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+{"id": "43729", "revid": "21531", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43729", "title": "Bagel", "text": "Bagels are a type of bread made with flour. They look like doughnuts, and they are leavened with yeast. They have a crisp, shiny crust and a dense inside. Bagels are glazed, and in a ring-shaped roll. They are different from doughnuts because they are boiled before baked. Bagels are sometimes called \"the cement doughnuts\". \nThe bagel is regarded as a special kind of Jewish food. They are eaten usually for breakfast or a snack.\nOverview.\nBagels are made from the basic bread ingredients of flour, yeast, salt, and sweet kinds of spices. Flour gives the bread its chewy taste, which can be made more light by eggs, milk, and butter. They are the only bread product that is boiled before it is baked. Bagels are often toasted in a toaster and then paired with foods like cream cheese (a soft cheese that tastes a little sweet) and jam, or with butter. Bagels can also be used to make sandwiches, with meat (for example smoked salmon) and egg and cheese. Bagel sandwiches are usually eaten for breakfast or lunch.\nHistory.\nBagels were formally an obscure ethnic treat found only in the city's Jewish neighourhoods. Bagels were first sold in grocery stores in the 1950s. Frozen bagels were first introduced in 1960. When Polish Jews went away to America, they brought the beugel with them. The first beugel bakeries were founded in New York City in the 1920s. Later the name was changed and called a bagel. Bagels have been used as a symbol of the continuous cycle of life\u2014without beginning and without end. In the East End of London, the bagel is known as a beigel, and poplar in many of the areas where many Jewish immigrants first arrived in London in the 19th century, such as Whitechapel and Spitalfields, and Brick Lane in particular, home to the Beigel Bake."}
+{"id": "43730", "revid": "1475106", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43730", "title": "Doughnut", "text": "A doughnut (spelled donut in various marketing sectors) is a type of deep fried dessert food made out of dough or batter.\nHow they are made.\nRound ringed doughnuts are made by joining the ends of a long, thin piece of dough into a ring or by using a doughnut cutter, which perfectly cuts the outside and inside shape, leaving a doughnut-shaped piece of dough and a doughnut hole from dough removed from the center. This smaller piece of dough can be cooked or re-added to the batch to make more doughnuts. A disk-shaped doughnut can also be stretched and molded into a torus until the center breaks to form a hole. Or, a doughnut depositor can be used to place a circle of liquid dough (batter) into the deep fryer. Doughnuts can be made from a yeast-based dough for more puffy doughnuts or a special type of cake batter. Yeast-raised doughnuts contain about 25% oil by weight, whereas cake doughnuts' oil content is around 20%, but they have extra fat in the batter before frying. Cake doughnuts are fried for about 90 seconds at about 190 \u00b0C to 198 \u00b0C, turning once. Yeast-raised doughnuts absorb more oil because they take longer to fry, about 150 seconds, at 182 \u00b0C to 190 \u00b0C. Cake doughnuts normally weigh between 24 g and 28 g, whereas yeast-raised doughnuts normally are 38 g and are mostly larger when finished. Some types of cake doughnuts are also baked, as opposed to fried, which greatly reduces the fat content.\nTypes.\nThe two most common types of doughnut are ring doughnuts, which are shaped like rings, and filled doughnuts, which are round and have jam, jelly, custard, whipped cream, or chocolate inside them. There are also \"doughnut holes\" or \"munchkins\" which come in the shape of small balls. Most doughnuts have an icing (also called a \"frosting\") made with icing sugar, water, and flavourings (such as chocolate). Some doughnuts are rolled in sweet foods such as sugar or shredded coconut.\nServing.\nDoughnuts are often eaten in the morning, along with a cup of hot coffee. Doughnuts are sold at doughnut shops, bakeries, or grocery stores. People also eat doughnuts as a dessert, or as a snack. Canadians eat more doughnuts per person than any other nation and has more doughnuts shops per person than any other nations."}
+{"id": "43738", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43738", "title": "Mary II of England", "text": "Mary II (30 April 1662 \u2013 28 December 1694) was Queen regnant of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1689 until her death. Mary was a Protestant. She became queen after the Glorious Revolution, which resulted in the deposition of her Roman Catholic father, James II and VII. Mary ruled together with her husband, William III and II. He became the ruler of both countries when she died in 1694. Popular histories usually call their joint reigns as those of \"William and Mary\". Mary had less power than William when William remained in England. When William went to military campaigns, however, she governed alone. She was a powerful, firm, and effective ruler. She gave most of her authority to her husband, but he greatly depended on her. She was very active in the Church of England, ruling it as its Supreme Governor.\nMary was born at St. James Palace in London on 30 April 1662. Her father was James, Duke of York, and her mother was his first wife, Lady Anne Hyde. She was their oldest daughter. Mary's uncle was Charles II. Her grandfather by her mother's side was Edward Hyde, 1st Earl of Clarendon. He served for a long time as Charles's chief advisor. Her mother gave birth to eight children, but only Mary and her younger sister Anne lived to adulthood.\nThe Duke of York became a Roman Catholic in 1668 or 1669, but Mary and Anne had a Protestant education, as Charles II had commanded. Mary's mother died in 1671, and her father married again in 1673. He took Mary of Modena, a Catholic, as his second wife. She was also known as Mary Beatrice d'Este. Before her marriage, Mary wrote many letters to Frances Apsley, the daughter of James II's hawks keeper. However, she did not return Mary's interest.\nWhen she was 15, Lady Mary became betrothed to her first cousin, the Protestant William, Prince of Orange. William was the son of Mary, Princess Royal and Prince William II of Nassau. At first, Charles II did not want Mary to marry William. He wanted Mary to marry the heir to the French Throne, the Dauphin Louis, instead. This was because he hoped that England would become friends with France. He also wanted to have a Catholic successor to the throne. But because of Parliament's pressure, he later approved their marriage. He thought that it would make the Protestants like him more, but he was wrong. Mary and William married in London on 4 November 1677. It was reported that Mary wept through the whole ceremony.\nMary went to the Netherlands and lived there as William's wife. The Dutch people liked her because of her lively, friendly nature, and Mary loved William deeply. However, the marriage was often unhappy. Her three pregnancies ended in miscarriage or stillbirth, and Mary was very sad that she did not have a child. Her husband was often cold to her, and he had an affair with Elizabeth Villiers, one of Mary's ladies-in-waiting, for a long time. After some time, though, he grew warmer towards Mary.\nThe Glorious Revolution.\nWhen Charles II died without any legitimate children in 1685, the Duke of York became King as James II in England and Ireland. He also became James VII in Scotland. He tried to give freedom of religion to non-Anglicans. He did this by making the acts of Parliament invalid by Royal Decree. The public did not like this. Several Protestant politicians and noblemen entered into negotiations (trying to reach agreements through discussion) with Mary's husband as early as 1687. In May 1688, James forced Anglican clergymen to read the Declaration of Indulgence. The Declaration of Indulgence was a statement that gave religious freedom to those who did not agree with the Church of England. This made him much less popular. Protestants became even more fearful when his wife, Mary of Modena, gave birth to a son\u2013James Francis Edward\u2013in June 1688. They were fearful because the son would, unlike Mary and Anne, be raised a Roman Catholic. Some said that the boy had been secretly carried into the Queen's room in a bed-warming pan instead of her stillborn baby. There was no strong proof to support this story, but Mary publicly doubted the boy's legitimacy. She sent a list of suspicious questions to her sister, Anne, about the boy's birth.\nOn 30 June, the Immortal Seven secretly asked William, who was in the Netherlands with Mary, to come to England with an army. William, who was jealous of Mary's position and power, did not want to go at first. But Mary told William that she did not care about political power. She said \"she would be no more but his wife, and that she would do all that lay in her power to make him King for life\".\nWilliam agreed to attack. He declared that James' newborn son was the \"pretended Prince of Wales\". He also gave a list of what the English people wanted, and said that he only wanted to have \"a free and lawful Parliament assembled\". The Dutch army, which had been turned back by a storm in October, landed on 5 November. The English Army and Navy went over to William. At this time, the English people's confidence in James was very low. They did not even try to save their King. On 11 December, the King tried to run away, but failed. He tried to run away again on 23 December. This second attempt was successful, and James escaped to France. He lived there in exile until his death.\nThough Mary was sad because of the deposition of her father, William ordered her to look happy when they arrived in London. Because of this, people thought she was being cold to her father. James also thought his daughter was unfaithful to him. This hurt Mary deeply.\nIn 1689, a Convention Parliament called by the Prince of Orange came together to discuss what they should do. William of Orange felt uncomfortable about his position. He wanted to rule as a King, not simply as a husband of a Queen. The only example of joint monarchy was from the sixteenth century. This was Queen Mary I and the Spanish Prince Philip. When they married, it was agreed that Prince Philip would take the title of King. But Philip II was King only during his wife's lifetime. He also did not have much power. William wanted to remain King even after his wife's death. Some important people suggested making Mary the only ruler. But Mary, who was faithful to her husband, refused.\nOn 13 February 1689, Parliament passed the Declaration of Right. In this declaration, it said that James, by trying to run away on 11 December 1688, had abandoned the government, so no one at the time was king. Normally, James's oldest son, James Francis Edward would have been the heir. However, Parliament offered the crown to William and Mary as joint Sovereigns instead. But it was added that \"the sole and full exercise of the regal (royal) power be only in and executed by the said Prince of Orange in the names of the said Prince and Princess during their joint lives.\" The declaration was later extended to take out all Catholics. This was because \"it hath been found (discovered) by experience that it is inconsistent (not in harmony) with the safety and welfare of this Protestant kingdom to be governed by a papist prince\".\nWilliam and Mary were crowned together at Westminster Abbey on 11 April 1689. The Archbishop of Canterbury usually performed coronations. But William Sancroft, the Archbishop at that time, felt that James II's removal had been wrong. Therefore, the Bishop of London, Henry Compton, crowned them instead. On the day of the Coronation, the Convention of the Estates of Scotland declared at last that James was no longer King of Scotland. William and Mary were offered the separate Scottish Crown. This was because the two kingdoms were not united until the Acts of Union in 1707. They accepted on 11 May.\nEven after this was declared, there was still strong support for James in Scotland. John Graham of Clevehouse, the Viscount of Dundee, raised an army and won a victory at Killiecrankie on 27 July. But Dundee's army suffered great losses, and he was seriously wounded at the start of the battle. This stopped the only effective resistance to William, and the revolt was quickly crushed. The next month, there was a great defeat at the Battle of Dunkeld.\nRule.\nIn December 1689 Parliament passed one of the most important documents in English history. This was the Bill of Rights. This measure gave several rights to Parliament and the people. Among other things, it declared that the Sovereign could not break laws passed by Parliament, demand taxes if the Parliament did not agree, raise an army during a time of peace if the Parliament did not agree, or punish members of the House of Parliament for anything they said during discussions.\nAfter either William III or Mary II died, the other was to continue to rule. The person who would become the monarch after them would be any of their children. After the children would be Mary's sister Anne and her children. Last of all would be any children William III might have had from any marriage after that.\nFrom 1690, William was often away from England, at first fighting Jacobites in Ireland. While her husband was away, Mary took care of the government. She was a firm ruler, and ordered her own uncle, Henry Hyde, 2nd Earl of Clarendon, to go to prison for trying to put James II back onto the throne. In 1692, she fired and put John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, in prison for similar reasons. This made her much less popular. It also damaged her relationship with her sister, Anne. Anne had been strongly influenced by Churchill's wife, Sarah. She appeared at court with Sarah and supported Churchill, which made Mary very angry. She demanded that Anne make Sarah go away. Mary did not visit Anne during her pregnancy after that. After the baby was born, Mary did visit Anne, but she spent her time berating Anne for her friendship with Sarah. The sisters never saw each other again.\nWilliam had crushed the Irish Jacobites by 1692, but he continued with campaigns away from England to begin a war against France in the Netherlands. When William was away, Mary acted in her own name but on his advice. When he was in England, Mary never joined in political matters, as had been agreed in the Bill of Rights. However, she did join in the affairs of the Church, and all church matters passed through her hands.\nMary died of smallpox at Kensington Palace on 28 December 1694. She was buried at Westminster Abbey. When she died, Henry Purcell was called to write her funeral music, titled \"Music for the Funeral of Queen Mary\". William had grown to depend on Mary more and more, and was very sad when she died. It is reported that he said that \"from being the happiest\" he was \"now going to be the miserablest creature on earth\".\nLegacy.\nAfter Mary II's death, William III continued to rule as King. Princess Anne's last living child, William, Duke of Gloucester, died in July 1700. Parliament saw that William would have no more children. Because of this, it passed the Act of Settlement 1701. After Anne, the Crown would go to their nearest Protestant relative, Sophia, Electress of Hanover, and her Protestant heirs. When William III died in 1702, he was succeeded by Anne. She was succeeded by the son of Electress Sophia, George I.\nMary gave money to the College of William and Mary (in the present day Williamsburg, Virginia) in 1693. She also began the Royal Hospital for Seamen, Greenwich.\nTitle, styles, honours and arms.\nTitles and styles.\nWilliam III and Mary II called themselves \"William and Mary, by the Grace of God, King and Queen of England, France and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, etc.\" when they began their rule. On 11 April 1689, the Estates of Scotland recognized them as Sovereigns. From then on, William and Mary called themselves \"William and Mary, by the Grace of God, King and Queen of England, Scotland, France and Ireland, Defenders of the Faith, etc.\".\nArms.\nThe arms used by the King and Queen were: \"Quarterly, I and IV Grandquarterly, Azure three fleurs-de-lis Or (for France) and Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or (for England); II Or a lion rampant within a tressure flory-counter-flory Gules (for Scotland); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent (for Ireland); overall an escutcheon Azure billetty and a lion rampant Or (for the House of Orange-Nassau)\"."}
+{"id": "43739", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43739", "title": "Mary II of Scotland", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43740", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43740", "title": "Goal", "text": "Goal can mean more than one thing. These meanings are listed as follows."}
+{"id": "43744", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43744", "title": "1936 Summer Olympics", "text": "The 1936 Summer Olympics () was a sporting event. They were officially called as the Games of the XI Olympiad. They were branded as Berlin 1936. The Olympics were from 1 to 16 August 1936. They took place in Berlin, Nazi Germany.\nThe 1932 Los Angeles games were very successful. Nazi Germany wanted to have a more successful Olympic Games than in 1932. Adolf Hitler built a new track and field stadium. The stadium had seats for 100,000. Hitler also built 6 gymnasiums. They also built other, smaller arenas. The Games were the first to be on TV. There were radio broadcasts to 41 different countries. Leni Riefenstahl was paid by the German Olympic Committee to show the Games for $7\u00a0million. She made a movie about the Olympics. This movie was called \"Olympia\". It was important in techniques seen in making sports videos now.\nHitler used the 1936 Games to promote the Nazi government, racial supremacy, and antisemitism. The Nazi Party newspaper said that Jewish people should not allowed to be in the Olympic games. German Jewish people were not allowed to be athletes in the games. However, some Jewish female swimmers from the Hakoah Vienna sports club were in the games. Some Jewish athletes from other countries were not allowed to compete, either. This is because their countries did not want to offend the Nazis. Lithuania was not allowed to be in the Olympics because they were very anti-Nazi. \nThe games were thought to be successful. The costs of the games was mostly paid for by the German government. The Germans earned 7.5million Reichsmark from the tickets. (\u20ac in ). This gave the Nazis a profit of over one million R.M.\nDuring World War II, there were no Olympics for 12 years. The next Olympic Games were in 1948 in St. Moritz, Switzerland. The next Summer Games were in London, England.\nGames.\nOpening ceremony.\nThe opening ceremony was in the Berlin Olympic Stadium on 1 August 1936. The \"Hindenburg\" showed the Olympic flag. Adolf Hitler and Henri de Baillet-Latour went into the stadium. After that, the parade of nations started. Each nation had their own costume. Since Greece was the origin of the Ancient Olympics, they went into the stadium first. Germany went into the stadium last. Many athletes gave the Nazi salute as they passed Hitler. Some people gave Hitler the Olympic salute. The Olympic salute looked like the Nazi salute, but with the arm raised higher. United States, India, and China put their hats over their hearts. All countries lowered their flags as the passed Hitler. The only countries that did not do this were the United States, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, and the Commonwealth of the Philippines. Thomas Wolfe was at the event. He said that the event was almost religious. He also said the crowd screamed and cheered for Hitler.\nThe German Olympic Committee's president gave a speech. Hitler then said that the Olympic games were open. Hitler said this from his own box in the stadium.\nThe Olympic flame was first used in the 1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam. However, this was the first time they used the torch in a relay. The Nazis invented running the torch from ancient Olympia to the host city. The \"torch bearer\", or the person who ran with the torch, ran to the top of the stadium. There, he lit a cauldron. This would light the torch for the rest of the games.\nNot everything wet to plan. According to Louis Zamperini, an American athlete, there was an issue with the pigeons. He said that the Germans released 25,000 pigeons. Right after that, they had shot a cannon. This scared the poop out of the pigeons.\nEvents.\nThere were 129 events. There were 25 sports disciplines. These 25 disciplines made 19 different sports. The number of events in each discipline is shown in parentheses.\nThis was the first time that Basketball, canoeing and handball were in the Olympics. Handball was not in the Summer Olympics until Munich in 1972. There were two demonstration sports: baseball and gliding. There were also art competitions for medals. In the closing ceremony, there were medals given for alpinism and aeronautics feats. There were also Indian sports, wushu and motor racing.\nParticipating nations.\nA total of 49 nations sent athletes to compete at the Berlin games.\nMedals.\nThese are the 12 nations that won the most medals at the 1936 Games."}
+{"id": "43746", "revid": "10377666", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43746", "title": "Mesopotamia", "text": "Mesopotamia\u00a0(Ancient Greek: \u039c\u03b5\u03c3\u03bf\u03c0\u03bf\u03c4\u03b1\u03bc\u03af\u03b1\u00a0- \"land between rivers\") is a historical region in the Middle East. It included most of today\u2019s Iraq, and parts of modern-day Iran,\u00a0Syria\u00a0and\u00a0Turkey. The 'two rivers' of the name referred to the Tigris and the Euphrates rivers.\nOverview.\nThe land was called \"Al-Jazirah\" (\"the island\") by the Arabs, and Egyptologist J.H. Breasted later included it in the\u00a0Fertile Crescent. The region is bounded in the northeast by the Zagros Mountains and in the southeast by the Arabian Plateau. The area is often called the cradle of civilization. The ancient writing system, or alphabet, is called cuneiform. It was first used around 3000 BC by the Sumerians. Historically important cities in Mesopotamia included Uruk, Ur, Nippur, Nineveh and Babylon.\nMajor territorial states were the Akkadian kingdom, the Third Dynasty of Ur, and the Assyrian Empire. Some of the important historical Mesopotamian leaders were Ur-Nammu (king of Ur), Sargon of Akkad, the founder of the Akkadian kingdom, Hammurabi, who established the Old Babylonian state, and Tiglath-Pileser I, who started the Assyrian Empire.\nMany advances in technology were made by the ancient Sumerians, such as irrigation, trade by river, and flood control. Sumerians had agriculture and domesticated animals, or livestock, from the earliest records. Babylon is likely the first city built by settled people. Mesopotamia was also the place where the wheel was first used. First it was a potter's wheel that was used to make clay pots, then Sumerians adapted it for transport.\nGeography.\nMesopotamia is made up of different regions. Northern Mesopotamia is made up of hills and plains. The land is quite fertile due to seasonal rains, and the rivers and streams that come from the mountains. Early settlers farmed the land and used timber, metals and stone. Southern Mesopotamia is made up of marshy areas and wide, flat, plains. Cities developed along the Euphrates and Tigris rivers flowing through the region. Early settlers had to irrigate the land along the banks of the rivers to grow their crops.\nInhabitants.\nMesopotamia has been conquered many times by many different people. It was the heartland of the Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires. As each new group moved into the region they adopted some of the culture, traditions, and beliefs of the people who had come before. It was conquered by Alexander the Great (332 BC), the Parthians (150 BC), the Romans, the Persian Empire and the Arabs (7th century). It is still one of the most fertile parts of the Middle East.\nAncient Mesopotamia begins in the late 6th millennium BC, and ends with either the rise of the Achaemenid Persians in the 6th century BC or the Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia in the 7th century CE. This long period may be divided as follows:\nEpic of Gilgamesh.\nThe Epic of Gilgamesh is an ancient story about a relationship between Gilgamesh and his close companion, Enkidu. Enkidu is a wild man created by the gods as Gilgamesh's equal to distract him from oppressing the citizens of Uruk. \nTogether they undertake dangerous quests that incur the displeasure of the gods. Firstly, they journey to the Cedar Mountain to defeat Humbaba, its monstrous guardian. Later they kill the Bull of Heaven that the goddess Ishtar has sent to punish Gilgamesh for turning down her advances.\nThe second part of the epic is about Gilgamesh's distressed reaction to Enkidu's death, which takes the form of a quest for immortality. Gilgamesh attempts to learn the secret of eternal life by undertaking a long and perilous journey to meet the immortal flood hero, Utnapishtim. The words addressed to Gilgamesh in the midst of his quest foreshadow the result:"}
+{"id": "43747", "revid": "1675195", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43747", "title": "Joss Whedon", "text": "Joss Hill Whedon (born June 23, 1964) is an American writer, director and producer. He was born Joseph Hill Whedon in New York City. He created the well-known television series \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\", \"Angel\", and \"Firefly\", and has also written several movie scripts and several comic book series. He went to high school at a school in New York and Winchester College in England. After leaving high school, he received a film degree from Wesleyan University in 1987. Whedon is the director of the films \"The Avengers\" (2012) and \"\" (2015).\nWhedon and Zack Snyder directed \"Justice League\" (2017).\nTelevision work.\nAfter moving to Los Angeles, Whedon got his first writing job on the television series \"Roseanne\". After working on movie scripts for several years, he went back to television, where he created three television series. Joss has had Cameo appearances (brief 'fun' appearances) in his series \"Buffy\", \"Angel\", and \"Firefly\". He has also been in an episode of \"Veronica Mars\".\nWhedon has been said to be the world's first third-generation television writer. His father is Tom Whedon, a writer for \"The Electric Company\" in the 1970s and \"The Golden Girls\" in the 1980s. His grandfather is John Whedon, a writer for \"The Donna Reed Show\" in the 1950s. His brother, Zack Whedon, is a writer on HBO's \"Deadwood\".\n\"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\".\nThe movie \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\", filmed by director Fran Rubel Kuzui after a script of Whedon's, was not well-liked by critics and audiences. Years after, Whedon picked up its idea again and turned it into a hugely successful television series, also called \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\".\nThe episode \"Hush\" (written by Whedon) got an Emmy Award nomination for Best Writing in a Drama Series in 2000. Another episode that got an Emmy Award nomination was \"Once More, With Feeling\", written and directed by Whedon. This was a musical episode, in which the actors were singing and dancing.\nThe series aired on The WB Network for five seasons, then moved to UPN for its last two seasons. It was the first series in television history to change networks between seasons without being cancelled and then picked up by a different network. Though \"Buffy\" first aired on Mondays at 9pm, from the middle of the second season it ran on Tuesdays at 8pm. In the musical episode, Buffy makes the comment, \"Dawn's in trouble. Must be Tuesday.\"\n\"Angel\".\n\"Angel\" was a spin-off of \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\". The series was named after Buffy's vampire-with-a-soul boyfriend. It was created by Whedon and David Greenwalt. Tim Minear also helped at times. First shown in September 1999 on the WB, the series was on after \"Buffy\" on Tuesday evenings. When \"Buffy\" switched networks in 2001, \"Angel\" aired in a number of different time slots. The series' last episode had more people watching than the final \"Buffy\" episode. Joss Whedon was briefly in the series as the character 'Numfar' in its second season. The WB cancelled the series in May 2004 while it was in its fifth season. As Whedon had not planned to end \"Angel,\" he had to change the story and ending of both the final season and the series.\n\"Firefly\".\nThe series \"Firefly\" did not go smoothly. Fox cancelled it in 2002, after airing only 11 of the 14 episodes and airing them out of order. The original two-hour pilot was the last episode aired. The contract with Fox did not allow the series to be shown by another network. Because of how Fox handled \"Firefly\", Whedon has said that he will not work with Fox again, under any circumstances.\nWhedon had been writing a movie script about the \"Firefly\" series for Universal Studios. When the television series came out on DVD, the sales of the DVD were good enough to make sure the movie could be produced. In early 2004 Whedon said that a \"Firefly\" movie had been accepted by Universal, and shooting started in July 2004. The movie, called \"Serenity\", was in movie theaters in the United States on September 30, 2005. It was well liked by critics and fans, but did not make much money in theaters.\n\"Dollhouse\".\nAlthough Whedon has said that he would not work with Fox again, it was announced on November 1, 2007 that this was changed. Whedon was hired to create seven episodes of a new series named \"Dollhouse\" starring Eliza Dushku. Dushku and Whedon have worked together before on \"Buffy\". The series is about people who have memories, skills and even complete personalities put into their minds for special jobs. After the job, their minds are erased until the next job. \"Dollhouse\" tells the story of Dushku's character, Echo, as she starts to remember things about herself even though her mind is constantly being erased. The series is about her trying to learn who she really is.\n\"Dollhouse\" first aired on February 13, 2009.\nMovies.\nWhedon has written and helped write several movies including \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\", \"Toy Story\", ' and \"Titan A.E.\". He was nominated for an Academy Award for \"Toy Storys screenplay.\nHe also wrote helped edit and rewrite the scripts of \"Speed\", \"Waterworld\", \"Twister\" and \"X-Men\". Except for \"Speed\", not much of Whedon's work stayed in the final versions of any of these screenplays. He has said that he had a good script for \"Alien: Resurrection\", which was ruined by its director Jean-Pierre Jeunet. His \"Waterworld\" script was thrown out. Only two of his lines were kept in the final script of \"X-Men\". Even the \"Buffy\" movie was very different from what he originally wrote. According to Graham Yost, the writer of \"Speed\", Whedon wrote most of its dialogue.\nHe wrote and directed 2005's \"Serenity\", based on his television series \"Firefly\". \"Serenity\" won the 2006 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Long Form.\nIn 2006, Whedon was scheduled to write and direct Warner Bros.' version of \"Wonder Woman\". He eventually stopped working on the script. Universal Pictures agreed to a script by Whedon called \"Goners\" which he will also direct.\nParts of the storyline in the movie \"\" are very similar to what he wrote in the Marvel comic book \"Astonishing X-Men\". The idea of a cure for mutation was his story. The scientist who finds the cure in the movie is named Dr. Kavita Rao. This is the same name as the scientist in the comic book. Simon Kinberg has said someone at the studio who had read Whedon's comics asked the writers to use a mutant cure idea in their script.\nIn an interview with Empire Online, Whedon said he would like to direct a Harry Potter movie. However, he has not seen any of the movies and will not watch any until J.K. Rowling is done writing the series\nIn 2012, two movies produced by Whedon were released. The horror movie \"Cabin in the Woods\" was released in April. Whedon wrote the script for the movie with director Drew Goddard. On May 4th, the Marvel Comics superhero movie \"The Avengers\" was released in the United States. Whedon wrote and directed the movie. \"The Avengers\" was released internationally one week before it was released in the United States. This release did not include some of the largest international markets, including China, Russia and Japan. It still made $185M in it international opening week. It was the 9th highest foreign opening ever.\nComic books.\nWhedon has loved comic books all his life. He wrote the Dark Horse Comics series \"Fray\". The story takes place in the far future of the Buffyverse.\nHe was also involved with the \"Buffy\" comic book series. He wrote the main storyline of the five-issue mini-series \"Tales of the Vampires\" and three stories in the \"Tales of the Slayers\". One of those stories was about Melaka Fray from \"Fray\".\nThe three-issue mini-series \"\" was based on the \"Firefly\" series. It took place just before the movie \"Serenity\". It was released from June to August 2005. The first two issues sold out before going into a second printing.\nWhedon has said that more \"Serenity\" comics are planned for the near future.\nWhedon and other \"Buffy\" writers write more for the \"Buffy\" series. These stories would take place after the final episode. They would be considered \"Season 8\". The first 6-issues are due out in March 2007. Both projects will be published by Dark Horse Comics. In August 2007, Dark Horse Comics began a series on online comics on MySpace. One of the series shown, \"Sugarshock\", is written by Whedon\nWhedon is also writing \"Astonishing X-Men\" in Marvel Comics' popular series about the X-Men. This has been one of Marvel's best-selling comics in 2006. It has been nominated for many awards. It won the award for \"Best Continuing Series\" in 2006.\nIt has also been said that Whedon helped writers with the ending to the comic \"Civil War\".\nWhedon will become the new writer of the Marvel comic \"Runaways\" when series creator Brian K. Vaughan finishes his run. Whedon is actually a fan of the series. He had a letter published in the first volume. The letter was included in the Volume 1 hardcover version.\nCommon themes and motifs in Whedon's writing.\nFeminism.\nWhedon sees himself as a feminist. Feminist themes are common in his work. The best example is what he says is his habit of writing about \"teenage girls with superpowers\". This is seen in \"Buffy\", \"Firefly\", and \"Serenity\". Whedon says his mother is the reason for his feminist idea. When Roseanne Barr asked him how he could write so well for women, he replied, \"If you met my mom, you wouldn't ask.\" \nThe character Kitty Pryde from the X-Men comic was an early model for Whedon's strong teenage girl characters: \"If there's a bigger influence on Buffy than Kitty, I don\u2019t know what it was. She was an adolescent girl finding out she has great power and dealing with it.\" Many of Whedon's young female characters went through the same type of thing. Whedon has now come full circle, writing the character of Kitty Pryde in the \"Astonishing X-Men\" comic.\nHomosexuality.\nWhedon is interested in the homosexual community. He is strongly for LGBT rights. In his works, including \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\", he has gay characters as both the major and the minor characters. In \"Buffy\", he used scenes that suggested that either Xander Harris or Willow Rosenberg might be homosexual. At the time, he did not know which character he wanted to be gay. He decided that Willow would take part in a lesbian relationship with another young woman, fellow college student Tara Maclay. Two more minor characters in the series, Larry and Scott, were also homosexuals. In \"Angel\", the script hinted at a homosexual experience between Spike and Angel. In \"Firefly\", Inara Serra was shown as being bisexual. She accepted both male and female clients.\nDialogue.\nThe dialogue in Joss Whedon's series and movies is notable. It is often very witty and has many pop culture references. Some are easy to notice other are more difficult. He also likes to turn nouns into adjectives by adding a \"y\" at the end of the word (\"Vampires are fangy\"). According to one of the \"Buffy\" writers, \"It's just the way that Joss actually talks.\" \nDeath.\nMany characters die in Whedon's series. This is very true in \"Buffy\". It is common for extras and even minor characters to die in action-based series and movies. Whedon also kills off main characters. He gets the audience to care about the character before their death. It is a part of \"doing [his] job\". On the 'Serenity' DVD commentary, Whedon says that he'd rather have fans say 'Why'd they kill (that guy)? I liked him!' than 'Oh. He's dead. Turn the page'. Whedon often kills off characters right after something very good happens to them.\nRelationships.\nAs seen in \"Buffy,\" \"Firefly,\" and \"Angel\", nearly all of the romantic relationships Whedon series end badly. One member in the relationship will usually end up dying or turning evil. The break-up will end up being very painful.\nFamily.\nThere is a strong theme that family is the group of people that a person lives their life with, not the people who raised them as a child. This is a major theme for the main characters in all of his television series.\nFatherhood.\nWhedon often shows fathers in a bad way. Most of them are not around. Wes' father was shown several times to be abusive. While mothers play a big part in his works, characters rarely talk about or seem to be ever affected by their fathers. Whedon's characters often find someone to take the place of a father in their lives."}
+{"id": "43748", "revid": "18539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43748", "title": "Halifax Regional Municipality, Nova Scotia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43756", "revid": "10223227", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43756", "title": "Guanajuato City", "text": "Guanajuato is a Mexican city. It is one of Mexico's safest cities. Guanajuato is the capital of Guanajuato state."}
+{"id": "43758", "revid": "9944816", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43758", "title": "Bathurst, New South Wales", "text": "Bathurst is a city in the state of New South Wales, Australia. It is about 200km west of Sydney. Bathurst has a campus of Charles Sturt University and a cathedral.\nBathurst is famous for Mount Panorama racetrack. Every year the Bathurst 1000 motor race happens over Easter. The race is a 1000 km event. The racetrack is 6.213km. It usually takes drivers about 7 hours to complete the race. \nBathurst has passenger trains to and from Sydney. "}
+{"id": "43765", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43765", "title": "Doughnuts", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43766", "revid": "1521690", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43766", "title": "List of Pacific typhoon seasons", "text": "The following is a list of Pacific typhoon seasons. Unlike Atlantic and Pacific hurricane seasons, they run for the whole year, starting on January 1 and ending on December 31. These dates are when tropical cyclones usually form in the western half of the Pacific Ocean, north of the equator.\n1900s.\n1950\n1951\n1952\n1953\n1954\n1955\n1956\n1957\n1958\n1959\n1960\n1961\n1962\n1963\n1964\n1965\n1966\n1967\n1968\n1969\n1970\n1971\n1972\n1973\n1974\n1975\n1976\n1977\n1978\n1979\n1980\n1981\n1982\n1983\n1984\n1985\n1986\n1987\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\n1996\n1997\n1998\n1999\n2000s.\n2000\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024\n2025"}
+{"id": "43767", "revid": "4580", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43767", "title": "Drinking", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43771", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43771", "title": "Songhai Empire", "text": " \nThe Songhai Empire dominated the western Sahel in the 15th and 16th century. \nAt its peak, the empire was one of the largest in both Islamic and African history. The Songhai people were the ruling elite in the empire. Gao was the capital of the empire. Other important cities in the empire were Timbuktu and Djenn\u00e9, conquered in 1468 and 1475 respectively. Trade flourished in those towns. \nInitially, the empire was ruled by the Sonni dynasty (c.\u20091464\u20131493), but it was later replaced and then ruled by the Askiya dynasty (1493\u20131591). After, the death of Sonni Ali and Askia Mohammed the empire was ruled by weak leaders and the Moroccans weakened and destroyed the empire."}
+{"id": "43773", "revid": "868175", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43773", "title": "SeaMonkey", "text": "SeaMonkey is a free and open source Internet application suite, which uses the Gecko rendering engine. It works on many operating systems. It is very useful, and includes an e-mail client, a calendar, a HTML editor, an IRC client, and a web browser. It is made by the SeaMonkey Council, formerly by Mozilla Foundation.\nHistory.\nOn March 10, 2005 the Mozilla Foundation said that they will not develop the Mozilla Application suite, including the Netscape web browser, because Firefox and Thunderbird were more popular. The SeaMonkey Council renamed the project SeaMonkey and continued its development.\nFeatures.\nThe web browser of SeaMonkey contains a lot of features used in new web browsers like tabbed browsing, pop-up blocking, e-mail, newsgroups, web editing software, spell checking, and an address book.\nOptionally included in the SeaMonkey suite is an IRC chat application."}
+{"id": "43774", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43774", "title": "Proceratosaurus", "text": "Proceratosaurus was a small dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic, about 165 million years ago. It was found in Gloucestershire, England, in 1910. It was a carnivorous theropod.\n\"Proceratosaurus\" was first believed to be an early ancestor of \"Ceratosaurus\", but it was actually an ancestor of the coelurosaurs. Thus, it was an early ancestor of \"Tyrannosaurus\" and its relatives in the Upper Cretaceous.\nThe animal in life was about 3m long and weighed up to 60kg."}
+{"id": "43775", "revid": "10479604", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43775", "title": "Cowboy Bebop", "text": "Cowboy Bebop is a Japanese anime television show aired from 1998 to 1999. It was created by Sunrise and directed by Shinichiro Watanabe. The show is about a group of bounty hunters who travel in outer space to catch criminals. It has 26 episodes. The series has received a \"TV-14\" rating in the United States, while six episodes received a TV-MA and three episodes receiving a TV-PG. The series aired in the United States in 2001 on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim. It was the first anime to be aired on Adult Swim. It was very successful. It was so successful that Cartoon Network decided to put more anime on Adult Swim. There is a movie, a manga, and two video games based on the show. The movie is called \"\". The video games are for Playstation and Playstation 2 were not released in the United States. The series is inspired by American culture. Jazz music is mostly played in the show. The episodes are called \"Sessions.\" \nStory.\nIn 2071, the members of the space ship Bebop travel through outer space trying to catch criminals. Bounty hunters are known as \"Cowboys\". If they catch the criminals alive then they get a reward. If the criminals die, the cowboys get nothing. The criminals are called bounties. Most episodes are about catching a bounty. Some episodes are about the characters' pasts and lives. At the beginning there are two main heroes, Spike and Jet. Later they would meet with others. They had become the crew of the space ship Bebop. Other members of the Bebop are Faye, computer hacker Ed, and a dog named Ein."}
+{"id": "43778", "revid": "10479339", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43778", "title": "The Vision of Escaflowne", "text": "The Vision of Escaflowne is a Japanese anime television show that aired in Japan on April 2, 1996. It is called Tenkuu no Escaflowne in Japanese which means \"Escaflowne of the Heavens\". It was made by Sunrise and directed by Kazuki Akane. Escaflowne has 26 episodes.\n\"Escaflowne\" has two mangas based on it, a videogame that was made for Playstation, and a movie.\nEpisode List.\nEpisode 1 Faiteful Confession\nEpisode 2 The Girl From the Mystic Moon\nEpisode 3 A Gallant Swordsman\nEpisode 4 The Diabolical Adonis\nEpisode 5 Seal of the Brothers\nEpisode 6 City of Intrigue\nEpisode 7 Unexpected Partings\nEpisode 8 The Day the Angel Flew\nEpisode 9 Memories of a Feather\nEpisode 10 The Blue Eyed Prince\nEpisode 11 Prophecy of Death\nEpisode 12 The Secret Door\nEpisode 13 Red Destiny\nEpisode 14 Dangerous Wounds\nEpisode 15 Paradise Lost\nEpisode 16 The Guided Ones\nEpisode 17 The Edge of the World\nEpisode 18 Gravity of Destiny\nEpisode 19 Operation: Golden Rule of Love\nEpisode 20 False Vows\nEpisode 21 Reaction of Fortune\nEpisode 22 The Black Winged Angel\nEpisode 23 Storm Premonition\nEpisode 24 Fateful Decision\nEpisode 25 The Zone of Absolute Fortune\nEpisode 26 Eternal Love"}
+{"id": "43779", "revid": "10056906", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43779", "title": "Fusion", "text": "Fusion means to merge or combine. It could also mean:"}
+{"id": "43780", "revid": "8685349", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43780", "title": "Fir", "text": "Firs (\"Abies\") are about 45-55 species of evergreen trees in the family \"Pinaceae\". Fir trees can reach heights of 10\u201380 m tall and trunk diameters of 0.5\u20134 m when mature. The difference between firs and other members of the pine family is that their needle-like leaves are attached to the twig by a base that resembles a small suction cup, and by erect, cylindrical female cones 5\u201325\u00a0cm long that release the winged seeds. The male cones are normally much smaller and spread through the tree so that the wind can help pollinate the female cones.\nLike all members of the pine family, these trees have a sticky sap called resin.\nFir wood is not good to use in buildings because it is not very resistant to insects and decay. It is usually cut or squeezed into thin sheets or pieces and made into plywood or for indoor or temporary outdoor use. However, fir trees are used widely in gardening. They can be used as shelter trees to protect other plants from wind or grown alone as decorative trees."}
+{"id": "43782", "revid": "344989", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43782", "title": "Harry Potter Prisoner of Azkaban", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43783", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43783", "title": "Conifer cone", "text": "A confier cone, or pine cone, is an organ on plants in the division Pinophyta (conifers). It is the part of a tree that lets the tree reproduce. Its name in botany is strobilus, plural \"strobili\".\nThe familiar woody cone is the female cone, which makes seeds. The male cones, which make pollen, are usually smaller and much less easy to see, even when fully grown. The smaller plates of a cone are known as scales.\nThe male cone (microstrobilus or pollen cone) is similar across all conifers, differing only in small ways across each species, mostly in scale arrangement. Extending out from a central axis are microsporophylls (modified leaves). Under each microsporophyll is one or many microsporangia (pollen sacs).\nConifer cones and their seeds have been used for lots of different purposes. They are often used for decorations. Some seeds, such as the seeds of pinyon pines, are used in prepared foods and baking. \nMost mature cones are closed when wet and open when dry. In a few species, it takes fire to open the cones."}
+{"id": "43786", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43786", "title": "Jacko", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43796", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43796", "title": "Spike Spiegel", "text": "Spike Spiegel is the main character from the manga and anime \" Cowboy Bebop\". \nSpiegel is a bounty hunter and he pilots the spaceship Bebop. He is smokes cigarettes and was born on Mars. His main rival is Vicious, a former partner of Spiegel's in the Red Dragon Syndicate.\nIn his former life, Spiegel was a member of the triad Red Dragon Syndicate. During his time with them, he fell in love with Julia, Vicious's girlfriend and they tried to leave together. Spiegel ended up faking his own death to escape with her but she went into hiding instead. During the finale, Spike reunites with Julia but she is killed by the Red Dragon Syndicate. Spike faces them and Vicious at their headquarters. Spike fights his way to the top and shoots Vicious before collapsing from gunshot wounds. When asked, \"Cowboy Bebop\" director Shinichir\u014d Watanabe said that he can't say if Spike actually died or not.\nSpike was voiced by K\u014dichi Yamadera in Japanese and by Steve Blum in English. John Cho played Spike in the Netflix live-action version.\nSpike has been well liked by critics with IGN putting him on their Top 25 Greatest Anime List, ranking him #4 in 2009 and #2 in 2014. \"Animage\" named him Best Male Character at their Anime Grand Prix in both 1998 and 1999."}
+{"id": "43797", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43797", "title": "Jet Black", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43798", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43798", "title": "Faye Valentine", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43799", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43799", "title": "Edward Wong Hau Pepelu Tivrusky IV", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43800", "revid": "1152191", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43800", "title": "Ein", "text": "Ein or EIN can have different meanings:"}
+{"id": "43802", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43802", "title": "Julia (Cowboy Bebop)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43803", "revid": "9386614", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43803", "title": "Punch and Judy", "text": "Punch and Judy is a very popular puppet show in Britain. It is traditionally performed at the seaside in a small booth which can easily be transported. The characters are all glove puppets. The story is told by a man who calls himself \u201cThe Professor\u201d. He cannot be seen, but he wears the puppets on his hand like gloves and makes them move.\nCharacters.\nPunch wears a jester's motley. He is hunchbacked and his hooked nose almost meets his curved chin. He has a big stick and hits the other characters with his stick, saying \"That's the way to do it!\". He speaks in a funny way called a \"swazzle\". There is also a baby, a crocodile, a policeman and a string of sausages. The simple kind of humour used is called \u201cslapstick\u201d.\nHistory.\nThe Punch and Judy show has its origins in the 16th century Italian commedia dell'arte. This sort of comedy always had the same people in the stories (\u201cstock characters\u201d). The figure of Punch comes from the stock character of Pulcinella, called \"Punchinello\" in English. Punch's wife was originally \"Joan\".\nMay 9, 1662 is said by 'Professors' to be Punch's UK birthday, for that was the first known date on which the figure who later became Mr. Punch was seen in Britain. The diarist Samuel Pepys saw a puppet show using an early version of the Punch character near St. Paul's Church in London's Covent Garden.\nThe British show developed into \"Punch and Judy\". In other countries the stories developed differently. In Germany, Punch is called \"Kasper\" and Judy is \"Grete\". The characters date back to the 18th century in German-speaking countries. In The Netherlands Punch is called \"Jan Klaassen\" and Judy is \"Katrijn\"; in Denmark \"Mester Jackel\"; in Italy \"Pulcinella\" (with \"Teresina\" as the female part); in Russia \"Petruschka\"; in Romania \"Vasilache\"; and in France \"Polichinelle\".\nIn 1827, \"The Tragical Comedy or Comical Tragedy of Punch and Judy\" became the first published Punch and Judy script. In 2006, the Punch and Judy show was named one of 12 icons of Englishness by the British government\u2019s Department for Culture, Media and Sport."}
+{"id": "43806", "revid": "3164", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43806", "title": "International Labor Day", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43807", "revid": "731605", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43807", "title": "U.S. State", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43819", "revid": "11132", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43819", "title": "Boudicca", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43820", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43820", "title": "Boomerang (TV network)", "text": "Boomerang is an American cable television network owned by The Cartoon Network, Inc., a sub-division of the Warner Bros. Discovery Networks division of Warner Bros. Discovery. The network primarily broadcasts animated programming from the Warner Bros. Animation library, including Warner Bros. Cartoons and Hanna-Barbera productions among others.\nBoomerang debuted in 1992 as a programming block on Cartoon Network dedicated to classic animation. The block eventually spun-off into its own separate network in 2000, and by the late 2000s, began airing more modern and contemporary programming, including reruns of Cartoon Network original series. A 2015 relaunch aimed to promote Boomerang as a \"second flagship\" brand alongside Cartoon Network, and saw the network produce its own original programming, with a focus on contemporary reboots of franchises such as \"Looney Tunes\" and \"Scooby-Doo\". In 2017, as the cable network lost coverage, Boomerang launched a standalone SVOD over-the-top streaming service, which operated until 2024.\nAs of November 2023, Boomerang is available to approximately 26 million pay television households in the United States \u2014 down from its peak of 47 million households in 2019.\nReferences.\n "}
+{"id": "43823", "revid": "9161232", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43823", "title": "Boomerang", "text": "A boomerang is a flying tool that is best known for its ability to return to the thrower. In the past, it was made of wood, but most of the modern boomerangs are made of other materials.\nDespite being an Australian icon, ancient boomerangs have also been discovered elsewhere in Africa, the Americas, and Eurasia.\nHistory.\nMost people know that Australian Aborigines used boomerangs for hunting. But the oldest boomerang was found in a cave in Poland and is more than 20,000 (twenty thousand) years old. This kind of boomerang does not return to the thrower, but it can fly longer distances and more stably than other things which can be thrown. These days (returning) boomerangs are usually used for recreation. \nTechnical aspects.\nMost of the boomerangs do not have the classical \"L\"-shape. The modern boomerang is special in that it will return to the one who threw it, if it is thrown correctly. However, some boomerangs do not return because their wings do not have the right profile. Most of the boomerangs are made for right-handed use. Left-handed people have to use other boomerangs that are mirror-inverted, or have to throw with their right hand. \nThrowing instructions.\nA boomerang is not thrown like a frisbee. It has to be thrown almost vertically, with an inclination of about 10\u201320 degrees and with a lot of rotation (spin). When facing the wind, throw with an angle of 30\u201345 degrees to the right (left-handed: to the left) of the wind. Be sure to choose a field that is big enough. Watch out for passers-by, and do not throw when people are standing in the range of the boomerang. See also the link provided in the section below.\nClubs.\nThere are a lot of boomerang clubs in many countries all over the world. These clubs organise workshops and tournaments. The best boomerang-throwers come from Australia, France, Germany, Japan, Switzerland and the United States of America. A few years ago, the International Federation of Boomerang Associations (IFBA) was founded to help to spread knowledge about boomerangs."}
+{"id": "43829", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43829", "title": "Niflheim", "text": "Niflheim is the world of frost and cold of Norse Mythology. Frost Giants live there. The river Hvergelmir also is there. Yggdrasil has one of its roots in the spring of the river. The serpent Nidhogg gnaws at this root.\nNiflheim is ruled by the Giantess Angrboda."}
+{"id": "43830", "revid": "9362378", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43830", "title": "Baldur", "text": "Baldr (also Balder, Baldur or Baldor) is the god of light and radiance, joy and purity, peace and forgiveness in Norse mythology. A member of the \u00c6sir, he is the son of Odin and Frigg, and twin brother to the blind god of darkness, H\u00f6\u00f0r. His wife is called Nanna, with whom he had a son named Forseti, god of justice. Prior to his death, Baldr possessed a ship called Hringhorni, said to be the largest ship ever built. His hall is called Breidablik. \nBased on the Merseburg charms, one of his German names may have been Phol. \nBaldr once had a nightmare that he would be killed. His mother, Frigg, made all the things across the Nine Realms vow not to hurt him. The mistletoe did not vow, however, as Frigg considered it to be so unimportant that she thought nothing of it. Loki found out that the mistletoe had not vowed, and thus made a spear out of the dreaded plant, and tricked H\u00f6\u00f0r into throwing it at Baldr. Beings from all across the Nine Realms will come to attend his funeral, and Baldr's wife Nanna soon dies of grief. Loki is soon caught and sentenced to punishment; he is bound by the entrails of one of his sons, to face torture as the venom of a massive serpent drips from its fangs onto Loki's eyes. This causes him unimaginable pain, writhing in agony. (The goddess\u00a0Ska\u00f0i\u00a0is responsible for placing the serpent above him). His wife Sigyn is stationed nearby, collecting the drips of venom into a bowl. When the bowl is full, she leaves to empty it, and when she does, the venom drips onto the trickster and gradually eats away at his flesh. Loki's escape from this predicament is the catalyst of Ragnar\u00f6k, as upon his being freed, he will lead the forces of J\u00f6tunheimr and Svart\u00e1lfheimr in a final assault against the gods.\u00a0\nDuring Ragnar\u00f6k, the veils/barriers between the realms will be broken, so Baldr will be able to escape from Helheimr. After the death of Odin at the fangs of the monstrous wolf Fenrir, Baldr and H\u00f6\u00f0r came back to life, meeting with the other survivors in the\"\u00a0\"fields of\u00a0I\u00f0av\u00f6llr\u00a0(Old Norse: \"I\u00f0av\u01ebllr\" -\u00a0\"splendour-plain\"), where\u00a0Asgard once lay. There, they shall rule in place of their father."}
+{"id": "43831", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43831", "title": "Baldr", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43832", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43832", "title": "Balder", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43833", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43833", "title": "Phol", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43843", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43843", "title": "Cell (disambiguation)", "text": "A cell can mean:"}
+{"id": "43853", "revid": "1662025", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43853", "title": "Prophecy", "text": "A prophecy is a prediction about the future. In many religions, prophecies are viewed as messages from God, or a god. They frequently concern one specific event (like the end of the world, the arrival of a messiah, or a natural disaster). They can be hard to understand and can be interpreted in different ways. \nIn Ancient Greece, people who made prophecies were called oracles, most notably the Oracle of Delphi. Nostradamus, a 16th-century prophet, is well-known today. Many other prophets have existed throughout history.\nThe verb that means \"to make a prophecy\" is \"to \"prophesy\"\". These two words are spelled and pronounced differently and pronounced differently. \"Prophesy\" is a verb, and \"prophecy\" is a noun.\nProphecy in religion.\nJudeo-Christian religions.\nThere are many prophecies in the Bible. Some tell of future blessings: good things that will happen because of God's mercy and forgiveness. Others warn of punishments to come. Some discuss both blessings and punishments. Biblical prophecies fall into two categories: conditional and unconditional. \nConditional prophesies say that punishment can be avoided if a person changes their ways. For example, in the Book of Jonah, God sends Jonah to warn the residents of Nineveh that they will be destroyed if they do not change their behavior. The people repent, and God decides not to destroy them. Later, Jesus made conditional prophecies, warning people to believe in his teachings and live by God's rules in order to receive blessings instead of punishments.\nMeanwhile, unconditional prophecies tell of events that will happen no matter what, regardless of what anyone does. For example, the Book of Revelation describes what the world's end times will look like.\nMoses, Jesus and other religious leaders who tell people to live a good life are called prophets by their followers, even though they may not tell about future events.\nFalse prophecies.\nSometimes people are \"false prophets\": they make an incorrect prediction about the future based on something they read in the Bible or think God told them. Many people throughout history have incorrectly predicted the date of the end of the world or Christ's return. According to the Book of Matthew, Jesus himself said that \"No one knows the day or the hour\" of his return.\nProphecies not related to religion.\nScientists sometimes make predictions about the future. Sometimes their predictions are correct, but often they are wrong or only partly correct. \nThe famous inventor Thomas Edison predicted that electricity would replace steam as a way to power trains. He also predicted that gold could be made from iron, giving it little worth as money. Neither prediction was correct.\nAlbert Einstein said in 1932 that atomic energy would never be possible. This was incorrect.\nPoliticians also make prophecies that may or may not be correct. Adolf Hitler predicted that the Nazis would rule for 1000 years, but they were defeated in only 12 years (1933-1944). Many organizations try to predict the outcome of elections, with very mixed accuracy. \nOthers predict the winners of sporting events, but are often wrong because of \"upsets\": games with unexpected results. A famous baseball player, Yogi Berra, once said: \"It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future\".\nSelf-fulfilling prophecies.\nAccording to the Cleveland Clinic: Self-fulfilling prophecies occur when a prediction brings about its own fulfillment. In layman\u2019s terms, that means that if you believe something to be true, you\u2019ll act as if it were true. And your actions double down on your prediction to make it a reality. For example, if a person thinks they will fail at something, they might not try very hard to achieve it, making them unsuccessful. \nAbraham Lincoln said \"The most reliable way to predict the future is to create it.\""}
+{"id": "43855", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43855", "title": "Vicious (Cowboy Bebop)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43857", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43857", "title": "Espoo, Finland", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43866", "revid": "7220803", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43866", "title": "Anatotitan", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43867", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43867", "title": "Ornithomimus", "text": "Ornithomimus was a lightly built fast-running North American feathered dinosaur. \n\"Ornithomimus\" had three toes on each foot, long arms and neck, but a small head. It also had claws on each hand and foot. It had no teeth and weak jaws, which might mean it was omnivorous.\n\"Ornithomimus edmonticus\" was the largest species, 12 ft (3.5 meters) long, 7 feet (2.10 meters) high and weighed about 100-150\u00a0kg. It walked on two legs and looked slightly like an ostrich, except for its long tail. \nThere has been trouble with naming. Some speciments are put in other genera, like Dromiceiomimus and \"Struthiomimus\".\nFeathers.\nIn 1995, 2008 and 2009, three \"O. edmontonicus\" specimens with evidence of feathers were found. Two adults had quill knobs on the lower arm, indicating the former presence of bird-like feather shafts. A juvenile had impressions of long fluffy feathers in the form of hair-like filaments covering the rump, legs and neck. \nThe feather imprints were found in sandstone, previously thought to not be able to support such impressions."}
+{"id": "43873", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43873", "title": "Book of Job", "text": "The Book of Job () is the 18th book in the Hebrew Bible or Old Testament. It is one of the books in the class of poetry. \nBeginning.\nThe Bible says \"In the land of Uz\" there lived a man whose name was Job. He feared God and shunned evil. Job had seven sons and three daughters, and he owned seven-thousand sheep, three-thousand camels, five hundred yoke of oxen and five hundred donkeys, and had a large number of servants. He was the greatest man among all the people of the East.\" \n\"When a period of feasting had run its course, Job would send and have them purified. Early in the morning he would sacrifice a burnt offering for each of them, thinking, \"Perhaps my children have sinned and cursed God in their hearts. This was Job's regular custom.\"\nThe Bible also says that Job was a pious, rich, loyal and a man who loved God.\nSatan and God.\nOne day Satan and the Angels of God went to God. God tells Satan about his servant Job and how good he is. Satan says that the only reason he is like that is because God was good to him and gave him sons and daughters and many animals. Satan asks if he can test Job and God lets him. God tells Satan not to kill Job.\nIn the initial test, Satan killed each of Job's children as they enjoyed a meal, snatched up all of Job's animals, and killed the servants who were caring for the animals. Job did not curse God as Satan would have had Job do, despite all that Satan had done to him.\nSatan and the Angels went to meet God again. Like before, God talked about how good his servant Job is. Satan says that Job will curse God if he makes Job sick, which he did. This is the last meeting with Satan, the Angels.\nSatan afflicted sores all over Job's body. Job's wife told him to curse God and die. Job told her that if he said that, that would be foolish. Even though Job lost everything he had and suffered from painful sores all over his body, he did not sin against God by cursing him. Satan had failed in trying to make him sin. This is the final time Satan is mentioned in the Book of Job.\nJob's friends.\nWhen Job's friends heard about the things that happened to him they went to comfort him. Most of the book tells of Job and his friends talking. The names of his friends are Eliphaz, Bildad, and Zophar. Towards the end of the book, Job's friends start to think that Job is not good because a lot of bad things are happening to him. Job keeps on saying that he is good but he starts to wonder if God really is good.\nJob and God.\nAfter God speaks to Job and his three friends, God asks Job where he was when He created the earth and filled it with amazing things (meaning that it is not possible for man to understand God's ways). God gets very angry at Job's friends for thinking that Job was not a good man and for saying things about God they did not know about, and Job prays for his friends: God answers his prayer. God blesses Job because he did not curse Him. God gives him more than he had before."}
+{"id": "43899", "revid": "1340098", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43899", "title": "Abide with Me", "text": "\"Abide with Me\" is a religious song or hymn. It was written by Henry Lyte in 1847, and is typically associated with funerals and solemn events of remembrance. The song is sung at the start of the FA Cup finals.\nLyrics.\nAbide with me; fast falls the eventide;\nThe darkness deepens; Lord with me abide.\nWhen other helpers fail and comforts flee,\nHelp of the helpless, O abide with me.\nSwift to its close ebbs out life\u2019s little day;\nEarth\u2019s joys grow dim; its glories pass away;\nChange and decay in all around I see;\nO Thou who changest not, abide with me.\nNot a brief glance I beg, a passing word;\nBut as Thou dwell\u2019st with Thy disciples, Lord,\nFamiliar, condescending, patient, free.\nCome not to sojourn, but abide with me.\nCome not in terrors, as the King of kings,\nBut kind and good, with healing in Thy wings,\nTears for all woes, a heart for every plea\u2014\nCome, Friend of sinners, and thus bide with me.\nThou on my head in early youth didst smile;\nAnd, though rebellious and perverse meanwhile,\nThou hast not left me, oft as I left Thee,\nOn to the close, O Lord, abide with me.\nI need Thy presence every passing hour.\nWhat but Thy grace can foil the tempter\u2019s power?\nWho, like Thyself, my guide and stay can be?\nThrough cloud and sunshine, Lord, abide with me.\nI fear no foe, with Thee at hand to bless;\nIlls have no weight, and tears no bitterness.\nWhere is death\u2019s sting? Where, grave, thy victory?\nI triumph still, if Thou abide with me.\nHold Thou Thy cross before my closing eyes;\nShine through the gloom and point me to the skies.\nHeaven\u2019s morning breaks, and earth\u2019s vain shadows flee;\nIn life, in death, O Lord, abide with me."}
+{"id": "43900", "revid": "9771887", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43900", "title": "Hail Mary", "text": "Hail Mary is a Christian prayer to Mary, the mother of Jesus. Most of the prayer comes from the Gospel of Luke. Some things were also added to the prayer during the 13th century (the 1200s). When a person says a Hail Mary, they ask Mary to pray for them.\nIn Roman Catholicism, the Hail Mary is the most prevalent prayer in the Rosary. The Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox also use the prayer. So do many other groups within Christianity, including Anglicans, Independent Catholics, and Old Catholics. Some Protestant denominations also use the Hail Mary.\nHail Mary in the Bible.\nThe Hail Mary uses two phrases from Saint Luke's Gospel. The first is \"Hail, full of grace, the Lord is with thee, blessed art thou amongst women\" (). (In Simple English, this means: \"Be glad. You are full of grace. You are with God. You are blessed.\") The second is \"Blessed art thou amongst women and blessed is the fruit of thy womb\" (). (This means: \"You and your child (Jesus) are both blessed.\")\nWhen the Hail Mary was first created, it was much shorter than it is now. In Western Europe, in the mid-13th century, the prayer was just a few words. The word \"Mary\" was added after the word \"Hail.\" The entire prayer was \"Hail Mary, full of grace.\" We know this from Saint Thomas Aquinas's writings about the prayer.\nIn the first phrase from Saint Luke's Gospel, the Angel Gabriel is greeting Mary. Like all of Saint Luke's Gospel, this phrase was first written in Koine Greek. The first word of greeting, , \"cha\u00edre\", is translated \"Hail.\" This means \"Rejoice\" or \"Be glad.\" This was a normal greeting in Koine Greek. These greetings are still used in modern Greek.\nThe prayer in Eastern (Greek) tradition.\nThe Hail Mary prayer used by the Eastern Orthodox Church and Eastern Catholic Churches is written: This means:\nThe same thing can be translated differently into English:\n\"Theotokos\" is the title given to Mary in the Eastern Churches. It is a Greek word that means \"the one who gives birth to God.\"\nThe prayer in Western (Latin) tradition.\nThere are different ideas about when the Hail Mary was changed to today's version. The Catholic Encyclopedia says that the Hail Mary was not changed until about 1050.\nSaint Thomas Aquinas said that by the mid-thirteenth century, the Western churches had added only one word - \"Mary\" - to the Biblical verses the prayer came from. Adding her name made it clear that Mary was the person the prayer talked to. However, around the same time, the name \"Jesus\" was also added. This made it clear that Jesus was \"the fruit of [Mary's] womb.\" \nThis means that the Western version of the Hail Mary did not come from the Greek version. The Greek version has very different words, like \"for thou hast given birth to the Saviour of our souls,\" which never appeared in the Western version.\nBefore the 16th century, the Hail Mary greeted and praised Mary. However, during the 16th century, new words were added. These new words asked Mary for help. In 1555, a Dutch Jesuit named Petrus Canisius added these words to his catechism: \"Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners.\" By the time of the Council of Trent eleven years later, this sentence, and some new words, had been added to the Hail Mary. In 1566, the Catechism of the Council of Trent included this sentence in the prayer: \"Holy Mary, Mother of God, pray for us sinners now and at the hour of our death. Amen.\"\nThis is the last change that has been made to the Hail Mary. \nIn Latin, the prayer is written this way (the macrons are given for pronunciation only and do not appear in the Latin language):\nFor translations from the Latin into various languages, see Wikisource.\nThe prayer in Syriac Orthodox tradition.\nThe Syriac Orthodox Church uses a different version of the Hail Mary. This version is much closer to today's Western form than the Greek form.\nIn this prayer, a leader starts the prayer and everyone else says the rest:\nUsage in the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches.\nIn the Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic Churches, the Hail Mary is very common. It is said in the Greek form, or in translations from the Greek form. The prayer is not said quite as often as in the West. However, it is well-known and is still used often. It also appears in several canons of prayer. It is usually sung three times at the end of Vespers during an All-Night Vigil. It is also said many times during daily prayers.\nVariant Slavonic versions.\nThere are two different versions of the Hail Mary in Church Slavonic:\nThe first version is older. The Old Believers still use this version. So do the Ukrainian Greek-Catholic Church and the Ruthenian Catholic Church. \nThe second version was created in 1656, as part of changes to liturgy made by Patriarch Nikon of Moscow. This version is used by the Russian Orthodox Church, the Serbian Orthodox Church, the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, and the Ukrainian Orthodox Church.\nUsage in the Roman Catholic Church.\nThe Hail Mary is the most important part of the Rosary. The Rosary is a way of praying. It is often used by Latin Rite (Western) Catholics. It is also used in the East (but only by Latinised Ukrainian and Maronite Catholics). \nWhen praying the Rosary, Catholics pray a set of ten Hail Marys. Before each set, they pray one Our Father (also called the \"Pater Noster\" or The Lord's Prayer). After each set of Hail Marys, they pray one 'Glory Be' (\"Gloria Patri\"). One set of these prayers is called a \"decade.\" Usually, Catholics say five decades when they pray the Rosary.\nWhile praying each decade, Catholics meditate upon one of the four sets of \"Mysteries of the Rosary.\" Each of the Mysteries has to do with things that happened in Jesus's and Mary's lives. The Mysteries include:\nThe Hail Mary is also the most important part of the Angelus. This is a prayer that many Catholics say three times every day. Some Anglicans and Lutherans say the Angelus too.\nAnglican use of the Hail Mary.\nTraditional Anglicans also use the Hail Mary, in mostly the same way as Roman Catholics do. Both groups use the Rosary and say the Angelus. Anglican churches often have statues of the Virgin Mary. \nMany Anglicans pray the Hail Mary. However, in different areas, the prayer may be used differently. This is because the Catholic and Anglican Churches have some different beliefs.\nMusical settings.\nMany people have written music for the Hail Mary (also called the \"Ave Maria\"). \nDuring the Renaissance.\nDuring the Renaissance, the Hail Mary very often set to music by composers, like Jacques Arcadelt, Josquin Desprez, Orlando di Lasso, and Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina. However, at this time (before the Council of Trent), there were still different versions of the prayer. Because of this, some of the earlier Renaissance pieces have different words than today's Hail Mary. For example, Josquin Desprez actually created more than one musical version of the \"Ave Maria\".\nLater versions.\nOne of the most famous musical versions of the prayer was created by Charles Gounod in 1859. He added melody and words to Johann Sebastian Bach's first prelude (the beginning piece of music) from \"The Well-Tempered Clavier\".\nOther famous musical versions of the Hail Mary were written by:\nIn Protestantism.\nProtestant Christianity does not venerate Mary. Some Protestants have used musical versions of the \"Ave Maria,\" but changed the words. For example, \"Ave Redemptor\" uses the music of the \"Ave Maria,\" but focuses on Jesus instead:"}
+{"id": "43901", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43901", "title": "Ein (Cowboy Bebop)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43904", "revid": "1555593", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43904", "title": "Studio", "text": "A studio is a place where an artist can work. Studios can be used for many things, such as photography, broadcasting, painting, making movies, television shows, cartoons, or music.\nMovie studio.\nA movie studio is most often a company that makes movies. The place where movies are made may also be called a studio, or sometimes a \"sound stage\" because it also records the sound.\nTelevision studio.\nA television studio is where video production takes place. It usually contains cameras, microphones, speakers, and spotlights. It is similar to a movie studio.\nRecording studio.\nA recording studio is used for recording music, speech, or other kinds of sound. They are typically divided into three areas: an \"isolation room\" that has soundproofing for playing instruments and to prevent echo, a \"live room\" for general recording, and a \"control room\" to store the recording equipment that DJ's use."}
+{"id": "43907", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43907", "title": "Electric Light Orchestra", "text": "The Electric Light Orchestra, also known as ELO, were a popular English rock band from the 1970s and early 1980s. Their leader was musician and songwriter Jeff Lynne. Lynne wrote and sang most of their songs. He also produced their recordings. Other members included Richard Tandy on keyboards, Bev Bevan on drums, Mike D'Albuquerque and later Kelly Groucutt on bass guitar. Hugh McDowell, Mik Kaminski, and Melvyn Gale played violin and cello. The orchestra's name is a joke on \"electric light\" and a \"Light Orchestra\" (an orchestra that plays light music).\nHistory.\nThe Move.\nThe band began as a side project of another band, The Move, by musicians Roy Wood and Jeff Lynne. While The Move had added touches of classical music to their pop hits, Wood and Lynne wanted to blend rock music and classical music more closely. Move drummer Bevan joined their project. Wood played nearly all the non-rock instruments on their first album. They made the most of recording studio technology, including multitrack recording and overdubbing.\nTheir first album was titled \"Electric Light Orchestra\". It was released with that name in the United Kingdom. When the album was released in the United States, their American record label, United Artists, did not know the album was titled after the group. They phoned ELO's British label to ask for the title. When nobody answered, \"No Answer\" was written down. Mistaken later for the title, the album appeared in America as \"No Answer\". The band's first single was titled \"10538 Overture\". It became an FM radio favourite. In time, ELO's music became more popular than The Move's had been. The Move disbanded, and Electric Light Orchestra became a full-time group.\nELO.\nRoy Wood decided to leave ELO partway through the recording of the second album. He started another band called Wizzard. Jeff Lynne took over leadership, and McDowell, Kaminski and Gale joined. The album, \"ELO 2\", was finished and released, but was not as well liked as the first. A single on the album was a cover version of Chuck Berry's \"Roll Over Beethoven\". It added parts of many Beethoven compositions to Berry's song. It became another radio hit.\nTheir third album, \"On the Third Day\", included a rock interpretation of \"In the Hall of the Mountain King\". The album had another hit single, titled \"Showdown\". ELO began to tour the United States. They started with small audiences. They became more popular with time, and added theatrical touches to their shows. New contact microphones made it possible for the classical musicians to move around and even dance on stage, as pop musicians did. The audiences enjoyed watching them.\nBy their fourth album, \"Eldorado\", ELO had gone from overdubbing their small membership to recording with real orchestras. They had problems when they worked in their native England. British classical musicians usually kept more to union rules than to the job of making music. They sometimes walked out during recordings. This hurt the process of making their records, so ELO tried a studio called Musicland in Munich, Germany. They liked the way the studio worked, and the German musicians were more devoted. ELO used Musicland many more times.\nTheir next album, \"Face the Music\" (1975), yielded two hit singles, \"Strange Magic\" and \"Evil Woman\". ELO became even more popular. A compilation album, \"Ol\u00e9 ELO\", featured most of their early singles. Three songs from their 1976 album, \"A New World Record\", became worldwide hits. These were \"Telephone Line\", \"Livin' Thing\", and \"Do Ya\", which was a remake of a Move song.\nELO recorded a double album in 1977, \"Out of the Blue\", which included \"Turn to Stone\", \"Sweet Talkin' Woman\", and \"Mr. Blue Sky\", which also became hit records. The band toured worldwide, with a stage set that looked like a UFO, which opened to reveal the band performing inside. Their shows included lots of stage lighting, and laser effects.\nTheir next new album, \"Discovery\", did not appear until 1979. ELO's record label, Jet Records, changed distributors from United Artists to Columbia Records, and this was part of the delay. \"Discovery\" included two singles, \"Shine a Little Love\" and \"Don't Bring Me Down\". \"Don't Bring Me Down\" was the first ELO single to not include any classical instruments. Columbia issued a \"Greatest Hits\" album, which overlapped some of the \"Ol\u00e9 ELO\" songs with later ones.\n1980s.\nELO became less popular during the 1980s. They had fewer hits. They recorded the \"Xanadu\" soundtrack with singer Olivia Newton-John. They also released the albums \"Time\" (with the title song and \"Hold On Tight\" as singles) in 1981, \"Secret Messages\" (with \"Stranger\") in 1983, and finally \"Balance of Power\", which included \"Calling America\", in 1986. By this time the classical musicians had left. Lynne now was recording their parts with synthesizers or session players.\nJeff Lynne was now producing other recording artists, including The Everly Brothers, and stopped working with Electric Light Orchestra in 1986. Most of the remaining members, though, wanted to continue working together and regrouped, first as a band named OrKestra, then later as \"ELO Part II\". These lineups toured for years, playing ELO's old hits and releasing two albums of new material, while Lynne continued his producing career. Lynne also released a solo album, \"Armchair Theatre\", in 1990, and formed the Traveling Wilburys with former Beatle George Harrison.\n2000s.\nLynne recorded an album, \"Zoom\", in 2001, again using the ELO name, but with a new set of musicians. He made a handful of television appearances with the new lineup. They played both old and new songs. He also planned to tour with them. Interest in the band was not strong, though, and most of the shows were cancelled. \nElectric Light Orchestra's music had only a weak presence in popular culture from the mid-1980s until the early 2000s. Their blend of classical and rock music made their music hard to put in radio playlists. ELO's music has made a comeback in the 2000s through its use in movie soundtracks, and also in commercials such as for Monster."}
+{"id": "43911", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43911", "title": "Vicious", "text": "The word vicious has several meanings:"}
+{"id": "43915", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43915", "title": "Ein (anime)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43916", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43916", "title": "Ash", "text": "The term Ash can have different meanings:"}
+{"id": "43917", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43917", "title": "Ash tree", "text": "Ash trees are medium to large trees of the genus Fraxinus of the family Oleaceae (Olive-tree like). The family contains between 45 and 65 species. Some of them are evergreen, but most are deciduous. They grow in most parts of the world. The seeds are commonly known as \"keys\" in English. They are a type of fruit known as a samara. Most of the ash species have light-green, oval shaped, leaves. The central stem of the compound leaf has 9 \u2013 13 leaflets (small leaves) in pairs, with one at the tip. There are no stalks to the side leaflets. The leaflets are pointed and toothed, with hairs on the lower surface. The leaves appear relatively late in spring, and are amongst the first to be shed in autumn.\nThe buds are black, sooty or velvety in appearance and are sometimes compared to a Bishop\u2019s Mitre in shape.\nAsh wood is used to make various tools, handles, baseball and softball bats and bows. It also makes very good firewood. Ash trees are also perfect material for old fashion shafts for bow and arrows.\nIn Norse Mythology, the world tree Yggdrasil is commonly thought to be an ash tree. The first man, Askr, was formed from an ash. The first woman was made from an alder. \nThreats.\nThe emerald ash borer (\"Agrilus planipennis\") is a wood-boring beetle. It was accidentally introduced to North America from Asia by solid wood packing material in the late 1980s. It has killed tens of millions of trees in 15 states in the United States and adjacent Ontario in Canada. Research is being done with three Asian wasps which are natural predators of the beetle biological control.\nThe European ash, \"Fraxinus excelsior\", has been affected by the fungus which causes \"ash dieback\". The disease has infected about 90% of Denmark's ash trees. In October 2012 ash dieback was found in mature woodland in Suffolk. In 2016, the ash tree was reported as in danger of extinction in Europe."}
+{"id": "43918", "revid": "10084801", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43918", "title": "Ash Wednesday", "text": "Ash Wednesday is the first day of Lent in the Western Christian calendar. It occurs 46 days before Easter. The date is different each year because the date of Easter varies. It can fall as early as February 4 and as late as March 10. \nThose able to and willing to should fast voluntarily between Ash Wednesday and Easter. There are exceptions, though. Pregnant women, sick people, children, and the old usually don't have to. \nAsh Wednesday is a very important part of Lent.\nDates.\nThe dates of Ash Wednesday are:"}
+{"id": "43926", "revid": "1539758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43926", "title": "Valkyrie", "text": "The Valkyries\u00a0(Old Norse:\u00a0\"Valkyrjur,\" singular \"valkyrja\"\u00a0-\u00a0\u201cchoosers of the slain\u201d) are female figures in Norse mythology; they are a group of female warriors of Odin who do not get married.\nProfile.\nAlternatively the Valkyries are servants to Freya. She negotiated with One Eye that her shield maidens would sort the honourable dead on the battlefield. Freya had first choice of half of the dead to come to Sessrumnir, the other half were to be delivered to One Eye at Valhall. \nFreya had fierce and respected warriors. They are responsible for choosing who lives and dies in battle, singling out those worthy of paradise. After battle, the Valkyries carry those whom they have chosen off to Valhalla, an enormous and majestic hall that lies in Asgard. Once there, these e\u00efnherjar, as they are now called, are shared between Odin and Freyja, with half of them going to Valhalla and the other to F\u00f3lkvangr, Freyja's realm. In Valhalla, the e\u00efnherjar feast as they are served and cared for by the Valkyries themselves. \nThe old Norse people thought that Valkyries rode giant wolves, and that they had black wings like ravens; these two creatures both scavenge corpses on the battlefield symbolizing death and destruction. With the spread of Christianity the idea of what a Valkyrie was like changed more and more to a Romantic description of a beautiful woman. \nOperas.\nRichard Wagner composed some operas featuring Valkyries (German: \"Walk\u00fcren\", singular: \"Walk\u00fcre\"). These operas are \"Die Walk\u00fcre\", \"Siegfried\", and \"G\u00f6tterd\u00e4mmerung\". They feature a story of a Valkyrie Br\u00fcnnhilde, her punishment for disobeying her father, and her falling in love with Siegfried. The music for the opening of Act Three of \"Die Walk\u00fcre\" is very famous. It is called the \"Ride of the Valkyries\"."}
+{"id": "43932", "revid": "1061539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43932", "title": "Zosterops", "text": "Zosterops is a type of bird. There are many different species of Zosterops around the world."}
+{"id": "43934", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43934", "title": "Dimorphodon", "text": "Dimorphodon was a prehistoric flying pterosaur from the early Jurassic period. It had a big head, a small brain, a tall beak, and two types of teeth. Variation in teeth is rare in pterosaurs. \nLike \"Rhamphorhynchus\", \"Dimorphodon\" is only found in Jurassic strata. It was the first pterosaur found in England, by Mary Anning, in 1828.\nMost of the known specimens were found in the Jurassic chalk of the south coast of England in the 19th century. Another species of \"Dimorphodon\" has been found in La Boca Formation in Tamaulipas, Mexico, from the Lower Jurassic. "}
+{"id": "43935", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43935", "title": "Cryolophosaurus", "text": "Cryolophosaurus is a theropod dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic period. It is the only theropod to be found in Antarctica. \"Cryolophosaurus\" was discovered in the Jurassic Hanson Formation in the Transantarctic Mountains. The find of this dinosaur was significant because it proves that the dinosaurs lived on all continents and that high latitude climates were tolerated by dinosaurs at that time.\n\"Cryolophosaurus\" is also significant because it is the oldest known tetanuran from any continent: it is the only one from the early Jurassic.\n\"Cryolophosaurus\" had a large crest on the top of the skull, above the eyes. It extends upwards from the skull.\n\"Cryolophosaurus\" was found about from the South Pole but then it was about or so farther north. Also found were the remains of \"Glacialisaurus\" (a large basal sauropodomorph), a crow-sized pterosaur, synapsids, and another unknown theropod. There are also the remains of many plant genera around the same age as fossils of \"Cryolophosaurus\", proving that dense plant matter had once grown on Antarctica's surface before it drifted southward."}
+{"id": "43936", "revid": "3164", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43936", "title": "Crylophosaurus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43938", "revid": "1269178", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43938", "title": "Coloborhynchus", "text": "Coloborhynchus was a pterosaur. It has been found in Lower Cretaceous rocks in England and Brazil. It is a similar genus to \"Anhanguera\" and \"Ornithocheirus\".\nThe type specimen of \"Coloborhynchus\" is known only from a partial upper jaw. It can only be distinguished from its relatives by its unique combination of tooth socket positions. In \"Coloborhynchus\", the two front teeth pointed forward and were higher on the jaw than the other teeth, while the next three pairs of teeth pointed to the sides. The final two pairs of teeth in this specimen point downward. Finally, a unique oval depression was located below the first pair of teeth.\nThe possible species \"Coloborhynchus capito\" is the largest toothed pterosaur known. A specimen from the Cambridge Greensand has a very large upper jaw tip which displays the typical teeth which distinguish \"C. capito\" from other species. The jaw tip is nearly 10 cm tall and 5.6 cm wide, with teeth up to 1.3 cm in base diameter. If the proportions of this specimen was the same as other known species of \"Coloborhycnhus\", the total skull length could have been up to 75 cm, leading to an estimated wingspan of ."}
+{"id": "43940", "revid": "127811", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43940", "title": "Julia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43942", "revid": "1668368", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43942", "title": "Alder", "text": "Alder is the common name for about 30 kinds of trees and shrubs of the Alnus genus. They are a part of the birch family (\"Betulaceae\"). Most of them are smaller in size. Leaves are mostly deciduous, only very few alders are evergreen.\nAlder trees are found in all parts of the northern hemisphere and they are often found on poor and/or wet soil. Alders have simple leaves with a toothed edge. The male flowers are in the form of hanging catkins and the female flowers are much smaller catkin-like structures \"(see image).\" The pollen is transferred from the male to the female flower by the wind. The female flower parts develop into little, green, rounded cone-like fruits which turn brown in autumn and open to release the seeds. \nThe best known species are the , which can be seen throughout Europe. The largest is probably the , native to North America. It reaches about 32\u201335 metres in height. The widespread is a shrub, rarely more than 5m high. The commonest alder in the UK is the Black Alder, also called the Common Alder or European Alder. \nAlder is a preferred tree for bees, especially in spring. It is also used to make charcoal. "}
