in the Morrison Formation of Colorado. This formation was laid down 155 to 145 million years ago, in the Jurassic. \"Allosaurus\" was at the top of the food chain. It probably preyed on large herbivorous dinosaurs and perhaps even other predators, including \"Ceratosaurus\" and \"Marshosaurus\". Potential prey included ornithopods, stegosaurs, and sauropods.\nSome paleontologists think \"Allosaurus\" had cooperative behavior, and hunted in packs. Others believe they may have been aggressive toward each other. Groups have been found together in the fossil record. This might be evidence of pack behavior, or just the result of lone individuals feeding on the same carcass. Remains of many individuals have been found, including some which are almost complete. Over sixty-nine individuals from one species have been found.\nFeeding.\nSauropods, live or dead, seem to be likely candidates of prey. \"Apatosaurus\" bones with holes fitting allosaur teeth, and the presence of shed allosaur teeth with \"Camarasaurus\" bones have also been found.\nThere is dramatic evidence for allosaur attacks on \"Hesperosaurus\" and \"Stegosaurus\". An \"Allosaurus\" tail vertebra has been found with a partially healed puncture which fits a \"Stegosaurus\" thagomizer. Also, there is a \"Hesperosaurus\" neck plate with a U-shaped wound that correlates well with an \"Allosaurus\" snout. \nAn \"Allosaurus\" was probably not a predator of a fully grown \"Haplocanthosaurus\", unless it hunted in packs. It had a modestly sized skull and relatively small teeth, and was greatly outweighed by adult \"Haplocanthosaurus\". Another possibility is that it preferred to hunt juvenile \"Haplocanthosaurus\" instead of fully grown ones.\nResearchers have made other suggestions. Robert T. Bakker compared the short teeth to serrations on a saw. This saw-like cutting edge runs the length of the upper jaw, and could have been driven into prey. This type of jaw would permit slashing attacks against much larger prey, with the goal of weakening the victim.\nAnother study showed the skull was very strong but had a relatively small bite force. The authors suggested that \"Allosaurus\" used its skull like a hatchet against prey, attacking open-mouthed, slashing flesh with its teeth, and tearing it away without splintering bones, but this is disputed by other scientists.\nDifferent strategies could be used against different prey. The skull was light enough to allow attacks on smaller and more agile ornithopods, but strong enough for high-impact ambush attacks against larger prey like stegosaurs and sauropods.\nTheir ideas were challenged by other researchers, who found no modern examples of a hatchet attack. They thought it more likely that the skull was strong to absorb stresses from struggling prey.\nThe original authors noted that \"Allosaurus\" itself has no modern equivalent, so the absence of a modern 'hatchet attacker' was not significant. They thought the tooth row was well-suited to such an attack, and that articulations (joints) in the skull helped to lessen stress.\nAnother possibility for handling large prey is that theropods like \"Allosaurus\" were flesh grazers that take bites of flesh out of living sauropods such as \"Cetiosaurus\", sufficient to sustain the predator so it did not need to kill the prey outright. This strategy might have allowed the victim to recover and be fed upon again later.\nAnother idea is that \"Camptosaurus\" and \"Drinker\", the most common prey of \"Allosaurus\", could be subdued by it grasping the prey with their forelimbs, and then making bites on the throat to crush the trachea. The forelimbs were strong and capable of restraining prey, and the articulation of the claws suggests that they could have been used to hook things.\nThe shape of the \"Allosaurus\" skull limited binocular vision to 20\u00b0 of width, slightly less than that of modern crocodilians. As with crocodiles, this may have been enough to judge prey distance and time attacks. The similar width of their field of view suggests that allosaurs, like modern crocodiles, were ambush hunters.\nFinally, the top speed of \"Allosaurus\" has been estimated at 30 to 55\u00a0kilometers per hour (19 to 34\u00a0miles per hour).\nCleveland-Lloyd discoveries.\nThe fossil site known as the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry in Emery County, Utah was known in 1927, but major operations did not begin there until 1960. An effort from nearly 40\u00a0institutions got thousands of bones between 1960 and 1965. The quarry is notable for the many \"Allosaurus\" remains, the condition of the specimens, and our ignorance of its ancient origin. It is estimated that the remains of at least 46\u00a0\"A. fragilis\" have been found there, out of at least 73\u00a0dinosaurs. The fossils found there are disarticulated (separate) and well-mixed.\nSuggestions as to how it arose include animals getting stuck in a bog, to becoming trapped in deep mud, to falling victim to drought-induced mortality around a waterhole, to getting trapped in a spring-fed pond or seep. Regardless of the cause, the great quantity of well-preserved \"Allosaurus\" remains means the animal is one of the best-known theropods. Individuals of almost all ages and sizes are found, from less than 1\u00a0meter (3.3\u00a0ft) to 12\u00a0meters (39\u00a0ft) long.\nSpecies.\nThere are five species of \"Allosaurus\": \nMedia.\n\"Allosaurus,\" like \"Tarbosaurus\", \"Tyrannosaurus\" and \"Torvosaurus\", has come to represent the fourth large, carnivorous dinosaur in popular culture.\nIt is a common dinosaur in museums. A number of museums cooperated in excavations at the Cleveland Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry. By 1976, museums in eight countries on three continents had Cleveland-Lloyd allosaur material or casts. \"Allosaurus\" is the official 'state fossil' of Utah. \"Allosaurus\" is top predator in both Arthur Conan Doyle's 1912 novel, \"The Lost World.\"\n\"Allosaurus\" was depicted as a species of \"Tyrannosaurus\" in the 1956 horror film \"The Beast of Hollow Mountain\", and the 1969 film \"The Valley of Gwangi\". Gwangi is billed as an \"Allosaurus\", though Ray Harryhausen named it as a \"Tyrannosaurus\". \"Allosaurus\" appeared in the second episode of the 1999 BBC television series \"Walking with Dinosaurs\" and the follow-up special \"The Ballad of Big Al\", which speculated on the life of the 'Big Al' specimen, as revealed by the numerous injuries and pathologies in its skeleton."}
+{"id": "43303", "revid": "1560693", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43303", "title": "Ceratosaurus", "text": "Ceratosaurus was a genus of middle sized primitive predatory dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic period, 161.2 million to 145 million years ago in the Oxfordian (stage). \nIt was first described by O.C. Marsh in 1884. It had a horn on its nose, and a pair of small horns above its eyes. Unusually, for a theropod, \"Ceratosaurus\" had armour: small osteoderms ran down the middle of its back.\nThe animal had deep jaws and long blade-like teeth. A nearly complete skeleton was discovered in Garden Park, Colorado, in rocks belonging to the Morrison Formation.Other examples or close relatives have since been found.Ceratosaurus was a middle sized carnivorous dinosaur found in the Jurassic period. Ceratosaurus was known for the large horns on the top of its head.Ceratosaurus was in the same time as the allosaurus,stegosaurus and many more.Ceratosaurus was ranged from 9.2 meters long to 11.6 meters long.\nThis made it a fast and dependable predator. Ceratosaurus had 4 fingers mostly used for grasping\\clutching objects. Ceratosaurus teeth were around 1.7-2.1 inches tall. Scientists have found bite marks of Ceratosaurus in many dinosaurs including, Allosaurus,Stegosaurus, possibly Dryosaurus, and many more."}
+{"id": "43304", "revid": "9590546", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43304", "title": "Carnotaurus", "text": "Carnotaurus was a predatory dinosaur. It lived 70 million years ago in the Cretaceous period. It was a large theropod which lived in South America. Although there is only one well-preserved skeleton, it is one of the best-understood theropods from the southern hemisphere. The skeleton, found in 1984, was uncovered in the Chubut Province of Argentina.\n\"Carnotaurus\" is a member of the Abelisauridae, a group of large theropods. They lived only in the ancient southern supercontinent Gondwana. They were the dominant predators of the later Cretaceous of Gondwana. They occupied the ecological niche filled by the tyrannosaurids in the northern continents. \nDescription.\n\"Carnotaurus\" was a lightly built, bipedal predator, about 4.6 m (16 ft) tall, in length and weighing . As a theropod, \"Carnotaurus\" was highly specialized and distinctive. It had thick horns above the eyes, a feature not seen in other carnivorous dinosaurs, and a very deep skull sitting on a muscular neck. Also, it had small, vestigial forelimbs, smaller even than those of \"Tyrannosaurus\".\nThe remains include skin impressions showing a mosaic of small, non-overlapping scales about 5\u00a0mm in diameter. The mosaic was interrupted by large bumps that lined the sides of the animal, and there are no hints of feathers.\nThe distinctive horns and muscular neck may have been used in fighting rivals of its own species. Rivals may have fought with quick head blows, by slow pushes with the upper sides of their skulls, or by ramming each other head-on, using their horns as shock absorbers. The feeding habits of \"Carnotaurus\" remain unclear. Some studies suggest the animal was able to hunt down very large prey such as sauropods, while other studies find it preyed mainly on relatively small animals. \"Carnotaurus\" was well adapted for running and was possibly one of the fastest large theropods.\nPalaeoecology.\nThe animal lived in an environment of estuaries, tidal flats or coastal plains. The climate would have been seasonal with both dry and humid periods. The most common vertebrates collected include lungfish, turtles, crocodiles, plesiosaurs, dinosaurs, lizards, snakes and mammals. Turtles are represented by at least five taxa. In 2011, the discovery of a new enantiornithine bird from the La Colonia Formation was announced.\nMedia.\nIt appears in the movie \"Dinosaur\" (2000), when two Carnotaurus were killing other species of Iguanodon, Parasaurolophus, Pachyrhinosaurus or Stygimoloch. And in \"\" (2018), when fighting a Sinoceratops and gets taken down by the iconic \"Rexy\" the Tyrannosaurus rex. Later on in the movie, it escapes the \"Lockwood Manor\". It also appears in Michael Crichton's book \"The Lost World\" (1995)"}
+{"id": "43306", "revid": "9251719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43306", "title": "Coelophysis", "text": "Coelophysis was a small fast running carnivorous dinosaur. It is one of the earliest known genera of dinosaur. \"Coelophysis\" was found in Upper Triassic strata dated to about 200 million years ago (mya). It lived in what is now the southwestern United States. Similar dinosaurs are found all over the world at that time.\n\"Coelophysis\" walked on two legs (as did all theropods). It was no more than about three feet (1 meter) tall at the hips but because of a long tail could be almost 10 feet (3 meters) long. There is some evidence that these animals hunted in packs, from the large numbers found together at the Ghost Ranch fossil site in New Mexico.\nLifestyle.\nSexual dimorphism.\nTwo different sizes of this species have been found in the fossil record. At first paleontologists thought that they were two different species, but most now think that this is because \"Coelophysis\" males were larger than the females. This trait, known as sexual dimorphism, is often seen today in many animal species.\nVision.\n\"Coelophysis\" had a long narrow head (approximately ), with large, forward-facing eyes that afforded it stereoscopic vision and as a result excellent depth perception. The eyes were supported by bony rings (\"sclerotic\" rings). The complete sclerotic ring of a juvenile \"Coelophysis bauri\" was compared to those of reptiles and birds. Evidently \"Coelophysis\" was a daytime predator which hunted by sight. The study found that its vision was superior to that of most lizards, and ranked with that of modern birds of prey.\nConditions of find.\nFor a while, it was thought that \"Coelophysis\" were cannibalistic, because what looked like \"Coelophysis\" babies were seen in the stomach of an adult \"Coelophysis\". However, these specimens were misinterpreted. Several specimens of \"juvenile coelophysids\" were actually small crurotarsan reptiles such as \"Hesperosuchus\". In some cases bigger individuals were crushed on top of smaller ones. There is no longer any evidence to support cannibalistic behavior in \"Coelophysis\".\nHistory of its discovery.\nEdward Drinker Cope first named \"Coelophysis\" in 1889. This was during the \"Bone Wars\" with Othniel Charles Marsh. An amateur fossil collector, David Baldwin, found the first remains of the dinosaur in 1881. The type species, \"C. bauri\" was named after him. These first finds were too poorly preserved to give a complete picture of the new dinosaur.\nIn 1947, a substantial 'graveyard' of \"Coelophysis\" fossils was found in New Mexico, at Ghost Ranch, close to the original find. So many fossils together were probably the result of a flash flood, which swept away a large number of \"Coelophysis\" and buried them quickly and simultaneously. It seems such flooding was commonplace at the time. The Petrified Forest of nearby Arizona was caused by a log jam of tree trunks caught in a flood.\nThe Ghost Ranch specimens were numerous, with many well-preserved specimens. Since the Ghost Ranch specimens were discovered, more skeletons have been found in Arizona, New Mexico and an as-yet unconfirmed specimen from Utah, including both adults and juveniles. The deposits where \"Coelophysis\" was discovered date from the late Triassic, but similar specimens have been found in the Lower Jurassic elsewhere in the world.\n\"Coelophysis\" is the state fossil of New Mexico. Examples have also been found in Southern Africa."}
+{"id": "43307", "revid": "1647235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43307", "title": "Dilophosaurus", "text": "Dilophosaurus (which means \"double-crested reptile\") was a medium-to-large carnivorous dinosaur that lived about 201-182 million years ago, during the Early Jurassic period. It was one of the earliest large meat-eating dinosaurs known to science.\nDilophosaurus was around 6 to 7 meters (20 to 23 feet) long and walked on two strong legs. It had long arms with sharp claws, a long tail for balance, and a slender, lightweight body that helped it move quickly. Its most famous feature was the pair of thin, bony crests on top of its head. These crests may have been used to attract mates or to show off to rivals, but they were too fragile for fighting.\nScientists have changed their ideas about Dilophosaurus many times. Since it was discovered in the 1940s, it has been placed into at least nine different groups of theropod dinosaurs. Some researchers think it was related to smaller dinosaurs like Coelophysis, while others believe it belongs in its own special branch of early meat-eaters.\nFossils of Dilophosaurus have mostly been found in what is now the western United States and China Back then, the land was covered with slow-moving rivers and flat floodplains. These wet environments helped preserve the bones. Although not many details are known about its daily life, its sharp teeth and strong jaws show that it ate meat, possibly hunting small dinosaurs or scavenging from larger animals.\n\"Dilophosaurus\" was shown in the movies, \"Jurassic Park and\" \"Jurassic World Dominion,\" aswell as the documentary, \"When Dinosaurs Roamed America\"."}
+{"id": "43308", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43308", "title": "SimCity 4", "text": "SimCity 4 is the fourth sequel to the SimCity computer game. It was created by Maxis and published by Electronic Arts.\nNew Features.\nThe main new feature in this game is the addition of 'God Mode'. This is one of the three elements of gameplay. Players can add mountains, lakes, rivers and canyons to their landscape.\nAnother feature is \"MySims\" mode, a mode that lets players import their Sims from the game The Sims and add them into their city. This lets players see what they are thinking.\nCities are grouped into regions, which allow different cities in the same region to be connected. They can be connected by road or train, and cities could share water. Some regions come with the game, but you can create your own.\nRCI.\nRCI stands for residential (housing), commercial, and industry demand. The higher the demand, the faster the city grows. No demand or negative demand causes buildings to be empty and run down. \nCity Growth.\nBig buildings show up when you have high density zones. The amount of people living in the city changes the amount of skyscrapers built in the city. Skyscrapers can be built when residential population reaches 30,000, and when commercial population reaches 45,000."}
+{"id": "43311", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43311", "title": "Elasmosaurus", "text": "Elasmosaurus was a 46 foot long swimming reptile that lived in the North American Inland Sea. It was a plesiosaur. \nIt was first discovered in 1868 by a scientist named Edward Drinker Cope who accidentally put the head on the tail. It had 71 cervical vertebrae. \nIt was suggested by D.M.S. Watson that their method was as surface swimmers, mostly eating with their head above water, darting down to snatch smaller fish which were feeding on plankton. It is hard to see the benefit of a long neck under water. Aquatic mammals operating under water all have a streamlined torpedo-shape, as did pliosaurs and ichthyosaurs. All the longer-necked families were, from the setting of the teeth and jaws, eaters of small fish. The large number of neck vertebrae is probably linked to the modest degree of flexibility between adjacent vertebrae."}
+{"id": "43314", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43314", "title": "Waffen-SS", "text": "The Waffen-SS was part of the Schutzstaffel (SS). \"Waffen-SS\" means \"Armed SS\" or \"Armed Elite Guards\" in German. The Waffen-SS was a paramilitary organization within the SS. Which is the SS\u2019s own Nazi ground Army . The divisions of the Waffen-SS were made of highly trained soldiers. Their original job was to protect higher-ranking people in the SS and the Nazi Party but later the Waffen-SS became a fully fledged military unit. Together with the \"Sturmabteilung\"\u00a0(\"Storm Battalion,\" or SA), they were used as a paramilitary police force. In 1937, some soldiers were reorganized and nazi leaders gave some SS members the job of guarding and running concentration camps (and, later, death camps). These soldiers were moved from the Waffen-SS to the \"SS-Totenkopfverb\u00e4nde\". But a main time the totenkopfverb\u00e4nde are a part of the SS too.\nIn some of the concentration camps, like Auschwitz and Buchenwald, doctors of the Waffen-SS did experiments on humans.\nHeinrich Himmler led the SS from 1929 until Nazi Germany lost World War II in 1945. After World War II, the SS were found guilty of crimes against humanity, and the SS was completely abolished.\nDivisions of the Waffen-SS.\nThe Waffen-SS was grouped into divisions, as follows:\nThe differences to the normal army units were as follows:\nBritish SS.\nOne of the strangest SS units was the British Free Corps. It was a unit of the Waffen SS during World War II. The unit was made of about 27 prisoners of war from the British Empire. One British soldier who helped recruit other soldiers to join the unit was John Amery. After the war, he was sentenced to death for high treason, he was then executed.\nThe troops after 1945.\nAfter the end of the war, all soldiers were dismissed from the SS, since the SS was dissolved after the fall of the German Reich.In 1951, the \"Hilfsgemeinschaft auf Gegenseitigkeit der ehemaligen Angeh\u00f6rigen der Waffen-SS\" was founded in Germany. This translates to \"Mutual support organisation of former members of the Waffen-SS'.\" In English, it is better known as \"HIAG.\" The group wanted soldiers who were in the Waffen-SS to be treated the same as soldiers of the Wehrmacht (the regular German Armed Forces ).The group also publishes a magazine. The magazine tries to send the message that the Waffen-SS Soldiers were just and not inhumane or war criminals any more than any other soldiers on neither side of the conflict. Sometimes, there are also revisionist articles in it."}