+{"id": "43944", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43944", "title": "Norse dwarves", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43945", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43945", "title": "Futabasaurus", "text": "Futabasaurus was a plesiosaur from the Upper Cretaceous. A complete skeleton of one has not been found. It is not known very well. \n\"Futabasaurus\" is the first elasmosaurid found in Japan. The type species is \"F. suzukii\". Many of the bones of the type specimen show apparent scavenging or predation by sharks."}
+{"id": "43946", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43946", "title": "Ovum", "text": "An ovum (Latin: \"egg\", plural: ova) is the name for the haploid female reproductive cell, or gamete. Both animals and land plants (embryophytes) produce ova. \nMammals.\nHumans.\nOva are made and released by a female's ovaries. At birth, a female has all of her eggs, and from puberty, she releases an egg once a month until none are left. This is called oogenesis. \nWhen the ovum is fertilised by a male's sperm, it becomes a zygote, which develops into a new organism. The ovum is fertilized inside the female body, and the embryo then develops inside the uterus, being fed by the mother's placenta.\nThe ovum is the largest cell in the human body. You can see it without a microscope. The human ovum is between 100 and 200 \u00b5m long. They are nevertheless much smaller than the cleidoic eggs laid externally by reptiles and birds, which is why they need a long period of internal development in the womb.\nOther mammals.\nThe sexual cycle is quite different in other mammals, whose females are only receptive during the 'heat' part of their estrous cycle when eggs are released from the ovary. Sexual activity then continues for a few days, then ceases entirely until the next heat.\nPlants.\nIn many plants, ova are made inside archegonia through meiosis. The archegonium has a long 'neck' with the egg cell inside. When the egg is mature, the neck opens and sperm swims in to fertilize the egg.\nIn flowering plants, the female gametes are made of only eight cells, called the embryo sac, inside the ovule. The cell closest to the opening of the embryo sac becomes the egg cell. When pollinated, sperm swims into the embryo sac and fertilizes the egg. The zygote then develops into an embryo inside the ovule."}
+{"id": "43947", "revid": "508885", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43947", "title": "Ovule", "text": "Ovules produce the female reproductive cells which get fertilized during sexual reproduction in seed plants. The word literally means \"small egg.\"\nThe megagametophyte (also called the \"embryo sac\" in flowering plants) is inside the ovule. The megagametophyte produces the egg cell."}
+{"id": "43948", "revid": "1368316", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43948", "title": "Horn (instrument)", "text": "The horn is a brass instrument. It developed from the horns that some animals have on their heads. Modern horns are often called French horns.\nThe hunting horn.\nHorns were often used during hunting. These early brass instruments were round so that the hunter could put his arm through it and carry it on his shoulder and blow it while riding a horse. The riders could send messages to one another by blowing particular notes.\nThe horn in the orchestra.\nIn the 17th century the modern orchestra was developing. Orchestras played for operas. Opera stories in those days were usually about gods and goddesses or kings and queens. There was often a hunting scene in the story. Hunters were asked to come and play their horns in the orchestra for these scenes. This is how the horn became an orchestral instrument.\nA brass instrument gives one basic note. Changing the pressure with the lips produces a few other notes. Gradually horn players discovered that if they put their right hand in the bell they could change the basic note. This made it possible to play lots of different notes. When Mozart wrote his horn concertos he was writing for a hand horn. When a note is played using the hand in the bell it makes the note sound different: more muffled (a bit like speaking while covering your mouth with your hand). A Mozart horn concerto sounds very different when played on a modern horn.\nAnother way to change the notes on a horn was to use crooks. These are like extensions to the horn. The longer the tube the lower the note, so adding a crook (an extra circle) would give a lower basic note.\nThe modern horn.\nBy the 1830s the modern horn with three valves had been invented. These valves change the length of the tube, so that the horn had now become chromatic i.e. it could play all the notes including sharps and flats. Composers like Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss wrote complicated music for the horn which would never have been possible on the natural, valveless instruments. However, some composers preferred the sound of the natural horn. Brahms wrote for the natural horn when he wrote his \"Horn Trio\" for piano, violin and horn. Benjamin Britten, in his \"Serenade for tenor, horn and strings\", asks for the horn to played naturally (without valves) for the fanfare at the beginning to make it sound like a hunting horn.\nThe horn has a conical bore. This means that the tubing gradually becomes wider (a trumpet and trombone have a cylindrical bore): the tubing is the same thickness all the way along. The modern horn has 6.4 metres of tubing. It makes a beautiful, warm sound, but it is quite hard to play because the mouthpiece is small and the harmonics (the notes that can be played by changing the lip pressure) are very close together. The horn is a transposing instrument, usually in F (a written C sounds like the F below).\nAt the end of the 19th century the so-called \u201cdouble horn\u201d was invented, which was like a combination of a horn in F and a horn in B flat.\nIn the 18th century there were generally two horns in an orchestra. This became three or four in the 19th century, and some large orchestras now may have up to eight horns."}
+{"id": "43949", "revid": "1539758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43949", "title": "Valhalla", "text": "In Norse mythology, Valhalla\u00a0(Old Norse:\u00a0\"Valh\u00f6ll\" -\u00a0\u201chall of the slain\u201d) is an enormous and majestic hall in Asgard, headed by Odin. Described as a \"warrior's paradise,\" it is here that the souls of those who are slain in battle go, chosen and guided by the\u00a0Valkyries, a group of warrior maidens in service to Odin. \nOnce they are there, these\u00a0e\u00efnherjar, as they are known, make revelry, as they\u00a0feast on the beast known as\u00a0S\u00e6hr\u00edmnir, having their fill of mead made from the udders of the female goat\u00a0Hei\u00f0r\u00fan. The feast is prepared by\u00a0Andhr\u00edmnir\u00a0(Old Norse: \u201cthe one exposed to soot\u201d), the cook of the gods, in his cauldron,\u00a0Eldhr\u00edmnir\u00a0(Old Norse: \u201cfire-sooty\u201d). Outside of Valhalla\u2019s doors, lies\u00a0Glasir\u00a0(Old Norse: \u201cgleaming\u201d),\u00a0a massive tree that grows golden leaves, while its ceiling is adorned with golden shields. The tree\u00a0L\u00e6ra\u00f0r\u00a0stands atop the great hall, where both\u00a0Hei\u00f0r\u00fan\u00a0and the stag\u00a0Eik\u00feyrnir\u00a0(Old Norse: \u201coak-thorny\u201d)\u00a0graze its foliage. During Ragnar\u00f6k, the\u00a0e\u00efnherjar\u00a0will aid Odin in his battle against\u00a0Surtr\u00a0and his forces. "}
+{"id": "43950", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43950", "title": "French horn", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43954", "revid": "1070632", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43954", "title": "Horn (anatomy)", "text": "Horns are part of the body of some animals. They grow on the animal's head. They are projections (things that stick out) made of hard skin. The horn has a lot of keratin in it, the same protein that is in human hair and nails. \nNormally horned animals will have two horns, but the rhinoceros has just one horn in the middle of its head.\nAnimals often use their horns for fighting one another.\nThousands of years ago people used the horns of dead animals for musical instruments (see horn (postal horn)). In later times, they were used for carrying gunpowder."}
+{"id": "43955", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43955", "title": "Mead", "text": "Mead is a fermented alcoholic drink. It is made from honey. Its history may be as old as that of beer. It is made by mixing honey, water, and yeast. Some kinds of mead also include spices or fruit. Mead is sometimes called \"honey wine\".\nArchaeologists discovered that people made mead 9,000 years ago. Mead was described in the Rigveda, which is a Hindu religious text. Mead is popular in Central Europe and the Balkans. Mead is also made in Ethiopia and South Africa."}
+{"id": "43957", "revid": "83511", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43957", "title": "ACDC", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43958", "revid": "7414145", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43958", "title": "Ull", "text": "In Norse mythology, Ull (or Ullr or Uller) is the son of Sif, and the stepson of Thor. He is thought to be the god of Winter, of hunting, of hand-to-hand combat, and of the willow tree. His name means \"glory\". He was said to be a great archer and skier who left blazing trails across the sky. \nFor this reason he is celebrated in modern times as the god of skiing. His name is used as a name for ski lodges like the House of Ullr at Thredbo, New South Wales. ULLR Labs make smartphone applications to help people avoid avalanches."}
+{"id": "43959", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43959", "title": "Thrud", "text": "\u00der\u00fa\u00f0r, sometimes written as Thr\u00fad, is a daughter of the gods Sif and Thor in Norse mythology. Although her name is mentioned in the \"Prose Edda\", it gives no direct powers or other information about her. Thr\u00fad is also one of the valkyries described in \"Gr\u00edmnism\u00e1l\" (stanza 36). Thr\u00fad is the goddess of power, of trees, flowers and the grass. Her name means strength in Old Norse."}
+{"id": "43960", "revid": "487619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43960", "title": "Hugin and Munin", "text": "Hugin and Munin are two ravens, commonly associated with Odin. They bring Odin news from the world, when he sends them out. Their names translate as thought and memory, respectively."}
+{"id": "43961", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43961", "title": "Hugin", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43962", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43962", "title": "Munin", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43964", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43964", "title": "Hel (goddess)", "text": "Hel is a goddess of Norse mythology. Her father is Loki, and her mother is Angrbo\u00f0a, a giantess. Her siblings are J\u00f6rmungandr and Fenrir. Her task is to reign over the realm of the dead, also called Hel or Neifelheim, where the dead peacefully go to in the afterlife to wait until Ragnarok, the end of the gods and Asgard. The people who go there are those who did not die in battle, but instead died a peaceful death. She watches over those who die, but are not chosen by the Valkyries to go to Valhalla or chosen by Freyja to enter her household. \nHel is half dead and half alive due to complications of her father and her mother. Half of her face is beautiful, like that of her father, while the other half is ugly and difficult to look at like her mother. From the waist up the skin is pink, alive and healthy. Below the waist is dead and rotting. This is the personification of the belief that death can be a good thing or a tragedy. Hel's underworld is a world of rewards or punishment for each as earned in life."}
+{"id": "43973", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43973", "title": "Runestone", "text": "A Runestone or Rune stone is a large stone, with runes inscribed on it, dating from the early Middle Ages. Currently, about 6000 such stones are known to exist in Scandinavia. About half of them date from the tenth and eleventh century, and were found in Sweden. Most of them are like grave stones. They announce the life and death of a local person. About 10 percent of the known stones tell about the travels and deaths of persons abroad. Some of these texts are similar to what Scandinavians who travelled to Byzantium have written in Latin."}
+{"id": "43983", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43983", "title": "Rune stone", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43984", "revid": "36199", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43984", "title": "Balcony", "text": "A balcony is a kind of floor at a certain height, which stands out from the building. Usually, there is some kind of balustrade so people do not fall off.\nThere is a possibility to protect the balcony with a glazing. So called balcony glazings are important for certain areas that are heavily influenced by weather or noise. Assemblers, which create designs and static evaluation for the balcony glazing, are necessary to integrate the glazing conform with regulations and laws. Because if the glazing is assembled in the wrong way, parts could fall off and damage property or persons.\nUnlike a terrace, balconies and also their balustrade need a static evaluation, so they don't take damage over time and can permanentely hold their visitors."}
+{"id": "43989", "revid": "6501", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43989", "title": "14 February", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43990", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43990", "title": "Bergstra\u00dfe Route", "text": "Bergstra\u00dfe (\"Mountain Road\") is the name of a mountain route, and the area around it, which stretches across the western edge of the Odenwald in southern Hesse and northern Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany. \nThe name \"Bergstra\u00dfe\" also refers to the district Kreis Bergstra\u00dfe, the independent wine-growing region of Hessische Bergstra\u00dfe and the Badische Bergstra\u00dfe in the Baden wine-growing area.\nRoute.\nThe route goes almost straight from north to south at the spot where the Rhine lowlands meet the western edge of the Odenwald. The name comes from the road's route along the foot of the mountains, the Rhine lowlands once being too damp to build a road there.\nThe route mostly follows the modern B3 road. It begins in Darmstadt and, after passing through Eberstadt, splits into the \"Old Bergstra\u00dfe\" and the \"New Bergstra\u00dfe\", which goes somewhat farther to the west. The two routes meet again at Zwingenberg.\nIn Weinheim-L\u00fctzelsachsen the route splits into an old and a new Bergstra\u00dfe again. The new one passes west of the old route as far as Heidelberg-Handschuhsheim, where the two meet once more. The route carrying on after the Neckar from Heidelberg to Wiesloch is still usually known as the Bergstra\u00dfe, even though the type of country and climate typical of the Bergstra\u00dfe is no longer as clear."}
+{"id": "43993", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43993", "title": "Bergstrasse", "text": ""}
+{"id": "43998", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43998", "title": "Waistband", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44000", "revid": "1666894", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44000", "title": "Caucasus", "text": "The Caucasus, or Caucasia, is a region spanning Europe and Asia bordered to the north by Russia, to the east by the Caspian Sea, on the south by Iran, on the southwest by Turkey and to the west by the Black Sea. Caucasia includes the Caucasus Mountains and the surrounding lowlands. \nThe Caucasus Mountains are commonly recognized as a natural border between Europe and Asia. Countries in the Caucasus are considered to be in one or both continents, with Armenia and Azerbaijan being considered transcontinental, and Georgia largely considered European. The northern portion of the Caucasus is known as the Ciscaucasus and the southern portion as the Transcaucasus. The highest peak in the Caucasus is Mount Elbrus (5,642 m), which, in the western Ciscaucasus in Russia, is generally considered the highest point in Europe.\nMyths and legends.\nThe Biblical Mount Ararat, where Noah's Ark landed, is known as the landmark of the ancient Armenian realm.\nThe peak of Ararat is seasonally capped with snow. In Greek mythology, the Caucasus, or Kaukasos, was one of the pillars supporting the world. Prometheus was chained there by Zeus.\nThe Roman poet Ovid placed Caucasus in Scythia and said that it was a cold and stony mountain and was the abode of personified hunger."}
+{"id": "44001", "revid": "527152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44001", "title": "Hamidian massacres", "text": "The Hamidian massacres took place around 1895 until 1897. The estimated number of Armenians killed are around 100,000 - 300,000.\nThese events are known by the Armenians as the \"Great Massacres\". The Armenians believed the Hamidian measures showed the extension of the Turkish state to do a systematic policy of murder and plunder against a small population. The Armenian revolutionary groups started around the end of the Russo-Turkish War of 1878 and grew with the first introduction of Article 166 of the Ottoman Penal code 166, and the raid of Erzerum Cathedral. \nArticle 166 was meant to control the possession of arms, but it was used to target Armenians by not letting them possess arms. Local Kurdish tribes were armed to attack the defenseless Armenian population. Some diplomats said that the aim of these groups was to commit massacres so as to show counter-measures, and to invite \"foreign powers to intervene,\" as Istanbul's British Ambassador Sir Philip Currie seen in March 1894. Even some Turkish authors admit the that this was just a pretext for the massacres."}
+{"id": "44002", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44002", "title": "Alfred Pampalon", "text": "Alfred Pampalon (24 November 1867 \u2013 30 September 1896) was born in the city of L\u00e9vis, Quebec, and died at 28 in Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupr\u00e9. He was a Redemptorist priest known for having a deep faith in God and a deep love of Mary. He is a patron for people with addictions.\nHis character and early life.\nHe was known to be a modest, prayerful person, and was thought of as honest and pure by his classmates. \nReligion in his life.\nPampalon was devoted to Mary; before going to a Redemptorists' monastery, he went to a statue of Mary and asked her to pray for the monks to let him join. The Monastery allowed him to join despite his poor health, because they saw his strong desire to become a Redemptorists father. While training to become a Roman Catholic priest his fellow students asked him how he managed to study philosophy so well, and he replied he imagined Mary was asking him the questions. He would make his head touch the floor and pray to her daily, and while dying he would pray to her throughout the day.\nLater years and death.\nAt the age of 26, Pampalon found out that he had tuberculosis. During this time he stayed devoted to God, moving back to Quebec to be a priest there. While dying from tuberculosis he gave communion, baptized people, and heard confessions. Before his death he was in constant pain, and would spend his days in prayer. The night before he priest died, he said in a soft voice \"O death..., O holy death..., come..., do come! O divine Savior..., my hope is in your merits... I am happy... to suffer for you! I want to go to Heaven... to see you and Mary,\" After this he got up and sang the Magnificat in a loud voice. He has become known as the \"Hail Mary Saint\" because of this."}
+{"id": "44004", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44004", "title": "Armenian Oblast", "text": "Armenian oblast (1828-1840 AD) was an oblast (province) around eastern Armenia. It was created by the Russians when they took over Eastern Armenia, a large number of Armenians moved back from Persia to Armenia and about 35000 Muslims (Azeris, Kurds and Lezgins) and various nomadic tribes left the area."}
+{"id": "44005", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44005", "title": "Saint Hripsime Church", "text": "St. Hripsime is a church in Ejmiadzin, Armenia. It was built in 618. It is one of the oldest churches in Armenia. St. Hripsime is also known for its fine Armenian architecture. This style of architecture was used again when they built many churches in Armenia."}
+{"id": "44006", "revid": "9853286", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44006", "title": "Armenian language", "text": "Armenian (endonym: , ) is an Indo-European language and the only member of an independent branch of that language family. It is the native language of the Armenian people and the official language of Armenia. Armenian is written in its own writing system, the Armenian alphabet, introduced in 405\u00a0AD by the canonized Saint Mesrop Mashtots. The estimated number of Armenian speakers worldwide is between five and seven million.\nIt is the official language of Armenia, and was the officical language of the separatist Republic of Artsakh, which existed from 1991 until 2023. \nThe language is also widely spoken by Armenian communities all over the world. It is written in its own Armenian alphabet. The language has two standard forms: Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian."}
+{"id": "44007", "revid": "34611", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44007", "title": "Armenian diaspora", "text": "The Armenian diaspora is a term used to describe the communities of Armenians living outside of Armenia. Of the total Armenian population living worldwide which was estimated to be 8,000,000 in 2004, only about 3,000,000 live in Armenia and about 120,000 in the de facto independent Republic of Artsakh."}
+{"id": "44008", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44008", "title": "Aspect", "text": "Aspect may mean:"}
+{"id": "44009", "revid": "8130780", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44009", "title": "Carol Vorderman", "text": "Carol Jean Vorderman (born 24 December 1960) is a British television presenter. She was born in Bedford and raised in Prestatyn, North Wales. Her father was Dutch; her mother is Welsh. She studied engineering at Sidney Sussex College, University of Cambridge. She is best known for the Channel 4 game show \"Countdown\" in which she checked the number solutions from the contestants and provided the correct ones if they weren\u2019t spotted, she was on the show from 1982 to 2008 and from 1989 onwards, she became the co-host with Richard Whiteley when she also put up the letters and numbers tiles. She was devastated when Whiteley died in 2005. She is a regular panellist on ITV1 talk show \"Loose Women\". She was a contestant in the second series of \"Strictly Come Dancing\" in 2004. In 2013 she presented a series about cooking on ITV called \"Food Glorious Food\". She has written books about detox diets."}
+{"id": "44011", "revid": "10125243", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44011", "title": "Automobiles of the 1920s", "text": "Vintage cars - the title is give, the age range is up to 1925.\nAutomobiles have changed considerably since 1893 due to the more efficient ways for new cars to be developed and designed. The car industry was thriving in the 1920s. There were many new types of cars. In the beginning of the 1920s many of the soldiers returning from World War I bought automobiles. People started to see that having a car would make traveling much easier. Soon almost every American family had a car. Ford was the big car maker but other companies were also big at the time. Ford cars, such as the Ford Model T, were popular because they were cheap and very reliable. When new Ford models came out people would always get the newer version. They also had a car especially made for big obese people. There was trouble getting big people in the car Ford made, so he had to think outside of the box. He then came up with \"The Big One\". Which is not out today because of it's poor sales but to Ford and some people, it was genius.\nThe automobiles industry in Europe and the United States expanded greatly during the 1920s. There were many changes in the industry and new types of cars. Having a car allowed families and individuals to travel more easily. Famous cars of the 1920s included:\nReferences.\n541-579-4559"}
+{"id": "44015", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44015", "title": "Norns", "text": "The Norns are female deities in Norse mythology who govern fate. Their names are Urd (what has been), Verdandi (what is) and Skuld (what is to come). Skuld is also the name of a Valkyrie.\nThe Norns are at the base of the ash tree Yggdrasil (or, according to some versions, above the Bifr\u00f6st bridge). They spin threads and weave the tapestry of fates. Each person's life is a thread in their loom. The length of the thread is the length of the person's life. Even the gods have their threads and are therefore not immortal, though the Norns hide the strings from the gods. So everything is set out beforehand. There is no luck, there is no randomness, everything is determined by destiny.\nThe Greeks called deities similar to the Norns Moirae, and the Romans called them Parcae.\nThe three Norns appear at the beginning of Richard Wagner's opera G\u00f6tterd\u00e4mmerung and foretell the downfall of the gods when a thread of fate breaks."}
+{"id": "44022", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44022", "title": "J\u00f6rmungand", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44026", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44026", "title": "Liopleurodon", "text": "Liopleurodon was a large species of Pliosaur. It was an apex predator in the Upper Jurassic seas, around 160\u2013155 million years ago. It grew up to long. It was a relative of \"Pliosaurus\" and \"Kronosaurus\". It preyed on other marine animals such as \"Ophthalmosaurus\".\nSome fossil remains excavated from the Kimmeridge Clay formation in England indicate a much larger animal, perhaps up to long. However, these have not been put in the genus \"Liopleurodon\". \n\"Liopleurodon\"'s nose allowed it to smell underwater. It could smell prey from some distance away. Despite needing to breath air, Liopleurodon spent its entire life at sea and was unable to leave the water. Consequently, it would have given birth to its young alive and may have visited shallower water to breed."}
+{"id": "44027", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44027", "title": "Libonectes", "text": "Libonectes was a plesiosaur related to \"Elasmosaurus\". It lived 80 to 65 million years ago. It grew up to 12 metres long. It was a predator of small fish; the fish ate plankton in the upper pelagic layers of the sea."}
+{"id": "44029", "revid": "1668070", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44029", "title": "Dimetrodon", "text": "Dimetrodon was a genus of non-reptilian Pelycosaur (early Synapsida) from the first part of the Early Permian period (about 295\u2013272 million years ago). \nFossils.\n\"Dimetrodon\" walked on four legs and had a tall, curved skull with large teeth of different sizes set along the jaws. Most fossils have been found in the southwestern United States, from red beds in Texas and Oklahoma. Newly discovered fossils of Dimetrodon are now found in Germany. The largest known species of \"Dimetrodon\" is \"D.\u00a0angelensis\" at and the smallest is \"D.\u00a0teutonis\" at .\nEcosystem.\n\"Dimetrodon\" was a carnivore, probably the top predator in its environment. Its main feature is the large sail on its back formed by elongated spines extending upwards from the vertebrae. The spines would be joined by skin. The general opinion of paleontologists is that it was a temperature-regulating device. The idea is that the animal could warm up in the early morning by placing itself broadside to the Sun, and later could cool off in the shade, or arrange for its body to get less sunlight. At this stage in evolution, no land animals were homoiotherms. Very likely the sail was also used for sexual or territorial signalling. In which case, the skin would be coloured. This, of course, is supposition, but it does make sense of the animal's most extraordinary feature.\nEvolutionary terms.\nIn evolutionary terms, \"Dimetrodon\" was a synapsid (Primitive mammal), a line of land animals which eventually gave rise to the mammals. It was not on the direct line of descent, but a good example of the evolutionary grade typical of Permian synapsids. Dimetrodon evolved from lizard like syanspids from the Late Carboniferous.\nPelycosaur cousin.\nAnother synaspid was the smaller and similar Edaphosaurus. Edaphosaurus was an herbivore and probably the prey item for Dimetrodon.\nGrowth and metabolism\nDimetrodon probably had a much higher metabolism than its cousin (Edaphosaurus). While Dimetrodon was faster, Edaphosaurus was probably really slow. This indicated that Edaphosaurus was cold-blooded. By using its sail and trapping heat from the sun, Edaphosaurus could use this way as regulating its own body temperature. Same with Dimetrodon.\nSkull.\nIn the front of Dimetrodon's mouth was steak like biting teeth (front teeth). But in the back of it's mouth were teeth that were like chewing teeth. This told us that Dimetrodon had different pairs of teeth."}
+{"id": "44030", "revid": "1668070", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44030", "title": "Spinosaurus", "text": "Spinosaurus was a huge semi-aquatic dinosaur from the Cretaceous, that lived 112 to 93.5 million years ago. The type species is Spinosaurus aegyptiacus, who coexisted with the megatheropod \"Carcharodontosaurus\". Another species, S. maroccanus, is a possible second species in the genus that lived in Morocco, Africa and coexisted with the \"S. aegyptiacus\". But some paleontologists suggest that \"S. maroccanus\" is junior synonym of \"S. aegyptiacus\" or the controversial Spinosaurid known as \"Sigilmassasaurus\". It was one of the largest, and the longest, of all known terrestrial carnivores, weighing up to 6.5\u20138.1 metric tons (8.3 shorts tons) in body mass. The rather short hind limbs, it is assumed, allowed easier walking on muddy surfaces. The nostrils on top of its crocodile-like head presumably let it submerge its snout into waterways to catch fish, similar to a \"heron\" The same researchers suggest it was longer and heavier than \"Tyrannosaurus rex.\"\n\"Spinosaurus\" bones were first discovered in Egypt in 1912 by German paleontologist Ernst Stromer in 1915. Two species, \"S. aegyptiacus\" and \"S. marocannus\" which is most likely invalid.\"Spinosaurus\" looked like \"Baryonyx,\" except it was larger and more heavily built. Six specimens of \"Spinosaurus\" have been uncovered. The first fossils were destroyed in Munich, during World War II, in a 1944 bombing raid by the British.\nA note on classification: The material also supports the monophyly of the Spinosaurinae and the separation of \"Spinosaurus\" and \"Irritator\".\nDescription.\n99-93.5 million years ago, the Sahara Desert was wet. Animals included the pterosaur \"Alanqa\", types of giant crocodylomorphs, and theropod predators close to the size of \"T. rex\". The largest predator was \"Spinosaurus\". In the past, it was thought that \"Spinosaurus aegyptiacus\" was bipedal. By 2014, some scientists believed that \"Spinosaurus aegyptiacus\" was quadrupedal because it is front-heavy. But later research suggests it could walk bipedally\n\"Spinosaurus\" was longer than \"Tyrannosaurus\". Estimates published in 2005, 2007, and 2008 suggested that it was between 15 metres (50 ft) in length and 7 to 20.9 tonnes (7.7 to 23.0 short tons) in weight. A new estimate published in 2014 and based on a more complete specimen, supported the earlier research, finding that \"Spinosaurus\" could reach lengths of over 15 m (49 ft). However in 2022 a study by Paul Sereno and colleuges said that Spinosaurus would reach a maximum body length and weight of 14 meters and 7.4 metric tonnes respectively It had a two meter high sail on its back like \"Dimetrodon\". Several uses have been suggested for this sail, such as to help control its body temperature but this is considered not likely by current scientific research , as a way to attract a mate, for species reognitionand to intimidate or frighten enemies. It was most likely used for the latter 3 purposes. It lived in what is now the Sahara Desert, but which then was mangrove forests alongside shoreline conditions, tidal flats and channels. \nThe skull of \"Spinosaurus\" was long and narrow like that of a modern orinoco crocodile. \"Spinosaurus\" is known to have eaten fish. Evidence suggests that it lived like a giant heron\nMedia.\nIt was featured as the main dinosaur in the 2001 film Jurassic Park III where it fights and kills a T-Rex. It has also appeared on postage stamps in several countries, and many toy companies have made models of \"Spinosaurus\"."}
+{"id": "44036", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44036", "title": "Rhamphorhynchus (animal)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44037", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44037", "title": "Rhamhorhynychus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44038", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44038", "title": "Rhamhorhynchus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44040", "revid": "586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44040", "title": "Anhanguera", "text": "Anhanguera, which means 'Old Devil', was a pterodactyl from the Upper Cretaceous. It was found in the Santana Formation of Brazil, and specimens from England are also placed in this genus. \nIt ate fish and grew to 14 feet (4.5 meters) across. The species \"Anhanguera piscator\" is now placed in the genus \"Coloborhynchus\"."}
+{"id": "44041", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44041", "title": "Rhamphorhynchus", "text": "Rhamphorhynchus is a genus of long-tailed pterosaurs in the Upper Jurassic. It is the best-known of the long-tailed pterosaurs, the sub-order Rhamphorynchoidea. \n\"Rhamphorhynchus\" had a long tail, stiffened with ligaments, which ended in a small diamond-shaped rudder that helped provide stability while flying.\nThe jaws of \"Rhamphorhynchus\" housed needle-like teeth, which were angled forward, with a curved, sharp, beak-like tip lacking teeth. Their diet was mainly fish and insects.\nLike other pterosaurs, its body was covered with hairs, which suggests it had temperature regulation ('hot-blooded') and a high rate of metabolism. This is also found in birds and bats, and seems necessary for active flight.\nThe genus was quite successful: it is the most common pterosaur found in the Solnhofen limestone beds in Bavaria, Germany. These are the same strata where \"Archaeopteryx\" was found.\nRhamphorhynchoids.\nThis early group flourished from the Upper Triassic to the end of the Jurassic. When we first see them in the fossil record they have developed three families, so biologists know their early evolution is not yet revealed.p240, 246 These three families are represented by the three genera \"Rhamphorhynchus\", \"Dimorphodon\" and \"Eudimorphodon\". This sub-order was the earliest kind or pterosaur, which were succeeded by the more 'derived' short-tailed pterosaurs, the Pterodactyloids, such as \"Pterodactylus\". In the Upper Jurassic both the two sub-orders were extant (living).\nThe group always has a long tail, stiffened by rod-like bony tendons to keep it straight. This indicates their flight was extremely stable, which means it kept on course, and did not dart about much. This feature is also found in \"Archaeopteryx\" and in early bats, and in insects like dragonflies. \nIt can be interpreted like this. To dart about quickly requires special advanced brains and reflexes to keep control. Later birds and pterosaurs had extra 'control wiring' in their brains, but early ones did not. The evidence for this is the extra size of pterodactyl and bird brains compared with the reptile brains the groups started out with. That much of this increase is connected to seeing and flying is clear from how bird brains work.\nThe analogy would be planes. Early planes were highly stable, and so are airliners. Fighter planes are fundamentally much less stable, and have to be in order to jink about. This needs such fast reactions that the details are worked out by computer, with the pilot indicating where to go. \nIt requires more 'brains' to control an unstable craft than it does a stable one. And the same principle applies to pterosaurs, birds and bats. Early birds, bats, pterosaurs and insects were all more stable, with tails or (insects) long abdomens. This helped the flying animal to keep on track, which is what we mean by 'stable'. \nAll species in the group have teeth. The group died out at the end of the Jurassic, which suffered a minor extinction event.p270\nTaxonomy.\nThis classification is simple, but unfortunately it is paraphyletic, because the two suborders are not sister groups. But there is not enough evidence to see which earlier group the pterodactyloids arose from. So this is the best we can do: "}
+{"id": "44043", "revid": "1061539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44043", "title": "Zhejiangopterus", "text": "Zhejiangopterus is a pterosaur that was found in China. It lived in the late Cretaceous. \nAt least six specimens of adults have been found. \"Zhejiangopterus\" was a moderately large pterosaur. Its wingspan was first estimated at five metres (16.4 feet). Later estimates reduced this to about 3.5 metres (11 feet). \nIts skull was long, low, perfectly arched, and lacked a \"keel\" or any other crest sometimes seen in related species. The beak was long, thin, sharply pointed, and lacked teeth. The cervical vertebrae were elongated. The first six dorsal vertebrae had fused together. This helped the chest keep stable against the forces generated by the wings.\nSeveral pairs of belly ribs were preserved. Its upper leg bone was half the size of its upper arm bone, and strong and thin. The wings were short but robust"}
+{"id": "44044", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44044", "title": "Tupuxuara", "text": "Tupuxuara was a pterosaur that lived 112 million years ago. It was found in the Santana Formation, the remains of an inland sea. \nSome species were quite small, but the largest skull (length 130 cms) suggests a wingspan of 5.5 metres. It was an Azdarchid pterosaur, the same group as \"Quetzalcoatlus\"."}
+{"id": "44046", "revid": "687081", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44046", "title": "Anurognathus", "text": "Anurognathus was a genus of small rhamphorhynchoid pterosaurs which lived 150 million years ago, in the Upper Jurassic period. It had a short head with pin-like teeth for catching insects. It was found in the Solnhofen limestone, the same place as \"Archaeopteryx\". They grew up to 35 cms wingspan.\nAlthough it is in the long-tailed pterosaur group Rhamphorhynchoidea, its tail was comparatively short. This was an adaptation which made it more manoeuvrable in hunting. According to D\u00f6derlein the reduced tail of \"Anurognathus\" was similar to the pygostyle of modern birds. \nWith an estimated wingspan of fifty centimetres (20 inches) and a nine centimetre long body (skull included), its weight was limited: forty grammes for a specimen with a 35 centimetre wingspan. \nLater a second, smaller, specimen was found, probably of a subadult individual. Its slab and counterslab are separated and both were sold to private collections. This second fossil is more complete and better articulated. It shows impressions of a large part of the flight membrane and under UV-light remains of the muscles of the thigh and arm become visible. It provided new information on many points of the anatomy. The skull was shown to have been very short and broad, wider than long."}
+{"id": "44048", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44048", "title": "Thirty-Nine Articles", "text": "The Thirty-Nine Articles are the historic statements of Anglican beliefs. The Articles were not meant to be a complete statement of the Christian faith. They are a statement of the position of the Church of England against the Roman Catholic Church and against Protestants. \nHistory.\nThe articles were made in 1563, under the direction of Archbishop Matthew Parker, during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. They are based on the Forty-Two Articles written under the direction of Thomas Cranmer in 1552 and passed under Edward VI of England in 1553. They are printed in the Book of Common Prayer and other Anglican prayer books. Priests, deacons, and bishops of the Church of England have to take an oath that what is said in the Articles is \"agreeable to the Word of God.\" Other Anglican churches do not make such a requirement.\nThe Thirty-Nine Articles were needed because at that time in English history it was not possible to find an agreement about Protestantism. Rather than have the church become divided, they needed a way to list the essentials of what the Church of England believed. John Henry Newman (one of the leading Tractarians in the mid 19th century), before he converted to Roman Catholicism, tried to show that the Articles could be seen in a way less hostile to Catholic belief.\nAcceptance of the Articles.\nOutside the Church of England, Anglican opinions of the Thirty-Nine Articles vary. The Episcopal Church in the United States of America sees them as an historical document but does not make its members follow them. Anglican priest John Wesley changed the Thirty-Nine Articles for use by American Methodists in the 18th century. These new Articles of Religion are still the official United Methodist Church doctrine."}
+{"id": "44059", "revid": "1521690", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44059", "title": "Teal", "text": "Teal can mean many things, such as:"}
+{"id": "44062", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44062", "title": "Ojiya, Niigata", "text": "Ojiya (Japanese: \u5c0f\u5343\u8c37\uff08\u304a\u3062\u3084\uff09\u5e02;-shi) is a city in Niigata, Japan. As of July 16, 2003, 40,342 people lived in the city. Ojiya's total area is . The Lord Mayor of Ojiya is Yasuo Yatsui\nAn earthquake of magnitude 7.2 struck Ojiya on October 23, 2004 at 17:56 local time. The earthquake killed 51 people. 4,795 people were injured. 16,910 buildings and houses were destroyed. The amount of damage was 3,000,000,000 Yen ($32.5M US).\nEconomy.\nOjiya has many types of industries. Electronics companies Sanyo electric, and Panasonic are located in the city. It also has textile companies. The main agricultural crop in the city is rice. Ojiya is the largest miner of natural gas in Japan.\nEvents.\nThere are several festivals each year in Ojiya."}
+{"id": "44063", "revid": "13", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44063", "title": "Ojiya city Japan", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44064", "revid": "13", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44064", "title": "Ojiya", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44067", "revid": "595018", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44067", "title": "Tantalus", "text": "Tantalus was a mortal king in Greek mythology. He did many bad things against the gods and goddesses. At a banquet, he tried to feed people the flesh of his son Pelops. He had asked the gods and goddesses to come to this banquet. When they learn what he had planned, they punished Tantalus in not only this world (the world of the living), but the next as well (the world of the dead). Tantalus's punishment while he was alive was the ruin of his kingdom. His punishment when dead in the Tartaros of the Underworld was much worse.\nHe was made to stand in a pool of water up to his chin for all time. During this, he would always be hungry and thirsty. Each time Tantalus lowered his head to drink the water he was standing in, the water would lower. Over his head hung branches of trees filled with fruit. When he would try to get them, wind would blow them out of his reach. He was \"tantalized\" with food and drink. This is where the word tantalize comes from.\nHis daughter is Niobe. And his son, Pelops, was made alive again by the gods. He went to Greece and became the ruler of the peninsula which still has his name, the Peloponesus."}
+{"id": "44069", "revid": "10445180", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44069", "title": "Bushido", "text": ", meaning \"Way of the Warrior\", is a Japanese code of conduct and a way of life, more or less similar to the European code of chivalry. It comes from the samurai moral code and gives great importance to certain virtues like frugality, loyalty, martial arts mastery and honour until voluntary death, seppuku. Bushid\u014d was created between the 11th to 14th centuries and took form as a code from the 12th to 16th centuries.\nUnder the Tokugawa Shogunate, Bushid\u014d became official Japanese Feudal Law.\nHonor codes are still used in modern times; for example, as part of the kamikaze beliefs."}
+{"id": "44090", "revid": "6692", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44090", "title": "39 articles", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44091", "revid": "3366", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44091", "title": "Under", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44092", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44092", "title": "Serpent", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44095", "revid": "1681475", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44095", "title": "Akbar", "text": "Akbar (Abu'l-Fath Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar, 15 October 1542 \u2013 27 October 1605), also known as Akbar the Great was the 3rd Mughal Emperor. He was the son of 2nd Mughal Emperor Humayun. Akbar is considered one of the greatest emperors in Indian history.\nAkbar grew up in a Hindu household and was born in a fortress of local Hindu ruler of Amarkot (modern-day Umerkot, Sindh, Pakistan). Akbar became the \"de jure\" (by Law) king in 1556 at the age of 13 when his father died. Akbar was too young to rule, so Bairam Khan was appointed as Akbar's regent and chief army commander. Soon after coming to power Akbar defeated Hemu, the general of the Afghan forces, in the Second Battle of Panipat. After a few years, he ended the regency of Bairam Khan and took charge of the kingdom. He initially offered friendship to the Hindu kings. However, he had to fight against the Rajputs who opposed him. In 1576 he fought Maharana Pratap of Mewar in the Battle of Haldighati, who defeated Akbar later and reconquered most of his territories in Battle of Dewair. Akbar's wars made the Mughal empire more than twice as big as it had been before, covering most of the Indian subcontinent except the south (excluding the Deccan Plateau).\nAdministration.\nAkbar's system of central government was based on the system that had evolved since the Delhi Sultanate, but the functions of various departments were reorganized with detailed regulations for their functioning\nMilitary campaigns.\nAkbar conquered Gujarat and expanded his reign into much of northern and Central India by having conquered Malwa. Later he expanded his realm into Rajputana Beginning in 1561, the Mughals of delhi actively engaged the Hindu rulers in warfare and diplomacy. A few states accepted Akbar's suzerainty; however, the rulers of Mewar and Marwar\u2014Udai Singh II and Chandrasen Rathore\u2014remained outside the imperial fold. Later akbar conquered the Indus valley. Due to his liberal policies and conversion to Din-I-Ilahhi, Afghans of kabul had rebelled against him, To supress the revolt akbar first sent Raja Birbal, When he died, Akbar sent Raja Man singh who successfully conquered Kabul.\nReligious policy.\nAkbar was a Muslim. He realized that to establish a strong empire, he had to gain the confidence of his Hindu people who were the majority in India.\nDin-i-ilahi (\"Religion of God\") was a religious path suggested by Akbar. It was a code of moral conduct which reflected Akbar's secular ideas and he desire to achieve peace, unity, tolerance in his empire. Belief in one god, worship of source of light, non-killing of animals, Having peace with all were some features of Din-i-ilahi. It didn't have any rituals, holy books, temples or priests.\nMale circumcision was not to be done before the boy was 12 years old, and after that it was optional. It was a Jewish custom adopted by Islam. Akbar's rule was that it should be made optional and should be done, if at all, at an age when boys could understand what it was. Here Akbar gave every man a choice and opportunity to have a play of his reason. Indeed, the boy of reason as he was, he could not deny it to others.\nWhen he was at Fatehpur Sikri, he held discussions as he loved to know about others' religious beliefs. On one such day, he got to know that the religious people of other religions were often bigots (intolerant of others religious beliefs). This led him to form the idea of the new religion, Sulh-e-kul meaning \"universal peace\". His idea of this religion did not discriminate other religions and focused on the ideas of peace, unity and tolerance. This gesture of his made the Hindus and people of other religions call him with different names and start loving him.\nPersonality.\nAkbar's reign was chronicled by his court historian Abul Fazal in the books \"Akbarnama\" and \"Ain-i-Akbari\". Other sources of Akbar's reign include the wod Sirhindi. Akbar was an artisan, warrior, artist, armourer, administrator carpenter, emperor, general, inventor, animal trainer, technologist. He became emperor at the age of 13.\nNavaratnas.\nAkbar had Navaratnas (\"nine jewels in Sanskrit\") in his court which include Abul Fazl, Faizi, Tansen, Birbal, Raja Todar Mal, Raja Man Singh, Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana, Fakir Azizudin and Mohd Shakil Hasan\nAkbarnama.\n(Pronounced as \"Akbar-e-Namah\")<br>The Akbarn\u0101ma means the \"Book of Akbar\". It is the official biographical account of Akbar written by Abu Fazl. It includes vivid and detailed descriptions of his life and times. It also includes the information about the flora, fauna, life of the people of his reign, and the places Akbar used to visit.\nThe work was commissioned by Akbar, and written by Abul Fazl, one of the Navratnas (Nine Jewels) of Akbar's royal court. The book took seven years to complete. An illustration was done in the Mughal school of painting. A part of this is \"Ain-i-Akbari\".\nDeath.\nOn 3 October 1605, Akbar fell ill with an attack of dysentery, from which he never recovered. Twelve days after his sixty third year he died on 27 October 1605, after which his body was buried at a mausoleum in Sikandra (Agra): Akbar's tomb."}
+{"id": "44102", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44102", "title": "Campaign", "text": "Campaign is trying to do something. Some battles in wars are called campaigns. The word comes from \"Campania\", a region where the ancient Roman army often fought.\nWhen someone in politics seeks election to a political office, that is called a \"political campaign\". Sometimes, a series of advertisements can be referred to as an \"advertising campaign\". A \"blood drive\", when the Red Cross or a hospital asks people to give blood, is also a campaign.\nA campaign usually involves groups of people following a plan and working together in different ways to get what they want."}
+{"id": "44103", "revid": "62235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44103", "title": "Manco C\u00e1pac", "text": "Manco C\u00e1pac (died circa 1230) was the first of the fourteen Inca rulers of Peru. He started the Inca empire.\nAs he says it, his legend started at the waters of Lake Titicaca, when he was told by the sun god to go East to set up his empire. As they walked looking for a good place, Manco taught men to farm, hunt, and fish while Mama Ocllo, his wife taught women to work with wool and cotton. Near Cusco, as his sacred golden staff sank in the ground, Manco decided this was to be the capital city of his empire."}
+{"id": "44106", "revid": "9325831", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44106", "title": "Brazzaville", "text": "Brazzaville is the capital city of the Republic of the Congo. One million people live there. Brazzaville is on one side of the Congo river, with Kinshasa on the other side. Brazzaville and Kinshasa are the nearest country capitals in the World."}
+{"id": "44107", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44107", "title": "Yellow Sea", "text": "The Yellow Sea is the northern part of the East China Sea. It is between Mainland China and the Korean peninsula. The northwestern part is called the Bohai Sea. The name \"Yellow Sea\" comes from the silt particles that color its water. The particles come from the Yellow River. Smaller rivers include the Yalu and Han Rivers. \nOther websites.\n "}
+{"id": "44113", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44113", "title": "East China Sea", "text": "The East China Sea is a marginal sea east of China. It is a part of the Pacific Ocean and covers an area of 1,249,000 km\u00b2. In China, the sea is called the \"East Sea\". In Korea, the sea is sometimes called \"South Sea\", but this is more often used to speak only of the area near South Korea's southern coast.\nGeography.\nThe East China Sea is bounded on the East by Ky\u016bsh\u016b and the Ry\u016bky\u016b Islands, on the South by Taiwan, and on the West by mainland China. It is connected with the South China Sea by the Taiwan Strait and with the Sea of Japan by the Korea Strait; it opens in the North to the Yellow Sea.\nTerritories with borders on the sea (clockwise from north) include: South Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and Mainland China.\nRivers.\nThe Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) is the largest river flowing into the East China Sea."}
+{"id": "44116", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44116", "title": "Governor of California", "text": "The governor of California is the head of the state and government of the U.S. state of California and the commander-in-chief of the state's military forces. The governor is also the head of the executive branch of the state government and is the chairman of the gubernatorial cabinet.\nGavin Newsom is the 40th and current governor of California, in office since January 2019.\nPowers and duties.\nThe governor has the power to enforce state laws and the duty to either approve or veto bills passed by the California Legislature or the California Senate to assemble the legislature and grant pardons, except in cases of impeachment.\nEligibility & requirements.\nSection 5 of the state's constitution states for a person to serve as governor must:\nElection process and gubernatorial terms.\nThe governor is elected by the people through the popular election to a four-year term, along with the lieutenant gubernatorial candidate or the incumbent lieutenant governor of California as their running mate. The gubernatorial candidate or incumbent governor must have the majority of the popular vote in order to win the election.\nUnder Section 5 of the state's constitution forbids anyone from being elected governor more than twice.\nGovernor-elect of California.\nThe governor-elect is the candidate who has won the state's gubernatorial election and is awaiting inauguration to become the governor.\nInauguration.\nThe governor-elect, or incumbent governor immediately began their four-year team on inauguration day every four years in the month of January, along with the incumbent lieutenant governor and lieutenant governor-elect.\nGubernatorial line of succession.\nIf the governor dies, reigns, or is impeached, the lieutenant governor ranks first in the succession will assume the gubernatorial office and duties.\nResidence.\nThe California Governor's Mansion is the official residence of the governor of California. It has been the official residence of every governor since 1903.\nList of governors of California.\nFor the period before statehood, see list of governors of California before 1850.\n1. Peter Burnett\n2. John McDougal\n3. John Bigler\n4. J. Neely Johnson\n5. John Weller\n6. Milton Latham\n7. John Downey\n8. Leland Stanford\n9. Frederick Low\n10. Henry Haight\n11. Newton Booth\n12. Romualdo Pacheco\n13. William Irwin\n14. George Perkins\n15. George Stoneman\n16. Washington Bartlett\n17. Robert Waterman\n18. Henry Harrison Markham\n19. James Budd\n20. Henry Gage\n21. George Pardee\n22. James Gillett\n23. Hiram Johnson\n24. William Stephens\n25. Friend Richardson\n26. C. C. Young\n27. James Rolph\n28. Frank Merriam\n29. Culbert Olson\n30. Earl Warren\n31. Goodwin Knight\n32. Pat Brown\n33. Ronald Reagan\n34. Jerry Brown\n35. George Deukmejian\n36. Pete Wilson\n37. Gray Davis\n38. Arnold Schwarzenegger\n39. Jerry Brown\n40. Gavin Newsom"}
+{"id": "44117", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44117", "title": "Hymn", "text": "A hymn is a religious song of worship in Christianity, or a sacred song. Collections of hymns are known as hymnals.\nOverview.\nHymns are often sung by the entire group at a church. They are sometimes sung only by a special group called a choir. A piano or organ often plays the music while people sing. Most hymns are written in a four-part harmony, often employing a common meter. Thus, they tend to have a traditional sound. \nHistory.\nMany early hymns were taken from the Psalms. Later hymns included ideas from other parts of the Bible. Isaac Watts and Charles Wesley wrote many hymns. In more modern times, Fanny Crosby wrote many more. Some hymns are prayers to God. Others preach about God. Songs describing God or how people relate to Him are also called gospels rather than hymns.\nExamples.\nOne of the most popular hymns is \"Amazing Grace\", which was written by John Newton (1725 \u2013 1807) who became a Christian as he aged. The hymn tells how God saved him from sin though he saw himself as unworthy of it. This is an example of God's grace."}
+{"id": "44118", "revid": "5457", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44118", "title": "Hymm", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44123", "revid": "1236022", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44123", "title": "Scarlett O'Hara", "text": "Scarlett O'Hara is the main charcater in Margaret Mitchell's book \"Gone with the Wind\" with the movie adaptation, and \"Scarlett\" by Alexandra Ripley. She is one of the residents of Georgia who had histrionic personality disorder."}
+{"id": "44124", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44124", "title": "Vivien Leigh", "text": "Vivien Leigh (; 5 November 1913 \u2013 8 July 1967; born Vivian Mary Hartley and styled as Lady Olivier after 1947) was an English actress. She is best known for playing Scarlett O'Hara in \"Gone with the Wind\" in 1939, and Blanche DuBois in \"A Streetcar Named Desire\" in 1951. Leigh won Academy Awards for both of these roles.\nLeigh was born in Darjeeling, Bengal, British India. She was married to Laurence Olivier from 1940 to 1960 and often acted in plays and movies with him. Olivier was Leigh's second husband. The first was Leigh Holman, and Miss Leigh was still legally married to him when she came to the US to accompany Laurence Olivier who came to Hollywood to star in David O. Selznick's production of \"Rebecca\" directed by Alfred Hitchcock. It was lucky that Miss Leigh's agent just happened to be David O. Selznick's brother, Myron. Miss Leigh wrote long letters to her husband then during the shooting of GWTW, complaining about the script, the change of director from George Cukor to Victor Fleming. The change was made at the insistence of Clark Gable, who felt that Cukor was devoting too much time and attention to directing Miss Leigh and her co-star, Olivia de Havilland. Miss Leigh also complained in her letters of Gable's bad breath due to his dentures.\nWhen her divorce was final, she married Olivier (she referred to him as her husband until she died, although they had been divorced for many years). Leigh believed that Olivier was the best actor of his (or any) generation, and worked very hard to be worthy of acting with him - on stage, of course. Leigh believed, as did Olivier, that the only place \"real\" acting took place was on the stage. Her movie career reflects her lack of enthusiasm for that medium, concentrating instead on acting with Lord Olivier in live theatre. Many critics, however, did not feel that she had the \"presence\" and vocal prowess that Olivier possessed and her reviews were often (perhaps unfairly) negatively compared to her husband.\nLeigh was considered to be beautiful and this sometimes meant that she thought that she was not taken seriously as an actress. However her ill health was often a bigger problem. Leigh suffered from bipolar disorder and often had tuberculosis. These meant that her career went through period of decline and that she was sometimes considered difficult to work with. She died of tuberculosis in London."}
+{"id": "44126", "revid": "440910", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44126", "title": "Sacred Heart", "text": "The prayer to the Sacred Heart of Jesus is a Roman Catholic devotion. A devotion is something that people do or say to show their love for God and Jesus. Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque wrote the prayer. When Roman Catholics pray to the Sacred Heart of Jesus they are praying for a part of Jesus that they believe is divine. The devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus is also popular among some Anglo-Catholic Anglicans (Anglicans who use many of the same practices as Catholics).\nEarly devotion.\nEarly Christians, for example John the Evangelist and Paul of Tarsus, wrote the first devotions or prayers to the love of God. The earliest devotions to the \"Sacred Heart of Jesus\" were from the Benedictine or Cistercian monasteries. St. Bernard of Clairvaux from the Cistercian religious order was the first person to write a devotion to the \"Sacred Heart of Jesus\", but some people believe that the first person was St. Anselm.\nThe devotion of the \"Sacred Heart of Jesus\" started to be more popular between the 13th century and the 16th century. Some religious orders, for example the Franciscans, Dominicans, and Carthusians practised the devotion. But, the devotion of the \"Sacred Heart of Jesus\" was most common with individual Christians. For many the devotion was a mystical devotion - similar to an experience in mysticism.\nIn the sixteenth century, there was a change in the way people practised the devotion of the \"Sacred Heart of Jesus\". The devotion started to be part of Christian Asceticism and stopped being part of Christian Mysticism. In the sixteenth century, the devotion also started to use special written prayers and exercises. For example, the devotion used the writings of Lanspergius (d. 1539) of the Carthusians of Cologne and of Louis of Blois (Blosius; 1566), who was a Benedictine and Abbot of Liessies in Hainaut. The devotion also used or followed the writing of John of Avila (d. 1569) and St. Francis de Sales, who lived in the 17th century.\nIn the 17th century, writers who followed Christian Asceticism wrote about the devotion of the \"Sacred Heart of Christian Jesus\". For example, Ascetic writers from the Society of Jesus wrote about the devotion many times. The image of the Sacred Heart of Jesus became very common. It was popular because many people used the image in the Franciscan devotion to the \"Five Wounds\" (explanation needed). The image also became popular because many Jesuits - members of the Society of Jesus- put the image on the first page of their books and on the walls of their churches.\nBut, the devotion of the \"Sacred Heart of Jesus\" continued to be a private and mostly individual devotion. Jean Eudes (1602-1680) made it a public devotion, gave it a religious Office (needs explanation), and created a Feast for it. P\u00e8re Eudes was the apostle of the Heart of Mary; but in his devotion to the Immaculate Heart there was a share for the Heart of Jesus. Little by little, the devotion to the Sacred Heart became a separate one, and on August 31, 1670, the first feast of the Sacred Heart was celebrated in the Grand Seminary of Rennes. Coutances followed suit on October 20, a day with which the Eudist feast was from then on to be connected. The feast soon spread to other dioceses, and the devotion adopted in various religious communities. It gradually came into contact with the devotion begun at Paray, and resulting in a fusion of the two.\nVisions of St. Margaret Mary.\nThe most significant source for the devotion to the Sacred Heart in the form it is known today was a nun of the religious congregation of the Visitation of Mary Saint Margaret Mary Alacoque (1647-1690), who claimed to have received visions of Jesus Christ. There is nothing to indicate that she had known the devotion prior to the revelations, or at least that she had paid any attention to it. These alleged revelations were numerous, and the following apparitions are especially remarkable:\nOn December 27, probably 1673, the feast of St. John, Margaret Mary reported that Jesus permitted her, as he had formerly allowed St. Gertrude, to rest her head upon his heart. He then disclosed to her the wonders of his love, telling her that wanted them known to all mankind and to spread the treasures of his goodness, and that he had chosen her for this work.\nIn probably June or July, 1674, Margaret Mary claimed that Jesus requested to be honored under the figure of his heart of flesh, also claiming that, when he appeared radiant with love, he asked for a devotion of expiatory love: frequent reception of Communion, especially Communion on the First Friday of the month, and the observance of the Holy Hour.\nDuring the octave of Corpus Christi, 1675, probably on June 16, the vision known as the \"great apparition\" reportedly took place, where Jesus said, \"Behold the Heart that has so loved men ... instead of gratitude I receive from the greater part (of mankind) only ingratitude ...\", and asked Margaret Mary for a feast of reparation of the Friday after the octave of Corpus Christi, bidding her consult Father de la Colombi\u00e8re, then superior of the small Jesuit house at Paray. Solemn homage was asked on the part of the king, and the mission of propagating the new devotion was especially confided to the religious of the Visitation and to the priests of the Society of Jesus.\nA few days after the \"great apparition\", Margaret Mary reported everything she saw to Father de la Colombi\u00e8re, and he acknowledging the vision as an action of the spirit of God, consecrated himself to the Sacred Heart and directed her to write an account of the apparition. He also made use of every available opportunity to circulate this account, discreetly, through France and England.\nAt his death, February 15, 1682, there was found in his journal of spiritual retreats a copy in his own handwriting of the account that he had requested of Margaret Mary, together with a few reflections on the usefulness of the devotion. This journal, including the account and an \"offering\" to the Sacred Heart, in which the devotion was well explained, was published at Lyons in 1684. The little book was widely read, even at Paray.\nMargaret Mary reported feeling \"dreadful confusion\" over the book's contents, but resolved to make the best of it, approving of the book for the spreading of her cherished devotion. Outside of the Visitandines, priests, religious, and laymen espoused the devotion, particularly a Capuchin, Margaret Mary's two brothers, and some Jesuits, among the latter being Fathers Croiset and Gallifet, who promoted the devotion.\nThe death of Margaret Mary, October 17, 1690, did not dampen the zeal of those interested; on the contrary, a short account of her life published by Father Croiset in 1691, as an appendix to his book \"De la D\u00e9votion au Sacr\u00e9 C\u0153ur\", served only to increase it. In spite of all sorts of obstacles, and of the slowness of the Holy See, which in 1693 imparted indulgences to the Confraternities of the Sacred Heart and, in 1697, granted the feast to the Visitandines with the Mass of the Five Wounds, but refused a feast common to all, with special Mass and Office.\nThe devotion spread, particularly in religious communities. The Marseilles plague, 1720, furnished perhaps the first occasion for a solemn consecration and public worship outside of religious communities. Other cities of the South followed the example of Marseilles, and thus the devotion became a popular one. In 1726 it was deemed advisable once more to importune Rome for a feast with a Mass and Office of its own, but, in 1729, Rome again refused. However, in 1765, it finally yielded and that same year, at the request of the queen, the feast was received quasi-officially by the episcopate of France. On all sides it was asked for and obtained, and finally, in 1856, at the urgent entreaties of the French bishops, Pope Pius IX extended the feast to the Catholic Church under the rite of double major. In 1889 it was raised by the Catholic Church to the double rite of first class.\nOn May 15, 2006, Pope Benedict XVI sent a letter to FatherPeter Hans Kolvenbach, the Superior General of the Society of Jesus, on the 50th Anniversary of the encyclical \"Haurietis Aquas\", about the Sacred Heart, by Pope Pius XII. In the letter, the Pope reaffirmed the importance of the devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus.\nWorship and devotion.\nThe Catholic acts of consecration, reparation and devotion were introduced when the feast of the Sacred Heart was declared. In his Papal Bull \"Auctorem Fidei\", Pope Pius VI praised devotion to the Sacred Heart. Finally, by order of Leo XIII, in his encyclical \"Annum Sacrum\" (May 25, 1899), as well as on June 11, he consecrated every human to the Sacred Heart. The idea of this act, which Leo XIII called \"the great act\" of his pontificate, had been proposed to him by a religious woman of the Good Shepherd from Oporto (Portugal) who said that she had supernaturally received it from Jesus. Since c. 1850, groups, congregations, and States have consecrated themselves to the Sacred Heart.\nPeter Coudrin of France founded the Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary on Dec 24, 1800. A religious order of the Roman Catholic Church, the order is best known for its missionary work in Hawaii.\nWorship of the Sacred Heart mainly consists of several hymns, the Salutation of the Sacred Heart, and the Litany of the Sacred Heart. It is common in Roman Catholic services and occasionally is to be found in Anglican services.\nThe Feast of the Sacred Heart is a holy day in the Roman Catholic liturgical calendar, and is celebrated 19 days after Pentecost. As Pentecost is always celebrated on Sunday, the Feast of the Sacred Heart always falls on a Friday.\nThe First Fridays Devotion to the Sacred Heart of Jesus has been approved by the Catholic Church following the apparitions of Jesus Christ reported by Saint Mary Alacoque and the revelation to her of special graces to those who will receive Communion on the first Fridays of nine consecutive months in honor of His Sacred Heart.\nThe Enthronement of the Sacred Heart is a Catholic ceremony in which a priest or head of a household consecrates the members of the household to the Sacred Heart. A blessed image of the Sacred Heart, either a statue or a picture, is then \"enthroned\" in the home to serve as a constant reminder to those who dwell in the house of their consecration to the Sacred Heart. The practice of the Enthronement is based upon Pope Pius XII's declaration that devotion to the Sacred of Jesus is \"the foundation on which to build the kingdom of God in the hearts of individuals, families, and nations...\"[4]\nInstitution names.\nSacred Heart is still a widely used name for many Catholic institutions, including schools, colleges, and hospitals in many countries around the world. It is also the name of many Catholic parishes, religious orders, and stores selling Catholic goods.\nSacred Heart imagery.\nReligious imagery depicting the Sacred Heart is frequently featured in Catholic, and sometimes Anglican homes. Sometimes images display beneath them a list of family members, indicating that the entire family is entrusted to the protection of Jesus in the Sacred Heart, from whom blessings on the home and the family members are sought. The prayer \"O Sacred Heart of Jesus, I place all my trust in Thee\" is often used. One particular image has been used as part of a set, along with an image of the Blessed Virgin Mary. In that image, Mary too was shown pointing to her Immaculate Heart, expressing her love for the human race and for her Son, Jesus Christ. The mirror images reflect an eternal binding of the two hearts.\nFolklore.\nMany members of the Carlist military forces of the 19th and 20th centuries in Spain wore detentes or amulets with an image of the Sacred Heart. These Catholic monarchists believed the image would protect them against wounding by the enemy firearms.\nCriticism.\nSome non-Catholics, including Charismatic Protestants, have criticized devotion to the Sacred Heart as idolatry in that worship is directed towards a body part. The response of Catholics is to contend that the Sacred Heart is a traditional symbol depicting Christ's holy blood as a fountain. Some Catholics have been critical of the overly sentimental nature of such devotion,[5] but most of these critics concede that the images essentially reflect the core Christian tenet of love.\nVatican endorsement.\nDates for the Feast of the Sacred Heart, 2002-2020"}
+{"id": "44127", "revid": "4580", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44127", "title": "Sacred heart of jesus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44128", "revid": "1692411", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44128", "title": "Marian Prayer", "text": "Marian prayers or Marian devotions are acts of asking for the intercession of the Mary, the mother of Jesus. It is mainly something done by Roman Catholics but it is also used by Anglo-Catholics. Marian prayer is not worship. It is asking Mary to pray, or intercede for you and/or other people. When asking for Mary's intercession, you are honouring her and not worshipping her. It is to ask her to help you communicate better with her son, Jesus. They \"are\" still following the second commandment, because they are not worshipping, only asking for intercession in their lives. \nMany novenas and prayers can be said in her honour. There are in fact many common ways in doing so but there is a simplistic yet symbolical prayer called the Rosary, the reciting pray for the intervening of mother Mary. This is said in honour and praise of her as well as to ask of her help. Another example is yet commonly said during the Rosary itself and is called the \"Hail Holy Queen\". \nA specific prayer to the Virgin Mary to ask for graces is associated to the devotional \"Miraculous Medal\". \nSome Marian movements, such as the Immaculata Militia, encourage these prayers together with a personal act of consecration to Mary."}
+{"id": "44129", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44129", "title": "Clark Gable", "text": "William Clark Gable (February 1, 1901 \u2013 November 16, 1960) was an American actor. He was best known for playing Rhett Butler in the 1939 movie version of \"Gone with the Wind\". \nLife.\nGable was born on February 1, 1901 in Cadiz, Ohio. He was married five times. He had two children. The last movie that Gable starred in was \"The Misfits\", in 1961. This movie also starred Marilyn Monroe and was written by Arthur Miller. Gable died shortly afterwards in Los Angeles, California, after having had a fourth coronary thrombosis.\nAwards.\nGable was nominated for an Academy Award for playing Fletcher Christian in the 1935 movie version of \"Mutiny on the Bounty\". A year before in 1934, he starred in \"It Happened One Night\" with Claudette Colbert. Their performances won them both an Academy Award (the only wins in their careers)."}
+{"id": "44130", "revid": "6669875", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44130", "title": "Nyctosaurus", "text": "Nyctosaurus was a pterosaur from the Upper Cretaceous. It had a wing span of 1 meter and a very big crest. It was in the Pterodactyloidea and related to \"Pteranodon\". "}
+{"id": "44131", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44131", "title": "Marilyn Monroe", "text": "Marilyn Monroe\u00a0(born\u00a0Norma Jeane Mortenson; June 1, 1926\u2013 August 4, 1962) was an American actress, writer, model, singer and filmmaker. Famous for playing comic \"blonde bombshell\" characters,\u00a0she became one of the most popular\u00a0sex symbols\u00a0of the 1950s. \nBetween 1946 and 1962, she made 44 movies. Although she was a\u00a0top-billed actress for only a decade, her films grossed $200 million by the time of\u00a0her unexpected death\u00a0in 1962.\nEarly life.\nNorma Jeane Mortenson was born on June 1, 1926 at LAC+USC Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, United States. When she was seven years old, her mother, Gladys (Monroe) Baker Mortenson, was hospitalized after being diagnosed as a paranoid schizophrenic, a severe mental condition. Norma was left in a series of foster homes and the Los Angeles Orphans' Home Society. The constant move from one foster home to another resulted in Norma's \"sketchy\" educational background.\nAfter Norma's sixteenth birthday, her foster parents had to move from California. To avoid an orphanage or a new foster home, Norma chose to get married. On June 19, 1942, Norma married James Dougherty, but the marriage would all but end when he joined the U.S. Merchant Marines in 1943. Though her difficult childhood and early failed marriage would make Norma Jean a strong and resilient woman, these experiences would also add to her insecurities and flaws\u2014things that would ultimately shape her into a great tragic figure of the twentieth\u00a0century.\nMovies.\nMarilyn Monroe became famous, starring in a number of hit movies during the 1950s and early 1960s. She also became famous for modeling for photographers and singing in her musical movies. One time, she sang \"Happy Birthday\" to President John F. Kennedy. It turned out to be one of her last appearances.\nPersonal life.\nMarriages.\nThe 16-year-old Norma Jeane married James Dougherty on June 19, 1942. After the wedding, he joined the navy. At this time, Norma met an army photographer, David Conover. She began a career as a model. She changed her name to Marilyn Monroe. She and Dougherty divorced on September 13, 1946.\nMonroe married the baseball star Joe DiMaggio on January 14, 1954. The marriage lasted for nine months. She had met DiMaggio on a blind date, during the filming of the movie \"Monkey Business\" in 1952. The marriage was closely followed by the public. DiMaggio retired from baseball, and Marilyn became very famous. DiMaggio was sad that his career as a baseball star was ending, and was jealous of Marilyn for being admired. He spent most of his time watching television and Monroe found it boring. They separated on October 31, 1954. From 1961, they became friends again. DiMaggio said that he gave Marilyn a rose every week for 20 years.\nMarilyn married Arthur Miller on June 29, 1956. She converted to Judaism. She had met him during the filming of \"As Young As You Feel\" in 1951. She was so happy with him and they tried to have children together. Marilyn had three miscarriages, because of her endometriosis. Miller wrote the screenplay for the movie \"The Misfits\". The filming caused many problems between Marilyn and Arthur and they separated on January 20, 1961.\nDeath.\nShe died early from an overdose of barbiturates on August 4, 1962 in Brentwood, Los Angeles, California, U.S. at 36 years old."}
+{"id": "44133", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44133", "title": "Eliot, Maine", "text": "Eliot is an American town in the state of Maine. The population was 6,717 at the 2020 census.\nThe schools in Eliot are a part of MSAD35. It is around an hour away from Boston."}
+{"id": "44134", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44134", "title": "The Fellowship of Saint John", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44138", "revid": "9025775", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44138", "title": "Troodon", "text": "Troodon (or Tro\u00f6don) is a genus of relatively small, bird-like dinosaurs, from the later part of the Cretaceous period, 75 - 65 million years ago. The alternate spelling \"Tro\u00f6don\" shows that the 'o's are pronounced separately, as in 'zoology'.\nThey were probably carnivorous, but details of their teeth are a bit unusual. Some experts suggest they may have included plant material in their diet, but this is not a majority view.\nDiscovered in central Montana in 1855, it was among the first dinosaurs found in North America. Its species ranged widely, with fossil remains recovered from as far north as Alaska, and the Judith River formation of Alberta, and as far south as Wyoming and even possibly Texas and New Mexico.\n\"Troodon\" had a large brain in proportion to its body weight. It had a sickle claw, an enlarged and retractable second toe claw bone. \"Troodon\" had 122 teeth. The size and shape of the leg bones show that the \"Troodon\" would have been a fast runner. \nThe view that \"Troodon\" was a predator is supported by its sickle claw on the foot and apparently good binocular vision.\n\"Troodon\"s size ranged widely. In general, individuals that lived further north were larger than those that lived in more southern areas. \"Troodons\" in Alaska were especially large, up to 12 feet long, 5 feet tall, and weighing up to 175 pounds. Meanwhile, \"Troodons\" that lived in more southern locations were only around 7 feet long, 3 feet tall, and weighed up to 50 pounds, about the size of a \"Velociraptor\". Very likely \"Troodon\" had feathers, but no fossil evidence for feathers has yet been found.\nThere has been a lot of debate about which specimens, all very incomplete, should be called \"Troodon\". The genus now includes specimens previously classified as \"Stenonychosaurus\".\n\"Troodon\" nests full of eggs have been found in Montana. When scientists CAT-scanned them, they found baby Troodon skeleton embryos inside of them. They found skeletons of a small plant-eating dinosaur named \"Orodromeus\" with the eggs, as well as a skeleton of an adult Troodon. At first, it was believed that the eggs had belonged to the \"Orodromeus\", and that the Troodon was there intending to rob the nest.\nHowever, it was later discovered that the eggs belonged to the \"Troodon\" when baby \"Troodon\" embryos were found inside the eggs. It is now believed that the adults had killed the \"Orodromeus\" and brought them back to feed their babies. \"Troodon\"s laid up to 24 eggs in their nests which were earth mounds. They were able to lay two eggs at a time, so large clutches would take two weeks to lay.\nA 2017 description had redeemed the validity of \"Stenonychosaurus\" and had created a new genus from separate bones naming them \"Lateniventrix\", limiting \"Troodon\" to a few teeth."}
+{"id": "44139", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44139", "title": "Saurornithoides", "text": "Saurornithoides was a fast running dinosaur from 79 million years ago. It was related to \"Troodon\". Its fossils have been found in Mongolia and China. \nLike its cousin \"Troodon\", \"Saurornithoides\" was an intelligent predator, with large eyes and good vision. It had a retractable, sickle-shaped claw on the second claw of each foot that was used for attacking prey. \"Saurornithoides\" probably fed on small prey, such as lizards, frogs, insects, and small mammals. It may also have hunted in packs to bring down other dinosaurs. \"Saurornithoides\" was discovered in the Gobi Desert on an expedition in the 1920s. The dinosaurs \"Velociraptor\", \"Protoceratops\", and \"Oviraptor\" were also discovered during these expeditions to the Gobi Desert."}
+{"id": "44146", "revid": "1398040", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44146", "title": "Reining", "text": "Reining is a competitive way of riding a horse. In reining, the horse performs spins, sliding stops, rollbacks and lead changes. Reining has twelve patterns the rider normally has to follow. The rider can perform freestyle where they make up their own pattern and ride it to music. This is all done under a western saddle.\nHistory of the sport.\nHorses have been used by humans for thousands of years, and the skills associated with riding horses have been gradually developed throughout this history. The skills used today in reining originate from tasks done with work horses like to gather cattle together.\nWhat is reining.\nIn competition, the riders need to do many manoeuvres at a gallop. They need to guide precisely the horses with one hand through a complex pattern that includes stops, spins, rollbacks and circles. There are twelve different patterns. The rider and the horse are judged on various criteria. First, points can be given or removed for the obedience of the horse if it seemed easy and fluid for the rider to control him or if the horse showed some resistance. The show is also judged for the execution of the manoeuvres and the control of the rider. For example, if the manoeuvre was executed correctly no point are given and no point are removed, if the manoeuvre was executed badly the judge decides on how many points he removes and if the manoeuvre was executed I an excellent way, the judge can give points. The rider executing is pattern and the judge evaluating it takes about five minutes and after that, the judge gives mark on a total of seventy points for the execution of the choreography by the rider and the horse."}
+{"id": "44148", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44148", "title": "Eliot Maine", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44156", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44156", "title": "Dalton's Atomic Theory", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44159", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44159", "title": "Rani Lakshmibai", "text": "Lakshmana, the Rani of Jhansi (19 November 1828 \u2014 18 June 1858) was an Indian queen and warrior.\nShe was one of the greatest leaders of the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and, became for Indian nationalists a symbol of resistance to British rule in India.\nBiography.\nManikarnika is born into a Maratha family. She was married to Gangadhar Rao, the Maharaja of Jhansi, in 1842, and became the Rani of Jhansi. After her marriage, Manikarnika became Lakshmibai, named in honour of the goddess Lakshmi. Before her marriage, she was known as Chabili (meaning \"jolly ways\"). In September 1851, Rani Lakshmibai had a son, Damodar Rao. He died at the age of four months. On the day before the Raja's death in November 1853, he adopted his cousin's child. His name was Anand Rao but, was renamed Damodar Rao, after their actual son. The Raja wrote a letter to the British government of India requesting that his widow should be recognised as the ruler of Jhansi after his death during her lifetime. After the death of her husband the head of the British government refused to allow her adopted son to become raja and Jhansi was ruled by the British. This was done by the \"Doctrine of lapse\" - if an Indian ruler died without a male child his adopted son would not succeed him; but the personal property of that king goes to his adopted son.\nAfter all the British in Jhansi had been killed by Indian troops in June 1857 the Rani took over the administration provisionally until the British returned. She had to form an army to defeat the invading forces of Orchha and Datia. In March 1858, British forces led by Sir Hugh Rose came to Jhansi to take back the city from the Rani who now wanted independence. Jhansi was besieged and taken after strong resistance. Many of the people of the city were killed in the fighting and afterwards. The Rani escaped to Kalpi and jointly with the Maratha general Tantya Tope then seized Gwalior. In the battle of Kotah ki Serai in which their army was defeated Rani Lakshmibai was wounded and died on 18th June 1858."}
+{"id": "44160", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44160", "title": "Ukrainian hryvnia", "text": "Hryvnia is the national currency of Ukraine."}
+{"id": "44162", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44162", "title": "Hryvnia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44163", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44163", "title": "Ukrainian Hryvnia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44165", "revid": "958774", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44165", "title": "Chronos", "text": "Chronos (Ancient Greek: , \"time\", also written as Khronos or Chronus) is the Greek God of time. He is the personification of time in philosophy before Socrates, and in later literature. Chronos controls the past, present, and future of everything. Without Chronos, the other Greek Gods would have never existed.\nIn the Orphic cosmogony, Chronos never ages. He gives birth to Aether and Chaos, and made a silvery egg in the divine Aether. It produced the god Phanes, who is a hermaphrodite. Phanes gave birth to the first generation of gods and is the creator of the cosmos."}
+{"id": "44173", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44173", "title": "Speyer", "text": "Speyer (English formerly \"Spires\") is a city in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate with about 50,000 inhabitants on the Rhine river. It lies south of Ludwigshafen and Mannheim. Around the year 500 the town gets the name \"Spira\", named after the stream \"Speyerbach\" which flows into the Rhine river here.\nThe center of Speyer is dominated by the Speyer Cathedral. Here are the tombs of several of the Salian emperors: the bodies, however, are believed to have gone missing during one of the French invasions during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries."}
+{"id": "44186", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44186", "title": "Armand Jean du Plessis", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44192", "revid": "9173378", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44192", "title": "Goethe University Frankfurt", "text": "The Goethe University Frankfurt (German: \"Goethe-Universit\u00e4t Frankfurt am Main\") opened in 1914. With 38.000 students it belongs to the five largest universities in Germany and has the biggest library of them. The university has more than 600 teaching and researching professors; 16 faculties offer 170 courses of study."}
+{"id": "44193", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44193", "title": "Thayer Academy", "text": "Thayer Academy is a private school that prepares people for college. It is in Braintree, Massachusetts. People from Grades 6\u201312 can become students there. The school was made in 1871, at the request of General Sylvanus Thayer. Thayer Academy is one of Greater Boston's most well respected private school's."}
+{"id": "44194", "revid": "1054279", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44194", "title": "Siegfried", "text": "Sigurd (Old Norse: Sigur\u00f0r) is a strong hero in the \"Nibelungenlied\", an epic poem written about the year 1200. He killed the dragon Fafnir and took its treasure, the \"Nibelungenschatz\". After killing the dragon, he bathed in its blood and so changed his skin, so that he could not be wounded any more. The earliest extant representations for his legend come in pictorial form from seven runestones in Sweden and most notably the Ramsund carving (c. 1000) and the G\u00f6k Runestone (11th century).\nBut a leaf fell from a linden tree above while he was bathing and landed on his back, and the little patch of skin that it covered did not touch the dragon's blood, so that Siegfried remained vulnerable (he could be hurt) in that one spot.\nSiegfried wants to marry Kriemhild, the sister of Gunther, kin of the Burgundians in Worms. But before he is allowed to marry her he has to help Gunther to win against Br\u00fcnhild, the queen of Iceland. He does it with the help of a cloak which lets him become invisible.\nAfter their marriage Siegfried and Kriemhild live in Siegfried's kingdom for some years. Then they come to visit Worms and Kriemhild's family again. Br\u00fcnhild, the wife of Gunther, and\nKriemhild argue about who is of higher rank. Now Kriemhild tells Br\u00fcnhild that Siegfried helped Gunther in his fight against her and that he gave a proof of this victory to Kriemhild. Therefore, Br\u00fcnhild becomes so furious that she decides that Siegfried must be killed. This is done by Hagen, one of Gunther's men, while Siegfried is drinking from a well during a hunt in the Odenwald. Hagen also takes the treasure of Siegfried from Kriemhild and throws it into the Rhine.\nThe name Siegfried in German means \"victory peace\".\nSiegfried appears in two of the four operas in Wagner's Ring cycle: the third opera is called \"Siegfried\" and the fourth one is called \"G\u00f6tterd\u00e4mmerung\" although originally Wagner called it \"Siegfrieds Tod\" (\"The Death of Siegfried\"). Wagner makes several changes to the story."}
+{"id": "44195", "revid": "1555874", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44195", "title": "James II of England", "text": "James II and VII (14 October 1633 \u2013 16 September 1701) was king of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1685 to 1688. He was King James II in England and Ireland, and King James VII in Scotland. He was also Duke of Normandy from 31 December 1660. He lost his kingdoms in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He did not succeed in taking them back in a war, and he spent the rest of his life in France.\nHe was the last Roman Catholic king in the British Isles. Some of his people did not like his religious ideas, leading a group of them to disobey and fight against him. This was called the Glorious Revolution in England and Scotland. King James and his son, James Francis Edward went into exile. The king was replaced by his Protestant daughter, Queen Mary II, and her husband King William III and II. They became rulers in 1689. \nThe belief that James, not William III or Mary II, was the one true ruler became known as Jacobitism (from Jacobus or Iacobus, Latin for James). James made one serious attempt to recover his throne when he landed in Ireland in 1689. After his defeat at the Battle of the Boyne in the summer of 1690, he returned to France, living the rest of his life under the protection of King Louis XIV. His son James Francis Edward Stuart (The Old Pretender) and his grandson Charles Edward Stuart (The Young Pretender and Bonnie Prince Charlie) attempted to restore the Jacobite line after James's death, but failed."}
+{"id": "44196", "revid": "507729", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44196", "title": "Fichtelgebirge", "text": "The Fichtelgebirge is a mountain range in northeastern Bavaria, Germany. It extends from the valley of the Red Main River to the Czech border, where it is continued by the much higher Ore Mountains.\nThe highest mountain is the Schneeberg (1051 m). Rivers rising from the Fichtelgebirge are the White Main (German: Wei\u00dfer Main), the Saxon Saale, the Oh\u0159e (German: Eger) and the Fichtelnaab which later joins the Waldnaab. Cities on the edge of the mountains include Bayreuth and Hof.\nThe mountains slope gradually away to the north and the south, but there is a steep slope to the west, where the Red Main forms the boundary of the mountains.\nThe Fichtelgebirge attracts many tourists both during summer and winter, mainly for hiking and skiing, but also to see the large rock formations."}
+{"id": "44201", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44201", "title": "Ore Mountains", "text": "The Ore Mountains (German \"Erzgebirge\", Czech \"Kru\u0161n\u00e9 hory\") are a mountain range in Germany and the Czech Republic. They form the border between both countries for 150\u00a0km, extending from the western border of Saxony to the Elbe river. They are named for their plentiful metal ores.\nThe Ore Mountains are famous for many Christmas traditions. As the ores silver and tin were not found any more in the mines, former miners had to look for new ways to feed their families. In addition to lace making and weaving, the inhabitants went into wood carving. Nutcrackers, \"smoking men\", \"pyramids\" (carousels with figures of the Christmas story or from mining) and \"Schwibbogen\" (wooden arcs with candles in the windows, symbolising the opening of a mine) are some of many Christmas goods made in the Ore Mountains. \"Seiffen\" in the East Ore Mountains was a centre of the wooden toy industry."}
+{"id": "44202", "revid": "332166", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44202", "title": "Manifest (transportation)", "text": "A manifest or ship's manifest is a document that lists the cargo, passengers, and crew of a ship, aircraft, or vehicle. It is made for the use of customs and other officials. If the list is just a list of passengers, it is a passenger manifest or passenger list. A list of cargo is a cargo manifest or cargo list. The manifest may be used by people having an interest in the transport to ensure that passengers and cargo listed as having been placed on board the transport at the beginning of its passage continue to be on board when it arrives at its destination."}
+{"id": "44207", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44207", "title": "Stenonychosaurus", "text": "Stenonychosaurus (meaning \"narrow claw lizard\") is a genus of troodontid dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Alberta, Canada based on a foot, fragments of a hand, and some caudal vertebrae.\nA 2017 description had redeemed the validity of \"Stenonychosaurus\" and had informalised the genus \"Troodon\", synonymising it with \"Latenivenatrix\".\nDescription.\n\"Stenonychosaurus\" was a small dinosaur, up to in height, in length, and up to in mass.They, like most related dromaeosaurs such as \"Velociraptor\" and \"Deinonychus\" had retractable sickle-like claws on their feet."}
+{"id": "44208", "revid": "212981", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44208", "title": "Henry IV of England", "text": "Henry IV (3 April 1367 \u2013 20 March 1413) was a King of England. He was born at Bolingbroke Castle, in Lincolnshire, and so he was often called Henry Bolingbroke.\nRise to power.\nHenry's father, John of Gaunt, was the third son of King Edward III and had a lot of power in the reign of King Richard II.\nHenry and Thomas de Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk, argued in 1398. Richard ordered Henry to live outside England for ten years with the approval of Henry's father, John of Gaunt, but Thomas de Mowbray was exiled from England for life.\nThe next year John of Gaunt died, and Richard would not allow Henry to inherit Gaunt's land. Instead, Henry had to ask for the lands from Richard. \nHenry met with the exiled Thomas Arundel, former Archbishop of Canterbury. Both of them returned to England while Richard was on a military campaign in Ireland. \nWith Arundel as his advisor, Henry began a military campaign, took land from those who opposed him and ordered his soldiers to destroy much of Cheshire.\nHenry gained enough power and support to have himself declared King Henry IV. He sent King Richard to prison and is believed to have been killed there. Henry bypassed Richard\u2019s seven-year-old heir presumptive, Edmund de Mortimer. \nHenry was crowned on 13 October 1399. It was the first time since the Norman Conquest in 1066 that the monarch made a public speech in English. Henry consulted with Parliament frequently but was sometimes at odds with it, especially over religious matters.\nOn Arundel's advice, Henry was the first English king to allow the burning of heretics, mainly to suppress the Lollard movement.\nWilliam Shakespeare wrote two plays about the Henry's life: \"Henry IV, Pt. 1\" and \"Henry IV, Pt. 2.\""}
+{"id": "44210", "revid": "440188", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44210", "title": "Thalassodromeus", "text": "Thalassodromeus was a pterosaur found in northern Brazil. It was 60 cms long and had a wingspan of 1 metre and a head crest on its skull."}
+{"id": "44211", "revid": "1582584", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44211", "title": "Oratorio", "text": "An oratorio is a piece of music for orchestra, choir and solo singers. It usually tells a story from the Old Testament. An oratorio may be about two hours long: a whole concert. It is rather like an opera, but whereas an opera is acted out in costume on a stage, an oratorio is sung and played in a concert hall or church. The oratorio as we know it was created in the 18th century. The words were normally in the composer\u2019s own language, not in Italian like most operas were at that time.\nThe word \"oratorio\" had been used many centuries ago for music-dramas performed in churches in western Europe. In Italy oratorios and operas were both being composed in the 17th century. In Germany composers like Heinrich Schutz and, later, Johann Sebastian Bach were writing Passions which tell the story of the crucifixion. These are not usually called \u201coratorios\u201d but they are similar.\nThe first important composer of oratorios was George Frideric Handel. Handel, who was born in Germany, had become English. Handel had written a lot of operas, but in 1732 he started to write oratorios instead and quite suddenly people became very interested in oratorios. He used the same sort of music as in his operas: the work would start with an overture (an introduction on the orchestra) and then there would be recitative (the bits that told the story), arias (songs for the solo singers) and choruses for the choir. The chorus was very important in oratorios: they got more to sing than in most operas. This meant that choral societies became very popular, and this tradition spread from England (where Handel lived) to other countries in Europe. Handel\u2019s most famous oratorio is \"Messiah\". Unlike most of his other oratorios, the story is not from the Old Testament. It tells the story of the birth, life and death of Jesus. In Britain Handel\u2019s \"Messiah\" is traditionally performed around Christmas. Other oratorios by Handel include: \"Deborah\", \"Saul\", \"Samson\", \"Judas Maccabaeus\" and \"Solomon\". Handel composed all these oratorios to English texts.\nIn the 19th century the oratorio was very popular. At the turn of the century Joseph Haydn wrote some of his best music in his two oratorios: \"Die Sch\u00f6pfung\" (\"The Creation\") (1798) and \"Die Jahreszeiten\" (\"The Seasons\") (1801). Mendelssohn wrote \"St Paul\", \"Elijah\" and the \"Hymn of Praise\". Dvo\u0159\u00e1k, Berlioz and Gounod are among the most important Romantic composers of oratorio, and in the 20th century famous oratorios include Elgar\u2019s \"Dream of Gerontius\" (1900), Walton\u2019s \"Belshazzar\u2019s Feast\" (1931) and Tippett\u2019s \"Child of our Time\" (1941)."}
+{"id": "44213", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44213", "title": "Pterodactylus", "text": "Pterodactylus (Pterodactylus Antiquus) was a small pterosaur. It lived in the later Jurassic period, at the same time as many dinosaurs. \"Pterodactylus\" is typical of the short-tailed pterosaurs. The sub-order continued to the end of the Cretaceous, but \"Pterodactylus\" is only known from the latest Jurassic. \nThe first specimens were found at Solnhofen in Bavaria, Germany. Also found in these strata was the famous \"Archaeopteryx\". \nThese carbonate strata formed in warm lagoons. \"Pterodactylus\" may have lived on small islands in the lagoon, or on the coast. Perhaps it lived further inland and was blown here in a storm. The high salinity would support little life, so the pterosaurs would have fed in some other area.\nThe first specimen was found in the 18th century, and a description published in 1784. Later, Georges Cuvier worked out that it was a flying reptile. A juvenile pterosaur came to light in 1817, and showed clearly that Cuvier had been right. Now, 30 specimens of the genus are known."}
+{"id": "44217", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44217", "title": "Rutiodon", "text": "Rutiodon was a type of phytosaur. Phytosaurs were crocodile-like animals that lived during the time of dinosaurs. Its nostrils were far back on the head, close to the eyes. It was shown in the movie \"When Dinosaurs Roamed America\" trying to catch a Coelophysis. It jumped out of the water. and roared without warning."}
+{"id": "44234", "revid": "36199", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44234", "title": "When Dinosaurs Roamed America", "text": "When Dinosaurs Roamed America is a 2001 television movie from the Discovery Channel. The movie is narrated by John Goodman. This movie tells us about species of dinosaurs that lived in North America through the ages of the Mesozoic era. The backgrounds of the movie are real places of America.\nFeatured creatures.\nEarly Jurassic Segment.\nLate Jurassic Segment"}
+{"id": "44236", "revid": "1061539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44236", "title": "Cigar", "text": "A cigar is a form in which tobacco is smoked. It is usually larger than a cigarette. Cigars are made of different types of tobacco which are cured in many different way to produce unique flavors and fragrances. Most quality cigars are rolled using a tobacco leaf, though more and more cigars have been rolled using different types of paper to replace the tobacco leaf. This results in a cleaner looking cigar. Commercially produced cigars are rolled and packed using machinery, and quality control and smokeability cannot be truly verified. Hand rolled cigars prove to still be the best option, but are more costly. \nCuba is known worldwide for their cigars, which are famously hard to get in the United States because of an embargo against Cuba. Many other countries also produce cigars, most notably in the Central America and Caribbean island areas."}
+{"id": "44238", "revid": "10411744", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44238", "title": "Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h", "text": "Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, also spelled Bahaullah, which means \"Glory of God\", was an Iranian nobleman who founded the religion known as the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith.\nHe was born Mirza Husayn-'Al\u00ed in the city of Tehran, in Iran, in 1817 and died in Acre, now in Israel, in 1892. His followers consider him a messenger of God. His teachings included that all men and women are equal and that all the religions believe in the same God."}
+{"id": "44239", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44239", "title": "`Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1", "text": "`Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 was a Persian man who was born on 23 May 1844 and died on 28 November 1921. His father was Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h who founded the religion known as the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith.\n`Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 spent most of his adult life in prison or under arrest, because of his father's new religion. Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h called him the \"Expounder\" of his word, meaning that only `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 had the right to say what Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's writings mean. This was to prevent different people from splitting the religion up because they thought Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h meant different things, the way many other religions have split up."}
+{"id": "44240", "revid": "603304", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44240", "title": "Shoghi Effendi", "text": "Shoghi Effendi (1 March 1897-4 November 1957) was a Persian man. He was the great-grandson of Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h who founded the religion known as the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith. \nAfter Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h died, Shoghi Effendi's grandfather, `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 led the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds. When `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 died, he left a \"will and testament\" that said that Shoghi Effendi was the \"Guardian\", and that his job was to guard and lead the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith. `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1's will said that only Shoghi Effendi could interpret `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1's or Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h's books and letters. This was to prevent different people from splitting the religion up because they thought Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h or `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 meant different things, the way many other religions have split up."}
+{"id": "44241", "revid": "844779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44241", "title": "Will (law)", "text": "A will or testament is a legal document that explains the last wishes of someone after they die. It is sometimes called a \"last will and testament\".\nA person writes a will and testament before they die, and usually writes what they want to happen to their estate (money and their things) after they die. A will may also provide for other issues including,\nWhen a person passes away, the person's will may be probated, meaning that a probate court will authorize a representative to carry out the deceased person's wishes. Depending upon where probate occurs, the representative may be called a \"personal representative\", \"executor\" or \"administrator\"."}
+{"id": "44243", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44243", "title": "Interpretation", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44246", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44246", "title": "How to name numbers in English", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44247", "revid": "1582584", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44247", "title": "Uhlan", "text": "Uhlan is the name for a type of Polish soldier of light cavalry, armed with lance (a kind of spear). The respect for such Polish troops caused that in the beginning of the 19th century great part of European armies created similar military units. In most European armies, the units of that kind took the name of lancers. In the Russian, Austrian, and German armies, the units of Polish lancers had kept the original name of Uhlans."}
+{"id": "44253", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44253", "title": "Not", "text": "The word not negates the meaning of the word or phrase following it; see No.\nNot, NOT, NOTs, or NOTS may also refer to:"}
+{"id": "44255", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44255", "title": "Chin", "text": "The chin is the bottom part of the face. It is under the mouth and is the forward part of the jaw.\nThe chin is unique to present-day humans, our species. It is not present in the anthropoid apes, nor in any other hominin. Neanderthals did not have a human-type chin. In medical anatomy, the chin is called the \"mental eminence\".\nIts absence in \"Homo floresiensis\" is grounds for thinking that small hominin was not of our species.\nIt is thought that our chin may have become shaped like this to improve the muscle attachments of the lips and tongue. Chins can be larger or smaller, depending on the person. Even though chin sizes vary a lot, it is usually further forward than the rest of the face in normal humans."}
+{"id": "44259", "revid": "9860885", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44259", "title": "Anne, Queen of Great Britain", "text": "Anne of Great Britain (6 February 1665 \u2013 1 August 1714) was the Queen of England (which included Wales), Scotland and Ireland. During her reign, the kingdoms of England and Scotland came together to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain (the first form of the United Kingdom). For this reason, she is the first monarch to rule over the UK.\nBecoming Queen.\nAnne was born during the reign of her uncle, King Charles II. After Charles' death, Anne's father James II became King of England. James was unpopular because he was Catholic. James was replaced by Anne's older sister, Mary II and her husband William III. Mary and William had no children. Anne became Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland on 8 March 1702 after the death of William. \nKingdom of Great Britain.\nIn her first speech to the Parliament of England, Anne said it was important to unite England and Scotland. In 1707, they both formed to create the Kingdom of Great Britain.\nPersonal life.\nAnne was married to Prince George of Denmark, who died in 1708. Anne was pregnant 17 times but none of her children survived to adulthood. In her 30s, she became very ill and obese.\nDeath.\nQueen Anne died on 1 August 1714. Doctors say she died because of stress and overall poor health as well as being overweight. Because of the Act of Settlement and the fact that Anne had no surviving children, the next King of Britain was George I, her cousin."}
+{"id": "44260", "revid": "196884", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44260", "title": "Kind", "text": "Kind has different meanings:"}
+{"id": "44261", "revid": "259010", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44261", "title": "Knot", "text": "A knot is a fixed looping of a piece of string or rope. Knots are often used for binding things together. While a knot is often made from rope, it can also be made from many other things. In fact, a knot is actually the condition a long flexible object is in. For example, hair can be tied in a knot. The ends of balloons are tied in a knot to prevent the air from escaping. The average person over 5 or so years of age is likely capable of tying a knot; most of these knots people tie are probably with their shoelaces. Ribbons are also tied in a knot so as to appear pretty, as when wrapped around a gift. In addition, knots are also made by sailors in many different forms and for many different purposes. There are even people who have adopted knot-making as a hobby."}
+{"id": "44263", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44263", "title": "Flensburg", "text": "Flensburg (Danish and Low Saxon: \"Flensborg\", Frisian: \"Flensburch\", North Frisian: \"Flansborj\") is a city in Germany. It is next to the border with Denmark. About 90,164 people live in Flensburg. The city has a university. A very well known part of Flensburg is M\u00fcrwik. There lies a small navy harbour. Flensburg lives on tourism, students and the German navy forces.\nHistory.\nThere was a first settlement about 1200 A.D., which became a city in 1284. In the following century, Flensburg became the economic centre of the Duchy of Schleswig. In 1409 there were battles between people of the Duchy of Holstein and the Danish crown about the control of Schleswig. In 1412 and 1500 there were bad plagues in Flensburg. In 1485, there was a big fire in the city.\nBetween 1460 and 1864 Flensburg was the second most important harbour in Denmark after Copenhagen. Since the 16th century Flensburg was an important place for trade. Flensburg became part of Prussia in 1864, after the Danish-Prussian War.\nIn 1920, there was an election in Schleswig. The vote was to decide whether people wanted to belong to Denmark or Germany. Flensburg and regions south of the city decided to stay German, while regions north of the city chose to become Danish.\nIn 1945, many Germans were driven out of their homes in the eastern German provinces. These people went to Flensburg. The city had more than 100,000 inhabitants for a couple of years. Nowadays Flensburg has about 85,000 inhabitants."}
+{"id": "44267", "revid": "1530097", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44267", "title": "Goslar", "text": "Goslar is a historic city in Germany. About 43,000 people live there.\nHistory.\nThe German Emperor Henry I founded Goslar in 922. In the 11th century Goslar became seat of a Pfalz, a temporary seat of the Emperor. In 1253 Goslar became a Free City (that means without being ruled a Duke) in the Holy Roman Empire and joined the Hanseatic League.\nHenry 4th, a Holy Roman Emperor, came from Goslar.\nIn the Thirty-year War Goslar belonged to the loyalists of the Emperor, although its territory belonged to a Protestant region. The Swedish King Gustav II Adolph punished Goslar for supporting the imperial forces. After 1642 Goslar came under the rule of the Welfs.\nIn 1803 Goslar lost its status as a Free City and belonged to Prussia. Napoleon made Goslar a part of the Kingdom of Westphalia. After the Napoleonic Wars it became part of the Kingdom of Hanover.\nIn the 19th century Goslar lost its economic base. Now it lives mainly on tourism."}
+{"id": "44281", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44281", "title": "Spiderman", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44282", "revid": "51072", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44282", "title": "Margaret Whitman", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44288", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44288", "title": "Anonymous (hacker group)", "text": "Anonymous is a decentralized group of anonymous online activists. Contrary to popular belief, they are not one organization, but rather a label used by high-profile hackers to make themselves unrecognizable to law enforcement as well as the public. They are associated with many online and offline protests. These protests commonly relate to freedom of speech. They often protest against political corruption and censorship. Anonymous also makes DDoS attacks (where an attacker disconnects his or her target from the internet, sometimes forever) on popular websites such as PayPal and the United States' Department of Justice homepage. Other common targets include organizations who seem to limit people's freedom of speech.\nAnonymous is also often associated with image boards such as 4chan and protests such as the Occupy Movement.\nSome people have been arrested for involvement in Anonymous cyberattacks in countries including the U.S., UK, Australia, the Netherlands, Spain, and Turkey. Views of the group's actions and usefulness vary widely. Supporters have called the group \"freedom fighters\" and digital Robin Hoods while some have judged them as \"a cyber lynch-mob\" or \"cyber terrorists\". In 2012, \"Time\" called Anonymous one of the \"100 most influential people\" of 2012 in the world.\nMembers of anonymous are called \"Anons\". When anons appear in public, they often wear Guy Fawkes masks. Guy Fawkes masks come from a graphic novel and film called \"V for Vendetta\". Some Anons also disguise their voice with voice changers (products that distort a user's voice) or text-to-speech programs.\nBeliefs and values.\nAnons regularly have conflicting opinions, but mostly they are non-extremist. Anonymous does not have a hierarchy or a leader. Instead, anons work together because they have similar interests. Parmy Olson explains, \"There was no single leader pulling the levers, but a few organizational minds that sometimes pooled together to start planning a stunt.\"\nGenerally, anons fight censorship on the Internet, and they mostly target governments, organizations, and corporations who they believe to use censorship. Anons were early supporters of the global Occupy Movement and the Arab Spring.\nSince 2008, Anons have disagreed on whether Anonymous should focus on pranks and entertainment or serious activism.We [Anonymous] just happen to be a group of people on the Internet who need\u2014just kind of an outlet to do as we wish, that we wouldn't be able to do in regular society. ...That's more or less the point of it. Do as you wish. ... There's a common phrase: 'we are doing it for the lulz.'\n\u2014 Trent Peacock. \"Search Engine: The Face of Anonymous\", February 7, 2008.Members of Anonymous protest in legal and illegal ways. In 2012, Olson described Anonymous as a \"movement\" rather than a group: \"anyone can be part of it. It is a crowd of people, a nebulous crowd of people, working together and doing things together for various purposes.\"\nAnonymous has few rules. These rules include not sharing one's identity, not talking about the group, and not attacking media (such as news, television, and film).\nWe are Anonymous. We are Legion. We do not forgive. We do not forget. Expect us.\n\u2014 Common tagline of Anonymous members."}
+{"id": "44289", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44289", "title": "Faya", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44290", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44290", "title": "Tourette's syndrome", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44294", "revid": "1691270", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44294", "title": "MTV", "text": "<br>MTVU\nMTV (originally an acronym for Music Television until 2010) is an American cable television network. They are based in New York City. The channel launched on August 1, 1981. They used to only show music videos. However they mostly show reality shows like Ridiculous nowadays. The first music video shown on MTV was \"Video Killed the Radio Star\" by The Buggles. Today, the channel shows many different television programs aimed at adolescents and young adults."}
+{"id": "44297", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44297", "title": "Bundesautobahn 45", "text": "The Bundesautobahn 45 (\"in German: A 45\"), is a Motorway from the Ruhr area till Hanau.\nThe highway begins in Dortmund, North Rhine-Westphalia and crosses Hesse. The A 45 ends in Bavaria.\nExits on the A 45.\nList incomplete"}
+{"id": "44299", "revid": "1677258", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44299", "title": "AFC Ajax", "text": "Amsterdamsche Football Club Ajax (Ajax Amsterdam, AFC Ajax, or simply Ajax) is a football club from Amsterdam, Netherlands. They play in the Eredivisie, which is the highest football competition in The Netherlands. Players like Johan Cruyff, Van Basten, Frank Rijkaard, Zlatan Ibrahimovic and Jari Litmanen played for this club.\nHistory.\nThe club was founded on March 18, 1900. The founders were Floris Stempel, Carel Reeser and Johan Dade. It was the second attempt to found Ajax. In 1894 they tried it too. Ajax is named after the mythological hero Ajax the Great.\nAjax promoted to the highest level in 1911. Their coach was Jack Kirwan. Because Sparta Rotterdam had almost the same kit (clothes), they had to change it.\nStadium.\nThe name of the stadium is Amsterdam ArenA and has an attendance (which means the number of seats) of about 52.000. The Amsterdam ArenA was opened on 14 August 1996 by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands. Their previous stadium was named De Meer.\nPlayers.\nPlayers out on loan.\nRetired numbers.\n Apres Maccabi Tel Aviv * Red Bull Slazbourg ou vas Joue Oscar Gloukh ( apres Euro 2024 - Paris 2024 ou Word Cup 2026 qui vas Joue avec Israel ) \u05d1\u05d6\u05e8\u05ea \u05d4\u05e9\u05dd ***\n \n 1. Ajax Amsterdam ( Eredivisie) \n \n 2. Genova Fc ou Inter Milan ( Series A) \n \n 3. Paris St Germin ( Uber ligue 1 ) \n \n 4. Olympiacos ( Grece Supe Ligue)"}
+{"id": "44303", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44303", "title": "Fungicide", "text": "A fungicide is a poison. It is used to kill fungi that are considered unwanted."}
+{"id": "44306", "revid": "10285497", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44306", "title": "Chad Kroeger", "text": "Chad Robert Turton (better known as Chad Kroeger) is a Canadian singer and guitarist for the rock band, Nickelback. He was born on November 15, 1974, in Hanna, Alberta, Canada. \nKroeger is of English, German, Irish, Norwegian, Scottish, Swiss-German, and Welsh descent. Kroeger became engaged to Canadian singer Avril Lavigne in 2012. The couple married in 2013 and separated in 2015.\nNickelback consists of four band members. Chad Kroeger (vocals, lead guitar), Mike Kroeger (bass guitar), Ryan Peake (rhythm guitar) and Daniel Adair (drums). "}
+{"id": "44309", "revid": "1050741", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44309", "title": "Consecutive integer", "text": "Consecutive numbers are numbers that follow each other in order. They have a difference of 1 between every two numbers. In a set of consecutive numbers, the mean and the median are equal. \nIf \"n\" is a number, then the next numbers will be \"n+1\" and \"n+2\". \nConsecutive numbers that follow each other in order:\nConsecutive even numbers.\nConsecutive even numbers are even numbers that follow each other. They have a difference of 2 between every two numbers.\nIf \"n\" is an even integer, then \"n,\" \"n\"+2, \"n\"+4 and \"n\"+6 will be consecutive even numbers.\nFor example - 2,4,6,8,10,12,14,18 etc.\nConsecutive odd numbers.\nConsecutive odd numbers are odd numbers that follow each other. Like consecutive odd numbers, they have a difference of 2 between every two numbers.\nIf \"n\" is an odd integer, then \"n,\" \"n\"+2, \"n\"+4 and \"n\"+6 will be consecutive odd numbers.\n3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, etc.\n\u221223, \u221221, \u221219, \u221217, \u221215, -13, -11"}
+{"id": "44311", "revid": "1444326", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44311", "title": "Beowulf (hero)", "text": "Beowulf is the hero of the Anglo-Saxon poem \"Beowulf\". He was the son of Ecg\u00feeow, a banished warrior of the W\u00e6gmundings. Ecg\u00feeow had killed a man from another clan and had to flee to the Danes. The Danish king Hro\u00f0gar accepted him as one of his warriors. The king also paid to repay the blood feud that was threatening Ecg\u00feeow.\nWhen King Hro\u00f0gar came upon difficulties because his land was raided by the giant Grendel- a descendant of Cain, and cursed-, Ecg\u00feeow's son Beowulf came to help him with twelve warriors. During the night, Grendel arrived to attack the sleeping men. Grendel gruesomely slaughtered one man before anyone awoke, but Beowulf attacked him. Beowulf had earlier decided to fight without his sword because he thought it would be shameful to fight with unequal weaponry. He, however, outmatched Grendel in strength and tore off his arm. Grendel fled back to his cave, where he died and his arm was fixed to the wall like a trophy. During the following night, Grendel's Mother arrived and Beowulf had an even harder fight against her, as she stole back her son's arm and retreated to her underwater cave. Beowulf followed her and spent a day sinking to the bottom of the lake, and they fought it out a while before Beowulf saw a sword, which conveniently was the only sword that could possibly kill Grendel's mother. He stabbed her with it, and she died. The sword dissolved and he found and beheaded Grendel's body. He brought back the head as a trophy. Beowulf was greatly rewarded for both of these feats, and he and his men were showered in glory and riches. All the gold was presented to their king, and Beowulf was rewarded with a great sword, land, a hall, and the throne of the Geats when the current king dies.\nLater on in life, Beowulf ruled over his native Geatland for 50 years until a dragon attacked after a golden goblet was stolen from its cave by a slave. He travels to its cave and successfully slays it, but is severely injured in the melee. He was bitten in the neck, and the venom will kill him. The dying Beowulf then crowns a young warrior called Wiglaf as his successor (as he himself does not have children and all his predecessors have died). Wiglaf is one of the 12 soldiers he took with him to fight the dragon, but the only one who stayed when they saw he was losing. He is then burned on a pyre with all of his gold he won by slaying the dragon. \nIn Adaptions.\nThere have been many fictional books and films made based on \"Beowulf\". Beowulf appeared in most of them. "}
+{"id": "44312", "revid": "224035", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44312", "title": "Clan", "text": "A clan is a group of people who \u2013 following a tradition \u2013 belong to the same kin. The word comes from the Goidelic languages, and means 'family'. It is similar in meaning to the more general word tribe.\nIn Europe, the best-known clans system is that in Scotland, which still has some effects today, especially in the Scottish Highlands and Islands. It existed before the land was unified under a Scottish king, and continued long afterwards. Clans also\nexisted in Ireland. "}
+{"id": "44313", "revid": "10210630", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44313", "title": "Muon-catalyzed fusion", "text": "Muon-catalyzed fusion (\u03bcCF) is a type of cold nuclear fusion, which means that nuclear fusion can happen at low temperatures and under normal pressure. There need to be 3 particles: a muon, a positively charged triton and a positively charged deuteron. The muon, which has a greater mass (when its not moving) than an electron, drags the heavier triton and the deuteron to it, creating something called a muonic heavy hydrogen ion. This means that the particle is a hydrogen atom with more protons then electrons, that contains a muon, and that contains extra neutrons which make it heavier. This reaction can be done at room temperature or below, such as -270 degrees Celsius.\nTo create these, a stream of negative muons is sent onto blocks of protium, deuterium and tritium (3 first isotopes of hydrogen). The muon bumps out the electron in the hydrogen atom. Because the electron is replaced, any 2 atoms are bound together. This makes a molecular ion, also called a special muonic molecule. A muon is 207 times more massive then an electron. Because of the difference in mass, the atom changes. Because it is heavier, the atoms in the molecular ion are pressed very tightly together, and then the nuclei, the centers of the atoms, join together. The following process is called nuclear fusion. The 2 nuclei join together and \"glue\" together. But, their weights do not just add up, a part of their mass is released as energy. This is the energy used.\nNow, the process continues because the muon is thrown out of the nuclei when they fuse, so it can join other nuclei, which continues the reaction. Sometimes the muon is attached to something else thrown out from the nucleus, and the muon is lost. This stops the reaction.\nPositives and negatives.\nThe good thing about this is that muon-catalyzed fusion uses little energy, and produces much energy. The only problem is that the reaction is not stable, so it does not last a long time, because the muons are lost. This process is still a long way from being used for business."}
+{"id": "44322", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44322", "title": "Berber", "text": "Berber might refer to:"}
+{"id": "44323", "revid": "314538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44323", "title": "Nomad", "text": "Nomadic people (or nomads) are people who move from one place to another, instead of living in one place. The best known examples in Europe are the Roma, Sinti, and Irish Travellers. Many other ethnic groups and communities are traditionally nomadic, like the Berbers, Kazakhs, and Bedouin.\nWhy are people nomadic?\nMost nomads are family men herding their livestock (like cattle or horses) from pasture to pasture. To find food for their stock and avoid bad weather, they have to move their herds from place to place. Nomads who follow their herds (like the Mongols) usually live in tents with few things inside. \nOther nomads are traders and craftsmen (people who make things). They travel to exchange goods or to practice their craft where it is needed. These nomads usually travel in wagons because they are better for carrying goods.\nOther nomads follow animals. For example, the S\u00e1mi of Lapland are a semi-nomadic tribe that follow a herd of reindeer. The S\u00e1mi are a migratory people who lead their own herd of reindeer to winter feeding grounds and then return them in the spring to their feeding ground close to a permanent home base, where their family lives. This cycle happens every year.\nMobile warfare.\nThe skills of nomadic life can be useful in mobile warfare, and have been used in attacking sedentary agricultural and urban people. Genghis Khan and the Mongol hordes, for example, conquered vast areas in Asia by organizing themselves as cavalry."}
+{"id": "44324", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44324", "title": "Geodesic dome", "text": "A geodesic dome is a structure shaped like the top half of a sphere, made of many little shapes, usually triangles. It often is made of glass, concrete, or steel. They are cheap to make, and bigger than square buildings. \nThe first geodesic dome was designed after World War I by Walther Bauersfeld, chief engineer of the Carl Zeiss optical company, for a planetarium to house his planetarium projector. An initial, small dome was patented and constructed by the firm of Dykerhoff and Wydmann on the roof of the Zeiss plant in Jena, Germany. A larger dome, called \"The Wonder of Jena\", opened to the public in July 1926.\nLater, they were promoted by the American engineer, Buckminster Fuller. He coined the term \"geodesic\". Many kits are available. \nA variation on geodesic domes are monolithic domes"}
+{"id": "44325", "revid": "11594", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44325", "title": "Berbers", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44326", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44326", "title": "Nomads", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44331", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44331", "title": "Coprolalia", "text": "Coprolalia is a condition that affects about 15% of people with Tourette syndrome. Someone with coprolalia will use words that make people feel uncomfortable so often that it is hard to control. This is often in the form of a stream of curse words.\nPeople who have Tourette syndrome are not the only people who experience coprolalia. For example, it can happen in people who have had a stroke, or who have schizophrenia."}
+{"id": "44332", "revid": "1662670", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44332", "title": "Billy Talent", "text": "Billy Talent, before called Pezz, is a Canadian punk rock band from Mississauga, Ontario. The name Billy Talent was inspired by the guitarist \"Billy Tallent\" from the Michael Turner novel \"Hard Core Logo\". They performed and recorded together for about 10 years before becoming famous."}
+{"id": "44334", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44334", "title": "Will and testament", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44337", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44337", "title": "Aetyonyx", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44338", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44338", "title": "Don Cheadle", "text": "Donald Frank Cheadle Jr. (/\u02c8t\u0283i\u02d0d\u0259l/; born November 29, 1964) is an American actor, author, director, producer and writer. Following early roles in \"Hamburger Hill\" (1987), and as the gangster \"Rocket\" in the film \"Colors\" (1988), Cheadle built his career in the 1990s with roles in \"Devil in a Blue Dress\" (1995), \"Rosewood\" (1997) and \"Boogie Nights\" (1997). His collaboration with director Steven Soderbergh resulted in the films \"Out of Sight\" (1998), \"Traffic\" (2000) and \"The Ocean's Trilogy\" (2001\u20132007).\nCheadle was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor for his lead role as Rwandan hotel manager Paul Rusesabagina in the historical genocide drama film \"Hotel Rwanda\" (2004). From 2012 to 2016, he starred as Marty Kaan on the Showtime comedy series \"House of Lies\"; he won a Golden Globe Award in 2013 for the role.\nCheadle extended his global recognition with his role as the superhero War Machine in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, replacing Terrence Howard. He currently appeared in \"Iron Man 2\" (2010), \"Iron Man 3\" (2013), ' (2015), ' (2016), \"\" (2018), \"Captain Marvel\" (2019) and \"Avengers: Endgame\" (2019) and will appear in the upcoming Disney+ series Iron Heart.\nFilm and television work.\nCheadle became eligible for his Screen Actors Guild (SAG) card when he appeared as a burger joint employee in the 1985 comedy \"Moving Violations\". In 1987 he received a small role in episode 19, season 7 of \"Hill Street Blues\" where he played a teenager with learning difficulties. Followed by an appearance in \"Hamburger Hill\" the same year; Cheadle secured the role of Jack in the April 1, 1988, \"Jung and the Restless\" episode of \"Night Court\". Although his character was 16 years old, Cheadle was 23 at the time.\nCheadle then played the role of Rocket in the 1988 movie \"Colors\". In 1989, he appeared in a video for Angela Winbush's No. 2 hit single \"It's the Real Thing\", performing dance moves in an orange jumpsuit, working at a car wash. In 1990, he appeared in an episode of \"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air\" titled \"Homeboy, Sweet Homeboy\", playing Will Smith's friend and Hilary's first love interest, Ice Tray. In 1992, he played a supporting role in \"The Golden Girls\" spin-off \"The Golden Palace\". Cheadle subsequently played district attorney John Littleton on three seasons of \"Picket Fences\".\nCheadle first received widespread notice for his portrayal of Mouse Alexander in the film \"Devil in a Blue Dress\", for which he won Best Supporting Actor awards from the Los Angeles Film Critics Association and the National Society of Film Critics and was nominated for similar awards from the Screen Actors Guild and the NAACP Image Awards. Following soon thereafter was his performance in the title role of the 1996 HBO TV movie \"Rebound: The Legend of Earl \"The Goat\" Manigault\". He also starred in the 1997 film \"Volcano\", directed by Mick Jackson.Don Cheadle also starred in Rush Hour 2 (2001), with Jackie Chan and Chris Tucker..\nCheadle's television credits include Emmy-nominated performances in the movies \"The Rat Pack\", \"A Lesson Before Dying\", \"Things Behind the Sun\" and in a guest appearance on \"ER\". The last of these spanned four episodes during the show's ninth season, in which he portrayed Paul Nathan, a medical student struggling to cope with Parkinson's disease. He has made appearances in films including \"Rosewood\", \"The Family Man\", \"Boogie Nights\", \"Out of Sight\", \"Traffic\", and \"Ocean's Eleven\". These last three were directed by Steven Soderbergh. He made a cameo appearance in the film \"Abby Singer\". In 2005, Cheadle was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor for his portrayal of Paul Rusesabagina in the film \"Hotel Rwanda\". He also starred in and co-produced \"Crash\", which won the 2006 Academy Award for Best Picture. For his performance in \"Crash\", Cheadle was nominated for the BAFTA and Screen Actors Guild Awards for Best Supporting Actor. He played the main character in the movie \"Traitor\".\nIn March 2007, Cheadle starred with comedian Adam Sandler in Mike Binder's \"Reign Over Me\", a comedy-drama about a man who has slipped away from reality after the death of his wife and three daughters in 9/11. The film was a box office flop, earning a domestic gross of $22.2 million. Cheadle later starred in the 2009 DreamWorks Pictures film \"Hotel for Dogs\". Cheadle was to make his directorial debut with the adaptation of Elmore Leonard's \"Tishomingo Blues\", but in July 2007 he stated, \"'Tishomingo' is dead...\"\nCheadle appeared in NFL commercials promoting the Super Bowl from 2002 to 2005. He so regularly appeared for the NFL in its Super Bowl advertising that in 2006, in a drive to get fans to submit their own advertising ideas, the NFL sought his permission to reference his previous commercials to portray themselves as having no new ideas: \"he quickly signed off on the idea and found it funny.\" Abe Sutton (along with Etan Bednarsh), one of the finalists in this NFL contest, played on this commercial by proposing an ad where every player on a football team is Don Cheadle.\nIn 2009, Cheadle and \"Boondocks\" creator Aaron McGruder worked on a potential comedy show on NBC. The \"project revolve[d] around mismatched brothers who reunite to open a private security company.\" Cheadle and McGruder were slated to serve as executive producers, while McGruder was expected to write the script.\nAlso in 2009, Cheadle performed in \"The People Speak\", a documentary feature film that uses dramatic and musical performances of the letters, diaries, and speeches of everyday Americans, based on historian Howard Zinn's \"A People's History of the United States\".\nIn 2010, Cheadle assumed the role of War Machine / James Rhodes in \"Iron Man 2\" (2010), replacing Terrence Howard. Cheadle currently reprised this role in \"Iron Man 3\" (2013), \"Avengers: Age of Ultron\" (2015), \"Captain America: Civil War\" (2016), \"Avengers: Infinity War\" (2018), \"Avengers: Endgame\" (2019) and will reprise it in the Disney+ series Iron Heart.\nFrom 2012 to 2016, Cheadle starred in the Showtime TV series \"House of Lies\". In 2013, he won the Golden Globe as Best Actor in a Comedy Series for his role on the show.\nCheadle spent ten years writing and producing the film \"Miles Ahead\" (2016) based on the life of jazz musician Miles Davis. Cheadle also directed and starred in the film. Locations for the movie were found in Cincinnati.\nIn 2018, Cheadle guest-starred in the first-season finale of \"DuckTales\", providing Donald Duck's new voice box.\nSome of the movies he was in are:"}
+{"id": "44339", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44339", "title": "Massospondylus", "text": "Massospondylus was a dinosaur from the Upper Triassic to the Lower Jurassic periods. It was described by Richard Owen in 1854. It is one of the first dinosaurs to have been named. The remains were found in South Africa. \nThe dinosaur was bipedal. It was probably a plant eater (herbivore)."}
+{"id": "44349", "revid": "373511", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44349", "title": "MIRC", "text": "mIRC is a popular shareware Internet Relay Chat (IRC) client for Microsoft Windows. It was created in 1995 by Khaled Mardam-Bey in C. Its most recent update (7.25) was made in 2012. It is licensed as Proprietary. It comes free of charge for 30 days and then you have the choice to buy it for US$20, or continue using but the program will ask you to buy it at each launch."}
+{"id": "44350", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44350", "title": "For Dummies", "text": "The ...for dummies is a series of books that try to explain something very simply. The series was created in 1991 by Dan Gookin. The first book was about the computer operating system MS-DOS. Dan Gookin created the book, because in 1987 a person wanted a book that was simple and easy to read, as the person considered computer books to be dull at that time. After MS-DOS for dummies, came PC's for Dummies by Gookin, and Andy Rathbone. Other popular ...For Dummies books are The Internet for Dummies by John Levine, Carol Baroudi, and Margaret Levine Young, and Beginning Programming for Dummies by Wallace Wang. The book cover is usually yellow and black, with the name in white letters on the black part."}
+{"id": "44353", "revid": "440188", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44353", "title": "The Source (Charmed)", "text": "The Source is a fictional character in the television series \"Charmed\". The Source of All Evil is vanquished by the Power of Three in the fourth season of the show. Cole Turner (Phoebe's fiancee) takes his place as the ruler of the Underworld. Once he is killed, the Charmed Ones are free."}
+{"id": "44354", "revid": "656019", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44354", "title": "Takasaki line", "text": "The is a railway line that runs from Omiya station in Saitama Prefecture to Takasaki Station in the Gunma Prefecture. It runs diagonally from south to north in Saitama prefecture and is owed and operated by the East Japan Railway Company (JR East Japan). The national highway route 17 and its historical predecessor Nakasendo run near this line.\nThe fare between Takasaki and Omiya of the Takasaki line is 1280 yen.\nThe colors of the cars are green and orange. So it looks similar to the Utsunomiya line.\nThe maximum speed of this train . So it is possible to go Takasaki from Omiya in about an hour and a half.\nThe Takasaki line including local trains and rapid trains has generally six standard-runs per hour in daytime. According to the time, the train might be crowded with students and company employees in major cities, for example, Ageo, Okegawa, Kitamoto, Kounosu, Kumagaya, Fukaya, Honjo."}
+{"id": "44355", "revid": "1668368", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44355", "title": "Red panda", "text": "The red panda (\"Ailurus fulgens\") is a mammal. It is the only species of the Ailuridae family. There are two subspecies: \"Ailurus fulgens fulgens\" and \"Ailurus fulgens styani\". It is also known as lesser panda, cat-bear, bear-cat and firefox.\nOverview.\nMost that are bred at Japanese zoos are \"Ailurus fulgens styani\". They are called \u30ec\u30c3\u30b5\u30fc\u30d1\u30f3\u30c0 (ressaa panda) in Japanese and \u5c0f\u718a\u8c93 (xi\u01ceo x\u00econg m\u0101o) in Chinese, literally translating to English as \"small bear-cat\", or \"fox-bear.\" The IUCN classes them as endangered. \nThe red panda is not closely related to the giant panda: they are in different families, but share a diet of mostly bamboo. They have both adapted to eating plant material, which is unusual for members of the Carnivora. \nFrench zoologist Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Cuvier first described the western red panda Ailurus fulgens in 1825, 48 years before the giant panda was classified.\nA scientist by the name Brian Houghton Hodgson, was one of the first people to look more deeply into the red panda because up until he did, there was not much known about the species. \nHabitat.\nThe red panda lives in the southern part of China, Sikkim, Nepal, and the Himalaya mountains in high trees. In the Indian kingdom of Sikkim it is the state animal. As an endangered species it is protected by laws in the countries where it lives. Two nearly complete skeletons have been found at the Gray Fossil Site in Gray, Tennessee. \nAppearance and life.\nRed pandas are about 50-60 centimeters long and weigh between three and five kilograms. They have chestnut colored hair, and their faces have white markings. A red panda's tail can measure from 30 to 50 centimeters long (Almost the length of their body) which provides them with balance while navigating the treetops. They will also use these tails as wraparound blankets in their chilly mountain habitat. They live alone while they are adults. They have thumb-like appendages for grabbing Bamboo, similar to giant pandas. Red pandas feed mainly on bamboo using their opposable thumb. While their thumb-like appendages can be used in the same way as that of giant pandas, it is believed that the red panda\u2019s opposable thumbs may have evolved as an adaptation for grasping branches in trees rather than for stripping bamboo. The red panda can be found spending most of their day on top of tree branches. Their thumb-like appendages make them skilled climbers. They live eight to ten years in the wild and up to 15 years in captivity. They have the digestive system and skeleton of a carnivore, but they mostly eat plants. In addition to Bamboo, the Red Panda also eats fruits, tuberous roots, acorns, small mammals, bugs, grubs, birds, grasses, and beech mast. The Red Panda is classified as crepuscular, which means they are active around dawn and sunset, sleeping during the night and midday instead. Hodgson observed that they are monogamous and only breed once a year.\nReferences.\nGlatston, A. R. (2011). Red panda biology and conservation of the first panda (1st ed.). Academic Press."}
+{"id": "44363", "revid": "1343687", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44363", "title": "Refraction", "text": "Refraction is the change in direction of a wave, caused by the change in the wave's speed. Examples of waves include sound waves and light waves. Refraction is seen most often when a wave passes from one transparent medium to another transparent medium. Different types of medium include air and water. \nWhen a wave passes from one transparent medium to another transparent medium, the wave will change its speed and its direction. For example, when a light wave travels through air and then passes into water, the wave will slow and change direction. In this property when the light is transmitted through a medium, polarisation of electrons take place, which in turn reduces the speed of light, thus changing the direction of light.\nAs light goes into a medium which is denser, the light ray will 'bend' toward the normal. When it goes back into the less dense medium (with a lower refractive index), it will bend back through the same angle as when it came in (if the surface at exit is parallel to the surface at entry).\nAn example of how refraction works is placing a straw in a cup of water, with part of the straw in the water. When looking at a certain angle, the straw appears to bend at the water's surface. This is because of the change in density of the medium and thus, bending of light rays as they move from the air to water.\nA good and simple way to understand how light works is to think of it like a car. When the car hits the gravel surface (this is the medium) on an angle, the tire that hits it first will slow, causing it to turn in that direction. Therefore, if light hits a medium on the right having a greater refractive index, it will bend right. The amount of bending is given by Snell's law and . Lenses work by refraction.\nWhen light refracts in a prism, it splits into colours of the rainbow because some wavelengths bend more than others. \nIn optics the refractive index or index of refraction \"n\" of a substance is a dimensionless number that describes how light, or other radiation, goes through that medium. It is defined as \nwhere c is the speed of light in a vacuum and \"v\" is the \"phase velocity\" of light in the medium. Snell's law uses refractive indexes to calculate the amount of refraction."}
+{"id": "44366", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44366", "title": "Fargo", "text": "Fargo usually refers to:\nFargo may also refer to:"}
+{"id": "44372", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44372", "title": "Magic moushroom", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44373", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44373", "title": "Psychedelic mushroom", "text": "Magic mushrooms or psychedelic mushrooms or Psilocybin mushrooms contain the alkaloid psilocybin, or similar substances.\nPsilocybin is a mind-altering chemical. It changes the brain to an altered state of mind, or a different state of consciousness. This can lead to effects like hallucinations or visions. They may be used for medical purposes to treat cluster headaches, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and certain kinds of depression.\n\"Psilocybe semilanceata\" is the classic example of a magic mushroom, but there are quite a few others. These fungi also have some species with psilocybin: \"Copelandia\", \"Gymnopilus\", \"Inocybe\", \"Mycena\", \"Panaeolus\", \"Pholiotina\", \"Pluteus\".\nPsilocybin can kill in extremely high doses. The LD50 of psilocybin is 280\u00a0mg/kg for rats, this is about 1.5 times that of caffeine. In normal psychedelic mushrooms, psilocybin makes up about 1% of their weight. Therefore, nearly 1.7 kilograms of dried mushrooms, or 17 kilograms of fresh mushrooms, would be required for a 60\u00a0kg person to reach the 280\u00a0mg/kg LD50 rate of rats.\nPsilocybin mushrooms have probably been used since prehistoric times. They may be seen in rock art. Many cultures have used these mushrooms in religious rites. Psychedelic mushrooms have been used by native peoples of Mesoamerica for religious communion and healing. Catholic missionaries were against the use of magic mushrooms. In Modern society, they are sometimes used recreationally. Their medical use in psilocybin-assisted psychotherapy is studied, for example, in the treatment for anxiety and depression in patients with life-threatening cancer, the treatment of depression and to help quit smoking.\nThe function of compounds like this in nature is they reduce the likelihood of the mushroom being eaten before its spores have been scattered. It is a defence against herbivory."}
+{"id": "44374", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44374", "title": "Psychedelic mushrooms", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44386", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44386", "title": "Heavy Metal", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44389", "revid": "18539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44389", "title": "Bharata (disambiguation)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44390", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44390", "title": "Republic of India", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44402", "revid": "10498899", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44402", "title": "Harold Godwinson", "text": "Harold Godwinson (c. 1022 \u2013 14 October 1066) ruled England as King Harold II of England after King Edward the Confessor died. Harold ruled from 5 January 1066 until he was killed at the Battle of Hastings. His death marked the Norman conquest of England and the end of Anglo-Saxon England.\nCareer.\nHarold was the son of Godwin, Earl of Wessex, and Gytha, a Danish noblewoman. His sister, Edith, was married to the king whom he succeeded, Edward the Confessor. About the same time, Harold became the Earl of East Anglia. When his father died in 1053, Harold inherited his earldom of Wessex. \nElfgar, the son of Leofric of Mercia, was appointed to replace Harold in East Anglia. Berkshire and Somerset were joined to Wessex again. Wessex itself was then an enormous amount of land that covered about a third of England. Harold ruled over a large portion of England, making him the most powerful man in the whole kingdom after the king.\nHarold had three brothers: Tostig, Swegen and Gryth. He claimed to have been made King by Edward the Confessor. Before Harold became king, he swore to help William, Duke of Normandy, to become king.\nIn September 1066, Harold defeated an invasion from the north by Harald Hardrada of Norway. Harold returned south to fight William's invasion but was killed. It is generally assumed that it was by an arrow shot by one of William's archers. However, some reports stated that he was cut down by many soldiers."}
+{"id": "44404", "revid": "206429", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44404", "title": "Spanish Armada", "text": "The Spanish Armada was a Spanish naval fleet (army of ships) that was famously used by King Philip II of Spain against England in 1588.\nThe ships were on their way to Flanders, across the English Channel, to fetch an army to invade England. However, the Royal Navy, under Queen Elizabeth I, caught up with the ships on the way. English ships sailed from Plymouth to attack the Armada. They were faster and more easily moved than the larger Spanish galleons. The English fired on the Armada and lost no ships as the Spanish sailed eastward off the south coast of England.\nThat started on 12 July 1588 and ended in August 1588.\nThe second-in-command of the Royal Navy was Sir Francis Drake. A story is that he was playing a game of bowling with his friends when he heard of the attack, but he boldly insisted that he had time to finish the game and then to defeat the Spanish Armada. The story was first written 100 years after the supposed events, however, and so it may have not have happened.\nThe Spanish Armada was led by Spanish Duke of Medina Sidonia. He had no naval experience but replaced the original commander, who had died in February.\nThe following year, an English Armada, sometimes called the \"Counter-Armada\" attacked the Spanish Navy in Portugal but complety failed also. That is much less famous than the Spanish Armada.\nReasons for war.\nThe Anglo-Spanish War (1585-1604) had several causes:\nDefeat.\nThe defeat of the Armada is often attributed to a severe storm that scattered the Spanish vessels before they met the British fleet. The Spanish could not use their advantage of having far more ships. The English had only 55 ships, which were not larger but carried more guns. The Spanish had only short-range cannons, but the English had long-range cannons. Part of the English strategy was to sink or to damage the enemy ships before they got close enough to fire back at them.\nThe English ships could also move more easily. The Spanish galleons could have their oars broken off completely by a heavy vessel sailing past nearby. The morale and the dedication of the English sailors were high, especially by the famous speech by Elizabeth I and their loyalty to England. They also were led by experienced captains, who had years of naval battles behind them.\nThe defeated Spanish fled northward through the North Sea, and the English chased them. Many more ships were lost, and thousands of men died during the retreat.\nAftermath.\nThe English sailors had done very well but failed to get paid and were made to stay on their ships and \"guard\" in case there was another Spanish attack. Lord Howard of Effingham was shocked when he found out that his soldiers were not getting paid. He said, \"I would rather have never a penny in the world, than they should lack\" (Modern English: \"I would rather never have money to having my men not have it\").\nA year later, Elizabeth I sent a similar English Armada of more than 100 ships and 19,000 troops to complete her victory. It was to seize a fleet of Spanish treasure ships and to impose a new king on Portugal. However, that expedition also failed.\nA second Spanish Armada in 1596 and a third one in 1597 also failed.\nReasons for Spanish failure.\nUnrealistic expectations.\nKing Philip II of Spain had a poor understanding of his plan of action. He believed that God was on his side, which was a faulty understanding of reality.\nDrake\u2019s raid on Cadiz.\nAs the Armada was being prepared, English Admiral Sir Francis Drake launched a daring raid on the Spanish port of Cadiz, which disrupted the Spanish preparations and forced the invasion to be postponed until 1588.\nDuke of Medina-Sidonia.\nThe Duke of Medina-Sidonia had been selected for not his skills as an admiral but his noble birth. He was not very confident to lead such a huge armada against the English naval ships. He had also been known to get seasick. \nLack of experienced gunners.\nThe Spanish lacked experienced gunners on their ships. On the other hand, the English fleet roughly had one man in ten as a gunnery specialist. That meant that every gun crew was supervised by someone with the relevant skills and experience. As a result, when the battle came, the English fired two or three times faster.\nPoorer ammunition.\nThe Spanish carried more ammunition for their cannons than the English, but it was not as good. The iron ore in Spain was inferior in that found in England. The situation was made worse by the rush to produce ammunition for the expedition. To speed production, cannonballs had been cooled in water, which weakened their structure.\nWeather.\nEven before they reached their destination, the Spanish ships had been scattered by storms twice. Some were damaged, others were lost, and there were long delays while they regrouped. That was an omen of what was to come, when storms smashed the Spanish fleet as it fled the English. The Spanish then limped home around the British Isles.\nFire ships.\nThe English used fire ships against the Spanish fleet. They did not sink any enemy ships. However, they forced the Spanish to scatter, and ships were damaged as they collided one another. That gave the English an advantage in the days that followed."}
+{"id": "44405", "revid": "5804", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44405", "title": "Terminal station", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44406", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44406", "title": "Frank Griswold", "text": "Frank Tracy Griswold III (born 18 September 1937 in Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania died 6 March 2023) was the 25th Presiding Bishop and Primate of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America.\nGriswold went to school at St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire. He earned an A.B. in English literature from Harvard College (1959). He attended the General Theological Seminary and earned his B.A. and M.A, in theology from Oriel College, Oxford University (1962, 1966). Griswold became a priest in 1963. He became a priest in Pennsylvania. He worked at three churches there. Frank Griswold was the bishop of Chicago from 1987 until he became presiding bishop in 1997.\nGriswold is a member of the Joint Standing Committee of the Primates of the Anglican Communion and the Anglican Consultative Council. He was co-chair of the Anglican-Roman Catholic International Commission from 1998 to 2003. He was a member of the standing committee for the 1998 Lambeth Conference. He has also served on diocesan, national and international committees for liturgy, worship and ecumenism. He is also a member of The Fellowship of Saint John.\nHis term as presiding bishop ended on November first 2006. He was replaced by the Rt. Reverand Katharine Jefferts Schori. She was elected by the General Convention of the Episcopal Church in the United States of America."}
+{"id": "44408", "revid": "1232255", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44408", "title": "Sun", "text": "The Sun, also known as Sol, is a star at the center of the solar system. It is a white star that gives off different types of energy such as infrared energy (heat), ultraviolet light, radio waves and light. It gives off the light and heat that make life on Earth possible. Without it, Earth would be a frozen, lifeless place. It is a huge ball of hot gases, mostly hydrogen and helium. \nThe Sun is nearly a perfect sphere and has a diameter of about 1.39 million kilometers (or 864,000 miles), which is about 109 times wider than Earth. Its mass is 333,000 times heavier than Earth, and it makes up over 99.8% of all the mass in the Solar System. That is why its gravity controls the movement of all the planets, moons, asteroids, and comets. The Sun\u2019s energy comes from nuclear reactions deep inside it, where hydrogen is turned into helium. This process releases a lot of energy, which travels as light and heat across space to reach Earth. It takes about 8 minutes for sunlight to travel the 150 million kilometers (93 million miles) from the Sun to Earth. This distance is called 1 Astronomical Unit (AU). The Sun is also part of the Milky Way galaxy, slowly orbiting around the galaxy\u2019s center at a distance of about 24,000 to 28,000 light-years. Its outer layer, called the photosphere, is mostly hydrogen (~73%) and helium (~25%), but also contains tiny amounts of other elements like oxygen, carbon, neon, and iron.\nThe Sun is a type of star called a G-type main-sequence star, sometimes nicknamed a yellow dwarf, even though its light is actually white, not yellow. It looks yellow because of the atmosphere. Sunlight is made up of all the colors, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. When sunlight passes through Earth\u2019s atmosphere, the shorter wavelengths, like blue and violet, get scattered in all directions. That is also why the sky looks blue. The longer wavelengths, like yellow and red, do not scatter as much, so they reach our eyes more directly. That is why the Sun looks yellow when it is seen from the ground. But if the Sun is seen from space, where there is no atmosphere, it would look white, which is its real color.\nThe Sun was born about 4.6 billion years ago. It formed when a huge cloud of gas and dust in space began to collapse under its own gravity. Most of the material got pulled into the center, which became the Sun. The leftover material flattened into a spinning disk and formed the planets, moons, asteroids, and comets, creating the Solar System. As the Sun's core got hot and dense, it started a process called nuclear fusion. This is when hydrogen atoms combine to make helium, releasing an enormous amount of energy. Every second, the Sun turns about 600 billion kilograms of hydrogen into helium and converts 4 billion kilograms of matter into energy. This energy is what gives us sunlight and heat, keeping our planet warm and life-friendly.\nThe Sun gives off a stream of particles, which reaches Earth as \"solar wind\". The source of all this energy is nuclear fusion. Nuclear fusion is the reaction in the star which turns hydrogen into helium and makes huge amounts of energy. It is a nearly perfect ball of hot plasma. The Sun looks yellow to people on Earth, but it is really white. The Sun is a star like many others in our Milky Way galaxy. The Sun is a type of star called a G-type main-sequence star based on its spectral class.\nAge and size.\nThe Sun is about 4.5 billion years old. The Sun is about a hundred times as wide as the Earth. It has a mass of . This is 333,000 times the mass of the Earth. 1.3 million Earths can fit inside the Sun. The Sun fuses about 600 million tons of hydrogen into helium every second.\nSignificance.\nThe Sun is the main source of energy for the Earth. This energy is made deep inside the Sun in a process called nuclear fusion. Four hydrogen atoms are fused together to make one helium atom. Some of the leftover matter turns into energy. This is the same way energy is released in a hydrogen bomb.\nIt can take between 10,000 and 170,000 years for the energy in the core of the Sun to escape. The Sun is the most important source of energy for life on Earth. Without the Sun, there would be no vegetation on Earth: every plant needs light to live and grow. Everything on Earth would freeze over without the Sun. The Sun gives the Earth heat as well as light. Plants make oxygen by photosynthesis. All humans and animals breathe oxygen. The Earth's position in the Solar System is just right for the development of life on Earth.\nFeatures.\nThe Sun is a G-type main-sequence star. It has about 99.86% of the mass of the Solar System. The Sun has an absolute magnitude of +4.83. It is brighter than about 85% of the stars in the Milky Way galaxy. The Sun is a Population I star, i.e it a metal-rich fairly young star.\nThe Sun is the brightest object in the Earth's sky. It has an apparent magnitude of \u221226.74. It takes 8 minutes and 20 seconds for light to travel from the Sun's surface to Earth's surface.\nPhysics of the Sun.\nOrigin.\nScientists think that the Sun started from a very large cloud of dust and small bits of ice about 4.567 billion years ago.\nAt the center of that huge cloud, gravity caused the material to build up into a ball. Once this got big enough, the huge pressure inside started a fusion reaction. The energy this released caused that ball to heat and shine. \nAt its very center, hydrogen atoms collide together at great temperature and pressure and fuse to form atoms of helium. This process is called nuclear fusion. It was proposed by Hans Bethe just before World War II.\nOrbit.\nThe Sun and everything that orbits it is in the Milky Way galaxy. The Sun orbits around the centre of the Milky Way. It takes along everything in the Solar System. The Sun moves at 820,000\u00a0km an hour. At that speed, it still takes 230 million years for a full orbit. Since the Sun is all gas, surface features come and go. If the Sun is viewed through a special solar telescope, dark areas called sunspots can be seen. These areas are caused by the Sun's magnetic field. The sunspots only look dark because the rest of the Sun is very bright.\nSome space telescopes, including the ones that orbit the Sun have seen huge arches of the Sun's matter extend suddenly from the Sun. These are called solar prominences. Solar prominences come in many different shapes and sizes. Some of them are so large that the Earth could fit inside of them, and a few are shaped like hands. Solar flares also come and go. Sunspots, prominences and flares become rare, and then numerous, and then rare again, every 11 years.\nPhotosphere.\nThis is the surface of the Sun. The light that the Earth receives from the Sun is radiated from this layer. Below this layer, the Sun is opaque, or not transparent to light.\nComposition.\nThe Sun is mainly composed of hydrogen and helium. All elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, account for less than 2% of the mass of the Sun. The Sun's chemical composition was got from the interstellar medium. The hydrogen and most of the helium in the Sun would have been produced by Big Bang nucleosynthesis in the first 20 minutes of the universe. The heavier elements were produced by stars that died before the Sun was formed. The heavier elements were released into the interstellar medium when stars exploded as supernova.\nAtmosphere.\nFive layers make up the atmosphere of the Sun. The chromosphere, transition region, and corona are much hotter than the outer photosphere surface of the Sun. It is believed that Alfv\u00e9n waves may pass through to heat the corona.\nThe minimum temperature zone, the coolest layer of the Sun, is about above the photosphere. It has a temperature of about . This part of the Sun is cool enough to allow simple molecules such as carbon monoxide and water to form. These molecules can be seen on the Sun with special instruments called spectroscopes.\nThe chromosphere is the first layer of the Sun which can be seen, especially during a solar eclipse when the moon is covering most of the Sun and blocking the brightest light.\nThe solar transition region is the part of the Sun's atmosphere, between the chromosphere and outer part called the corona. It can be seen from space using telescopes that can sense ultraviolet light. The transition is between two very different layers. In the bottom part it touches the photosphere and gravity shapes the features. At the top, the transition layer touches the corona.\nThe corona is the outer atmosphere of the Sun and is much bigger than the rest of the Sun. The corona continuously expands into space forming the solar wind, which fills all the Solar System. The average temperature of the corona and solar wind is about . In the hottest regions it is . We do not understand why the corona is so hot. It can be seen during a solar eclipse or with an instrument called a coronagraph.\nThe heliosphere is the thin outer atmosphere of the Sun, filled with the solar wind plasma. It extends out past the orbit of Pluto to the heliopause, where it forms a boundary where it collides with the interstellar medium.\nEclipses.\nA solar eclipse appears when the moon is between the Earth and Sun. The last total solar eclipse occurred on December 26, 2019, and was visible from Saudi Arabia, India, Sumatra and Borneo, with a partial eclipse visible in Australia and much of Asia. \nA lunar eclipse happens when the moon passes through the shadow of the Earth which can only occur during a full moon. The number of lunar eclipses in a single year can range from 0 to 3. Partial eclipses slightly outnumber total eclipses by 7 to 6.\nFate of the Sun.\nAstrophysicists say our Sun is a G-type main-sequence star in the middle of its life. In about billion years, increased solar energy will boil away the Earth's atmosphere and oceans. In a few more billion years, they think the Sun will get bigger and become a red giant star. The Sun would be up to 250 times its current size, as big as and swallow up the Earth.\nEarth's fate is still unknown. In the long term, the Earth's future depends on the Sun, and the Sun is going to be fairly stable for the next 5 billion years. Calculations suggest that the Earth might move to a wider orbit. This is because about 30% of the Sun's mass will blow away in the solar wind. \nHowever, in the very long term the Earth will probably be destroyed as the Sun increases in size. Stars like the Sun become red giants at a later stage. The Sun will expand beyond the orbits of Mercury, Venus, and probably Earth. In any event, the ocean and air would have vanished before the Sun gets to that stage.\nAfter the Sun reaches a point where it can no longer get bigger, it will lose its layers and form a planetary nebula. Eventually, the Sun will shrink into a white dwarf. Then, over several hundred billion or even a trillion years, the Sun would fade into a black dwarf."}
+{"id": "44418", "revid": "9563191", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44418", "title": "Sign of the cross", "text": "The sign of the cross is a physical gesture made by Catholic and Orthodox Christians, and sometimes also Protestants. It is usually done at the start and end of prayers. \nIn the Catholic tradition, the right hand goes from the forehead, to the chest, and then to the left and right shoulders (the order of shoulders does not matter). This is sometimes done while saying \"Father, Son, Holy Spirit.\"\nIn the Orthodox tradition, the tips of the thumb and the middle and index fingers are put together, and the ring finger and little finger are put against the palm. The first three fingers are for faith in the Trinity, and the other two fingers are for the two natures of Jesus, divine and human."}
+{"id": "44426", "revid": "1667013", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44426", "title": "Seljuk dynasty", "text": "The Seljuks (also Seldjuk, Seldjuq, Seljuq, sometimes also Seljuk Turks) were a Turkic Sunni Muslim dynasty of Oghuz origin. They ruled parts of Central Asia and the Middle East from the 11th to 14th centuries. Their empire was known as Great Seljuk Empire that stretched from Anatolia and the Levant to Afghanistan. The Seljuks also fought the European Christian Crusaders in the First Crusade. The Shia Muslims and other non-Sunnis (such as Zoroastrians) were heavily oppressed under Seljuk rule as the Seljuks were devout Sunnis and saw themselves as the protectors of the Abbasid Caliphate and Sunni Islam. Culturally, the Seljuks were a Persianate empire as they focused heavily on Persianate culture and Persian language. The Seljuk dynasty was founded by Tughril, a Turkmen chief. The official tradition of the dynasty was Hanafi.\nThe Seljuks were one of the cultural ancestors of the Western Turks, the present-day inhabitants of Turkey, Azerbaijan, and Turkmenistan. Originally, the House of Seljuq was a branch of the \"Kinik\" Oghuz Turks who in the 9th century lived in the steppes north of the Caspian and Aral Seas in modern-day Turkmenistan.\nSeljuk Rulers of Kerman 1041-1187.\nKerman was a nation in southern Persia. It fell in 1187, probably conquered by To\u011fr\u00fcl III of Great Seljuk.\nSeljuk Rulers in Syria 1076-1117.\nSultans/Emirs of Damascus:\nAtabegs of Aleppo:"}
+{"id": "44427", "revid": "1351064", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44427", "title": "Jell-O", "text": "Jell-O is a brand name for a dessert. It is known for a number of gelatin desserts, such as fruit gels, puddings, and unbaked cream pies. including fruit gels, puddings and no-bake cream pies.\nDescription.\nJell-O is sold as all prepared (ready to eat) or in powder form, and it is has many different colors and flavors. The powder has powdered gelatin, sugar, and artificial sweeteners. It is melted into hot water, and then chilled and eaten. Sometimes other ingredients are added to make them taste better. Jell-O must be put in a refrigerator until it is served, and usually eaten with a spoon.\nThere are also pudding and pie under the Jell-O brand. To make pudding, they are cooked on the stove with milk, then eaten.\nThough the word \"Jell-O\" is a name brand, it is commonly used in the United States as a generic name for all gelatin products."}
+{"id": "44432", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44432", "title": "Sacred heart of Jesus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44434", "revid": "1688400", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44434", "title": "Pteranodon", "text": "Pteranodon was a large pterosaur from the Upper Cretaceous period. About 1200 partial skeletons have been found, more than any other pterosaur. It lived in the area of the Western Interior Seaway.\nFossil \"Pteranodon\" have been found in Kansas, Alabama, Nebraska, Wyoming, and South Dakota.\nAppearance.\nWith its wings open it was up to 7 meters across. \"Pteranodon\" might have lived much like an albatross, spending a lot of time over the ocean, looking for fish. It had no teeth in its long mouth, and it had a small pouch like a pelican at the back of its jaw. \"Pteranodon\" had a big crest at the back of its head. \"Pteranodon longiceps\" had a straight crest that went backwards, and \"Pteranodon sternbergi\" had a bigger, flatter crest that went upward.\nLife style.\n\"Pteranodon\" lived mainly on offshore rookeries. Most \"Pteranodon\" fossils are found where, at the time, they were hundreds of kilometres from the coastline.\nThey certainly fed on fish. Fossilized fish bones have been found in the stomach area of one \"Pteranodon\". Other specimens have fragments of fish scales and vertebrae near the torso.\nFemales of both species were smaller than the males, and had small, rounded crests. The crests were probably used in display, though they may have had other functions as well."}
+{"id": "44435", "revid": "1688269", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44435", "title": "Richard II of England", "text": "Richard II (6 January 1367 \u2013 14 February 1400) was the son of Edward, the Black Prince, Prince of Wales, and Joan of Kent, \"The Fair Maid of Kent\". He was born in Bordeaux and became his father's successor when his elder brother died in infancy.\nSince his father died before him, he became king in 1377. His uncle John of Gaunt, the Duke of Lancaster, became regent until Richard could rule. He was deposed and made to abdicate in 1399 by Henry of Bolingbroke (Henry IV), John of Gaunt's son with Blanche of Lancaster. Richard was taken prisoner; and was killed in captivity later that year.\nWilliam Shakespeare wrote a play about Richard II."}
+{"id": "44436", "revid": "40117", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44436", "title": "Drinker", "text": "Drinker was a small dinosaur from North America. It was a very small herbivore that grew up to 1 meter long. It was named after Edward Drinker Cope a paleontologist, a dinosaur scientist who found many dinosaur fossils such as \"Triceratops\", \"Anatotitan\" and \"Tyrannosaurus rex\"."}
+{"id": "44437", "revid": "10210503", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44437", "title": "Franz Ferdinand (band)", "text": "Franz Ferdinand is a Scottish indie rock band from Glasgow, Scotland. The group is named after Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary. The band has released five albums, \"Franz Ferdinand\", \"You Could Have It So Much Better With Franz Ferdinand\", \"Tonight: Franz Ferdinand\", \"Right Thoughts, Right Words, Right Action\", and their most recent release, \"Always Ascending\".\nThe band members are Alex Kapranos, Robert Hardy, Julian Corrie, Dino Bardot, Audrey Tait and touring member Johnny Marr ex-The Smiths and past members are Paul Thompson and Nick McCarthy. "}
+{"id": "44449", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44449", "title": "Kress Stores", "text": "S. H. Kress & Co. was a group of \"five and dime\" department stores in the United States between 1896 to 1981. The business was started in Nanticoke, Pennsylvania, by Samuel H. Kress in 1896. Kress Stores were common in many cities and towns of the United States. In 1964, S. H. Kress & Co. was bought by Genesco, Inc. Genesco began closing down the stores in 1980.\nThe Kress chain was known for the architecture of the stores. A number of former Kress stores, now used for other things, are said to be landmarks. Some of the most well-known Kress locations included New York City's Fifth Avenue, Canal Street, New Orleans, and one at Hollywood's Hollywood Boulevard. The one at Hollywood Boulevard is now preserved at a theme park in Florida."}
+{"id": "44451", "revid": "1686165", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44451", "title": "Henry V of England", "text": "Henry V (16 Henry V, or Henry of Monmouth (September 1386\u00a0\u2013 31 August 1422), was the King of England from 1413 to 1422. He was born at Monmouth, Wales. It is not known whether he was born on 9 August 1386 or 16 September 1387. What we know is that Henry V is the second Lancastrian king of England. \nHenry V was the son of Henry Bolingbroke, later Henry IV, and Mary de Bohun, who died before Bolingbroke became king. \nHenry IV was very unpopular, because he was actually not the rightful man to the throne. But his son, Henry V became greatly favoured by his people. In the earlier war against Wales, he and his father had fought the 'Prince of Wales', Glyndwen. After the death of Henry IV, Henry V pardoned the Prince, and went to fight France, claiming that \"he\" should be the king of France. \nA few decades before, England had started a century-long war, the Hundred Years' War with France. Henry IV had lost his part of the war and switched to fighting at home, at the border of Wales. After resuming the war at France, Henry V defeated the French at the famous Battle of Agincourt in 1415. Shakespeare wrote a play about that and made him important in other plays too. \nHenry V was important in British politics too. He created a court system to solve crimes, cases and arguments in justice. Many people liked this democracy. He was also a brilliant military general, who won many battles and ingeniously defeated armies that were far larger than his. Unfortunately, the next king, his infant heir Henry VI, lost all his gains after he died, and turned England to a chaotic nation. "}
+{"id": "44454", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44454", "title": "Control", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44457", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44457", "title": "Athlete's foot", "text": "Athlete's foot is a condition where the foot is dry and cracked, which can be mildly painful. It was named athlete's foot because it was common in people who play sports or do exercise. The infection can be spread to other areas of the body, such as the armpit, and the knees and elbows.\nSymptoms.\nAthlete's foot causes scaling, flaking, itching, blisters and cracked skin. It can be cured by using antibiotics."}
+{"id": "44460", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44460", "title": "Back", "text": "Back might refer to:"}
+{"id": "44470", "revid": "805501", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44470", "title": "Reflection", "text": "Reflection is the change in direction of a wave at a boundary between two different media, so that the wave moves back into the medium it came from.\nThe most common examples include the reflection of light, sound and water waves.\nSpecular reflection is a mirror-like reflection of light from a surface, in which light from a single incoming direction is reflected into a single outgoing direction. In the diagram to the right, a light ray is coming from the point P, and meets at the mirror at point O. The ray reflects at the point O outwards in the same medium towards point Q. Reflection is measured relative to a line through point O that is at 90\u02da to the mirror. The angles made by the light ray (shown in the diagram as formula_1 and formula_2) must be equal. Both angles have to be equal whenever reflection occurs. This is known as the \"law of reflection\".\nPeople make many things to use reflections, including reflecting telescopes, radar, sonar, and lidar and putting light reflectors on things they want to see."}
+{"id": "44471", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44471", "title": "King Harold", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44491", "revid": "10310462", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44491", "title": "Caspian Sea", "text": "The Caspian Sea is the largest and only closed sea on Earth by both area and volume and is considered a sea. Its name comes from the Caspi people which the Gilaks/Caspis Caspianis are the only decendent of and are the same as. It has a surface area of . Its volume is . The Caspian has for44% of the total lake waters of the world. More than 89% of the seas area belongs to Iran. \nThe Caspian sea is an endorheic body of water. It is bordered by Russia, Azerbaijan, Iran, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. It has a maximum depth of about . It is called a sea because when the Romans first arrived there, they tasted the water and found it to be salty. It has a salinity of approximately 1.2%, about a third the salinity of sea water."}
+{"id": "44494", "revid": "7441190", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44494", "title": "Complementary angles", "text": "Complementary angles are two angles that when their measurements are added together is equal to 90 degrees."}
+{"id": "44495", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44495", "title": "Civil rights", "text": "Civil rights are rights that all people in a country have. \nOverview.\nThe civil rights of a country apply to all the citizens within its borders. These rights are given by the laws of the country. Civil rights are sometimes thought to be the same as natural rights.\nSpecifics.\nIn many countries, civil rights include freedom of speech, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, and freedom of assembly. Civil rights also include the right to own property and the right to get fair and equal treatment from the government, from other citizens and from private entities. They may prevent discrimination based on race, sexual orientation, gender, gender identity or disability.\nLegal protection.\nCivil rights are protected by laws and customs. The constitutions of many democracies have a \"Bill of Rights\" guaranteeing the people's freedom and privileges. A well-known example is the \"United States Bill of Rights\". \nA court of law decides if a person's civil rights have been violated. The courts also decide the limits of civil rights, so that people do not use their freedoms to take away the rights of other people."}
+{"id": "44500", "revid": "1662195", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44500", "title": "Moscovium", "text": "Moscovium is a superheavy synthetic radioactive chemical element also known as eka-bismuth. It has the symbol Mc and the atomic number 115. Moscovium does not exist in nature. It is made from a fusion reaction between americium and calcium.\nThe element is named in honor of the Russian city of Moscow.\nMoscovium is in or near the center of the theoretical island of stability. No stable isotopes of moscovium have yet been found. The most stable isotope with 184 neutrons is 299Mc. The isotope that has been made has only 175 neutrons (290Mc).\nUses.\nThere is no use of Moscovium at the moment because of its radioactivity and short half-life.\nHistory.\nOn February 2, 2004 a report that moscovium and nihonium were made was written in a journal named Physical Review C. The report was written by a team of Russian scientists at Dubna University's Joint Institute for Nuclear Research and American scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.,\nThese people reported that they bombarded americium with calcium to make four atoms of moscovium.\nScientists of Japan also report that they have made moscovium.\nIn May 2006 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research this element was made by another method and what the final products from radioactive decay were was found by chemical analysis.\nName.\nThe name was changed to Moscovium. It used to be named ununpentium.\nChemical properties.\nNot enough moscovium has been made to measure its physical or chemical properties. It is thought that it would be a hard metal. It may be slightly colored.\nMoscovium is in the same group as bismuth but its chemical properties will be different. The chemistry of moscovium will be very influenced by special relativity. It will make its properties different to the other elements in the periodic table that have a smaller atomic number. One important difference from bismuth is the presence of a stable oxidation state of +I (Mc+). The (Mc+) ion is thought to have chemical properties like Tl+.\nIn popular culture.\nMoscovium is inside or near the island of stability. This is probably why it is found in popular culture. It is more likely to be talked about in UFO conspiracy theories. \nThe most popular story about moscovium is from Bob Lazar. It is not pseudoscience because it is a refutable theory, however Lazar's claims are not backed by any direct experimental evidence at this time."}