+{"id": "43317", "revid": "6882054", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43317", "title": "Pizzicato", "text": "Pizzicato means: playing a string instrument by plucking the strings (pulling a string with the finger and letting go quickly). Instruments such as the violin, viola, cello and double bass are normally played with a bow, but if the composer wants the player to pluck instead of bow, the word \u201cpizzicato\u201d or just \u201cpizz\u201d is written in the music. When the player has to play with the bow again the word \u201carco\u201d is written in the music (\u201carco\u201d is the Italian word for \u201cbow\u201d).\nHow to play pizzicato.\nWhen instruments of the violin family are played pizzicato the player usually plucks the string with the index finger (pointing finger) of the right hand somewhere over the fingerboard. Bassists typically use the index and middle finger. Sometimes the player may rest the thumb on the edge of the fingerboard to keep the hand steady. Sometimes more fingers can be used for particularly fast pizzicato sections. Cellists and double bass players can use the thumb for plucking, especially for playing chords.\nIt is also possible to play pizzicato with the left hand (the hand which is normally doing the fingering). It is not difficult to pluck an open string with the left hand. Stopped strings are harder, and the brilliant violinist and composer Niccol\u00f2 Paganini wrote some virtuoso pieces with extremely difficult left hand pizzicato. \nVery occasionally violinists may be asked to pluck their instruments holding them down in their laps. This is normally when they are deliberately imitating a guitar.\nVery often players have to change very quickly from bowing to plucking and back again. It is easy to play a bowed note and then immediately a plucked note if the bowed note finished near the heel of the bow (the end where the bow is held). If the bowed note finishes near the tip the player needs a moment to get the hand ready to pluck. It can take a little more time to go back to bowing again because the player has to get the bow back into playing position.\nIf there is a long pizzicato section then it is more comfortable to put the bow down instead of holding it in the right hand all the time. This is fine so long as the player has time to pick the bow up again when it goes back to arco.\nThe sound of pizzicato.\nPizzicato notes sound short and detached (staccato). The player can get different sounds by plucking in different parts of the string. High notes sound very short and dry. Pizzicato notes on the double bass sound much more resonant (big and boomy). Double basses often play pizzicato to give extra rhythmic and harmonic support. For example: in a waltz the cellos and violas might be accompanying the tune with an \u201cum-cha-cha, um-cha-cha\u201d while the double basses just pluck on the \u201cum\u201d (the first beat of the bar). Double basses usually play pizzicato when playing with jazz groups.\nOne special effect can be made by pulling the string hard and letting it go so that it snaps against the fingerboard. Bart\u00f3k used this effect several times. This is not the same as jazz bass players who slap the strings at the end of a note (\u201cslap bass\u201d).\nPizzicato in music history.\nIn orchestras composers used pizzicato in the 17th century. Monteverdi used it in his opera \"Il combattimento di Tancredi e Clorinda\". In the 19th century the Romantic composers often asked for pizzicato. Tchaikovsky\u2019s \"Symphony no 4\" has a whole scherzo movement for pizzicato strings. Johann Strauss wrote a \"Pizzicato Polka\" and in the 20th century Britten wrote a whole movement for pizzicato strings in his \"Simple Symphony\"."}
+{"id": "43321", "revid": "9430780", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43321", "title": "Movement (music)", "text": "Long pieces of classical music are often divided into movements. They are like different sections of the piece. Movements can be quite short, or extremely long. If you listen to a symphony it may often be divided into four movements. In the time of Haydn and Mozart the four movements were normally: a fast movement, a slow movement, a dance-like movement (minuet) and a fast movement to end the work.\nConcert programmes usually show how many movements there are in the work that is being performed. It may show this using Italian musical terms (e.g. \"Allegro\" meaning \"fast\", \"Presto\" meaning \"very fast\" or \"Andante\" meaning \"a gentle walking pace\"). Here is an example:\nRobert Schumann: Symphony no 4 in D minor op.120\nSometimes an orchestra will take a minute or two to retune their instruments, especially in a symphony by Mahler or Shostakovich where one movement might be as long as 25 minutes. At other times the conductor or performer will want to go almost straight on with hardly any break. Sometimes the composer shows that there should be no break at all between movements.\nAudiences in the olden days often used to clap between movements, but usually these days they wait until the end of the work to applaud.\nThe German word for \u201cmovement\u201d (in this musical sense) is \u201cSatz\u201d which really means \u201csentence\u201d. A movement is like a sentence: a collection of things that belong together to make sense. All the movements together are like several sentences: they tell the whole story of music."}
+{"id": "43329", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43329", "title": "Port Hedland, Western Australia", "text": "Port Hedland is a city on the north coast of Western Australia. It has 13,000 people living there. It is the largest city in the Pilbara Region. It has a very large mineral port, because of one of the world's biggest iron deposits."}
+{"id": "43333", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43333", "title": "Worms, Germany", "text": "Worms (pronounced /vo\u0250ms/) is a city in southwestern Germany in the federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz). It lies on the River Rhine. Worms is famous for its local Liebfraumilch wine. It is an industrial center, producing chemicals and metal goods. At the end of 2004, it had 85,829 inhabitants.\nAlong with Cologne and Trier, Worms is one the oldest cities in Germany. But, there is a disagreement which of the three is actually the oldest. The town is mentioned in the \"Nibelungenlied\", an old Germanic saga. The town was also very important because of Martin Luther who defended his case against the emperor Charles V in Worms.\nThe Cathedral of Saint Peter is a very large church in the town. It is one of only three Romanesque cathedrals in Germany. The other two are in Mainz and Speyer. The Worms cathedral is one of the most important Romanesque buildings in Germany. "}
+{"id": "43338", "revid": "9870141", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43338", "title": "Transistor", "text": "A transistor is an electronic component that can be used as part of an amplifier, or as a switch. It is made of a semiconductor material. Transistors are found in most electronic devices. The transistor was a major advancement after the triode tube, with using much less electricity, and lasting many years longer, to switch or amplify another electronic current.\nThe transistor can be used for a variety of different things including amplifiers and digital switches for computer microprocessors. Digital work mostly uses MOSFETs. Some transistors are individually packaged, mainly in order to handle high power. Most transistors are inside integrated circuits.\nHow they work.\nTransistors have three terminals: the gate, the drain, and the source (on a bipolar transistor, the wires can be called the emitter, the collector, and the base). When the source (or emitter) is connected to the negative terminal of the battery, and the drain (or collector) to the positive terminal, no electricity will flow in the circuit (if you have only a lamp in series with the transistor). But when power flows through the gate (or base), the transistor will allow electricity through. This is because when the gate is positively charged, the positive electrons will push other positive electrons in the transistor letting the negative electrons flow through. The transistor can also work when the gate is just positively charged, so it doesn't need to be touching the drain.\nVisualization.\nAn easy way to think of how a transistor works is as a hose with a sharp bend that stops the water from going through. The water is the electrons, and when you positively charge the gate, it unbends the hose, letting water flow.\nThe basic Darlington transistor circuit is formed from two bipolar transistors wired emitter to base so they act as one transistor. One of the transistors is connected so that it controls the current to the base of the other transistor. This means that you can control the same amount of current with a very small amount of current going into the base.\nUses.\nWhen the gate of a P-channel MOSFET is positively charged, electricity will flow through, this is useful for electronics that require a switch to be turned on, making it an electronic switch. This rivals the mechanical switch, which requires a constant force pressing on it.\nIn a MOSFET used as an amplifier, transistors take the flow of the drain and source, and since the source current is so much larger than the drain's current, it is common for the drain's current to rise to the value of the sources, amplifying it.\nMaterials.\nTransistors are made of semiconductor chemical elements, usually silicon, which belongs to the modern Group 14 (formerly Group IV) in the periodic table of elements. Germanium, another group-14 element, is used together with silicon in specialized transistors. Researchers are also studying transistors made from special forms of carbon. Transistors can be also made from compounds like gallium arsenide.\nHistory.\nThe transistor was not the first three terminal device. The triode served the same purpose of the transistor 50 years earlier. Vacuum tubes were important in household technology before transistors. Unfortunately, tubes were big and fragile, used a lot of power, and didn't last very long. The transistor solved these problems.\nThree physicists were credited with the invention of the transistor in 1947: Walter H. Brattain, John Bardeen, and William Shockley who contributed the most.\nImportance.\nThe transistor is a very important component today. If not for the transistor, devices such as cell phones and computers would be very different, or they might have not been invented at all. Transistors have been made very small (dozens of atoms wide) so that billions of them can be put into a small computer chip."}
+{"id": "43339", "revid": "10477777", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43339", "title": "Sex toy", "text": "A sex toy is a device that helps humans get more pleasure when they have sex or when they masturbate. Sometimes these devices are also called adult toys, or marital aid. \"Marital aid\" may also apply to herbs or drugs that have such an effect. Herbs with such an effect are aphrodisiacs. Pornography is not called a sex toy. Neither are condoms or methods of birth control. \nSex toys can be bought in sex shops. There are also special trade fairs for them. And many online stores sell them on the internet.\nCrab-eating Macaques on Bali have been seen as they used stones to sexually stimulate themselves.\nHistory.\nThe idea of a sex toy isn't new. Some, shaped as phalluses, have been made since the Neolithic. There are paintings from Ancient Egypt that show dildos. \nArtifacts from the Upper Paleolithic of a type called b\u00e2ton de commandement could have been used for sexual purposes. Few archaeologists consider these items as sex toys, but archaeologist Timothy Taylor put it, \"Looking at the size, shape, and\u2014some cases\u2014explicit symbolism of the ice age batons, it seems disingenuous to avoid the most obvious and straightforward interpretation. But it has been avoided.\"\nLegality.\nSex toys are illegal in some countries. India considers them obscene, and selling or trading them is banned. In Malaysia, selling dildoes is banned as well.\nEffects.\nThere has been research into sex toys, to see if their use is good for health or not. Most studies show that most people have a positive experience about using sex toys. They report that they are sexually aroused and satisfied more often, that it was easier to get an orgasm (especially for women), and that there was a more playful approach to sex and the fun of something new during sex. There are stores that specialise in sex toys for women. Some organizations link the sale of sex toys with sexual education and aim to support women's sexual empowerment. In clinical settings, more positive effects have been found: Sex toys are used for therapies, for example, in the context of therapy for orgasm disorders. They can also enable people with disabilities to have more sexual activity.\nTypes.\nTypes of sex toys include: "}
+{"id": "43340", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43340", "title": "Adult toy", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43342", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43342", "title": "Marital aid", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43344", "revid": "1260226", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43344", "title": "Compsognathus", "text": "Compsognathus was a small carnivorous theropod dinosaur, from the end of the Jurassic period, around 144 million years ago. It was about a metre long, and ran on two legs, using its long tail to keep its balance.\n\"Compsognathus\" is known from two nearly complete specimens, one from Germany (89\u00a0cm 35\u00a0in long), and another from France (125\u00a0cm 49\u00a0in long). The German specimen was found in the Solnhofen limestone in Bavaria, over 150 years ago.\nThe larger French specimen (MNHN CNJ 79) was discovered in 1972 in the Portland limestone, near Nice in southeastern France. Although originally described as a separate species called \"Compsognathus corallestris\", others have since renamed it as another example of \"Compsognathus longipes\".\nIt is one of the few dinosaurs whose diet is known with certainty: the remains of small, agile lizards are preserved in the bellies of both specimens. Also it was once the smallest dino on earth but now that belongs to the \"Micropachycephalosaurus\"\nHistorical importance.\nThomas Henry Huxley (\"Darwin's bulldog\"), who was a comparative anatomist, made a study of it nearly 150 years ago. He compared the first fossil bird, \"Archaeopteryx\", with \"Compsognathus\". These two fossils were found in the same rocks: Solnhofen limestone in Bavaria, Germany. The strata come from the end of the Jurassic, about 144 million years ago. Huxley showed that the two were almost identical, except for the front limbs and feathers of \"Archaeopteryx\". He showed the basic affinity of birds and reptiles, which he united them under the title of \"Sauropsida\". Huxley concluded that birds evolved from small carnivorous dinosaurs.\nDiet.\nThe remains of a lizard in the German specimen's thoracic cavity show that \"Compsognathus\" preyed on small vertebrates. Marsh, who examined the specimen in 1881, thought that this small skeleton inside \"Compsognathus\" belly was an embryo, but in 1903, Franz Nopcsa concluded that it was a lizard. Ostrom identified the remains as belonging to a lizard of the genus \"Bavarisaurus\", which he concluded was a fast and agile runner owing to its long tail and limb proportions. This in turn led to the conclusion that its predators, \"Compsognathus\", must have had sharp vision and the ability to rapidly accelerate and outrun the lizard. The \"Bavarisaurus\" is in a single piece, indicating that the \"Compsognathus\" must have swallowed its prey whole. The French specimen's gastric contents consist of unidentified lizards or sphenodontids.\nSize.\n\"Compsognathus\" was once thought to be the smallest dinosaur. However, if we assume the smaller specimen was a juvenile, then there are other slightly smaller species. The smallest dinosaur is probably \"Anchiornis\"; other candidates are: \"Micropachycephalosaurus\"; \"Caenagnathasia\"; \"Microraptor\"; and \"Parvicursor\"."}
+{"id": "43345", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43345", "title": "Micropachycephalosaurus", "text": "Micropachycephalosaurus, a tiny thick headed lizard, is a genus of ornithischian dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous. It was a herbivore, and lived in what is now Shandong, China. It was one of the smallest dinosaur ever discovered, just over a meter long, but with the longest name. Before it was discovered \"Compsognathus\" was the smallest known dinosaur.\nThe lack of the skull roof means the fossil cannot be placed at family level. It might or might not be a pachycephalosaur. Butler and Zhao therefore classified it as an indeterminate member of the Cerapoda. In 2011, cladistic analysis showed that \"Micropachycephalosaurus\" is a basal member of the Ceratopsia. In this context, basal does not mean 'ancestral'; the fossil is far too late for that. It means simply 'unspecialized', or lacking derived traits."}
+{"id": "43346", "revid": "1668070", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43346", "title": "Velociraptor", "text": "Velociraptor was a predatory dromaeosaur of the Upper Cretaceous, about 75\u201371 million years ago.\nIt was a slender, lightly built carnivore. It was about two meters long (nearly seven feet) and 0.62 meters tall at the hip.\n\"Velociraptor\" had one sickle-shaped claw on its foot which measured 6.5 centimeters along its length, and a smaller one on each hand. \"Velociraptor\" was warm blooded and had feathers.\nFossils from China suggest that the whole clade had similar traits.\nFossils of \"Velociraptor\" were first found in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia in 1922. In 1988, scientists from China found \"Velociraptor\" skeletons in northern China.\nA famous \"Velociraptor\", discovered in 1971, was found attacking a \"Protoceratops\" in a fossil from Mongolia.\nFeathers.\nIn September 2007 researchers found quill knobs on the forearm of a \"Velociraptor\" found in Mongolia. These bumps on bird wing bones show where feathers anchor, and their presence on \"Velociraptor\" indicate it also had feathers.\nTurner and colleagues interpreted the presence of feathers on \"Velociraptor\" as evidence that the ancestors of dromaeosaurids could fly, making \"Velociraptor\" and other large members of this family secondarily flightless. This idea has since been discarded; the unmodified forearms count against it. Therefore, the feathers in the ancestors of \"Velociraptor\" had another function. The feathers of the flightless \"Velociraptor\" may have been used for display, and/or for covering their nests while brooding.\nThe majority view is that dinosaur feathers were primarily adaptations for temperature regulation, and that other uses came later. \"Velociraptor\" was not able to fly.\nSpecies.\nSpecimens from two species have been found:\nIn both cases the ecology of the time was dry, with sand dunes and occasional streams."}
+{"id": "43347", "revid": "1505746", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43347", "title": "Rhea (moon)", "text": "Rhea (; ) is Saturn's second largest moon. It is made of ice and rock.\nRing system.\nRhea may have a thin ring system with three narrow bands in a disk of solid particles. These would be the first rings seen around a moon. The discovery was announced in the journal \"Science\" on March 6, 2008."}
+{"id": "43348", "revid": "1505746", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43348", "title": "Mimas (moon)", "text": "Mimas (from the Greek \"\u039c\u03af\u03bc\u1fb1\u03c2\") is one of Saturn's largest moons. It is also called Saturn I. Mimas is best known for its large crater, Herschel. In the centre of the crater is a very high mountain. Mimas was discovered by the English astronomer William Herschel on September 17, 1789. It resembles the Death Star from \"Star Wars\". The moon is believed to have created the Cassini Division. This is a 4,800 km gap between Saturn's A and B rings.\nDiscovery and naming.\nMimas was discovered in 1789 by William Herschel. He discovered it on September 17. Herschel discovered it along with another Saturnian moon, Enceladus\nMimas was named after one of the Titans in mythology. Mimas was the giant.\nSurface.\nMimas is full with craters like our Moon. But unlike the craters on the Moon, Mimas has icy craters like going through an icy object.\nMimas has craters, but the most famous is the Herschel crater. It is 130 km (80 mi) in diameter. The diameter of Herschel is about 1/3 of Mimas. If a comet or asteroid that hit Mimas were to hit Earth, the crater would be seen from space with all the Earth shown in view.\nMimas would evaporate away if it was too close to the Sun.\nExploration.\nMimas has been visited by 4 or 5 spacecrafts."}