+{"id": "44501", "revid": "1618275", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44501", "title": "Tennessine", "text": "Tennessine is a radioactive superheavy man-made chemical element. It has a symbol Ts and atomic number of 117. It is the second heaviest element of all, and is the second to last element. It is in group 17 in the periodic table, where the halogens are. Its properties are not yet fully known but it is probably a metalloid. The discovery of tennessine was announced in 2010 by scientists in Russia and the United States. They collaborated and it is the most recently discovered element as of 2019. It is named after the state of Tennessee and it has no uses except research.\nHistory.\nBefore discovery.\nIn 2004, the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR) team in Dubna, Moscow Oblast, Russia planned an experiment to create element 117. To do this, they needed to fuse the elements berkelium (element 97) and calcium (element 20). However, the American team at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the only producer of berkelium in the world, had stopped making berkelium for a while. So, they created the element 118 first using californium (element 98) and calcium.\nThe Russian team wanted to use berkelium because the isotope of calcium used in the experiment, calcium-48, has 20 protons and 28 neutrons. This is the lightest stable or almost stable nucleus (the center of an atom) with much more neutrons than protons. Zinc-68 is the second-lightest nucleus of this kind, but it is heavier than calcium-48. Since tennessine has 117 protons, they need another atom with 97 protons to be combined with the calcium atom, and berkelium has 97 protons.\nIn the experiment, the berkelium is made into a target and the calcium is fired in the form of a beam to the berkelium target. The calcium beam is created in Russia by removing the small amount of calcium-48 from natural calcium using chemical means. The nuclei that is made after the experiment will be heavier and is nearer to the island of stability. This is the idea that some very heavy atoms can be quite stable. \nDiscovery of Tennessine.\nIn 2008, the American team started again to create berkelium, and they told the Russian team about it. The program made 22 milligrams of berkelium, and this is enough for the experiment. Soon after, the berkelium was cooled in 90 days and was made more pure by chemical means in 90 more days. The berkelium target had to be taken to Russia quickly because the half-life of the isotope of berkelium used, berkelium-249, is only 330 days. In other words, after 330 days, half of all the berkelium will no longer be berkelium. Actually, if the experiment did not start six months after the target was made, it would have been cancelled because they did not have enough berkelium for the experiment. In summer 2009, the target was packed into five lead containers and was sent by a commercial flight from New York to Moscow.\nBoth teams had to face the bureaucratic obstacle between America and Russia before they send the berkelium target to allow it to arrive in Russia on time. However, there were still problems: Russian customs did not let the berkelium target get into the country twice due to missing or incomplete paperwork. Even though the target went over the Atlantic Ocean five times, the whole journey only took a few days. When the target finally got into Moscow, it was sent to Dimitrovgrad, Ulyanovsk Oblask. Here, the target was placed on a thin titanium film (layer). This film was then sent to Dubna where it was placed inside the JINR particle accelerator. This particle accelerator is the most powerful particle accelerator in the world for the creation of superheavy elements.\nThe experiment began in June 2009. In January 2010, the scientists at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions announced within the laboratory that they had found the decay of a new element with atomic number 117 through two decay chains. The odd-odd isotope does 6 alpha decays before doing a spontaneous (sudden) fission. The odd-even isotope does 3 alpha decays before fission. On 9 April 2010, an official report was released in the \"Physical Review Letters\" journal. It showed that the isotopes that were mentioned in the decay chains were 294Ts and 293Ts. The isotopes were made as follows:\nChemistry.\nThe chemistry of Tennessine is currently unknown. However, chemists can predict what the element would be like using chemistry from the other halogens. Tennessine is most likely supposed to be a member of group 17 in the periodic table, below the five halogens: fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. Each of them has seven valence (outer) electrons. For tennessine, being in the seventh period (row) of the periodic table, going down the halogen group would predict a valence electron configuration of 7s27p5, and it would therefore be expected to behave kind of like to the halogens in many ways.\nUses.\nThere are no uses for Tennessine because of how short lived it is and its radioactivity."}
+{"id": "44503", "revid": "805501", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44503", "title": "The World Factbook", "text": "The World Factbook, also known as the CIA World Factbook, is a book that contains the Central Intelligence Agency's information about the world's countries. A new book is published every year. The \"Factbook\" provides a two- to three-page summary of the demographics, geography, communications, government, economy, and military of 272 countries, dependencies, and other areas in the world.\n\"The World Factbook\" is designed to be used by people that work for the United States government, but it is also used by students, on websites, and in other publications that are not made by governments. Because the U.S. Government made it, it is in the public domain."}
+{"id": "44504", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44504", "title": "CIA World Factbook", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44526", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44526", "title": "Taco", "text": "Tacos are Mexican sandwich-like dishes. It is made from a corn tortilla wrapped around some sort of filling. Traditionally, the tortilla is soft, but some variations from different countries have hard shells and flour tortillas. \nTacos are filled with a variety of filling such as beef, chicken, fish, pork, cheese, lettuce, onions, guacamole, and salsa. Sauces can also be added to tacos ranging from salsa to hot sauces like Tapat\u00edo. People use many different combinations of foods to build the taco.\nTacos are world popular, but especially in Mexico, China and the United States. In the United States, tacos have been industrialized by fast food businesses such as Taco Bell, Del Taco, and Chipotle.\nHistory.\nThe taco predates the arrival of the Spanish in Mexico. Bernal D\u00edaz del Castillo documented the first taco feast enjoyed by Europeans, a meal which Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s arranged for his captains in Coyoac\u00e1n."}
+{"id": "44529", "revid": "1684781", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44529", "title": "Gerard Way", "text": "Gerard Arthur Way is an American musician and comic book writer. He is the lead singer and co-founder of the punk rock band My Chemical Romance. He played for the band from their start in September 2001 until they broke up on March 22, 2013, until the reunion on October 31, 2019, thus rejoining Gerard to the band. \nHe is known for commonly changing his hair color from black to blonde and even a striking red. He married Lyn Z of Mindless Self Indulgence on September 3, 2007. Gerard and Lyn Z announced that they were having a baby in November 2008. Their daughter, Bandit Lee Way, was born on May 27, 2009. She arrived at 2:57 PM and weighed 6 pounds and 5.6 ounces. Gerard has said that both Bandit and Lyn Z are \"happy and healthy\". Way is also the writer of the comic book series \"The Umbrella Academy\".\nBefore My Chemical Romance.\nHe was born on April 9, 1977 in Summit, New Jersey and he attended the School of Visual Arts in New York City and graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1999. "}
+{"id": "44531", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44531", "title": "Vegetables", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44533", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44533", "title": "Gerard arthur Way", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44534", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44534", "title": "Gerard Arthur Way", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44535", "revid": "10211705", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44535", "title": "Emerson, Lake & Palmer", "text": "Emerson, Lake & Palmer were an English progressive rock group. In the 1970s, the band was extremely popular, selling over 30 million albums and headlining huge concerts."}
+{"id": "44537", "revid": "9925391", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44537", "title": "Newark, New Jersey", "text": "Newark is the largest city in U.S. State of New Jersey, 66th most populous city in the United States, and serves as the seat of Essex County. It is located 8 miles west of Manhattan.\nNewark was originally formed as a township on October 31, 1693. During its time as a township, portions were taken to form Springfield Township, New Jersey, Caldwell Township, New Jersey, Orange Township, New Jersey, Bloomfield Township, New Jersey, (March 23, 1812) and Clinton Township, New Jersey. Newark was reincorporated as a city on April 11, 1836. The previously independent Vailsburg borough was annexed by Newark on January 1, 1905 and became part of West Ward. \nNewark is divided into five wards; North Ward, South Ward, West Ward, East Ward, and Central Ward. Central Ward has train stations of Amtrak and New Jersey Transit. It also has museums and tall buildings including headquarters of large corporations. The High Street Historic District is in Central Ward.\nEast Ward includes a neighborhood called \"Ironbound\". South Ward has the large Newark Liberty International Airport, one of the first major airports in the United States. Branch Brook Park in North Ward has the biggest display of cherry blossoms in the eastern United States."}
+{"id": "44538", "revid": "43983", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44538", "title": "Aeolic Greek", "text": "Aeolic Greek was a dialect of the Greek language that was spoken on the island of Lesbos and nearby parts of Asia Minor."}
+{"id": "44539", "revid": "6807", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44539", "title": "Emerson Lake and Palmer", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44540", "revid": "4580", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44540", "title": "Lesbian Greek", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44542", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44542", "title": "Myst", "text": "Myst is a computer game designed by the brothers Robyn and Rand Miller in a company called Cyan. The Millers started working on Myst in 1991 and released it for the Macintosh computer on September 24, 1993. \"Myst\" was later released on many different computers and video game consoles.\nIn \"Myst\", the player starts by using a special book to travel to Myst Island. There, the player uses other special books to travel to different worlds called \"Ages\". Solving puzzles on different Ages helps the player learn more about Myst Island and the people who live there. The player can make choices that change the ending of the game.\nWhen \"Myst\" was released, it became very popular. Critics loved \"Myst\" because it felt like a real world. \"Myst\" was the best-selling computer game until The Sims was released in 2000. \"Myst\" helped the CD-ROM get more popular when the CD-ROM was new. Because \"Myst\" was so popular, four sequels were made, and three \"Myst\" novels were written."}
+{"id": "44545", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44545", "title": "Father Christmas", "text": "Father Christmas is the British name for Santa Claus. The name was used in songs, such as \"I Believe in Father Christmas\" by Emerson, Lake & Palmer."}
+{"id": "44546", "revid": "652309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44546", "title": "Wham!", "text": "Wham! was an English dance-pop duo. It was formed in 1981 by George Michael and Andrew Ridgeley. They released their first single, \"Wham Rap! (Enjoy What You Do),\" in 1982. For a short time, they were known in the United States as Wham! UK because another band already had that name. They are best known for the songs \"Last Christmas\" and \"Wake Me Up Before You Go-Go\".\nArtistry.\nWham!'s music has been described as dance-pop, blue-eyed soul and pop rock. Some early songs have elements of hip-hop, while \"The Edge of Heaven\" adds a touch of hard rock. "}
+{"id": "44547", "revid": "1626716", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44547", "title": "George Michael", "text": "Georgios Kyriacos Panayiotou (25 June 1963 \u2013 25 December 2016), known professionally as George Michael, was an English singer-songwriter and record producer. He is regarded as one of the greatest cultural icons of all time and one of the greatest artists in music history. \nOverview.\nGeorge Michael is seen as one of the greatest cultural icons of all time and one of the greatest artists in music history. In May 2025, \"Careless Whisper\" was voted as the most favourite song in the United Kingdom (UK) for the seventh year.\nCareer.\n1980s.\nGeorge Michael rose to fame in the 1980s, when he formed the pop duo Wham! with his school friend Andrew Ridgeley. The duo released a string of massive singles in 1982 like \"Young Guns (Go for It)\" and \"Wham Rap! (Enjoy What You Do)\", both written by Michael. In 1983, Wham!'s debut album, \"Fantastic\" was released. It reached #1 in the UK charts and had the hit single \"Club Tropicana\" with a music video, shot in Ibiza.\nAfter a year, Wham changed its image with the release of their second album \"Make It Big\", which was a critical and commercial success, hitting #1 in both the UK and the USA. It produced four singles, all topping the charts on both sides of the Atlantic. One of the most popular songs in the album, \"Careless Whisper\", Michael's first solo single, was released in 1984 while he was still performing with Wham!. In 1986, Wham! disbanded after release of a third studio album, single and concert at Wembley Stadium.\nFollowing his split with Wham!, George Michael began a successful solo career, releasing four studio albums, \"Faith\" (1987), \"Listen Without Prejudice Vol. 1\" (1990), \"Older\" (1996), and \"Patience\" (2004). Michael has sold over 100 million records worldwide as of 2010, encompassing 11 British #1 singles, 9 British #1 albums, 10 US #1 singles, and 2 US #1 album.\nMichael's 1987 debut solo album, \"Faith\" has sold over 20\u00a0million copies worldwide alone and its considered by some music critics to be one of the greatest albums in pop music history.\n2000s.\nIn 2004, Radio Academy has named Michael the most played artist on British radio between the period of 1984-2004. In 2006, George Michael announced his first tour in 15 years. 25 Live tour was a massive, worldwide undertaking by Michael that spanned forth individual tours over the course of five years (2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010).\nCharity.\nIn November 1984, Michael joined other popular British and Irish pop stars to form Band Aid, singing on the charity song \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\" for relief of famine in Ethiopia. This single became the UK Christmas number one on the UK Singles Chart in December 1984. Michael's own song, \"Last Christmas\" by Wham!, was held at number two. \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\" sold 3.75\u00a0million copies in the UK. \nThe song became the biggest selling single in UK Chart history. It held this position until 1997 when it was overtaken by Elton John's \"Candle in the Wind 1997\", released in tribute to Princess Diana following her death Michael also attended Diana's funeral with Elton John. Michael donated the royalties from \"Last Christmas\" to Band Aid and subsequently sang with Elton John at Live Aid (the Band Aid charity concert) in 1985.\nPersonal life.\nGeorgios Kyriacos Panayiotou was born in London to White English parents, his mother is of Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch and German descent and his father is of Greek and Cypriot descent. Michael was raised there and in Hertfordshire. He was initially private about being homosexual. During his \"Wham!\" career, he was in relationships with well-known women such as actress Brooke Shields, and model Pat Fernandes. \nBetween 1986 and 1988, he was romantically involved with Kathy Yueng, an American makeup artist who was featured in the \"I Want Your Sex\" music video. Nonetheless, his sexual orientation was well known among London music business people.\nThese persisted into his solo career, but Michael had already established a relationship with Anselmo Feleppa, whom he had met at the 1991 concert \"Rock in Rio\". Feleppa died of an AIDS-related brain hemorrhage in 1993. Michael's single \"Jesus to a Child\" is a tribute to Feleppa: he consistently dedicated it to him before performing it live, as is his 1996 album \"Older\". Starting in 1996, Michael was in a long-term relationship with businessman Kenny Goss. They had homes in London and Dallas.\nDeath.\nOn 25 December 2016, before 17:24 GMT, Michael died at his property in Goring, Oxfordshire, England from heart failure and a fatty liver, aged 53. Before 22:59 GMT his publicist stated that he had \"passed away peacefully\" and Thames Valley Police said they were treating the death as unexplained and there were no suspicious circumstances. South Central Ambulance Service had attended his property at 13:42 GMT on Christmas Day.\nTributes.\nElton John.\nElton John was among those who paid tribute to Michael, emotionally addressing the audience in Las Vegas on 28 December, \"What a singer, what a songwriter. But more than anything as a human being he was one of the kindest, sweetest, most generous people I've ever met.\"\nAdele.\nAt the 59th Annual Grammy Awards on February 12, 2017, Adele performed a slow version of \"Fastlove\" in tribute to Michael.\nGeri Halliwell.\nIn June 2017, Michael's close friend, former Spice Girls member Geri Halliwell, released a charity single, \"Angels in Chains\", a tribute to him, to raise money for Childline."}
+{"id": "44550", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44550", "title": "Chink", "text": "Chink is a racial slur for Chinese people or any other Asians who look Chinese.\nChink may also refer to:"}
+{"id": "44553", "revid": "294863", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44553", "title": "Handle", "text": "Handle could mean:"}
+{"id": "44556", "revid": "440188", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44556", "title": "Spermicide", "text": "Spermicide is a substance that kills sperm before it can enter the vagina. When a spermicide is used as the only form of contraception, the pregnancy rate is much higher than it is when other contraceptives are used. Spermicides are normally used with barrier contraception, such as condoms, cervical caps, diaphragms, and contraceptive sponges."}
+{"id": "44557", "revid": "1673870", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44557", "title": "Big Brother (franchise)", "text": "Big Brother is a TV reality show with many different versions across the world. It is a group of contestants (called housemates) who live in a house together and are isolated from the rest of the world. The winner gets money as a prize. \nFormat.\nContestants, known as housemates, enter a house and they do not bring any of their belongings except clothes. They are completely cut-off from the outside world and are watched by cameras every day. Housemates must complete tasks so that they can get food or other prizes. As the series goes on, the housemates get voted out by the viewers until only one remains. There is also a celebrity version of Big Brother.\nBig Brother around the world.\nThe series was developed by Endemol, and the first season was shown in the Netherlands. The show's format has since been copied in over forty countries, including Brazil, Israel, Bulgaria, Germany, Italy, Spain, India, United Kingdom and US.\nSpecial editions.\nIn some countries, there are also special editions of the show, for example \"Big Brother VIP\" or \"\". \nUsually, some of the rules in these special editions are a little bit different from the original ones.\n\"Big Brother VIP\" / \"Celebrity Big Brother\".\n\"Big Brother VIP\" is the name of the special edition of the show, in which all the housemates are famous people. It has been released in many of the countries airing \"Big Brother\", for example Bulgaria - \"VIP Brother\"; Mexico - \"Big Brother VIP\"; UK - \"Celebrity Big Brother\". \nThe duration of the show is often only a month and in some countries the nominations and evictions are twice a week. \nSometimes the big prize is given for charity or there is no big prize at all.\nVersions.\nAs of , \"Big Brother\" has produced 508 winners in over 63 franchises.\n<section begin=\"Big Brother series\" />\n<section end=\"Big Brother series\" />"}
+{"id": "44558", "revid": "1391118", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44558", "title": "Euphonium", "text": "The euphonium is a brass instrument. It is very similar to the baritone horn, but it is different because the tubes are wider and it is bigger. It is also very similar to a tuba, but the euphonium is much smaller. The euphonium makes low sounds, similar to the trombone. The euphonium has 3 or 4 valves and 1-3 spit valves. \"Spit\" valves do not really mean there is spit in the instrument, it means that there is condensation in the instrument.\nThe euphonium is seen in different sorts of bands in Europe and America. The musicians make the sound by blowing into the instrument and \"buzzing\" with their lips.\nThe word euphonium means: \"producing nice sounds\" \nEuphoniums are basically silver and brass in colour. \nThere are many types of euphoniums, \nMarching euphoniums are used by marching bands. These can feel very heavy because the person playing it holds it up with only their arms. These marching euphoniums look like a big trumpet. "}
+{"id": "44563", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44563", "title": "Newark", "text": "Newark can refer to:"}
+{"id": "44571", "revid": "1635031", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44571", "title": "Blogger", "text": "A blogger is a person who keeps a blog as a major activity in their life. This is a diary or journal on the web (also known as 'weblog'). Blogs are usually free to read, but nevertheless some have made fame and fortune for their writing. Tavi Gevinson's blog is an example. Many politicians and journalists are bloggers, perhaps realising that this is one good way to contact the younger voters. Michelle Malkin's blog is an example of this kind of use.\nTwitter and Facebook are networking sites which offer some of the functions of a blog. What a blogger can do on sites like that is limited by the proprietary software. The really professional bloggers have their own sites, and also hold pages on social networking sites. \nHistory of Blogging.\nBlogging began to emerge in the late 1990s, when individuals started creating personal websites to share their thoughts and opinions with others. As technology advanced and internet speeds increased, blogging became more popular, and bloggers began to create more diverse and specialized content.\nTypes of Bloggers.\n_Hobbyist bloggers: These are individuals who create blogs as a hobby to share their thoughts and opinions with others. They are often driven by a desire to express themselves and share their experiences with others.\n_Professional bloggers: These are individuals who create blogs to earn income through advertising, sponsorships, or product sales. They are often specialists in a particular field, such as technology, finance, or health.\n_Expert bloggers: These are individuals who create blogs on specific topics, such as technology, cooking, or sports, and provide tips and tutorials to readers. They are often experts in their field and provide high-quality and reliable content.\nTypes of Blogs.\n_Personal blogs: These are blogs that focus on the blogger's personal life and experiences. They often include diaries or personal stories.\n_Niche blogs: These are blogs that focus on specific topics, such as technology, cooking, or sports. They often provide tips and tutorials to readers.\n_Experimental blogs: These are blogs that aim to test new ideas or techniques. They are often more experimental and avant-garde.\nBenefits of Blogging.\n_Self-expression: Blogging allows individuals to express themselves and share their thoughts and opinions with others.\n_Community building: Blogging can help build communities around specific topics, where individuals can connect and collaborate.\n_Learning and education: Blogging can be a valuable educational tool, where bloggers can share their knowledge and expertise with others.\nChallenges of Blogging.\n_Competition: The blogging sphere can be highly competitive, with many bloggers creating similar content.\n_Quality: Maintaining high-quality content can be challenging, especially if bloggers are creating content regularly.\n_Marketing*: Marketing a blog and attracting readers can be challenging, especially for new bloggers.\nBlogging Tools.\n_Blogging platforms*: Such as WordPress and Blogger, which allow bloggers to create and publish content easily.\n_Editing tools: Such as Microsoft Word or Google Docs, which allow bloggers to edit their content easily.\n_Marketing tools: Such as Google Analytics or Facebook, which allow bloggers to market their blogs and attract readers.\nNotable Bloggers.\n- Arianna Huffington: Founder of The Huffington Post, one of the most popular blogs in the world.\n_John Chow: A well-known American blogger who focuses on technology and entrepreneurship.\n_Jessica Knoll: A well-known American blogger who focuses on cooking and fitness."}
+{"id": "44584", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44584", "title": "Prophylaxis", "text": "Prophylaxis is a Greek word and concept. It means any \"action taken to guard or prevent beforehand\". The corresponding adjective is prophylactic. \nBirth control and condoms are an example of prophylaxis.\nTwo parts.\nThe concept of prophylaxis has two parts. First is forethought. A person has to realise the need first of all. Second is taking appropriate action.\nAny failure of prophylaxis is a failure at either stage 1 or stage 2. Successful prophylaxis means one has anticipated and avoided some undesirable outcome.\nExamples.\nBirth control is a form of prophylaxis. When condoms are used properly, they have a high chance to avoid pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections (sometimes called sexually transmitted diseases). The condom catching the sperm prevents the sperm from entering the other person is prophylaxis. Other forms of birth control which both men and women can use will only prevent pregnancy.\nSexually transmitted diseases (STIs) transmitted in bodily fluids like blood or sperm are avoided by using condoms. Sperm can be absorbed in the same way as blood coming out (secretion) during sex and the tissue of the other person taking it in. Without a condom the infection is given (transmitted) through the blood or sperm secretions. STIs can sometimes be prevented with vaccines, such as Hepatitis A and B. Another form of prophylaxis are the drugs used for HIV/AIDS such as PrEP (Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis), which makes the HIV/AIDS not show up (they are undetectable) in the person if it is successful. \nPreventative medicine.\nProphylaxis is the central idea in preventative medicine. People usually think medical treatment helps sick people to get healthy. Prophylactic treatment is helpful in a different way. \"Primary prophylaxis\" tries to stop healthy people from getting sick. \"Secondary prophylaxis\" tries to stop people who are sick from getting worse."}
+{"id": "44585", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44585", "title": "Prophylactic", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44586", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44586", "title": "Medical", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44587", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44587", "title": "Human immunodeficiency virus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44588", "revid": "1467751", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44588", "title": "Abu Bakr", "text": "Ab\u016b Bakr ( ; 573 AD-22 August 634), was a senior companion and\u2014through his daughter Aisha\u2014the father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. A majority of Sunni scholars and contemporaries believe Abu Bakr became the first openly declared Muslim outside Muhammad's family. Abu Bakr served as a trusted advisor to Muhammad. During Muhammad's lifetime, he was involved in several campaigns and treaties.\nHe ruled over the Rashidun Caliphate from 632 to 634 AD when he became the first Muslim Caliph following Muhammad's death. As caliph, Abu Bakr assumed (took over) the political and administrative functions previously exercised by Muhammad. He was commonly known as The Truthful Caliph (, \"\"). Abu Bakr's reign lasted for 2 years, 3 months and 11 days, ending with his death after an illness. He ruled over the Rashidun Caliphate from 632 to 634 AD.\nEarly life.\nAbu Bakr's full name is disputed with sources stating Abd Allah, Atiq or Abd al-Ka'ba. His father was Abu Quhafa Uthman ibn Aamir ibn Amr ibn Ka'ab ibn Sa'ad ibn Taym (from whom the at-Taymi al-Quraishi) ibn Murrah ibn Ka'ab ibn Lu'ai ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr al-Quraishi.\nIn Arabic, the name \"Abd Allah\" means \"slave of Allah\". The name \"Atiq\" means \"the saved one\". The name Abd al-Ka'ba means \"slave of Ka'ba\". He was known by title \"al-Siddiq\" (the truthful) by Muhammad after he believed him in the event of Isra and Mi'raj when other people didn't, and Ali confirmed that title.\nThere is a dispute over his name being Abdullah. Ibn Hajar in \"Al-Isaabah\", and many other narrations, narrates from Qasim Ibn Muhammad Ibn Abi Bakr, \"I asked Ayesha the name of Abu Bakr. She said Abdullah. I said people are saying Ateeq. She said Abu Quhafa had three children, one was Ateeq, second Mu\u2019taq and third, Otaiq. All three names are similar and derived from the same root.\"\nHe was mentioned in the Quran as the \"second of the two who lay in the cave\" in reference to the event of hijra, where with Muhammad he hid in the cave in Jabal Thawr from the Meccan search party that was sent after them, thus being one of few who were given direct mention in the Quran.\nImam Jafar al Sadiq famously narrated how the title \"Siddiq\" was given to Abu Bakr from Muhammad. Jafar was a direct descendant of Abu Bakr from his maternal side, as well as being a descendant of Ali from his father's side. Jafar al-Sadiq was also the successor of the Naqshbandi Sufi order believed to be originating from Abu Bakr himself. Imam Muhammad al Baqir, the father of Imam Jafar Sadiq, also called Abu Bakr with the title Siddiq.\nMuch of the available knowledge about Muhammad comes through Abu Bakr's daughter, Aisha. After the death of Abu Bakr, her brother Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr was raised by Ali. After Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr was killed by the Umayyads, Aisha raised and taught her nephew Qasim ibn Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr. Aisha also taught another nephew Urwah ibn Zubayr. He then taught his son Hisham ibn Urwah, who was the main teacher of Malik ibn Anas] whose views many Sunni follow.\nQasim's mother was of \u2018Ali's family and his daughter Farwah bint al-Qasim, who married Muhammad al-Baqir, was the mother of Jafar al-Sadiq. Therefore al-Qasim was the grandson of the first caliph Abu Bakr and the grandfather of Ja'far al-Sadiq.\nAnother of Abu Bakr's grandsons, Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, was very close to Husayn bin Ali. After Hussein ibn Ali was betrayed by the people of Kufa and killed by the Yazid I Army of the, Umayyads ruler, Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr confronted Yazid and expelled him from Iraq, southern Arabia and the greater part of Syria, and parts of Egypt. Following a lengthy campaign, on his last hour Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr asked his mother Asma' bint Abu Bakr, the daughter of the first caliph, for advice. Asma' bint Abu Bakr replied to her son:\n\"You know better in your own self, that if you are upon the truth and you are calling towards the truth go forth, for people more honourable than you have been killed and if you are not upon the truth, then what an evil son you are and you have destroyed yourself and those who are with you. If you say, that if you are upon the truth and you will be killed at the hands of others, then you will not truly be free\". Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr left and was later also killed and the army now under the control of the Umayyads."}
+{"id": "44590", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44590", "title": "Lemon", "text": "A lemon is a yellow citrus fruit. This is a small tree (\"Citrus limon\") that is of green colour even in a season Winter.\nLemon is used to get a drink: lemonade.\nDescription.\nA species came from Asia.\nAn , yellow fruit, is used while one wants to get a juice\u00a0\u2013 by squeezing it to outdrain a liquid; also, it is being or was used for cooking. Its taste is sour. Its juice, \"zest\", as well as pulp, are often used as a topping over a . Lemon juice is about 5% citric acid, having pH ranging from two to three.\nLemons contain numerous phytochemicals\u00a0\u2013 including polyphenols, terpenes and tannins. Lemons might have an electric charge because of a presence of acid.\nPeople do not know for sure where lemons have come from. However, most people think that lemons first grew in India, northern Burma and China.\nIts plants vary in size, yet staying generally small; a one of highest measures six metres.\nLemons are related to oranges."}
+{"id": "44591", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44591", "title": "Citrus fruit", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44592", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44592", "title": "Seeds", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44593", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44593", "title": "Elevator", "text": "An elevator or lift is a vertical transport vehicle that efficiently moves people or goods between floors of a building, ship or other structure. They are generally powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables and counterweight systems, or pump hydraulic fluid to raise a cylindrical piston.\nLanguages other than English may have loanwords based on either elevator (e.g., Japanese) or lift (e.g., Cantonese).\nBecause of wheelchair access laws, elevators are often a legal requirement in new multi-story buildings, especially where wheelchair ramps would be impractical.\nDesign.\nSome argue that lifts began as simple rope or chain hoists. A lift is essentially a platform that is either pulled or pushed up by a mechanical means. A modern-day lift consists of a cab (also called a \"cage\" or \"car\") mounted on a platform within an enclosed space called a shaft or sometimes a \"hoistway\". In the past, lift drive mechanisms were powered by steam and water hydraulic pistons. In a \"traction\" lift, cars are pulled up by means of rolling steel ropes over a deeply grooved pulley, commonly called a sheave in the industry. The weight of the car is balanced with a counterweight. Sometimes two lifts always move synchronously in opposite directions, and they are each other's counterweight\nThe friction between the ropes and the pulley furnishes the traction which gives this type of lift its name.\nHydraulic lifts use the principles of hydraulics (in the sense of hydraulic power) to pressurize an above ground or in-ground piston to raise and lower the car. Roped hydraulics use a combination of both ropes and hydraulic power to raise and lower cars. Recent innovations include permanent earth magnet motors, machine room-less rail mounted gearless machines, and microprocessor controls.\nThe technology used in new installations depends on a variety of factors. Hydraulic lifts are cheaper, but installing cylinders greater than a certain length becomes impractical for very high lift hoistways. For buildings of much over seven stories, traction lifts must be employed instead. Hydraulic lifts are usually slower than traction lifts.\nLifts are a candidate for mass customization.\nThere are economies to be made from mass production of the components, but each building comes with its own requirements like different number of floors, dimensions of the well and usage patterns.\nElevator doors.\nElevator doors protect riders from being crushed in between the cab and the floor. The most common configuration is to have two panels that meet in the middle, and slide open laterally. In a cascading configuration (potentially allowing wider entryways within limited space), the doors run on independent tracks so that while open, they are tucked behind one another, and while closed, they form cascading layers on one side. This can configured so that two sets of such cascading doors operate like the center opening doors described above, allowing for a very wide elevator cab. In less expensive installations the elevator can also use one large \"slab\" door: a single panel door the width of the doorway that opens to the left or right laterally.\nMachine Room-Less (MRL).\nGeneral\nAll elevators, whether traction or hydraulic, require a machine room to store large electric motors (or hydraulic pumps) and a controller cabinet. This room is located above or below the hoistway (or only below, for hydraulic elevators) and may contain machinery for a single or a group of elevators. Modern day traction motors boasting gearless and permanent magnet drive can be more compact and efficient; electronic microprocessors have replaced the mechanical relays. As a result, traction elevators can be built without a dedicated room above the shaft, saving valuable space in building planning.\nThe new lift design presents a departure from the traditional, looped over-the-top traction rope routing of traction elevators. The ends of the cables are fixed to the supporting structure, and the length of the cable are connected to the car and counterweight by means of a force-multiplying, energy saving compound pulley system. Machine room-less elevators have become a welcome alternative to the older hydraulic elevator for low to medium rise buildings.\nKone, a Finnish elevator company, first developed the machine room-less elevator in 1996.\nBenefits from a Green Perspective\n---this takes away the environmental concern that was created by the hydraulic cylinder being stored underground\nOther Benefits\nFacts\n---national and local building codes did not address elevators without machine rooms\nHistory.\nThe first reference to an elevator is in the works of the Roman architect Vitruvius, who reported that Archimedes built his first elevator, probably in 236 B.C. In some literary sources of later historical periods, elevators were mentioned as cabs on a hemp rope and powered by hand or by animals. It is supposed that elevators of this type were installed in the Sinai monastery of Egypt. In the 17th century the prototypes of elevators were located in the palace buildings of England and France.\nIn 1852, Elisha Otis introduced the safety elevator, which prevented the fall of the cab if the cable broke. The design of the Otis safety elevator is somewhat similar to one type still used today. A governor device engages knurled roller(s), locking the elevator to its guides should the elevator move at an excessive speed. He demonstrated it at the New York exposition in the Crystal Palace in 1854.\nIn 1874, J.W. Meaker patented a method which permitted elevator doors to open and close safely.\nThe first electric elevator was constructed by the German engineer Werner von Siemens in 1880.\nIn 1882, when hydraulic power was a well established technology, a company later named the London Hydraulic Power Company was formed. It constructed a network of high pressure mains on both sides of the Thames which, ultimately, extended to 184 miles and powered some 8,000 machines, predominantly lifts (elevators) and cranes.\nIn 1929, Clarence Conrad Crispen, with Inclinator Company of America, created the first residential elevator. Crispen also invented the first inclined stairlift.http://inclinator.com/about-inclinator.asp\nElevator safety.\nPneumatic Vacuum Elevators.\nPneumatic or \"Vacuum\" elevators operate without cables and can be installed more easily and quickly than their alternatives since their housing comprises prefabricated sections which are considerably narrower than conventional lift shafts. These sections are often transparent and afford the passenger a near 360\u00b0 view.\nCable-borne elevators.\nStatistically speaking, elevators are extremely safe. Their safety record is unsurpassed by any other vehicle system. In 1998, it was estimated that approximately eight 100-millionths of one percent (1 in 12 million) of elevator rides resulted in an anomaly, and the vast majority of these were minor things such as the doors failing to open. For all practical purposes, there are no cases of elevators simply free-falling and killing the passengers inside; of the 20 to 30 elevator-related deaths each year, most of them are maintenance-related - for example, technicians leaning too far into the shaft or getting caught between moving parts, and most of the rest are attributed to easily avoidable accidents, such as people stepping blindly through doors that open into empty shafts or being strangled by scarves caught in the doors. In fact, prior to the September 11th terrorist attacks, the only known free-fall incident in a modern cable-borne elevator happened in 1945 when a B-25 bomber struck the Empire State Building in fog, severing the cables of an elevator cab, which fell from the 75th floor all the way to the bottom of the building, seriously injuring (though not killing) the sole occupant - the female elevator operator. While it is possible (though extraordinarily unlikely) for an elevator's cable to snap, all elevators in the modern era have been fitted with several safety devices which prevent the elevator from simply free-falling and crashing. An elevator cab is typically borne by six or eight hoist cables, each of which is capable on its own of supporting the full load of the elevator plus twenty-five per cent more weight. In addition, there is a device which detects whether the elevator is moving faster than its maximum designed speed; if this happens, the device causes bronze brake shoes to clamp down along the vertical rails in the shaft, stopping the elevator quickly, but not so abruptly as to cause injury. In addition, a hydraulic buffer is installed at the bottom of the shaft to cushion any impact somewhat.\nMost recently, there was an incident in a modern cable-borne elevator that took place in a children's hospital in Seattle, Washington on October 9, 2007. The elevator involved was a ThyssenKrupp ISIS machine room-less elevator; The ISIS used Kevlar fiberglass ropes instead of conventional braided-steel ropes all other traction elevators use. One of the ISIS elevators broke free from its cables, slipping between the 6th and 4th floors; the Kevlar ropes were the cause of this incident. After the incident, ThyssenKrupp discontinued production of the ISIS and, the following year, replaced it with the Synergy machine room-less elevator, which uses conventional braided-steel ropes, making it much safer.\nHydraulic elevators.\nPast problems with early hydraulic elevators meant those built prior to a code change in 1972 were subject to possible catastrophic failure. The code had previously required only single-bottom hydraulic cylinders. In the event of a cylinder breach, an uncontrolled fall of the elevator might result. Because it is impossible to verify the system completely without a pressurized casing (as described below), it is necessary to remove the piston to inspect it. The cost of removing the piston is such that it makes no economic sense to re-install the old cylinder; therefore it is necessary to replace the cylinder and install a new piston. Another solution to protect against a cylinder blowout is to install a \"life jacket.\" This is a device which, in the event of an excessive downward speed, clamps onto the cylinder and stops the car. This device is also known as a Rupture Valve in some parts of the world.\nIn addition to the safety concerns for older hydraulic elevators, there is risk of leaking hydraulic oil into the aquifer and causing potential environmental contamination. This has led to the introduction of PVC liners (casings) around hydraulic cylinders which can be monitored for integrity.\nIn the past decade, recent innovations in inverted hydraulic jacks have eliminated the costly process of drilling the ground to install a borehole jack. This also eliminates the threat of corrosion to the system and increases safety.\nTypes of hoist mechanisms.\nThere are at least four means of moving an elevator:\nTraction elevators.\nGeared traction machines are driven by AC or DC electric motors. Geared machines use worm gears to control mechanical movement of elevator cars by \"rolling\" steel hoist ropes over a drive sheave which is attached to a gearbox driven by a high speed motor. These machines are generally the best option for basement or overhead traction use for speeds up to 500\u00a0ft/min (2.5\u00a0m/s).\nGearless traction machines are low speed (low RPM), high torque electric motors powered either by AC or DC. In this case, the drive sheave is directly attached to the end of the motor. Gearless traction elevators can reach speeds of up to 2,000\u00a0ft/min (10\u00a0m/s), or even higher. A brake is mounted between the motor and drive sheave (or gearbox) to hold the elevator stationary at a floor. This brake is usually an external drum type and is actuated by spring force and held open electrically; a power failure will cause the brake to engage and prevent the elevator from falling (see inherent safety and safety engineering).\nIn each case, cables are attached to a hitch plate on top of the cab or may be \"underslung\" below a cab, and then looped over the drive sheave to a counterweight attached to the opposite end of the cables which reduces the amount of power needed to move the cab. The counterweight is located in the hoist-way and rides a separate rail system; as the car goes up, the counterweight goes down, and vice versa. This action is powered by the traction machine which is directed by the controller, typically a relay logic or computerized device that directs starting, acceleration, deceleration and stopping of the elevator cab. The weight of the counterweight is typically equal to the weight of the elevator cab plus 40-50% of the capacity of the elevator. The grooves in the drive sheave are specially designed to prevent the cables from slipping. \"Traction\" is provided to the ropes by the grip of the grooves in the sheave, thereby the name. As the ropes age and the traction grooves wear, some traction is lost and the ropes must be replaced and the sheave repaired or replaced.\nElevators with more than 100' (30 m) of travel have a system called compensation. This is a separate set of cables or a chain attached to the bottom of the counterweight and the bottom of the elevator cab. This makes it easier to control the elevator, as it compensates for the differing weight of cable between the hoist and the cab. If the elevator cab is at the top of the hoist-way, there is a short length of hoist cable above the car and a long length of compensating cable below the car and vice versa for the counterweight. If the compensation system uses cables, there will be an additional sheave in the pit below the elevator, to guide the cables. If the compensation system uses chains, the chain is guided by a bar mounted between the counterweight rails.\nClimbing elevator.\nA climbing elevator is a self-ascending elevator with its own propulsion. The propulsion can be done by an electric or a combustion engine. Climbing elevators are used in guyed masts or towers, in order to make easy access to parts of these constructions, such as flight safety lamps for maintenance. An example would be the Moonlight Towers in Austin, Texas, where the elevator holds only one person and equipment for maintenance.\nEmergency power operation (EPR).\nMany elevator installations now feature emergency power systems which allow elevator use in blackout situations and prevent people from becoming trapped in elevators.\nTraction elevators.\nWhen power is lost in a traction elevator system, all elevators will initially come to a halt. One by one, each car in the group will return to the lobby floor, open its doors and shut down. People in the remaining elevators may see an indicator light or hear a voice announcement informing them that the elevator will return to the lobby shortly. Once all cars have successfully returned, the system will then automatically select one or more cars to be used for normal operations and these cars will return to service. The car(s) selected to run under emergency power can be manually overridden by a key or strip switch in the lobby. In order to help prevent entrapment, when the system detects that it is running low on power, it will bring the running cars to the lobby or nearest floor, open the doors and shut down.\nHydraulic elevators.\nIn hydraulic elevator systems, emergency power will lower the elevators to the lowest landing and open the doors to allow passengers to exit. The doors then close after an adjustable time period and the car remains unusable until reset, usually by cycling the elevator main power switch. Typically, due to the high current draw when starting the pump motor, hydraulic elevators are not run using standard emergency power systems. Buildings like hospitals and nursing homes usually size their emergency generators to accommodate this draw. However, the increasing use of current limiting motor starters, commonly known as \"Soft-Start\" contactors, avoid much of this problem and the current draw of the pump motor is less of a limiting concern.\nElevator convenience features.\nElevators may feature talking devices as an accessibility aid for the blind. In addition to floor arrival notifications, the computer announces the direction of travel, and notifies the passengers before the doors are to close.\nIn addition to the call buttons, elevators usually have floor indicators (often illuminated by LED) and direction lanterns. The former are almost universal in cab interiors with more than two stops and may be found outside the elevators as well on one or more of the floors. Floor indicators can consist of a dial with a rotating needle, but the most common types are those with successively illuminated floor indications or LCDs. Likewise, a change of floors or an arrival at a floor is indicated by a sound, depending on the elevator.\nDirection lanterns are also found both inside and outside elevator cars, but they should always be visible from outside because their primary purpose is to help people decide whether or not to get on the elevator. If somebody waiting for the elevator wants to go up, but a car comes first that indicates that it is going down, then the person may decide not to get on the elevator. If the person waits, then one will still stop going up. Direction indicators are sometimes etched with arrows or shaped like arrows and/or use the convention that one that lights up red means \"down\" and green means \"up\". Since the color convention is often undermined or overrided by systems that do not invoke it, it is usually used only in conjunction with other differentiating factors. An example of a place whose elevators use only the color convention to differentiate between directions is the Museum of Contemporary Art in Chicago, where a single circle can be made to light up green for \"up\" and red for \"down.\" Sometimes directions must be inferred by the position of the indicators relative to one another.\nIn addition to lanterns, most elevators have a chime to indicate if the elevator is going up or down either before or after the doors open, usually in conjunction with the lanterns lighting up. Universally, one chime is for up, two is for down, and none indicates an elevator that is 'free'.\nObservatory service elevators often convey other facts of interest, including elevator speed, stopwatch, and current position (altitude), as with the case for Taipei 101's service elevators.\nStandards.\nThe mechanical and electrical design of elevators is dictated according to various standards (aka elevator codes), which may be international, national, state, regional or city based. Whereas once many standards were prescriptive, specifying exact criteria which must be complied with, there has recently been a shift towards more performance-based standards where the onus falls on the designer to ensure that the elevator meets or exceeds the standard..\nSome of the national elevator standards include:\nBecause an elevator is part of a building, it must also comply with standards relating to earthquake resilience, fire standards, electrical wiring rules and so forth.\nThe American National Elevator Standards Group (ANESG) sets an elevator weight standard to be 2200\u00a0lbs.\nAdditional requirements relating to access by disabled persons, may be mandated by laws or regulations such as the Americans with Disabilities Act."}
+{"id": "44594", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44594", "title": "Lift", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44596", "revid": "744335", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44596", "title": "Billy Bragg", "text": "Stephen William Bragg (born 20 December 1957), known as Billy Bragg, is an English singer and guitarist. He was born in Barking, Essex. He is famous for his mix of folk, punk, and protest music."}
+{"id": "44598", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44598", "title": "Brixton riots", "text": "There have been three riots in Brixton, London:"}
+{"id": "44607", "revid": "752027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44607", "title": "Budweiser (Anheuser-Busch)", "text": "Budweiser is a popular American beer made by the Anheuser-Busch company. It is made with hops, barley, and rice. It is known as the \"King of Beers\". It is brewed in St. Louis and other cities around the United States. There are several different types of Budweiser beer, such as Bud Light.\nThe name is similar to a Czech beer of the same name, Budweiser Budvar. They are currently the official beer sponsor of Fantasy Premier League."}
+{"id": "44610", "revid": "1669555", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44610", "title": "Shia Islam", "text": "Shia Islam (, ) is a sect of Islam and believes that Prophet Muhammad was commanded by Allah to choose Ali as caliph, his successor, Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law, and his descendants, and that Muhammad publicly declared it during his last sermon after the Hajj at Ghadir Khumm. The belief is seen as supported by the Qur'an and Islamic history, with Shia scholars citing verses that highlight the special status of the family of certain prophets, including Ali. They ascribe many of many of their beliefs and traditions to Ali. \nShi'a Muslims believe in the teachings of the Qur'an and of Muhammad's family, whom they call the Ahl al-Bayt. They consider the first three ruling caliphs to have little importance in their faith. The Arabic singular/adjective form is \"Sh\u012b'\u012b \" () and means a follower. The term \"Shia\" comes from the Arabic phrase \"Sh\u012b\u02bfat \u02bfAl\u012b,\" meaning \"followers of Ali.\" \nShi'a Islam, has at times been divided into many branches, but only three of them now have a significant number of followers. The best-known and largest branch is theTwelvers (\"Ithn\u0101 'ashariyya\"), followed by the Ismaili and the Zaidiyyah."}
+{"id": "44611", "revid": "9225781", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44611", "title": "1981 Brixton riot", "text": "The Brixton riot of 11 April 1981 was the biggest of three riots in Brixton, London, and the biggest riot in London.\nBrixton before the riots.\nBrixton in south London was a very poor inner-city area with many problems \u2014 high unemployment, much crime, bad housing. Many black people, mostly of Caribbean origin, lived there. Many people there disliked the police. \nThe evening of April 10.\nThe riot was unplanned. On the evening of the 10th, at around 5.15pm, a black boy with a knife wound was stopped by police. As he was brought to a police car by two policemen along Railton Road a large crowd attacked the police and the fight only ended when more policemen arrived; the youth was taken to hospital.\nThe night of April 10 and 11.\nThrough the night of the 10th and on the 11th the police brought many officers into the area. Throughout the day crowds slowly got together. In early evening, as the police tried to make some arrests on Atlantic Road, the riots started: a few bricks were thrown and windows smashed. More police came and more things were thrown. The police retreated, leaving their cars to be burned. Other cars were burned and things were stolen from shops on Railton Road, Mayall Road, Leeson Road and Brixton Road before the police came back.\nThe police closed the Atlantic-Railton-Mayall area to the public, although many other streets had groups of rioting people as well. The rioters started throwing with bricks, bottles, and Molotov cocktails. Cars and buildings were burned and fire engines attacked as they tried to stop the flames.\nThe riot was at its peak at around 8pm, with two public houses, schools and other buildings burning. Two hours later the police had the area under some control, although the fire brigade returned at the next morning only. By 1am the area was largely under control, with no large crowds \u2013 except the police \u2013 on the streets. There were tries to start violence again on the 12th, but they were stopped by more than 1,000 police on the streets.\nAfter the riots.\nThe riot was followed by almost 300 police injuries and 65 bad civilian injuries; over 100 cars were burned, including 56 police cars; almost 150 buildings were damaged, with thirty burned. There were 82 arrests.\nBetween 3 and 11 July of that year, there were more riots in England. There were riots in Handsworth, Southall, Toxteth, and Moss Side. There were also smaller pockets of unrest in Leeds, Leicester, Southampton, Halifax, Bedford, Gloucester, Coventry, Bristol, and Edinburgh.\nBrixton riots in the media.\nThe riots inspired the Eddy Grant song, \"Electric Avenue.\" \nThe Clash also made a song about Brixton, \"The Guns of Brixton.\" This song came out before the riots of 1981 (The album was sold first in 1979), but it describes the general atmosphere in the area."}
+{"id": "44612", "revid": "5400", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44612", "title": "Sunni", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44613", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44613", "title": "Shi'a", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44614", "revid": "5804", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44614", "title": "Brixton riot", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44617", "revid": "35925", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44617", "title": "Caudipteryx", "text": "Caudipteryx was a small feathered dinosaur. It was related to \"Oviraptor\" but looked more like \"Archaeopteryx\". It was a relative of \"Protarchaeopteryx\". It was found in China. It was a small insectivore, with long thin legs, less than a metre long. It had a fan of tail feathers and a fringe of feathers along the trailing edge of each arm. They are very like bird feathers, with a central stalk, and vanes on either side. Its arms were too short for it to fly."}
+{"id": "44618", "revid": "983938", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44618", "title": "Protarchaeopteryx", "text": "Protarchaeopteryx was a small feathered dinosaur from China. It was a bird-like predator with teeth. It looked like \"Archaeopteryx\". It is one of the Chinese feathered dinosaurs."}
+{"id": "44619", "revid": "624194", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44619", "title": "Pentaceratops", "text": "Pentaceratops was a very large ceratopsian dinosaur. It was almost 11 meters in length and 4 meters tall. It was larger than Triceratops."}
+{"id": "44623", "revid": "4580", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44623", "title": "Hyper text markup language", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44624", "revid": "4580", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44624", "title": "Hypertext markup language", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44628", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44628", "title": "Servers", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44629", "revid": "9213157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44629", "title": "Greenwich Mean Time", "text": "Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is an internationally standardized time format. It is the main time zone in several countries, including the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland and Portugal. GMT has the same time as UTC, but there are differences between the two. Technically, GMT is a time zone, while UTC is a time standard.\nGMT was established in 1884 at the International Meridian Conference, which met to establish a standardized system for measuring world longitude. They decided that the meridian passing through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England would be 0\u00b0 longitude.This conference also decided that the time zone around the meridian, GMT, would be the time zone used for reference around the world. Other countries would define their time based on GMT.\nUTC was defined in 1963 as the new world reference for time. The major advantage of the new standard was that its time was determined by highly accurate atomic clocks, not the sun at Greenwich. Other advantages of UTC are that calling the new standard Coordinated Universal Time avoids giving more importance to any one country, and that UTC does not adjust for Daylight Saving Time, which means the world always has a standard time."}
+{"id": "44630", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44630", "title": "GMT", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44639", "revid": "1567501", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44639", "title": "Reciprocal", "text": "In mathematics, the reciprocal (or multiplicative inverse) of a number is 1 divided by the number, or equivalently, the number raised to the power of -1 (as in formula_1 and formula_2). All numbers have a reciprocal except zero, since no number times 0 is 1. Two numbers are reciprocal of each other if and only if their product is 1. For example:\nTo find the reciprocal of a fraction, swap the numerator and the denominator. Whole numbers can be thought of as having a denominator of 1. For example: \nDividing a fraction is the same as multiplying its reciprocal, and vice versa."}
+{"id": "44643", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44643", "title": "2006 in spaceflight", "text": "Launches.\nThis is a list of spacecraft which were launched into space during the year 2006."}
+{"id": "44645", "revid": "6786", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44645", "title": "19 January", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44646", "revid": "6786", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44646", "title": "18 February", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44648", "revid": "6786", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44648", "title": "21 February", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44649", "revid": "6786", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44649", "title": "22 March", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44650", "revid": "6786", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44650", "title": "30 March", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44651", "revid": "6786", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44651", "title": "15 December", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44652", "revid": "6786", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44652", "title": "14 December", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44653", "revid": "6786", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44653", "title": "10 December", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44654", "revid": "6786", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44654", "title": "17 November", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44655", "revid": "6786", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44655", "title": "8 November", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44656", "revid": "6786", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44656", "title": "4 November", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44657", "revid": "6786", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44657", "title": "30 October", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44658", "revid": "6786", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44658", "title": "23 October", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44659", "revid": "6786", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44659", "title": "19 October", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44660", "revid": "6786", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44660", "title": "11 September", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44661", "revid": "6786", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44661", "title": "4 July", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44662", "revid": "6786", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44662", "title": "27 June", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44663", "revid": "6786", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44663", "title": "25 June", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44664", "revid": "6786", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44664", "title": "18 June", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44665", "revid": "6786", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44665", "title": "15 June", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44666", "revid": "6786", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44666", "title": "14 June", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44667", "revid": "6786", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44667", "title": "27 May", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44668", "revid": "6786", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44668", "title": "26 May", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44669", "revid": "6786", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44669", "title": "3 May", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44670", "revid": "6786", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44670", "title": "24 April", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44671", "revid": "6786", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44671", "title": "20 April", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44672", "revid": "6786", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44672", "title": "14 April", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44673", "revid": "558551", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44673", "title": "12 April", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44674", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44674", "title": "British Museum", "text": "The British Museum in London is one of the world's largest and most important museums of human history and culture. It has more than seven million objects from all continents. They illustrate and document the story of human culture from its beginning to the present. As with all other national museums and art galleries in Britain, the Museum charges no admission fee. \nThe British Museum set up in 1753 and opened in 1759. It was the first museum in the world to be open to everyone. The museum gradually grew over the next two hundred years. It has nearly six million visitors a year and is the third most popular art museum in the world. \nSome of the museum's most popular and important exhibits include the Rosetta Stone and the Elgin Marbles.\nHistory.\nThe history of the British Museum began with the Irish born British physicist Hans Sloane, who died aged 93 in 1753. During his life, he had collected many important things from all around the world. When he died, he did not want his collection to be split up between his relatives. He sold his collection to the parliament of King George II. The parliament set up the British Museum to hold the collection. By the time he died, Sloane had collected over 80,000 objects from all over the world including Egypt, Greece, Rome and the Americas. The collection was mostly books and manuscripts. There were many important archaeological pieces included as well.\nThe government looked at many possible places to build the new museum, including Buckingham House, which later became Buckingham Palace. Eventually a building called Montagu House was chosen. The Museum opened on 15 January 1759, although all visitors had to be shown around by stewards. Over the years the museum began to concentrate more and more on historical objects and sculptures. For this reason they were given the Rosetta Stone by King George III in 1802. The Rosetta Stone had previously been important to French historians trying understand the Hieroglyph language written by the Ancient Egyptians. In 1816 the Museum acquired the Elgin Marbles from Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin. Elgin had taken them from the Parthenon in Athens, Greece several years earlier. Many people disagreed with the way Elgin took them from Greece. They compared his acts to looting and vandalism. People still argue about this issue today.\nIn 1822 King George III donated the entire Royal Library to the museum. This contained over 65,000 books and pamphlets. In 1823 the original building was demolished and work began on new buildings to hold the ever growing collection. Some of the space was freed up when the National Gallery opened in 1824, as many of the Museum's paintings and drawings were moved there.\nNew building and expansion.\nThe Museums collection continued to get bigger over the following years, and more and more buildings were added to hold the new objects. Important discoveries by people working for the British Museum included the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus by Charles Newton in 1857 and the Temple of Artemis in 1869. Many things found at these sites were taken to the Museum, where they have remained ever since. In 1852 the British Museum's famous round Reading Room was opened. It had enough space to display a million books at once.\nThe collection continued to get bigger and bigger. Eventually the Natural History Museum was set up in 1887 to hold the natural parts of the Museum's collection. It was around this time that electric lights were first put in the Museum. It was one of the first public places in England to do so.\nIn the early 1900s the Museum's board of directors bought all the houses surrounding it, knocked them all down and built over them. In 1939, just before the start of World War II, most of the Museum's exhibits were taken to other places because the directors were worried the Nazis might bomb the Museum during the Blitz. The exhibits were stored in old London Underground stations, as well as other places. The evacuation proved to be a good idea, as parts of the Museum were destroyed by bombs in 1940.\nInto the modern day.\nMuch of the 1950s was spent fixing the parts of the Museum destroyed by the bombing, and bringing back the pieces that had been taken away. During all this time the collection continued to get bigger, although space was slowly running out for all the books being brought in. The British Library was set up in 1973 to deal with this problem. In 1972 the Museum was loaned the Tutankhamun collection from the Museum of Cairo. They held a big exhibition called 'The Treasures of Tutankhamun' and it attracted over 1.5 million people to come and see it. \nIn 1998 the central courtyard, which had been unused before, was turned into the Great Court with the Reading Room at its centre. The Great Court has over 2 acres of space under its roof. This makes it the largest covered public space in Europe. It was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in January 2000.\nSince then the Museum has collected more things to do with history, rather than more modern pieces. They now have a large collection of Roman British, Ancient Greek and Ancient Egyptian artefacts, as well as objects from many other cultures and times around the world.\nDepartments.\nBecause of its extremely large size the Museum's collection is split into many parts, called \"departments\". The departments have changed many times over the years. They are sometimes merged together, split into smaller departments or renamed and changed altogether.\nDepartment of Ancient Egypt and Sudan.\nThe British Museums department of Ancient Egypt and Sudan is one of the biggest collections of Ancient Egyptian art in the world. Only the Egyptian Museum in Cairo has a bigger collection. They cover Egyptian and Sudanese history from around 10000 BC all the way to the 12th century AD, a period of around 12,000 years. \nAround 150 of the objects in the Egyptian department were part of the first collection which was given to the Museum by Hans Sloane in 1753. In 1801 the British defeated the French, led by Napoleon Bonaparte, at the battle of the Nile. After the battle, British forces took lots of Ancient Egyptian artifacts from the defeated French. They were given to the British Museum in 1803. These objects included the famous Rosetta Stone.\nThe department continued to get bigger, paying for archaeologists to go to Egypt and Sudan. They did this until 2001 when the Egyptian government made it much harder for Museums to take historical artefacts back to their own country. The collection now has over 110,000 exhibits.\nDepartment of Greece and Rome.\nThe British Museum's department of Greece and Rome is one of the biggest collections of Ancient Greek and Roman objects in the world. The objects come from nearly 4000 years of European history, from 3200 BC all the way to the 4th century AD.\nIt contains parts of two of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World; the Mausoleum at Halikarnassos and the Temple of Artemis at Ephesos. It also had many pieces taken from the Parthenon in Athens, Greece. Like the rest of the Museum the department gets most of its collection from excavations or the acquiring of private collections. Some of the earliest objects in the collection were bought from the collection of Sir William Hamilton in 1772. In recent years the Museum's rules on how it can get objects have become much stricter. Other countries rules on allowing Museums to take objects away have also got stricter. This has meant the British Museum has gradually taken fewer items each year in recent times.\nDepartment of the Middle East.\nThe British Museum Department of the Middle East has the largest collection of Mesopotamian art in the world, outside Iraq. It has some 300,000 objects, covering the Neolithic period until present. It has objects from all over the Middle East including Mesopotamia (Iraq), Anatolia (Turkey), Levant (Syria, Lebanon and Jordan) and some pieces from central Asia. The Assyrian and Sumerian collections are also some of the biggest in the world.\nThe Collection.\nKey objects in the collection include:"}
+{"id": "44677", "revid": "1672574", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44677", "title": "Dexter (TV series)", "text": "Dexter is an American television series that was shown on Showtime network. It is based on the book \"Darkly Dreaming Dexter\" written by Jeff Lindsay. The show tells a story about a serial killer, Dexter Morgan, who works as a forensics analyst for the police in Miami. The main actor of the show is Michael C. Hall."}
+{"id": "44678", "revid": "1652218", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44678", "title": "Python (programming language)", "text": "Python\u00a0is an open-source programming language. It was made as a language that is both easy to work on and understand. It was made by a\u00a0Dutch programmer\u00a0named Guido van Rossum in 1991, who named it after the television program Monty Python's Flying Circus.\nPython is an interpreted language. This means it does not need to be compiled before running. A program called an interpreter runs Python code on almost any computer. So, a programmer can change the code and quickly see what happens. But this also makes Python slower than compiled languages like C, because it is not changed into machine code before running. Instead, this happens while the program is running.\nPython use.\nPython is usually used for making websites, automating common tasks, and making charts and graphs. Since it's simple to learn, people who are not computer experts, like bookkeepers and researchers, often learn Python.\nIts standard library is made up of many functions that come with Python when it is installed. On the Internet, there are many other libraries, which have been examined to provide wonderful ends in varied areas like Machine Learning (ML), Deep Learning, etc. These libraries make it a powerful language; it can do many different things.\nPython's developers try to avoid changing the language to make it better until they have a lot of things to change. Also, they try not to make small repairs, called patches, to unimportant parts of CPython, the main version of Python, even if the patches would make it faster. When speed is important, a Python programmer can write some of the program in a different language, like C, or use PyPy, a different kind of Python that uses a just-in-time compiler.\nKeeping Python fun to use is an important goal of Python\u2019s developers. It reflects in the language's name, a tribute to the British comedy group Monty Python. Tutorials often take a playful approach, such as referring to spam and eggs instead of the standard foo and bar.\nSyntax.\nSome of Python's syntax comes from C, because that is the language that Python was written in. But Python uses whitespace to delimit code: spaces or tabs are used to organize code into groups. This is different from C. In C, there is a semicolon at the end of each line and curly braces ({}) are used to group code. Using whitespace to delimit code makes Python a very easy-to-read, but hard to manage language.\nStatements and control flow.\nPython's statements include:\nExpressions.\nPython's expressions include some that are similar to other programming languages and others that are not.\nExample.\nThis is a small example of a Python program. It shows \"Hello World!\" on the screen.\nprint(\"Hello World!\")\nPython also does something called \"dynamic variable assignment\". This means that when a number or word is made in a program, the user does not have to say what type it is. This makes it easier to reuse variable names, making fast changes simpler. An example of this is shown below. This code will make both a number and a word, and show them both, using only one variable.\nx = 1\nprint(x)\nx = \"Word\"\nprint(x)\nIn a \"statically typed\" language like C, a programmer would have to say whether codice_3 was a number or a word before C would let the programmer set up codice_3, and after that, C would not allow its type to change from a number to a word.\nPython has easy to use functions. In a language like C, you need to tell if it would give you back a number or word. In Python, you don't have to specify the type.\ndef greeting(name):\n return \"Hello, \" + name\nprint(greeting(\"Reader\"))\nWhen called, this function returns \"Hello, Reader\", which is then printed to the screen."}
+{"id": "44693", "revid": "1665760", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44693", "title": "Back to the Future", "text": "Back to the Future is a 1985 American science fiction adventure movie directed by Robert Zemeckis and written by Bob Gale. It stars Michael J. Fox, Christopher Lloyd and Crispin Glover. It is the first movie for the \"Back to the Future trilogy\".\nPlot.\nIn 1985, Doc Emmett Brown shows teenage Marty his new creation: a car which can travel through time. The heart of the time machine is \"the flux capacitor,\" invented by Dr. Brown. The time machine needs plutonium to provide the power for the flux capacitor. Marty uses the car to escape from Islamic terrorists and accidentally goes back to the year 1955. Marty seeks out and meets Dr. Brown in 1955. The time machine is out of plutonium, and there is no plutonium available for the time machine in 1955. By chance, Marty knows the time and place of a one-time natural event (a lightning strike), which can provide the power to transport the time machine and Marty back to 1985.\nThe situation in 1955 is complicated when Marty meets his own parents as teenagers. When he helps his father, he accidentally changes the events that lead to his parents becoming a couple. Marty's teenage mother becomes interested in Marty instead of Marty's father, George. With the help of the Doc of 1955, Marty tries to undo the damage he has done, and make his mother fall in love with his father. If he can get his parents back together, he has very little time to get back to the car to use the lightning strike to take the time machine and him (Marty) back to the future (i.e. 1985)."}
+{"id": "44694", "revid": "10029503", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44694", "title": "Stargate", "text": "Stargate can be"}
+{"id": "44695", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44695", "title": "Arthur Schopenhauer", "text": "Arthur Schopenhauer (February 22, 1788 in Danzig \u2013 September 21, 1860 in Frankfurt am Main) was a German philosopher.\nHe was influenced by Kant, Plato and eastern teachings, especially Buddhism and the Upanishads.\nBeliefs.\nSchopenhauer believed that the primary characteristic, or essence of all things - including human beings - is not intelligence, rationality or spirit, but will. By \"will\" he means a wanting and craving like that which we know in ourselves as our \"will.\" It is the source of immense amounts of suffering in the world. He also believed that a \"better consciousness\" could be attained by denying the fulfilment of our desires, taking time to think about who we really are and what we should do to avoid suffering - but also, in doing something few philosophers of his day spoke of: in making and looking at works of art, especially music, which he considered a way to escape from the world's pain and suffering.\nInfluence.\nSchopenhauer was a huge influence on Richard Wagner, Friedrich Nietzsche, Ludwig Wittgenstein, Thomas Mann, Sigmund Freud, Leo Tolstoy, Carl Jung, Emil Cioran and many other important artists and thinkers of the 20th century."}
+{"id": "44697", "revid": "10243101", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44697", "title": "2005 Cronulla riots", "text": "The 2005 Cronulla riots were a series of violent events between Lebanese and white Australian mobs. Riots started in and around Cronulla, a suburb on the beach in Sydney, Australia's biggest city. The violence was soon also in other suburbs around Sydney. The riots happened on 11, 12 and 14 December. Many people committed crimes there.\nSeveral people were sent to prison for being involved in the riot.\nCasualties.\nIn total 26 people were injured, 104 arrested and 285 charges were laid."}
+{"id": "44698", "revid": "5804", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44698", "title": "Cronulla Riots", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44699", "revid": "1670466", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44699", "title": "1992 Los Angeles riots", "text": "The 1992 Los Angeles riots, also called Rodney King uprising or Rodney King riots, started on April 29, 1992 when a jury set four white policemen free. The jury was mostly Caucasian. The policemen had beaten up African-American motorist Rodney King badly and filmed this, after he fled from police. Thousands of people in Los Angeles, mostly African American and Hispanic, rioted. In all, 63 people were killed in the riots."}
+{"id": "44700", "revid": "5804", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44700", "title": "Los Angeles riots", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44707", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44707", "title": "Hypotenuse", "text": "The hypotenuse is the side opposite the 90 degrees angle in a right triangle. It is always the longest side.\nFor example:\nIn this triangle, if angle C is 90 degrees, then the opposite side, \"c\", is the hypotenuse. The hypotenuse is important in trigonometry, where it is used to calculate many functions.\nThe length of the hypotenuse can be calculated if the other two sides are known, using Pythagoras' Theorem. In fact, the length of any side of a right triangle can be calculated if the other two sides are known, using this theorem."}
+{"id": "44711", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44711", "title": "Ni\u00f0avellir", "text": "In Norse Mythology, the Ni\u00f0avellir are dark fields, mentioned in the V\u00f6luspa. The dwarves live there."}
+{"id": "44714", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44714", "title": "Nidavellir", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44716", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44716", "title": "Python", "text": "Python is the name given to a genus of snakes. Such snakes are not venomous. its family is the \"Pythonidae\". Pythons are more closely related to boas than to any other snake family. \nBoulenger (1890) thought this group was a subfamily (Pythoninae) of the family Boidae (boas). However, boas produce live young, while pythons are oviparous: they lay eggs.\n\"Python\" can be found in Southeast Asia and Africa, and other members of the family are found in New Guinea and Australia, like water pythons, where they live near water, like rivers, swamps, and wetlands. The Australian Olive Python is a fascinating python known for its impresssive size and distinctive appearance. Pythons can range from 3 feet long in species like ball pythons to 29 feet in species like reticulated pythons. \"Python\" is one of eight genera in the family. They all have a rather similar life style.\nMost members of the family are ambush predators: they stay motionless in a camouflaged position, and then strike suddenly at passing prey. They wrap their body round the prey and squeeze. To kill its prey, the python squeezes it to death, then swallows it whole. Larger pythons can prey on animals as large as a full-grown deer. In Africa, there are pythons that eat gazelles. Most of their prey is much smaller than that. Pythons may take several days or even weeks to fully digest prey.\nDespite their size, pythons are rarely dangerous to humans.\n\"Python\" can be up to 900\u00a0cm long and weigh up to 90\u00a0kg, but males are much smaller and lighter than females. The python can live up to 30 years. The breeding time is between 60 or 70 days. Burmese python snakes are one of the largest snakes to be kept as pets. Due to their large size, they need a large enclosure. For young Pythons, at least 6 feet long, 3 feet wide, and 3 feet tall (1.8\u00d70.9\u00d70.9 meters) enclosure is needed. When they grow up, they'll need a bigger space. An adult Burmese python snake requires around 12 feet long, 6 feet wide, and 6 feet tall (3.6\u00d71.8\u00d71.8 meters) or even larger enclosure.\nResearch indicates that all snakes, including pythonids, are children from a venomous father.\nPythons in unusual places.\nBurmese pythons have become an invasive species in south Florida. The problem is most serious in the Everglades National Park.\nIn 2014 a pet python killed two children in New Brunswick, Canada."}
+{"id": "44723", "revid": "248200", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44723", "title": "Consultation (Bah\u00e1'\u00ed practice)", "text": "Consultation is a special way of discussing problems and making decisions used by Bah\u00e1'\u00eds. \nThe word consult generally means to talk about something, consider all the facts, and make a decision. To Bah\u00e1'\u00eds, consultation also means:\nConsultation is used by Bah\u00e1'\u00ed elected leaders when they gather in councils to make sure no one person gets to decide everything. Married people consult with their husband or wife to solve difficulties in the marriage. Parents and children may consult, teachers and students may consult, and Bah\u00e1'\u00eds all consult as a community when they get together every nineteen days."}
+{"id": "44726", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44726", "title": "List of riots", "text": "This is a list of important riots that happened:"}
+{"id": "44727", "revid": "5804", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44727", "title": "Dublin, Ireland", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44729", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44729", "title": "Serbian language", "text": "Serbian is a South Slavic language spoken by Serbs, primarily in Serbia, Kosovo, Montenegro and some parts of neighboring countries. It is also spoken by many Serbs in diaspora, mainly in Central European countries, North America and Australia. The language is European and south Slavic. This language got a complete makeover in the mid-1800s by Serbian linguist Vuk Karad\u017ei\u0107; when it was modernized from the times of Middle Ages, when \"Old Serbian\" was still spoken. Total number of speakers worldwide today is estimated to be more than 12 million."}
+{"id": "44733", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44733", "title": "Namaste", "text": "Namaste or Namaskar is a neutral greeting used a lot in many East Asian countries. It is used when Hello and Hi are used in English, though it has a very different meaning.\nNamaste is kind of like a praise to the person receiving the namaste.\nThe word's meaning is \u201cI bow to the divine in you.\u201d Namaste is a traditional Indian greeting of respect and thank you, with spiritual and symbolic meaning, This is more traditional to do it to your elders."}
+{"id": "44734", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44734", "title": "Vessel element", "text": " \nA vessel element (trachea) is one of the cell types found in xylem, the water conducting tissue of plants. \nVessel elements are found in flowering plants (angiosperms) but not in most gymnosperms such as conifers. Vessel elements are the main feature distinguishing the \"hardwood\" of angiosperms from the \"softwood\" of conifers.\nStructure.\nXylem vessels are a long straight chain made of tough long dead cells known as vessel elements. The vessel have no cytoplasm. They are not living, but are made by living cells. The cells are arranged end to end and the cell walls have disappeared. This makes a tube. \nVessels are made of a substance called lignin. They have a lignified cell wall and a central cavity. Vessel members are interconnected through perforations in their common walls. Lignin is a hard organic polymer. It makes the cell walls rigid and is very long-lasting. It is the lignin in xylem vessels which holds trees up.\nFunction.\nWater flows up the xylem vessels. The evaporation of water from the stomata cells in the leaves pulls up the water in a transpiration stream. This is called capillary action, because it depends on the way water molecules stick to the walls of the xylem (adhesion). \nThere is also some root pressure, because water enters the roots by osmosis. This is important so water gets upwards during the night when transpiration is low.\nAs the water goes up, it carries some minerals with it, so actually the xylem brings some basic nutrients to the plant. The phloem mostly distributes the more complex organic molecules."}
+{"id": "44741", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44741", "title": "Confluence", "text": "Confluence means the meeting of two or more waterways.\nIt usually means the point where a smaller river joins a more major river. \nExample.\nThe German city name Koblenz indicates that the city lies at the point at the confluence of the Rhine and the Moselle."}
+{"id": "44742", "revid": "595018", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44742", "title": "Artificial neural network", "text": "A neural network (also called an ANN or an artificial neural network) is a sort of computer software, inspired by biological neurons. Biological brains are capable of solving difficult problems, but each neuron is only responsible for solving a very small part of the problem. A neural network is made up of cells that work together to produce a desired result, although each individual cell is only responsible for solving a small part of the problem. This is one method for creating artificially intelligent programs.\nNeural networks are an example of machine learning, where a program can change as it learns to solve a problem. A neural network can be trained and improved with each example, but the larger the neural network, the more examples it needs to perform well\u2014often needing millions or billions of examples in the case of deep learning.\nOverview.\nA neural network models a network of neurons, like those in the human brain. Each neuron does simple mathematical operations: it gets data from other neurons, modifies it and sends it to other neurons. Neurons are placed in \"layers\": a neuron from a layer receives data from the neurons of other layers, modifies it and sends data to the neurons of other layers. A neural network is made up of one or more layers.\nThe first layer is called the \"input layer\", it receives data from the outside world (for example: an image or text). The last layer is called the \"output layer\". The data from the neurons in the output layer is read and used as the output of the network. The other layers are called the \"hidden layers\".\nIn a simple \"feed-forward\" network, the data handled by the neurons are numbers. Each neuron does a weighted sum of the value of the neurons of the previous layer (formula_1 in the equation below). It then adds to it a constant value (called the \"bias\"). Finally, it applies a mathematical function to this value, called the \"activation function\". The activation function is usually a function that returns a value between 0 and 1, like tanh. The result of the activation function (formula_2 in the equation below) is then sent to the neurons of the next layer.\nformula_3\nA loss function is defined for the network. The loss function tries to estimate how well the neural network is doing at its assigned task. Finally, an optimization technique is applied to minimize the output of the cost function by changing the weights and biases of the network. This process is called training. Training is done one small step at a time. After thousands of steps, the network is typically able to do its assigned task pretty well.\nExample.\nConsider a program that checks whether a person is alive. It checks two things - the pulse, and breath. If a person has either a pulse or is breathing, the program will output 'alive', otherwise, it will output 'dead'. In a program that does not learn over time, this would be written as:\nfunction isAlive(pulse, breathing) {\n if(pulse || breathing) {\n return true;\n } else {\n return false;\nA very simple neural network, made of just one neuron that solves the same problem will look like this:\nThe values of pulse, breathing, and alive will be either 0 or 1, representing false and true. Thus, if this neuron is given the values (0,1), (1,0) or (1,1), it should output 1, and if it is given (0,0), it should output 0. The neuron does this by applying a simple mathematical operation to the input - it adds whatever values it has been given together, and then adds its own hidden value, which is called a 'bias'. To start with, this hidden value is random, and we adjust it over time if the neuron is not giving us the desired output.\nIf we add values such as (1,1) together, we might end up with numbers greater than 1, but we want our output to be between 0 and 1! To solve this, we can apply a function which limits our actual output to 0 or 1, even if the result of the neuron's math was not within the range. In more complicated neural networks, we apply a function (such as sigmoid) to the neuron, so that its value will be between 0 or 1 (such as 0.66), and then we pass on this value to the next neuron all the way until we need our output.\nLearning methods.\nThere are three ways a neural network can learn: supervised learning, unsupervised learning and reinforcement learning. These methods all work by either minimizing or maximizing a cost function, but each one is better at certain tasks.\nRecently, a research team from the University of Hertfordshire, UK used reinforcement learning to make an iCub humanoid robot learn to say simple words by babbling."}