+{"id": "43349", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43349", "title": "Aphrodisiac", "text": "An aphrodisiac is a type of food or drink that gives one a higher libido. The name comes from the Greek goddess Aphrodite. A food or drink that makes a person less aroused is called an anaphrodisiac. Some things thought by some to be aphrodisiacs are ginko, ashwaganda, oysters and chocolate."}
+{"id": "43350", "revid": "440188", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43350", "title": "Protoceratops", "text": "Protoceratops was a ceratopsian dinosaur from Mongolia. It was shown in a fossil being attacked by a \"Velociraptor\"."}
+{"id": "43352", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43352", "title": "Syntarsus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43356", "revid": "1386969", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43356", "title": "Vidar", "text": "V\u00ed\u00f0arr (Old Norse: \"the wide ruling one\") is the god of vengeance in Norse mythology. A member of the \u00c6sir, he is the son of Odin and the giantess Gr\u00ed\u00f0r. During Ragnar\u00f6k, when the monstrous wolf Fenrir swallows Odin whole, V\u00ed\u00f0arr is told to avenge his father's death, as he takes Fenrir by the jaw and tears his head apart, killing Fenrir. He will ultimately survive Ragnar\u00f6k, as he will then meet with his brother V\u00e1li in I\u00f0av\u00f6llr, where Asgard once lay; there they are joined by their brothers, H\u00f6\u00f0r and Baldr, as well as Thor's sons, Magni and M\u00f3\u00f0i. After Ragnarok V\u00ed\u00f0arr will rule after Odin."}
+{"id": "43357", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43357", "title": "Anchisaurus", "text": "Anchisaurus was a small sauropod dinosaur from the early Jurassic. It was shown in the movie \"When Dinosaurs Roamed America\" getting attacked by a pack of \"Megapnosaurus\" and eaten by a \"Dilophosaurus\"."}
+{"id": "43358", "revid": "9836058", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43358", "title": "Segisaurus", "text": "Segisaurus was a small dinosaur of the early Jurassic period. It was a relative of \"Coelophysis\", and ate mainly meat. Although it was small, it still had to watch out for predators like \"Dilophosaurus\" and \"Sinosaurus\".\nPopular media.\nSegisaurus has not appeared in a lot of media, because it is a rare dinosaur and cannot be added to TV shows or movies. It has been inactive in novels such as The Lost World. It also made an inactive appearance in the movie Jurassic Park."}
+{"id": "43359", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43359", "title": "Psittacosaurus", "text": "Psittacosaurus was a small ceratopsian dinosaur from the Lower Cretaceous. It lived in what is now Asia, about 130 to 100 million years ago. It was more basal than other members of the Ceratopsia: it was bipedal, and had no horns or frill on its head. What made it a ceratopsian was its beak.\nIt is the most species-rich dinosaur genus, but there is no general agreement on these species. Nine to eleven species are named for fossils found in different regions of China, Mongolia and Russia, with a possible additional species from Thailand.\nAll species of \"Psittacosaurus\" were gazelle-sized bipedal herbivores with a high, powerful beak on the upper jaw. At least one species had long, quill-like structures on its tail and lower back, possibly with a display function. Psittacosaurs were early ceratopsians. They developed adaptations of their own, but they also shared features with later ceratopsians, such as \"Protoceratops\" and the elephant-sized \"Triceratops\"."}
+{"id": "43360", "revid": "121204", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43360", "title": "Zuniceratops", "text": "Zuniceratops was a ceratopsian dinosaur. It grew up to 13 feet (or 4 meter long. His dinosaur family came from Asia.\nHis scientific name is \"Zuniceratops christopheril\", had 2 tons."}
+{"id": "43361", "revid": "1668070", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43361", "title": "Quilmesaurus", "text": "Quilmesaurus was a predatory dinosaur from the Cretaceous period. It lived 95 million years ago."}
+{"id": "43362", "revid": "1392959", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43362", "title": "Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich of Russia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43363", "revid": "487619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43363", "title": "Zalmoxes", "text": "Zalmoxes is a genus of ornithopod dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous of Romania. It was a relative of Iguanodon and, like all its order, it was a herbivore. \nMost of the skeleton is known with exception of the end of the tail, the hands and the feet."}
+{"id": "43365", "revid": "1269178", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43365", "title": "Oviraptor", "text": "Oviraptor is a genus of dinosaur that is today Mongolia. \"Oviraptor\" was a relatively large-brained dinosaur which cared for its eggs. In 1924, an \"Oviraptor\" fossil was found on top of some eggs, and some thought that it had been eating the eggs. Others thought that the fossilized \"Oviraptor\" was probably a parent of the eggs in the nest, and not an egg thief.\n\"Oviraptor\" lived in the Upper Cretaceous period, about 75 million years ago. Only one definite specimen is known (with associated eggs), from Mongolia, though a possible second specimen (also with eggs) comes from the northeast region of Inner Mongolia, China.\n\"Oviraptor\" is usually drawn with a distinctive crest, similar to that of the cassowary. However, re-examination of several oviraptorids show that this well-known, tall-crested species may actually belong to a relative of \"Oviraptor\", the genus \"Citipati\". It is likely that \"Oviraptor\" did have a crest, but its exact size and shape are unknown due to crushing in the skull of the only recognized specimen.\nJudging by its relatives, \"Oviraptor\" probably had feathers. It had a toothless beak, but its feeding habits are unknown. The only \"Oviraptor\" fossil preserved the remains of a lizard in the region of its stomach cavity, implying that the species was at least partially carnivorous.\nRelatives.\nIn 1976, Barsbold put six more brooding (nest sitting) specimens into the genus \"Oviraptor\", but these were later reclassified in the new genus \"Conchoraptor\". Another specimen, IGN 100/42, is perhaps the most famous, owing to its well-preserved complete skull and large size. This specimen was referred to the genus \"Oviraptor\" by Barsbold in 1981, and was presented as \"Oviraptor\" in popular magazines and scientific studies. However, this specimen, with its distinctive tall, cassowary-like crest, was re-examined by the scientists who described the nesting oviraptorids, and found to resemble them more closely than the original specimens of \"Oviraptor\". For this reason, they removed IGN 100/42 from the genus \"Oviraptor\", suggesting it was a species of \"Citipati\"."}
+{"id": "43366", "revid": "1507082", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43366", "title": "Oyster", "text": "Oysters are a family of bivalves with rough, thick shells, the Ostreidae. Some other types of shellfish are also called 'oyster'. Many species are edible, and are usually served raw. They are also good when cooked. \nIn the past, they were an important food source, especially in France and Britain. They used to grow in huge oyster beds, but were \"overfished\" in the 19th century. Nowadays they are more expensive, so eaten less often.\nOysters are usually harvested before they are fully grown. Left to themselves, they do grow quite large. A recent example was an oyster which was 11 inches long (29cm) and 3.7 lbs in weight (1.7kg). The BBC report says \"The family (firm) estimated it could be between '15 and 20 years old' due to its size. The world's largest oyster was 13.97 inches long (35.5cm) and 4.21 inches (10.7cm) in width. It was found in Denmark in December 2013, Guinness World Records said\".\nOysters are picked up from their muddy beds by dredging. The oysters are \"shucked\" from their shells before sale. Shucking is done with a short knife inserted between the upper and lower shell. The adductor muscle, which holds it closed, is cut away, and that releases the oyster. The oyster is sold loose but within its shell. Shucking method:\nThe seawater the oysters were in does not stay in the oyster. Oysters (and shellfish generally) are purified while still alive before sale. That starts after they are harvested. The oysters are put into tanks pumped with clean water for 48 to 72 hours. That protects the consumer from any foul bacteria that the oyster might have picked up from the sea or river water.\nSome of the unrelated 'oysters' are the pearl oyster, \"Pinctada\", which is a clam, and a few mussels which look a bit like oysters when they are taken out of their shells."}
+{"id": "43392", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43392", "title": "Tumour", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43393", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43393", "title": "Tumor", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43399", "revid": "1684676", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43399", "title": "99", "text": "AD 99 (XCIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of and (or, less frequently, year 852 \"Ab urbe condita\"). The denomination AD 99 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years."}
+{"id": "43401", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43401", "title": "Sony Ericsson", "text": "Sony Ericsson Mobile Communications AB is a mobile phone manufacturer. The company is a joint venture that was established in 2001 by Japanese consumer electronics company Sony and the Swedish telecommunications company Ericsson. The two companies no longer make mobile phones independently."}
+{"id": "43403", "revid": "1657104", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43403", "title": "Australian dollar", "text": "The Australian dollar (AUD) is the official currency of the Commonwealth of Australia. It has been in use since 14 February 1966. The Australian dollar is also used on Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Norfolk Island, and the independent Pacific Islands of Kiribati, Nauru and Tuvalu. In Australia, the dollar symbol $ is usually used. The signs A$ or AU$ are often used to show that it is the Australian dollar. It is subdivided into 100 cents.\nIn 2011 the Australian dollar was the fifth-most-traded currency in world. The most traded currencies were the US dollar, the Euro, the yen, and the pound sterling.\nThe Australian dollar is liked by people who trade in currencies. This is because Australia has high interest rates and little government control on currency trading. Australia's economy and political systems are also seen to be stable.\nHistory.\nThe dollar was introduced on 14 February 1966, replacing the Australian pound.\nCoins.\nFrom 1966, coins were made in amounts of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 cents. One-dollar coins were made from 1984. Two-dollar coins were made from 1988. The one- and two-cent coins were not made after 1991 and are no longer used. Cash sales are made to the nearest five cents. All coins have the image of the head of state, Queen Elizabeth II on one side, and all but the two-dollar coins contain Australian native animals on the other side. Most of the coins are made by the Royal Australian Mint in Canberra, but sometimes additional coins are made at other mints.\nAustralia has often made special 50-cent coins. The first was in 1970, to honour Captain Cook finding the east coast of Australia. In 1977 a coin was made for Queen Elizabeth II's Silver Jubilee. In 1981 a coin was made for the wedding of Charles and Diana. The Brisbane Commonwealth Games had a special coin in 1982. Another one was made for the Australian Bicentenary in 1988. There have been many more special coins made since the 1990s, including special 20-cent, one-dollar and two-dollar coins. They are popular with people who collect coins. \nThere has also been a special five-dollar coin, made of aluminium/bronze and bi-metal, and there are many silver and gold bullion coins in bigger values. These are not normally used, although they are legal tender.\nCurrent Australian 5-, 10- and 20-cent coins are the same size as the old Australian, New Zealand and British sixpenny, shilling and two shilling (florin) coins. The Australian 50-cent coin is a large coin. It weighs 15.55 grams and is 31.51 mm across.\nBanknotes.\nFirst series.\nThe first paper banknotes in Australian dollars were printed in 1966. The one, two, ten and 20-dollars notes matched the old pound banknotes. The five-dollar note was printed in 1967, after the public were used to decimal currency.\nThe one-dollar note was replaced by a coin in 1984. The two-dollar note was replaced by a coin in 1988. The 50-dollar note was first printed in 1973. In 1984 Australia printed the 100-dollar note.\nNotes are different sizes depending on their value. This is to help people are visually impaired (unable to see properly). They are the same height but different lengths. The $5 is the smallest, $100 the largest. Notes are also colour coded: $5 pink (there are two designs); $10 blue; $20 red; $50 yellow; and $100 green.\nPolymer series.\nIn 1988, the Reserve Bank of Australia gave out plastic, (polypropylene) polymer banknotes (produced by Note Printing Australia), to celebrate 200 years of European settlement in Australia. All Australian notes are now made of polymer.\nTo make it hard to copy these notes, they have see through windows with a picture image of Captain James Cook. Every note also has a seven-pointed star which has only half the printing on each side. Australian banknotes were the first in the world to use such features."}
+{"id": "43404", "revid": "4580", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43404", "title": "Computing", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43405", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43405", "title": "Washing machine", "text": "A washing machine also know as a washer is a machine that washes dirty clothes. It contains a barrel into which the clothes are placed. This barrel is filled with water, and then rotated very quickly by the use of a motor to make the water remove dirt from the clothes. The user adds detergent (liquids or powders) to clean clothes more effectively.\nOperation.\nWashing machines have ways to control how the machine operates. Some of the possible controls are:\nTypes of washing machines.\nWashing machines may be fully automatic or partly automatic.\nSemi-Automatic Washing Machines.\nSemi-automatic washing machines have separate sections for Dryer and Washer. These washing machines are often termed as semi-manual as here you have to manually put clothes into washer tub, put water & detergent according to your laundry size, and once washing is finished, you again have to manually put washed clothes for drying in dryer section. These are mostly cheaper machines.\nFully-Automatic Washing Machines.\nFully-automatic washing machines are easier to use. They have only one section for washing and for spin-drying. Once you put clothes in a fully-automatic washing machine, it automatically takes required quantity of water, detergent and just with one click provided your washed & dry clothes.\nWashing machines may load from the top or the front.\nFront loading.\nA front loading washing machine has a door in the front. The clothes to be washed have to be put in and the door closed before the barrel can fill with water. This type of machine can have a clothes drying machine stacked on top to save space on the floor. Because of the water used, the washing machine is heavier than the dryer so the washer is at the bottom.\nTop loading.\nWith a top loading washing machine, the opening is at the top. The barrel can be filled with water and soap before the clothes are put in for washing. This type of machine can not have anything placed on top of it because of the opening there.\nA top-loading washing machine is a type of washing machine where the opening is located at the top of the machine. This type of machine typically has a barrel or drum where clothes are placed for washing. The barrel can be filled with water and soap before the clothes are added, allowing the detergent to dissolve and mix with the water for optimal cleaning.\nOne important limitation of top-loading washing machines is that nothing can be placed on top of the machine due to the location of the opening. This can be inconvenient for some users who may wish to use the top of the machine for storage or other purposes. However, some top-loading washing machines are designed with a flat top that can be used as a workspace or for placing items, such as laundry baskets or detergent containers, while the machine is not in use.\nDespite this limitation, top-loading washing machines remain a popular choice for many households due to their ease of use and affordability compared to other types of washing machines. They are also generally easier to repair and maintain, as their components are more easily accessible than those of front-loading machines.\nStacked washer and dryer.\nSometimes a washing machine and a clothes dryer are put together. The washing machine is usually on the bottom of the stack because the water in it makes the machine heavier than the dryer. In this arrangement the washing machine may be front-loading or top-loading. For the top-loading washing machine, room must be left to open the door at the top to add the clothing to be washed. A front-loading washing machine can have the dryer sitting on top of it."}
+{"id": "43406", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43406", "title": "Benign", "text": "The word benign is often used to refer to a medical condition that will not become life-threatening if it is not treated, but can also mean that something is not harmful. It is often used in relation to tumours that do not metastasise to other parts of the body. Tumours that are referred to as being benign may still be life-threatening because of other reasons. Because of this, the term applies mainly to their biological behaviour.\nTumors that are benign may be at risk of changing into malignancy. These are termed \"premalignant\"."}
+{"id": "43411", "revid": "9417162", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43411", "title": "Frankfurt U-Bahn", "text": "The Frankfurt U-Bahn is an underground railway network in the city of Frankfurt, Germany. It is run by the \"Verkehrsgesellschaft Frankfurt\", short VGF. It has 9 lines and a network of 65 kilometers (40 miles) and has exactly 86 stations, apart 27 underground and 59 above ground. Two lines, the U2 and the U3 crosses the city border in Oberursel and Bad Homburg."}
+{"id": "43412", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43412", "title": "Geraldton, Western Australia", "text": "Geraldton is a city and port in Western Australia 424 km north of Perth. 29,996 people live there, which makes it the fifth-largest city in Western Australia.\nToday the city is an important for mining, fishing, wheat, sheep and tourism.\nIt hosts the Geraldton Gold Cup, a horse race."}
+{"id": "43415", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43415", "title": "Towomba", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43419", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43419", "title": "Down's syndrome", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43424", "revid": "375223", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43424", "title": "Frankfurt Airport", "text": "Frankfurt Airport ( ). \nIt is located in the country of Germany, in the State of Hessen, in the city of Frankfurt. \nIt is one of the major international airports in terms of size and number of passengers passing through.\nSpecifically, it is the largest airport in Germany, third largest in Europe for passenger volume, second-largest in Europe concerning cargo.\nIn 2005, 52 million passengers flew from Frankfurt Airport and 1.89 million tonnes of cargo.\nThe airport has two train stations, the terminal for the commuter trains is under the terminal and the station for the long-distance trains is five minutes to walk.\nUntil 2005, the Rhein-Main Air Base was in the south of the civil airport. Frankfurt airport recorded its all-time hottest temperature in July 2015 at 101.8\u00a0\u00b0F (38.8\u00a0\u00b0C)."}
+{"id": "43428", "revid": "391864", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43428", "title": "Marki", "text": "Marki is a town near Warsaw, in Poland. About 23,300 people live there."}