+{"id": "44743", "revid": "10037999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44743", "title": "Werra", "text": "The Werra is a river in the central part of Germany. The Werra has its source near \"Fehrenbach\" in Thuringia. After 293 km, the Werra joins the Fulda River in Hann. M\u00fcnden, making the Weser. The Werra valley (\"Werratal\") makes a natural border between the Rh\u00f6n hills and the Thuringian Forest. "}
+{"id": "44744", "revid": "1343687", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44744", "title": "Blackout", "text": "In medicine, the word blackout is a form of amnesia. The amnesia may be complete or partial. Such an amnesia can be provoked by: \nAfter the cause is gone full mental powers are usually restored, although there may be a blank in memory."}
+{"id": "44748", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44748", "title": "Muspelheim", "text": "Muspelheim (also called Muspel) is the realm of fire, in Norse mythology. The fire giants live there. Their king is Surtr.\nAccording to the Ragnarok prophecies, the Sons of Muspel will break the Bifrost bridge, signaling that time is ending:"}
+{"id": "44749", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44749", "title": "J\u00f6tnar", "text": "A Jotun or J\u00f6tun in Norse mythology, is a giant. Groups of them are called J\u00f6tnar. Many are very large and strong; some are not. Sometimes however, gods and J\u00f6tnar would marry. The Frost giant's stronghold is called Utgardr and it is in J\u00f6tunheimr, the name for their realm. This is one of the nine Norse realms. J\u00f6tunheim is separated from Midgard, or Earth, by high mountains, and large forests. Outside their home world, giants seem to prefer to live in caves. "}
+{"id": "44750", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44750", "title": "Jotun", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44751", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44751", "title": "J\u00f6tun", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44753", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44753", "title": "J\u00f6tunheimr", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44754", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44754", "title": "Countryside", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44756", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44756", "title": "Hansen's disease", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44757", "revid": "1555631", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44757", "title": "BBC Sports Personality of the Year", "text": "The BBC Sports Personality of the Year is an award that is given to a sportsperson in December every year. Only British or foreign sportspeople based in the United Kingdom are allowed to win the award. It started in 1954."}
+{"id": "44758", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44758", "title": "Labyrinth", "text": "The original Labyrinth was an elaborate structure designed and built by the legendary Daedalus for King Minos of Crete at Knossos. \nIts function was to hold the Minotaur, which was eventually killed by the hero Theseus. Daedalus had so cleverly made the Labyrinth that he could barely escape it after he built it.\nPliny's Natural History mentions four ancient labyrinths: the Cretan labyrinth, an Egyptian labyrinth, a Lemnian labyrinth, and an Italian labyrinth."}
+{"id": "44760", "revid": "1687571", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44760", "title": "Amnesia", "text": "Amnesia is what doctors call a loss or disturbance of memory. It affects both long and short term memory. It is a loss of memory, that is to say, a person cannot remember certain things. Amnesia can be caused when someone has brain damage, a disease or when something really stressful happens.\nThere are two \"main types\":\nThe fact that adults usually cannot remember events that occurred in early childhood is called \"infantile amnesia\". It is attributed to the development of the brain or that of the child. It is not seen as a form of amnesia comparable to the other types. \nCauses.\nThere are three main categories in which amnesia can happen to a person.\nSome other different types of amnesia include:\nAmnesia can be permanent, or it can be temporary. Damage to the brain, or the use of certain drugs can cause amnesia. Some of these drugs are sedatives and hypnotics. Another well known cause for amnesia can be drinking too much alcohol. These kinds of causes are called \"organic\", because they can been directly seen. Other causes cannot directly be seen, they are called \"functional\". Rather they are psychologicalin their nature. People may want to shield off a traumatic event they witnessed, for example.\nAnother minor cause of amnesia is \"heartbreak\" in a relationship. It can lead to trauma, but it is not necessarily traumatic.\nTreatment.\nSometimes certain types of amnesia fix themselves without being treated. There are also different types of therapy that work with the brain to help with amnesia. There is no medicine that can directly help with amnesia.\nTransient global amnesia (TGA).\nAn incident of TGA can last \"one to 10 hours (six hours is average)\", before the patient returns to normal with the ability to form new memories. Such incidents have disruptions of short-term memory."}
+{"id": "44761", "revid": "1667205", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44761", "title": "Icarus", "text": "Icarus was the son of Daedalus. Daedalus was imprisoned in his own invention, the labyrinth. He helped the hero Theseus kill King Minos\u2019s beast, the Minotaur, and run away with King Minos's daughter, Ariadne.\nDaedelus came up with a plan. He knew that Minos controlled all escape routes by land or sea, so he decided to go by air. He built wings for himself and Icarus and made them out of wax and feathers. They found their way out of the labyrinth and flew out of the highest tower.\nIcarus foolishly ignored his father's advice to fly on the same route as him so that the sun would not melt the wax and the sea would not dampen the feathers. Icarus flew up higher and higher toward the sun, and the wax in the wings melted and he plunged into the sea and drowned. Daedalus looked down towards the sea and saw the feathers floating on the water and figured out what happened. Eventually Daedalus found the body and buried it on the island of Icaria, and the sea which Icarus fell into is now called the Icarian Sea."}
+{"id": "44762", "revid": "1674917", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44762", "title": "Sportscene", "text": "Sportscene is a Scottish television program. It is about sports. It is made by BBC Scotland. Dougie Donnelly and Dougie Vipond are the main presenters of the program. Paul Mitchell is the usual commentator for football matches. It started since August 9, 1975."}
+{"id": "44763", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44763", "title": "Trauma", "text": "Trauma is the name doctors have for a physical injury caused by something outside the body. Depending on what was injured there are different kinds of traumas."}
+{"id": "44766", "revid": "9157022", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44766", "title": "Madeleine L'Engle", "text": "Madeline L'Engle (November 29, 1918 \u2013 September 6, 2007) was an American writer. Her book \"A Wrinkle in Time\" won the Newbery Medal. \"A Wrinkle in Time\" was made into a movie in 2003.\nL'Engle was born in 1918 in New York City, New York. She died at her home in Connecticut on September 6, 2007."}
+{"id": "44767", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44767", "title": "Henry Hudson", "text": "Henry Hudson (1565 \u2013 disappeared 23 June 1611) was an English explorer and navigator in the 1600s. He was well known for discovering the Hudson River and the Hudson Bay.\nHudson was trying to find a northwest passage to Cathay (present day China). He tried twice before he found it. Hudson discovered the Hudson Bay and Hudson River in North America. He claimed the Hudson Bay for England along with other pieces of land. He was working for the Dutch when he found the Hudson River. He found it in 1609 when he was looking for a way to get from North America to Asia by water. This was named the Northwest Passage. On September 11, 1609, he found what is now New York City."}
+{"id": "44768", "revid": "844779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44768", "title": "Clara Bow", "text": "Clara Gordon Bow (; July 29, 1905 \u2013 September 27, 1965) was an American actress. She was born in Brooklyn, New York City. She was one of the most famous movie actresses in the history of silent movies. Bow died September 27, 1965 of a heart attack in Los Angeles, California at the age of 60.\nBow acted in 57 movies between 1922 and 1933. She is considered the first American sex symbol after her work in the 1927 movie \"It\". That movie also created the term \"The \"It\" Girl\" meaning the most popular girl at the moment. Bow was the original \"It\" girl. She was the person every movie studio tried to get in their movies. She was the person who the audiences always want to see more of. She was the focus of media attention. She retired at age 28. In 1944 Bow tried to kill herself. She was diagnosed with schizophrenia. \nBow was born in Prospect Heights."}
+{"id": "44770", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44770", "title": "Endothermy", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44775", "revid": "572817", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44775", "title": "Sales quote", "text": "A sales quote is an estimated amount that a person selling something gives to a customer. It is given to show them how much it would cost to have the work done. Many services do not have fixed prices for work. The cost can change depending on the tools, materials and how much work is needed to be done for each customer. The person calculates an estimated amount, and gives this to the customer, so that they can have an idea how much it will cost.\nSales quote is for example a quote given to the customer by auto insurance broker based on details like income, work position, criminal record and others.\nThe sales quote is figured from the information given by the potential customer, about the work they would like to have done."}
+{"id": "44779", "revid": "1512047", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44779", "title": "MapleStory", "text": "MapleStory is an online computer game made by the Korean company Wizet, and maintained and distributed by Nexon. Playing the game is free, but people can buy clothes and other in-game items from the \"Cash Shop\" using money. MapleStory has way less than 10,000 concurrent players world-wide. The game has many different versions for people to play on based on location. MapleStory got its name from the maple leaf. Therefore, the game has the maple leaf item during events.\nGameplay.\nThis game is a 2D side-scrolling massively multiplayer online role-playing game which requires players to create characters and then play the game as the \"Novice Job Advancement\". The name depends on the class he or she picked. Then, one does quests or grinds at monsters until either LV. 120 or LV. 200 depending on the class one chooses.\nOne can get Job Advancements to get stronger in-game. Please note the number of the level required to job advance might change due to some recent patches:\n1st Job requires LV. 10, 2nd Job requires LV. 30, 3rd Job requires LV. 70 (LV. 60 after the Tempest expansion) and 4th Job requires LV. 120. (LV. 100 after the Tempest expansion)\nEvery year, MapleStory receives a lot of updates, which some players found the game going into a better direction but some players felt that the game is just getting spoiled.\nThe Maple World is known to be big that one needs to use transportation to travel over places. Taking a ship required the in-game currency mesos and some waiting time. However, to prevent other characters to be a goner forever, the ship is free of charge.\nMeso is the in-game currency for MapleStory used to buy potions, equipment or cool items in the Free Market (Note: The Free Market prices are not free, the items are usually as expensive as one billion.)\nMesos cannot be bought. They are hard to earn by questing or trading and are easy to spend on things in the Free Market.\nThere are other systems and features in the game.\nReboot and non Reboot worlds.\nThe game has 2 different types of worlds, Reboot and non Reboot. In Reboot worlds, you cant trade, buy or sell anything with other players, but you must earn everything manually by yourself and work harder to make progress, but drops and money in game is tripled x5 or even higher. Reboot worlds also have enemies with more health points (HP) than non Reboot worlds, there are many more differences. In normal non Reboot worlds, monsters are weaker. You can trade with other players and there are no restrictions on trading, buying, or selling items between players. A new Reboot world called Hyperion was also recently released in North America territory. \nNew Classes in the game.\nThere are many new classes which have been added to the game. The game currently has over 50 different classes to choose from to play in the game, which are all appearing on the game's official site. These classes include Beast Tamer, Xenon, Phantom, Luminous, Mechanic, Wild Hunter, Kaiser, Angelic Buster, Kain, Khali, and many more. \nMapleStory DS.\nMapleStory DS (Korean: \uba54\uc774\ud50c\uc2a4\ud1a0\ub9ac DS) is a Nintendo DS game coming in April 2010, being worked on with Nexon and Nintendo. They said that the Korean put-up date was in 2009.\nThe game was talked about in E3 2006. On January 9, 2007, Nexon and the newly made Nintendo of Korea put up a trailer for the game. They first said the game would be put up in September 2007. It was found out it will be an online game, that works with the Nintendo DS Wi-Fi System. In an interview with the boss of international business development, Stephen Lee said that the game will work in single player. He also said there were going to be microphone and touch-responsive features."}
+{"id": "44781", "revid": "10169876", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44781", "title": "Kiwa hirsuta", "text": "Kiwa hirsuta is a crustacean that was first found on the Pacific Ocean floor in 2005 at 7200 feet deep, 900 miles south of Easter Island in March 2005. It is about 6 inches long, or 15 centimeters. It looks a little like a crab, but its long arms are covered with yellow fur that looks like silk, so its discoverers, from the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Insititute, dubbed it the yeti crab or yeti lobster. But it is so different from other crustaceans that it was given its own scientific family, Kiwaidae."}
+{"id": "44783", "revid": "36199", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44783", "title": "Parallel (geometry)", "text": "Parallel is a term in geometry and in everyday life that refers to a property of lines or planes. Parallel lines or planes are next to each other, but never touch each other. This means they never intersect at any point. If two lines formula_1 and formula_2 are parallel, then we describe this by writing formula_3. The slopes of parallel lines are always equal.\nEven if these two line segments were extended to infinity, there would never be a point of intersection between the two of them. In fact, two parallel lines in the two-dimensional plane are always a fixed distance apart."}
+{"id": "44784", "revid": "1638651", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44784", "title": "Mount Fuji", "text": "Mount Fuji (\u5bcc\u58eb\u5c71, Fuji-san) is the tallest mountain in Japan, at \n high. It is also a volcano. It is on the border between Shizuoka Prefecture and Yamanashi Prefecture. Mount Fuji is a famous cultural icon of Japan, as a lot of people have painted it and taken photographs of it. It became the 13th UNESCO World Heritage Site in Japan on June 22, 2013. The last time it erupted was from 1707 to 1708.\nDormant volcano.\nMount Fuji is officially classified as an active volcano, but some describe Fuji as dormant or inactive.\nThe last major event was the H\u014dei eruption of Mount Fuji which started on December 16, 1707 (\"H\u014dei 4, 23rd day of the 11th month\") and ended about January 1, 1708 (\"H\u014dei 4, 9th day of the 12th month\") during the Edo period. Cinders and ash from Fuji fell like rain in Izu Province, Kai Province, Sagami Province, and Musashi Province.\nShinto.\nThe mountain is thought to be named after Fuchi, the Buddhist fire goddess. The mountain is sacred in the Shinto religion and at the bottom of the mountain are shrines to the goddess Konohananosakuya-hime (\u30b3\u30ce\u30cf\u30ca\u30ce\u30b5\u30af\u30e4\u30d2\u30e1\uff09).\nClimbing.\nMany people climb Mt. Fuji every year. The official climbing season is in the summer: July 25 to August 25. There are three mountain-climbing routes on the Shizuoka side of Mt. Fuji. There is a post office on the top of Mt. Fuji which is open only in summer. The post office was built in 1909 and is the highest post office in Japan.\nMountain in art.\nIn 2009, Mount Fuji was recognized as one of the 100 Landscapes of Japan which best show contemporary Japan and its culture in the Heisei period. "}
+{"id": "44785", "revid": "1687955", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44785", "title": "Nu metal", "text": "Nu metal is a style of metal music that uses elements of hip hop and heavy metal music, as well as the usual heavy metal instruments such as guitars, drums and bass. Nu metal bands often include electronic instruments such as DJ decks and keyboards. Nu metal was very successful in the late 1990s and early 2000s. The most successful bands of this genre include Linkin Park (with more than 100 million records sold around the world), Korn (with 35 million), Deftones, Limp Bizkit (with 35 million) and Slipknot (around 15 million records)."}
+{"id": "44792", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44792", "title": "Ketsumeishi", "text": "Ketsumeishi is Japanese hip hop group. It is a four-man group. They are \"Ryo\" and \"Ryoji\" and \"Daizo\" and \"DJKohno\". The group started performing in 1993. They have four albums, three DVDs and 20 singles."}
+{"id": "44793", "revid": "1499070", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44793", "title": "Subaru Impreza", "text": "The is a Japanese car. It is made by Subaru. The car was first made in 1992. The design of the car has been changed 4 times; the first version was the 1992 model, with it being redesigned in 2000, 2008, 2015 and 2023."}
+{"id": "44794", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44794", "title": "Taka and Toshi", "text": "Taka and Toshi are a comedy pair from Hokkaido, Japan. Their favourite gag is \"Obei ka!!\""}
+{"id": "44795", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44795", "title": "Alain Prost", "text": "Alain Prost (born 24 February 1955 in Lorette, France) is a French retired automobile racer and Formula One World Champion. His nickname is \"Professor\".\nProst is the one of the greatest Formula One drivers of all time. He won the championship four times: 1985, 1986, 1989 and 1993. Only Lewis Hamilton (7), Michael Schumacher (7) and Juan Manuel Fangio (5) have won more times than Prost.\nFormula One.\nHe started driving with McLaren in 1980. From 1981 until 1983, he was racing for Renault F1. Prost returned to McLaren in 1984 and raced for them until 1989. During this time he won his first three championships. Prost left McLaren to race for Scuderia Ferrari in 1990 and 1991. In 1992, Prost took a year off from racing. He returned to racing in 1993 with WilliamsF1. Prost retired from racing after winning his fourth title in that year.\nProst raced in 202 Grand Prix races between 1980 and 1993. He held the record for most wins with 51 until 2001. He was in the pole position in 33 of those races and had the fastest lap time in 41 races.\nCareer in numbers.\nComparison with team-mates.\nIn his career, Prost beat nearly all his team-mates on total points, including five World Champions. Only in 1980 he lost by a point and in 1984 by half a point."}
+{"id": "44796", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44796", "title": "B'z", "text": "B'z is a Japanese hard rock band. It is made up of Takahiro Matsumoto (guitar) and Koshi Inaba (singer). B'z started playing on September 21, 1988. The band has sold more than 70 million CDs. They have had 19 albums sell over 1 million copies each."}
+{"id": "44797", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44797", "title": "K-1", "text": "K-1 is a kickboxing competition. It is a mix of Kickboxing, Kung fu, Karate and Boxing. It started in 1993. K-1 has fighters from many countries."}
+{"id": "44798", "revid": "1398040", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44798", "title": "PRIDE Fighting Championships", "text": "PRIDE Fighting Championships was a mixed martial arts organization based in Japan (1997\u20132007). PRIDE held more than sixty mixed martial arts events. As one of the most MMA organizations in the world during its ten years of operation, PRIDE broadcast to about 40 countries worldwide.\nHistory.\nPRIDE Fighting Championships was first started in 1997 by the match popular Japanese pro-wrestler Nobuhiko Takada with Rickson Gracie, champion of the Gracie family of Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioners. The event, held at the Tokyo Dome on October 11, 1997 attracted 47,000 fans, as well as Japanese mass media attention. The success of the first event enabled its promoters to hold a regular series of mixed martial arts events and grew up to be the most popular mixed martial arts event in Japan.\nRules.\nMatch length.\nPRIDE matches make up of three rounds; the first round is ten minutes, and the second and third round are five minutes. Intermissions between each round were two minutes in length. In PRIDE US events, NSAC Unified MMA rules were used, with non-title matches consisting of three five minute rounds and title matches of 5 five minute rounds both having 60 second intermissions between rounds.\nWhen two rounds of a Grand Prix took place on the same night, Grand Prix bouts consisted of two rounds; the first lasting ten minutes and the second lasting five. Intermissions between each round remained two minutes in length.\nRING.\nPRIDE used a five-roped square ring with sides in length (approximately ).\nFighter\u2019s clothing.\nPRIDE allowed fighters latitude in their choice of clothing but open finger gloves, a mouthguard and a protective cup were duty. Fighters were allowed to use tape on parts of their body or to wear a gi top, gi pants (Judo, Jujutsu, Karate), wrestling shoes, kneepads, elbow pads, or ankle supports at their own discretion, though each was checked by the referee before the fight.\nDecision.\nIf the match reaches its time limit then the outcome of the bout is determined by the three judges. The fight is scored in its entirety and not round-by-round. After the third round, each judge must decide a winner. Matches cannot end in a draw. A decision is made according to the following standard in this order of priority:"}
+{"id": "44801", "revid": "1397117", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44801", "title": "University of Tokyo", "text": "The , also known as , is a university in Tokyo, Japan. It is the oldest and most difficult to get into among all the universities in Japan.\nHistory.\nThe modern university was established in 1877. It merged older government schools for medicine and Western learning.\nIn 1886, the name was changed to .\nIn 1897, the name became .\nAfter the end of World War II, the early name of the school was restored.\nOrganization.\nThe University of Tokyo has 10 faculties (schools for undergraduate students) and 15 graduate schools.\nResearch Institutes.\nThe University of Tokyo has the following research institutes.\nNotable alumni.\nNational leaders.\n17 prime ministers of Japan have studied at the University of Tokyo. \nNobel Prize receivers.\nTen alumni of the University of Tokyo have received the Nobel Prize.\nApart from them, two Nobel Prize winners did their PhD at the University of Tokyo: Shin'ichir\u014d Tomonaga and Satoshi \u014cmura. A few more Nobel Prize winners have worked at the University of Tokyo.\nOthers.\nOther graduates also include Masao Iri, Masatake Mori, Masaaki Sugihara and Toshio Irie."}
+{"id": "44808", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44808", "title": "Implicit derivative", "text": "Implicit derivatives are derivatives of implicit functions. This means that they are not in the form of formula_1 (explicit function), and are instead in the form formula_2 (implicit function). It might not be possible to rearrange the function into the form formula_3. To use implicit differentiation, we use the chain rule, \nIf we let formula_5, then, \nExample.\nWhich we can work out to be equivalent to, using the above,\nThen we can isolate formula_10\nThen divide to get, "}
+{"id": "44823", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44823", "title": "Howard Carter", "text": "Howard Carter (9 May 1874 \u2013 2 March 1939) was an English archaeologist. His mother was Martha Carter and his father was Samuel Carter. As a young man he worked for the Egyptian Antiquities Service. Later, he was the man who found King Tutankhamun's tomb in 1922. \nThe discovery of Tutankhamun's tomb was an accident. Howard Carter's waterboy stumbled across some steps leading under the desert surface. Lord Carnarvon, a sponsor of Carter's work, was impatient of the slow progress at this point. If the discovery had not been made then, it likely would not have happened at all."}
+{"id": "44827", "revid": "11132", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44827", "title": "Everton", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44828", "revid": "321854", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44828", "title": "Werder Bremen", "text": "The Sport-Verein Werder von 1899 e. V. Bremen is a German football club playing in the city of Bremen. The club was founded in 1899 as \"FV Werder\" by a group of sixteen high school students. The students had won a football as prize in a tug of war competition. In 1920 the name was changed from FV to SV werder Bremen. In this year chess, baseball, cricket and track and field athletics became part of the club. But football was and still is the most important part of the club.\nThe name \"Werder\" is a not very common regional word which means \"River peninsula\". The first play ground of Werder Bremen was beside the Weser river. Today they play in the Weserstadion.\nThe club's first team plays in the German Bundesliga. The second team of Werder Bremen is playing in Germanys 4th league. The women team is playing in the Second Bundesliga. Their colors are green and white (Gr\u00fcn und Wei\u00df)."}
+{"id": "44834", "revid": "314538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44834", "title": "2004 Redfern riots", "text": "The Redfern Riots on 14 February 2004 happened in the inner Sydney suburb of Redfern after the death of Thomas 'TJ' Hickey, a 17-year-old Australian Aboriginal. \nThe boy was riding home from his girlfriend's house on his bicycle when he saw a police car and thought it was chasing him. Police later said the police car was looking for a different person. While the police chased him, Hickey lost control of his bicycle and rode into a spiked fence.\nFriends and relatives came together at The Block to mourn. Fliers were given out, which said it was the police's fault that the boy died. Unhappy aboriginal youths arrived from other parts of Sydney at the Redfern railway station. The police closed the entrance to the station, but the crowd had turned violent and began to throw bottles, bricks and Molotov cocktails. \nThe violence became a full riot around The Block, during which Redfern railway station was burning for a short time and was heavily damaged. The riot went on into the early morning, until police used Fire Brigade water hoses to get the crowd apart. One car, stolen in a western suburb, was burnt, and 40 police officers were hurt."}
+{"id": "44836", "revid": "5804", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44836", "title": "Redfern riots", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44841", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44841", "title": "Fingering", "text": "Fingering means: choosing which finger to use for each note when playing a piece on a musical instrument. When learning to play a piece it is important to try to find a good fingering. Once a good fingering has been found it should always be used so that the piece is always played in the same way and the fingers learn \u201cwhere to go\u201d. Sometimes printed music has some fingering printed above the notes. This can be helpful to the player, but it is not always necessary to use the printed fingering. People\u2019s hands are different and a fingering that is good for one player may not be good for another.\nFingering on keyboard instruments.\nWhen playing keyboard instruments the fingers are numbered from 1 to 5 on each hand: the thumb is 1, the index finger is 2, the middle finger is 3, the ring finger is 4 and the little finger is 5. The fingers were not always numbered like that. In Britain in the 19th century the thumb was shown by a cross (+) and the fingers were numbered from 1 to 4. This was known as \u201cEnglish fingering\u201d while the other way (from 1 to 5) was known as \u201cContinental fingering\u201d. However, from the beginning of the 20th century the British used the normal 1 to 5 (Continental) fingering.\nIdeas about fingering have changed during the history of music. In the Baroque times (17th and early 18th centuries) French composers writing for the harpsichord often fingered scale passages 2 3 2 3 etc. so that the notes were grouped (slurred) in twos. Later this idea went out of fashion. In the early 19th century Carl Czerny wrote lots of studies for piano which helped to exercise all the fingers equally. This is how we learn to play the piano today.\nFingering for the organ is similar to fingering for the piano. However, organists use a lot of \u201cfinger substitution\u201d which means: changing to a different finger while a note is held down. This is useful in music such as hymn tunes which have lots of chords. It helps to make the music legato (smooth): (a pianist can use the right pedal to make chords legato.) An organist playing on the pedals also needs to decide which foot to use for each note. This is called \u201cfooting\u201d. A v sign means: play with the toe, a square u sign means: play with the heel. When these signs are placed above the note it means the right foot, below means for the left foot.\nFingering on string instruments.\nFingering on string instruments will show which position to play in (i.e. how far down the fingerboard the hand is held). The fingers are numbered from 1 to 4 because the thumb is behind the neck of the instrument. The number 0 means: play an open string (not using the finger). It is only the left hand which fingers the notes because the right hand is either plucking or bowing. Bowed instruments like the violin have no markings on the fingerboard, so the player has to get used to the exact place to put the fingers, otherwise it will not be in tune. Plucked instruments such as guitars and banjos have frets (little bumps on the fingerboard) which show where to put the fingers.\nSometimes the fingering printed or written in the music may also need to show which string to play on. A tune that could be played in first position on a D string on the violin could also be played on the G string in fifth position (with the hand much higher up the fingerboard). This is harder to do, but a good player can make it sound particularly warm and beautiful. Sometimes notes can be fingered as harmonics instead of as ordinary stopped notes. This makes them sound very light and airy.\nCellists can also play in \u201cthumb position\u201d if they have several notes which are high and quite near one another. This means putting the thumb high up on the fingerboard, often across two strings.\nThe double bass is so big that the distances between the notes are very big too. To go up from one note to the next (in semitones) they use finger 1, then 2, then 4. Finger 3 is just helping finger 4 to press down on the string. There are a few players who use a different fingering system: using fingers 1, 2, 3, 4. This means that the hand has to stretch a lot. It is difficult to play in tune like this, although it saves having to change the hand position so much.\nHarp fingering.\nHarp music looks like piano music: there are two staves, one which usually has a treble clef for the right hand, the other with a bass clef for the left hand. Some piano music can be played on the harp, but the piano fingering will not work. On a piano, starting with the thumb and going along the fingers to the little finger means going to higher notes in the right hand and to lower notes in the left hand. On the harp it is the other way round (the harpist sits with the high notes nearest to his body). The thumb is numbered 1 and the fingers are 2, 3 and 4. The little finger is not used in harp playing.\nWoodwind fingering.\nIn woodwind instruments there is normally one basic fingering, each note is a particular combination of fingers. However at more advanced levels different fingerings can be used in order to create different effects. Beginners\u2019 books may have a fingering chart to show how to get the different notes. A low F sharp on a descant recorder will be fingered 1 2 3 0 2 3. This means: fingers 1, 2 and 3 of the left hand and fingers 2 and 3 of the right hand. The first hole of the right hand position is left open.\nOn the recorder some of the notes, especially sharps and flats, have complicated fingering. This is called \u201ccross fingering\u201d. The flute, oboe, clarinet and bassoon all have metal keys to help reach the low holes and to make it easier to play the sharps and flats. The usual system for these keys was invented in the 19th century by Theobald B\u00f6hm.\nSometimes there is an \u201calternative fingering\u201d for some notes. This can be used to make it easier to play fast trills, but the usual fingering will sound better for normal notes.\nUsing good fingering.\nGood fingering is fingering which avoids moving the hand up and down unnecessarily. It should also help the music to sound good e.g. legato music for smooth tunes, clear music for fast repeated notes."}
+{"id": "44842", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44842", "title": "Rh\u00f6n", "text": "The Rh\u00f6n are a group of low mountains in central Germany, in the states Hesse, Bavaria and Thuringia. They are the product of ancient volcanic activity and are separated from the Vogelsberg Mountains by the Fulda River and its valley. \nThese mountains are a popular tourist attraction. Hikers come for the nearly 6,000\u00a0km (3,750 miles) of tracks through the picturesque scenery, and gliding has been done here since the early Twentieth century. Nowadays people come here to stay on a farm during holidays, too.\nSince 1991, UNESCO has declared the Rh\u00f6n a Biosphere Reserve. \nThe highest mountains of the Rh\u00f6n are:"}
+{"id": "44844", "revid": "1296873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44844", "title": "LZ 129 Hindenburg", "text": "The LZ 129 Hindenburg was a large German airship, built in 1936. It was named in honor of the German field marshal and statesman Paul von Hindenburg. Such airships are called Zeppelin. Along with another Zeppelin, LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin, it was the biggest airship in the world at the time it was built.\nThe Zeppelin gained lots of publicity and became very famous. The boxer Max Schmeling flew on it back to Germany after defeating Joe Louis in the United States. It was also present during the opening ceremony of the 1936 Summer Olympics which were held in Berlin. This attention was part of the Zeppelin company's plan to offer a fleet of their airships for trans-atlantic service. \nThe disaster.\nOn May 6, 1937, the Hindenburg was landing in New Jersey after a transatlantic flight, when it burst into flames. 36 people died and many were injured. The Hindenburg was destroyed by the burning of the hydrogen that was inside it. There are many opinions on what started the fire. \nAn announcer, Herbert Morrison reported the landing and then screamed and said, \"Oh the humanity\" after it caught on fire. Morrison's line is now famous around the world as well as photos and film footage of the disaster.\nThe rock group Led Zeppelin used a picture of the fire for the cover of their self-titled debut album."}
+{"id": "44847", "revid": "5400", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44847", "title": "Rh\u00f6n Mountains", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44850", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44850", "title": "Vogelsberg Mountains", "text": "The Vogelsberg Mountains are a group of low mountains in central Germany. They are in the middle of the state of Hessen. They are the product of ancient volcanic activity and are separated from the Rh\u00f6n Mountains by the Fulda River and its valley.\nThe Vogelsberg is about 19 million years old. It is Germany's only shield volcano. It is the largest basalt formation of Central Europe. It consists of many layers which fall downward from their peak in ring-shaped terraces to the base.\nThe highest mountains of the Vogelsberg are Taufstein, 773 m (2,536\u00a0ft), and Hoherodskopf, 763 m (2,503\u00a0ft). Both are now in a national park, the Hoher Vogelsberg Nature Reserve."}
+{"id": "44852", "revid": "10037981", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44852", "title": "Fulda River", "text": "The Fulda is a river in Hesse, Germany. It is one of two headstreams of the Weser River (the other one being the Werra). The Fulda River is 218\u00a0km in length.\nThe source is in the Rh\u00f6n mountains. From here it runs northwards through the Weserbergland hills and finally meets the Werra River close to Hannoversch M\u00fcnden.\nCities along the Fulda River include:"}
+{"id": "44853", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44853", "title": "Headstream", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44854", "revid": "10489552", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44854", "title": "Emo", "text": "Emo is a kind of music which is short for \"emotive hardcore.\" The style first formed in the mid-1980s, taking the musical sounds of hardcore punk and post-hardcore and combining them with sad and sensitive lyricism (words) that emo has become so well known for.\nIn the mid-1990s, emo incorporated indie rock elements. This ultimately made the emo bands of the 90's much less angry and 'punk-ish' and more dramatic, sometimes even acoustic. Once emo became popular in the 2000s, it became shaped by pop punk, (a mix of emo and pop punk exists, and is called \"emo-pop\") alternative rock and melodic hardcore.\nThe birthplace of the emo style of music is often said to be Washington, D.C.. This is because the first known emo band, Rites Of Spring, is from that city.\nFashion.\nAs emo entered the mainstream, it became as tied to fashion as to the music genre. The term \"emo\" is associated with wearing skinny jeans, as well as tight T-shirts (usually short-sleeved) or zip-up hoodies which often bear the names of emo bands. Studded belts, converse sneakers, vans, and black wristbands also became associated with emo fashion. Also, thick, horn-rimmed glasses remained in emo fashion. In the mid-2000s, eyeliner and black fingernails became another common thing in emo fashion. The most famous part of emo fashion is the emo hairstyle. The emo hairstyle is flat, straight, and usually jet black hair with long bangs that often will cover a lot of the face. This fashion has at times been characterized as a fad. Emo fashion also has been often confused with goth fashion and scene fashion.\nAs emo became known as a subculture, people who both dressed in emo fashion and associated themselves with the genre of emo music have been called \"emo kids\" or \"emos\".\nMusic.\nExamples of bands that emos have been known for listening to are My Chemical Romance, Green Day, Hawthorne Heights, Silverstein, AFI, Dashboard Confessional, Simple Plan, Brand New, From First to Last, Armor for Sleep, Aiden, Senses Fail, Fall Out Boy, Taking Back Sunday, The Movielife, Death Cab for Cutie, The Used, Alesana, Finch, Panic! at the Disco, and Paramore.\nEmo kids also tend to show high interest in lesser known emo bands, such as Ashestoangels, A Thorn For Every Heart, Dear Whoever and (early) Greeley Estates.\nThree of the bands mentioned above are multi-platinum acts (My Chemical Romance, Fall Out Boy, and Panic at the Disco) and they are known for making \"emo-pop\" music early in their careers. They have, however, protested to belonging to the emo genre.\nCriticism and controversy.\nStereotypes.\nPeople who associate themselves with emo tend to be looked at by society as anxious and emotional. These types of people are looked at by society to be associated with depression, self-harm and suicide. Some people explained the difference between emos and goths by saying that \"emos hate themselves, while goths hate everyone.\"\nSuicide and self harm.\nSome people believe emo is a bad thing. A teenager named Hannah Bond died by hanging herself, blamed by both her mother, Heather Bond, and Hannah's coroner (\"dead body analyst\"). They both believed that emo music caused Hannah to think that suicide is good. They noticed that Hannah appeared to really enjoy the band My Chemical Romance. They noticed that she joined an \"emo cult\", and an image of an emo girl with bloody wrists was shown on her Bebo page. It was reported that Hannah told her parents that her self-harm was an \"emo initiation ceremony\". Heather Bond does not like emo culture: \"There are 'emo' websites that show pink teddies hanging themselves.\" After the results of her dead body are reported on the magazine \"NME\", fans of emo music were complaining that the emo culture did not promote self-harm and suicide. The band My Chemical Romance felt sad about Hannah's death, and spoke verbally that the band is both anti-violence and anti-suicide."}
+{"id": "44856", "revid": "9649832", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44856", "title": "Gonadotropin", "text": "Gonadotropins (or Gonadotrophins) are hormones. The two main hormones of the group are Luteinizing hormone (LH) and Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Gonadotropins are hormones that tell the testicles to make sperm or the uterus to release an egg. Basically it\u2019s part of the make hormonal reproduction center"}
+{"id": "44861", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44861", "title": "De Lorean Motor Company", "text": "The DeLorean Motor Company was a car manufacturer formed by John DeLorean in 1975. The company only made one car during its existence - the DMC-12, which has featured in the science fiction series \"Back to the Future\" as a time machine created by Doc Emmett Brown.\nIn 1957, John Z. DeLorean decided to create his own sports car. It was one of his childhood dreams. He created the DeLorean Motors Company near Belfast, Northern Ireland, and his project was helped by the British government. His first car, the DMC-12, was produced in 1981. When the car was publicly launched, the car was a success, and 6,539 DMC-12s were produced in 1981. The car was expensive, and regarded as underpowered for its cost.\nProduction of the DMC-12 continued until 1983, when the DeLorean Motors Company had money problems. John Z. De Lorean was later arrested by police for trafficking cocaine. Production of DeLorean cars was stopped.\nAt present, 6000 De Lorean are used regularly by their owners, and a big majority is in the USA."}
+{"id": "44862", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44862", "title": "Gonadotrophin", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44864", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44864", "title": "Wedding", "text": "A wedding is the ceremony in which two people become married. Most wedding ceremonies involve an exchange of marriage vows by a couple. There is often a presentation of a gift (offering, rings, symbolic item, flowers, money, dress), and a public proclamation of marriage by an authority figure or celebrant. It is common for the couple involved in the wedding to exchange vows and to give each other rings. Weddings are often held in religious buildings, but non-religious (or: civil) wedding ceremonies are becoming increasingly popular all over the world.\nWedding customs in western societies.\nPre-wedding customs.\nIn the few days or weeks before a wedding, the bride may attend a \"bridal shower\" held in a friend's home. She receives gifts for and advice about married life. The groom may attend a \"bachelor party\" with his groomsmen. This event marks his last night as a bachelor. There is much drinking and merriment. A dinner is sometimes held for the parents of the couple. A dinner for all the members of the wedding party may be held the night before the wedding.\nCeremony.\nA traditional wedding ceremony in the western world usually consists of the couple exchanging vows before a government official or a priest, minister, or pastor. Rings are exchanged between the married couple, following which they kiss.\nSite.\nTraditionally a church, synagogue, temple, other religious centre, or the home of one of the parents is the site of the wedding. Non-traditional couples choose unusual sites. Some couples have married while snorkelling or skydiving. Couples sometimes choose \"destination weddings\" and pay for guests to attend their wedding at a romantic \"destination\" such as a Caribbean island. In the United Kingdom in 2020 85.5% of weddings were civil ceremonies - not in religious buildings.\nReception.\nThere is often a party or banquet after the wedding called a reception. This may be called the wedding breakfast as it is the first meal the married couple eat together. During the reception, the couple greet friends and family, cut a cake, and have the first dance together. Sometimes a bouquet is tossed to the guests, traditionally to predict who is getting married next. The couple then departs the reception site in a car that is sometimes decorated with balloons, signs (\"Just Married!\"), old shoes or tin cans tied to the rear bumper.\nDress.\nOne or both of the couple usually wears white formal attire. Traditionally, white symbolized virginity. Sometimes a veil, a wreath of flowers, a tiara, or another headdress is worn. The veil is then lifted before or after the vows are taken.\nHoneymoon.\nAfter the wedding, the newlyweds usually take a trip, which is called a honeymoon. Traditionally, the honeymoon was the time when the couple had their first sexual intercourse and established their sexual relationship. Many, many couples in the western world today have had sexual intercourse long before the wedding, and the honeymoon has become a time of intimate relaxation before returning to work, debts, and other obligations.\nWedding Wishes.\nMarriage is the beautiful bond of souls bind together with eternal love, responsibility, rights, and obligations. It is for everyone, love is love. Marriage is more than living together. It is about duty, commitment, understanding, and many more. From the prehistoric time, it has been the traditions to celebrate the wedding day full of fun, excitements, presents, and beautiful blessings.\nBridesmaids.\nThe bridesmaids are not necessarily women, they are people that walk down the aisle before one of the couple. They often wear the same colour as the one or both of the couple and they might carry flowers.\nBridal shower.\nThe bridal shower is similar to the bachelor party, but it is for the other one of the couple."}
+{"id": "44865", "revid": "1692632", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44865", "title": "Stargate SG-1", "text": "Stargate SG-1 is a science fiction television program. It takes place after the movie \"Stargate\". The show started on July 27, 1997 on the TV channel \"Showtime\", from 1997 to 2002, and then on the TV channel \"Sci Fi\", from 2002 to 2007. The first episode, \"Children of the Gods\" was two hours long and was rated R because of a scene of nudity. It is the only episode in the series that was rated. The show ended with the episode, \"Unending\" on March 13, 2007.\nThe show follows the missions of a secret military operation known as the Stargate Program. It is run out of a base under Cheyenne Mountain, known as Stargate Command (commonly called the SGC). The plot of the show revolves around the flagship team, called SG-1. The team is made up of Colonel Jack O'Neill (Richard Dean Anderson), Dr. Daniel Jackson (Michael Shanks), Major Samantha Carter (Amanda Tapping), and Teal'c (Christopher Judge).\nEpisodes.\nSeason 1:"}
+{"id": "44867", "revid": "1674917", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44867", "title": "Stargate Atlantis", "text": "Stargate Atlantis is a television series. It is a spin-off of the \"Stargate SG-1\" series. The series starts at the beginning of the eighth season of \"Stargate SG-1\". Mika McKinnon was a science adviser for this show and \"Stargate Universe\".\nStory.\nThe main subject of the seventh season of \"Stargate SG-1\" was researching and locating the city of the Ancients. At the end of the seventh season, SG-1 discovered that the city is on Earth, under the ices of Antarctica. But it was in fact only a beachhead. Doctor Daniel Jackson finds the coordinates of the real city. Its name is Atlantis (the legendary ancient city), and it's in the Pegasus galaxy. The address was hard to find because it needs eight chevrons, the seventh of which is used to indicate the galaxy."}
+{"id": "44871", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44871", "title": "Enchilada", "text": "Enchilada is a traditional Mexican dish. The words comes from \"enchilar\", which means \"add Chili peppers to something\". The traditional enchilada sauce mainly consists of Chile peppers. The basis for the enchilada is tortilla, made from maize. After that,a certain kind of meat (usually birds, like chicken or turkey) is added. Some people also add onions and cheese. "}
+{"id": "44872", "revid": "9514379", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44872", "title": "Sugar Sugar Rune", "text": "Sugar Sugar Rune (\u30b7\u30e5\u30ac\u30b7\u30e5\u30ac\u30eb\u30fc\u30f3) is a Japanese manga and anime. It tells the story of two young witches who are in a competition together. They are trying to become the new queen of their world.\nStory.\nVanilla and Chocolat are two young witches who are sent in the humans world in order to decide who will become the new queen of their world. Their goal is succeeding in getting colored hearts from boys by being nice to them. When the boys fall in love with them, their feelings turn into a heart that the witches can take with a magic spell. The hearts are different colors for different feelings, such as surprise, love, or jealousy. Each heart can be used like money in their world, and some are worth more than others. Vanilla and Chocolat go to school like regular humans, and they take the hearts of the boys that they see at school and at other places in town. They can also get a heart that represents friendship from other girls, and they learn that it is important for the future Queen to be able to be nice to girls as well as boys. Also, Vanilla and Chocolat are friends, and they decide that they will stay friends no matter who becomes the queen of their world at the end of the competition. \nThere are bad guys in their world, though. They are called Ogres, and they like to make people feel jealous of one another or make people hate each other. They use the \"Black Hearts\" that those bad emotions make as power, and they want to take over the magical world that Vanilla and Chocolat come from. The story shows the competition between Chocolat and Vanilla and how their people handle the Ogres that try to stop their competition.\nMain Characters.\nChocolat Meilleure : (\"Chocolat Kat\u00f4\" in the world of the humans.) Chocolat is a young witch with a lot of charisma. She is funny and not shy at all. Her personality make her liked in her world, but in her new school, the boys prefer a shy girl like Vanilla. She has a quick temper that scares human boys, but she is not truly cruel-hearted. Later on in the story, some of the boys start to like her. Two boys from her own world also like her a lot and want her to be the queen of their world. Chocolat's mother was also in a competition to become the queen before Chocolat was born, but she died when Chocolat was a baby. Chocolat has a crush on Pierre.\nVanilla Mieux : (Vanilla Ice in the world of the humans). Vanilla is the best-friend of Chocolat. She is very shy. She tries to be nice to everyone, but sometimes the boys want her to like them instead of everyone at once. Vanilla's mother is the queen of their world, and she is a very nice person who helps Vanilla and Chocolat from time to time.\nRockin' Robin : Robin is a wizard from Vanilla and Chocolat's world, and the girls in the human world like him a lot. His job is to help Vanilla and Chocolat while they compete to become the queen of their world. He gives them advice about living with humans.\nPierre He is a cold boy who is not innocent as he looks. He is popular with the girls in Chocolat's world, but he is an evil Ogre (an evil race of wizards and witches). He even tries to kill Chocolat once. He has a fan club of pretty, but cruel girls. Eventually, he starts to warm up and Chocolat saves him and he becomes good again. He likes Chocolat romantically."}
+{"id": "44873", "revid": "8820013", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44873", "title": "Byzantine art", "text": "Byzantine art is a form of Christian Greek art of the Eastern Roman Empire (now called the Byzantine Empire) from about the 5th century to the Fall of Constantinople in 1453.\nHowever, the term can also be for other the art of countries who shared their culture with the Byzantine Empire, including Bulgaria, Serbia and Rus. The Republic of Venice and Kingdom of Sicily can also be included even though they were part of Western European culture. Art that was produced by Balkan and Anatolian Christians who lived in the Ottoman Empire is often called \"post-Byzantine.\" Certain traditions that began in the Byzantine Empire, particularly icon painting and church architecture, are still current in Greece, Russia and other Eastern Orthodox countries."}
+{"id": "44874", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44874", "title": "Hel (realm)", "text": "Hel is one of the nine worlds of Norse mythology. It is where the mortal dead gather after life if their death was dishonourable. Its ruler is the goddess Hel. Hel is located under the roots of the tree Yggdrasil. It can be reached via the river Gj\u00f6ll. A bridge spans this river which is guarded by the giantess Modgrudr. Garm, a dog, guards the entrance to the castle of Hel. He only lets the dead souls enter however they cannot leave. A rooster is the companion of Garm. Its purpose in the realm of the gods is to wake them for Ragnar\u00f6k, this rooster will also wake the souls of the dead. \nThe dragon Nidh\u00f6gg eats from the corpses of deceased criminals. The wolf Fenrir also joins in on this feast."}
+{"id": "44882", "revid": "1572824", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44882", "title": "Wrigley, Northwest Territories", "text": "Wrigley is a Canadian community in the Northwest Territories.\nIn 2021, 117 people lived there."}
+{"id": "44891", "revid": "642202", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44891", "title": "Stress", "text": "Stress could mean:"}
+{"id": "44893", "revid": "264940", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44893", "title": "Orycteropus afer", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44894", "revid": "264942", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44894", "title": "Orycteropus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44898", "revid": "264953", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44898", "title": "Orycteropodidae", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44899", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44899", "title": "Tubulidentata", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44901", "revid": "9556090", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44901", "title": "Tabulating machine", "text": "The tabulating machine was a machine used to make the 1890 United States census. It was made by Herman Hollerith. Hollerith's machine used punched cards to store information with by categorisation.\nThe tabulating machine was an electromechanical machine designed to assist in summarizing information stored on punched cards. Invented by Herman Hollerith, the machine was developed to help process data for the 1890 U.S. Census.Herman Hollerith's tabulator consisted of electrically-operated components that captured and processed census data by \"reading\" holes on paper punch cards."}
+{"id": "44903", "revid": "1672547", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44903", "title": "Orcinus", "text": "Orcinus is a genus of large toothed whales that include a only living species: Orca (\"Orcinus orca\"). The genus include extinct species such as the \"Orcinus paleorca\" and the \"O. citoniensis\". The \"O. meyeri\" are in dispute."}
+{"id": "44905", "revid": "165650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44905", "title": "FreeBASIC", "text": "FreeBASIC is a programming language like QuickBASIC. It is free and open source. It has many advanced things that other BASIC programming languages do not have. FreeBASIC can make graphical programs or console mode programs. It runs on DOS, Linux, and Microsoft Windows.\nThe FreeBASIC compiler can create itself."}
+{"id": "44911", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44911", "title": "Real", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44931", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44931", "title": "Bohrium", "text": "Bohrium is a chemical element. At the periodic table of the elements it is at position 107.\nThe element is named in honor of Niels Bohr.\nMendeleev predicted that Bohrium would exist. He called the element eka-rhenium because of its location was near Rhenium in the Periodic Table. The chemistry of bohrium is like the chemistry of rhenium."}
+{"id": "44932", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44932", "title": "Fermium", "text": "Fermium (symbol Fm) is a chemical element. It has an atomic number of 100, which makes it at position 100 at the periodic table. Fermium cannot be found in nature; it has to be made. Scientists can create it by combining plutonium with neutrons at very high speeds and temperatures. It is named after Enrico Fermi.\nHistory.\nAlbert Ghiorso and other scientists at the University of California, Berkeley first discovered fermium. They found the element in the fallout from the explosion of the first successful hydrogen bomb test. This test was on November 1, 1952. In the fallout, scientists also discovered another new element, Einsteinium. Because of the Cold War, the US military did not allow the scientists to publish their results in a scientific journal. However, they conducted other studies and published their research in 1954. The studies of nuclear fallout were declassified and published in 1955.\nA group in the Nobel Institute for Physics in Stockholm also discovered isotopes of this element before the research of the Berkeley scientists was published. However, most agree that the Berkeley scientists were the first to discover fermium."}
+{"id": "44933", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44933", "title": "Potash", "text": "Potash is a generic term for a chemical compound. It means the mixture of potassium hydroxide and potassium carbonate left over in ashes. The wood was burnt to produce ashes, which were dissolved in water. The potash was then reacted with fat to produce soap."}
+{"id": "44935", "revid": "127811", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44935", "title": "Broadcaster", "text": "Broadcaster may refer to:"}
+{"id": "44947", "revid": "1122404", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44947", "title": "Longitudinal wave", "text": "A longitudinal wave is a wave in which the particle movement is parallel to the direction of the wave propagation. This means that the particles move left and right which in turn makes the other particles start to oscillate. This creates a wave. Longitudinal waves are also called pressure waves, and sound waves are the most common kinds.\nAs with other waves, the particles do not move with the wave. "}
+{"id": "44949", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44949", "title": "Southbridge, Massachusetts", "text": "Southbridge is a city in the American state of Massachusetts. The city's nickname is \"The Eye of the Commonwealth\". It has a population of about 18,000. \nSouthbridge has a lot of history and tradition. The city was once home to the largest optical manufacturer in the world: American Optical. American Optical moved somewhere in Mexico where workers would be paid smaller wages. It is now called the Mexican Optical. Southbridge has a great economy. It is often called a mixing pot of cultures. There are many different ethnic groups in Southbridge."}
+{"id": "44950", "revid": "1415958", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44950", "title": "Tibetan language", "text": "The Tibetan language or Standard Tibetan is a Tibetic language spoken in Tibet, a region of China. It is one of the many Han\u2013Tibetan languages.\nIt has been spoken for many centuries (since at least the 6th century, possibly earlier).\nTibetan has many dialects and Standard Tibetan is one of them. People who speak different dialects often cannot easily communicate with each other orally.\nThe Tibetan written language is not known by most Tibetans and is not taught in many Tibetan areas."}
+{"id": "44956", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44956", "title": "Aschaffenburg", "text": "Aschaffenburg (; East Franconian: \"Aschebersch\" ]) is a German city in the west of Franconia. It has a population of about 68,000. It is a part of the European metropolitan area of Frankfurt am Main."}
+{"id": "44957", "revid": "259010", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44957", "title": "Most Valuable Player", "text": "In sports, a Most Valuable Player award is an honour given to the player or players of a team that performed better than the other players throughout a league or contest. It was first used in professional sports, but is now used a lot in amateur sports and other things unrelated to sports, such as business and music awards. A similar award used in sports, often in soccer, is man of the match."}
+{"id": "44958", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44958", "title": "Most valuable player", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44959", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44959", "title": "MVP", "text": "MVP could mean:"}
+{"id": "44960", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44960", "title": "Caecum", "text": ""}
+{"id": "44964", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44964", "title": "Stoat", "text": "A stoat (\"Mustela erminea)\" is a small mammal of the family Mustelidae. It is also called a short tailed weasel. It is bigger than a weasel. Stoats in their white winter coat are also called ermines. They can grow to be as long as 30 centimeters (a foot long). They eat other small animals and bird eggs, and can kill animals bigger than themselves. They can also store food for later. They kill by biting the neck of their prey at the place where the skull attaches to the rest of the body.\nDescription.\nStoats are long and thin with short legs, small ears, and thick warm fur. Their fur is brown, but changes to white in the winter. The tail has a black tip all year round. The whiskers are brown or white in colour, and very long. Stoats have a good sense of smell, and they hunt using smell. They do not see color as well as humans, but they can see better at night.\nMales are 187\u2013325\u00a0mm (7.4\u201312.8\u00a0in) in length. Females are 170\u2013270\u00a0mm (6.7\u201310.6\u00a0in) in length. The tail is 75\u2013120\u00a0mm (3.0\u20134.7\u00a0in) in males. The tail is 65\u2013106\u00a0mm (2.6\u20134.2\u00a0in) in females. Males weigh 258 grams (9.1\u00a0oz). Females weigh less than 180 grams (6.3\u00a0oz).\nBehavior.\nStoats are largely crepuscular, meaning that they are most active during dawn and dusk, though they spread out their activity in short bursts during the day and night as well.\nStoats can spray a bad smelling fluid when they are scared. They are also good at climbing trees.\nThe stoat does not dig its own burrows. Instead it uses the burrows of the rodents it kills. The skins and underfur of the rodents it kills are used to line the nest chamber. The nest chamber is sometimes found in places that doesn't look like a good place to live in, such as among logs piled against the walls of houses. The stoat also lives in old and rotting stumps, under tree roots, in heaps of brushwood, haystacks, in bog hummocks, in the cracks of empty mud buildings, in rock piles, rock clefts, and even in magpie nests.\nFeeding.\nThe stoat lives by hunting. It usually hunts large rodents and lagomorphs. It will attack animals much larger than itself. In Russia, its prey includes rodents and lagomorphs such as European water voles, common hamsters, pikas. It overpowers them in their burrows. It also eats small birds, fish, and shrews and, more rarely, amphibians, lizards, and insects. In Great Britain, European rabbits are an important source of food. Stoats that live in Great Britain rarely kill shrews, rats, squirrels and water voles, though rats may be an important source of food locally. In Ireland, shrews and rats are frequently eaten. In North America, where the ecological niche for rat and rabbit sized prey is taken by the larger long-tailed weasel, the stoat hunts mice, voles, shrews, and young cottontail. In New Zealand, the stoat mostly feeds on birds, including the rare kiwi, kaka, mohua, yellow-crowned parakeet, and New Zealand dotterel.\nDistribution and Habitat.\nStoats live in temperate, subarctic northern areas. They live in parts of Europe, Asia, and North America. They were brought to New Zealand to kill rabbits. Unfortunately, they also killed many of the native New Zealand birds.\nThe stoat lives throughout North America, Europe, and Asia, from Greenland and the Canadian and Siberian Arctic islands. Stoats in North America are found throughout Alaska and Canada south through most of the northern United States to central California, northern Arizona, northern New Mexico, Iowa, the Great Lakes region, New England, and Pennsylvania, but are absent from most of the Great Plains, and the Southeastern United States. The stoat in Europe is found as far south as in Portugal. It also lives in most islands with the except Iceland, Svalbard, the Mediterranean islands and some small North Atlantic islands. In Japan, it is lives in the central mountains (northern and central Japan Alps) to northern part of Honshu (mainly above 1,200 m) and Hokkaid\u014d.\nReproduction.\nStoats live alone and are territorial. The gestation period is usually around 300 days. After mating in the summer, the kits will not be born until the following spring. Female stoats spend almost all their lives either pregnant or in heat.They mate once a year and have several babies, which are called kits. The kits may not develop for 8\u20139 months after the female becomes pregnant. When weather conditions are good and there is plenty of food, the kits begin to grow and are born within a month. The males do not help raise the babies.\nMales become sexually mature at 10\u201311 months. Females become sexually mature at the age of 2\u20133 weeks whilst still blind, deaf and hairless."}
+{"id": "44966", "revid": "937699", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44966", "title": "Icon (disambiguation)", "text": "An icon , from the Greek word for image, is a picture of something holy or divine. Icons in this sense are in use mainly in Eastern Christianity. Look in the article Icon for this meaning.\nIconography is the study of all types of images, such as their history and meaning. This is mostly used in art history. The word can also mean \"symbolism\".\nIn other use, an \"icon\" is a Pictogram for an object, facility, control, political party, government, or something like this. See Icon (secular).\nIcon may also mean:\nIn computing:\nOther uses:"}
+{"id": "44968", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44968", "title": "Icon", "text": "An icon (from Greek: , \"eikon\", \"image\") is an image, picture, or representation which has a religious meaning. It is a sign or a likeness that stands for a real object or person. \nOverview.\nDespite \"icon\" also referring to images of other religions, it is most often used to describe a painting on a wooden panel that has been done in the Orthodox Christian tradition, and may also be used for carved ivory panels and panels of silver or gold. \nExamples.\nThese icons show a holy being such as Jesus, Mary, a saint or an angel. They also show scenes from the Bible, such as the Crucifixion, and scenes from lives of Christian saints. \nOrthodox Christianity.\nIn Orthodox Christianity, an icon is seen as a window via which a person can get a view of God's truth.\nOrthodox Christian icons.\nHistory.\nThe traditional way of making an icon was used in Egypt in Early Christian times to make portraits of dead people to use for their funerals. Like icons, these funeral portraits were done on a wooden panel and the paint was mixed with yolk of egg. From the time that Christianity was made legal by Constantine the Great in the early 300s, artists began to use the same method for painting holy pictures. \nIt was always hoped that a painting would last for a long time, so everything had to be very carefully prepared. A board had to be chosen that would not crack or warp (bend), and which did not have any knotty bits that might fall out. \nThe board was sanded smooth and then coated with a gluey paint called \"size\" which would hold the coloured paint well, but stop the expensive colours from being soaked up by the wood. The artist would prepare the paints very carefully. Some of the colours were made from gound-up semi-precious stones. Others were made from chemicals. \nProduction.\nPreparation.\nBefore the artist could start on the panel, he had to prepare the design. It was not important for the artist to think of something new and different. It was much more important that he could copy another icon very accurately. The same designs were used over and over. \nDespite all icons being seen as a window to Heaven, some icons were believed to have special properties. It was believed that praying and lighting candles before some icons would bring healing, or the help of the saint who was shown in the picture. These icons became very famous and were often copied. \nPainting.\nAfter the artist had drawn the design onto the surface of the size in thin green or brown paint, he would put the paint on in layers, building up the colours bit by bit. Most of the colours were quite transparent and this made the painting look glowing. \nCompletion.\nWhen the figures were finished the artist would set the work in a wooden frame and cover the background with a little pieces of gold leaf that had been beaten into very thin sheets. When a candle was lit near the icon, it shone on the gold surface and made the figures stand out.\nIcons in other religions.\nThroughout history, some religions, such as Christianity and Hinduism, have often used icons such as paintings and statues, while others, such as Judaism and Islam, do not often use icons due to concerns over idolatry.\nHinduism.\nIn Hinduism, there is much use of sacred objects because there is a belief in murti, the idea that the Spirit of God can be present in an \"icon\" (or holy object)."}
+{"id": "44973", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44973", "title": "Eastern Christianity", "text": "Eastern Christianity means the Christian traditions and churches which developed in Greece, the Balkans, Eastern Europe, Asia Minor, the Middle East, East Africa and southern India over several centuries of religious antiquity. \nDenominations.\nThere are especially five families of churches: the Assyrian Church of the East, the Eastern Orthodox Churches, Oriental Orthodoxy, the Eastern Catholic Churches, and Eastern Protestant Christianity.\nWestern Christianity.\nOn the other hand, there are the\" Western\" traditions of Christianity which mainly represented by the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church, and most non-Eastern Protestant denominations."}
+{"id": "44985", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44985", "title": "Love Hina", "text": "Love Hina is a Japanese manga. It was created by Ken Akamatsu. It tells the story Keitar\u00f4 Urashima. Urashima is a Japanese student who tried to enter the famous university of Tokyo (Todai or Toky\u00f4 Daigaku). \"Love Hina\" exists also as an animated series.\nStory.\nKeitar\u00f4 Urashima is a 19-year-old boy who tries to study at the well known university of Todai. He tried three times and failed. He finally decides to go to the hotel of his aunt, the Hinata Hotel. When he got to the hotel, he found that it has been changed into a girls' hotel. The first time he met the people living in the hotel, they were not very happy to see him. Slowly, they began to accept him, even if he is clumsy and a pervert."}
+{"id": "44986", "revid": "1611993", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44986", "title": "Super Nintendo Entertainment System", "text": "The Super Nintendo Entertainment System (often shortened to \"SNES\" or \"Super NES\") is a 16-bit video game console created by Nintendo, released first in 1990. It is the successor to the NES. It was called the Super Famicom in Japan, and the Super Comboy in South Korea. The console can display 2D graphics, with some limited support for 3D graphics with the Super FX chip. Super NES games are loaded from a cartridge. The major competitor for the SNES was the Sega Genesis/Mega Drive, but it also competed with the TurboGrafx-16, the Neo Geo AES, and the Panasonic 3D0."}
+{"id": "44989", "revid": "1573302", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44989", "title": "Sega Saturn", "text": "The is a 32-bit video game console made by Sega. It was released in Japan on November 22 1994, in the United States on May 11 1995, and in Europe on July 8 1995. Games were released on CD-ROMs. It is followed by the Dreamcast. The Saturn was the first Sega video game console which can display 3D graphics. Accessories were available for the Sega Saturn, including a gun controller which was used to play \"Virtua Cop\", and an analog controller.\nThe console was called Saturn because it was Sega's sixth games console, and Saturn is the sixth planet of the solar system.\nThroughout the consoles lifespan it sold 17.4 million hardware units from November 1994 to March 2001 with 8.8 million sold in Japan and 4.1 million sold in the United States respectively. The Sega Saturn is considered a commercial flop, but has a very strong retro who has not given up on the Saturn.\nJapanese models.\nThe Sega Saturn was quite popular in Japan, because of the commercial with Segata Sanshiro, a man who devoted his life to the Sega Saturn. The Japanese Sega Saturn was black, and it was later changed to gray.\nEuropean/North American models.\nIn North America, the Saturn was not nearly as popular as it was in Japan. When it was first released, there were only a few games available, because the console's strange technology made it difficult to program for. That caused the PlayStation to be more popular in Europe. Another problem was that Sega released the Saturn sooner than they intended to, but did not tell shops about the new release date, meaning that many of them did not sell the Saturn at all out of anger. Sega had also made other consoles to try and be the first to use new technology, such as the Sega CD (an early console with games that came on CDs) and the Sega 32X (with better graphics than Sega's previous consoles), leaving some gamers without enough money to buy all three systems or angry at Sega for abandoning the 32X when the Saturn was released."}
+{"id": "44998", "revid": "10113297", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44998", "title": "I\u00f0unn", "text": "I\u00f0unn is a goddess in Norse mythology. She is the goddess of youth and the wife of Bragi, god of poetry. She guards the golden apples, which are eaten by the Norse gods to let them live until Ragnarok (the battle of the end of the world)."}
+{"id": "45001", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45001", "title": "GoldenEye 007 (1997 video game)", "text": "GoldenEye 007 is a first-person shooter video game on the Nintendo 64. Its story is based on the 1995 movie \"GoldenEye\". The main character of the game is James Bond, Agent 007. It is a 3D first person shooter style game. Its multiplayer mode is also very popular. The game has received a very positive reception and is often said to be one of the best games ever made.\nIn November 2010, a\u00a0remake\u00a0of the game was released for the\u00a0Nintendo Wii\u00a0and\u00a0Nintendo DS. However, it was not received as positively and it was criticized. \nLevels.\nThere are 20 levels in the game, which are separated into 9 missions. Some missions only have one level while others have many. There are also 2 bonus missions.\nThe game is one of the world's most highly acclaimed first-person shooter games and has been rated highly on many lists. Screwattack.com for instance put it first on its list of top ten first-person shooter games, taking the title away from games like \"Halo\" and \"Half Life 2\"."}
+{"id": "45002", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45002", "title": "Vibrate", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45008", "revid": "1547528", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45008", "title": "List of dinosaurs", "text": "The following is a list of dinosaurs. Some of them, such as Archaeopteryx, are considered to be birds. Some doubtful Mesozoic birds are included in this list. "}
+{"id": "45010", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45010", "title": "Chrismas", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45012", "revid": "1239704", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45012", "title": "Oronzio Maldarelli", "text": "Oronzio Maldarelli was an Italian born American sculptor and artist. He was born in 1892. He came to the United States from Naples, Italy as a child. He died in 1963 at the age of 71.\nAt age fourteen, he took lessons in drawing and clay modeling. After two years, he started to study at the National Academy of Design with Leon Kroll, Ivan Olinsky, and Hermon McNeil. In 1912, he entered the Beaux-Arts Institute. It was there that Jo Davidson and Elie Nadelman helped him out. He was a great artist at everything. In 1935, he started doing mostly just sculpture. Maldarelli is best known for sculptures of female forms that have great detail. Some of them took as long as 13 years. In 1941, Maldarelli won the Logan Prize ($500) for a detailed sculpture of a limestone head. He was a teacher at Columbia University for many years, teaching the art of sculpting."}
+{"id": "45024", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45024", "title": "Brights", "text": "The Brights is a group that was started by Paul Geisert and Mynga Futrell to make a name that sounds good for people who have views on life based on nature (naturalistic worldviews). They did not like that names like \"atheist\" and \"non-believer\" sounded bad to some people and they wanted a word that sounded better to these people.\nPaul Geisert chose the word \"bright.\" Mynga Futrell says a bright is a person who has views on life that are free of more-than-natural (supernatural) ideas. She says these persons' morals come from their views on life.\nCriticism.\nSome people, both religious and non-religious, do not like the Brights using the word \"bright\" in this way. They believe it suggests that people with views on life based on nature are smarter than those with other views on life. However, this is not why the name was chosen; it tries to show that people with views based on nature are \"looking on the \"bright\" side\" of life."}
+{"id": "45027", "revid": "1343687", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45027", "title": "Dish", "text": "Dish can mean a plate or pan for food. See Tableware \nor Dish (food). \nSome radio antennas are in the shape of dishes."}
+{"id": "45029", "revid": "112243", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45029", "title": "Hinge", "text": "A hinge is something that connects two objects and lets them rotate. The most common examples are the hinges that connect doors to walls or door frames. To open a door on hinges, one pushes the side far from the hinges and the door rotates around the side with hinges.\nHinges can be very large or very small. Small hinges are used for jewellery boxes and other small things with lids. Very large hinges have been used at the bottom of buildings, to let a building sit on loose soil or mud without breaking."}
+{"id": "45032", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45032", "title": "Visible light", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45033", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45033", "title": "Shia Halfmoon", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45036", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45036", "title": "Instrument", "text": "An instrument can mean several things."}
+{"id": "45038", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45038", "title": "Hunt", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45039", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45039", "title": "Producer", "text": "A producer is something or somebody responsible for the production of a thing or a being.\nEntertainment producers.\nIn the entertainment industry, a producer is a person who makes things happen. The producer is of the person in charge of providing the money and hire people to do the job. It is also the job of the producer to deal with getting whatever is being made out to the public. A movie producer must find people to provide money to make the movie, hire the main actors and director for the movie, and get the movie distributed so that people can see it. Producers are commonly found dealing with movies, television, and music.\nExecutive producer.\nIn large entertainment companies, the title of executive producer is often given to people who provide a large amount of money to get something created. Other executive producers speak for the CEO of the company on how the movie or television program is made.\nIn smaller companies, especially for television series, the executive producer is often the creator of the series. Main writers who have been with the series for a long time are often given the title of executive producer."}
+{"id": "45040", "revid": "1521690", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45040", "title": "Italian wine", "text": "Italian wines are those produced in Italy, the oldest wine producing region, and are considered to be among the best wines in the world. Wine is a popular beverage in Italy. Many Italians drink it with every meal and in-between, and offer it to guests as soon as they arrive.\nHistory.\nDepending on the vintage, Italy is the world's largest or second largest producer of wine, along with France (each country is generally the source of around 1/5 of the world's overall production).\nStatistics.\nIn 2005, Italy was second globally, producing about 20% of the global production of wine compared to France, which produced 22%.\nIn 2005, Italy's share in dollar value of table wine imports into the U.S. was 32%, Australia's was 24%, and France's was 20%. Italian and Australian share has rapidly increased in recent years.\nSources.\nGrapes are grown in almost every part of Italy, with more than 1 million vineyards under cultivation. Each region is proud of its carefully tended, neatly pruned vines.\nItalian wines tend to be acidic, dry, light-to-medium bodied, with lots of flavour and smell. Because of these characteristics, Italian wines are, in general, better drunk with food than they are beverages to be enjoyed on their own.\nVineyards.\nIn some places the vines are trained along low supports. In others they climb as slender saplings. The people of each region are also proud of the wine they make from their own grapes.\nWinemaking.\nMost winemaking in Italy is done in modern wineries. But villagers, you need to stick a banana on your head for being proper while making wine for their own use, sometimes tread the grapes with their bare feet until the juice is squeezed out. They believe this ancient method still makes the best wine."}
+{"id": "45043", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45043", "title": "SG Essen", "text": "The SG Essen (German: Startgemeinschaft Essen) is a swimming club in Essen (North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany). It is a union of the swimming sections of 13 sports clubs. The SG Essen is one of the most successful swimming clubs in West Germany. The women's team is in the first Bundesliga (national league), the men's team in the second.\nThe SG Essen's breaststroke swimmers are well known: Mark Warnecke, Anne Poleska, and Rebecca Horstmann. The chief trainer is Horst Melzer."}
+{"id": "45053", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45053", "title": "Western civilization", "text": "Western civilization, western culture or the West is made up of European culturally derived societies (most notably in the Hellenic and in the Classical Roman heritage, Western Christianity (Catholicism and Protestantism), Democracy and Liberalism). This at least includes Western and Central Europe, English speaking North America, Australia and New Zealand. The identities of places such as Latin America, South Africa, Israel, the Philippines and Singapore are disputed due to those countries being a blend of both western and non western cultures.\nIt generally refers to the classical era cultures of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. Those cultures grew bigger across places around the Mediterranean sea and Europe. In modern times, they later grew bigger around the world mostly through colonization and globalization.\nUntil the 17th century, Western civilization was also called Christendom meaning the area where the Christian religion is in the majority (a view held by historian Arnold Toynbee). By this definition, most parts of Africa would now also be part of Western civilization since many Africans have been converted to Christianity since the 1950s.\nWesternization is the transformation of a non western culture to Western standards, with historical examples being the Romanization of \"barbarian\" Europe in the classical period, the Hispanization of South America, Central America and the Philippines in the 1500s, the Anglicization of North America and Australia in the 1700s, the Francization of North and West Africa in the 1800s and the current Americanization of many first world nations such as Singapore and Israel through Hollywood, pop music, and American popular culture.\nThere are many supporters of westernization, and many who oppose its expanding at the expense of local cultures."}
+{"id": "45054", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45054", "title": "Goldeneye 007 the video game", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45055", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45055", "title": "Iounn", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45060", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45060", "title": "E (mathematical constant)", "text": "formula_1 is a number. It is the base of the natural logarithm and is about 2.71828. It is an important mathematical constant. The number formula_2 is occasionally called Euler's number after the Swiss mathematician Leonhard Euler, or Napier's constant in honor of the Scottish mathematician John Napier who introduced logarithms. It is equally important in mathematics as formula_3 and formula_4. formula_2 is an irrational number, and Euler himself gave the first 23 digits of formula_2.\nThe number formula_2 has great importance in mathematics, as do 0, 1, formula_3, and formula_4. All five of these numbers are important and occur again and again in mathematics. The five constants appear in one formulation of Euler's identity. Like the constant formula_3, formula_2 is also irrational (it cannot be represented as a ratio of Integers) and transcendental (it is not a root of any non-zero polynomial with rational coefficients).\nThe number formula_2 is very important for exponential functions. For example, the exponential function applied to the number one, has a value of formula_2.\nformula_2 was discovered in 1683 by the Swiss mathematician Jacob Bernoulli, while he was studying compound interest. The numerical value of formula_2 truncated to 20 places is:\nAlternate definitions of e.\nThere are many different ways to define formula_2. Jacob Bernoulli, who discovered formula_2, was trying to solve the problem:\nIn other words, there is a number that the expression formula_20 approaches as formula_21 becomes larger. This number is formula_2.\nAnother definition is to find the solution of the following formula:"}
+{"id": "45062", "revid": "6770530", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45062", "title": "Monster (disambiguation)", "text": "A monster is often a type of creature.\nThe term monster can also mean:"}
+{"id": "45069", "revid": "1133011", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45069", "title": "Platelet", "text": "A platelet is a cell fragment that circulates in the blood. Platelets are involved in hemostasis through the making of blood clots. A low platelet count (number of platelets in the blood) can cause a person to bleed without their blood clotting (making scabs). A high platelet count can increase the risk of thrombosis (blood clots inside blood vessels), which stops blood from flowing properly.\nAnatomy.\nPlatelets do not have a cell nucleus. They are disc-shaped, and are 1.5 to 3 micrometers in diameter. The body does not have a lot of platelets, so they can all be used up quickly. They contain RNA, a canalicular system, and several different types of granules; lysosomes (containing acid hydrolases), dense bodies (containing ADP, ATP serotonin and calcium) and alpha granules (containing fibrinogen, factor V, vitronectin, thrombospondin and von Willebrand factor), the contents of which are released when the platelet is activated."}
+{"id": "45070", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45070", "title": "Millilitre", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45071", "revid": "1632917", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45071", "title": "Eastern Europe", "text": "Eastern Europe is the eastern region of Europe. Originally, it meant the countries that were under the influence of the Eastern Orthodox Church in Constantinople during the Middle Ages and Western Europe meant those countries following Catholicism or Protestantism. Later, during the Cold War, it meant the European countries that were allied to the Soviet Union. It is now used to talk about the European post-Soviet states and the former Warsaw Pact. Others say that Eastern Europe is a region of mainly Slavic cultures, though other ethnic groups live there as well. Eastern Europe has a large Roma gypsy population.\nAccording to the widest contemporary definitions - including those used by the UN Statistics Division, several other UN organizations and EuroVoc (the multilingual thesaurus of the EU) - the following states are in Eastern Europe:\nPartly recognized:\nAlternatives.\nSince January 1993 some groups have changed their definitions of Eastern Europe. Although the list above is still the most popular and widely accepted definition of this region, some experts divide the region further into subsections. According to such theories: the Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Slovakia are in Central Europe (the western sections of Belarus and Ukraine are also sometimes listed as Central European) or East-Central Europe. Finally, the countries of Serbia, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Kosovo, Macedonia, Moldova, Montenegro, Romania and Slovenia are occasionally grouped with a number of other countries into Southern Europe, but more often referred to as Southeast (or Southeastern) Europe."}
+{"id": "45072", "revid": "1692743", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45072", "title": "Eastern Bloc", "text": "The term Eastern Bloc referred to the former Communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, including the countries of the Warsaw Pact, along with Yugoslavia and Albania, which were not aligned with the Soviet Union after 1948 and 1960 respectively. The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) arranged economic cooperation among the members. Although officially independent countries, they were Soviet satellite states. The Eastern Bloc was created in 1947 by Joseph Stalin who was leader of the Soviet Union.\nCommunist governments were initially installed, mostly in places that had been controlled by the Axis countries and occupied due to the victories of the Soviet Union on the Eastern Front (World War II). The process included extensive political and media controls, along with a Soviet approach to restricting emigration. Events such as the split of Josip Broz Tito and Berlin Blockade prompted stricter control. While certain oppositional factions in the Bloc had revolts, such as the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 and the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, Mikhail Gorbachev's perestroika experienced inefficiencies and stagnation throughout much of the Bloc preceding the Bloc's dissolution. Counterrevolutions in 1989 dissolved the Soviet Bloc.\nA 2009 Pew Research Center poll showed that 72% of Hungarians and 62% of both Ukrainians and Bulgarians felt that their lives were worse off after 1989, when free markets were made dominant. A follow-up poll by Pew Research Center in 2011 showed that 45% of Lithuanians, 42% of Russians, and 34% of Ukrainians approved of the change to a market economy."}
+{"id": "45078", "revid": "10324813", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45078", "title": "History of video games", "text": "Video games were introduced as an entertainment medium in 1971, becoming the start for a big entertainment industry in the late 1970s/early 1980s in the United States, Japan, and Europe. After a bad industry collapse in 1983 and a rebirth two years later, the video game industry has experienced large growth for over twenty years. Now, it is a $10 billion industry and it earns almost as much money as the motion picture industry.\nNowadays, we have companies such as Xbox, PlayStation, and Nintendo that are very popular in most countries. This is fascinating and many games show the history. From the nostalgic Super Mario Bros on the NES to the open world Super Mario Odyssey on the Nintendo Switch"}
+{"id": "45091", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45091", "title": "Truthiness", "text": "Truthiness is a word used by Stephen Colbert. It was first used on October 17, 2005 in the first episode of the television show \"The Colbert Report\". The word is used to describe something that feels truthful. Facts and logic have nothing to do with truthiness. The truthiness of something is only measured by it instinctively feeling correct.\nThe word was picked as the word of the year for 2005 by the American Dialect Society on January 6, 2006. It was also selected by the Merriam-Webster dictionary on December 10, 2006 as its 2006 Word of the Year. It beat the term \"google\" to get Word of the Year.\nColbert on Truthiness.\nOn the October 5 2005 Cobert Report, Stephen Colbert has this to say about truthiness:"}
+{"id": "45096", "revid": "1589884", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45096", "title": "Multi-core processor", "text": "A multi-core CPU is a computer processor which has two or more sections. Each section of the chip executes instructions as if it was a separate computer. The actual processors are still on one chip. On this chip every core looks mostly like the other. They are several mostly independent cores which work together in parallel. A dual-core processor is a multi-core processor with two independent microprocessors. A quad-core processor is a multi-core processor with four independent microprocessors. As you might be able to tell from the prefix, the name of the processor is based on the number of the microprocessors on the chip.\nHistory.\nIn the 20th century most computers used single-core processors and not multi-core processors. Multi-core solutions were only used in unusual cases. The usual way to make a computer faster was to increase the clock rate. But at a frequency about 4\u00a0GHz the CPU would get too hot and take a lot of electricity. This was the point when multi-core processors became more important. Therefore, the demand for multi-core processors increased. In the second half of 2006 the best processors were dual-core processors. Since 2006 the development has gone on, so that the new processors get four, eight, or more independent microprocessors. Today, single-core processors are not used in new personal computers, but they remain popular in embedded systems which do not need a fast processor.\nOperating system support.\nThe following operating systems support multi-core processors"}
+{"id": "45104", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45104", "title": "Western Bloc", "text": "The Western Bloc during the Cold War means the powers allied with the United States and NATO against the People's Republic of China or Russia and the CSTO and formerly against the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact until 1991. \nSoviet Union and the Warsaw Pact were called the \"Eastern Bloc\". This term was rather common, while the governments and press of the Western Bloc used to speak of themselves as the \"Free world\"."}
+{"id": "45106", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45106", "title": "Free world", "text": "The Free World is a term that was used during the era of the Cold War. It was often used by non-communist nations to describe themselves. It was used to describe the greater personal freedom that the people of non-communist countries (such as the United States and European democratic countries) had compared to the communist Soviet Union and its Communist Bloc allies. \nOn the other hand, many of the non-communist countries that were allied with the \"Free World\" during the Cold War repressed people and sometimes had dictators as their leaders. This included countries in South America, Asia and Africa.\nThe President of the United States was often called the \"leader of the Free World\". This was very common especially in the United States itself. The President of the U.S. is sometimes still called this.\nNeil Young sang a song called \"(Keep on) Rockin' in the Free World\"."}
+{"id": "45109", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45109", "title": "Platelets", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45114", "revid": "1110", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45114", "title": "2006 Dublin riots", "text": "The 2006 Dublin riots were a series of riots. They happened in Dublin, Ireland on 25 February 2006. The riots happened after the Gardai (police) tried to move a crowd(large group of people) of people who were blocking the road as a protest against a unionist demonstration. Fourteen people where hurt in the riots. Six of the people hurt were police."}
+{"id": "45115", "revid": "9588230", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45115", "title": "List of acronyms and initialisms", "text": "X.\nXWD - Cross Wheel Drive"}
+{"id": "45116", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45116", "title": "List of acronym and initialism", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45117", "revid": "1391867", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45117", "title": "Warsaw Pact", "text": "The Warsaw Pact, officially the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was an organization of Central and Eastern European states. The communist states were to be allies and to fight together if one of them was attacked. In theory, all of the countries in the organisation were equals, the smaller countries were controlled by the Soviet Union. The countries in the Warsaw Pact were East Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania. However, Albania withdrew in 1968 after the invasion of Czechoslovakia, and Romania followed. \nIt was established in 1955 in Warsaw, Poland, in response to West Germany joining the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The treaty was signed in Warsaw, on 14 May 1955 and official copies were made in the languages of Russian, Polish, Czech and German. The Pact lasted until the end of the Cold War, when some members quit in 1991, following the collapse of the Eastern bloc and political changes in the Soviet Union.\nAll of the Warsaw Pact countries and three that were part of the Soviet Union have joined NATO.\nMembers.\nMost member states were considered puppet states of the Soviet Union. Additionally, Mongolia, North Korea, Vietnam and (until 1961) China were observer states.\nReferences.\nNotes"}
+{"id": "45118", "revid": "576341", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45118", "title": "Central Europe", "text": "Central Europe is a geographical region in Europe. Countries in this region may alternatively be included in Northern Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeastern Europe or Western Europe. The understanding of the concept of \"Central Europe\" varies considerably from nation to nation, and also has from time to time. \nThe region often includes: \nAlternative Definitions.\nIf one were to divide the continent of Europe into two halves like it was during the Cold War, the Iron Curtain would subsequently split the mainstream definition of \"Central Europe\" in half. When using this definition, the countries of Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia would be included in Eastern Europe: whereas the countries of Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein and Switzerland would be considered Western Europe instead. Some experts consider this definition outdated, but many still use them. Supranational organizations like the UN and EU also make use of them.\nIn addition, other countries such as Croatia and the Baltic states of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia can be included in \"Central Europe\": though they are now mostly considered a part of either Southern Europe or Northern Europe respectively."}
+{"id": "45120", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45120", "title": "Four-wheel drive", "text": "A Four-wheel drive (also called 4WD and 4x4) is a vehicle on which all four wheels get power from the engine to move forward. This is as opposed to a two-wheel drive vehicle. 4WDs are often used off road. Part-time and full-time four wheel drive vehicles uses a transfer case as part of the drivetrain to direct power to one or both axles. By having a transfer case the driver can shift the vehicle into either \"two-wheel-drive\" or \"four-wheel-drive\" mode (part-time systems). Many transfer cases also have a low power range that multiplies the engine power when in four-wheel drive (called four-wheel low gear).\nTypes.\nThere are basically four types of four-wheel drive.\nPart-time 4-wheel drive.\nPart-time systems are the most basic type. They are also still the most popular type for using off-road. The can be shifted (mechanically or electrically) from two-wheel drive to four-wheel drive. This gives them the versatility to operate both on and off-road. When the four-wheel drive system is engaged, the two axles turn at the same speed. There usually is no center differential. For that reason part-time four-wheel drive should not be used on dry pavement. If operated for any distance on dry pavement tire damage and drivetrain damage is very possible. Because it operates off-road, the vehicle typically has a higher Ride height. This is to go over obstacles on uneven ground without damage. Even when operated in two-wheel drive on-road, this system will not get the fuel economy of a comparable two-wheel drive vehicle. Locking hubs are available on some models. They help to get better fuel mileage by disengaging the front axle differential.\nFull-time 4-wheel drive.\nThis is the original four-wheel drive. It was and still is designed for serious off-roading. Common on full-time four-wheel drives are locking differentials. These prevent one wheel slipping on the same axle if the other has traction. These systems do not get good gas mileage due to their typical weight.\nAll-Wheel Drive.\nAll-wheel drive (AWD) uses a center differential to direct a percentage of the power to both axles, depending on conditions. All wheel drive is not designed specifically to go off-road but is for traction in rain, snow or ice on the road. Body-on frame SUVs are typically designed for off-road use. Unibody crossovers are usually only equipped with the lighter-duty all-wheel drive. However the unibody built Grand Cherokee and newly designed Durango are available with four-wheel drive.\nPart-Time All-Wheel Drive.\nPart-time All-wheel drive (AWD) operate as a front-wheel drive under normal conditions. When traction is lost for any reason, the system automatically sends a portion of the engine's power to the rear wheels. As soon as the system detects good traction, it disengages the rear wheels and shifts back to front drive. This is a less expensive system that adds less weight to the vehicle (usually a car). This makes it popular on compact vehicles. It typically gets better fuel economy than all-wheel drive vehicles. They do not have a low range or a transfer case."}
+{"id": "45121", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45121", "title": "4WD", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45122", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45122", "title": "4x4", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45125", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45125", "title": "Pride (Combative sports)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45126", "revid": "6881", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45126", "title": "LASER", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45131", "revid": "527152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45131", "title": "2D", "text": "2D or two-dimensional objects have two measurements: width and length, like a square. 2D objects do not have depth, like 3D objects.\nThe simplest 2D shape is a triangle. A 2D object can have any number of sides, making shapes such as pentagons and hexagons. The sides can bend to make different angles. 2D objects can even have sides that go through each other.\nTwo dimensional space is a mathematics tool, and it has many kinds of uses in computer science, geometry, the making of software, and also in paper."}
+{"id": "45137", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45137", "title": "Microraptor", "text": "Microraptor was a small feathered dinosaur. It was a basal theropod related to \"Velociraptor\" and \"Deinonychus\". It had flight feathers, and could glide and possibly fly. About two dozen well-preserved fossil specimens were found in Liaoning, China. They come from the Lower Cretaceous Jiufotang Formation, 125\u00a0million years ago. \nAdult specimens are 42\u201383\u00a0centimeters (1.4\u20132.7\u00a0ft) long, so \"Microraptor\" was one of the smallest dinosaurs.\nFlight.\nContext.\n\"Microraptor\" is one of a number of 'dinobirds' found in the same area of China. They were buried in volcanic ash during huge eruptions.\nDetails.\n\"Microraptor\" was among the first non-avian dinosaurs discovered with the impressions of feathers and wings. Three specimens of \"M. zhaoianus\" have been described in detail, in addition to two specimens of \"M. gui\" and three specimens of \"M. sp.\" described by Xu and colleagues in 2003, from which most feather impressions are known.\nUnusual even among early birds and feathered dinosaurs, \"Microraptor\" is one of the few known bird precursors to sport long flight feathers on its feet as well as its forearms and hands. This led Xu Xing to describe it as a \"four winged dinosaur\", and to speculate that it may have glided using all four limbs for lift. Their bodies had a thick covering of feathers. A diamond-shaped fan on the end of the tail gave stability during flight. \nSankar Chatterjee found that, in order for \"Microraptor\" to glide or fly, the fore and hind wings must have been on different levels (as on a biplane) and not overlaid (as on a dragonfly). Using this biplane model, he calculated possible methods of gliding, and determined that \"Microraptor\" most likely launched itself from a perch, swooped downward in a deep 'U' shaped curve and then lifted again to land on another tree. The feathers not directly employed in the biplane wing, like those on the tibia and the tail, could have been used to control and alter the flight path. The hind wings would also have helped control the gliding flight. \nChatterjee also used computer algorithms to test whether or not \"Microraptor\" was capable of true, powered flight, in addition to gliding. The data showed that \"Microraptor\" could sustain some level powered flight, so it is possible that the animal flew as well as glided."}
+{"id": "45140", "revid": "10433814", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45140", "title": "Opera (web browser)", "text": "Opera is a web browser that formerly included e-mail, webfeed reader, and IRC Chat. There are versions available for several operating systems. These include Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Solaris, FreeBSD, and Linux. There are also version for mobile phones, personal digital assistants, game consoles, and interactive televisions.\nOpera is developed by Opera Software which is based in Oslo, Norway.\nHistory.\nOpera was created in 1994 at Telenor, which is Norway's largest telecommunications company. In 1995, Opera became its own company called and more\u2026 Opera Software ASA.\nOpera was first released publicly with version 2.0 in 1996, which only ran on Microsoft Windows. With the release of Opera 4.0 in the year 2000, other operating systems were supported."}
+{"id": "45142", "revid": "11594", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45142", "title": "Opera (Internet Suite)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45149", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45149", "title": "Orange", "text": "Orange can mean:\nPlaces in the United States:\nPlaces in South Africa:\nOther places in the world:"}
+{"id": "45150", "revid": "40117", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45150", "title": "Orange (fruit)", "text": "The term orange can mean any citrus tree that produces fruit for people to eat. Oranges are a very good source of Vitamin C. Orange juice is an important part of many people's breakfast. The \"sweet orange\", which is the kind that are most often eaten today, grew first in South and East Asia but now grows in lots of parts of the world.\nOranges are round, orange-coloured fruit that grow on a tree which can reach 10 metres (33\u00a0ft) high. Orange trees have dark green shiny leaves and small white flowers with five petals. The flowers smell very sweet which attracts many bees.\nAn orange has a tough shiny orange skin that holds acid in outside layer. Inside, the fruit is divided into \"segments\", which have thin tough skins that hold together many little \"vesicles\" with juice inside. There are usually ten segments in an orange, but sometimes there are more or less. Inside each segment of most types of orange there are seeds called \"pips\". Orange trees can be grown from pips, but some types of orange trees can only be grown from \"cuttings\" (a piece cut off a tree and made to grow roots). The segments and the skin are separated by white stringy fibrous material called \"pith\". In most types of oranges, the skin can be peeled off the pith, and the segments can be pulled apart with the fingers to be eaten. In some oranges it is hard to take the skin off. Orange skin is often called \"orange peel\".\nOranges are an important food source in many parts of the world for several reasons. They are a commonly available source of vitamin D(defence). They last longer than many other fruits when they are stored. They are easy to transport because each orange comes in its own tough skin which acts as a container. They can be piled into heaps or carried in bags, lunchboxes and shipping containers without being easily damaged.\nThe colour orange got its name from the fruit. The word \"orange\" is unusual because it is one of only a few English words that do not rhyme with anything.\nThe orange is particularly used in Asia for wide variety of purposes including cosmetic as well as medicinal. Doctors prescribe oranges for people who suffer from diabetes.\nHistory.\nSweet orange trees were brought to Italy, Spain and Portugal from India in the fifteenth century (1400's). Before that time, only sour oranges were grown in Italy. The name is from a Tamil word, via Persian and Arabic. From Europe, orange trees were taken to the United States, South America, Africa and Australia, which all grow oranges for sale.\nThere are several different types of sweet oranges. One of the most common types is called the \"Valencia\" orange, which comes from Spain and is also grown in Africa and Australia. It is one of the most important \"commercial\" oranges. (This means it is grown for sale in shops.)\nOne type of sweet orange is called the \"blood orange\" or \"sanguine orange\" (sanguine means blood red). These oranges often have red marks on the skin, and some parts of the inside look as if they have blood in them. Some blood oranges make juice that is ruby red.\nIn the 1850s, in Brazil, a tree growing in a monastery garden was making very odd fruit. Inside each orange skin there was a large orange with no seeds. At the bottom of the orange were smaller sections that looked like a smaller squashed orange inside the same skin, which was really the bigger orange's twin. The little orange made a strange bump at the bottom of the orange skin, that looked just like a human navel or belly button. These oranges were named \"Navel Oranges\". They tasted very sweet, they had no seeds and they peeled quite easily. This made them a very good orange to grow commercially. But they could not grow from seed. They could only grow from plant cuttings. Nowadays, thousands of these orange trees have been planted from cuttings. \"Navel Oranges\" are grown in California and exported to many countries of the world. Every navel orange in the world has the same genetic make up as the oranges on that tree in the monastery in Brazil.\nMandarins, small flattened oranges with skins that come off easily, are believed to have come from China. Now there are several varieties. These include tangerines, which are redder than most mandarins, and clementines, which are large, smooth and plump. Mandarins of all sorts are very useful lunchbox fruit, because they are easy to peel and eat, but do not get squashed easily.\nNowadays, many people of the world eat an orange or drink orange juice every day, because oranges are one of the best and cheapest sources of Vitamin C. Human bodies, unlike many other animals, do not manufacture Vitamin C, so a human needs vitamin C in their diet regularly. Vitamin C helps the body to grow, to heal wounds and fight infection. Oranges are also a very good source of dietary fibre. But they do not contain high amounts of minerals. If a person eats an orange and a banana together, then they have had a very nourishing snack that supplies both vitamins and minerals. Oranges are sweet and juicy."}
+{"id": "45151", "revid": "1678598", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45151", "title": "Diplodocus", "text": "Diplodocus is a huge dinosaur from It lived during the Upper Jurassic period, about 145 to 155 million years ago. It was a vegetarian, eating mostly leaves with its peg-like teeth.\nSize.\n\"Diplodocus\" was a long-necked, whip-tailed giant and could grow up to 27 m long. It had an 8 m long neck and 14 m long tail. Its weight was approximately 22,680 kg. It had a short 6\u00a0ft long head. Its size helped protect it from other dinosaurs. It used its long neck to poke into forests because its body was too big. It is also believed to have knocked the trees down. The longest species is the \"hallorum\", which was thought to be the longest of all dinosaurs (now \"Amphicoelias\").\nFossils.\n\"Diplodocus\" skeletons are among the longest dinosaur skeletons ever found. Fossils were discovered in Western North America, particularly in the Rocky Mountains of the western USA. A complete tail has never been found.\n\"Seismosaurus\".\n\"Seismosaurus\" was thought to be its own genus of dinosaur. In 2004 and 2006 it was decided to be a large species of \"Diplodocus\". It is now known as \"Diplodocus hallorum\".\n\"Seismosaurus\" was the longest animal ever known, but paleontologists found they had misplaced vertebrae, making the body too long. Current length estimates are 33\u201336 metres long. Weight estimates vary from 40 to 60 tonnes. Weight estimates of other \"Diplodocus\" species are much lower: 10 to 17 tonnes."}
+{"id": "45153", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45153", "title": "Wash", "text": "Wash could mean:"}
+{"id": "45155", "revid": "1504891", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45155", "title": "Onion", "text": "Onions are plants in the genus, \"Allium\". They are eaten as vegetables. Most species of onions have bulbs that people can eat. They have a strong flavour and a very distinctive smell.\nOnions have been grown for a long time. They were probably first grown in Ancient Egypt, together with leek and garlic, but maybe earlier. Now, most of the world's cultures eat onions.\nCultivation.\nFarmers and gardeners can grow onions from seeds or from bulbs. If they plant seeds, they must later pull out most of the young plants so the rest can grow better. This is called 'thinning'. A different way to plant onions is to plant young bulbs. This is faster, but the onions that grow this way are weaker than the onions that started as seeds.\nIn food.\nOnions can be eaten in different ways:\nWhy onions make eyes water.\nWhen cutting an onion, the cells of the onion start to open. Then, some chemicals react. When one chemical floats through the air and reaches your eyes, they sting.\nThere are ways to keep the chemical away. You can:\u3000\nThe ability of plants to deter or limit being eaten is called defence against herbivory."}
+{"id": "45166", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45166", "title": "Universal House of Justice", "text": "The Universal House of Justice is the name of a council that leads the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed community. It was described by the person who made the Bah\u00e1'\u00ed Faith, Bah\u00e1'u'll\u00e1h, in his books and letters. He called it the Supreme House of Justice. His son, `Abdu'l-Bah\u00e1 called it the Universal House of Justice, because it was going to lead all of the Bah\u00e1'\u00eds. There will be other \"Houses of Justice\" for each country and city, but for now these are called \"Spiritual Assemblies.\" \nBah\u00e1'\u00eds vote for the members of this council every five years during a special festival held between April 20 and May 2. "}
+{"id": "45173", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45173", "title": "Puebla (city)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45179", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45179", "title": "Logitech", "text": "Logitech (sometimes shortened to Logi) is a Swiss company that makes electronics. They are best known for making peripheral equipment for computers, including webcams, keyboards and computer mice.\nHistory.\nLogitech was founded in Apples, Switzerland, in 1981 by graduates of Stanford University Daniel Borel and Pierluigi Zappacosta, and former Olivetti engineer Giacomo Marini.\nIn 2001, Logitech acquired Labtec for $150 million to expand its range of computer peripherals.\nIn 2007, Logitech licensed Hillcrest Labs' Freespace motion control technology to produce the MX Air Mouse, which allows a user to use natural gestures to control a PC.\nIn December 2009, Logitech acquired video conferencing equipment maker Lifesize Communications.\nIn July 2011, Logitech acquired the mobile visual communications provider Mirial.\nIn January 2013, Bracken Darrell became Logitech's chief executive officer; then-CEO Guerrino De Luca continued as Logitech's chairman of the board.\nIn January 2016, Logitech spun off the video conferencing equipment maker Lifesize.\nIn April 2016, Logitech agreed to pay penalty related to accusations that it and some former executives improperly inflated the company's results for its 2011 fiscal year to meet guidance and other accounting violations. \nOn 12 April 2016, Logitech announced that they had agreed to acquire , a leader in wireless audio wearables for sports and active lifestyles, for , with an additional earnout of up to based on achievement of growth targets.\nOn 15 September 2016, Logitech announced that they had purchased the Saitek brand and assets from Mad Catz for .\nOn 26 September 2019, Logitech acquired Streamlabs, producer of software and tools for live-streaming, for approximately $89 million.\nOn 29 July 2021, Logitech, in collaboration with choreographer JaQuel Knight, introduced its #Creators4BIPOC initiative under the Logitech For Creators brand. It allows social media creators, particularly BIPOC influencers, to copyright and monetize their online creations by making it possible for choreographers who amplify attention to hits by major artists in the entertainment business to secure copyright of their choreography using Labanotation and earn royalties from it.\nMice.\nThe first mice were made in Switzerland. Now Logitech makes its items all over the world. Selling computer mice made Logitech a big company. In 2008, Logitech made its billionth mouse.\nProduct lines.\nAs well as webcams, keyboards and mice, Logitech also makes other products such as:\nLogitech has also made two computer games: \"Jelly Jumper\" and \"Jelly Battle\"."}
+{"id": "45181", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45181", "title": "Bacteriophage", "text": "A bacteriophage is a virus that infects bacteria. The term is commonly shortened to phage.\nBacteriophages are among the most common and diverse entities in the biosphere. Like viruses that infect eukaryotes (plants, animals, and fungi) there are many different phage structures and functions.\nThe top of phages is made up of a dice-like shape which has 20 sides and 30 edges. Inside it contains the genetic information, which is its DNA. This dice-like shape often sits on a tail that has leg-like fibres.\nPhages are typically made of an outer protein hull that has genetic material inside it. The genetic material may be single-stranded (ssRNA or ssDNA), or double-stranded (dsRNA or dsDNA). It may be between 5,000 and 500,000 base pairs long with either circular or linear arrangement. Bacteriophages are usually between 20 and 200 nanometers in size.\nPhage genomes may code for as few as four genes, and as many as hundreds of genes. Phages have a life cycle that begins when the phage attaches to the bacterium. Then they inject their genome into the bacterium. The genome uses the parts of the bacterium to replicate inside it. When there are many phages inside the bacterium, they put enzymes in the bacterium that weaken the outer cell wall so they can burst through it to infect new bacterias.\nPhages are everywhere there are bacteria, such as soils or the intestines of animals. They are very common in sea water: up to 9\u00d7108 virions per milliliter have been found in microbial mats at the surface, and up to 70% of marine bacteria may be infected by phages.\nThey have been used for over 90 years as an alternative to antibiotics in the former Soviet Union and Central Europe, as well as in France. However, it was not until the first phage was observed under an electron microscope by Helmut Ruska in 1939 that its true nature was established.\nThey are a possible therapy against antibiotic resistant strains of many bacteria. On the other hand, some phages complicate biofilms involved in pneumonia and cystic fibrosis. They shelter the bacteria from drugs and so prolong the infection."}
+{"id": "45182", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45182", "title": "Deconstruction", "text": "Deconstruction is a way of understanding how something was created, usually things like art, books, poems and other writing. Deconstruction is breaking something down into smaller parts. Deconstruction looks at the smaller parts that were used to create an object. The smaller parts are usually ideas. \nSometimes deconstruction looks at how an author can imply things he does not mean. It says that because words are not precise, we can never know what an author meant.\nSometimes deconstruction looks at the things the author did not say because he made assumptions. \nOne thing it pays attention to is how opposites work. (It calls them \"binary oppositions.\") It says that two opposites like \"good\" and \"bad\" are not really different things. \"Good\" only makes sense when someone compares it to \"bad,\" and \"bad\" only makes sense when someone compares it to \"good.\" And so even when someone talks about \"good,\" they are still talking about \"bad.\" But this is just one thing it does.\nBecause of things like this, deconstruction argues that books and poems never just mean what we think they mean at first. Other meanings are always there too, and the book or poem works because all of those meanings work together. The closer we look at the writing, the more we find about how it works, and how meaning works for all things. If we deconstructed everything, we might never be able to talk or write at all. But that does not mean deconstruction is useless. If we deconstruct some things, we can learn more about them and about how talking and writing work.\nSlippery Words.\nWords are made up of 'signifiers', or the sounds/spellings, and the 'signified', or the meaning and concepts they are talking about. However, the meaning of a word is naturally unclear; the word in itself and the meaning are not naturally linked. The word 'band' can refer to an elastic band, a pop music group, a gathering of brass musicians or a collection of people, each with different meanings and mental images. This means it is the reader who will choose the meanings of words. In a similar way, reading is like trying to hold a wet fish, because there are different meanings to each word. Jacques Derrida calls this \"slippage along the chain of signifiers.\" \nThe chain of signifiers is a long chain of words that are connected to each other, for example a chain might look like this: \"band, brass, copper, police.\" This chain really has no end, because each word connects to many others, and the more slippery a word, the more words it relates to.\nImportant people.\nDeconstructionists question language and meaning. Some people who were very close to Derrida are usually called deconstructionists. These people include Helene Cixous and Jean-Luc Nancy. If someone really deconstructed everything, they could not talk or think! Instead there are people who deconstruct things (books, poems, writing, words - in short, texts). Jacques Derrida began deconstructing things in the 1960s, but he was not the first. Martin Heidegger had talked about deconstruction in 1927 with \"Being and Time\" but he used the word \"destruktion\". Heidegger might even say that he got the idea from Ancient Greek philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle. Other important people who talked about it include Paul de Man and Judith Butler."}
+{"id": "45184", "revid": "1582584", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45184", "title": "Nihilism", "text": "Nihilism is a way of thinking which rejects meaning, concepts, or life. It can be a or a condition. Nihility means \"nothingness\", and \"\" is the Latin word for \"nothing\". Nihilism can mean the belief that values are meaningless ideas. It can also mean the belief that nothing has any meaning or purpose. There are many different beliefs that can be called nihilism. Friedrich Nietzsche was a German thinker who wrote many things about nihilism. What he wrote is often called the most important explanation of nihilism. Nietzsche wrote that nihilism comes from questioning traditional values until they fall apart. This is called \"\".\nRussian thinkers like Mikhail Bakunin and Dmitry Pisarev inspired a lot of nihilists because they believed this kind of destruction was good. The word \"nihilism\" was also made popular by a Russian novel called \"Fathers and Sons\" by Ivan Turgenev. The hero of the story is a nihilist named Bazarov. Russian nihilism inspired many revolutionaries, like Sergei Nechaev and Vladimir Lenin. The Russian author Fyodor Dostoevsky was almost also a nihilist. But he became an after ten years in exile. He wrote about nihilism in many novels such as \"Crime and Punishment\". The people who assassinated the Russian emperor, Tsar Alexander II on 13 March 1881, are often called nihilists too.\nNietzsche thought value destruction had bad results but couldn't be stopped. He also thought Christianity had made value destruction happen, and called it a type of nihilism. He thought Christianity was nihilistic because it was , meaning it has a negative and unhealthy attitude towards living. Religious thinkers have instead said that nihilism comes from rejecting religion. Sometimes people think parts of Buddhism are like nihilism, even though other parts reject nihilism. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the word \"nihilism\" was mostly used against people who rejected religion or believed in nothing. Either way, nihilism is often seen as a word for life-denying beliefs.\nOrigins.\nThe word \"nihilism\" comes from \"\", which is the Latin word for \"nothing\". But the exact origins of the word \"nihilism\" are unknown. In the Middle Ages the word was used for some kinds of heresy. Around the time of the French Revolution, it was a word for the destruction of Christianity and traditional European values. It was used in many European countries. Soon, the word was also used in English. It probably came from the French, German, or Late Latin form of the word.\n\"Nihilism\" first became a philosophical word in German, and then in Russian. These two meanings were combined by Friedrich Nietzsche.\nGerman nihilism.\nIn 1733, the word \"nihilism\" was used by a German writer named Friedrich Leberecht Goetz. He used the word as a literary term. A Swiss thinker called Jacob Hermann Obereit also used the word in 1787, and Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi did in 1799. This is where it first became part of philosophy. The belief that no one can know true reality is what Obereit called \"nihilism\". He used this definition to call Immanuel Kant a nihilist. This was because Kant said people cannot be certain of real things, but can only be certain about their experience of real things. Jacobi also used this definition to say Kant and his followers were nihilists. For example, he famously called Johann Gottlieb Fichte a nihilist. Jacobi thought German idealism and humanism were kinds of nihilism that came from the Age of Enlightenment. According to him, these so-called rational philosophies were the total opposite of rational.\nAround 1824, a German journalist called Joseph von G\u00f6rres used the word \"nihilism\" in a political way. He said that rejecting social structures was nihilism. But the word \"nihilism\" almost died out during this time. For example, the German thinker Max Stirner is called one of the first true nihilists but he never used the word. He wrote most of his works in the 1840s.\nRussian nihilism.\nRussian nihilism was an early kind of nihilist philosophy. It was also a subculture that sometimes mixed with revolutionism. Russian nihilism is often wrongly called a kind of political terrorism because of this. Its main interest was to destroy traditional values, especially in art and religion. Its main philosophers were Nikolay Chernyshevsky and Dmitry Pisarev. It also attacked the belief in free will and God. German nihilism came from German idealism, but Russian nihilism was different because it attacked idealism.\nNikolai Nadezhdin was probably the first writer to use the word \"nihilism\" in Russian. He first used it in 1829 by calling scepticism the same as nihilism. And Vasilij Bervi used the same meaning. Russian journalists like Mikhail Katkov and Vissarion Belinsky also used the word. Katkov called nihilism because it rejected all morality. He worried it could cause a revolution. Belinsky used the word in a more neutral way. But the word was still not popular at the time.\nMikhail Bakunin is often called the father of Russian nihilism. In 1842, he wrote: \"Let us therefore trust the eternal spirit which destroys and annihilates only because it is the unfathomable and eternal source of all life. The passion for destruction is a creative passion, too!\". Then in the 1850s and 60s, the theory behind Russian nihilism started to form. Originally it was a philosophy of scepticism towards morals and truth. It was in 1862 that the Russian author Ivan Turgenev made the word \"nihilism\" popular. He used it in his novel called \"Fathers and Sons\" to describe the attitude of the younger generation. The nihilists in the book say they are people who reject that they can. Even though Turgenev was more of an , many young people started to call themselves \"nihilists\" because of this book.\nFor Pisarev, nihilism was mostly philosophical and not political. He thought extraordinary people should free themselves from rules and morals. He thought anyone who did this would be above ordinary people. But later, Russian nihilism became more and more political. It inspired many revolutionaries such as Sergei Nechaev and Vladimir Lenin.\nNietzsche.\nProbably the most important explanation of nihilism comes from Friedrich Nietzsche. He wrote many criticisms against nihilism. But he also had some similar beliefs to nihilists like Dmitry Pisarev and Max Stirner. Because of this, he is sometimes called a nihilist and sometimes called an . His explanation of nihilism combined the German and Russian meanings of the word, and also went further.\nWhen Nietzsche asks the question \"What does nihilism mean?\", his answer is that \"the highest values themselves.\" He says nihilism is when someone thinks that what exist is not what exist. For example, some people want a perfect world to exist instead of the real world. But nihilism isn't just about wanting it all gone \u2014 Nietzsche says that nihilism is also trying to attack and destroy everything that exists.\nReferences.\n "}
+{"id": "45189", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45189", "title": "Licensed to Ill", "text": "Licensed to Ill is the first album by the Beastie Boys. Beastie Boys is an American hip hop music group. The album was released in November 1986."}
+{"id": "45191", "revid": "5136", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45191", "title": "Licensed To Ill", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45195", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45195", "title": "Coronary artery disease", "text": "Coronary artery disease, also called coronary heart disease (CHD), is a heart disease. (\"Coronary\" means \"the blood vessels of the heart\".) Coronary heart disease causes plaque to build up inside the coronary arteries. This causes the coronary arteries to become narrower and pressure to build, forcing the heart to work harder, as well as the risk of heart attacks or blockage of the vessels. \nThe heart pumps blood full of oxygen and nutrients through the arteries, working with the lungs to get it to different parts of the body. Blood that is pumped back to the heart through veins contains carbon dioxide taken out of cells to be removed from the body. The coronary arteries are very important. They supply blood to the heart muscle. So when the coronary arteries become narrower, less blood gets to the heart muscle.\nSymptoms.\nMost people with coronary artery disease feel healthy for years before they start experiencing symptoms. The most common symptom is a heart attack. If it is not treated, some of the plaques in the coronary arteries can break away and block the blood flow to the heart. Coronary artery disease is the most common cause of sudden death. It is also the most common cause of death in people over 65 years old. Men are 10 times more likely to get coronary artery disease than women.\nAtherosclerosis.\nAtherosclerosis is a form of heart disease. It causes fatty materials (like cholesterol) to build up in the arteries, forming harder materials called plaques. This causes the arteries to become narrower. It also makes it more difficult for blood to flow through the arteries. This can cause blood clots to form, blocking blood from traveling through the arteries. Small pieces of plaque can also break off and block smaller blood vessels.\nIf an artery becomes blocked completely, it causes serious problems. All cells, tissues, and organs in the body need oxygen and nutrients (carried by blood) to survive. If cells or tissues are not supplied with enough blood, they die. (This is called necrosis.) When this happens in the coronary arteries, a section of the heart dies. This can cause a myocardial infarction (a heart attack) to happen.\nPrevention.\nPeople can do many different things to keep themselves from getting coronary artery disease:"}
+{"id": "45199", "revid": "687081", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45199", "title": "Deoxys", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45200", "revid": "820266", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45200", "title": "Fructose", "text": "Fructose is a simple sugar (monosaccharide) found in many foods. It is also one of the three most important blood sugars, the other two are glucose and galactose. Honey; tree fruits; berries; melons; and some root vegetables, such as beets, sweet potatoes, parsnips and onions, contain fructose, usually with sucrose and glucose. Processed foods also contain fructose due to how sweet it is."}
+{"id": "45202", "revid": "9002493", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45202", "title": "Peer pressure", "text": "Peer pressure is influenced by the peer group members. It often happens to children during puberty. The group defines some social values. For somebody to stay \"cool\" in that group, they must act like other people. Social pressure (and wanting to be accepted or in favor inside the group) leads people to do things they would not do otherwise. For example, it can influence a person to smoke cigarettes or marijuana, to drink alcohol, commit crimes, and many other things that they might regret.Most of the time,adolescents create a peer group of their age to enjoy themselves. They have strong faith and belief in their friends of the same group. The new desires, aspirations, and interests are developed because of the changes they experience. They become sensitive and sentimental.\nWhen parents and society do not consider and address their needs, aspirations, and desires, they feel dominated and leave home to spend most of their time with their friends in peer groups. Sometimes they cannot get proper counseling and guidelines in these stages. Consequently, sometimes, they can fall prey to many bad habits. There are many positives and negatives to peer pressure. \nPeer pressure is commonly thought of negatively, but in reality, it's not always a bad thing. Sometimes peer pressure is used to influence people positively. Learning about acceptable group norms can be a positive part of learning how to live with and socialize with other people. \nPositive peer pressure, in which people are influenced to do nice things like give to charity, is usually a good thing."}
+{"id": "45203", "revid": "823563", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45203", "title": "Cuticle", "text": "In biology, a cuticle is something that covers the outside of living things called organisms. Cuticles are usually tough but also bendable. In plants, cuticles in the leaves help it from losing too much water by evaporation."}
+{"id": "45208", "revid": "1394562", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45208", "title": "Leek", "text": "A Leek is a vegetable. It belongs to the genus \"Allium\". This is the same genus as an onion and garlic. It can be used for cooking.\nThey usually come in a cylinder-like body and they are tall and skinny.\nLeeks take around 100 to 120 days to grow and they are mainly harvested in Europe or Asia. They are planted in deep holes to protect them from sun. The soil is required to be fertile and allows water to travel without crating puddles or drain to quickly."}
+{"id": "45209", "revid": "10233403", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45209", "title": "Great power", "text": "A great power is a nation or state that is able to influence other states in most of the world. That is possible because it has great economic, political and military strength. It is not as powerful as a superpower or hyperpower.\nIts opinions are taken into account by other nations before taking diplomatic or military action. Characteristically, they have the ability to intervene militarily almost anywhere. They also have soft, cultural power, and often economic investment in less developed countries. There is no definite list, but five great powers are permanent members of the United Nations Security Council and seven are in the G7.\nGreat powers.\nThe world's great powers as of the early 21st century are at least:"}
+{"id": "45210", "revid": "5400", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45210", "title": "Major power", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45213", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45213", "title": "Bite", "text": "A bite is a wound received from the teeth of an animal. Animals may bite things in self-defence. Animals also bite things to cut them into smaller pieces before they eat them.\nBites can cause many medical problems, such as:\nTreatment.\nBite wounds should be washed, ideally with povidone-iodine soap and water. The injury should then be loosely wrapped with a bandage. Open bite wounds are not sutured because of the risk of infection.\nAnimal bites caused by carnivores (other than rodents) may infect the victim with rabies if the animal that bit them carries it. If possible, the animal is caught and the head is looked at for signs of rabies. Signs of rabies include foaming at the mouth, self-mutilation, growling, jerky behaviour, and red eyes. If the animal lives for ten days and does not develop rabies, then the animal probably is not infected. In cases where the animal cannot be found, prophylactic rabies treatment is carried out in most places.\nSnake bites.\nMany of the world's snakes are not considered dangerous to humans, but even a bite from a \"safe\" snake may injure the victim if the wound is not treated properly, and large snakes such as constrictors are capable of causing a lot of damage with their bites.\nSpider bites.\nThe black widow spider and some scorpions are considered dangerous to humans, mostly to small children and elderly adults. Only the Sydney funnel-web spider of Australia is frequently dangerous to adults, and it lives only within 100 miles of Sydney. Antivenins are available in the United States for black widow spiders and the dangerous scorpions native to the region."}
+{"id": "45217", "revid": "10153414", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45217", "title": "Northern Europe", "text": "Northern Europe is the northern part of the European continent. Most people see the following states as part of it:\nEurope, the planet's 6th largest continent, includes 47 countries and assorted dependencies, islands and territories. \nBefore the 19th century, the term 'Nordic' or 'Northern' was commonly used to mean Northern Europe in a sense that included the Nordic countries, European Russia, the Baltic countries (at that time Livonia and Courland) and .\nIn earlier eras, when Europe was dominated by the Mediterranean region (i.e. the Roman Empire), everything not near this sea was termed Northern Europe, including Germany, the Low Countries, and . In medieval times, the term (Ultima) Thule was used to mean a semi-mythical place in the extreme northern reaches of the continent.\nIn a European Union context, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Austria, Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania are often seen as belonging to a Northern group."}
+{"id": "45219", "revid": "10444631", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45219", "title": "Western Europe", "text": "Western Europe is a geographic region of Europe. This term does not have an exact definition. Some definitions include countries like Spain and the United Kingdom, while some don't. Its use has changed over time. During the Middle Ages, the European parts of the Western World included those countries following Catholicism or Protestantism. During the Cold War, \"Western Europe\" was a geographic and socio-political concept. It meant the democratic European countries of the First World, which are also vaguely defined. It was and still is distinguished from Eastern Europe by differences of economics, politics, and religion. \nAt its widest medieval definition, it includes the following 8 countries:\nMany, such as Norway, are also in Northern Europe or in Central Europe or Southern Europe.\nToday, the term \"Western Europe\" has to do with geography and with economics. The concept is commonly associated with liberal democracy, socialism and also with the European Union, though that also has some countries of Eastern Europe.\nMost of the countries in the region share Western culture, and many have economic, and political ties with countries in North and South America and Oceania.\nIn addition, Scandinavia (in Northern Europe) is commonly associated with social democracy and remains fairly neutral throughout international disputes. The Iberian Peninsula, the most western part of Europe is similarly closely linked to the Americas.\nIt is a monotonous area with long and irregular coastlines."}
+{"id": "45228", "revid": "190121", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45228", "title": "Furnace", "text": "A Furnace is a device used for heating. It does this through burning propane, natural gas, other something else flammable. The word has different meanings, though:"}
+{"id": "45230", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45230", "title": "Southern Europe", "text": "Southern Europe is a region of the European continent. The official definition of Southern Europe includes the Iberian Peninsula, Italian Peninsula and Balkan Peninsula. Spain, Portugal, Italy and Greece and all northern Mediterranean countries of the European continent are considered part of Southern Europe.\nMost importantly, in a European Union context, Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Malta, Greece, Cyprus, Croatia and Slovenia officially belong to the Group of the South.\nGeographical definition.\nGeographically, Southern Europe would be the south half of the landmass of Europe. This definition is relative, with no clear limits.\nThe Alps mountains are a physical barrier between Italy and the rest of Europe.\nGeopolitical definition of the United Nations.\nFor its official works and publications, the United Nations Organization has its own special definition of regions. Corsica for example is part of France, thus not part of Southern Europe, but Italian South Tyrol belongs to Southern Europe as it is part of Italy.\nClimatical definition.\nThe climatic definition of southern Europe would be similar to the areas of Mediterranean climate. The Mediterranean climate is often thought to be a typical characteristic of Southern Europe.\nLinguistic and cultural definition.\nCountries of Latin Europe are often associated with the concept of Southern Europe, especially Italy, Spain and Portugal. \nGreece, Malta and Cyprus are also associated with the concept of Southern Europe, even though Cyprus is geographically in Asia.\nList of countries.\nAlthough there is no precise definition, the following territories are commonly thought to be parts of Southern Europe:"}
+{"id": "45231", "revid": "9492933", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45231", "title": "Corsica", "text": "Corsica is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily, Sardinia, and Cyprus). It is west of Italy, southeast of France, and north of the island of Sardinia.\nCorsica is one of the administrative regions of France.\nCorsica is famous for its tourist attractions, and as the birthplace of Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte.\nGeography.\nCorsica has 1,000\u00a0km of coastline and more than 200 beaches, and is very mountainous, with Monte Cinto as the highest peak at 2706m and 20 other peaks of more than 2000m.\nBig towns: (\"Corsican names\")\nOther towns and villages:\nThe land and weather.\nCorsica is the most mountainous Mediterranean island. The low ground has a Mediterranean climate. Summers are hot and dry. Winters are mild with moderate rainfall. The climate of the high ground is cold and is wetter. The natural vegetation is Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and shrubs. The mountains are rich of forests of oak, and pine, except for the high ground. Much of the coastal lowlands has been cleared for agriculture, which has reduced the mountain forests considerably. The island has a natural park (Parc Naturel R\u00e9gional de Corse), which protects thousands of rare animal and plant species. The park was created in 1972 and includes the Golfe de Porto, the R\u00e9serve Naturelle de Scandola (a UNESCO World Heritage Site), and some of the highest mountains on the island. This park is protected.\nAdministration.\nThe capital of the territorial collectivity of Corsica is Ajaccio (). The territorial collectivity is divided in two \"d\u00e9partements\": Corse-du-Sud and Haute-Corse. These two \"d\u00e9partements\" were created on September 15, 1975 by the \"d\u00e9partement\" of Corse.\nEconomy.\nTourism is the biggest source of Corsican economy. The island has a pleasant climate, beautiful mountains and really beautiful coastlines that make it a popular destination among the French and other Western Europeans. However, the island has not had the same level of intensive development as other parts of the Mediterranean. Tourism is particularly concentrated in the area around Porto Vecchio and Bonifacio in the south of the island and Calvi in the northwest.\nPolitics.\nCorsica is currently governed almost as any other \"r\u00e9gion\" of France. There are lots of movements on the island the independence of Corsica and of Corsicans from France. The French government is against full independence. There is support on the island for to have more autonomy, but polls show that a large majority of Corsicans are opposed to full independence. Some groups who claim to support Corsican independence have carried out a violent campaign since the 1970s that includes bombings and a few accidental assassinations, usually against \"pieds-noirs\" and other non-Corsicans, or buildings of the French government. Corsican independence groups attack when they are sure there won't be a danger for victims. However, not all groups for independence has \"nice treaties\", Sometimes independence groups are known to practice extortion and other intimidatory tactics, similar to mafia activity in Sicily and southern Italy. Non-Corsican homeowners may be threatened with the destruction of their home, or they are constrict to pay a \"revolutionarian tax\",for to help the groups in the attacks.\nIn 2000, Prime Minister Lionel Jospin agreed to give more autonomy to Corsica but just for stopping the violence. The propose of autonomy for Corsica would have included greater protection for the Corsican language (Corsu), the island's traditional language (which is also considered to be a dialect of Italian). However, the plans for increased autonomy were opposed by the Gaullist opposition in the French National Assembly. In a referendum on July 6,2003, a narrow majority of Corsican voters opposed to the project from the government of Jean-Pierre Raffarin and Interior Minister Nicolas Sarkozy that would have suppressed the two \"d\u00e9partements\" of the island and granted more autonomy to the territorial collectivity of Corsica.\n\"U Corsu\", language of Corsica.\nIn Corsica the official languages are Corsican and French. Corsu shares some similarities with Tuscan dialects (with their accents) or to Gallurese language, spoken in the nearby island of Sardinia. Corsu has two varietes, \"Supranacciu\", common in the northeast of theisland, (Bastia, Corte), and the \"Suttanacciu\" common in the south of the island, (Ajaccio, Sartene). The native Corsican language is closer to Italian than French, but both come from Latin. The ancient Romans spoke Latin.\nSport.\nIn Corsica, football is a very common sport. The island has in the first league of France ('Ligue 1'), 2 teams. The AC Ajaccio and the SC Bastia. Another very famous sport in Corsica, is volleyball, with the \"GFCO Ajaccio Volley-Ball' team."}
+{"id": "45232", "revid": "8955644", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45232", "title": "Maser", "text": "A maser is a device that produces light and heat by using atoms to release energy. It was invented by Charles Hard Townes in the 1950s. A maser takes the small vibrations in atoms and amplifies them to release electromagnetic radiation. Originally, they were referred to by the acronym MASER or 'Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation. Unlike most radio transmitters, maser waves tend to have very similar wavelengths. Their usage was first predicted by Albert Einstein. In the 1960s masers were made to emit optical wavelengths, and soon were called lasers."}
+{"id": "45234", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45234", "title": "World Wide Web Consortium", "text": "The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is an organization created by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, in order to continue the development of the web, and its languages. Tim Berners-Lee also wants to make standards for the languages, and to improve them. As of 2 April 2010, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has 328 Members.\nAs of 29 March 2012, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has 351 members.\nAs of 9 June 2014, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has 384 Members."}
+{"id": "45235", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45235", "title": "W3C", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45240", "revid": "8532326", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45240", "title": "List of pterosaurs", "text": "This is a list of pterosaurs."}
+{"id": "45241", "revid": "1688400", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45241", "title": "Deinonychus", "text": "Deinonychus was a medium theropod dinosaur. It was a dromaeosaur, and also a larger relative of the famous \"Velociraptor\". This 3.4 meter (11\u00a0ft) long \"Deinonychus\" lived during the Lower Cretaceous, about 115-108 million years ago. Fossils have been found in the U.S. states of Montana, Wyoming, and Oklahoma.\n\"Deinonychus\" is perhaps the single most important dinosaur discovered in the mid 20th century.\nOstrom's analysis.\nPaleontologist John Ostrom's study of \"Deinonychus\" in the late 1960s started the debate on whether dinosaurs were warm-blooded. It is now accepted that all or most smaller theropods had feathers whose function was temperature regulation. Ostrom noted the small body, sleek, horizontal, posture, and the enlarged claws on the feet, which suggested the animal was an active, agile predator. Before this, the popular idea of dinosaurs had been one of plodding, reptilian giants.\n\"Deinonychus\" means 'Terrible claw'. This refers to the large, sickle-shaped claw bone on the second toe of each hind foot. In life, a horny sheath over this bone extended the length. Ostrom reconstructed the claw as over long.\nThe species name \"antirrhopus\" means \u201ccounter balance\u201d. This refers to Ostrom's idea that the tail balanced the front of the body. As in other dromaeosaurs, the tail vertebrae have ossified (bony) tendons and super-long bone processes. These features seemed to make the tail into a stiff counterbalance. A fossil of the closely related \"Velociraptor\" has an connected tail skeleton that is curved side to side in a long S\u2013shape. This suggests that, in life, the tail could swish to the sides with some flexibility.\nPaleoecology.\n\"Deinonychus\" remains have been found near those of the ornithopod \"Tenontosaurus\". Teeth discovered near \"Tenontosaurus\" specimens suggest it was hunted or at least scavenged by \"Deinonychus\"."}
+{"id": "45247", "revid": "1674917", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45247", "title": "Cheerleader", "text": "A cheerleader is a person who does cheerleading, or leads cheers for sporting events or during competition. This is usually done as a group. It is done to keep the spirit of a sports team up. Although often women, there are also men, irregardless of sexual orientation, who decide to become cheerleaders. \nHistory.\nThis sport is originally from the United States. It was first seen in the beginning of the 1900s. It was, and is still used to support a local sports group (for example football). \nBecause of the athletic ability often needed in cheerleading, many people think cheerleading is a sport. Cheerleaders perform routines that include dancing, tumbling, cheering, stunting and jumping. Cheerleading teams can compete in competitions against other cheer teams as well as perform for different sporting events."}
+{"id": "45249", "revid": "1216390", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45249", "title": "My Opera Community", "text": "The My Opera Community is a virtual community, which provides help and social networking services for people who use the Opera browser.\nHistory.\nThe My Opera Community started in August 2001 and was shut down after February 2014. It currently has over 16,000,000 members, who are from all over the world."}
+{"id": "45251", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45251", "title": "Permanent", "text": "Permanent used as an adjective usually means that something will stay for a long time or forever. Its opposite is temporary. Permanent may also mean other things."}
+{"id": "45252", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45252", "title": "Linen", "text": "Linen is a material made from the fibers of the flax plant (\"Linum usitatissimum\"). It is mainly used to make cloth, especially for light clothing and table coverings.\nHistory.\nThe flax plant is one of the plants humans have grown and used. Linen cloth was already made at least 6,000 years ago in Egypt and Mesopotamia. This makes linen one of the oldest fibers and cloths used by humans, besides wool and hemp. Linen and hemp were the most important fiber plants in Europe for a long time. Linen was for example also used to wrap Egyptian mummies.\nIn recent centuries linen has largely been replaced by cotton and synthetic materials, which are cheaper."}
+{"id": "45253", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45253", "title": "Celcius", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45254", "revid": "932285", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45254", "title": "Hieroglyph", "text": "Hieroglyphs, or hieroglyphics, are a type of writing that uses ideogram, symbols or pictures to stand for sounds and words. The Egyptians, Luwians and Mayan cultures are among those who used hieroglyphs. They have also been found in Turkey, Crete, United States and Canada.\nThey are thought to have started when pictures were used to tell stories on pots and other artwork. Over time, the pictures became letters.\nThe word \"hieroglyph\" comes from the Greek words \u1f31\u03b5\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2 (hier\u00f3s 'sacred') and \u03b3\u03bb\u03cd\u03c6\u03b5\u03b9\u03bd (gl\u00faphein 'to carve' or 'to write'), and it was first used to mean Egyptian hieroglyphs. The Greeks who came to Egypt saw the picture letters, which were often found carved on house walls, tombs and monuments.\nAncient Egypt.\nAncient Egyptians used pictures to make a phonetic alphabet as in a rebus, so that each sound could be written with a picture-word, a \"phonogram\" or \"pictograph\". For example, a zig-zag for water n came to mean the letter \"n\", because the Egyptian word for water started with n. This same picture became our letter 'M' in the Latin alphabet, because the Semitic word for water started with m, and Semitic workers changed the symbols to fit sounds in their own language. In the same way, our Latin letter 'N' came from the hieroglyph for snake D as the word for \"snake\" started with n in Semitic. In Egyptian, this picture had stood for a sound like English \"J\" because of their word for snake. Some pictures came to represent ideas, and these are known as \"ideograms\".\nThe Egyptians used between 700 or 800 pictures, or glyphs. They were written from right to left and from top to bottom. They did not use punctuation.\nHistory.\nArchaeologists believe that the Egyptians began using hieroglyphs about 3300 or 3200 BCE. They were in use for more than 3500 years. Only the nobles, priests and government officials wrote in hieroglyphs. They were hard to learn and took a long time to write. People stopped using hieroglyphs when Christianity took hold in Egypt. Writing in hieroglyphs became more rare: the last known inscription was made in 394 CE.\nHieroglyphs, like Japanese or Chinese characters, started out as ideographic characters, or writing made of pictures. The ancient writing has no vowels, and all sounds in the writing are consonants.\nBreaking the code.\nAfter the end of the Egyptian civilization in 30 BCE, people no longer knew how to read the hieroglyphs. When the French took over Egypt in 1798, French soldiers found a large stone. This is now called the Rosetta Stone. The Rosetta Stone had writing in three different languages: hieroglyphs, Ancient Greek and demotic (a simplified form of hieroglyphs). Jean Fran\u00e7ois Champollion guessed that the writing on the stone was the same in three different languages. By using the Ancient Greek, he was able to work out the name of the ruler, Ptolemy V, in hieroglyphs. After many years of study, he was then able to work out how to read the other words.\nCretan hieroglyphs.\nA type of hieroglyphs was also used on Crete and the surrounding islands in the 2nd millennium BCE. This writing system developed into a script called Linear A. For some time, both writing systems were used. Of the 137 symbols are known, several resemble pictograms. 96 of the 137 known hieroglyphs occur in \"words\" and 32 seem to be logograms.\nThere are four numerals that represent 1, 10, 100 and 1000, respectively, and a symbol that looks like a small cross: it probably shows the beginning of the text. Because there are relatively few symbols, the writing is probably syllabic, much like Linear A. Most of the known texts are short: occur on sigils and clay shards."}
+{"id": "45255", "revid": "1530097", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45255", "title": "Papyrus", "text": "Papyrus is a kind of paper that was used in Ancient Egypt for writing. It was first made in the 3rd millennium BC. It was made from a kind of reed called \"Cyperus papyrus\". \nThis plant grows in marshy areas around the Nile river. The Egyptians also used the papyrus plants to make boats, mattresses, mats, rope, sandals, and baskets. \nSpecially cultivated papyrus, grown on plantations, was used to make the writing material. Papyrus was first used in Ancient Egypt, but it was later used elsewhere in the Mediterranean region."}
+{"id": "45256", "revid": "844779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45256", "title": "Sodium hypochlorite", "text": "Sodium hypochlorite is an unstable compound composed of sodium and hypochlorite ions. It is stable in solution, though. It is light green and has the chemical formula NaClO (or NaOCl). It is a strong oxidizing agent. It is used to disinfect (kill bacteria) and as a bleach to remove stains from clothing. It is not good for cotton because the sodium hydroxide normally contained eats away the clothing fibers. It reacts with acids to produce chlorine."}
+{"id": "45257", "revid": "9907", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45257", "title": "Wrapping paper", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45259", "revid": "1386969", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45259", "title": "Raisin", "text": "Raisins are dried grapes. They have a lot of sugar. Raisins are made in many parts of the world. Raisins can be eaten raw or as part of a recipe. They are well known for being a high protein snack with 500 milligrams of protein."}
+{"id": "45260", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45260", "title": "Taste bud", "text": "Taste buds are small 'bumps' on the tongue. They are the sense organs which detect the taste of things that go into the mouth. They are involved in detecting the five (known) elements of taste perception: salty, sour, bitter, sweet, and umami. "}
+{"id": "45261", "revid": "1458798", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45261", "title": "Calf", "text": "A calf can be:"}
+{"id": "45262", "revid": "1414414", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45262", "title": "Nectar", "text": "Nectar, in botany, is a clear liquid made by the flowers of plants. It is sweet because it has sugar in it. Plants make nectar to attract pollinating animals. It is made in glands called nectaries. The nectaries are usually at the bottom of the perianth of the flower. This means the animal trying to get the nectar has to touch the parts of the plant that are used for reproduction. By doing this, the animal getting the nectar helps the plants reproduce.\nSome plants make nectar outside the flower. These plants do it to attract predatory insects. These insects will eat both the nectar and any plant-eating insects found near the plant.\nNectar is economically important because it is where the sugar for honey comes from. It is also useful in agriculture and horticulture because the adults of many predatory insects, as well as hummingbirds, eat nectar. Some plants give off very rich scents.Plants need water warmth and sunlight \nExtrafloral nectaries.\nExtrafloral nectaries (not in the flower) are specialised nectar-secreting plant glands. They develop outside flowers, and are not involved in pollination.\nIn contrast to floral nectaries, nectar produced outside the flower generally has a defensive function. The nectar attracts predatory insects which will eat both the nectar and any plant-eating insects around, they work as 'bodyguards'.\nExtrafloral nectaries have been reported in over 3941 species of vascular plants belonging to 745 genera and 108 families, 99.7% of which belong to flowering plants (angiosperms). This is 1.0 to 1.8% of all known species. They are most common among eudicots, occurring in 3642 species (of 654 genera and 89 families). They often occur in rosids."}
+{"id": "45264", "revid": "1680984", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45264", "title": "Hunting dog", "text": "A hunting dog is any dog who helps humans in hunting. There are several types of hunting dogs. The major categories of hunting dog include hounds, terriers, cur type dogs, and gun dogs. These categories have smaller groups in them that are based on different things the dogs are good at doing. In different countries, different hunting dogs are popular. Especially England, Germany, Italy and Spain.\nTypes of hunting dogs.\nHounds.\nThere are two types of hounds, \"sight hounds\" and \"scent hounds\". The difference between them is if they use sight or smell to find what they are hunting for. They are often used to hunt animals with fur. In America, raccoon, coyote, and large predators are hunted with hounds, and traditionally in Britain hounds were used to hunt the fox.\nGun dog.\nThese dogs are also called bird dogs. They are used by hunters who carry shotguns to hunt small animals. Gun dogs come in three main classes. The classes are \"retriever\"s, \"flushing spaniels\", and \"pointing breeds\" (although the pointers are as not as famous as their retriever and spaniel counterparts). \nRetrievers.\nThe main job of a retriever is to get the animal after the hunter shoots it. Retrievers are very good in the water and often used by hunters shooting ducks.\nFlushing spaniels.\nFlushing spaniels are used when birds being hunted are found in areas where they can hide, for example high grass. The spaniel will run through the grass. This makes the birds fly into the air so the hunter can shoot them. Spaniels stay close to the hunter so when the birds start to fly, the hunter is close enough to shoot them.\nPointers.\nPointers find birds then stand still and point at where the bird is. They often are farther away from the hunter than a spaniel would be. By pointing instead of flushing the bird out, they give the hunter time to get close enough to shoot the bird. They are also not as famous as other hunting dogs such as retrievers or spaniels.\nTerriers.\nThese dogs are almost always used to hunt mammals. Terriers are used to find the den or living space of the animal. They will go into where the animal lives and either force it to run out or they will kill it. Many of the animals hunted with terriers are animals that cause damage, for example, ground hogs, fox and badger. Notable terrier breeds include the Scottie, the Pit Bull, and many others.\nCur types.\nCurs are used in the same way as terriers but on larger animals. Curs are used to hunt boars, raccoon, cougars, and other large mammals. While they are not as famous as hounds, they have appeared a few times in popular culture, with one example of a breed called the Black Mouth Cur."}
+{"id": "45265", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45265", "title": "Purebred dog", "text": "Purebred dogs are dogs whose ancestors are all the same breed.\nA breed of dog is a particular subspecies that has been bred through time to exhibit certain characteristics, for example a bulldog is bred to be short and have a flat nose while a greyhound is bred to be light and run fast. Some dogs are bred to look special which is why poodles have fluffy hair."}
+{"id": "45266", "revid": "1620056", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45266", "title": "MTR", "text": "The Mass Transit Railway or MTR (in Chinese, \u9999\u6e2f\u9435\u8def\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8, literally \"Hong Kong Railway Company\"; or \u6e2f\u9435 for short) is the main rapid transit railway system in Hong Kong. Since the MTR service first opened in 1979, the network has grown to more than 150 stations. Built and run by MTR Corporation Limited, the MTR system is a very popular mode of public transport in Hong Kong, with around 2.46 million passengers riding each day.\nConstruction.\nHong Kong's growing economy and the quick increase in population created a lot of traffic problems. The Hong Kong government made a study of these problems. The first line was opened in 1979. The MTR was quickly popular, so later they built more lines to cover more ground. \nHistory of the MTR.\nInitial proposal.\nDuring the 1960s, the government of Hong Kong thought they need to accommodate increasing road traffic that growing Hong Kong's economy would bring. British transport consultants Freeman, Fox, Wilbur Smith & Associates were appointed to study the transport system of Hong Kong. The consultants released the \"Hong Kong Mass Transport Study\" in September 1967, which proposed the construction of a mass transport underground railway system in Hong Kong.\nIn 1970, an underground network with four lines was laid out and planned as part of the British consultants' new report, \"Hong Kong Mass Transit: Further Studies\". The four lines were to be the Kwun Tong Line, Tsuen Wan Line, Island Line, and East Kowloon Line. However, the lines that were eventually constructed were somewhat different.\nIn 1972, the Hong Kong government authorised construction of the \"Initial System\", a 20-km system that roughly translates to the Kwun Tong Line today (except the line now extends to Tiu Keng Leng). Negotiations with four major construction consortia started in 1973. The government's intention was to tender the entire project, based on the British design, as a single tender at a fixed price. A consortium from Japan signed an agreement to construct the system in early 1974, but in December of the same year it pulled out from the agreement, because of the Arab oil crisis.\nModified Initial System (Kwun Tong Line / Tsuen Wan Line).\nIn early 1975, a government agency known as the Mass Transport Provisional Authority was established to take charge of the project. It announced that the Initial System would be slightly reduced to 15.6 kilometres, and renamed it the Modified Initial System. Plans for a single contract were also abandoned in favour of 25 engineering contracts and 10 electrical and mechanical contracts.\nIn addition, the government-owned Hong Kong Mass Transit Railway Corporation (MTRC) was established to replace the Mass Transport Provisional Authority. (This was the company succeeded by the MTR Corporation Limited on 30 June 2000)\nConstruction of the Modified Initial System (now part of Kwun Tong Line and Tsuen Wan Line) started in November 1975. On 1 October 1979, the northern section was opened, with trains running from Shek Kip Mei to Kwun Tong. The route from Tsim Sha Tsui to Shek Kip Mei was opened in December of the same year.\nIn 1980, the first harbour crossing was made by an MTR train as the Kwun Tong Line was extended to Chater station, now known as Central station. Trains were extended to six cars.\nTsuen Wan Line.\nThe government approved construction of the Tsuen Wan Line in 1977 and works commenced in November 1978. This was a10.5-kilometre section from Prince Edward to Tsuen Wan. The line started service on 10 May 1982 with a total cost of construction (not adjusted for inflation) at HK$4.1 billion.\nWhen service of this line started, the section of the Kwun Tong Line from Chater to Argyle, present-day Mong Kok station, was transferred to the Tsuen Wan Line. Waterloo became the terminus of the Kwun Tong Line, and both Argyle and Prince Edward stations became interchange stations. This change was made because system planners expected traffic of the Tsuen Wan Line would exceed that of the Kwun Tong Line. A bypass was needed from the northwestern New Territories to Hong Kong Island. Launched in 1998, the Tung Chung Line serves that purpose.\nSince the line's opening in 1982, this is the only line whose alignment has virtually remained the same for the past 23 years. For example, the Kwun Tong Line's alignment has changed for 2 times since its opening - the taking over of Tsuen Wan Line from Mong Kok to Central, and the taking over of Eastern Harbour Crossing section by the Tseung Kwan O Line.\nIsland Line.\nGovernment approvals were granted for construction of the Island Line in December, 1980. Construction commenced in October, 1981. On 31 May 1985 the Island Line was opened with service between Admiralty and Chai Wan stations. Both Admiralty and Central stations became interchange stations with the Tsuen Wan Line. Furthermore, each train was extended to eight cars.\nOn 23 May 1986, service reached Sheung Wan station. Construction for this station was delayed for one year as government offices which sat on top of the station had to be removed to a new location before construction could start.\nEastern Harbour Crossing extension.\nIn 1984, the government approved the construction of the Eastern Harbour Crossing, a tunnel to be used by cars and MTR trains. The Kwun Tong Line was extended across the harbour to Quarry Bay, which became an interchange station for the Kwun Tong Line and the Island Line. The extension was launched on 5 August 1989. An intermediate station, Lam Tin, started operations on 1 October 1989.\nAirport Express and Tung Chung Line.\nThe decision was made in October 1989 to construct a new international airport at Chek Lap Kok on Lantau Island to replace the overcrowded Kai Tak International Airport. The government invited the MTR to build a train line, then known as the Lantau Airport Railway, to the airport. But construction did not begin until the Chinese and British governments settled their financial and land disagreements in November 1994.\nIn the end, the new line was included in the financing plans of the new Hong Kong International Airport as the airport was not considered viable without direct public transport links. Construction costs were also shared by the MTR which was granted many large-scale developments in the construction plans for the new stations.\nThe Lantau Airport Railway turned into two MTR lines, the Tung Chung Line and the Airport Express. The Tung Chung Line was officially opened on 21 June 1998 by Hong Kong Chief Executive Tung Chee Hwa, and service commenced the next day. The Airport Express opened for service on 6 July 1998 along with the new Hong Kong International Airport.\nThe Airport Express line is the second most popular means of transport to the Airport. In 2005, 22% of the commuters took the Airport Express to and from the airport.\nTseung Kwan O Line.\nThe Quarry Bay Congestion Relief Works involved extending the Hong Kong Island end of the Kwun Tong Line from Quarry Bay to North Point via a 4.2\u2013kilometre tunnel. The project was started due to overcrowding at Quarry Bay and persistent passenger complaints about the five-minute walk from the Island Line platforms to the Kwun Tong Line platform. Construction began in September 1997 and was completed in September 2001 at a cost of HK$3.0 billion (US$385\u00a0million). The tried-and-true cross-platform interchange arrangement is repeated here.\nConstruction of the Tseung Kwan O Line was approved on 18 August 1998 to serve new housing developments. Construction began on 24 April 1999 and the line officially opened in 2002, taking over the train tracks running through the Eastern Harbour Tunnel from the Kwun Tong Line, running from Po Lam to North Point. When the line was opened, the Kwun Tong Line was diverted to Tiu Keng Leng on the new line. Construction costs were partly covered by the Hong Kong Government and private developers which linked construction of the Tseung Kwan O Line to new real estate and commercial developments. Previously less developed areas were opened up for development with more transport options.\nWest Rail Line.\nWhile the construction of the Tung Chung Line was still underway, the plan to build a railway corridor serving the northwestern New Territories was conceived. Space had been reserved for the addition of an interchange station and two extra tracks (to allow nonstop service for the Airport Express) between Olympic and Lai King. Originally known as the Airport Railway Phase 2, the contracts of the West Rail Line Interface Works were awarded shortly after construction works of the West Rail commenced. The project comprised Mei Foo Interchange (modification of the existing Mei Foo station on the Tsuen Wan Line to provide a pedestrian link to the West Rail Line Mei Foo Station); Nam Cheong Station (an interchange station on the Tung Chung Line, jointly operated by the MTRCL and KCRC) and quadruplication works (the additional two tracks, four kilometres in length, allow the Tung Chung Line trains to stop at Nam Cheong without blocking the passage of Airport Express trains).\nThe works were completed in stages. The Tung Chung Line trains have been diverted to the new track since mid May 2003, whereas the Mei Foo station interchange subway and the Nam Cheong station were opened at the same time the West Rail Line opened for public use in December 2003. The Kowloon Southern Link extension from Nam Cheong Station to East Tsim Sha Tsui Station was opened on 16 August 2009, with West Rail Line trains now terminating at Hung Hom Station, interchange station for East Rail Line.\nInterchange stations.\nThe interchange between the Tsuen Wan Line and the Kwun Tong Line, the Island Line and the Tseung Kwan O Line, as well as that between the Kwun Tong Line and the Tseung Kwan O Line, are two stations long, allowing cross-platform interchange wherein a passenger leaves a train on one side of the platform and boards trains on the other side of the platform for another line. For example, when passengers are travelling on the Kwun Tong Line towards Tiu Keng Leng, getting off at Yau Tong would allow them to switch trains across the platform for the Tseung Kwan O Line towards North Point. Whereas, staying on the train and reaching Tiu Keng Leng would allow them to board the Tseung Kwan O Line trains towards Po Lam/LOHAS Park. This design makes interchanging more convenient and passengers do not have the need to change to different levels. However this interchange arrangement is not available for all transferring passengers at Kowloon Tong, Central, Hong Kong, Nam Cheong (Except transfer between Tuen Mun and Hong Kong bound trains), Mei Foo, Tai Wai Station (Except alighting from Ma On Shan Line to change southbound trains for East Rail Line) and Sunny Bay (Except alighting from Tung Chung bound trains to Disneyland Resort Line) stations, mainly because this service is available only when there are two continuous stations shared as interchange stations by two lines.\nTwo major works were undertaken to facilitate interchange between Kwun Tong Line and East Rail Line. The modification of Kowloon Tong Station started in June 2001. A new pedestrian link to Kowloon Tong Station southern concourse and a new entrance (Exit D) were opened on 15 April 2004 to cope with the increase in interchange passenger flow. Modification to Tsim Sha Tsui Station involved upgrading station facilities and concourse layout to facilitate access from the East Tsim Sha Tsui Station via its pedestrian links. New entrances to the subway links were opened on 19 September 2004 (Exit G) and 30 March 2005 (Exit F), with the whole scheme completed in May 2005.\nMa On Shan Line.\nThe Ma On Shan Line was constructed by the KCR to serve Ma On Shan and City One residential areas and operation of the line was outsourced to the MTR. The system mostly runs on a viaduct between the middle of roads with stations, stopping right next to major buildings. The only time the trains don't run on viaducts is when the railway meets the route 2 highway, where it runs in the middle and then raises back to a viaduct. The railway is slightly different from all other Hong Kong railways because the trains run on the right, not the left; this is so that passengers can easily interchange from the Ma On Shan line to the East Rail Line towards Hong Hum. The majority of passengers using the line get off the train at Tai Wai to interchange to the East Rail Line, using the line as a feeder route.\nDisneyland extension.\nThe Disneyland Resort Line, previously known as Penny's Bay Rail Link, provides service to the Hong Kong Disneyland Resort which was opened on 12 September 2005. Service to Sunny Bay station on the Tung Chung Line started in 2005. The new line and the Disneyland Resort station opened on 1 August 2005. It is a 3.5\u2013kilometre single-track railway that runs between Sunny Bay station and Disneyland Resort station. The Disneyland Resort station itself was designed to blend in with the ambience of the resort. The line currently operates fully automated, trains running every four to ten minutes without a driver, and the carriages were changed from the existing M-Train rolling stock to match the recreational and adventurous nature of the 3.5-minute journey.\nFurther expansion of the Airport Express.\nThe AsiaWorld-Expo Station is an extension of the Airport Express serving the AsiaWorld-Expo at Hong Kong International Airport. The station opened on 20 December 2005 along with the exhibition centre. Airport Express trains were expanded to eight carriages from the previous seven. There are additional trains on the Tung Chung line during major exhibitions and events.\nPrivatisation and merger.\nOn 5 October 2000, the operator of the MTR network, MTR Corporation Limited (MTRCL), became Hong Kong's first rail company to be privatised, marking the beginning of the Hong Kong government's initiative to dissolve its interests in public utilities. Prior to its listing on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange, the Mass Transit Railway Corporation (MTRC) was wholly owned by the Hong Kong government. The offering involved the sale of about one billion shares, and the company now has the largest shareholder base of any company listed in Hong Kong. In June 2001, MTRCL was transferred to the Hang Seng Index.\nMTRCL has developed properties next to stations to complement its already profitable railway business. Many recently built stations were incorporated into large housing estates or shopping complexes. Tsing Yi station is built next to the Maritime Square shopping centre and directly underneath the Tierra Verde housing estate.\nOn 11 April 2006, MTRCL signed a non-binding memorandum of understanding with the Hong Kong government, the owner of Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation, to merge the two railway networks in spite of the strong opposition by the KCRC staff. The minority shareholders of the corporation approved the proposal at an extraordinary general meeting on 9 October 2007, allowing MTRCL to take over the operation of the KCR network and combine the fare system of the two networks on 2 December 2007.\nOn 2 December 2007 the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation (KCRC) granted a 50-year service concession (which may be extended) of the KCR network to MTRCL, in return for making annual payments to KCRC, thereby merging the railway operations of the two corporations under MTRCL's management. At the same time MTRCL changed its Chinese name from \"\u5730\u9435\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\" (Subway Limited Company) to \"\u9999\u6e2f\u9435\u8def\u6709\u9650\u516c\u53f8\" (Hong Kong Railway Limited Company), but left its English name unchanged. After the merger, the MTR network included three more lines, East Rail Line, West Rail Line and Ma On Shan Line, as well as the Light Rail network and Guangdong Through Train to Guangzhou.\nSafety on the MTR.\nVarious campaigns and activities are taken to help ensure that the MTR is a safe system to travel on. Poster campaigns displaying information on topics such as escalator safety are a common sight in all MTR stations, and announcements are made regularly as safety reminders to travelling passengers.\nBylaws have been recently introduced to deter potentially dangerous actions on the MTR, such as the ban of flammable goods on the MTR and rushing into trains when the doors are closing. Fines and imprisonment have been imposed for such offenses. Metallic balloons are also banned due to previous incidents on KCR and on MTR's Island Line where a metallic balloon interfered with the operation of the overhead power lines.\nPolice officers patrol on trains and stations, and police posts are available at some stations. The Hong Kong Police Force has a Railway District responsible for the MTR and the KCR. Closed-circuit television cameras are installed in stations.\nTung Chung Line, the Airport Express and Tseung Kwan O Line, except Quarry Bay station, had platform screen doors. These doors prevent people from falling onto the rails. They separate the stations from the tunnels, hence allowing substantial energy savings on station air-conditioning and tunnel ventilation. Automatic platform gates have also been installed at the Sunny Bay and Disneyland Resort stations. \nIn June 2000, The MTR Corporation proceeded with its plans to retrofit 2,960 pairs of platform screen doors at all 30 underground stations on the Kwun Tong Line, Tsuen Wan Line, and Island Line in a six-year programme. The programme made MTR the world's first railway to undertake the retrofitting of PSDs on a passenger-carrying system already in operation. A prototype design was first introduced at Choi Hung station in the 3rd quarter of 2001. HK$0.10 per passenger trip was levied on Octopus card users to help fund the HK$2 billion retrofit programme. The whole installation scheme was completed in October 2005. The original completion year was 2006. The MTR Corporation said that part of the cost had to be assumed by passengers.\nStation facilities, amenities and services.\nWith the high level of daily passenger traffic, facilities of MTR stations are built with durability and accessibility in mind. The elevators and escalators in stations are heavy duty, with the elevators installed by Otis Elevator Company/Fujitec and the escalators installed by Constructions Industrielles de la Mediterran\u00e9e and Otis Elevator Company.\nAfter extensive retrofits, the MTR system has become, in general, disabled-friendly\u2014the trains have dedicated wheelchair space, the stations have special floor tiles to guide the blind safely on the platforms, and there are extra wide entry and exit gates for wheelchairs as well.\nMain line stations do not have toilet facilities, although their installation has been contemplated. Only stations on the Airport Express and Disneyland Resort Line have access to toilet facilities.\nInterchange stations.\nThe MTR network is unique in its arrangement of interchange stations. Interchange stations between the Island, Tsuen Wan, Kwun Tong and Tseung Kwan O lines are arranged in pairs; this allows cross-platform interchange. A passenger leaves a train on one side of the platform and boards trains on the other side of the platform for another line. This not only makes it more convenient for passengers, it also reduces the amount of traffic per station. Riders are made aware of the closest connection point by way of in-train visual and auditory messages. \nTelecommunications network coverage.\nA full GSM (GSM-900 and GSM-1800), CDMA and TDMA mobile phone network is in place throughout the MTR system. Passengers can stay connected underground. Full 3G network coverage in all stations and tunnels (except West Rail Line) for the MTR system has been provided by 3 Hong Kong, SmarTone-Vodafone and PCCW Mobile.\nFree magazines and newspapers.\n\"Recruit\" was the first free magazine which was solely distributed in MTR stations since July 1992. However, in July 2002, the contract between the magazine and MTR was terminated. Another recruitment magazine \"Jiu Jik\" (\u62db\u8077), published by \"South China Morning Post\", replaced \"Recruit\" as the only free recruitment magazine distributed in MTR stations on every Tuesdays and Fridays.\nExtra services for Airport Express.\nThe Airport Express also offer value-added services to travellers on the line. Toilets and check-in facilities are available at every station on the line. A free Airport Express shuttle bus service transports travellers from stations to their respective hotels as well. Flight passengers can even have in-town check-in at the station, which offers a more convenient and time-saving routine.\nFares and tickets.\nAs of January 2005, there were two different fare classes on the MTR: Adult and concessionary. Children below the age of 12, senior citizens 65 years or older, and full-time Hong Kong students between the ages of 12 and 25 qualify for the concessionary rate. Children below the age of 3 travel free.\nThe fare payable by a passenger depends on the approximate distance travelled. Stations fall into fare \"zones\" depending on the distance from the origin. The fare to all stations in a \"zone\" is the same and increases with distance, especially if the journey involves a harbour crossing. Adult fares range from HK$3.80 to $26.00. Concessionary fares are usually half the adult fare, and range from HK$2.40 to $13.00. Fares for the Airport Express Line are significantly higher.\nThe price of using MTR is very low. For example, the price of going from Tsing Yi to Causeway Bay by taxi is around HK$200. Travelling the same distance by MTR costs HK$11.80 for grown up people and HK$5.40 for young and very old people. People can buy a one way ticket or a Octopus card to enter MTR. Octopus card is a contact-less smart card.\nOctopus cards.\nThe Octopus card is a rechargeable contactless smart card. It was launched in September 1997 for use on both the MTR and the KCR and now is the most widely used electronic cash system for transactions in Hong Kong as many retailers are fitted with readers. It uses radio frequency identification (RFID) technology so that users need only hold the card in front of the reader. Physical contact is not required, and the card need not even be taken out because the reader can penetrate through material. This fare collection system has been so popular that many cities such as Singapore, London, Chicago, and Taipei have adopted the idea, launching their own version of smart cards.\nExcept for the Airport Express, MTR fares are slightly lower when using an Octopus card compared to using single journey tickets. For example, the cost of the 3-minute journey from Admiralty to Tsim Sha Tsui across the Victoria Harbour is (as of 2005) HK$7.9 using the Octopus card, compared with HK$9.0 for a single-journey ticket.\nTourist pass.\nTwo types of tourist passes are available: one allows unlimited rides for a single day (at HK$50), while the other allows three days of unlimited rides on the MTR, with a stored value of HK$20, refundable deposit of HK$50 and choice of either a single (HK$220) or return (HK$300) trip on the Airport Express. Tourists are required to produce proof of tourist status, (e.g. passports or, in the case of Mainland travellers, entry permits) when purchasing the pass, and whenever requested by a ticket inspector during spot-checks.\nOther fares.\nThe magnetic fare card system is used for single journey tickets. These tickets are pre-paid for between pre-determined stations, and are good for only one trip. There are no return tickets, except on the Airport Express. Fares for the Airport Express are different from main line fares. Apart from single tickets, same-day return tickets (same price as a single), and one-month return tickets are also available.\nA one-day pass can be used for unlimited travel to/from Hong Kong Disneyland within the same day, and costs HK$50. This pass can be purchased from any MTR Customer Service Centres or Airport Express Customer Service Centres.\nMTR rolling stock.\nFour variations of rolling stock operate on the MTR on 1.5kV DC overhead electrification. All trains are electric multiple units, with ATC and ATP, operating on 1432\u00a0mm rail gauge. Except for the rolling stock of the Airport Express, all trains are designed with features to cope with high density passenger traffic on stopping services. Examples are the latitudinal seating arrangement, additional ventilation fans and 5 doors on each side per car.\nThe Tung Chung Line and the Airport Express use dedicated rolling stock designs specified to their respective lines. Initially in 7-car formations, they have now been lengthened to eight cars. These two variations were built jointly by Adtranz (now Bombardier Transportations) and Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles between 1994 and 1997.\nThe other lines are operated using a mixture of the other two variations, known as the \"M-Train\" and the \"K-Stock\". The \"M-Stock\" (or CM-Stock\") of \"M-Train\" are the oldest trains on the MTR, built originally by Metro Cammell (now Alstom) and refurbished by United Goninan. The \"M-Train\" is the only variation that uses sliding doors, as opposed to others which use plug-doors. The \"K-Stock\" are built jointly by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and ROTEM, and a further order of 32 cars is due to be in service on the Tung Chung Line by 2007.\nThe Disneyland Resort Line uses driverless \"M-Trains\" with their appearance overhauled to suit the line. Windows on each carriage and the handrails inside are made into the shape of Mickey Mouse's head, and there are bronze-made Disney characters decorating the interior of the carriages.\nArt promotion.\nWith the objective \"not only bring MTR passengers more time for life, but also more time for art\", the \"Art in MTR\" Initiative has been a success since its reception in 1998, where the Airport Express Artwork Programme was the pioneer project. Thereafter, live performances, art exhibitions, display of artwork by established and emerging artists, students and young children have been brought into the MTR stations. MTR Corporation Limited have made art part of the station architecture when building new stations or renovating existing ones. Artworks are exhibited in different forms on the network, including \"arttube\", open art gallery, community art galleries, roving art, living art, and art in station architecture.\nThe future.\nMTR Corporation Limited has suggested several future projects to the Hong Kong Government. \nIt has also been suggested to improve parts of MTR that are running now. Airport Station on the Airport Express will have a new platform to serve passengers flying out of Hong Kong International Airport's Skyplaza. New subway links to the stations are also being made, and it has been proposed to lengthen the Tseung Kwan O Line with a branch line to Tseung Kwan O South, and the Kwun Tong Line as far as Whampoa Garden, also linking with the Sha Tin to Central Link expansion.\nThe West Island Line and South Island Line, first suggested to the government by MTR on 21 January 2003, was finally accepted on 30 June 2005. It was made up of the West Island Line that took the Island Line to Kennedy Town, and the South Island Line (East section) from Admiralty to Ap Lei Chau and South Island Line (West section) that connects the other two lines."}