+{"id": "43435", "revid": "9247873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43435", "title": "William Harvey", "text": "William Harvey was an English medical doctor. He was born in Folkestone, Kent, England on 1 April 1578. He was the first to explain how blood was moved through the body by the heart. He died on 3 June 1657 in Roehampton.\nA hospital in Ashford, Kent is named after Harvey. He went to The King's School, Canterbury, then Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He then went to University of Padua where he graduated in 1602.\nWhen Harvey returned to England he married Elizabeth Browne, the daughter of Elizabeth I's royal physician. He became a doctor at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London from 1609 until 1643.\nCirculatory system.\nWilliam Harvey is famous for his idea on blood being pumped around the body by the heart. He was the first to describe correctly and in detail the circulation and its properties. A few men knew about the lesser circulation of the blood through the lungs, but their work was lost. One 16th century work on theology, entitled \"Cristianismi restitutio\", was written by Miguel Serveto. After he had been burnt at the stake for heresy (by Calvin), his book was destroyed. Three copies survived. A century and a half later, long after Harvey, someone noticed he had said something about the blood circulating.\nHarvey announced his discoveries about the circulatory system in 1616 during a series of lectures (his lecture notes still exist). He wrote a book (\"Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et sanguinis in Animalibus\") about it in 1628. He said that blood was pumped around the body in a closed system. Blood was pumped by the heart through the body before coming back to the heart to repeat the process. This went against what was believed at the time to be true.\nThe Roman doctor, Galen believed that there were two systems in the body dealing with blood. It was thought at the time that the dark red blood in veins came from the liver and the bright red blood in arteries came from the heart. It was believed that the liver and heart made the blood and it was used up by the body parts it was pumped to.\nHarvey's ideas came from dissecting human bodies. Harvey found that the liver would have to make 540 pounds of blood every hour for Galen to be right. This showed him that the blood was not being used up. It was being reused by the body. He said blood flowed through the heart in two loops. One loop went to the lungs and got oxygen. The other loop went to the organs and body tissue giving them the oxygen. He said the heart was just a pump that pumped blood around the body.\n\"Ex ovo omne vivum\".\nHarvey made another great discovery. He said (in Latin) \"Every living thing comes from an egg\". At that time it was not known that mammals came from eggs. It was not known until Karl Ernst von Baer discovered the eggs of mammals in 1827. The fusion of sperm with egg was first seen by Oskar Hertwig in 1876."}
+{"id": "43437", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43437", "title": "Zoey 101", "text": "Zoey 101 is an American television series. It was on Nickelodeon from 9 January 2005 until 2 May 2008. It is about on the lives of teenagers at a boarding school, Pacific Coast Academy (PCA). The main character is Zoey Brooks, played by Jamie Lynn Spears. The series was created by Dan Schneider. It was nominated for an \"Outstanding Children's Program\" Emmy Award in 2005. \"Zoey 101\" was the most expensive production ever for Nickelodeon series. It was shot completely on location in Malibu. It was also Nickelodeon's best performance for a series premiere in almost eight years. However, many critics have made negative comments about the show. Jamie Lynn Spears has been playing Zoey for 3 years from 2005 till 2008.\nPlot.\nZoey Brooks goes to a once all-boys boarding school in California, where she must fit in, even though she is a girl. She faces BOY bullies and also the challenge of making friends.\nVideo game.\nSeveral video games based on the television series were developed by THQ. They were published by Barking Lizards.\nThe original was released on 2 March 2007 for Gameboy Advance. Players play mini-games in trios for three semesters (levels), with a final game at the end. Players must successfully complete each mini-game, then a dare, and then a challenge. Dares and challenges are randomly chosen from three games. Players can choose to play mini-games freely in the main menu. Mini-games can only be unlocked in story mode. The game received negative reviews from sites such as Nintendo World Report and Common Sense. Game Rankings had a percent of 40% based on 2 reviews.\n\"Zoey 101: Field Trip Fiasco\" was released for Nintendo DS. It was released in the U.S. on September 11, 2007. The plot involves Zoey wanting to do a documentary movie about the local national park. The player controls Zoey. The player has to go around the Pacific Coast Academy delivering things to people, or collect objects scattered around the school before time runs out. A map can be pulled out to help. After finishing fetch quests, the player plays a Minigame. Minigames require Scribbling on the touch screen to hose off cars or picking up Frisbees. Minigames last about 2 minutes. This game also received bad reviews. Metacritic had a score of 31/100 and Game Rankings had a score of 41.25% both based on 4 critics."}
+{"id": "43440", "revid": "4580", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43440", "title": "Bare", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43441", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43441", "title": "Velocisaurus", "text": "Velocisaurus was a theropod dinosaur related to \"Ceratosaurus\". Its remains were found in Patagonia, in strata from the Cretaceous period.\nThis animal is known only from its leg and feet bones. \"Velocisaurus\" was probably around 1.2 meters long (4 ft). The foot is unique in that the middle (third) metatarsal (foot bone) was the main weight-bearing element. Its upper end has thickened and the shafts of the adjoining second and fourth metatarsals have thinned considerably. Such a condition is unknown for other theropods, including birds, but a similar set-up occurred in three-toed horses (like \"Mesohippus\"). Jos\u00e9 Bonaparte explained it as an adaptation for a cursorial (running) lifestyle. He suggested that \"Velocisaurus\" was itself an omnivore, because the sole claw found, of the fourth toe, was not curved, but relatively straight."}
+{"id": "43442", "revid": "145452", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43442", "title": "Valdosaurus", "text": "Valdosaurus (\"Weald Lizard\") is a type of dinosaur. It walked on two legs and ate plants. It was found on the Isle of Wight and other places in England. It lived during the Lower Cretaceous.\nIt is part of the Dryosauridae family. It is related to the Iguanodonts."}
+{"id": "43443", "revid": "1669609", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43443", "title": "Great Famine (Ireland)", "text": "The Great Famine, Great Hunger, or Potato Famine is the name given to the famine in Ireland in the years 1845-1852. Outside Ireland, it is usually called the Irish Potato Famine. \nThe famine was caused by \"the potato blight\", a fungus-like organism which quickly destroyed the potatoes in Ireland, and throughout Europe. The effect was particularly bad in Ireland because potatoes were the staple food for most Irish people at the time.\nIn Ireland this time is referred to as \"the starvation\". \nBackground.\nBy the late 17th century in Ireland, potatoes had become common as a supplementary rather than a major food. The diet was mainly around butter, milk, and grain products. Potato became a base food of the poor, especially in winter. \nStarting in 1801, Ireland had been directly governed, under the Act of Union, as part of the United Kingdom. In the 40 years after the union, British governments grappled with the problems of governing the country. One historian calculated that, between 1801 and 1845, there had been 114 commissions and 61 special committees enquiring into the state of Ireland. \nAccording to author Cecil Woodham-Smith:\"Without exception [the committees'] findings prophesied disaster. Ireland was on the verge of starvation, her population rapidly increasing, three-quarters of her labourers unemployed, housing conditions appalling and the standard of living unbelievably low\".\nCauses.\nThere were many causes of the Great Famine.\nThe lack of genetic variability among the potato plants in Ireland caused \"Phytophthora infestans\" to emerge. This had devastating effects. \nThe potato was the only crop affected, and Ireland continued to produce corn, wheat, barley, and beef. However, the mostly English landlords sold these food products outside of Ireland. Meanwhile, there was not enough food for the people in Ireland.\nAnother factor is that holdings were so small that no crop other than potatoes would be able to feed a family.\nThe famine was also caused by monoculture, because they only planted one main crop and let its disease infest all other potatoes in the Irish territory.\nCasualties.\nIt is believed that between 1 million to 1.5 million people died in the three years from 1846 to 1849 because of hunger or disease. Another million became refugees. \nMany people who left Ireland moved to Great Britain, (mostly to the nearby town of Liverpool), the United States, Canada and Australia.\nLegacy.\nIts legacy includes a monument in Dublin: the Famine Memorial in St Stephen's Green (by the River Liffey)."}
+{"id": "43444", "revid": "1388038", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43444", "title": "Wannanosaurus", "text": "Wannanosaurus is the smallest known ornithischian dinosaur. Its length is estimated at just less than a metre. It lived in the Upper Cretaceous, about 80 million years ago, and was found in Anhui, China. \nIt is known from a single partial skeleton, including a partial skull roof and lower jaw, an upper leg and lower leg, part of a rib, and other fragments. It was herbivorous, but may also have eaten insects. \"Wannosaurus\" means Wanno lizard. It is one of several pachycephalosaurs with flat-topped skulls."}
+{"id": "43445", "revid": "10288250", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43445", "title": "Chihuahua (dog)", "text": "A chihuahua is a very small kind of dog and is bred to be a pet.\nAppearance.\nThey can reach a height of 6-9 inches (12.7\u201320.3\u00a0cm) and a weight of 2\u20136 pounds (0.9\u20132.7\u00a0kg). Chihuahuas can have a long or short coat, and come in many different colors. They only need grooming once a week if they have a short coat or it may be twice if they have a long coat.\nOrigins.\nThe Chihuahua's start goes back to Mexico as the descendants of the Techichi, a short haired and silent dog. The Techichi was liked by the Toltec people, one of the indigenous (original) people of Mexico. Chihuahuas are believed to have been made by breeding the Techichi and Chinese Crested Dogs (a type of small hairless dog) to form today's Chihuahuas.\nAnother possible start for Chihuahuas was the breeding of Techichis with Phal\u00e8ne terriers, which were well liked at the time and were known for their small body and black and tan colors. Mating with another type of dog increased the loudness of the Techichi's bark while making it smaller.\nChihuahuas were named after the Chihuahua state in Mexico. The word Chihuahua comes from the Na'huatl word for \"between two waters\" and the name is older than the Spanish Conquest of Mexico."}
+{"id": "43446", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43446", "title": "Minmi", "text": "Minmi is a genus of small ankylosaurian dinosaur that lived during the Lower Cretaceous of Australia, about 119 to 113 million years ago.\nA recent cladistic analysis suggests that \"Minmi\" is the most basal known ankylosaur.\nThat does not mean it was the ancestor of the group; it is far too late for that. It means its body is not specialized, and is relatively unchanged from whatever was the ancestral group.\nTwo good specimens of \"Minmi\" have been described, including a mostly complete skeleton, and additional fragments may belong to this genus. The dinosaur grew to about 2\u00a0m (6.5\u00a0ft) long (Holtz), or 3\u00a0m long and weighed about 300 kilograms (Paul). It was roughly 1\u00a0m (3\u00a0ft) tall to the top of the shoulder.\nPaleobiology.\n\"Minmi\" is classified in the Ankylosauria, but is too 'primitive' (basal) to be included in either the Ankylosauridae or Nodosauridae.\nAs with other ankylosaurians, \"Minmi\" was herbivorous Unlike most herbivorous dinosaurs, there is direct evidence of the diet of \"Minmi\": gut contents are known from the well-preserved nearly complete specimen. The gut contents consist of fragments of fibrous or vascular plant tissue, fruiting bodies, spherical seeds, and tissue (possibly from fern sporangia). The most common remains are the fibrous or vascular fragments, which have clean cut ends.\nBecause of the small size of the fragments, they are probably nibbled from plants or chopped in the mouth. These small fragments may have come from twigs or stems, but their size is more suggestive of vascular bundles in leaves. The clean cuts, and lack of gastroliths, suggest that the animal relied on chewing to grind food. The seeds (0.3\u00a0mm [0.01\u00a0in] across) and fruiting bodies (4.5\u00a0mm [0.18\u00a0in] across) were apparently swallowed whole. When compared to gut contents and scat from modern herbivorous lizard, emu and goose, this shows \"Minmi\" had a more sophisticated process for cutting up plant material.\nIt had bony protrusions on its head, back, abdomen, legs and along the tail. Several types of armour are known in place in \"Minmi\", including small ossicles, small keeled scutes on the body, large scutes without keels on the snout, large keeled scutes on the neck, shoulders, and possibly tail, spike-like scutes on the hips, and a combination of ridged and keeled scutes and triangular plates on the tail. There was one preserved ring of scutes around the neck. The arrangement of armour is unclear on the tail, although the triangular plates may have run on the sides of the tail, with long scutes forming a row along the top of the tail. However, unlike other ankylosaurians, \"Minmi\" had horizontal plates of bones that ran along the sides of its vertebrae (hence its species name, \"M. paravertebra\")."}
+{"id": "43447", "revid": "1688400", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43447", "title": "Rugops", "text": "Rugops was a dinosaur related to \"Carnotaurus\". It lived in what is now Africa, about 95 million years ago. It was a medium-sized carnivorous dinosaur, about 20 feet long as an adult (other estimates put its length at 14 to 17 feet).\n\"Rugops\" lived at the same time as \"Spinosaurus\", \"Carcharodontosaurus\", and \"Deltadromeus\", in the Upper Cretaceous.\n\"Rugops\" was a carnivore, with weak jaws and small teeth. It may have been a scavenger, feeding on dead animals. It also may have preyed on sauropods, such as \"Paralititan\" and \"Aegyptosaurus\", and ornithopods, such as \"Ouranosaurus\". The name \"Rugops\" means \"wrinkled face\". The bony wrinkles on its snout may have helped to support a structure, such as horny crest or a wattle, like on a rooster or a turkey."}
+{"id": "43449", "revid": "1061539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43449", "title": "Abrictosaurus", "text": "Abrictosaurus was a heterodontosaurid dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic of what is now southern Africa. It was a small bipedal herbivore or omnivore, about 1.2\u00a0meters (4\u00a0feet) long, and weighing less than 45\u00a0kilograms (100\u00a0pounds).\n\"Abrictosaurus\" is usually thought to be the most basal member of the family Heterodontosauridae. \"Lycorhinus\" and \"Heterodontosaurus\" both had high-crowned cheek teeth, which went over each other in the jaw, making a continuous chewing surface analogous to those of Cretaceous hadrosaurids. \"Abrictosaurus\" had more widely-split cheek teeth, with lower crowns, more similar to other early ornithischians. \nThe family as a whole has canine-like tusks. Tusks were clearly present on one of the two specimens of \"Abrictosaurus\". The upper caniniform measured 10.5\u00a0millimeters (0.4\u00a0inches) high, while the lower reached 17\u00a0mm (0.67\u00a0in). \n\"Abrictosaurus\" had smaller, less powerful forelimbs than \"Heterodontosaurus\" and one fewer phalanx bone (finger joint) in both the fourth and fifth digits of the forelimb."}
+{"id": "43450", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43450", "title": "Heterodontosaurus", "text": "Heterodontosaurus (meaning \"different toothed lizard\") is a genus of small herbivorous dinosaur with prominent canine teeth. \nIt lived in the Lower Jurassic of South Africa, 200\u2013190 million years ago. It was related to \"Abrictosaurus\". It had three different kinds of teeth."}
+{"id": "43451", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43451", "title": "Camarasaurus", "text": "Camarasaurus (meaning \"chambered lizard\") was a large plant-eating sauropod. It was about 18 meters long and weighed about 18 metric tones. Its name comes from its skull, which is in the shape of an arch. It lived during the late Jurassic, between 155 and 145 million years ago. These dinosaurs may have lived in herds.\nIt was first discovered in 1877 in Colorado by Oramel W. Lucas. Its fossil remains have been found in the Morrison Formation of Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming.\nThere are four species of Camarasaurus:\nIt was shown in the movie \"When Dinosaurs Roamed America\".\nSkull.\n\"Camarasaurus\" is among the most common and frequently well-preserved sauropod dinosaurs. The maximum size of the most common species, \"C. lentus\", was about 15\u00a0meters (50\u00a0ft) in length. The largest species, \"C. supremus\", reached a maximum length of 23\u00a0meters (75\u00a0ft) and maximum estimated weight of 47\u00a0tonnes (51.8\u00a0tons).\nThe arched skull of \"Camarasaurus\" was remarkably square and the blunt snout had many fenestrae (openings). It was sturdy and is often found in good condition by paleontologists. The 19\u00a0centimeter long (7.5\u00a0in) teeth were shaped like chisels (spatulate) and arranged evenly along the jaw. The strength of the teeth indicates that \"Camarasaurus\" probably ate coarser plant material than the slender-toothed diplodocids.\nPalaeobiology.\nThere is a fossil record of two adults and a 12.2\u00a0meter (40\u00a0ft) long juvenile that died together in the late Jurassic leriod, about 150 million years ago (northeast Wyoming). It is assumed that their bodies were washed to their final resting place, in river mud. This suggests that \"Camarasaurus\" traveled in herds or, at least, 'family' groups. Also, recovered camarasaur eggs have been found in lines, rather than in neatly arranged nests as with some other dinosaurs, which appears to suggest that, like most sauropods, \"Camarasaurus\" did not tend its young."}
+{"id": "43452", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43452", "title": "Zizhongosaurus", "text": "Zizhongosaurus was a very large plant-eating dinosaur. It was a large sauropod, related to \"Camarasaurus\"."}
+{"id": "43454", "revid": "10204876", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43454", "title": "Burping", "text": "Burping is when gas comes out of the stomach through the mouth. Burping happens when air is trapped in the stomach. \"Esophageal speech\" means to \"burp\" words. Burps are also called belches or an eructation."}
+{"id": "43456", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43456", "title": "Stygivenator", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43473", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43473", "title": "Great Fire of London", "text": "The Great Fire of London happened in Central London in 1666. It lasted for just under five days, from 2nd September until 6th September.\nEstimates say that the fire destroyed the homes of 70,000 of the city's 80,000 residents. It is not known how many people died in the fire. Only a few deaths are certain, but for many of the victims there were no records. The fire may have cremated many people, leaving no recognisable remains. \nThe fire threatened the aristocratic district of Westminster (the modern West End), Charles II's Palace of Whitehall, and most of the suburban slums, but it never reached these districts.\nEvents.\nThe fire started from a few oven sparks at the bakery of Thomas Farriner (or Farynor) on Pudding Lane. It began just after midnight on Sunday 2nd September and grew very quickly. \nFirefighters of the time usually made firebreaks by destroying buildings around the fire so it could not spread. This did not happen quickly enough because Lord Mayor, Sir Thomas Bloodworth was not certain what to do. By the time he ordered such measures, it was too late. The Tower of London guard used gunpowder to make good firebreaks that stopped the fire from spreading to the east.\nThe fire pushed north on Monday into the center of the city. Some people thought fires were being set by French and Dutch people (who at the time were England's enemies in the Anglo-Dutch Wars).\nOn Thursday, the fire spread over most of the city. It destroyed St. Paul's Cathedral and crossed over the River Fleet. It almost reached Charles II's court at Whitehall.\nEffects.\nThe Great Fire caused major social and economic problems. Charles II strongly encouraged people to leave London to go and live elsewhere. He feared a London rebellion amongst the refugees who had lost their property. \nDespite numerous radical proposals, London was reconstructed on essentially the same street plan used before the fire.\nSome historians think the fire may have helped to stop the Great Plague of London. Others say this is a myth.\nHistorians know a lot about the Great Fire because Samuel Pepys kept a diary and survived the fire. When it started, he looked out of his window, saw the fire, and started writing about it.\nDamages.\nEstimates say the Great Fire destroyed 436 acres, 13,200 houses, 87 parish churches, 44 Company Halls, the Royal Exchange, the Custom House, St Paul's Cathedral, the Bridewell Palace and other City prisons, the General Letter Office, and the three western city gates\u2014Ludgate, Newgate, and Aldersgate."}