+{"id": "45267", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45267", "title": "Rib cage", "text": "The ribcage is a part of the skeleton of humans and some animals. It is made up of curved bones called ribs. The rib cage is found in the chest area. It protects a person's internal organs from damage. Most humans have 12 pairs of rib bones with one from each pair on each side of the chest. Some people may have 11 or 13 pairs of rib bones. The bones are also filled with bone marrow. The bones that are connected to the sternum directly are called true ribs, and the bones that are connected to the sternum indirectly, through the seventh bone, are called false ribs (eighth, ninth, and tenth bones), and the bones which are not connected to the sternum, and is connected to the back bone, are called floating ribs. If these floating ribs were connected to the sternum, we could not breathe properly, as the chest needs space to expand and decrease. The rib cage is also called the thoracic cavity."}
+{"id": "45268", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45268", "title": "Life form", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45270", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45270", "title": "Suborder", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45271", "revid": "752027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45271", "title": "Founder", "text": "Founder could mean:\nFounders could mean:"}
+{"id": "45274", "revid": "1334790", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45274", "title": "Interview", "text": "An interview is a conversation where somebody is trying to get information from another person. The person asking questions is the interviewer and the person answering questions is the interviewee. \nEmployers interview people trying to get a job to find out if they are a good person for the job. Researchers use an interview to ask people to find how they feel or what they know about something. Since the middle 19th century, interviews have often been used in journalism to get information for stories on news shows or in newspapers. \nPolice interview witnesses to a crime to find out what happened. Military intelligence agents interview prisoners to learn about enemy plans and capabilities. These interviews are often called interrogation."}
+{"id": "45280", "revid": "10235409", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45280", "title": "Athelstan", "text": "Athelstan or \u00c6thelstan, (893/4\u201327 October 939), called the Glorious, was the first King of England. He reigned from 924 to 939. He was the son of King Edward the Elder. Athelstan's reign is sometimes overlooked but it was of great importance to political developments in the 10th century.\nAthelstan was the son of Edward the Elder, and grandson of Alfred the Great. His father succeeded, after some difficulty, to the Kingdom of the Anglo-Saxons formed by Alfred. His father had also been the King of Mercia. When Edward died Athelstan quickly became King of Mercia but he was not immediately accepted as King of England. His brother, \u00c6lfweard, had more support in England but died soon after Edward. This made it easier for Athelstan to become king.\nFor Athelstan it was very important to have many allies. A year after his crowning he married one of his sisters to the Viking King of Northumbria, Sithric. However, Sithric died only a year later, and Athelstan seized Northumbria. This move made him king of more land than any other before him, roughly the same as modern England. Therefore, he had united the four major English kingdoms, establishing him as the country's first true King. Historical records indicate that the other rulers in Great Britain accepted him as king at Bamburgh around this time.\nAthelstan died at Gloucester in 939 and was succeeded by his half-brother, Edmund I.\nHe is said to have been buried in the town of Malmesbury, Wiltshire, which he himself described as \"beloved\". A tomb has been built (shown in the image) for him in Malmesbury Abbey, however, no one knows if it is his body that lies there, and the lid of the tomb has never been opened."}
+{"id": "45281", "revid": "1685581", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45281", "title": "Firefly (TV series)", "text": "Firefly is an American science fiction television series. It first aired in the United States and Canada on September 20, 2002. It is set in the future, but also has many things about it which would be expected in a story of the American Old West. This combination of past and future gives a unique science fiction setting for the story. It was created by writer and director Joss Whedon, creator of \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\" and \"Angel\". He created it with his production company, Mutant Enemy. Whedon was the executive producer, along with Tim Minear.\n\"Firefly\" was first broadcast on the FOX network. It was cancelled after only eleven of the fourteen episodes were shown. Even though the show did not last long, it sold very well when it was released onto DVD and had great fan support. Because of this, Whedon and Universal Pictures made a movie based on the series, titled \"Serenity\". The movie was named after the fictional spaceship in the show. It won an Emmy in 2003 for \"Outstanding Special Visual Effects for a Series\".\nThe series is set in 2517 AD. It follows the adventures of the crew of \"Serenity\", a \"Firefly\"-class spaceship. The cast play the nine characters who live on \"Serenity\". Whedon described the show as \"nine people looking into the blackness of space and seeing nine different things\". The show looks at the changing lives of people who fought on the losing side of a civil war. It also shows the pioneer culture that is on the edges of their star system. It is a future where the only two superpowers, the United States and China, joined to create a single government. This government was called the \"Alliance\". This also caused the two cultures to blend into each other. Whedon said that nothing has changed in the future. There are more people with better technology, but they still have the same problems politically, morally and ethically.\nProduction.\nCreation.\nWhedon came up with the idea for the show after reading \"The Killer Angels\", a novel about the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War. He wanted to follow people who had fought on the losing side of a war. He wanted to look at their lives after the war on the edges of civilization. It was meant to be the kind of drama with a lot of people trying to figure out their lives in a pioneer environment. Whedon wanted to have a show that was about when life was physical and things did not come easy to people. Whedon was also very interested in science fiction and wanted to make something for television that was character-driven and dirty.\nFor the name of the show, Joss Whedon wanted something that had strength and movement. He felt that the word \"firefly\" had both. The fact that it was also something small with a powerful name made him like it more. From there, he created the ship in the image of a firefly.\nFormat.\nWhile making the first episode, Whedon was arguing with FOX that the show should be shown in widescreen format. Because of this, he filmed scenes with actors on the edge of both sides so that they would have to show it that way. However, the pilot was turned down by the FOX executives. They thought that it did not have enough action. They also did not like the captain. FOX told Whedon on a Friday afternoon that he had to make a new script by Monday morning or they would not do it. Whedon and Tim Minear spent the weekend writing a new episode, \"The Train Job\". In this new episode, the captain was more \"happy\" and they added \"larger than life\" characters. These characters were the henchman \"Crow\", and the \"hands of blue\" men, that also introduced a \"X-Files\"-type ending.\nSet design.\nProduction designer Carey Meyer built the ship \"Serenity\" in two parts. It was built as a complete set. It had ceilings and working lights built in as part of the set that the cameras could use. It also had movable parts. This helped with moving the camera around inside the set. There were other good things about this set design. One was that it let the people watching feel that they were really in a ship. For Whedon, the design of the ship was very important. It defined the known space for the viewer. He wanted to show that it was simple and that it was \"beat-up but lived-in and ultimately, it was home\". Each room had a feel to it, usually shown by the paint color.\nTheir small budget was a reason to use the ship for much of telling the story. When the characters did go off of the ship, the worlds all had Earth atmosphere and colors. They could not afford to build alien worlds.\nMusic.\nThe theme song, \"The Ballad of Serenity\", was written by Joss Whedon and performed by Sonny Rhodes. Whedon wrote the song before the series was approved by Fox. An early recording done by Whedon can be found on the DVD release.\nThe soundtrack to the series was released on CD on November 8, 2005 by Var\u00e8se Sarabande. The musical score matches the blending of cultures in the show. Cowboy guitar blended with an Asian feel was the musical background for the series. Greg Edmonson wrote the music for the series. He said that he wrote for the emotion of the moment.\nCasting.\nIn casting his nine-member crew, Whedon looked first at the actor and how they got along with others. All nine cast members were chosen before filming began. However, while filming the original pilot \"Serenity\", Whedon saw that the actress cast as Inara Serra (Rebecca Gayheart) was not right for the role.Morena Baccarin auditioned for the role and two days later was on the set in her first television show.\nWhedon asked Nathan Fillion to play the lead role of Malcolm Reynolds. After telling him the idea for the show and showing him the pilot, Fillion wanted the role. Fillion was called back several times to read for the part before he was cast.\nAlan Tudyk auditioned and was told to come back in to test with the possible Zoes (the character's wife). It was down to him and one other person. The Zoes did not work out and Tudyk was sent home. He got a call telling him he had the part anyway.\nVeteran science fiction-fantasy actress Gina Torres (\"The Matrix Reloaded\", \"\") did not at first want to do another science fiction show, but \"was won over by the quality of the source material.\" As she recalled, \"So you had these challenged characters inhabiting a challenging world and that makes for great storytelling. AND NO ALIENS!\"\nAdam Baldwin grew up watching westerns. The character of Jayne Cobb was a role that was perfect for him.\nCanadian actress Jewel Staite has been an actress since age nine. She videotaped her audition from Vancouver. she was asked to come to Los Angeles to meet Whedon, where she was cast for the role of Kaylee Frye, the ship's engineer.\nSean Maher remembers reading for the part and liking the character of Simon Tam. He said it was Whedon's personality and vision that \"sealed the deal\" for him. For the role of Simon's sister, Whedon called in Summer Glau for an audition and test the same day. Glau had first worked for Whedon on an episode of \"Angel\". Two weeks later Whedon called her to tell her she had the part. This was Glau's first speaking role.\nThe veteran television actor Ron Glass (\"Barney Miller\", \"All in the Family\"), has said that until \"Firefly\", he had not thought about a science-fiction western role but he fell in love with the pilot script and the character of Shepherd Book.\nPlot.\nBack story.\nThe series takes place in the year 2517, on several planets and moons. The television series does not say if these are in one star system. The movie \"Serenity\" makes clear that all the planets and moons are in one large system. The characters refer to \"Earth-that-was\" and in the movie, it is said that long before the events in the series a large population had left from Earth to a new star system: \"Earth that was could no longer sustain our numbers, we were so many.\" The people settled in this new star system, with \"dozens of planets and hundreds of moons.\" Many of these were terraformed, a process in which a planet or moon is altered to resemble the Earth. The terraforming process was only the first step in making a planet livable. Only the most central planets got more treatment. This caused many of the border planets and moons to have environments that fit the Western setting.\nSynopsis.\nThe show takes its name from the \"Firefly\"-class spaceship \"Serenity\" that the main characters call home. Its tail section lights up during acceleration, looking like the glowing part of a firefly.\nThe Alliance is shown to control the star system through an organization of \"core\" planets. DVD commentary suggests that two main \"core\" planets make up the Alliance. One is mostly Occidental in culture, the other is Asian. This explains the series' mixed linguistic and visual themes. The central planets are under Alliance control, but the outer planets and moons resemble the 19th century American West, with little government control. Settlers people on the outer worlds have relative freedom from the central government. The outer areas also have Reavers, a cannibalistic race.\nThe captain of the crew of \"Serenity\" is Malcolm \"Mal\" Reynolds (Nathan Fillion). The episode \"Serenity\" shows that the captain and his first mate Zoe Washburne (Gina Torres) are veteran \"Browncoats\" of the civil war. A later episode, titled \"Out of Gas\", shows that Mal bought the spaceship \"Serenity\" to continue living beyond Alliance control. Much of the crew's work is made up of cargo runs or smuggling. One of the main story arcs is that of River Tam (Summer Glau) and her brother Simon (Sean Maher). River was a child prodigy. Her brain was experimented on. She seems to have schizophrenia and often hears voices. It is later found out that she is a \"reader\", someone with psychic abilities. Simon gave up a very good career as a surgeon to save her from the Alliance. They join the crew in the original \"Serenity\". Because of this rescue, they are both wanted criminals.\nSignature show elements.\n\"Firefly\" takes place in a multi-cultural future. Because of this, Mandarin Chinese is a common second language. It is used in advertisements, and characters in the show often use Chinese words and curses.\nThe show also has slang not used in today's culture. There are changes to modern words, or new words (\"shiny\" is a synonym of \"cool\"). The Japanese katakana and an Old West dialect are also used.\nOne of the problems that Whedon had with FOX was the tone of the show, especially with the main character Malcolm Reynolds. FOX wanted Whedon to make his character more \"jolly\". They felt he was too dark in the original pilot.\nCast.\nMain characters.\n\"Firefly\" had an ensemble cast that played the nine crew members of the ship, \"Serenity\". These characters fight criminals, Alliance security forces, the insane Reavers, and the mysterious men with \"hands of blue\" - who seem to work for a secret agency which is part of the huge corporation, The Blue Sun Corporation. The crew needs to get enough income to keep their ship working. While doing this, they must stay hidden from people looking for them.\nAll nine major characters are in every episode, with one exception: Book is absent from \"Ariel\"."}
+{"id": "45286", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45286", "title": "Purebred", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45287", "revid": "1683528", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45287", "title": "Canute", "text": "Cnut II and I (Danish: \"Knud II\"; 25 May 994 \u2014 12 November 1035) nicknamed the Great (Danish: \"den Store\") was the King of Denmark as Cnut II from 1018, King of England as Cnut I from 1016, and King of Norway from 1028 until his death in 1035. Cnut was considered one of Europe's most powerful rulers during his time. He ruled over England, Denmark, Norway, and a part of Sweden on which are called the North Sea Empire.\nConquest of England.\nIn the summer of 1015, Canute's fleet set sail for England with a Danish army of perhaps 10,000 in 200 longships. Cnut was at the head of an array of Vikings from all over Scandinavia. The invasion force was to be in often close and grisly warfare with the English for the next fourteen months. Practically all of the battles were fought against Aethelred's son, Edmund Ironside.\nAfter ascending the throne in 1016, Canute executed many of Edmund's followers, to make his crown safe.\nFamily.\nCanute, a Christian, had two wives. His first wife, or perhaps concubine, was called \u00c6lfgifu. She was a handfast wife, meaning the marriage was made by joining hands, not by a church ceremony. This was legal at that time. She became his northern queen.\nHis second wife was Emma of Normandy, who was also called \u00c6lfgifu in Old English. Their wedding was a Christian wedding. She was kept in the south, with an estate in Exeter.\nBoth wives bore sons who became kings of England. Canute kept the Church sweet with many gifts.\nCanute and the waves.\nThere is a story that Canute sat on his throne ordering the sea to turn back. We do not know whether this really happened. It seems to come from Henry of Huntington (c. 1088 \u2013 c. 1154). He relates it as follows: \n\"When King Cnute had reigned for twenty years, he departed this life at Shaftesbury and was buried at Winchester in the Old Minster. A few words must be devoted to the power of this king. Before him there had never been in England a king of such great authority. He was lord of all Denmark, of all England, of all Norway, and also of Scotland. In addition to the many wars in which he was most particularly illustrious, he performed three fine and magnificent deeds...The third, that when he was at the height of his ascendancy, he ordered his chair to be placed on the sea-shore as the tide was coming in. Then he said to the rising tide, 'You are subject to me, as the land on which I am sitting is mine, and no one has resisted my overlordship with impunity. I command you, therefore, not to rise on to my land, nor to presume to wet the clothing or limbs of your master.' But the sea came up as usual, and disrespectfully drenched the king's feet and shins. So jumping back, the king cried, 'Let all the world know that the power of kings is empty and worthless, and there is no king worthy of the name save Him by whose will heaven, earth, and sea obey eternal laws.' Thereafter King Cnut never wore the golden crown on his neck, but placed it on the image of the crucified Lord, in eternal praise of God the great king. By whose mercy may the soul of King Cnut enjoy rest.\"\nHenry of Huntingdon, \"Historia Anglorum (VI.17)\""}
+{"id": "45288", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45288", "title": "Purebred dogs", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45289", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45289", "title": "Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor", "text": "Saint Henry II (972 \u2013 13 July 1024), called the Holy or the Saint, was the fifth and last Holy Roman Emperor of the Saxon or Ottonian dynasty. "}
+{"id": "45293", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45293", "title": "Jacky Chen", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45294", "revid": "3316688", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45294", "title": "SMTP", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45295", "revid": "165650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45295", "title": "POP", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45296", "revid": "932285", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45296", "title": "Internet protocol suite", "text": "When computers connect and transmit data between each other on the Internet, they follow a set of rules to do so. These rules are universal; all computers throughout the Internet must follow them. Otherwise, the Internet would not function as computers would not be able to transmit data in a meaningful and useful way. These rules are called protocols. There are many different protocols, each for different purposes, and they all together are called the Internet protocol suite. The two most important protocols are the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the Internet Protocol (IP), which ensure data is delivered at the right place, and without errors, and is what computers use when they access servers (computers that have the data that is accessed on the Internet) on the World Wide Web, as well as for email, and the like. Other protocols include the Network Time Protocol, which ensures clock synchronisation in computers, and there are many others.\nThe TCP/IP model and other related protocols are maintained by the Internet Engineering Task Force, whose parent organisation is the Internet Society, and which also cooperates closely with other standards bodies such as the W3C (World Wide Web Consortium) and ISO/IEC."}
+{"id": "45297", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45297", "title": "Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor", "text": "Conrad II (c. 990 \u2013 4 June 1039) was the son of Count Henry of Speyer and Adelheid of Alsace. He was elected king in 1024. He was crowned Holy Roman Emperor on 26 March 1027. He was the first emperor of the Salian Dynasty.\nDuring his reign, he proved that the German monarchy had become strong enough that it no longer depended on contracts between king and dukes alone."}
+{"id": "45299", "revid": "5400", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45299", "title": "Ottonian Dynasty", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45300", "revid": "1242542", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45300", "title": "Ottonian dynasty", "text": "Ottonian dynasty was a dynasty of kings of Germany, named after its first emperor Otto I the Great. But it is also known as the Saxon dynasty after the origin of this family of noblemen. The family itself is also sometimes known as the Liudolfings, after its earliest known member \"Liudolf\" and one of its most common names. The Ottonian rulers are also regarded as the first dynasty of the Holy Roman Empire, as successors of the Carolingian dynasty and Charlemagne, who is commonly viewed as the original founder of a new (Frankish) Roman Empire.\nAlthough he was never Emperor, Henry I the Fowler, Duke of Saxony, was the founder of this imperial dynasty, since his election as German king made it possible for his son, Otto the Great to take on the imperium. Since Otto I most of the German kings were also crowned Holy Roman Emperor. Under the reign of the Ottonian rulers, the kingdom of the Eastern Franks finally became Germany as the duchies of Lorraine, Saxony, Franconia, Swabia, Thuringia and Bavaria joined in one empire. \nAfter the end of the Ottonian dynasty (with the death of Henry II in 1024) the crown passed to the Salian dynasty. Luitgard, a daughter of Emperor Otto I had married the Salian Duke Conrad the Red of Lorraine. His great-grandson was Conrad II, Holy Roman Emperor. \nOttonian Kings and Emperors:\nSome other famous members of the Liudolfing or Ottonian House:"}
+{"id": "45302", "revid": "10231938", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45302", "title": "Copernicium", "text": "Copernicium (formerly Ununbium) is a chemical element in the Periodic Table. It is also named eka-mercury. It has the symbol Cn. It has the atomic number 112. It is a transuranium element.\nThe element is named in honor of Nicolaus Copernicus.\nUsing periodic trends, people think that it will be a liquid metal like mercury. It is likely to be more volatile than mercury however.\nHistory.\nCopernicium was first made on February 9, 1996 at the Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Schwerionenforschung (GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany. Copernicium was made by nuclear fusion of a zinc atom with a lead atom. The zinc nuclei was bombarded on to a lead target in a machine named a heavy ion accelerator.\nThe element was made in 2000 and 2004 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Russia.\nIn May 2006 in the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research checked that it had been made using a different method. They identified the last atoms that were made from radioactive decay of copernicium.\nIn February 2010 IUPAC officially approved the name copernicium and symbol Cn.\nDue to its short half-life it has no use but is being studied"}
+{"id": "45303", "revid": "10047552", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45303", "title": "Otto the Great", "text": "Otto I the Great (23 November 912 \u2013 7 May 973), son of Henry I the Fowler, king of the Germans, and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke of the Saxons, King of the Germans and Holy Roman Emperor from 962 until his death in 973. He was succeeded by his son Otto II. He won a big war against the Magyars (Hungarians) and later conquered northern Italy."}
+{"id": "45305", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45305", "title": "Tropic of Capricorn", "text": "The Tropic of Capricorn, or Southern tropic, is one of the five major circles of latitude of a map of the Earth. It is 23\u00b0 26\u2032 22\u2033 south of the Equator.\nIt marks the most southerly latitude at which the sun can appear directly overhead. This happens at the December solstice, when the southern hemisphere is tilted towards the sun to its maximum extent.\nCountries.\nThe Tropic of Capricorn goes through these countries, starting at the prime meridian and going west:\nHistory.\nThe Tropic of Capricorn is named because about 2000 years ago the sun was entering the constellation Capricornus on the December solstice. Now the sun appears in the constellation Sagittarius during the December solstice. The change is due to precession of the equinoxes. The word \"tropic\" comes from the Greek tropos, meaning \"turn\". This refers to the fact that the sun appears to \"turn back\" at the solstices."}
+{"id": "45307", "revid": "5296", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45307", "title": "December solstice", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45311", "revid": "10191268", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45311", "title": "Edward III of England", "text": "Edward III (13 November 1312\u201321 June 1377) was a King of England who ruled for 50 years. \nEdward was born on 13 November 1312 to Edward II and Isabella of France. He was the oldest of their five children. He had two younger brothers (Adam FitzRoy and John of Eltham, Earl of Cornwall) and two younger sisters (Joan of the Tower and Eleanor of Woodstock).\nEdward made England the strongest military power during his reign. \nEdward was crowned when he was fourteen years old, after his father was forced to abdicate. After his victory against Scotland, he declared himself heir to the French throne in 1337, which started the Hundred Years' War. The war went very well for England, and the victories at the Battles of Cr\u00e9cy and Poitiers led to the Treaty of Br\u00e9tigny by which he gained a lot of territory. When he became older, he was much less active, mostly a result of his bad health. He died of a stroke in 1377, aged 64.\nEdward also established the Order of the Garter and developed legislature and government. However, during his reign was the Black Death. \nEdward and his wife, Philippa of Hainault, had many children, and as they travelled, the children were generally known by where they were born though the oldest son, Edward \"of Woodstock,\" became known to later generations as Edward, the Black Prince. He died before his father Edward III, and his older son, Edward of Angoul\u00eame, had died a child and so younger son, Richard of Bordeaux, succeeded Edward III as Richard II of England. However, Richard was deposed by his cousin Henry IV of England, whose father, John of Gaunt, had married the heiress of Lancaster. His family, the House of Lancaster, fought the Wars of the Roses against the House of York, which was descended from the daughter of Edward III's son Lionel of Antwerp (who was older than John) over who was the rightful king. \nIn his own time and for centuries afterward, Edward III was greatly praised, but Whig historians saw him as an irresponsible adventurer. That view has turned, and modern historians see what a good king he was."}
+{"id": "45312", "revid": "10498766", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45312", "title": "Wicked Science", "text": "Wicked Sciences is an Australian television series. It takes place in Sandy Bay. It tells the story of two teenagers who suddenly become science geniuses.\nStory.\nToby Johnson is a normal student of Sandy Bay High School, juggling between school and the normal life of a teenager. Elizabeth Hawke is the teacher's pet. Nobody like her in the high school and she likes nobody, excepted Tony. She has liked Tony from her childhood. One day, Toby and her were in the laboratory of the school. They were hit by a strange blue ray and they become sciences geniuses. But they do not know why. The normal life of Sandy Bay is changed by the two geniuses.\nDetails on the story.\nOn the first school day at Sandy Bay High School, Toby and his best friend Russel met a new student, Dina Demeris. They quickly became friends. During science class, they were chatting. When they got caught, Dina was the one who was going to be punished, but Toby said that it was his fault. He was to be punished with Russ. The teacher, Mr. Tesslar showed the students the fossils he found during the summer. He started to scan them with a machine and asked who wanted to finish the work. Elizabeth accepted. That evening, Russ, Toby and Elizabeth were in the science laboratory. Toby and Russ had to clean the aquarium, and Elizabeth was scanning the stones. Russ had a bad idea. He tried to use his mouth to change the water. He ran to the restrooms and Toby and Elizabeth cleaned the ground. A frog got out of the aquarium and jumped on the keyboard of the machine. The device scanned a strange blue stone and made a blue ray which hit Toby and Elizabeth."}
+{"id": "45313", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45313", "title": "Harold Wilson", "text": "James Harold Wilson, Baron Wilson of Rievaulx, KG, OBE, FRS, PC (11 March 1916 \u2013 24 May 1995) was one of the most prominent British politicians of the 20th century. He was an MP from 1945 to 1983. He won more elections than any other 20th century Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (in 1964, 1966, February and October 1974)\u2014three with a majority (1964,1966 and October 1974) and one where Labour was the largest party and formed a minority government (February 1974)\nWilson resigned as Prime Minister and Leader of the Labour Party in 1976. He died of colon cancer and Alzheimer's disease in 1995."}
+{"id": "45314", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45314", "title": "Labour Party (UK)", "text": "The Labour Party is a political party in the United Kingdom which sits on the centre-left of the political spectrum. It is made up of social democrats, democratic socialists and trade unionists. The party is one of two historically dominant parties in British politics alongside the Conservative Party, with both having alternated being in government since 1924. Labour has been led by Keir Starmer since 2020, who in 2024 became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom following the party's landslide victory. As of 2025, there have been seven prime ministers from the Labour Party and twelve Labour governments. \nThe Labour Party has been in power in the United Kingdom government since July 2024. It was in power in the Scottish Parliament (in coalition with the Scottish Liberal Democrats) until 2007. It is the largest group in the London Assembly, although until May 2016 the Mayor of London was a Conservative party member. It is also the largest party in local government.\nHistory.\nThe party was officially formed in 1906, just after the general election, as a successor of the Labour Representative Committee formed in 1900. In 1918, the party made a new constitution with the commitment to socialism, or the socialization of the industry. This could be found in Clause 4.\nThe Labour Party won the general election in 1945 for the first time. From 1951 Labour was in opposition for thirteen years, during which there were serious fights between the left and right wings of the party. The leader of the left wing was Aneurin Bevan. His supporters were called the \"Bevanites\". They wanted a less confrontational policy in foreign affairs and more socialist actions. The leaders of the right wing were Clement Attlee and Hugh Gaitskell. They believed that Western capitalism had changed a lot and that socialism and public ownership was not so important. Gaitskell tried to remove Clause 4 from the party constitution at the 1959 conference, but he could not.\nIn 1994, Tony Blair forced the Labour Party to drop Clause 4. This was an important step to change the party into \"New Labour\".\nIn 2015, dark horse candidate Jeremy Corbyn announced his\u00a0candidacy for the leadership of the Labour Party. At the beginning, he was thought of as a socialist fringe candidate, but he later became the lead candidate in polls and got the support of the majority of\u00a0trade unions affiliated to the Labour Party, along with those of three non-affiliated unions. On 12 September 2015, he was elected\u00a0Leader of the Labour Party, with a majority vote\u00a0of 59.5% in the first round of the ballot."}
+{"id": "45315", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45315", "title": "Cyperus papyrus", "text": "Cyperus papyrus (also known as Papyrus sedge, Bulrush or Paper reed) is a plant. It is a sedge. They grow tall. The plant is perennial (grows every year) and originally comes from Africa. It was used to make a fabric much like paper. This was called papyrus, and served much the same purpose that paper does today. Its roots were also used as fuels. Also makes rope and sandals too.\nIt is almost extinct along the shores of the river Nile where it was originally cultivated."}
+{"id": "45316", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45316", "title": "Paper reed", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45317", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45317", "title": "Papyrus sedge", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45318", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45318", "title": "Bulrush", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45319", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45319", "title": "Papyrus plant", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45320", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45320", "title": "Georgia Institute of Technology", "text": "The Georgia Institute of Technology is a public university (school for after high school) in Atlanta, Georgia. It is also known as Georgia Tech. \nIt focuses primarily on engineering, science and computer science, but also has schools of management, architecture, and liberal arts.\nWhen it opened in 1885, the school's main focus was on practical experience (learning things by doing them); students spent half of their time in class, and half in the shop. \nIt first admitted women in 1952. \nIn 1961, it was the first university in the South to integrate (let people of different races go to school together) without a court order.\nThe school's colors are white and old gold (mustard yellow). Their mascot is Buzz, a Yellow Jacket (a kind of bee-like wasp). "}
+{"id": "45343", "revid": "824311", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45343", "title": "Dissident", "text": "A dissident is a person who does not agree with an opinion, policy, or structure. There are also other types of dissidents like social dissidents who do not agree with popular social attitudes."}
+{"id": "45351", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45351", "title": "Hdtv", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45352", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45352", "title": "HDTV", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45354", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45354", "title": "Josiah", "text": "Josiah was a child king of Judah. He was born around 640 BC. Josiah started his rule as king at the age of 8 when his father, Amon, died. Josiah was thought of as a good king. He following in the steps of his ancestor King David.\nJosiah ruled for 31 years in Jerusalem and died in 609 BC. He was killed by King Necho of Egypt while Josiah was helping the king of Assyria fight off the attacks of the Egyptian. Josiah's son Jehoahaz became the new King of Judah."}
+{"id": "45355", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45355", "title": "Jehoahaz of Judah", "text": "Jehoahaz was a king of Judah. His birth name was Shallum. He is thought to be an evil king. Jehoahaz began his rule at age 23 in 609 BC when his father, King Josiah was killed by the king of Egypt, Necho. He only ruled for three months in Jerusalem before the Egyptian king took him to Egypt and put another of Josiah's sons on the throne as the new King of Judah. Jehoahaz died in Egypt."}
+{"id": "45356", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45356", "title": "King Josiah", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45357", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45357", "title": "King jehoahaz", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45360", "revid": "1269178", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45360", "title": "Antarctic Circle", "text": "The Antarctic Circle is one of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth. It is the parallel of latitude at 66\u00b0 33\u2032 39\u2033 south of the Equator, crossing mostly the Southern Ocean.\nIn the Antarctic Circle, all places have twenty-four hours of daylight on the Summer Solstice in December. In June on the Winter Solstice all places have twenty-four hours of night. There is a minimum of one whole day that the sun does not set and one whole day that the sun does not rise.\nThe area south of this circle is named the Antarctic, and the zone to the north is the Southern Temperate Zone.\nThe continent of Antarctica is a land mass that is most of the area within the Antarctic Circle. The South Pole is in the center of the Antarctic Circle.\nThere is no permanent population of persons south of the Antarctic Circle. There are research centers from some nations on Antarctica. Teams of scientists live in the research centers for part of the year. In past centuries some whaling stations were set up on Antarctica and some of the whalers would live there for a year or more. At least three children have been born in Antarctica. It is one of the coldest places on earth.The lowest temperature ever recorded on earth was recorded in Antarctica (-129.3)"}
+{"id": "45362", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45362", "title": "Toast", "text": "Toast is bread which has been grilled until hot and crispy. A toaster, grill or open fire is used. Toasted bread is both darker in color and crunchier than normal bread. Toast can be eaten with a range of condiments spread on the surface, such as butter, jam, honey, and cheese to make cheese on toast, though these are optional as some people prefer their toast without condiments (dry toast).\nToast can also be used to make 'toasties', where a filling is compressed and heated between two slices of buttered bread in a toastie maker. Popular fillings include cheese, jam, peanut butter and chocolate spread.\nPreparation.\nBefore the invention of modern cooking appliances such as toasters and grills, bread has been produced in ovens for millennia. Toast can be made in the same oven. \nMany brands of sliced bread are available, some specifically marketing their suitability for toasting."}
+{"id": "45363", "revid": "1467751", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45363", "title": "Toaster", "text": "A toaster is a machine that toasts bread. The bread is put into the toaster and after a few minutes it pops up, toasted. This is because of the heating elements inside the toaster.\nThe pop-up toaster was invented by Charles Strite in 1921."}
+{"id": "45365", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45365", "title": "Swiss cheese", "text": "Swiss cheese is a name for a number of cheeses that are like Swiss Emmental cheese. This name is mostly used in the United States and Canada, and in most cases, the cheeses are made there and are not from Switzerland. Like it, they have holes, which are made by the bacteria that change milk into Swiss cheese. \"Propionibacterium\" uses the lactic acid that is made by other bacteria, and it gives off a gas called carbon dioxide. This slowly forms bubbles that become the holes. The holes in the cheese are called the \"eyes\", and a Swiss cheese that does not have holes is called a \"blind\" cheese.\nMost often, Swiss cheeses with larger eyes have a better taste, as the same things that make the eyes bigger also make the taste of the cheese better. These include longer time and more warmth as the cheese is formed.\nEmmental cheese has been produced in France, Germany, and Austria for a long time. This is why the names Emmental and Swiss Cheese can be used for kinds of cheese that are not made in Emmental in Switzerland but are made the same way. "}
+{"id": "45366", "revid": "1513255", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45366", "title": "Henry VI of England", "text": "Henry VI (6 December 1421 - 21 May 1471) was King of England twice. The first time was from 31 August 1422 to 1461. The second time was from 1470 to 21 May 1471. He was also the King of France from 1422 to 1453.\nEarly life.\nHenry was the only child of King Henry V of England and was his heir. He was born on 6 December 1421 at Windsor. He became king at the age of nine months on 31 August 1422, when his father died. His mother, Catherine of Valois, was then only twenty years old. Because she was the daughter of King Charles VI of France, and France had been the enemy of England, the English people did not trust her, and she was not allowed to have a large part in raising her son.\nHumphrey, Duke of Gloucester, Henry IV of England's youngest son, was given the position of \"Protector and Defender of the Realm and the Church\" (Regent of England) until the King was old enough to rule. Humphrey's job was to keep the peace and deal with Parliament. Henry IV's oldest living son, John, Duke of Bedford, was made the Regent of France and was in charge of running the war that was happening. Bedford also replaced Gloucester as Regent of England whenever he was in England.\nCoronation.\nHenry was eventually made King of England at Westminster Abbey on 6 November 1429 a month before his eighth birthday. He was made King of France at Notre Dame in Paris on 16 December 1431. Because he was a child, he was not allowed to control the government until he was declared of age on his sixteenth birthday, in 1437, the same year that his mother died.\nMarriage.\nBecause of his success in the Hundred Years' War, Henry V had left England with a lot of land in France. Since Henry VI was still a child, and England was ruled by a regent, much of the land that his father gained was lost. Diplomatic mistakes and military failures caused the loss of most of the English land in France.\nHenry VI was a deeply spiritual man and was not very interested in politics. He let his court be controlled by a few noblemen, who were called his \"favourites\". The people who wanted to end the war in France became more powerful, and Henry went along with them. Henry was told that the best way to get peace with France was to marry Margaret of Anjou, who was a niece of King Charles VII of France. Charles agreed to let Henry marry Margaret as long as he did not have to give her a dowry and was given the lands of Maine and Anjou by the English. Henry agreed but did not let Parliament know about the gifts of land. He thought that the English people would not be happy to know that the land was being given away to France.\nThe marriage happened in 1445. Margaret was much the opposite of Henry. She was ready to take decisions and lead, and he was happy to be led by her. Margaret was a stronger ruler than Henry ever was even though she was only sixteen.\nDeath and legacy.\nHenry was imprisoned in the Tower of London, where he was murdered on 21 May 1471. Popular legend said that Richard, Duke of Gloucester, was behind the murder, as well as the that of Henry VI's son, Edward of Westminster.\nHenry VI was originally buried in Chertsey Abbey. In 1485, his body was moved to St George's Chapel, in Windsor Castle.\nHe was succeeded by Edward IV, the son of Richard of York, 3rd Duke of York."}
+{"id": "45373", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45373", "title": "Saint Fons", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45374", "revid": "6925111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45374", "title": "Saint-Fons", "text": "Saint-Fons is a French city next to Lyon. About 15.000 people live there. The name of the city does not come from a saint. It is because there are many fountains near the city. Originally the place name was \"Cent Fonts\" ( 100 sources), which was changed into the current city name. The city split from V\u00e9nissieux in the middle of the 19th century. The main reason for splitting was because of the chemical industry in the spot."}
+{"id": "45376", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45376", "title": "Incidental music", "text": "Incidental music is music which has been written for a play. It is not like opera where there is usually music all the way through. Incidental music will be used between scenes or for particularly important moments in the play or for songs sung by the actors. It is called \u201cincidental\u201d because the music is not as important as the play.\nIncidental music dates as far back as Ancient Greece. It was used in the 16th and 17th centuries, especially in the plays of Shakespeare whose characters often sing songs. At this time incidental music was used more often for comedies than for tragedies. Tragedies were about important people who were busy ruling their country and having wars. In the plays they spoke in verse and were too noble to sing. People thought that comedies were more suitable for including music. The songs were often sung by actors playing the parts of shepherds, nymphs or clowns.\nIn later centuries music was used for all types of serious drama. Sometimes large orchestras were used. Many famous composers wrote music to be played by an orchestra during plays. A famous example is the incidental music for Shakespeare\u2019s \u201cA Midsummer Night's Dream\u201d composed by Felix Mendelssohn in 1842. Other composers worked with living poets such as Goethe and Schiller. Beethoven wrote music for Goethe\u2019s play \"Egmont\". This music is very closely linked to what happens in the story: the overture describes the harshness of the Spanish oppression of the Netherlands which is what the play is about. Schubert\u2019s famous \"Rosamunde\" overture comes from a play called \"Die Zauberharfe\" (\"The Magic Harp\"). Schumann\u2019s music for \"Manfred\" is different: it was never intended to be performed with the play, it was just inspired by Schumann\u2019s imagination. Many other composers wrote incidental music, e.g. Sibelius (for Maeterlinck\u2019s play \"Pell\u00e9as et M\u00e9lisande\") and Grieg (for Ibsen\u2019s play \"Peer Gynt\").\nIn all these examples the music is now usually heard at concerts, not as part of the original play. Most of them have overtures (music played before the play starts) and these overtures are often performed separately, very often at the start of concerts.\nIncidental music was not used so much during the 20th century although the plays of Brecht, which are often about political propaganda, needed a new kind of popular music. Brecht worked with composers like Weill and Eisler who understood the kind of message that he wanted in his plays. Their music for Brecht\u2019s plays is similar to cabaret music.\nNowadays electronic music is often used in plays."}
+{"id": "45377", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45377", "title": "Petr Cech", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45380", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45380", "title": "Kayak", "text": "A kayak is a small boat that is driven by manpower. It typically has a covered deck, and a cockpit covered by a spraydeck. It is propelled by a double-bladed paddle by a sitting paddler. The kayak was used by the native Ainu, Inuit, Aleut and Eskimo hunters in sub-Arctic regions of northeastern Asia, North America and Greenland. Modern kayaks come in a wide variety of designs and materials for specialized purposes.\nKayaks typically are built for one, two or occasionally three paddlers who sit facing forward in one or more cockpits below the deck of the boat. The spray skirt or similar waterproof garment attaches securely to the edges of the cockpit, so that no water from waves or spray may enter the boat. Therefore, in most styles the boat can roll upright again without it filling with water or ejecting the paddler.\nKayaks differ distinctly in design and history from canoes, which are craft propelled by single-bladed paddles by a kneeling paddler, although some modern canoes may be difficult for a non-expert to distinguish from a kayak. Kayaks are often called canoes in Great Britain and Ireland."}
+{"id": "45383", "revid": "269932", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45383", "title": "Eskimo", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45389", "revid": "1652809", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45389", "title": "Canoe", "text": "A canoe is a small boat, usually powered by paddling, but sometimes sailed. Canoes are pointed at both ends and usually open on top, but can be covered. Canoes are known as \"Paddle boats\" in some small towns in the south of Australia.\nThe canoe is propelled by the use of paddles, with the number of paddlers depending on the size of the canoe (most commonly 2). Paddlers face in the direction of travel, either seated or kneeling. In this way paddling a canoe can be contrasted with rowing, where the rowers face away from the direction of travel. Paddles may be single-bladed or double-bladed."}
+{"id": "45393", "revid": "373511", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45393", "title": "Paddle", "text": "A paddle is a tool used for pushing against liquids, either for propulsion in a boat or for mixing liquids.\nPaddles commonly used in canoes consist of a wooden, fibreglass or metal rod (the \"shaft\") with a handle on one end and a rigid sheet (the \"blade\") on the other end. Paddles for use in kayaks are longer, with a blade on each end, and usually no handles."}
+{"id": "45395", "revid": "10054868", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45395", "title": "Mahdi", "text": "The Mahdi or Mehdi ('the rightly-guided one') is Islam's messiah or savior. It is said that he and the Prophet Jesus will change the world for the better, bringing God in all hearts, before Yawm al-Qiyamah (\"Day of the Resurrection\"). \nIn particular, the Sudanese tribal leader Muhammed Ahmed proclaimed himself as the Mahdi, appointed by Allah to free his country. He defeated the forces of the Khedive of Egypt and the British, only to die suddenly six months later."}
+{"id": "45396", "revid": "196884", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45396", "title": "Propulsion tools", "text": "Propulsion is the use of force to make movement.\nFor ground propulsion the first instrument was the wheel.\nFor water propulsion pole, paddle, oar and sail have been used. Nowadays the most common types are underwater propellers. Sails are still common, and historically represented the most important form of early propulsion for large ships. \nFor air propulsion, the most common types are propeller and jet engine. Others have been used experimentally."}
+{"id": "45397", "revid": "5400", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45397", "title": "Propulsion", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45398", "revid": "1307214", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45398", "title": "Oar", "text": "An oar is a tool used to move a boat through water. Oars have a flat blade at one end, and the oarsmen grasp the other end. The difference between oars and paddles is that paddles are held by the paddler, and are not connected with the vessel, whereas oars generally are fastened to the vessel. The use of oars is called rowing. An oar used at the stern (rear) of a boat to steer is called a steering oar."}
+{"id": "45403", "revid": "1458798", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45403", "title": "Drama", "text": "Drama is a type of literature. A drama can be in the form of a novel, television show, movie, play or dance. Although drama is a Greek word meaning \"action\", most dramas focus more on the relationships between people than on the actions. Dramas usually have a serious feel to them. Drama is considered the opposite of comedy, but drama and comedy can be used at the same time. Drama is full of sensational action, dialogue, incidents etc. \nShakespeare influenced the theatre industry by showing what could be done with plot and language."}
+{"id": "45409", "revid": "1122328", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45409", "title": "Ribes", "text": "Ribes is a genus of about 150 species of flowering plants. They are native throughout the temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. It is the only genus in the family Grossulariaceae. Seven subgenera are recognized.\nSometimes \"Ribes\" is instead put in the family Saxifragaceae. A few taxonomists place the gooseberry species in a separate genus of \"Grossularia\".\nCultivation.\nThe genus \"Ribes\" includes the edible currants (blackcurrant, redcurrant, white currant), gooseberry, and several hybrid varieties. It should not be confused with the dried currant used in cakes and puddings, which is a cultivar of small grape (Zante currant). \"Ribes\" gives its name to the popular blackcurrant cordial Ribena.\nThe genus also includes the group of ornamental plants collectively known as the flowering currants, for instance \"R. sanguineum\".\nReferences.\ncurrent affairs 2020 "}
+{"id": "45410", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45410", "title": "Mast", "text": "The mast of a sailing ship is a tall vertical pole which supports the sails. Larger ships have several masts, with the size depending on the style of ship.\nUntil the 20th century, a ship's masts would be wooden spars, originally constructed from a single straight tree trunk. As ship sizes increased, taller masts were constructed by lashing up to three spars together. "}
+{"id": "45412", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45412", "title": "Juan Manuel Fangio", "text": "Juan Manuel Fangio (24 June 1911 \u2013 17 July 1995) was an Argentine race car driver. He won the Formula One drivers' championship five times, in the years 1951, 1954, 1955, 1956, and 1957."}
+{"id": "45413", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45413", "title": "Trunk (botany)", "text": "The trunk is the main stem or \"main woody axis of a tree\". In the lumber trade a severed trunk is a log. In botany it means the main structural member of a tree that is directly connected to the roots and which supports the branches. The trunk is also often called the bole. The trunk is covered by the bark, which protects the tree against damage and often differs markedly from the bottom of the trunk to the top, depending on the species. The trunk, or bole, is the most important part of the tree for timber production. The tree trunk can be separated into five different layers: the heartwood, the sapwood, the vascular cambium, the inner bark, and the outer bark."}
+{"id": "45414", "revid": "10196855", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45414", "title": "Ziziphus", "text": "Zizhiphus is a type of tree that grows fruit. The species \"Z. mauritianis\" is known as the Indian jujube, and the species \"Ziziphus jujuba\" is known as the red date. They are mostly found in Asia. The leaves of a zizhiphus are believed to have healing powers in many cultures."}
+{"id": "45415", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45415", "title": "Cayenne pepper", "text": "The cayenne pepper is a type of chili pepper. It is very hot and is used as a spice. Cayenne pepper is the basis for the hot sauce known as Tabasco, as well as being an ingredient in many other commercially made hot sauces, such as Frank's Red Hot and Cholula. It can also be used in a dried powder form."}
+{"id": "45418", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45418", "title": "Tsaagan", "text": "Tsaagan meaning \"white\" is a dinosaur related to \"Velociraptor\". It is in the family Dromaeosauridae. It lived in Asia about 75 million years ago. It was discovered in the Djadokhta Formation of the late Cretaceous of Mongolia.\nWhen it was discovered, it was thought to be a species of \"Velociraptor\". After a CAT-scan in 1998, scientists found that it represented a new genus. In 2010 it was discovered that it was closely related to \"Linheraptor\". They are probably in the same genus."}
+{"id": "45420", "revid": "10191264", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45420", "title": "Edward II of England", "text": "Edward II (25 April 1284 \u2013 21 September 1328) is also known as Edward of Caernarfon. He was the King of England from 1307 until he was forced to abdicate the throne in 1327. \nHis tendency to ignore his nobility in favour of low-born favourites, led to political trouble and eventually to his removal from the throne. \nHe is most remembered for a story about his alleged murder. It was linked to his reliance on the corrupt family of Hugh le Despenser the Younger, which has been seen by some as evidence of his homosexuality."}
+{"id": "45423", "revid": "1674946", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45423", "title": "Richard III", "text": "Richard III (1452\u20131485) was the King of England from 1483 until 1485. He was the last king from the House of Plantagenet.\nRichard was part of the House of York during the Wars of the Roses. He was the younger brother of King Edward IV. When Edward IV died, his 12-year-old son became King Edward V. Richard was given the role of \"Lord Protector\", meaning he would run the country until Edward V became an adult. However, Edward IV, a well-known womanizer, had entered into a second secret marriage with his children's mother while he was still married to Eleanor Butler. That made all of his seven children illegitimate. The Three Estates and the City of London began discussions about the evidence brought forth by Bishop Robert Stillington, and they concluded that the late king had committed bigamy, which made his children bastards, who were ineligible to inherent the throne. The crown was presented to the oldest male relative of Edward IV, Richard. \nThe rumour that Richard had ordered the boys to be killed originated in the French court and did not reach England for several months.\nRichard put down a rebellion in October 1483 by his old friend the Duke of Buckingham, and the simultaneous first attempt by Henry Tudor and his French troops to land in England to usurp the throne. Buckingham was beheaded for high treason, and bad weather on the English Channel prevented Henry from landing. Henry successfully landed in Wales in August 1485. While he did not succeed in attracting men to his cause, the Stanley brothers agreed to bring their sizable private army with him. That led to the Battle of Bosworth Field in which Richard was betrayed and killed by William Stanley's men. His nude body was put on public display in Leicester for three days before Henry allowed the body to be buried in a quickly-dug grave in their priory in Leicester. \nIn 2012, Richard's skeleton was rediscovered beneath a car park, where the priory had once stood. It was reburied in Leicester Cathedral in March 2015.\nFor many years, Richard III was seen as a villain. The Tudor dynasty encouraged that, as did Shakespeare's famous play \"Richard III\". Almost all writers at the time saw him as either a hero or a villain.\nIn both the past and the present, some writers say that Richard III made many good laws, such as an individual is innocent until proven guilty, and land and property cannot be seized while an accused awaited trial. He abolished various illegal means by which the southern English nobility made money off the lower classes, which made Richard several enemies. Others argue that he was ruthless but that his behaviour was common for the powerful people of that time.\nEarly life.\nRichard was the youngest son of Richard, Duke of York. He had three elder brothers: Edward, Edmund and George. Both Richard, Duke of York, and his second son, Edmund, were killed in battle during the Wars of the Roses. The eldest son, Edward, was a very good soldier and won the throne of England in battle against the reigning king, King Henry VI. Edward then became King Edward IV of England, and his two brothers, George and Richard, became powerful men.\nRichard married Anne Neville, whose father had once been a friend of the family. Richard and Anne had known each other since they were children, but Anne had been taken to France, where she had married the Prince of Wales, the son of Henry VI. When the Prince of Wales was killed in battle, Anne became a widow and soon was married to Richard even though he had been her husband's enemy. Richard and Anne lived at Middleham Castle, in North Yorkshire. They had one son, who was named Edward after Richard's brother, King Edward. Richard quarrelled frequently with his brother George, who was married to Anne's sister, Isabel. King Edward became so angry that he put George in prison, where he died.\nKing Edward married a woman called Elizabeth Woodville, who had been married before and had many relatives. Soon, her relatives became very rich and powerful, which caused bad feeling among those who had been in the king's favour before the marriage. Edward and Elizabeth had several children, including two sons, who were named Edward and Richard.\nWhen Edward IV suddenly died in April 1484, his elder son became King Edward V, but he was still a boy. Richard had been asked by his brother the king to look after the two boys. He was worried that the new young king would not be able to rule the country properly. He was also worried that the Woodvilles would soon be telling the king what to do and rule the country for themselves.\nKing.\nRichard took the throne from his nephew two months later. He claimed that Edward IV's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville was not a proper marriage, which would mean that Edward V could not be king. Parliament then passed a law that agreed with him. He was crowned as Richard III on 6 July 1483. \nKing Richard sent Edward and his brother to live in the Tower of London. A few months later, the princes in the tower disappeared and were never seen again. That became the mystery of the Princes in the Tower. At the time, many people believed that Richard had ordered someone to kill them. Many historians agree, but there is no way to be certain. Richard was not in London at the time, but the boys were guarded by men who were loyal to him. As people started to believe that Richard had ordered the boys to be killed, many people turned against him. One of them was his friend the Duke of Buckingham, who started a failed rebellion. Henry Tudor, a distant relative of the House of Lancaster, then became Richard's main enemy, returned to England and raised an army.\nRichard and Henry's armies fought each other at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. Henry won the battle and became the next King of England as Henry VII. Richard was killed in the battle though not by Henry himself. Richard was the last English king to die in battle. He suffered 13 head wounds; two were so severe that they would have killed him almost immediately. After the battle, his body was stripped of clothing and carried naked on the back of a horse to Leicester. He was buried in Greyfriars Church.\nRediscovery and reburial of the body.\nGreyfriars Church was later demolished, and the site became part of the garden of a large house. For about 200 years, a stone pillar marked the site of the grave, which had disappeared by 1844. Other buildings were added to the site over the years. By 1944, the area around the grave had become a car park for the nearby council offices. \nIn 2012, archaeologists began a project to find the body. On 24 August 2012, they started digging in the car park and found a skeleton on the first day. On 12 September, they suggested that the skeleton was that of Richard III. On 4 February 2013, it was announced that it was his and that they had used DNA testing to confirm ther result. His skeleton shows that he was killed by two head wounds, similar to how 15th-century writers said that he died. It also shows that the body was further damaged after his death. Richard's skeleton revealed he had severe scoliosis.\nOn 26 March 2015, Richard's body was reburied. It now lies in a tomb in Leicester Cathedral.\nHistorians' views.\nThere has been discussion for many years about whether Richard III was good or bad. During his reign, which lasted only two years, he was very popular in parts of the country, especially in northern England. However, his enemies raised a big army against him and defeated him in battle.\nIt is often said that \"history is written by the winners\". After Henry VII won, Richard III was often treated as a villain in writings and stories. For example, in Shakespeare's play \"Richard III\", he is shown to be totally evil. On the other hand, some writers from the time of Richard's reign make him a hero and ignore his flaws.\nIn 1605, the historian William Camden wrote that \"he lived wickedly, yet made good laws\". Modern historians also try to be careful when judging Richard III. For example, some historians have praised him for giving ordinary people more rights. However, many also think that he ordered the killing of the Princes in the Tower.\nAmong the laws that Richard III made were removing limits on the printing and sale of books, more rights to people accused of a crime, laws to protect people from fraud when land was sold, bans on other types of fraud and changing the law from French into English. He created the Council of the North, which for the next 150 years would help solve problems in northern England."}
+{"id": "45429", "revid": "31155", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45429", "title": "Tampa Bay Rays", "text": "The Tampa Bay Rays are a Major League Baseball team that plays in St. Petersburg, Florida. They play in the American League East division. From 1998 until November 2007, They were known as the Tampa Bay Devil Rays. In 2008, the team changed their name to the \"Rays\". Their home stadium is Tropicana Field located in St, Petersburg.\nHistory.\nThe Rays played their first game on March 31, 1998 against the Detroit Tigers (as the Tampa Bay Devil Rays), which they lost 11-6. They were one of the least successful teams in the Major Leagues until 2008, when they finished in first place in the American League East and had one of the best records in baseball. They made it to the World Series but were beaten by Philadelphia in five games. Evan Longoria brought the team's first AL Rookie of the Year award to the team on November 10, 2008. The Rays returned to the World Series in 2020 but lost again, this time to the Los Angeles Dodgers in six games.\nOn November 8, 2007, the team changed its name to Tampa Bay Rays. The \"Devil Ray\" mascot was a type of stingray. While this is still a mascot of theirs, the new \"Rays\" name is said to represent the sunshine in Florida.\nRivalries.\nThe Rays have rivalries with two teams. The Boston Red Sox is one due to the 2008 American League Championship Series, the other is the Florida Marlins due their in-state location. When the Rays and Marlins meet during inter-league play (when the American League (Rays) and National League (Marlins) play each other) it is known as the \"Citrus Series\"."}
+{"id": "45430", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45430", "title": "Flux Of Pink Indians", "text": "Flux of Pink Indians was political punk band. It was formed in Hertfordshire, England in 1980. Flux of Pink Indians was made up of Colin Latter (vocals), Derek Birkett (bass), Kevin Hunter (guitar) and Martin Wilson (drums). The band was originally called the Epileptics and later changed their name to Epi-X after complaints from the British Epilepsy Association. In 1981, the group signed on with the Crass label. They took on the organization's dedication to anarchist politics and punk abrasion. They issued their debut album \"Neu Smell\" soon after signing. With that album they got an indie hit with \"Johnny Kidd\".\nUpon creating their own label, Spiderleg, Flux of Pink Indians resurfaced in 1982 with the album \"Strive to Survive Causing Least Suffering Possible\". Not surprisingly, their 1983 follow-up \"The Fucking Cunts Treat Us Like Pricks\" was banned by many British retailers. One Manchester indie record store which did carry the record was charged for displaying \"obscene articles for publication for gain.\" A long time off followed before the group - now known as Flux - returned in 1986 with the largely instrumental \"Uncarved Block\". They disbanded in 1987; Derek Birkett later the One Little Indian label.\nTheir latest CD came out in 2003."}
+{"id": "45437", "revid": "1665182", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45437", "title": "Canadian Football League", "text": "The Canadian Football League (CFL; , LCF) is a professional sports league in Canada. They play Canadian football and are they highest level of competition for the sport. The CFL is the second most popular sports league in Canada after the NHL. There are 9 teams; 4 in the Eastern Division and 5 Western Division. The Grey Cup is the championship for the CFL. The league was founded on January 19, 1958, making it the second oldest professional gridiron football league in North America that still operates.\nHowever, several of its teams played for many years before the modern league was formed. One current team, the Toronto Argonauts, was formed in 1873, and four other teams claim descent from teams that played before 1900."}
+{"id": "45439", "revid": "1640490", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45439", "title": "Shorts", "text": "Shorts are short length trousers or pants that reach only to the upper part of the legs or more, but do not cover the entire leg. They are worn by both men and women. Shorts are worn either as outer garments or as underwear. They are called \"shorts\" because they are a shortened version of \"trousers\" (as they are called in British English, or \"pants\" in American English) which cover the entire leg.\nWhy people wear shorts:\nTypes.\nThere are many types of shorts:"}
+{"id": "45440", "revid": "1667037", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45440", "title": "Swimsuit", "text": "A swimsuit, bathing suit (sometimes shortened to bathers), or swimming suit (sometimes shortened to cozzie) is clothing designed for women to be worn for swimming.\nThe female swimsuits are a pair of one-piece swimsuit or bikini worn for swimming or bathing.\nIn New Zealand English and some areas of Australian English, swimsuits are usually called togs. This term is less common in other parts of the English-speaking world where it may refer to clothes in general. Swimsuits can be skin-tight or loosely fitting. They range from garments designed to preserve as much modesty as possible to garments designed to reveal as much of the body as possible without actual nudity. They are often lined with a fabric that prevents them from becoming transparent when wet.\nBacteria grow well on wet or damp swimsuits. For this reason people should change rapidly from a wet swimsuit to a dry one. Doctors also say that for this reason sharing unwashed swimsuits is s bad idea."}
+{"id": "45442", "revid": "5400", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45442", "title": "Swimming trunks", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45443", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45443", "title": "Pangram", "text": "Pangrams are sentences that have one or more of every letter in an alphabet. They are used to show every letter in a font, or to test a keyboard or typewriter.\nThe most common example in English is \"The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog\"."}
+{"id": "45444", "revid": "1574461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45444", "title": "Binary", "text": "Binary is a base 2 number system. It is called base 2 because there are only 2 digits: 0 and 1. Decimal also has the digits 0 and 1, so a subscript \"(2)\" is usually added to binary numbers to not confuse people.\nComputers work in binary, because it is the simplest way to store information using electricity. A wire can be powered on to represent a 1, or powered off to represent a 0. Large sets of binary numbers can be used by computers to represent other types of information, such as text, songs, or videos. \nNumber system.\nWhen being introduced to binary numbers, it helps to go back and think about how decimal numbers work. A single-digit number can only go from 0 to 9, and people often need to use larger numbers than that. So, we add another digit, and say that it counts tens instead of ones. Another digit counts hundreds, then another counts thousands, and so on.\nBinary is the same. A single-digit number can only go from 0 to 1, so we add another digit that counts twos instead of ones, then another that counts fours, then eights, and so on.\nFor example, let's look at the number 1101 in decimal and binary. In decimal, the number means \"add one thousand, one hundred, one\". In binary, the number means \"add one eight, one four, one\". Therefore, 1101 in binary is equal to 13 in decimal.\nComputers.\nAll computers use binary at the lowest level. Most hard memory, like compact discs and DVDs, use binary to represent large files.\nWith computers, eight binary bits together is called a \"byte\". The size of files is commonly measured in \"kilobytes\" or \"megabytes\" (sometimes in \"gigabytes\"). A kilobyte is 1000 bytes. A megabyte is 1000 kilobytes, a gigabyte is 1000 megabytes and a terabyte is 1000 gigabytes. Sometimes, it is easier to measure bytes in groups of 1024, since 1024 is a power of 2. There are 1024 bytes in a \"kibibyte\", 1024 kibibytes in a \"mebibyte\", and 1024 mebibytes in a \"gibibyte\". "}
+{"id": "45446", "revid": "855736", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45446", "title": "Electronic", "text": "Electronic could mean:"}
+{"id": "45447", "revid": "1350736", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45447", "title": "Common loon", "text": "The great Northern diver or common loon is a bird. It belongs to the diver family of birds. Adult birds are between 70 and 90 cm in length, and have wingspans of 1.20 metres to 1.50 metres. \nThe Great Northern Loon breeds in North America, Greenland, Iceland, and Scotland. This species winters on sea coasts or on large lakes of south Europe and the United States, and south to northwestern areas of Africa.\nThis species, like all divers, is a specialist fish-eater. It catches its prey underwater, diving as deep as 200 feet (60\u00a0m). Freshwater diets include pike, perch, sunfish, trout, and bass; salt-water diets consist oinclude rock fish, flounder, sea trout, and herring.\nThe female lays 1 to 3 eggs on a hollowed-out mound of dirt and vegetation very close to water. Both parents build the nest, sit on the egg or eggs, and feed the young.\nIt is the state bird of Minnesota, a U.S. state, and as of 2024, also appears on its seal."}
+{"id": "45448", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45448", "title": "Common Loon", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45453", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45453", "title": "Limit", "text": "A limit can be:"}
+{"id": "45454", "revid": "1668368", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45454", "title": "Ziziphus mauritiana", "text": "Ziziphus mauritiana (or Indian jujube) is a type of fruit tree. It is most often found in south-east Asia, usually India."}
+{"id": "45457", "revid": "1351064", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45457", "title": "Azuki bean", "text": "The azuki bean is a type of reddish-brown colored bean. It can also be spelled adzuki. The bean is grown in East Asia and the Himalayas. It is often boiled in sugar to make a red bean paste. This paste is used in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese cooking. Azuki beans are eaten in many places in the world. Especially, azuki beans are used in sweet meals, snacks and dishes in Japan, China, Korea and Vietnam. Azuki beans have a long and varied history and there are many recipes. \nHistory and origin.\n\"Azuki\" beans are very famous red beans in Japan. Excavations suggest that people have been eating \"Azuki\" beans since the Jomon period. At that time, \"Azuki\" beans were called \"\"shozu\". \n\"Azuki\" beans have been grown since the \"Yayoi\" period. The first time the word \"Azuki\" was used was in the book \"Koziki\". Old Japanese said \"Aka\" for red. And \"Azuki\" beans were called \"zuki\" because \" Azuki\" beans get soft when they are boiled. \"Aka\" plus \"zuki\" is \"Azuki\"\" and this is the origin of \"Azuki\" bean's name. Another \"Azuki\" beans has many origins.\n\"Azuki\" beans are red, so many old people believed \"Azuki\" beans were a good luck charm. \"Azuki\" beans were used in many events and ceremonies in Japan, China and Korea. In the \"Edo\" period, people made rice mixed with \"Azuki\" \nbeans. This was called sekihan and many people gave \"sekihan\" at ceremonies. \"Azuki\" beans were used as medicine, because \"Azuki\" beans are nutritious. Now many people eat \"sekihan\" when there are ceremonies in Japan. In addition \"Azuki\" beans are used in many Japanese cakes, Many sweets use \"Azuki\" raw materials for the taste and colour. So \"Azuki\" beans are closely related to Japanese life from ancient times.\nAzuki bean jam.\nAzuki beans make bean jam. A sweet porridge of boiled and crushed azuki beans are eaten with rice-flour dumplings. Oval-shaped sweets are made from glutinous rice and covered with azuki bean. Bean-jam pancakes and bean-jam filled buns are also popular snacks. Azuki beans are also used in pillows and beanbags.\nRecipe.\nFirst, the azuki beans are boiled until the azuki skin stretches. The beans are then put into a perforated basket. Next, the azuki are boiled again for a short time to remove harshness. They are again put into perforated basket to drain. While they are draining, a big pan for steaming is prepared. The azuki are put in the pan and covered with a lid. The azuki beans are steamed and then heat is turned off. After steaming you have azuki bean mash, which is then dried on a cloth. The next step is putting them back in a pan to bring to a hot temperature. The azuki are taken out of the pan which is hot from flame. Sugar is added. The sugar and azuki are mixed and the water from the azuki is left. Finally, the azuki is cooled. When the beans are cold, it is finished.\nAzuki bean jam is used in many foods. For example, a fish-shaped waffle is filled with azuki bean jam. Azuki bean jam foods are famous in Japan, and they are eaten by many Japanese."}
+{"id": "45459", "revid": "1521690", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45459", "title": "Jalape\u00f1o", "text": "The jalape\u00f1o is a type of Mexican pepper. It is a form of the Chili pepper. It is pronounced \"hala-PAYN-nyo\" or \"hala-PEE-nyo.\" It is named after the city of Xalapa, which is the capital of the Mexican state of Veracruz. A chipotle is a smoked, dried jalape\u00f1o. The jalape\u00f1o is a reasonably spicy pepper, rated at between 2,500 and 8,000 scoville. It is commonly sold in Mexico, and the southern United States, where it is used for cooking.\nJalape\u00f1os production is for about 30% of Mexican chili production. "}
+{"id": "45460", "revid": "2485", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45460", "title": "Jalapeno", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45461", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45461", "title": "Gooseberry", "text": "A gooseberry is a type of fruit, specifically a berry, and they belong to the same family as the currant. They have a greenish colour, although they darken to a purplish-red as they ripen. Gooseberries look similar to ungrown clementines, and the skin is covered in little hairs. Gooseberries are sometimes informally called goosegogs in the British Isles, although this term is not as common in the present day. Often, gooseberries are made into jams and preserves, but can be consumed in a variety of ways such as in baked goods or eaten straight off the bush. They have a taste and texture that is similar to grapes, albeit more acidic; they are sour when they are green and become sweeter as they turn red/purple."}
+{"id": "45463", "revid": "1530097", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45463", "title": "Quince", "text": "The quince is a fruit that grows on small trees. It is in the same family as apples and pears. It starts green colored and then ripens to a bright golden yellow color, and looks like a bumpy lemon.\nThe quince fruit is too hard to eat. It can be cooked to make it soft, or it can be left out on purpose to rot. If it is damaged by frost, that helps start the process of making it soft and good to eat. Quinces are mainly used for making jelly and jam. The interior of a quince is white when it is raw, but it becomes pinkish orange when it is cooked. "}
+{"id": "45464", "revid": "1596451", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45464", "title": "A\u00e7a\u00ed palm", "text": "The A\u00e7a\u00ed palm (Assai palm) is a type of palm tree. There are seven different types of A\u00e7a\u00ed palms. The tree grows in Central and South America. It has a black-purple fruit about the size of a grape called a \"euterpe\". The seed inside is very big. The fruit grows in bunches of 700 to 900 fruits.\nThe palms are mainly used for two things: First, salads called palmitos (heart of palm) can be made from the leaves; for this, the tree needs to be cut down. Secondly, the fruits can be made into a fruit juice that is said to be very healthy."}