+{"id": "43482", "revid": "553784", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43482", "title": "Golgi complex", "text": "The Golgi complex, also known as the Golgi apparatus or simply the Golgi, is a cytoplasmic organelle. It is found in eukaryote cells, as in animals, plants, and fungi. \nThe complex was discovered by Camillo Golgi in 1898. Golgi, who worked at Pavia, Italy, was ignored. His discovery was said to be dirt on his lenses. Years later, electron microscope pictures showed structures just like in the original Golgi drawings. It is made of several flattened sac-like membranes which look like a stack of pancakes.\nThe main function of the Golgi apparatus is to process and package macromolecules, such as proteins and lipids. They come to the Golgi after being built, and before they go to their destination. Much of the enzymatic processing is post-translational modification of proteins. The Golgi complex inspects them for flaws and discards extra material added during their manufacture, wraps them up and then targets them for packaging. The Golgi complex is especially active in processing proteins for secretion. The Golgi releases special enzymes which clean off any extra amino acids. When the package is ready, it is pinched off the Golgi and released into the cytoplasm. \nThe Golgi complex is part of the cellular membrane system, and so is the endoplasmic reticulum."}
+{"id": "43485", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43485", "title": "Nude", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43486", "revid": "1487257", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43486", "title": "Bandung Institute of Technology", "text": "Institut Teknologi Bandung (ITB, Bandung Institute of Technology) is a public government-funded, higher education, technology school located in Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. Institut Teknologi Bandung are the one of most popular universities in Indonesia, together with Gadjah Mada University and the University of Indonesia. The symbol of Institut Teknologi Bandung is Ganesha, a Hindu god representing wisdom."}
+{"id": "43487", "revid": "2337", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43487", "title": "Gregor Johann Mendel", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43488", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43488", "title": "Superconductor", "text": "A superconductor is a substance that conducts electricity without resistance when it becomes colder than a \"critical temperature.\" At this temperature, electrons can move freely through the material. Superconductors are different from ordinary conductors, such as copper. Ordinary conductors lose their resistance (get more conductive) slowly as they get colder. In contrast, superconductors lose their resistance all at once. This is an example of a phase transition. High magnetic fields destroy superconductivity and restore the normal conducting state. Some examples of superconductors are the metals mercury and lead, ceramics and organic carbon nanotubes.\nNormally, a magnet moving by a conductor produces currents in the conductor by electromagnetic induction. But a superconductor actually pushes out magnetic fields entirely by inducing surface currents.\u00a0Instead of letting the magnetic field pass through, the superconductor acts like a magnet pointing the opposite way, which repels the real magnet. This is called the Meissner effect, and it can be demonstrated by levitating a superconductor over magnets or vice versa.\nExplanation.\nPhysicists explain superconductivity by describing what happens when temperatures get cold. The thermal energy in a solid or liquid shakes the atoms so they randomly vibrate, but this gets less as the temperature drops. Electrons carry the same negative electric charge which makes them repel each other. At higher temperatures each electron behaves as if it were a free particle. There is also however a very weak attraction between electrons when they are in a solid or liquid. At rather large distances ( many hundreds of nanometers apart) and low temperatures (near absolute zero), the attractive effect and lack of thermal energy allows pairs of electrons to hang together. This is called a cooper pair and it is a quasiparticle, that is it acts as if it were a new kind of particle in its own right even though it is made up of two fundamental electrons.\nMany overlapping cooper pairs can exist in the same nanometer sized space. Since paired electrons constitute a boson the motions of all of the cooper pairs within a single superconductor synchronize and they function as if they are a single entity. Small disturbances such as scattering of electrons are forbidden in this state, and it moves as one, showing no resistance to its motion. Thus, it is now a superconductor."}
+{"id": "43491", "revid": "39678", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43491", "title": "Morals", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43492", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43492", "title": "The great fire of london", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43508", "revid": "109566", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43508", "title": "Alan Freeman", "text": "Alan Leslie \"Fluff\" Freeman (born 6 July 1927 in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, died 27 November 2006 in London, England) was an Australian radio presenter who worked for most of his career in the United Kingdom.\nIn May 2000 he was presented with a Lifetime Achievement award at the Sony Radio Academy Awards.\nFreeman was best known for presenting \"Pick of the Pops\" on BBC Radio 1 throughout the 1960s and 1970s.\nFreeman was openly bisexual."}
+{"id": "43519", "revid": "1661826", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43519", "title": "Sunflower", "text": "The common sunflower (\"Helianthus annuus\") is a living annual plant in the family Asteraceae, with a large flower head (\"capitulum\"). The stem of the flower can grow up to 3 metres tall, with a flower head that can be 30\u00a0cm wide. Other types of sunflowers include the California Royal Sunflower, which has a burgundy (red if we are do something like party so that flowers are uses in this party for decoration even and other things are flowers and plants are also used to decorate flower head. \nThe flower head is actually an inflorescence made of hundreds or thousands of tiny flowers called florets. The central florets look like the centre of a normal flower, apseudanthium. The benefit to the plant is that it is very easily seen by the insects and birds which pollinate it, and it produces thousands of seeds.\nThe sunflower is the state flower of Kansas. That is why Kansas is sometimes called the Sunflower State.\nTo grow well, sunflowers need full sun. They grow best in fertile, wet, well-drained soil with a lot of mulch. In commercial planting, seeds are planted 45\u00a0cm (1.5\u00a0ft) apart and 2.5\u00a0cm (1\u00a0in) deep.\nDescription.\nThe outer petal-bearing florets are the sterile florets and can be yellow, red, orange, or other colors. The florets inside the circular head are called disc florets, which mature into seeds.\nThe flower petals within the sunflower's cluster are always in a spiral pattern. Generally, each floret is oriented toward the next by approximately the golden angle, 137.5\u00b0, producing a pattern of interconnecting spirals, where the number of left spirals and the number of right spirals are successive Fibonacci numbers. Typically, there are 34 spirals in one direction and 55 in the other; on a very large sunflower there could be 89 in one direction and 144 in the other.\nSunflowers commonly grow to heights between 1.5 and 3.5\u00a0m (5\u201312\u00a0ft.). The tallest sunflower confirmed by Guinness World Records is 9.17 m (2014, Germany). In 16th century Europe the record was already 7.3 m (24\u00a0ft., Spain). Most cultivars are variants of \"H. annuus\", but four other species (all perennials) are also domesticated. This includes \"H. tuberosus\", the Jerusalem Artichoke, which produces edible tubers.\nAs food.\nSunflower \"whole seed\" (fruit) are sold as a snack food, after roasting in ovens, with or without salt added. Sunflowers can be processed into a peanut butter alternative, Sunbutter. In Germany, it is mixed together with rye flour to make Sonnenblumenkernbrot (literally: sunflower whole seed bread), which is quite popular in German-speaking Europe. It is also sold as food for birds and can be used directly in cooking and salads.\nSunflower oil, extracted from the seeds, is used for cooking, as a carrier oil and to produce margarine and biodiesel, as it is cheaper than olive oil. A range of sunflower varieties exist with differing fatty acid compositions; some 'high oleic' types contain a higher level of healthy monounsaturated fats in their oil than Olive oil.\nThe cake remaining after the seeds have been processed for oil is used as a livestock feed. Some recently developed cultivars have drooping heads. These cultivars are less attractive to gardeners growing the flowers as ornamental plants, but appeal to farmers, because they reduce bird damage and losses from some plant diseases. Sunflowers also produce latex and are the subject of experiments to improve their suitability as an alternative crop for producing hypoallergenic rubber.\nTraditionally, several Native American groups planted sunflowers on the north edges of their gardens as a \"fourth sister\" to the better known three sisters combination of corn, beans, and squash.[9] Annual species are often planted for their allelopathic properties. However, for commercial farmers growing commodity crops, the sunflower, like any other unwanted plant, is often considered a weed. Especially in the midwestern USA, wild (perennial) species are often found in corn and soybean fields and can have a negative impact on yields.\nSunflowers may also be used to extract toxic ingredients from soil, such as lead, arsenic and uranium. They were used to remove uranium, cesium-137, and strontium-90 from soil after the Chernobyl disaster (see phytoremediation)."}
+{"id": "43528", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43528", "title": "Peter Cushing", "text": "Peter Cushing, OBE (26 May 1913 \u2013 11 August 1994) was an English actor. He is best known for his roles in horror movies and \"\".\nCareer.\nBorn Peter Wilton Cushing in London, England. His movie career began in 1939 in a small role in \"The Man in the Iron Mask\" (1939), followed by \"Laddie\" (1940). He played a character called Osric in a movie version of William Shakespeare\u2019s play \"Hamlet\" (1948), with Laurence Olivier.\nHis most famous roles were Victor Frankenstein, in the British horror movie \"The Curse of Frankenstein\" (1957), by Terence Fisher. Victor creates a monster in the attic of his castle. His other famous role was that of Doctor Van Helsing in \"Dracula\" (1958), in this movie he must fight Dracula. In these two movies he was accompanied by another famous actor Christopher Lee. They formed a very successful duo, starring in dozens of Hammer movies as \"The Hound of the Baskervilles\" (1959), \"The Mummy\" (1959), \"The Gorgon\" (1964), \"Dr. Terror's House of Horrors\" (1965). They clashed again as Van Helsing and Dracula, in \"Dracula A.D. 1972\" (1972), and \"The Satanic Rites of Dracula\" (1974).\nAlso re-interpret the character of Baron Frankenstein, in \"The Revenge of Frankenstein\" (1958), \"The Evil of Frankenstein\" (1964), by Freddie Francis, \"Frankenstein Created Woman\" (1967), \"Frankenstein Must Be Destroyed\" (1969), and \"Frankenstein and the Monster from Hell\" (1974), directed by Terence Fisher.\nPeter Cushing also teamed with Vincent Price in movies including \"Scream and Scream Again\" (1970), \"Dr. Phibes Rises Again\" (1972), \"Madhouse\" (1974), which plays an evil agent movie., and \"House of the Long Shadows\" (1983). \nIn 1977 he obtained the role of Grand Moff Tarkin, in \"Star Wars\" by George Lucas. \nIn the last years of his career had appearances in some comedies \"Top Secret!\" (1984). \nHis last job was in 1986 in the movie \"Biggles\" (1986). \nIn 1982 he was diagnosed with prostate cancer. He died of the disease in 1994.\nTelevision.\nCushing also made television, in mystery series, including \"Sherlock Holmes\" (1968), as Sherlock Holmes, \"The Avengers\", \"Great Mysteries\", \"Space: 1999\", \"The New Avengers\", \"Hammer House of Horror\", and the TV movies \"The Masks of Death\" (1984), as Sherlock Holmes"}
+{"id": "43529", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43529", "title": "Peter cushing", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43533", "revid": "361921", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43533", "title": "Brian Krause", "text": "Brian Krause (born February 1, 1969) is an American actor. He grew up in El Toro, California. He is best known for his role as Leo Wyatt on the WB Network television series \"Charmed\" from 1998 to 2006.\nKrause made his first movie as Richard Lestrange in the movie sequel \"Return to the Blue Lagoon\" (1991). A year later, he also starred opposite Alice Krige, playing Charles Brady in the horror movie \"Sleepwalkers\".\nBrian and his wife Beth Bruce had their first child, Jamen, in 1996. They divorced in 2000. He dated co-star Alyssa Milano. During his time off the set, he enjoys being a handyman which was his job before acting (and was his character's job when he played Leo Wyatt on \"Charmed\"). He also enjoys golf and auto racing."}
+{"id": "43534", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43534", "title": "Julian McMahon", "text": "Julian McMahon (27 July 1968 \u2013 2 July 2025) was an Australian actor and model. His father, Sir William McMahon was Prime Minister of Australia from 1971 to 1972. McMahon is best known for playing Cole Turner on the television series \"Charmed\", Doctor Doom in the 2005-2007 \"Fantastic Four\" movie series and Christian Troy on the series \"Nip/Tuck\". He was born in Sydney, Australia.\nMcMahon died from lung metastatic head and neck cancer on 2 July 2025, at the age of 56, in Clearwater, Florida."}
+{"id": "43535", "revid": "361921", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43535", "title": "Ted King", "text": "Theodore William King (born October 1, 1965) is an American actor. He was born in Hollywood, California. Ted King is also credited as T.W. King.\nKing is first known to soap opera fans as Danny Roberts on \"Loving\" in 1999 and \"The City\" until the series was went off the air in March 1997. He had the starring role in the series \"Timecop\" on ABC in the fall of 1997. He was on the series \"Charmed\" as Inspector Andy Trudeau from 1998 to 1999. In 2002, King returned to soaps operas as Luis Alcazar on \"General Hospital\" for a few months until his character was killed on the series. In 2003, he returned to \"General Hospital\" as Luis' twin brother, Lorenzo Alcazar."}
+{"id": "43537", "revid": "121204", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43537", "title": "Coffs Harbour", "text": "Coffs Harbour () is a city on the north coast of New South Wales, Australia. It is 540\u00a0km north of Sydney and 440\u00a0km south of Brisbane. Coffs Harbour is famous for its bananas and is also an important diving spot. It also has a campus of the Southern Cross University. It is the home of the Big Banana, a tourist attraction and amusement park. There are passenger trains to and from Sydney and Brisbane."}
+{"id": "43539", "revid": "5804", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43539", "title": "Bendigo", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43540", "revid": "5804", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43540", "title": "Warrnambool", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43543", "revid": "5804", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43543", "title": "Grafton", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43544", "revid": "5804", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43544", "title": "Maitland", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43548", "revid": "6611", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43548", "title": "Language science", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43560", "revid": "10411580", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43560", "title": "Yggdrasil", "text": "Yggdrasil (Old Norse: \"Yggdrasill\"), also known as King Drasil (Old Norse: \"Konungr Drasill\"), is the name of the immense cosmic tree that serves as the connection between the Nine Worlds in Norse mythology. Referred to as the World Tree, Yggdrasil was said to lie at the very center of the universe, supported by three roots which extend far away into varying locations. Various creatures dwell within Yggdrasil. Upon the onset of Ragnar\u00f6k, Yggdrasil will shudder and groan, ultimately crumbling as the universe meets its end.\nYggdrasil and Its Structure.\nYggdrasil's roots extend into three locations: Ur\u00f0arbrunnr (Old Norse: \u201cWell of Ur\u00f0r\u201d), Hvergelmir (Old Norse: \u201cbubbling\" or \"boiling spring\"), and M\u00edmisbrunnr (Old Norse: \u201cWell of M\u00edmir\"). As seen in the Poetic Edda poem, Gr\u00edmnism\u00e1l (Old Norse: \"Sayings of Gr\u00edmnir\"), various creatures dwell within the World Tree, including: \nN\u00ed\u00f0h\u00f6ggr (Old Norse: \"N\u00ed\u00f0h\u01ebggr\" - \u201cMalice striker\u201d), a massive dragon/serpent-like being that gnaws at its root(s), an unnamed eagle, and the hawk Ve\u00f0rf\u00f6lnir (Old Norse: \u201cwind bleached\u201d or \u201cwind-witherer\u201d), who sits between its eyes, along with the four stags D\u00e1inn, Dvalinn, Duneyrr, and Dura\u00fer\u00f3r. \nThe Three Norns (Old Norse: \"Nornir\") - Ur\u00f0r (Old Norse: \u201cfate\u201d), Ver\u00f0andi (Old Norse: possibly \u201chappening\u201d or \u201cpresent\u201d), and Skuld (Old Norse: possibly \u201cdebt\u201d or \u201cfuture\u201d) - attend to Yggdrasil, weaving the fates of both gods and men. "}
+{"id": "43562", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43562", "title": "Impeachment", "text": "Impeachment is a way to remove a government officer from their position in some countries. \nProcess.\nImpeachment is like an indictment, which the prosecutor needs to get before a trial. First a legislature must vote to impeach a person. Later, there is another vote on whether or not to convict the person. This vote may be done by the same people who voted to impeach the person, or by someone else (like in a bicameral legislature). \nSeveral different types of office holders may be impeached, but cases against the President or leader of a country usually attract the most attention.\nUnited States.\nIn the United States, only Congress has the power to impeach a federal official (like a President, Vice President, judge, or legislator).\nFirst the U.S. House of Representatives votes to impeach the person and charge them with committing treason, bribery, or other \"high crimes and misdemeanors\". Next the U.S. Senate holds a trial. The accused person cannot be convicted and removed from office unless two-thirds of the Senators vote for it.\nThe House has impeached 22 people throughout American history. Most of these (15 people) were federal judges; three were U.S. presidents; one was a Senator; and the rest were other federal officials.\nHistorical impeachments.\nWarren Hastings, who was the first Governor-General of India from 1773 to 1785, was impeached. He was accused of abusing the local people. The process lasted for seven years and ended in his acquittal. \nBrazilian president Dilma Rousseff was impeached and removed from office in 2016. So was South Korean president Park Geun-hye in 2017. \nThree Presidents of the United States were impeached: Andrew Johnson (in 1868), Bill Clinton (1998) and Donald Trump (in 2019 and again in 2021). None of them were removed from office by impeachment. President Richard Nixon resigned before the House could impeach him, making him the only U.S. president ever to resign."}
+{"id": "43563", "revid": "17988", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43563", "title": "Indictment", "text": "In common law, an indictment is a charge saying that a person committed a very serious crime. They used to be given out by grand juries (a special jury usually made up of 24 people that is used to see if a person should be charged), but many places do not have grand juries anymore. Sealed indictments are kept secret until they are unsealed."}
+{"id": "43564", "revid": "1521690", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43564", "title": "Trial", "text": "A trial is where 2 people or 2 groups of people argue in a court.\nCivil trial.\nIn a civil trial, there is a plaintiff and a defendant. The plaintiff tries to prove that he or she has a reason why the defendant needs to give him or her money.\nCriminal trial.\nIn a criminal trial, there is a prosecutor and a defendant. The prosecutor works for the government and tries to prove that the defendant committed a crime. It often takes a long time to get a trial scheduled as the courts can be very busy. In the United States, Federal court can take up to 10 months to get a court date. \nJudge.\nThe judge controls the courtroom. He or she decides who speaks when, and they decide what evidence and arguments can be used. Sometimes, a jury is brought in to determine whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty. If there is no jury, the judge or judges decide whether the defendant is proven guilty or not. If the defendant is proven guilty of the crime, the judge will decide the punishment, which is also called the \"sentence\". If the crime is serious, the defendant may go to prison or, in some countries, be executed. For smaller crimes, there is often a fine\u2014money that must be paid, in addition to having a criminal record.\nDifferences in each country.\nTrials are different in places where the laws are different. Different countries, cities and states all have different laws that change how trials happen. Trials in some places are very short. In some places, however, important trials can take as long as a few years while the two sides gather information and put together their arguments. "}
+{"id": "43570", "revid": "4580", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43570", "title": "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43571", "revid": "576750", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43571", "title": "Stamp", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43576", "revid": "593910", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43576", "title": "Belinda Peregr\u00edn", "text": "Belinda Peregr\u00edn Sch\u00fcll (born 15 August 1989), is a Spanish-Mexican singer and actress. She is often called just Belinda. Her first album, \"Belinda\" (2003), was very popular and sold over 16 million copies worldwide receiving the title of \"The Princess of Latin Pop\" by Billboard U.S. and Rolling Stone U.S. Her second album \"Utop\u00eda\" (2006) gave her two Latin Grammy Award nominations.\nShe has also been in many movies, such as the Disney Channel Original Movie \"The Cheetah Girls 2\" (2006). She was also in the telenovela \"Camaleones\" (2009) and the TV series \"Mujeres asesinas 3\" (2010). After this, she released her third album \"Carpe Diem\" (2010), which had a hit single \"Ego\u00edsta\". Her fourth album \"Catarsis\" (2013) went straight to number one in Mexico."}
+{"id": "43577", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43577", "title": "William-harvey", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43578", "revid": "1619484", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43578", "title": "Ngo Dinh Diem", "text": "Ngo Dinh Diem or Ng\u00f4 \u0110\u00ecnh Di\u1ec7m ( or ; 3 January 1901\u00a0\u2013 2 November 1963) was the first President of South Vietnam. Unlike most people in Vietnam, he was a Catholic.\nDeath.\nAfter he kept favoring people of his religion, he and his brother were arrested and killed on 2 November 1963 by the non-communist South Vi\u1ec7tnamese army during the Buddhist crisis. The army then set up a military dictatorship."}
+{"id": "43585", "revid": "314538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43585", "title": "Great Plague of London", "text": "During the Great Plague of London (1665-1666), the disease called the bubonic plague killed about 200,000 people in London, England. Within seven months, almost one out of every four Londoners died from the plague. At its worst, in September 1665, the plague killed 7,165 people in one week. After this, the rate of deaths began to slow down.\nThe Great Plague ended around September 1666. The Great Fire of London, which happened on 2-6 September 1666, may have helped end the outbreak by killing many of the rats and fleas who were spreading the plague.\nThough most Great Plague victims were Londoners, the plague also killed people in other areas of England. By the time it ended, the Great Plague had killed about 2.5% of England's population. To compare, about 2% of the entire United Kingdom's population (including soldiers and civilians) died in World War I, and about 1% of the entire United Kingdom's population died in World War II.\nOutbreak.\nThe Great Plague of 1665 was the last major plague in England. Before the Great Plague, England had had outbreaks of plague every few decades:\nHistorians think that the plague spread to England from the Netherlands. Dutch trading ships carrying cotton from Amsterdam may have brought the plague to England. Amsterdam was badly hit by the plague in 1663\u20131664; the disease killed about 50,000 people there.\nIn London, the first places hit by the plague were the dock areas outside of the city and the parish of St Giles in the Fields. In those places, poor workers lived crowded together in bad conditions. Nobody kept records about the deaths of very poor people, so nobody knows how many of them died from the plague. \nRecords say the first person to die of the plague in London was Rebecca Andrews on 12 April 1665.\nLondon.\nBy July 1665, plague was in the City of London itself. Many of the people who could afford to leave the city left for the countryside. King Charles II of England, his family, and his court left the city for Oxfordshire. Most wealthy merchants and professionals left the city, so most businesses were closed. \nAs the plague got worse, more and more people left the city. A small number of clergymen, physicians and apothecaries chose to stay. Most of the city's government officials also stayed, including the Lord Mayor of London, Sir John Lawrence. People who were too poor to move to the countryside had no choice but to stay in the city. Still, London became so empty that grass started to grow on the streets.\nSome of the people who stayed in London wrote about the Great Plague. Samuel Pepys, who lived through the plague, kept a diary which gave historians information about what the plague was like. Henry Foe, a saddler who lived in East London, also decided not to leave the city. Years later, in 1722, Foe's nephew Daniel Defoe wrote \"A Journal of the Plague Year\", a story about the plague that he may have based on Foe's journals.\nReactions.\nPeople in London tried many different things to try to treat the plague and stop it from spreading. At the time, nobody understood what caused the plague, how it spread, or how to treat it.p.\u00a042 Antibiotic medications, which are the only treatment for plague, were not discovered for another 300 years. People were so afraid of catching the plague from other people that they threw dead plague victims' bodies into overcrowded pits and buried them all together as quickly as possible. In one parish in London, 1,114 dead plague victims were buried together in a hole that was fifty feet long and twenty feet wide.pp.\u00a0174\u2013175\nAs the plague got worse, some people refused to help sick family members. Others forced sick servants to leave even though they had nowhere to go. Eventually, if one person in a home got the plague, the whole family was forced to stay in the home. A red cross and the words \"Lord have mercy upon us\" would be painted on the door. Pepys wrote in his diary: \"the plague [is] making us cruel as dogs to one another.\"\nGovernment officials tried several public health programs to prevent more people from getting the plague. For example:\n\"Plague doctors\" walked the streets diagnosing victims, but many of them were not actual doctors. Wearing special costumes, they tried to treat plague victims with bloodletting, frogs, and leeches.\nThe plague was worst in London, but it also affected other parts of England. Perhaps the most famous example was the village of Eyam in Derbyshire. Nobody knows for sure how the plague got to Eyam. However, stories say that a merchant carrying cloth from London accidentally brought the plague with him. The villagers quarantined themselves (kept themselves apart from other people and other villages) to make sure the disease would not spread any further. That kept the plague from spreading outside Eyam, but about 80% of the people in the village died from the plague within a little over a year.\nDies out.\nAs time went on, more and more people died from the plague. That continued until the week of 19-26 September 1665, the worst week of the Great Plague, when 7,166 people died from the disease. The number of deaths from the plague then began to slow down. By February 1666, the King and his court decided it was safe enough to return to London.\nSome people - not nearly as many as before - continued to get the plague until September 1666. Around that time, the plague outbreak ended. The Great Fire of London is believed to have helped to end the plague."}
+{"id": "43586", "revid": "1575428", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43586", "title": "Empress Matilda", "text": "Matilda of England (7 February 1102 \u2013 10 September 1167) also called Empress Matilda or her nickname, Maud, was the Holy Roman Empress and Queen consort of the Romans as the wife of Emperor Henry V from their marriage in 1114 until Henry's death in 1125. She was also the Disputed Queen of England from April to November 1141 during a civil war that she fought against her cousin, King Stephen I, which was known as The Anarchy. She was the daughter of Henry I of England and his first wife, Matilda of Scotland\nMatilda grew up with great education. She was incredibly intelligent and talented. At a young age, she learned how to speak multiple languages, mainly English, German, French, and Latin. She also learned how to fight like a knight and as well as learning archery. \nShe was very popular in Germany, however, she was not that popular in her homeland as she spend most of her childhood in Germany. Because of that, she was considered \"foreign\" and that England never had a queen and that the people back then believed that woman were weak. Thus, they didn't want Matilda to succeed her father as she was the next in line to the throne after her younger brother, William Adelin, died in a boat.\nHer father planned her to succeed him. However, when Henry died in 1135, instead of Matilda ascending to the throne, her cousin, Stephen of Blios, took the throne and had himself crowned. However, Matilda refused to recognize Stephen as king and started The Anarchy. In April 1141, troops loyal to Matilda captured Stephen and imprisoned him and Matilda became the disputed monarch. However, the troops of King Stephen freed Stephen. However, Matilda refused to give up her claim to the throne.\nEventually in 1153, Stephen's son and heir, Eustace IV, died. Thus, Stephen and Matilda signed an agreement stating that when Stephen died, he will be succeded by Matilda's son, Henry, and not Stephen's other son, William. Eventually in October 1154, Stephen died and Henry became the King of England as Henry II."}
+{"id": "43587", "revid": "5317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43587", "title": "10 September", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43591", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43591", "title": "King of Scots", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43592", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43592", "title": "King of Scotland", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43597", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43597", "title": "Kaiser", "text": "Kaiser was the title used for the Emperors of Austria and Germany, from the creation of the Austrian Empire in 1806 (after 1867 the Austro-Hungarian Empire) and from the creation of unified Germany in 1871 until the end of World War I when both empires collapsed and became republics. The Holy Roman Emperor was also called \"Kaiser\". The word \"Kaiser\" is the German way to say Caesar, the name the ancient Romans used for their Roman Emperor, just as \"Tsar\" is the Russian way to say it.\nIn 1873 these three rulers formed a \"League of the Three Emperors\", also called the \"Dreikaiserbund.\""}
+{"id": "43621", "revid": "9944820", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43621", "title": "Orange, New South Wales", "text": "Orange is a city in New South Wales, Australia. It is on the Mitchell Highway about 250 kilometres west of Sydney. The main street (where people do all the shopping) is quite large for a country town. There are five high schools and five primary schools in Orange. Orange has two tennis centres, a big pool, an indoor sports centre, a netball centre, football pitches, a university, hockey pitches and lots of parks. There is also a big mine called Cadia and a big fun lake located outside of the town. It has passenger trains to and from Sydney."}
+{"id": "43627", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43627", "title": "Endometrium", "text": "The endometrium is the innermost membrane of the uterus. It sensitive to hormone changes and menstrual cycle. The endometrium is shed each month as menstrual flow. \nReferences.\n "}
+{"id": "43632", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43632", "title": "Nibelungenlied", "text": "The Nibelungenlied, translated as The Song of the Nibelungs, is an epic poem in Middle High German. It tells the story of dragon-slayer Siegfried at the court of the Burgundians, and of the revenge of his wife Kriemhild, which leads to the death of all the heroes of the Bugundians and of Kriemhild as well.\nThe saga of Siegfried was also used in the opera cycle \"Der Ring des Nibelungen\" of Richard Wagner. Nibelung in this context means \"dwarf\".\nThe Nibelungenlied is based on earlier works. It was part of oral tradition, meaning it usually was not written down. During the Middle Ages people started to write down stories more and more. Overall there are about 35 German sources and one Dutch source for the story. There was an original manuscript but it has been lost. The three oldest manuscripts have been labelled \"A\", \"B\", and \"C\". \n\"B\" seems to be closest to the original; however, the real relation between the three manuscripts is unknown. The Nibelungenlied probably had a broad oral tradition, as there were many different versions. It is difficult to judge how these oral versions influenced the written ones.\nManuscripts A and B end with \"daz ist der Nibelunge not\" (that is the fall of the \"Nibelungs\"); for this reasons, they are known as the \"Not versions\". Manuscript C ends with \"daz ist der Nibelunge liet\" (). It is known as the \"Lied-version\". In total, the C text has been edited with regard to the public of the time. It is less dramatic. This probably made it more popular. Aesthetically, the B text would have been the greatest artistic achievement for a contemporary public.\nWho wrote it?\nThe author who wrote down the original that is now lost is unknown. However, there are a few candidates:\nSerious researchers tend to ignore the last three options, because there is not enough evidence to support them.\nThe well-known introduction.\nThis was probably not in the original though, but added later. The original probably began by introducing Kriemhild:\nOther websites.\nEnglish translations:"}
+{"id": "43633", "revid": "1507082", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43633", "title": "Dwarf (mythology)", "text": "A dwarf is a humanlike creature from Norse and Germanic mythologies. They have been used in many fairy tales, fantasy, fiction and role-playing games. Pop culture depicts the Dwarves as being short, however original mythology does not, and they were described interchangeably with elves in some stories. \nIn some stories, dwarfs are mean, living under bridges, and having a bad reputation for stealing treasure. One example is the Norwegian Troll. It is an ugly and foolish creature who tells lies. It causes problems everywhere it goes. That is how the Internet troll got its name. In Robert Louis Stevenson's story, \"Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde,\" Edward Hyde is described as \"a dwarf.\"\nOn the other hand, J. R. R. Tolkien's hobbits and the munchkins in The Wizard of Oz are likeable, honest, good and smart."}
+{"id": "43637", "revid": "3145", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43637", "title": "Schr\u00f6dingers cat", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43642", "revid": "1620290", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43642", "title": "Vanir", "text": "The Vanir are one of the two tribes of deities in Norse mythology, the other being the \u00c6sir. Native to Vanaheimr, the Vanir are peace-loving gods, associated with nature and fertility, while the \u00c6sir were chaotic and warlike. Members of the Vanir include:\nA number of the Vanir live in Asgard alongside the \u00c6sir as a token of goodwill following the war between the two tribes, which resulted in them uniting into a single pantheon (group). The goddess Freyja receives half of those slain in battle as a share of power between the two clans. "}
+{"id": "43646", "revid": "1098103", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43646", "title": "Mole (unit)", "text": "The mole (symbol: mol) is the SI unit used to measure how many molecules or atoms there are. One mole is around 600 sextillion molecules. Scientists use this number because 1 gram of hydrogen is around 1 mole of atoms.\nThe exact value of one mole is . This number comes from experiments with carbon because it's easy to work with.\n is also called Avogadro's number, which was named after the person who invented it.\nAnything can be measured in moles, but it is not practical for most tasks because the value is so massive. For example, one mole of grapefruits would be as big as the earth. \nBecause different molecules and atoms do not have the same mass, one mole of one thing does not weigh the same as one mole of something else. Atoms and molecule mass is measured in amu. One amu is equal to one gram per mole. This means that if an atom has a mass of one amu, one mole of this atom weighs one gram.\nMathematics with the mole.\nMoles = mass (g) / Relative mass (grams per mole)\nExample: How many moles are there in 20 grams of hydrogen?\nA value of 1 can be used for hydrogen's relative mass, although the correct value is slightly larger. So: moles = mass/relative mass = 20/1 = 20 moles.\nMoles = concentration (mol/dm3) x volume (dm3)\nExample: How many moles are there in 100cm3 of 0.1M H2SO4?\n1 dm3 is the same as 1000 cm3, so the value in cubic centimetres needs to be divided by 1000. 100/1000 x 0.1 = 0.01 moles.\nA methane molecule is made from one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms. Carbon has a mass of 12.011 u and hydrogen has a mass of 1.008 u. This means that the mass of one methane molecule is 12.011 u + (4 \u00d7 1.008u), or 16.043 u. This means that one mole of methane has a mass of 16.043 grams.\nA mole can be thought of as two bags of different sized balls. One bag contains 3 tennis balls and the other 3 footballs. There is the same number of balls in both bags but the mass of the footballs is much larger. It is a different way to measure things. Moles measure the number of particles, not the mass. So both bags contain three moles.\nA mole is simply a unit of the number of things. Other common units include a dozen, meaning\u00a0 12, and a score, meaning 20. Similarly, a mole refers to a specific quantity-- its distinguishing feature is that its number is far larger than other common units. Such units are typically invented when existing units can not describe something easily enough. Chemical reactions typically take place between molecules of varying weights, meaning measurements of mass (such as grams) can be misleading when compared the reactions of individual molecules. On the other hand, using the absolute number of atoms/molecules/ions would also be confusing, as the massive numbers involved would make it all too easy to misplace a value or drop a digit. As such, working in moles allows scientists to refer to a specific quantity of molecules or atoms without resorting to excessively large numbers.\nRelated units.\nThe SI units for molar concentration are mol/m3. However, most chemical writing uses mol/dm3, or mol dm-3, which is the same as mol/L. These units are often written with a capital letter M (pronounced \"molar\"), sometimes preceded by an SI prefix, for example, millimoles per litre (mmol/L) or millimolar (mM), micromoles/litre (\u00b5mol/L) or micromolar (\u00b5M), or nanomoles/L (nmol/L) or nanomolar (nM).\nThe absolute yield of a chemical reaction mostly stated in moles (called the \"molar yield\")."}
+{"id": "43648", "revid": "5317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43648", "title": "19 June", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43651", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43651", "title": "Plesiosaurus", "text": "Plesiosaurus was a large marine reptile from the Early to Late Jurassic period. It is one of the most famous plesiosaurs of all time. \nThe first specimen discovered by Mary Anning in 1820-21 was missing its skull. She found it on the Jurassic coast of Lyme Regis, Dorset, England. In 1823 she found another one, this time complete with its skull. The name \"Plesiosaurus\" was given by the Rev. William Conybeare.\n\"Plesiosaurus\" was a predator, living mostly on fish and belemnites. It would swim through schools of fish and use its long neck and sharp teeth to snap them up.\n\"Plesiosaurus\" was a fairly typical member of its order, and measured around 3 to 5 metres (10 to 16 ft) in total length. The snout was short, but the jaws were able to open very wide, and had a series of conical teeth in sockets. The neck was quite long, and the short tail was used for steering. Like all plesiosaurs, it used its large paddles to swim.\nOnly two species are known, and the genus existed for about 25 million years from the beginning of the Jurassic period.\nScientists have wondered whether ancient reptiles like pleisiosaurs were warm-blooded or cold-blooded. Scientists from the University of Plymouth studied many animals of different sizes from insects to whales that dive and hold their breath. They found that larger animals can hold their breath longer than smaller animals because they can store more oxygen. They also found this difference was much bigger for warm-blooded animals than for cold-blooded animals. They said this could be why whales became so large. They think since plesiosaurs were also large, like whales, they were more likely to be warm-blooded than cold-blooded.\nScientists also looked at the phosphate molecules inside plesiosaurs' teeth and saw the oxygen isotopes that suggested they had been warm-blooded."}
+{"id": "43659", "revid": "10265121", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43659", "title": "Doraemon", "text": " is a Japanese manga and anime series and franchise about the character Doraemon. It was written and illustrated by Fujiko Fujio. It was started in a children\u2019s magazine in 1969. Doraemon is the name of a robot cat without ears that came from the future to help a boy named Nobita Nobi. Doraemon is about the life of Nobita Nobi. In a typical story Doramon uses a gadget to solve a problem for Nobita, but Nobita goes too far and ends up being punished and learning a lesson.\nDoraemon was turned into an anime television show in 1973 (the original 1973 series is now considered lost media). It still is being shown on television. As of 1996, about 100 million comic books have been sold. A Japanese-to-English version of the original called \"Doraemon: Gadget Cat from the Future\" was published from 2002. A local translation is published in each Asian country such as Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea and Vietnam. It is in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, and Australia, but it is not as popular as it is in Asia. Doraemon is endorsed by 7-11 in Thailand as a mascot.\nCharacters.\nRecurring.\nSeveral other characters compose the world of Doraemon, and have played all kinds of roles."}
+{"id": "43660", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43660", "title": "Alfred the Great", "text": "Alfred the Great (Old English \u00c6lfr\u00e6d; c. 849 \u2014 26 October 899) was King of Wessex from 871 to 899. He was the first king from the British Isles to call himself the 'King of the Anglo-Saxons' and so he is sometimes said to be the first English king. Alfred started the Royal Navy in the 9th century.\nEarly childhood.\nAlfred was the youngest son of King \u00c6thelwulf of Wessex and Osburga. She was the daughter of Osburga, Athelwulf's butler. Alfred was born in 849 in the royal village of Wantage then in Berkshire. In the world he grew up in there was constant talk and fear of Viking raiders. For fourteen years they had been raiding but a year after Alfred's birth they stayed all winter. The Viking menace was now settled on the island of Thanet in Kent.\nWhen he was about four, Alfred's mother, Osburga, died. At age twelve, Alfred had difficulty finding a qualified teacher to help him learn to read and write. He finally overcame the problem and learned to read and write by using the writings of the church. At some point in his childhood Alfred was made a (a high rank in Anglo-Saxon England styled on the Roman office of consul). The ceremony involved him receiving a red cloak, a jeweled belt and a sword. This ceremony meant he was not destined to join the church, as the younger sons typically were. His life as an adult would be as a nobleman and possibly, if he survived his four older brothers, as king, someday.\nBefore he was seven years old, he had traveled to Rome twice. In 853, Alfred was sent with an escort and met Pope Leo IV. In 855 King \u00c6thelwulf traveled to Rome taking his young son Alfred with him. They stayed in Rome a year and returned through France. There, king \u00c6thelwulf and his son Alfred stayed at the court of Charles the Bald. \u00c6thelwulf became engaged to Charles's eldest daughter, Judith, then about aged twelve. That same October, they were married at Verberie in northern France.\nSuccession.\nWhile Alfred and his brother were in Rome and France, 855-856, his older brother Athelstan died. When the king came back, his son Ethelbald was trying to start a civil war. To prevent this from happening \u00c6thelwulf stepped down as king. He gave the rule over Wessex to his son Ethelbald. He took over the rule of Kent, Essex, Sussex and Surrey ruling Wessex as the under-king with his child bride Judith sharing his throne. In 858 king \u00c6thelwulf died.\nEthelbald, now accepted by everyone as king married his and Alfred's stepmother Judith. According to Asser, all men in England were horrified. Two years later in 860, Ethelbald was dead. Alfred's third brother, Ethelbert, became the new king. He united all of Wessex into one kingship. Queen Judith sold all of her lands in England and went back to France.\nThe next brother to rule Wessex was Ethelbert. In the same year he succeeded his brother there was a great Viking raid on the south coast of England. The Vikings plundered Winchester the chief city of Wessex and obtained a great deal of . As they returned to their ships they were ambushed by Anglo-Saxons from Hampshire and Berkshire. A few survived and returned to their ships. For the next three years Southern England was free of Viking raids. But the year 865 saw the arrival of the Great Heathen Army in East Anglia. For a time they were more interested in Northumbria. They took control of York and moved south into Mercia then made their winter camp in Nottingham.\nMeanwhile, King Ethelbert died in early 866. So far all the brothers had been childless and so the succession was passed from brother to brother. The fourth brother in line was Ethelred. He became king in 866. It was at this time Alfred was given the title of \"Secundarius\" (Latin for secondary). This meant he was given the power to rule over part of the kingdom or to share some power with his brother over the entire kingdom. In 868 Burgred, the King of Mercia, asked King Ethelred and Alfred for their help against the Danes (Vikings). But their forces together could not defeat the Danes. By 871 the Mercians and East Anglians had been defeated. Only Wessex could mount an army against the Vikings. That year Wessex was invaded by a large Danish army. After many battles the Anglo-Saxons were able to slow the Danes' progress. Ethelred died. He left a young son named Ethelwald who later rebelled against Edward the Elder.\nKing of Wessex.\nAlfred became king in the middle of this conflict. But before the end of the year he succeeded in effecting a peace, probably by paying a sum of money to the invaders.\nAlfred earned the name 'the Great' by defending the kingdom from Viking invasions. Alfred was a scholar and encouraged education in the kingdom as well as improving the legal system.\nKing of the Anglo-Saxons.\nBy the close of the ninth century the four independent kingdoms of England had been reduced to just one. Wessex was the only remaining kingdom not destroyed by the Vikings. Beginning about 886 Alfred claimed to be the king of all the English. The exception was those parts of England that were under Danish rule. This was the beginning of unifying England under a single king. For many Alfred was the first king of the English. But he did not technically rule all of England. That distinction was given to Athelstan (ruled 924\u2013939). King Athelstan was Alfred's eldest grandson.\nIn the 880s Alfred formed a marriage alliance with Mercia, still a powerful kingdom. His daughter, \u00c6thelfl\u00e6d, married king \u00c6thelred, of Mercia. After his death Ethelflaeda ruled as Queen of Mercia.\nBy 890 Alfred was making literacy among his people a priority. There were still Viking attacks, so Alfred was still telling his people to continue fighting and not give up. Alfred died in 899. He was succeeded by his son, Edward the Elder who was crowned on (8 June) 900.\nFamily.\nIn 868 Alfred married Ealhswith, daughter of Ethelred Mucill, Ealdorman of the Gainas. Together they had several children:"}
+{"id": "43661", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43661", "title": "Festival", "text": "A festival is a gathering of people to celebrate something. It can also refer to a one-day or more when people in a country have a holiday so that they can celebrate something. Festivals may be religious or national. They also may be events which feature different cultural programs such as music, dancing, poetry, movies, etc."}
+{"id": "43670", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43670", "title": "Oort cloud", "text": "The Oort cloud, Oort's cloud, or \u00d6pik\u2013Oort cloud, is a cloud of comets and other objects. Astronomers believe it is way beyond the orbits of Pluto and the Kuiper belt. The Oort cloud is believed to be the source of long-period comets in the Solar System.\nThe Oort cloud may lie about 50,000 AU, or nearly a light-year, from the Sun. This means the cloud is nearly a quarter of the way to Proxima Centauri, the nearest star to the Sun. \nThe Kuiper belt and scattered disc, the other two reservoirs of trans-Neptunian objects, are less than one-thousandth of the Oort cloud's distance. The outer limit of the Oort cloud defines the boundary of the Solar System and the region of the Sun's gravitational dominance.\nThe Dutch astronomer Jan Hendrik Oort published the Oort cloud idea in 1950. The Oort cloud was named after him, as were the Oort comet, and Oort constants.\nStructure.\nThe Oort cloud takes up a lot of space and is thought to have trillions of comets about tens of millions of kilometers apart. \nThe Oort cloud is made up of an inner Oort cloud and an outer Oort cloud. The outer cloud is weakly bound to the Sun; long-term comets are thought to come from there. The Inner cloud is also called the Hills cloud and maybe the maker of comets.\nThe objects in the Oort cloud are believed to consist of much ice. Since the object 1996 PW was found to be a rocky body in an orbit typical of long-period comets, it is believed that rocky objects might be in the Oort cloud. \nOrigins.\nThe Oort cloud is thought to be the remains of a protoplanetary disk that surrounded the Sun long ago."}
+{"id": "43686", "revid": "1643646", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43686", "title": "Dynasty", "text": "Dynasty means rulers who belong to the same royal family for generations. The term is also used to describe the era during which that family ruled.\nFamous dynasties were: "}
+{"id": "43690", "revid": "314538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43690", "title": "Han dynasty", "text": "The Han dynasty came to power in 202 BC. They followed the laws of Confucianism and legalism. This was called 'the Han synthesis'. \nThe Han dynasty was considered the golden age of early China with many important events and discoveries.\nHistory.\nThe Han dynasty ruled China for over 400 years: from 206 B.C. to 220 A.D. Its first emperor was Liu Bang, known in Chinese as Emperor Gaozu of Han. \nEmperor Gaozu maintained a legalist ideology, just like the Qin dynasty had. However, the emperor also had ideas related to Confucianism about having a centralized system showing benevolence. \nAfter eighty years, Emperor Wu of Han launched a period of military expansion. The Han armies took control of many territories, including the extremely important Silk Road in Mongolia and Xinjiang. The Silk Road helped make the empire a political, economic, military, and cultural center, but it was very expensive to manage and further expansion was cut off.\u00a0\nSeveral factors contributed to the fall of the Han dynasty, including uprisings of desperate and hungry people, the spread of attacks by nomadic groups, and official corruption.\nImportance.\nAccomplishments.\nUnder the Han dynasty:\nHan Chinese.\nIn the Han dynasty, many of the features of Chinese culture (including Confucianism and Chinese characters) became firmly established. For this reason, the dominant ethnic group in China today calls themselves the Han Chinese.\nLiterature.\nFairbank, John King and Merle Goldman 1992. \"China: a new history\". 2nd enlarged edition 2006. Cambridge: MA; London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. "}
+{"id": "43693", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43693", "title": "Zhou dynasty", "text": "The Zhou dynasty, pronunciation ( ), replaced the Shang dynasty in 1046 BCE. The kings of this dynasty made the empire a lot bigger. For the first time in the history of China, many people began moving to far away places inside the empire. The Zhou rulers moved the capital from Henan to a place near present-day Xi'an, near the Yellow River. The Zhou Dynasty also brought the theory of the Mandate of Heaven. This theory said that the fact that rulers were in charge proved that the gods wanted them to be in charge. Almost all dynasties of Chinese rulers after the Zhou continued to believe this theory.\nMature Chinese philosophy developed during the Zhou Dynasty. The greatest Chinese philosophers were Confucius (), founder of Confucianism, and Laozi, founder of Daoism. Other philosophers, theorists, and schools of thought from the Zhou Dynasty were Mozi (Latin: Micius), founder of \"Mohism\", Mencius (), a famous Confucian who expanded upon Confucius legacy, Shang Yang and Han Feizi, responsible for the development of \"ancient Chinese\" Legalism (the core philosophy of the Qin Dynasty), and Xunzi."}
+{"id": "43694", "revid": "10335693", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43694", "title": "Tony Iommi", "text": "Frank Anthony \"Tony\" Iommi (born 19 February 1948, in Birmingham, England) is a British guitarist and songwriter. He is most famous for starting the heavy metal band Black Sabbath. He is the only person who has stayed a member of the band since it began in 1968. He lost two finger tips in a work accident, and made two fake finger tips from a plastic bottle. This helped give Black Sabbath their heavy sound.\nIn 2003, Iommi was listed at number 86 in Rolling Stone Magazine's \"100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time\" issue.\nAlong with Jimmy Page of Led Zeppelin, Iommi is oft considered one of the greatest riff writers of all time. Iommi used several riffs in Black Sabbath's songs.\nHe was born to an Italian immigrant family and has dual Italian British citizenship. \nIn 2006 Tony Iommi was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame."}
+{"id": "43695", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43695", "title": "Tintin", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43698", "revid": "1564211", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43698", "title": "Yellow River", "text": "The Yellow River (Hu\u00e1ng H\u00e9 \u9ec4\u6cb3) is the second longest river in China (after Yangtze River) and the sixth longest in the world. The river is 5464\u00a0km long and it drains at the Bohai Sea, a gulf of the Yellow Sea. The river is often called the \"Mother River of China\" and \"the Cradle of the Chinese civilization\" in China. In Chinese mythology, the river is home to the deity Hebo."}
+{"id": "43700", "revid": "5804", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43700", "title": "Northern Territory (Australia)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43705", "revid": "1351675", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43705", "title": "Rebellion", "text": "A rebellion is when people refuse to obey orders and fight against authority. Those who do this are \u201crebels\u201d. They may be citizens of a country who try to take over the government by force because they do not trust the current system. Some rebels in history were slaves who fought back against their masters or against slavery in general. Leaders of slave rebellions include Spartacus and Nat Turner.\nThe Zhou dynasty in China feared rebellion. Rulers of other Chinese states that were captured live were made to with their families in the Zhou capital, Anyang. However, this way failed to stop rebellion because groups of lords were brought together that could rebel. The Zhou dynasty declined because other lords who were ruling parts of China rebelled.\nRebellion is a usual method of secession. "}
+{"id": "43710", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43710", "title": "List of French monarchs", "text": "Ruled from the start of the Frankish Kingdom in 486 to 1870. During most of its history, France was ruled by kings. Four Carolingian monarchs were also Roman Emperors and the Bonapartes were Emperors of the French.\nThis article lists all rulers to have held the title \"King of Franks\", \"King of France\", \"King of the French\" or \"Emperor of the French\".\nThe title \"King of the Franks\" was in use until the reign of Philip II. During the short time when the French Constitution of 1791 was in effect (1791\u20131792) and after the July Revolution in 1830, the style \"King of the French\" was used instead of \"King of France (and Navarre)\".\nIn addition to the Kingdom of France, there were also two French Empires. The First French Empire was from 1804 to 1815. It was founded and ruled by Napoleon I. The Second French Empire was from 1852 to 1870. It was founded and ruled by his nephew Napoleon III Then 3rd 4th and 5th republic formed\nMerovingian Dynasty (428\u2013751).\nThe name of France comes from the Germanic tribe known as the Franks. The Merovingian kings began as chieftains. The oldest known was Chlodio. Clovis I was the first of these to rise to true kingship. After his death, his kingdom was split between his sons into Soissons (Neustria), Paris, Orl\u00e9ans (Burgundy), and Metz (Austrasia). Several Merovingian monarchs brought back together the Frankish kingdoms and took the title of \"King of the Franks\". But upon their deaths, according to Frankish custom, the kingdom would often be split once again between their sons.\nThe last Merovingian kings, known as the lazy kings (rois fain\u00e9ants), did not hold any real political power. The Mayor of the Palace governed instead. When Theuderic IV died in 737, Mayor of the Palace Charles Martel left the throne vacant and continued to rule until his own death in 741. His sons Pepin and Carloman briefly brought back the Merovingian dynasty by raising Childeric III to the throne in 743. In 751, Pepin deposed Childerich and took the throne.\nCarolingian Dynasty (751\u2013887).\nThree of the twelve kings during the 147-year Carolingian Dynasty \u2013 Odo, his brother Robert I and Robert's son in law Raoul/Rudolph \u2013 were not from the Carolingian Dynasty but from the rival Robertian Dynasty. The Robertian Dynasty became the Capetian Dynasty with when Hugh Capet took the throne in 987.\nHeads of State following 1871.\nThe chronology of Head of State of France continues with the Presidents of France. There were short-term periods by the Chief of State of the French State (1940\u20131944), the Chairman of the Provisional Government of the French Republic (1944\u20131946) and the President of the French Senate (1969 and 1974) during the Fifth Republic."}
+{"id": "43712", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43712", "title": "Battle", "text": "A battle is a fight between two or more groups where each group is trying to defeat (beat) the others. Battles are most often fought during wars. A small battle fought by only a small part of the armies is called a skirmish. Series of battles are called military campaigns. The ground on which a battle is fought is called a battlefield.\nBattles can very important, for example the 1389 Battle of Kosovo, which was a draw in military terms, and the 1798 Battle of the Nile which the French lost, changed the history of Europe and the world. "}
+{"id": "43713", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43713", "title": "Device", "text": "Device could mean:\nDevise could mean:"}
+{"id": "43714", "revid": "10191061", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43714", "title": "Edward IV of England", "text": "Edward IV (28 April 1442 \u2014 9 April 1483) was the King of England from 1461 until he was deposed in 1470 and again from 1471, when he was restored to the throne, to his death. He was one of the main figures in the Wars of the Roses, a series of civil wars in England that were fought between the House of York and the House of Lancaster between 1455 and 1487. \nEdward became the leader of the Yorkists when his father, Richard, Duke of York, died at the Battle of Wakefield in December 1460. Edward and his forces beat the Lancastrian armies at Mortimer's Cross and Towton in early 1461. Then, he deposed King Henry VI and became King of England. In 1464, he married Elizabeth Woodville., which led to conflict with his chief advisor, Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, known as the \"Kingmaker\". Warwick wanted Edward to marry a princess from another country. In 1470, Warwick and Edward's brother George, Duke of Clarence led a revolt and briefly reinstalled Henry VI as king. \nEdward fled to Flanders, where he gathered support. His forces invaded England in March 1471. After winning the Battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury, he became king again. Soon afterward, Henry VI was found dead in the Tower of London. Edward ruled in relative peace for the next twelve years. He died suddenly in April 1483.\nHe was succeeded by his son Edward V, but Edward IV's brother Richard III soon took the throne.\nPopularity and appearance.\nEdward was seen as a strong and popular king. He was also tall at . That was very tall for a man in the 15th century. The only taller monarch was the later Peter I of Russia, who was tall."}
+{"id": "43717", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43717", "title": "Seismosaurus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43718", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43718", "title": "Pterosaur", "text": "Pterosaurs were flying reptiles which lived in the Mesozoic era at the same time as the dinosaurs. \nMany pterosaurs were fairly small, but in the Upper Cretaceous some grew larger than any other flying animals. The pterosaur \"Quetzalcoatlus\" had a wing-span of up to 12 metres (~40 feet).\nThe first fossils occur in the Upper Triassic, and the group continued until the K/T extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous (220 to 65.5 million years ago). Pterosaurs are the earliest vertebrates known to have evolved powered flight. Their wings were made from a flap of skin between their bodies and a big fourth finger (sometimes called the \"wing finger\"). The pterosaurs evolved into two groups. The earlier Rhamphorhynchoids (e.g. \"Rhamphorhynchus\") had long tails and toothed jaws; The pterodactyloids (e.g. \"Pterodactylus\") had short tails, and many had beaks with no teeth.\nThe first pterosaur fossil was discovered in the Late Jurassic Solnhofen limestone in Germany in 1784. This was exactly the same place as \"Archaeopteryx\" was found years later. Georges Cuvier first suggested that pterosaurs were flying creatures in 1801. Since the first pterosaur fossil was found, twenty-nine species of pterosaurs have been found in those deposits alone. \nA famous early UK find was an example of \"Dimorphodon\" by Mary Anning, in 1828 at Lyme Regis, Dorset, England. The name Pterosauria was coined in 1834.\nPterosaurs were genuine fliers, able to flap or soar. Their bodies were covered with fine hairs, so they were able to regulate their temperature (they were warm-blooded). They are a close sister-group to the dinosaurs, part of the Archosauria.\nRhamphorhynchoids.\nThis early group did well from the Upper Triassic to the Lower Cretaceous. When we first see them in the fossil record they have split into three families, so biologists know their early evolution is not yet revealed.p240, 246 These three families are represented by the three genera \"Rhamphorhynchus\", \"Dimorphodon\" and \"Eudimorphodon\". At least one more family appears at the start of the Jurassic, the Anurognathidae.\nThe group had a long tail, usually stiffened by rod-like bony tendons to keep it straight. This shows that their flight was extremely stable, which means it kept on course, rather than darted about. This feature is also found in \"Archaeopteryx\" and in early bats, and in insects like dragonflies.\nTo understand this, it helps to know some basic things about flight aerodynamics and stability. Early planes were highly stable, and so are airliners. To dart about quickly requires special advanced brains and reflexes, which later birds and pterosaurs had, but early ones did not. The analogy in planes would be fighter planes, which need such fast reactions that the details are worked out by computer, with the pilot indicating where to go. It requires more brains to control unstable flight than it does stable flight.\nAll species in the group have teeth. This again has a parallel with birds; \"Archaeopteryx\" and many Cretaceous birds have teeth; modern birds do not. The disadvantage of teeth is that they are quite heavy; when the animal can do without them, they will gradually get selected out. Obviously, without teeth food cannot be chewed, but there are ways around that. Stones in the gizzard do the grinding in birds.\nFor a long time it was thought that these pterosaurs died out at the end of the Jurassic, which was a minor extinction event. Even near the end of the Jurassic, \"Rhamphorhynchus\" was the most common pterosaur found at the famous \"Archaeopteryx\" site at Solnhofen in Bavaria, Germany. Now it is known that the group survived until the Lower Cretaceous. \"Until recently, it was thought that rhamphorhynchoids died out at the end of the Jurassic, but new finds in the Jehol sequence of northeast China [show] that in this part of the world they survived until at least the middle of the Lower Cretaceous\".\nA single specimen of the insect-eating \"Anurognathus\" was also found at Solnhofen. It had a shorter tail than any other rhamphorhynchoid. This suggests its need to dodge about to catch insects: \"agile and highly manoeuvrable\".p270\nPterodactyloids.\nFossil pterodactyloids appear in the Upper Jurassic. They were short-tailed pterosaurs, suggesting that they had more sophisticated control of their flight, which no doubt gave them some advantages. 2\u2013300 specimens of 17 different species of pterosaur have been found at Solnhofen from eight different genera.p263 They include the earliest examples of \"Pterodactylus\", and \"Germanodactylus\", a genus which is also found in England and China. \"Ctenochasma\", also from Solnhofen, had a comb of 260 thin teeth showing it to be a filter-feeder that may have waded or swam in the water. There were several other genera with similar life-styles.\nIn the Lower Cretaceous there were many pterodactyloids, mostly quite small. Gradually, larger versions evolved, and by the Upper Cretaceous most pterosaurs had huge wing-spans and clearly covered huge distances soaring on upcurrents in a warm environment. \"Pteranodon\", with a wing-span of over 20 feet (7m), and \"Quetzalcoatlus\", with a wingspan of 40 feet (12m) are famous examples. The many dozens of partial skeletons of \"Pteranodon\" were found in areas where, in the Cretaceous of North America, there was a gigantic inland sea, the Western Interior Seaway. That makes it more or less certain that \"Pteranodon\" was mainly a fish-eating pterosaur. And, other sites in England and Argentina were also, at the time, shallow, warm inland seas. The general conclusion is that most pterosaurs were fish-eaters. \nHowever, it's worth remembering that animals from forest areas fossilize poorly. We can't say much about areas which are not fossiliferous. We do know that the land in the Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous was in part forested with Araucarian conifers like cypresses, and with yews. The forests would have had many insects.\nSince birds were already common in the Lower Cretaceous, they would have competed vigorously with the smaller pterodactyloids. That may explain the extinction of the smaller pterosaur species, though the lack of fossils from the forested areas makes it difficult to judge. The huge Upper Cretaceous type pterosaurs clearly lived a different life-style from the smaller species, and one which was not yet accessible to birds. As the climate changed in the Upper Cretaceous, becoming colder and more seasonal, the number of pterosaurs became fewer. Recent publications have shown that more pterosaurs survived to the end-Cretaceous event than was previously thought.\nLike most of the larger species on Earth, the huge pterosaurs did not survive the K/T extinction event. At least some families of birds did. So ended the competition between the two types of flying reptile through the long 79 million years of the Cretaceous period.p346\nPterosaur lifestyle.\nFood.\nThere are many adaptations of the head and jaws of pterosaurs, so it is quite certain that different forms used different feeding methods, as birds do. Overall, most fossils have been found in marine strata, which suggests that they could fly well over water, and that fish were on the menu for many species. The jaws of fish-eaters was long and often held forward-pointing teeth, good for catching fish (see \"Anhanguera\"). Remains of a last fish supper have been found in \"Pteranodon\".\nFossils show that one pterosaur, the \"Pterodaustro\" found in Argentina, had comb-like strainers in its mouth. The pterosaur probably ate by filling its lower jaw with water and pushing the water out of its mouth through the strainers. The strainers could catch any plankton or other small creatures that were in the water, and when the water was gone, the animal could eat what was left. Other species had long, compressed lower jaws, which suggest they were skimmers at the top of the water.\nThe other main item of diet was the insects. Flying insects were abundant in the Mesozoic, and many pterosaur species give clear signs that this was their food. These pterosaurs have a broad mouth, often with short peg-like teeth.p339\u2013341\nPterosaur flight.\nFor a long time people thought pterosaurs could only glide and soar, and were not strong enough to flap their wings. In the 20th century, after aeroplanes had been invented, our understanding of flight advanced. English palaeontologists showed that pterosaurs could fly, and Tilly Edinger showed that by the end of the Jurassic, pterosaur brains were more like that of modern birds than of \"Archaeopteryx\". Recent work has used working model to simulate their flight.p218 The wing membrane was about 1mm thick, with a tough skin and had long fibres reinforcing it. This can be clearly seen in some of the fossils.p332 The structure helped the wings survive the stresses of flight. The larger pterosaurs were mainly soarers, as is the case with birds today.\nHow pterosaurs moved on the ground has been something of a mystery. It is most likely that they walked on four legs while on the ground, perhaps awkwardly. Fossil tracks have been found showing they used both their legs and hands to support themselves.p210\u2013222\nPterosaurs also had special bones. They were extremely light (even more than bird's wings \u2013 some were almost as thin as a piece of paper), and some were almost hollow. Tiny holes in the bones are evidence of air sacs which extended into the vertebrae and limb bones, as it does with birds. Also present were supporting struts which made these bones stronger. With these special bones, even the largest of pterosaurs, \"Quetzalcoatlus\", probably weighed less than 200 pounds.\nReproduction and development.\nPterosaurs were probably egg-layers, and some eggs have been found at pterosaur sites. There is evidence that some species, such as \"Pteranodon\", had sexual dimorphism (sexes looked different). The skeletons with large cranial (head) crests and small pelvic canals were presumably males. Where several specimens occur at the same location, adults can be distinguished from juveniles. Evidence of tooth wear in \"Eudimorphodon\" suggests the young were insectivorous, while the adults ate fish.p343 Development took place rapidly in these warm-blooded reptiles, and much of their life-style parallels that of birds. The high energy-level needed for flight explains why both reptilian forms (pterosaurs and birds) developed similar metabolism. In many respects, birds and pterosaurs are good examples of convergent evolution."}
+{"id": "43720", "revid": "10461297", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43720", "title": "Quetzalcoatlus", "text": "Quetzalcoatlus is a genus of giant pterosaur, the largest animal ever to fly. The largest individuals measured a size of 10 to 12 meters wing-span (33-40 feet), but was light in construction (~200 pounds). \"Quetzalcoatlus\" had an unusually long neck, and when it stood on the ground it was as tall as a giraffe. Its fossil record is from the Late Cretaceous of North America, between 68 to 66 million years ago. \"Quetzalcoatlus\" became extinct at the K/T extinction event. \nThe genus include two valid species, the type named as Q. northropi and the recent named Q. lawsoni. The \"Q. lawsoni\" is the smaller species, with a maximum size of 4.5 to 6 m (11.5-19.6 ft) in lenght, and a weight probably up to 30 kg (66.1 lbs). He was not a dinosaur, but was related. \"Quetzalcoatlus\" coexisted with the massive theropod \"Tyrannosaurus rex\".\nIts discovery.\nA college student found the first \"Quetzalcoatlus\" fossil in Big Bend National Park in Texas. His name was Douglas Lawson, from the University of Texas in Austin. When he was in the park, he saw a bone sticking out of a rock. Since the bone looked hollow, like the bone of a bird, he thought it was part of a flying creature \u2013 and he was right. With his professor's help, he kept digging until lots of bones from an arm and wing were found. The rest of the animal's body was missing. Many others have looked for the rest of that huge pterosaur, but it has never been found. Other fossils of \"Quetzalcoatlus\" have been found, but none are as big as the one Lawson found.\nFlight.\nSince \"Quetzalcoatlus\" was so large, two researchers suggested it was too heavy to fly. This would have been astonishing, because in the whole fossil record there is no flightless pterosaur. It has been thought their mobility on the ground was too poor for them to survive without flight. However, a recent discussion of this idea concluded they probably could fly after all. Another analysis suggested their flight was quite strong. Since we have only a few bones, the question of weight cannot be settled at present.\nLifestyle.\nThe feeding habits of \"Quetzalcoatlus\" (which had a long beak with no teeth) are unknown. This question, and its flight, are still being discussed. The lack of a more detailed skeleton is the main problem in reaching conclusions. Two theories have been proposed.\nOne idea is that it ate fish, by flying with its jaw in the water, and snapping up fish when it hit them. Texas was largely covered by the Western Interior Seaway at the time. \"Of these proposed lifestyles, in-flight piscivory [fish-eating] appears to have gained the most acceptance, with skim-feeding being a frequently suggested foraging method.\nThe other theory is that it fed on land, partly as a carrion feeder, like vultures and buzzards, and foraged for small animals. This view is gaining ground, because the jaw does not show the adaptations for skimming found in modern birds who catch fish this way.\nIn flight, it was certainly a soarer, flying on up-currents of air in a warm environment, and its remains come from a site which was far inland in the Cretaceous.\nMedia.\n\"Quetzalcoatlus\" was shown in the movie \"When Dinosaurs Roamed America\" eating a dead \"Triceratops\" carcass."}
+{"id": "43721", "revid": "18539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43721", "title": "Mozilla (web browser)", "text": "Mozilla was a web browser that was made open source. It was developed by Mozilla Foundation. It was the base of Mozilla Firefox."}
+{"id": "43722", "revid": "1652218", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43722", "title": "Fedora (operating system)", "text": "Fedora Linux is a distribution (or \"distro\") of Linux. It is developed by the community-supported Fedora Project and sponsored by Red Hat. Fedora's mission statement is: \"Fedora is about the rapid progress of Free and Open Source software.\"\nLinus Torvalds, author of the Linux kernel, says he uses Fedora because it had fairly good support for PowerPC when he used that processor architecture. He became used to the operating system and continues to use it.\nReleases.\nFedora Core 1 - 4.\n\"Fedora Core 1\", codenamed Yarrow, was the first version of Fedora. It was released on November 6, 2003. Fedora Core 1 was based on Red Hat Linux 9 and shipped with version 2.4.19 of the Linux kernel, version 2.4 of the GNOME desktop environment, and version 3.1.4 of KDE (the K Desktop Environment).\n\"Fedora Core 2\", codenamed Tettnang, was released on May 18, 2004. It shipped with Linux 2.6, GNOME 2.6, KDE 3.2.2, and SELinux XFree86 was replaced by the newer X.org, a merger of the previous official X11R6 release, which additionally included a number of updates to Xrender, Xft, Xcursor, fontconfig libraries, and other significant improvements.\n\"Fedora Core 3\", codenamed Heidelberg, was released on November 8, 2004. This was the first release of Fedora Core to include the Mozilla Firefox web browser, as well as support for the Indic languages. This release also replaced the LILO bootloader with GRUB. SELinux was also enabled by default, but with a new targeted policy, which was less strict than the policy used in Fedora Core 2. Fedora Core 3 shipped with GNOME 2.8 and KDE 3.3. It was the first release to include the new Fedora Extras repository.\n\"Fedora Core 4\", codenamed Stentz, was released on June 13, 2005. It shipped with Linux 2.6.11, KDE 3.4 and GNOME 2.10. This version introduced the new Clearlooks theme, which was inspired by the Red Hat Bluecurve theme. It also shipped with the OpenOffice.org 2.0 office suite, as well as Xen, a high performance and secure open source virtualization framework. It also introduced support for the PowerPC CPU architecture, and over 80 new policies for SELinux.\nFedora Core 5 - 6.\nThe last two cores introduced specific artwork for that version. This is a trend that has continued in later Fedora versions.\n\"Fedora Core 5\", codenamed Bordeaux, was released on March 20, 2006. It introduced the Fedora Bubbles artwork. It was the first Fedora release to include Mono and tools built with it such as Beagle, F-Spot and Tomboy. It also introduced new package management tools such as pup and pirut (\"see Yellow dog Updater, Modified\"). This release replaced the old LinuxThreads, with the Native POSIX Thread Library.\n\"Fedora Core 6\", codenamed Zod, was released on October 24, 2006. This release introduced the Fedora DNA artwork, replacing the Fedora Bubbles artwork used in Fedora Core 5. The codename is derived from the infamous villain, General Zod, from the Superman DC Comic Books. This version introduced support for the Compiz compositing window manager and AIGLX (a technology that enables GL-accelerated effects on a standard desktop). It shipped with Firefox 1.5 as the default web browser, and Smolt, a tool that allows users to inform developers about the hardware they use.\nNone of these distributions are maintained by the Fedora Project.\nFedora 10.\nFedora 10, codenamed \"Cambridge\", was released on November 25, 2008."}