+{"id": "45465", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45465", "title": "Euterpe (fruit)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45466", "revid": "10105155", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45466", "title": "Pomegranate", "text": "The pomegranate (\"Punica granatum\") is a fruit-bearing deciduous shrub or small tree that grows between tall. The pomegranate originated in the region extending from Anatolia to northern India or South Asia.\nAlthough previously placed in its own family Punicaceae, recent phylogenetic studies have shown that \"Punica\" belongs in the family Lythraceae, and it is classified in that family by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group.\nToday, it's widely cultivated throughout the Mediterranean countries. It is the most recognizable symbols of Armenia. In Armenian mythology it symbolizes fertility and good fortune. It was a guardian against the evil eye.\nHistory.\nPomegranate has been used for thousands of years. Ancient people used it for high blood pressure, athletic performance, heart disease and diabetes. It's mentioned in Greek, Hebrew, Buddhist and Christian mythology and writings. It's described in records dating from around 1500 BCE as a treatment for tapeworm and other parasites. Pomegranate is one of the \"seven kinds\" of fruit mentioned in the Bible which Israel was blessed with long ago. It grew in the region for thousand of years and is very much adapted to:it sheds its leaves in the cold of our winters, while it sprouts in early spring when temperature rise. It ripens at the end of the summer, very close to the beginning of the Jewish New Year. it was and is used for decoration and blessing in ceremonies of the New Year celebration and the later holidays. It decorated temples in the past and appeared on ancient coins. Because of its decorative value in Israel, its selection was done mainly for external appearance , not so much for eating quality. Nice colour and crown are very important characteristics of the fruit. It was found in Indus Valley so early. It was cultivated in Egypt before the time of Moses. Arab caravans, many emanating from the lush oasis that was ancient Baghdad, probbably spread its use. \nDistribution.\nThe pomegranate tree is native from Iran to Himalayas in Northern India and has been cultivated since ancient times throughout the Mediterranean region of Asia, Africa and Europe. The most important growing regions are Egypt, China, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Iran, Iraq, India, Burma, Sri Lanka and Saudi Arabia. There are some commercial orchards in Israel on the coastal pain and in Jordan Valley.\nName.\nThe name \"pomegranate\" comes from medieval Latin \"p\u014dmum\" \"apple\" and \"gr\u0101n\u0101tum\" \"seeded\".\nThe French term for pomegranate, \"grenade\", has given its name to the military grenade.\nCommon names in some other languages are:\n\"Punica granatum\", the scientific name of the pomegranate, was given by Carolus Linnaeus in 1753 in \"Species Plantarum\" (Vol. 1, page 472). \"Punica\" comes from the Latin name for the pomegranate, \"malum punicum\", meaning \"apple from Carthage\", and \"granatum\" from medieval Latin meaning \"seeded\", \"with seeds\".\nDescription.\nThe pomegranate is a shrub or small tree that could grow up to 10 meters of height with many branches with spines. Leaves are opposite long and broad. The flowers are yellow to bright red and in diameter, with three to seven petals.\nFruits are berries with a strong skin, like leather, intermediate in size between a lemon and a grapefruit, in diameter. Fruits have many seeds with and edible coats (called sacrotesta). The number of seeds in a pomegranate can vary from 200 to about 1400.\n\"P. granatum\" var. \"nana\" is a dwarf variety of \"P. granatum\" popularly planted as an ornamental plant in gardens and larger containers, and used as a bonsai specimen tree.\nWhere it grows.\nThe pomegranate originated in the region of modern-day Armenia, and has been cultivated since ancient times throughout the Mediterranean region and northern India. It was brought into America in the late 16th century, including California, by Spanish settlers.\nToday, it is widely cultivated throughout the Middle East and Caucasus region, north and tropical Africa, the Indian subcontinent, Central Asia, the drier parts of southeast Asia, and parts of the Mediterranean Basin. It is also cultivated in parts of Arizona and California.\nReferences.\n Annie has a big Panini"}
+{"id": "45471", "revid": "294863", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45471", "title": "Pole", "text": "Pole could mean:"}
+{"id": "45473", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45473", "title": "Punt (boat)", "text": "A punt is a flat boat with a broad front. It is designed for use in small rivers or other shallow water. Punting means boating in a punt. The punter pushes a pole against the river bed (the bottom of the river) and this gives the punt a way to move.\nPunts were originally built as cargo boats or platforms. They were for shooting at birds and fishing. In modern times they are mostly used for pleasure trips on the rivers in the university towns of Oxford and Cambridge in England. There are also races at summer regattas on the Thames. \nPunt poles.\nPoles for pleasure punts are normally made of spruce, or aluminium. A normal pole is about 12\u201316 feet (4\u20135 m) long and weighs about 10 lb (5 kg). In Oxford and Cambridge 16 ft long poles are sometimes used.\nThe bottom of the pole has a metal \"shoe\", a rounded lump of metal to protect the end. The shoe is sometimes made in the shape of a swallow tail."}
+{"id": "45477", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45477", "title": "Horizontal", "text": "Horizontal is a direction perpendicular to the vertical. That is, it goes in all directions except up and down. The term comes from the horizon."}
+{"id": "45480", "revid": "8126560", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45480", "title": "Moat", "text": "A moat is a body of water around a castle or town to keep people out. The moat was introduced between 1154 and 1485. At first, moats were simple and used only for protection. Later on, moats became more complicated and were used for show.\nMoats are deep, wide ditches filled with water. They were usually built near sources of water that flowed into the moats, filling them with water. The moats were filled with water for a few reasons. It made enemies swimming across the moat easy targets. It also made it impossible for enemies to dig underneath the castle walls, which was a common method of attack. It also prevented fires from destroying the castle.\nOrigin.\nThe word \"moat\" comes from the French word \"motte\", which means hill. Moats were first used in the Medieval period, from 1016 to 1164. Castles were built on the top of high hills. The area at the bottom of the hill was eventually called the moat.\nUsage.\nCastle moats were usually between 5 and 40 feet deep, and they were not always filled with water. Not all moats contained water, as a simple dry, wide ditch could prove an obstacle. These were called dry moats.\nIn many stories, moats are filled with alligators or crocodiles. This is a myth. However, moats were sometimes filled with fish or eels for food."}
+{"id": "45485", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45485", "title": "Filter (internet)", "text": "A filter is a website feature that removes some kinds of content. \nOverview.\nA filter can be used to stop the user from viewing the unwanted content. It can also stop the user from posting content the site does not want. Internet filters most often work by stopping certain words from being used. Filters to stop other content, such as certain types of pictures, can also be used. A filter can be used to stop only a certain kind of user from seeing the content, children, for example.\nApplications.\nFilters are very common in email systems. Online games, usually children's games, sometimes have filters. Wikis have filters, too. In the US, there is a filter used with TV called the V-chip. Sometimes parents use it when they want to control what their children are allowed to watch. The items that a filter might be used to remove can include:"}
+{"id": "45486", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45486", "title": "Online and offline", "text": "\"Online\" and \"offline\" are terms used in telecommunications. If a computer or a user is connected to the Internet, it is said to be \"online\". A website, for example, is online, because it is on the Internet.\nIf something is not online, it is said to be \"offline\". If a system is offline, it is in a disconnected state.\nOnline can also mean that something is set up correctly and ready to what it is supposed to do. For example:"}
+{"id": "45491", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45491", "title": "Snowman", "text": "A snowman is a statue of a person made of snow. Snowmen are usually made when people make three balls of snow that are different sizes.(In Japan, snowmen are made by two snowballs) They will stack the balls on top of each other to make a snowman, and stick some things in it to make it look more like a person like a scarf, pebbles, buttons and a carrot (for the nose). \nThe biggest snowman in the US was built on February 26, 2008, which was 122 feet and 1 inch long."}
+{"id": "45493", "revid": "8388592", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45493", "title": "Sand castle", "text": "Sand castles are castles made of sand and water. People have taken making sand castles and turned it into an type of art called sand sculpture. Sand castles are often made on a sandy beach or in a sandpit."}
+{"id": "45496", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45496", "title": "Utility pole", "text": "A utility pole, telegraph pole, telephone pole, power pole, or telegraph post is a post or pole upon which telephone network equipment is situated. Similar poles are often used for electricity cables (with pylons being used for only the higher voltage applications) and frequently a pole will share both power and communications lines. Telegraph poles first became commonplace in the middle 19th century. At first they had only one wire, then in urban areas many. In Canada, the poles are commonly referred to as hydro poles, as the electric companies commonly have \"Hydro\" in their name.\nUtility poles are usually wooden, but vary greatly from nation to nation. Other common utility pole materials are steel and concrete, with composites (fibreglass) becoming used more often. In some countries, for example the UK, poles have sets of brackets arranged in a standard pattern up the pole to act as hand and foot holds for those working on the equipment or connections atop the pole."}
+{"id": "45497", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45497", "title": "Upstaging", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45505", "revid": "625498", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45505", "title": "Pylon", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45506", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45506", "title": "Unprofessional", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45507", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45507", "title": "High School Musical", "text": "High School Musical is a 2006 Disney television movie, starring Zac Efron, Vanessa Anne Hudgens, Ashley Tisdale, Corbin Bleu, Monique Coleman and Lucas Grabeel. Its sequel is \"High School Musical 2\".\nThis film is produced by Salty Pictures and First Street Films.\nThe story is set in New Mexico. It is about two high school students, Troy Bolton, who is captain of his school's basketball team, and Gabriella Montez, a shy new student who is good in mathematics and science. Together, they try out for the lead parts in their high school musical. Despite other students' attempts to foil their dreams, Troy and Gabriella persist and inspire others along the way. They also make new friends."}
+{"id": "45508", "revid": "586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45508", "title": "Redcurrant", "text": "A redcurrant (\"Ribes rubrum\") is a type of fruit. It is related to the blackcurrant. They are in the same genus \"Ribes\". They can be found growing in the wild in western Europe (France, Belgium, Netherlands, Germany and northern Italy).\nThe redcurrant is more tart than the blackcurrant. Redcurrants are used in jams and other cooked foods."}
+{"id": "45509", "revid": "1687884", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45509", "title": "Alex Trebek", "text": "George Alexander \"Alex\" Trebek (July 22, 1940 \u2013 November 8, 2020) was a Canadian-American television game show host. He hosted \"Jeopardy!\" for 37 seasons from 1984 until his death in 2020. He was born in Greater Sudbury, Ontario. He became a naturalized American citizen in 1998. In March 2019, Trebek announced that he had been diagnosed with stage IV pancreatic cancer. He died from the disease more than a year and a half later on November 8, 2020 in Los Angeles, aged 80. The same disease previously affected his predecessor on \"Jeopardy!\", Art Fleming, 25 years earlier. He had been contracted to host \"Jeopardy!\" until 2022.\nFollowing Trebek's death, a series of guest hosts filled in for Trebek for the remainder of season 37 of \"Jeopardy!\" (his final season). On July 27, 2022, it was announced that Mayim Bialik and Ken Jennings will succeed Trebek as the permanent hosts of \"Jeopardy!\" after alternating in multi-week stints for the remainder of the show's 38th season after Mike Richards (the show's then executive producer who briefly succeeded Trebek as host of the program) was let go after taping a week's worth of episodes after various controversies came to light.\nOn August 19, 2021, prior to the start of \"Jeopardy!\" season 38 taping, the producers of \"Jeopardy!\" re-dedicated Stage 10 at Sony Pictures Studios, the show's longtime home, the Alex Trebek Stage in his honor, with his family present at the dedication."}
+{"id": "45511", "revid": "9546661", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45511", "title": "Clementine", "text": "A clementine is a type of citrus fruit. It has a bright orange rind. They have a diameter of about 3 to 5 inches. Clementines are easy to peel and have no seeds. They are grown in California, and are usually available from November to January.\nThey were more popular outside the United States than inside, but in 1997, there were not many Florida oranges available because it was very cold. People bought clementines instead, which made them more popular. They are still popular today.\nClementines are popular in the winter months. They are usually found in wooden crates in the supermarket. A popular clementine brand is called Cuties.\nThey are named after a French monk, P\u00e8re Cl\u00e9ment Rodier, who lived in North Africa at the beginning of the 20th century. He either found a natural mutation of the mandarin orange, which he grew, or he created a hybrid of the mandarin and the Seville oranges. The fruit, however, may have originated long before in Asia."}
+{"id": "45514", "revid": "1320268", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45514", "title": "Ugli fruit", "text": "An ugli is a type of citrus fruit. It is related to the lemon. It started to grow quickly all across Jamaica over 80 years ago and was quickly discovered by the natives there. It became popularly known, but it did not have a name. The natives on Jamaica named it the ugli fruit because of its ugly appearance. It was shipped to the United States and South America on cargo ships and after it arrived in the Americas, its popularity only grew. The original fruit is believed to have been a hybrid formed from the Seville orange, the grapefruit, and the tangerine families. It is rich in vitamin C and other nutrients, low in calories, and contains powerful anti-inflammatory antioxidants called flavonoids. Most tangelos are free of furanocoumarins, which means they may be safe for those taking certain medications. Ugli fruit is a tasty way to enjoy the many benefits of citrus fruit."}
+{"id": "45559", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45559", "title": "Duralumin", "text": "Duralumin is an alloy made up of 90% aluminum, 4% copper, 0.5\u20131% magnesium, and less than 1% manganese.\nIt is an extremely hard alloy that is used, for example, in vehicle armour in the defense industry."}
+{"id": "45562", "revid": "1677208", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45562", "title": "Mango", "text": "Topic: Mango plant (Mangifera indica).\nA mango is a type of fruit. The mango tree is native to South Asia, from where it has been taken to become one of the most widely cultivated fruits in the tropics. It is harvested in the month of March (summer season) until the mid of June. \nIndia and Pakistan share the major export market of mangoes. It is also their national fruit. Ripe mangoes are very sweet in taste but they are bitterly sour before they ripen. There are many different types of mangoes found in India such as Langra, Dusshera, Chausa, Tota, and Safadi. Alphonso mangoes can be found in various parts of western India.\nThese mangoes are also indigenous to the southern part of Nigeria, Akwa Ibom. Described by these southerners (the Ibibios) as Grade 1 mangoes. \nBenefits of Mango.\nMango also has a variety of other health advantages. You may learn more about these advantages here .\nMango trees.\nThe tree is mainly known for its fruit rather than for its wood. However, mango trees can be converted to lumber once their fruit bearing lifespan had finished. The wood is susceptible to damage from fungi and insects. The wood is used for musical instruments such as Ukeleles, plywood and low-cost furniture. The wood is also known to produce phenolic substances that can cause dermatitis. It was the state tree of Junagadh State."}
+{"id": "45563", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45563", "title": "Cydonia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45564", "revid": "380105", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45564", "title": "Shuttlecock", "text": "A shuttlecock is used in the sport badminton. The shuttlecock center is hit with a badminton racquet over the net, in this fast sport. A shuttlecock is also called a shuttle. Other names for shuttlecock are bird, or birdie, because it can be made with feathers.\nMaterials.\nShuttlecocks can be made of many types of materials, including plastic and feathers. It creates a cone shape, and is held together by a round center, usually made of cork or rubber. The cone shape the feathers, or other materials create is called a shuttlecock skirt.\nIn North America and Europe, feather shuttlecocks cost more. In Asia, where the prices of feathers are lower, shuttles made of plastic are rarely used; feather shuttles are used.\nIt is harder to hit a feather shuttlecock fast, because there is more drag. They are also less durable than plastic shuttles. Experienced badminton players usually play with feather shuttlecocks, and in competition, badminton is almost always played with feather shuttles. They feel that feather shuttles give them more control, and better play is needed to hit feather shuttles. \nIn school gyms and amateur/beginner clubs in Europe and North America, plastic shuttlecocks are more often used than feather ones. This is to save feathers, since plastic shuttlecocks do not break easily. Feathers on the feather shuttles bend or break if the player does not hit the cork or rubber center. "}
+{"id": "45567", "revid": "1618275", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45567", "title": "Janne Da Arc", "text": " is a Japanese rock band from Hirakata, Osaka. The visual kei band's name is sometimes shortened to \"Janne\" (\u30b8\u30e3\u30f3\u30cc) or \"JDA\".\nHistory.\nJanne Da Arc formed on May 9, 1996. In early time, they put on make-up like X Japan. Its members are vocalist Yasu, guitarist You, bassist Ka-Yu, keyboardist Kiyo and drummer Shuji. The origin of the band name is a character of Japanese comic, \"Devilman\".\nFans were called \"Darcar\" in the days of the early days. Now they are called \"Janner\".\nTheir song \"Gettkouka\" was used as the opening music for the cartoon \"Black Jack\" on television, so this song is famous.\nJanne Da Arc stopped making music in 2006. Yasu formed a new band, Acid Black Cherry."}
+{"id": "45571", "revid": "1254198", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45571", "title": "Olive", "text": "Olive can mean the things below:"}
+{"id": "45572", "revid": "270985", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45572", "title": "Olive (vegetable)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45573", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45573", "title": "Olive (fruit)", "text": "The olive (\"Olea europaea\") is the fruit of the olive tree. It is an important food crop in countries around the Mediterranean Sea, and places with a Mediterranean climate. \nIt is a healthy food but rather fatty. It has olive oil, one of the fattiest cooking oils in use, even more than palm, canola and other vegetable oils. Olive oil is the juice made by crushing olives. It is considered to be healthier alternative to sunflower oil.\nIn Roman literature, the olive branch is used as a symbol of peace: \"extending the olive branch\". In Christianity, too, it is seen as a symbol of peace, because according to the Bible, a dove brought an olive branch to Noah to show that the flood was over. Many writers and illustrators use olive branches around text to give it greater artistic credit (a similar effect is achieved with wheat). \nThe raw olives are very bitter. They are \"cured\" mostly by bacterial fermentation. Later they may be alternately washed with water and packed with salt. The procedures vary a lot, and different varieties of olives get different treatment. The bitter chemical \"oleuropein\", a phenol compound, has to be broken down or removed. This is what the curing process does. Even so, olives still often do have a rather bitter taste. There is a variety called \"Kalamata\" which grows around \nkalamata region in Greece. The olives which are eaten raw and have a very pleasant taste. \nOlives are mainly known as a fruit but some people identify them as a vegetable."}
+{"id": "45580", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45580", "title": "Acai Palm", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45581", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45581", "title": "Assai palm", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45582", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45582", "title": "A\u00e7a\u00ed Palm", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45585", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45585", "title": "Killamery", "text": "Killamery is a village in County Kilkenny, Ireland. It was the site of a monastery which was built in about 632 and has a High Cross."}
+{"id": "45590", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45590", "title": "Deutsche Nationalhymne", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45591", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45591", "title": "Deutsche nationalhymne", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45599", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45599", "title": "Speed limit", "text": "A speed limit is a legal limit on how fast a road vehicle can be driven. Some roads also have a minimum speed limit, which is how slow a vehicle is allowed to travel.\nReasons.\nSafety.\nReducing speed reduces the number of accidents by giving more time to the driver to manage their vehicle. It also reduces the consequences of an accident by limiting the kinetic energy involved in that crash.\nClimate and environment.\nBecause the emission of air pollutants increases disproportionately with increasing speed, speed limits are used to protect the climate and the environment. They are also used to reduce noise pollution.\nTraffic flow.\nMinimizing the speed differences in traffic leads to more consistent speeds, which increases road capacity and reduces the risk of congestion. This improves the flow of traffic.\nThe lower probability and severity of accidents also makes accident-related road closures less frequent.\nDriving situation.\nSpeed limits are also used because they can create a more relaxed atmosphere for drivers.\nSpeed limits in different countries.\nIn the UK, the speed limit in towns is usually 30 miles per hour, which is about 50 km/h, and the speed limit on dual carriageways and motorways is usually 70 miles per hour, which is about 105 km/h. In France, the speed limit on motorways is usually 130 kilometres per hour, which is about 80 miles per hour. Also, in the United States, most highways are from 65 to 70 miles per hour, and freeways are from 55 to 80 miles per hour. In Canada, the speed limit is usually about 100 km/h. In Australia the speed limit on freeways, highways and rural roads is between 100 and 130 kilometres per hour, and in towns and cities between 40 and 60 km/h but can go up to 90 km/h.\nNowadays, in the European Union, speed limits may vary from country to country or from region to region. Typical speed limits are 130 km/h or 120 km/h on rural motorways, between 80 and 100 km/h for rural roads, 70 km/h on point requiring a reduced speed, 50 km/h in main urban roads, and 30 km/h on residential urban areas.\nGermany does not have a general speed limit for its motorways, but a recommended speed (\"Richtgeschwindigkeit\") of 130 km/h. Sometimes, there are also variable or temporary speed limits.\nHowever, most Germans want a speed limit.\nThere are also many organizations that support a speed limit in Germany like Deutscher Verkehrssicherheitsrat, Auto Club Europa, Verkehrsclub Deutschland, Deutsche Umwelthilfe, Bund f\u00fcr Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland, Greenpeace, World Wide Fund for Nature, Sachverst\u00e4ndigenrat f\u00fcr Umweltfragen, Wuppertal Institut f\u00fcr Klima, Umwelt, Energie gGmbH, Gewerkschaft der Polizei, Deutscher \u00c4rztetag, Umweltbundesamt and Evangelische Kirche in Mitteldeutschland."}
+{"id": "45608", "revid": "1685581", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45608", "title": "Pure Pwnage", "text": "Pure Pwnage is an Internet video series. It is about a man named Jeremy who spends his days playing video games and making fun of other people, or as he calls them, \"n00bs\". The first season of the show had 12 episodes. The people who make the show are planning to make at least two more seasons and maybe a full length movie. The first season ends with a cliffhanger that leads into the second season. The second season is expected to be put online in 2007.\nHistory.\nThe show started when two friends got together and made a short video of the main character talking about video games. Inspired by the cultural phenomenon that online video gaming has become, and the series creators' personal online experiences; the series actually spawned from a project for film school. After they uploaded the video onto the Internet, it got downloaded a few thousand times, so they made \"Episode 1: Life of a Pro Gamer\". The character 'Jeremy'(Played by Jarett Cale), also known as 'teh_pwnerer', was designed to comically represent, and almost stereotype, online gamers around the world. This concept was based loosely around the idea of a person who had grown up doing nothing but online gaming; whose entire vocabulary and social mannerisms were molded solely by internet interactions. As such, the episode was supposed to be a mockumentary of sorts, as Jeremy is followed and filmed by younger brother 'Kyle'(Geoff Lapaire) (Played depicting \"A day in the life of a ProGamer\". After this became very popular, they made episodes 2 and 3. When episode 4 was downloaded roughly 3000 times, they decided that they should pursue this full-time. Throughout the series, the characters make use of many expressions in videogame terminology, including \"noob\", \"uber-micro\" and of course \"pwnage\".\nThe series has introduced several other recurring characters, such as:\nThe series has also adopted a dynamic storyline in favour of its original, pseudo-casual style of interviews. Despite the additional casting and switch towards plot driven episodes, the series remains true to its satirical view of current trends in the gaming industry and the greater online community. The series has quickly developed a large fan base, spanning across multiple continents, and only continues in its success as its 2nd season comes to a close."}
+{"id": "45615", "revid": "7699596", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45615", "title": "Support", "text": "Support may mean the following:"}
+{"id": "45624", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45624", "title": "Saint fons", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45627", "revid": "10473351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45627", "title": "West Africa", "text": "West Africa or Western Africa is the western part of Africa. According to the United Nations (UN), West Africa has seventeen countries:"}
+{"id": "45639", "revid": "1498485", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45639", "title": "Nun", "text": "Nun is a woman who made a special vow (or promise) dedicating herself to a religious life. Catholic nuns are said to \"take the veil\" as a symbol of their new life. Roman Catholic nuns are the most commonly thought of nuns in the West, but nuns are found in different forms of Christianity as well as non-Christian religions such as Buddhism. A fully ordained Buddhist nun is called a bhikkhuni or bhiksuni; ordained novices are s\u0101ma\u1e47er\u012b. A nun is the female version of a monk."}
+{"id": "45642", "revid": "10239341", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45642", "title": "List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions", "text": "The Formula One World Drivers' Championship (WDC) is the most successful Formula One race car driver of the year. The award is given by the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) to the driver who scores the most points during a season.\nThe WDC was first awarded in 1950, to Giuseppe \"Nino\" Farina. The first driver to win more than one Championship was Alberto Ascari, in 1952 and 1953. The latest driver awarded the championship is called the \"reigning\" or \"defending\" champion. As of the end of the 2024 Formula One season, the reigning champion is Max Verstappen of Red Bull Racing.\nThe FIA does not officially award the Championship until the end of the season. Sometimes one driver will be far ahead of the other drivers in points. Even if the leading driver scores no more points, none of the other drivers could pass his point total. When this happens, the driver is said to have \"clinched\" the Championship.\nChampions.\nBy season.\nBold indicates the team also won the Constructors' Championship (awarded since ).\nBy constructor.\nConstructors still active in Formula One are in bold.\nRecords.\nYoungest Drivers' Champion.\nActive drivers are in bold.\nOldest Drivers' Champion.\nActive drivers are in bold.\nMost Drivers' Championships won in a row.\nActive drivers are in bold."}
+{"id": "45644", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45644", "title": "Henry I the Fowler", "text": "Henry I the Fowler (German: \"Heinrich der Finkler\" or \"Heinrich der Vogler\"; Latin: \"Henricius Auceps\") (876\u20132 July 936) was the duke of Saxony from 912 and king of the Germans from 919 until his death. He was the first of the Ottonian Dynasty of German kings and emperors and therefore he is generally considered to be the founder and first king of the medieval German state, that was known until then as East Francia. As he was an eager hunter, he was called \"the Fowler\" (someone who hunts wildfowl) because it was said he was fixing birding nets when messengers arrived to inform him that he was to be king."}
+{"id": "45646", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45646", "title": "List of Swedish football teams", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45647", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45647", "title": "Propeller", "text": "A propeller makes an aircraft, ship, or submarine in water or air go by making a big wind or a strong stream. It does this by turning two or more wings very quick. The blades of a propeller act as rotating wings, and produce force through application of both Bernoulli's principle and Newton's third law, generating a difference in pressure between the forward and rear surfaces of the airfoil-shaped blades."}
+{"id": "45648", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45648", "title": "Fluid", "text": "A fluid is a substance that can move easily and change shape such as water (liquids), or air (gases), or plasmas. They can 'flow'- flow and fluids both come from the same English word roots (Latin: \"fluere\" \"to flow\") and are pronounced similarly. The physics of fluids is called fluid mechanics.\nFluids usually take on the shape of their containers, in contrast to solids which maintain their own shape.\nSome things are not exactly fluid and not exactly solid, such as Silly Putty. Powders are made up of small solids that appear to flow but don't actually.\nMost fluids have a freezing point. At this temperature it becomes solid. "}
+{"id": "45649", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45649", "title": "The Sex Pistols", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45650", "revid": "7962", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45650", "title": "Ebony", "text": "Ebony can mean many things:"}
+{"id": "45651", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45651", "title": "Shelter", "text": "A shelter is a place where someone or something is put in or goes to be kept safe or hidden. It can also be any place where people live that \"shelters\" (s) them from any danger such as the weather.\nThere are different kinds of shelters and they are for used for different reasons.\nbomb shelters and fallout shelters.\nCurrently, Women's Shelters are found around the United States, United Kingdom, and many other First World countries. In these places, women are there to hide or are running away from abusive or dangerous situations. In these shelters, they are given food and a place to stay for an amount of time (usually 1-3 months at a time). They are put into a support group and given a counselor. There is a high success rate in this type of place. "}
+{"id": "45657", "revid": "10251378", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45657", "title": "Zaiger's Genetics", "text": "Zaiger's Genetics is an American company that breeds fruit trees. They are in Modesto, California. They have created fruits such as the Aprium (apricot and plum), the Nectarcot (nectarine and apricot), Peacotum (peach, apricot and plum) and the pluot (plum and apricot).\nThey are dedicated to improving fruit worldwide.\nIn 2009 Floyd Zaiger was named one of the \"top ten most creative people in food\" by Fast Company.\nZaiger's Genetics gives fruit tours to commercial growers every Wednesday. An article in \"Western Fruit Grower\" titled \"Wednesdays With Floyd\" described a typical Wednesday with the Zaiger family."}
+{"id": "45659", "revid": "8277966", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45659", "title": "Almond", "text": "The almond, Prunus dulcis, is a small tree in the family Rosaceae. \"Almond\" is also the name of the edible and widely cultivated 'nut' of this tree.\nNative to Iran and bordering regions, almonds are also grown in places with Mediterranean climates.\nThe fruit of the almond has an outer hull and a hard shell with the seed or nut inside. Shelling almonds means removing the shell to get the seed. Almonds are sold either shelled or unshelled.\nDescription.\nThe almond tree is about four to 10 meters tall. It has a trunk about 30 centimetres wide. The young twigs are green at first. When they are in their second year, they turn gray. The leaves are three to five inches long. The flowers are white or light pink, 3\u20135\u00a0cm wide with five petals."}
+{"id": "45660", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45660", "title": "Prunus", "text": "Prunus is a genus of plants in the family Rosaceae. It includes plums, peaches, almonds, apricots and cherries."}
+{"id": "45661", "revid": "794806", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45661", "title": "Yellow avens", "text": "Yellow avens is a type of flowering plant It is found in the warmer areas of North America, Asia and Europe. It is 1 meter (3 feet) tall. "}
+{"id": "45662", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45662", "title": "Crabapple", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45663", "revid": "462657", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45663", "title": "Water avens", "text": "Water avens is a type of flowering plant. These flowers are small. They live in or near water."}
+{"id": "45664", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45664", "title": "Beach plum", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45665", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45665", "title": "Korean cherry", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45667", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45667", "title": "Prunus mume", "text": "An ume (\"Prunus mume\") is a type of Korean and Japanese plum of the family Rosaceae. It starts out as a white flower like an almond. It is also native to China but it is not called \"ume\" in Chinese.\nA lot of people have painted pictures of ume. It is often painted with bamboo next to it."}
+{"id": "45669", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45669", "title": "Filipendula", "text": "Filipendula is a family of 12 flowering plants in the family Rosaceae. Their flowers are mostly white. These plants are adapted to moist woodland conditions with partial shade preferred."}
+{"id": "45670", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45670", "title": "Mountain-mahogany", "text": "Mountain-mahogany is a family of 6 types of shrub. They are found in the United States and Mexico in very dry areas. They usually grow three to six meters tall but can get as tall as 13 meters. \nMountain-mahogany is an extremely important upland forage for New Mexico Mule Deer and to a lesser extent American Elk."}
+{"id": "45672", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45672", "title": "Dryas (plant)", "text": "Dryas is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rosaceae.\nThere are three species and one hybrid:"}
+{"id": "45673", "revid": "2485", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45673", "title": "Mountain Avens", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45674", "revid": "1061539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45674", "title": "Acaena", "text": "Acaena is a group of shrubs. They are in the family of Rosaceae."}
+{"id": "45675", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45675", "title": "Yellow Rose of Texas", "text": "The Yellow Rose of Texas (Harison's Yellow) is a flower in the family Rosaceae. It is a type of yellow rose. It is often found around homes in the American state of Texas and along trails in the state of Oregon. It is also called the Oregon Trail Rose.\nAlso mentioned in country songs such as \"Solid Country Gold\" by Shooter Jennings and \"Texas Pride\" by Miranda Lambert."}
+{"id": "45676", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45676", "title": "Ya pear", "text": "The Ya pear or Chinese white pear is a type of pear. It is found in northern China, where it is grown for food. These pears are very crunchy, juicy, and fragrant. They have a skin that is pale white to light yellow, and the inside is white.\nYa pears are sold everywhere in China, and can also be found in shops outside China. Outside China, they are often called Asian pears or Chinese pears."}
+{"id": "45679", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45679", "title": "D'Anjou", "text": "D'Anjou (also known as the poire d'Anjou or Beurr\u00e9 d'Anjou) is a type fruit in the family Rosaceae. It is a type of pear that first came from Anjou,France. D'Anjou pears usually cost less than other types of pears, but are not as sweet. There are two main varieties of D'Anjou:"}
+{"id": "45680", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45680", "title": "Roseraie de L'Ha\u00ff", "text": "Roseraie du Val-de-Marne is a garden of roses. It was created in 1894 in L'Ha\u00ff-les-Roses, Val-de-Marne, France. It is said to be the first garden created only for roses.\nRoseraie du Val-de-Marne has 13,100 rose bushes of 3200 different kinds of roses. The garden has modern French and foreign roses on one side, the formal rose garden with a reflecting pool in the center, and the old garden roses and classic roses on the other side."}
+{"id": "45690", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45690", "title": "Monochrome", "text": "Monochrome comes from the two Greek words \"mono\" (meaning \"one\") and \"chroma\" (meaning \"surface\" or \"the colour of the skin\"). If something is monochromatic, it only has a single color. \nIn physics, the word is used when talking about electromagnetic radiation of a single wavelength. \nFor an image, the term monochrome usually means the same as black-and-white or grayscale. It may also be used when talking about other combinations that only have two colors, for example, green-and-white or green-and-black. In computing, monochrome has two meanings:"}
+{"id": "45693", "revid": "275563", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45693", "title": "Semitone", "text": "A semitone \n(British English) (also called a half step or a half tone) is the smallest musical interval used in Western music. It is the distance between two notes which are next to one another in pitch.\nA whole tone means a distance of two semitones, i.e. the distance between two notes which are separated by one other note in pitch.\nThis is easy to see with a picture of a keyboard. The distance between two white notes that are side by side may be a whole tone (if there is a black note in between them) or a semitone (if there is no black note between).\nTo go from a C to a C sharp (or D flat) is a semitone.\nTo go from a C sharp (or D flat) to a D is a semitone.\nTo go from a C to a D is a tone.\nAn octave is divided into twelve semitones. These semitones are exactly equal in size.\nMusical intervals are defined by a ratio of frequencies. An octave is a ratio of 2:1, so from 100 Hz to 200 Hz, and from 200 Hz to 400 Hz, are both octaves. A semitone is a ratio of the 12th root of 2 to 1, which is equal to 1.05946:1, so 1000 Hz and 1059.46 Hz are a semitone apart. A musical interval sounds better if the two notes have a small integer ratio. For this reason, it can be approximated by a ratio of 16:15 in just intonation. "}
+{"id": "45694", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45694", "title": "Half tone", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45695", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45695", "title": "Whole tone", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45696", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45696", "title": "Half-tone", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45697", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45697", "title": "Whole-tone", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45698", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45698", "title": "Upstage", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45701", "revid": "5400", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45701", "title": "Plasma physics", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45702", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45702", "title": "Vaud", "text": "Vaud is a canton of Switzerland. It borders the cantons of Geneva, Neuch\u00e2tel, Fribourg, Berne and Valais (west to east). The capital city is Lausanne. About 790,000 people live in the canton. Of these, about 138,000 live in Lausanne. About 82% of the population speak French as their first language.\nDistricts.\nBetween 1803 and 2007, the canton of Vaud was formed out of 19 districts:\nBut since 2008, there is only 10 districts."}
+{"id": "45705", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45705", "title": "Malvern, Worcestershire", "text": "Malvern is a town in Worcestershire, England. It is an old Victorian town which was built around its famous water. It has a population of 28,749. It is home to the famous Malvern Hills, and was the birthplace of the composer Sir Edward Elgar. "}
+{"id": "45714", "revid": "9126232", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45714", "title": "Airfoil", "text": "An airfoil (in American English, or aerofoil in British English) is the shape of a wing, or blade of a propeller, the blade of a ship's screw or the shape of a sail as seen in cross-section. When moving through a fluid it will provide lift and drag. Lift is not only up, it may be in other directions depending on what it is used for. The airfoil has a rounded leading edge (front edge of the wing) to make the airfoil more insensitive to the angle of attack."}
+{"id": "45720", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45720", "title": "Silly Putty", "text": "Silly Putty (originally called nutty putty) is a silicone plastic \"clay\", sold as a toy for children by \"Binney & Smith Inc.\". It was created as a scientific accident when scientists in the United States were trying to find a substitute for rubber during World War II.\nDescription.\nSilly Putty is sold as a 0.47 oz (13 g) piece of plastic clay inside an egg-shaped plastic container. It is an example of an inorganic plastic (polymer). It has many unusual characteristics. When pressed on comics or other newspaper pages, the loose ink transfers to the Silly Putty, which is then able to be stretched out. It bounces, showing its rubber qualities. It breaks when you give it a sharp blow. It can flow like a liquid when it is slowly stretched and will \"melt\" into a puddle over a long enough period of time, and so shows properties of non-newtonian liquids."}
+{"id": "45721", "revid": "5400", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45721", "title": "Plastic solids", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45732", "revid": "18539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45732", "title": "Maloideae", "text": "The Maloideae (which is a Latin plural form) is a traditional name for a subfamily of plants in the rose family (Rosaceae). These plants are shrubs and small trees. The most well known Maloideae are apples and pears. Recently it has been shown that the Maloideae are a part of the traditional subfamily Amygdaloideae, and most botanists no longer use the name Maloideae."}
+{"id": "45733", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45733", "title": "Rowan", "text": "A Rowan is a type of fruit-bearing plant in the family Rosaceae. They grow in the cooler areas of Europe and Asia. The fruit is a 4-8 mm diameter ball. It is bright orange or red in most species, but pink, yellow or white in some Asian species. The fruit is soft and juicy."}
+{"id": "45734", "revid": "2485", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45734", "title": "Blueberries", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45736", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45736", "title": "Fragaria \u00d7 vescana", "text": "Fragaria \u00d7 vescana is a plant in the family Rosaceae. It is a type of strawberry. It is a mix between a Beach Strawberry and a Strawberry that is normal."}
+{"id": "45737", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45737", "title": "Beach Strawberry", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45738", "revid": "1190", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45738", "title": "Viswamitra", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45743", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45743", "title": ".htaccess", "text": ".htaccess is a type of computer file for the configuring of some web servers. .htaccess files can be used to create custom error pages, or to prevent visitors from directly linking pictures, also known as hot-linking to their own sites, costing the website owner bandwidth and therefore money.\nPreventing direct or Hot-linking.\nA .htaccess file is put onto the website, so that people will not be able to go onto the URL of the image (picture) (example: www.website.com/image.filetype). Owners can replace this picture, after they upload the file, with a message, or it can be made to redirect to an error page.\nExamples of .htaccess being used.\nMediaWiki.\nBy default, MediaWiki uses http://www.example.org/index.php/Main_Page type of URL to display the main page. But by changing the .htaccess and LocalSettings.php, it can display URLs like http://www.example.org/wiki/Main_Page so that it will look nicer (like Wikipedia).\nWordpress.\nBy default, all posts made in Wordpress uses http://www.example.org/?p=123 to display posts. But it can be changed into URLs like http://www.example.org/2010/06/postname in .htaccess and the permalink setting in the site admin of that blog.\n.htaccess.\nhtaccess file is to cache the image on the browser so that next time the website does not take much time to load."}
+{"id": "45744", "revid": "6581", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45744", "title": "Htaccess", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45745", "revid": "1273924", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45745", "title": "Butcher", "text": "A butcher is person whose job is to prepare and sell meat. Some butchers also kill the animals the meat is from. Butchers also prepare sausages, and other meat-products.\nNotable Butchers and Butcher Shops.\nDario Cecchini\nDenny\u2019s\nGiuseppe Campano\nLobel's of New York\nTom Mylan\nOmaha Steaks\nArthur Orton\nPat LaFrieda Meat Purveyors\nSalt Bae"}
+{"id": "45747", "revid": "1244397", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45747", "title": "Hotlinking", "text": "Hotlinking is an internet term for displaying an image on a website by linking to the website hosting the image. The link gets the source data of the picture each time it is needed.\nThis avoids having the image on every website which uses it. So, a website owner uses a link to the picture such as \"https://example.com/picture.jpg\". When the hotlinking website is loaded, the image is loaded from the original website, which uses its bandwidth, so it costs the hotlinked website money. For this reason many website owners use .htaccess files to prevent hotlinking. In some cases website owners use the .htaccess file to replace any hotlinked images with an offensive image to deter any other website owners from hotlinking. Hotlinked images are usually hosted on sites like imgur.\nThe original image may be owned by the original website. It might be wrong to make a copy of the original image file for use on a different web page, without being careful to get proper permission.\nHotlinking can also be used for file types other than images, including documents and videos.\nExample.\nHotlinking is known as the act of using another website's bandwidth by linking directly to their website's assets, such as images or videos. For example, say the owner of website A is hosting a particular image on their server. The owner of website B sees that image and decides they want it on their website as well. However, instead of downloading the image and hosting it on their own server, the owner of website B links directly to website A's domain. Therefore, instead of linking to the image via their own domain such as:\nThey would be instead using website A's domain:\nHotlinking someone's website assets can vastly increase their hosting costs."}
+{"id": "45751", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45751", "title": "Mount Adams (Washington)", "text": "Mount Adams is the second-highest mountain in the Pacific Northwest of North America. It is a volcano in the Cascade Range. Adams is located about 35 miles (56 km) east of Mount St. Helens."}
+{"id": "45752", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45752", "title": "Dazaifu, Fukuoka", "text": "Dazaifu (\u592a\u5bb0\u5e9c\u5e02, Dazaifu-shi) is a city in the Japanese prefecture of Fukuoka. It has a population of 67,428. The city was founded on April 1, 1982, but it has been historically important for around a thousand years.\nEducation.\nThere are several universities in the city:"}
+{"id": "45760", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45760", "title": "Nuclear power", "text": "Nuclear power is the controlled use of nuclear energy. Nuclear energy can be released by nuclear reactions in a machine called a nuclear reactor. This energy boils water for a steam engine to make electricity, which then can be used to power machines and homes. In 2023, 10% of the world's electricity came from nuclear power. Nuclear power plants also make radioactive waste that could be harmful if it is not stored properly.\nHistory.\nEnrico Fermi made the first nuclear reactor in the year 1941. Many reactors were built in the U.S. during World War II during the Manhattan Project. In 1954 the first nuclear power plant started in Obninsk near Moscow. Most nuclear power plants in the U.S. were built during the 1960s and 1970s. Nuclear reactors also power some large military ships and submarines and a few icebreakers (a kind of ship).\nEnergy production.\nNuclear reactors use a process called nuclear fission, which uses atoms like uranium or plutonium (In particular the isotope Uranium 235) and splits them apart with particles called neutrons. This converts some of the mass into energy, according to Einstein's equation E=mc2. The fissionable elements are placed into rods called 'fuel rods'. The fuel rods are submerged in water, and the energy released in the fission reaction heats up the water which turns into steam.\nThe steam then turns a turbine, which generates electricity. The steam is then condensed in huge cooling towers, and it turns back into water and is sent into the reactor again.\nThe reaction can be controlled by putting 'control rods' in between the fuel rods. The control rods are generally made of boron, which absorbs neutrons and stops the reaction.\nA nuclear meltdown can happen when the reaction is not controlled, and starts to generate dangerous radioactive gases (like Krypton). Contrary to popular belief, nuclear reactors can't explode like a nuclear bomb, but it is a danger when radioactive materials escape.\nAccidents.\nSome serious nuclear accidents have occurred. A scale was made to measure how dangerous accidents are. It is called the International Nuclear Event Scale. The scale has 8 levels (0-7), and 7 is the worst.\nNuclear-powered submarine mishaps include the Soviet submarine K-19 reactor accident (1961), the Soviet submarine K-27 reactor accident (1968), and the Soviet submarine K-431 reactor accident (1985).\nEconomics.\nThe economics of nuclear power is challenging, and following the 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster, costs are likely to go up for currently operating and new nuclear power plants, due to increased requirements for on-site spent fuel management and elevated design basis threats.\nDebates.\nThere is a debate about the use of nuclear power. Supporters, such as the World Nuclear Association and IAEA, argue that nuclear power is a sustainable energy source that reduces carbon emissions. Additionally, it does not contribute to smog or acid rain. It is believed that thousands of lives have been saved by using nuclear energy instead of more dangerous fuels such as coal, oil and gas. \nAnti-nuclear opponents, such as Greenpeace International and the Nuclear Information and Resource Service, believe that nuclear power poses threats to people and the environment.\nNuclear power generates radioactive waste materials, both as fission products (broken atoms) and by inducing radioactivity in existing materials.\nResearch.\nPeople have also been studying since the middle of the 20th century to use fusion power which produces much more energy and does not produce radioactive waste. Nuclear fusion reactors do not exist yet and are still being developed.\nOther information.\nIn 2007, nuclear power plants made some 2600 TWh of electricity and provided 14 percent of the electricity used in the world, which represented a fall of 2 percent compared with 2006. As of May 9, 2010, there were 438 (372 GW) nuclear reactors operating globally. A peak was reached in 2002 when there were 444 nuclear reactors operating.\nThe nuclear emergencies at Japan's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant and other nuclear facilities raised questions about the future of nuclear power. Platts has said that \"the crisis at Japan's Fukushima nuclear plants has prompted leading energy-consuming countries to review the safety of their existing reactors and cast doubt on the speed and scale of planned expansions around the world\". Following the Fukushima nuclear disaster, the International Energy Agency halved its estimate of additional nuclear generating capacity to be built by 2035."}
+{"id": "45763", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45763", "title": "Software versioning", "text": "Software versioning is a way to name different versions of computer software. A computer software has different states in its life-cycle process from development through deployment into production and sustainment. Each state in the process is given a unique version and version number. Versions are most often a sequence of one to four numbers (for example, 12.2.3) to represent Major.Minor.Maintenance actions, but they can also use names, dates, or other sequencing mechanisms. In some practices, the numbers are used with variations like the 3rd digit being replaced by a letter (for example, 4.1a). The changes are all revisions in that something is being changed and the version number tells people how complex the change is to the software.\nMany times, after a program has been made, things called \"patches\" can be downloaded from the program's website. The patches usually make small updates or fixes to the main program, such as fixing bugs or updating information or program functions. When a patch is used, the program is advanced to the next version, advancing the version number by the appropriate level."}
+{"id": "45764", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45764", "title": "Version", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45765", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45765", "title": "Software version", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45769", "revid": "1412333", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45769", "title": "Sympathy", "text": "Sympathy exists when the feelings or emotions of one person lead to similar feelings in another person so that they share feeling. Mostly sympathy means the sharing of unhappiness or suffering, but it can also mean sharing other (positive) emotions. In a broader sense, it can refer to the sharing of political or ideological sentiments, such as in the phrase \"a communist sympathiser\".\nThe psychological state of sympathy is closely linked with that of empathy, but is not identical to it. Empathy is understanding and feeling another person's emotions as they feel them, but makes no statement as to how they are viewed. \nSympathy, by contrast, implies a degree of equal feeling, that is, the sympathiser views the matter similarly to how the person themselves does. It thus implies concern, or care or a wish to reduce negative feelings others are experiencing. \nIn different religions, 'Sympathy' can mean different things, for example in Buddism, it means the sharing of thought, soul, emotion, and part of life with people close to you. In Hindi, it means roughly the same thing, but a small fraction of the definition is different. It means benevolence, clemency, compassion, grace, humanism, humanity, mercy, pity, tenderness, and ruth. Many beliefs also relate 'sympathy' to 'love', as the two forms of mind status have power over each other in emotional levels."}
+{"id": "45770", "revid": "4769619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45770", "title": "Puddle", "text": "A puddle is a small mass of liquid, usually water, uncontained on a surface. It can form either in depressions in the surface, or directly upon the flat surface, held together by surface tension. A puddle is generally considered to be small enough to step over or shallow enough to walk through, and too small to traverse with a boat. \nPuddles commonly form during rainstorms, and can cause problems for transport, especially when combined with cold conditions to form patches of ice, which are highly slippery and difficult to see."}
+{"id": "45772", "revid": "10473312", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45772", "title": "Beam (structure)", "text": "A beam is a structural element that carries structural load. \nBeams generally carry vertical forces but can also be used to carry horizontal loads (those loads can result from winds or earthquakes). The loads that a beam carries are led to columns or walls, which lead the force to the next element.\nBeams are characterized by their profile (their shape), their length, and their material. Today, most construction has beams that are made of steel, reinforced concrete, or wood."}
+{"id": "45774", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45774", "title": "Load", "text": "Load may mean:"}
+{"id": "45779", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45779", "title": "Organ (music)", "text": "In music, organ is a word that can mean several kinds of musical instruments. The word comes from the Greek \u1f44\u03c1\u03b3\u03b1\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd \"organon\", which means \"organ\", \"instrument\", or \"tool\".\nMost organs are played using keyboards, one or more of which may be played using the feet. They are found and used in churches, concert halls, and even in theatres, especially older movie theatres or cinemas. A person who plays the organ is called an organist.\nHere are some different types of organs:\nPipe organ.\nPipe organs are the most common kind of organ, and many people mean this kind of organ when they use the word \"organ\". They sound different notes when air flows through pipes of different lengths and types. They take up a lot of room, and the noise they make are meant to fill large spaces.\nThe earliest pipe organs were water organs, which were powered by the flow of water, sometimes from a natural resource or using a pump. Later ones used foot pedals or hand cranks to pump a bellows, which in turn produces the air that goes through the pipes. These kinds of organs are still made today, and are called harmoniums. Today's pipe organs use an electric motor to move air, and some, like those in theaters, play different instruments as well. The Wurlitzer company was well known for making instruments that make different sounds.\nMechanical organ.\nMechanical organs have a mechanism that controls which notes are played and when they are played. One type of mechanical organ is the barrel organ, which usually get their music printed on cardboard sheets, although some use piano rolls or a barrel similar to that of a carillon or music box.\nMechanical organs can be all shapes and sizes. The smaller barrel organs are often heard on streets in Europe and is a common way of getting money from people who pass by. These types are sometimes called hurdy gurdies, but this is not true. Larger barrel organs can be found on fairgrounds and are loud so that they can be heard above all the other noise at a fair. Meanwhile, smaller barrel organs can be found indoors, and play songs when someone puts in a coin, similar to a slot machine. Some clocks have barrel organ mechanisms that play music at certain times, such as every hour.\nElectronic organ.\nThe electronic organ is one of the newest types of organ. They use electronics to simulate the sound of a pipe organ and many other instruments. Because of this, they do not need to be very big and many are no bigger than a piano so that they can fit in homes, schools, or can be moved around as needed. They also do not go out of tune because they hold all their sounds on computerized chips. Many organists think they do not feel as good to play as a traditional, mechanical pipe organ.\nThere are electronic organs that look and sound like those played in churches, and even many churches use electronic organs when they do not have the money or space for a full pipe organ. The best-known electronic organs include the Hammond organ heard in jazz, and other organs, like those made by the Japanese company Yamaha, are in fact synthesizers that can sound like a whole orchestra playing together. These types of organs are often used for music education, especially in Asia."}
+{"id": "45782", "revid": "190121", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45782", "title": "Twin", "text": "Twins are two babies that are born at the same time.\n\"Human twins\" are two people that shared a single pregnancy, and one is normally born quickly after the first.\nTypes of twins.\nThere are 2 types of twins. They are:\nFraternal twins.\nFraternal twins are also known as \"non-identical twins\" or \"dizygotic twins\". They happen when two ova are released from the ovary at the same time, and each is fertilized by a different sperm. This results in the birth of fraternal twins. They can be of different sexes. Genetically, they are no more similar than any two siblings.\nIdentical twins.\nIdentical twins or \"monozygotic twins\": A single ovum is fertilized to form one zygote. This zygote later splits, and each half of the zygote becomes a twin. The twins have the same genes.\nVariations.\nThere are five variations of twinning that occur commonly. The frequency varies in different populations. The three most common variations are all fraternal, meaning the two twins are not from the same egg: \nThe last two variations are identical twins, which means they come from one single egg that split later: \nOther animals.\nTwinning is common in many other species, such as cats, sheep, and ferrets. Twinning occurs in cattle about 1-4% of the time, and research is being done to improve the chances of twins being born. If an animal has twins it can be more profitable for the breeder, especially if there is a smaller chance of miscarriage."}
+{"id": "45783", "revid": "10384893", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45783", "title": "Ceiling", "text": "A ceiling is the surface that covers the upper limit of a room. It is not generally considered a structural element, as it does not hold anything up. It simply conceals the underside of the floor or roof above it.\nThere are many different types of ceilings in architecture. In religious buildings, the ceilings are often decorated with frescos, mosaic tiles and other surface treatments. Perhaps the most famous example is the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, painted by Michelangelo."}
+{"id": "45784", "revid": "465447", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45784", "title": "Column", "text": "A column in architecture is a vertical element that transmits the weight of the structure above to the structure below. Columns can be either a single piece or several pieces put together. Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on which the upper parts of walls or ceilings rest. \nHistory.\nStone columns were already used in the architecture of ancient Egypt as early as 2600 BC. "}
+{"id": "45785", "revid": "844779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45785", "title": "Twins", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45786", "revid": "10383833", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45786", "title": "Identical twins", "text": "Identical twins start out as genetically identical: they have the same alleles. They both share the same sack in the womb. They are always of the same sex, and are monozygotic or MZ twins (mono = one; zygote = fertilised egg). This contrasts with \"fraternal twins\", who are formed by two separate eggs fertilised by two separate sperms, and who are not always the same sex (DZ = dizygotic). Both types of twin are carried in the same uterus at the same time, so their birth environment is the same.\nResearch shows that the frequency of monozygotic twinning is one in 240 births. Fraternal twins are twice as common. In vitro fertilization (IVF) techniques are more likely to create dizygotic twins. For IVF deliveries, there are nearly 21 pairs of twins for every 1,000.\nTwin research.\nIdentical twins are natural clones. Because they start out with the same genes, they can be used to investigate how much heredity contributes to individual people. This is the nature vs nurture question.\nStudies with twins have been quite interesting. If we make a list of characteristic traits, we find that they vary in how much they owe to heredity. For example:\nThe way the studies are done is like this. Take a group of identical twins and a group of fraternal twins, and a group of siblings from the population. Measure them for various traits. Do a statistical analysis (such as analysis of variance). This tells you to what extent the trait is inherited. You will find that all those traits which are partly inherited will be significantly more similar in identical twins.\nStudies like this may be carried further, by comparing identical twins brought up together with identical twins brought up in different circumstances. That gives a handle on how much circumstances can alter the outcomes of genetically identical people.\nModern research has shown quite clearly that genetic inheritance does influence psychological aspects of life (how people behave), not just physical aspects.\nHistory.\nThe person who first did twin studies was Francis Galton, Darwin's half-cousin, who was a founder of statistics. His method was to trace twins through their life-history, making many kinds of measurement. Unfortunately, though he knew about mono and dizygotic twins, he did not appreciate the real genetic difference. Twin studies of the modern kind did not appear until the 1920s.\nWilhelm Weinberg made the first estimate of the rate of twinning. Realizing that identical twins would have to be the same sex, while non-identical twins could be either same or opposite sex, Weinberg derived a formula for estimating the frequency of MZ and DZ twins from the ratio of same and opposite sex twins to the total of maternities. Weinberg also estimated that the heritability of twinning itself was close to zero. That means the capacity to have twins is not hereditary.\nDissimilarities in identical twins.\nMonozygotic twins are genetically \"nearly identical\" and they are always the same sex unless there has been a mutation during development. Monozygotic twins always have different phenotypes. Twins may express different sexual phenotypes, normally from an XXY Klinefelter's syndrome zygote splitting unevenly.\nAlthough monozygotic twins are genetically almost identical, a 2012 study of 92 pairs of monozygotic twins found that monozygotic twins acquire hundreds of genetic differences early in fetal development. This is caused by mutations (or copy errors) taking place in the DNA of each twin after the splitting of the embryo. Another study in 2018 of 450 pairs of monozygotic twins showed that often (87%) the two twins varied in sexuality. the study also showed that if one twin married before 40, the other was also likely to marry before 40.\nIt is estimated that, on average, a set of monozygotic twins will have about 360 genetic differences that occurred early in fetal development.\nAnother cause of difference between monozygotic twins is epigenetic modification. These are caused by differing environmental influences throughout their lives, which affects which genes are switched on or off. A study of 80 pairs of monozygotic twins ranging in age from three to 74 showed that the youngest twins have relatively few epigenetic differences. The number of epigenetic differences increases with age. Fifty-year-old twins had over three times the epigenetic difference of three-year-old twins. Twins who had spent their lives apart (such as those adopted by two different sets of parents at birth) had the greatest difference. However, certain characteristics become more alike as twins age, such as IQ and personality. This phenomenon illustrates the influence of genetics in many aspects of human characteristics and behaviour.\nTwins in animals.\nTwinning is normal in many mammals, such as rats, cats, dogs. Identical twins are normal in a few species. The nine-banded armadillo, \"Dasypus novemcinctus\", gives birth to identical quadruplets.\nOffspring produced by non-sexual methods, such as parthenogenesis, are identical unless crossing over takes place in the production of eggs."}
+{"id": "45787", "revid": "5139941", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45787", "title": "Identical twin", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45791", "revid": "1543199", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45791", "title": "Keyboard instrument", "text": "A keyboard instrument is an instrument that is played by pressing the keys of a keyboard. In a keyboard, the notes are arranged with naturals (usually white notes) forming the main body of the keyboard, and sharps and flats (usually black notes) placed in cuttings into the upper half of the naturals.\nThe ways in which the sound is made varies a lot:\nIn the 17th and 18th centuries, the word \"Clavier\" was used in Germany to mean any kind of keyboard instrument. Often, the naturals were black and the sharps and flats were white (see picture of harpsichord), but the layout was exactly the same. \nThe development of electronic instruments in the 20th century has brought about many different types of electronic keyboard instruments. These include the ondes Martenot and the synthesizer.\nNowadays, people often talk about a \"keyboard\" meaning an electronic keyboard (e.g. \u201cHe plays the keyboard\u201d). The plural form of the word is \"keyboards\".\nYamaha have now made the most successful keyboards, selling over 770,000 units a year.\nTypes of keyboards.\nKeyboard types include:\nArranger keyboard.\nArrangers are mainly aimed at performers. Arrangers are mainly identified by their automatic accompaniment styles. They are used widely by musicians who perform by their own, more like a one-man band. Arrangers offer extensive libraries containing prerecorded accompaniment tracks in nearly every music style imaginable. The instrument can support their singing with onboard effects, vocal harmony, and lyric display while providing MIDI and/or audio file playback. Music played by the keyboardist can often be recorded and saved into a memory bank. Arrangers also help in writing songs and can provide realistic drum styles that match with the tempo and style the musician developed.\nThe top seller for arrangers include Yamaha and Korg which are used by many keyboardist worldwide.\nWorkstation keyboard.\nA keyboard workstation is a keyboard that is used to change the features of a variety of sounds on a keyboard. Workstation allows one to create new voices using filters, effects and modulations. It also allows for mixing sounds. \nTop brands for these are Nord, Yamaha, Korg, Casio which are used by many keyboardists worldwide."}
+{"id": "45794", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45794", "title": "Bow (ship)", "text": "The bow is the forward part of the hull of a ship or boat, the point that is most forward when the vessel is underway. \nThe bow is designed to reduce the resistance of the hull cutting through water and should be tall enough to prevent water from easily washing over the top of it. The bow is helpful for letting the ship smoothly pass through the ocean."}
+{"id": "45796", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45796", "title": "Oregon Trail Rose", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45797", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45797", "title": "Harison's Yellow", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45798", "revid": "1635878", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45798", "title": "Sambucus", "text": "Sambucus is a genus in the family Adoxaceae. It is commonly called Elder or Elderberry. It includes several similar types of shrubs that produce fruit that is also called elderberries. The plant can be found in swampy habitats and other areas that provide enough water.\nBlack Elderberry has been found to be effective against the H5N1 strain of Avian Flu (Zakay-Rones et al. 1995). Black Elderberry contains a unique compound called Antivirin\u00ae that can help protect healthy cells and inactivate infectious viruses. When given to patients, scientists have found the Black Elderberry, has the ability to ward off flu infections quickly (Zakay-Rones 2004). Black Elderberries are rich in anthocyanins which are a type of flavonoid \u2013 anthocyanins are antioxidants that may protect cells from free radicals and support your body\u2019s immune system.\nBlack Elderberries have almost 5 times as many anthocyanins as Blueberries and twice the overall antioxidant capability of cranberries\nBlack Elderberry has a more potent antiviral effect than Echinacea. At sites in Switzerland and Italy, researchers have uncovered evidence that the black elderberry may have been cultivated by prehistoric man, and there are recipes for elderberry-based medications in the records dating as far back as Ancient Egypt. Historians, however, generally trace the tradition of the elderberry\u2019s healing power back to Hippocrates, the ancient Greek known as the \u201cfather of medicine,\u201d who described this plant as his \u201cmedicine chest\u201d for the wide variety of ailments it seemed to cure.\nOver the centuries, elderberry has been used to treat colds, flu, fever, burns, cuts, and more than 70 other maladies, from a toothache to the plague. In the 17th century, John Evelyn, a British researcher, declared, \u201cIf the medicinal properties of its leaves, bark, and berries were fully known, I cannot tell what our countryman could ail for which he might not fetch a remedy [from the elderberry], either for sickness or wounds.\u201d\nElderberry can grow in the form of a shrub or small tree, reaching up to 6 feet in height and width depending on the variety. It blooms during the spring or summer, and its flowers contain both male and female reproductive systems in the event that it is unable to reproduce through cross-pollination. It can be used to create a violet dye. "}
+{"id": "45799", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45799", "title": "Jambol\u00e3o", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45800", "revid": "10190196", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45800", "title": "Jambul", "text": "Jambul or Jamun or Jamblang or Jambhul \u091c\u093e\u0902\u092d\u0941\u0933 (\u092e\u0930\u093e\u0920\u0940)(\"Syzygium cumini\"), Kaalo Jaam (Bangla) Naavar Pazham (Tamil) is an evergreen tropical tree in the flowering plant family Myrtaceae, native to India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Indonesia and Sri Lanka. It is also grown in other areas of southern Asia including Myanmar, Nepal and Afghanistan. The tree was also introduced to Florida, USA in 1911 by the USDA, and is also now commonly planted in Suriname. In Brazil, where it was introduced from India during Portuguese colonisation, it has spread out in the wild in some places, as many native birds such as thrushes, tanagers and the Great Kiskadee want their fruits. The various names for this fruit are (in Java) plum, jambul, jamun, jaman, black plum, faux pistachier, Indian blueberry , jambol, doowet, jambolan and jambol\u00e3o. Scientific synonyms include \"Syzygium jambolanum, Eugenia cumini\" and \"Eugenia jambolana\".\nA fairly fast growing species, it can grow as high as 30 metres, and can live more than 100 years. Its dense foliage provides shade and is grown just for its ornamental value. The wood is strong and water resistant. Because of this it is used in railway sleepers and to install motors in wells. It is sometimes used to make cheap furniture and village dwellings though it is relatively hard to work on.\nThe Jamun tree starts flowering in March-April. The fragrant flowers of Jamun are small, nearly 5 millimetres in diameter. This is followed by the fruit which appears in May-June and resembles a large berry. The berry is oblong and ovoid. It is green when just appearing, pink when as it matures, and shining crimson black when fully ripe. Another variety comes in white and some people say that it can be used as a medicine. Jamun fruit is a mixture of sweet, slightly sub acid spicy flavour that stands out even after eaten since it turns the tongue into purple color. The fruit is universally accepted to be very good for medicinal purposes, especially diabetics. The seed is also used in various alternative healing systems like Ayurveda, Unani and Chinese medicine for digestive ailments. The leaves and bark are used for controlling blood pressure and gingivitis. Wine and vinegar are also made from the fruit."}
+{"id": "45801", "revid": "7970915", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45801", "title": "Rambutan", "text": "A rambutan (\"Nephelium lappaceum\") is a tree from southeast Asia. The fruit that grows on the tree is also called rambutan. It is in the same family as Lychee.\nThe name rambutan is a word that means \"hairy\". The fruit does look hairy. The fruit is green in color when not yet ripe. Once ripe the outside of the fruit turns red. The flesh on the inside of the rambutan is white in color. \nRambutan is native to Indonesia. Rambutan trees grow naturally in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines and elsewhere in Southeast Asia .\nOther than those countries, Sri Lanka is also popular for rambutan.\nThe fruit are usually sold fresh, used in making jams and jellies, or canned."}
+{"id": "45802", "revid": "10105141", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45802", "title": "Tangerine", "text": "A tangerine is citrus fruit related to the mandarin orange. Tangerines are smaller and easier to peel than common oranges. The taste is considered less sour, but sweeter and stronger, than that of an orange. \nVery often, tangerines are simply peeled and eaten by hand, but they are sometimes also used as an ingredient of salads. In Sichuan cuisine, the dried peel of tangerines is used as an ingredient. \nClementines are sometimes considered as alternatives to tangerines."}
+{"id": "45803", "revid": "1677208", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45803", "title": "Jackfruit", "text": "Artocarpus heterophyllus is the scientific name for jackfruit, and is family of Moracea. Jackfruit (also called \"Jakfruit\") is a type of fruit from India, Bangladesh (National fruit) and Sri Lanka. When a Jackfruit ripens, it changes from green to slightly yellow.\nParts of the Fruit.\nThe seeds are cooked and taken food, the green like unready fruit is cooked as a plant used for food, and the brown made ready is taken food a little cold.\nJackfruit Tree.\nThe jackfruit tree can be up to 15-20 meters, and its leaves are a stiff, glossy green color and measure up to about 15 to 20 centimeters long. This tree is considered the largest tree-borne fruit in the world weighing near 18 kilograms and reaching up to 60 cm long in length."}
+{"id": "45804", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45804", "title": "Epitaph Records", "text": "Epitaph Records is an American record label. The company mainly deals with punk bands. Epitaph was started by Bad Religion guitarist Brett Gurewitz. Bands that have signed this label are:\nThe asterisk (*) marks indicate as those who are no longer signed to Epitaph."}
+{"id": "45805", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45805", "title": "Vaccinium arboreum", "text": "Vaccinium arboreum (also called sparkleberry or farkleberry) is a species of Vaccinium native to south-eastern United States. They are usually found in southern Virginia west to southeastern Missouri, and south to Florida and eastern Texas.\nVaccinium arboreum is a shrub (rarely a small tree) growing to 3-5 metres (sometimes up to 9 metres) tall. The leaves are evergreen in the south of the range, but deciduous farther north where winters are colder. They are oval-elliptic with an acute apex, 3-7 cm long and 2-4 cm broad, with a smooth or very finely toothed margin. The flowers are white, bell-shaped, 3-4 mm in diameter, with a five-lobed corolla, produced in racemes up to 5 cm long. The fruit is a round dry berry about 6 mm diameter, green at first, black when ripe, edible but bitter and tough."}
+{"id": "45806", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45806", "title": "Sparkleberry", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45808", "revid": "10173657", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45808", "title": "Vaccinium", "text": "Vaccinium is a genus of flowering plants. All of them are shrubs in the family Ericaceae. The fruits of \"Vaccinium\" species include blueberries, cranberries, huckleberries, and Bilberry.\nIn total, there are about 450 species, mostly in the cooler parts of the Northern Hemisphere. There are a few tropical species which grow in places like Madagascar or Hawaii. The plants usually grow in heathlands or in forests. Like most plants of the Ericaceae, many species grow in acidic soils. \nThe larvae of a number of lepidoptera species (moths and butterflies are examples of lepidoptera) grow on these plants.\nModern research.\nThe taxonomy of the genus is complex, and is being investigated. Genetic analysis shows that the genus \"Vaccinium\" is not monophyletic. \"Vaccinium's\" taxonomy can be fixed by enlarging the genus to include a number of related genera. Alternatively, the genus could be broken up into several different genera.\nThe vaccinium uliginosum is a type of vaccinium that grows in North America and Eurasia."}
+{"id": "45809", "revid": "9453996", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45809", "title": "Cantaloupe", "text": "A cantaloupe (also known as a muskmelon, rockmelon, sweet melon or spanspek or spelled \"canteloupe\", \"cantalope\" or \"cantelope\") is a type of fruit. It is a muskmelon that is probably related to the watermelon. There are two types of cantaloupe, European and North American. Cantaloupes range in size from 0.5 to 5.0 kilograms (1.1 to 11\u00a0lb).\nNutrition.\nCantaloupes are a source of polyphenol antioxidants. These are chemicals which were thought to provide certain health benefits to the cardiovascular and immune systems by regulating the formation of nitric oxide. Nitric oxide is a key chemical in promoting health of the endothelium and prevention of heart attacks. However, recent research has indicated they do not benefit the body. The body already has ways to deal with oxidation.\nCantaloupes also are an excellent source of vitamin C.\nDirty cantaloupes can spread bacteria. In 2011, 21 people died in the United States from cantaloupes having \"listeria\" bacteria. The bad cantaloupes were traced back from around the country to a single farm in Colorado."}
+{"id": "45810", "revid": "1530097", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45810", "title": "Smash (album)", "text": "Smash is one of The Offspring's most successful albums. It came out in 1994 under the label Epitaph Records. It contains their famous hit singles such as \"Come Out and Play (Keep 'Em Separated)\" and \"Self Esteem\". \"Smash\" is often credited as one of the best punk rock albums sold in the entire world, and is the best selling album ever made on an independent label.\nThe album is also one of the albums that started mainstream Pop punk music."}
+{"id": "45813", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45813", "title": "Ilama (fruit)", "text": "The Ilama (\"Annona macroprophyllata\"), also known as the soncoya or sincuya, is a kind of fruit, and also the name of the tree that it grows on. The trees and fruits can be found in tropical Central America. The name comes from the Spanish translation of the Nahuatl \"ilamatzapotl\". Its rough translation is 'old woman's sapote'. The name is also applied to a similar fruit, cabeza de negro (\"A. pupurea\") which is cultivated as an alternative to the cherimoya. The cabeza de negro is similar in size to the Ilama but grey-brown in color with hard bumps on the surface, and orange flesh that tastes like mango or papaw.\nThe Ilama fruit is delicious when eaten ripe. It is either eaten on the half-shell or scooped out with a tool. The Ilama is usually chilled when served, it is sometimes served with a little cream and sugar to intensify the flavor, or with a drop of lime or lemon juice to bring in a tart and bitter tinge."}
+{"id": "45814", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45814", "title": "The Offspring (album)", "text": "The Offspring is the first album by The Offspring. It was originally on vinyl in 1989 under the label Nemesis Records. In 1995, it was re-released on CD on Epitaph Records.\nPersonnel.\nThe song \"Beheaded\" was co-written by The Offspring and (original drummer) James Lilja."}
+{"id": "45819", "revid": "9392177", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45819", "title": "Apples, Vaud", "text": "Apples was a municipality in Switzerland. It is in Vaud Canton. Vaud Canton has 364 communes in it.\nOn 1 July 2021, the former municipalities of Apples, Bussy-Chardonney, Cottens, Pampigny, Reverolle and S\u00e9very merged to form the new municipality of Hautemorges."}
+{"id": "45821", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45821", "title": "Fukuoka", "text": " \n is a Japanese city in Fukuoka Prefecture on the island of Kyushu. It is the capital city of the prefecture. \nIt has been recognized as a city designated by government ordinance since 1992.\nHistory.\nA short distance is there from Dazaifu and the Fukuoka area to Hakata-wan (\u535a\u591a\u6e7e). Hakata-wan was the landing site of the Mongol invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281.\nFukuoka is known for its football team, Avispa Fukuoka; and it is also known for its baseball team, the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks. \nGeography.\nFukuoka is on the northwest coast of Kyushu. It is about the same distance from Tokyo as it is from Shanghai or Seoul.\nFukuoka City is divided into 7 wards."}
+{"id": "45825", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45825", "title": "Finance", "text": "Finance is a study which figures out how people, businesses and groups make and use money. It can mean:\nSome simple finance ideas.\nThe process of finance is learning, how people and groups act in managing their money, and most of all how they manage making money, and making a profit, with spending money, or making a loss.\nA group that makes more money than it spends can lend or invest the excess profit. On the other hand, a group that makes less money than it spends can raise money by getting a loan or selling part of its assets or spending less, or making more money. \nA bank is where many people borrowing money meet people lending money. A bank gets money from lenders, and pays interest. The bank then lends this money to borrowers. Banks allow borrowers and lenders of different sizes to meet. \nCorporate finance is about things like the sale of stock by a company to the public. Stock is ownership in a company, broken up into pieces. The stock gives whoever owns it part ownership in that company. If someone buys one share of XYZ Inc, and the company has 100 shares available, the buyer is 1/100th owner of that company and owns 1/100th (1%) of the profit. \nFinance is used by people, by governments, by businesses, etc., as well as by all kinds of groups.\nPersonal finance.\nThis is finance for people. It is about: \nBusiness finance.\nBusiness finance is about finding money for a company's activities. It studies trying to make more profit than loss and taking good risks for the chance to make more money. That's what business is all about.\nFinancial economics.\nFinancial economics is the study of economics which is important to financial things like changes in price and supply of goods. \nIt studies how much risk some actions that a company may take will cause, and how the company should spend its money.\nFinancial math.\nFinancial math is the study of math for financial markets. Financial math studies mathematics, mainly statistics."}
+{"id": "45828", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45828", "title": "Governor General of Canada", "text": "The Governer General of Canada serves as the representative of the Canadian monarch, currently King Charles III, within Canada. While the King is the country\u2019s head of state, he resides primarily in the United Kingdom due to his responsibilities as monarch of multiple Commonwealth realms.\nThe Governor General is appointed by the King on the advice of the Prime Minister of Canada. As the King\u2019s representative, the Governor General performs various ceremonial and constitutional duties, including granting Royal Assent to legislation, appointing the Prime Minister, and summoning or dissolving Parliament.\nAlthough the Governor General technically possesses significant constitutional powers, these are exercised almost exclusively on the advice of the Prime Minister or Cabinet, in accordance with Canada\u2019s system of responsible government. For example, the Governor General appoints Senators, federal judges, and other officials based on recommendations from the Prime Minister.\nIn rare circumstances, the Prime Minister may seek the King\u2019s direct involvement, such as when appointing additional Senators under Section 26 of the Constitution Act, 1867.\nWould you like help editing the actual article? It could be fun to improve it together!\nOfficial Title.\nAs Canada has two official federal languages, the Governor General's title is in both English and French. \nThe Governor General's style and title in full is, in , and in \nLiving former governors-general of Canada.\nAs of , there are five living former governors general of Canada. The most recently deceased former governor general, Rom\u00e9o LeBlanc (1995\u20131999), died on 24 June 2009."}
+{"id": "45829", "revid": "314538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45829", "title": "Noah's Ark", "text": "Noah's Ark, according to the book of Genesis (chapters 6\u20139) in the Bible, was a ship that God told Noah to build. God was planning to destroy the Earth by bringing about a great flood. He told Noah to build an ark to save himself, his family, and every kind of animal. \nAccording to the Book of Genesis, the ark rested on the highest point in the area, which was Mount Ararat (in what is now Turkey).\nThere have been many claims of people who say they have seen the ark. However, no physical evidence has been found.\nThere are different stories about the ark in the Quran, the Christian Bible and the Jewish Torah. There is also a Babylonian version of the story of the great flood. And many traditional cultures around the world on every inhabited continent have folklore and stories that seem to reference a major flood, perhaps suggesting some ancient cataclysm in the past. Gnostic scriptures have a story about Noah's ark too.\nDescription.\nWood.\nAccording to the Bible, the ark was made of gopherwood. Gopherwood may be the wood of a cypress tree, which was used for making ships in the Middle East. Cypress was good for making ships because it had strong wood from a large trunk and limbs. However, no one knows for sure what kind of tree gopherwood was.\nDize.\nThe ark was 300 cubits long, and 50 cubits wide; the height was 30 cubits. \nFor a long time people did not know exactly how much a cubit was. In the later years of the 19th century, archaeologists found a tunnel in Jerusalem. This tunnel had been built in the days of King Hezekiah (around 700 B.C.). At the entrance was an inscription that said the tunnel was 1200 cubits long. The archaeologist measured the tunnel and saw it was 1800 feet long (54,000 centimeters). So now, people know that the Hebrew cubit, at least in the time of King Hezekiah, was 20.4\u00a0inches (51.816 centimeters).\nAccording to the Bible, the shape and size of the ark were very good for floating (the ark was designed to float, not for quickly going through the water).\nWaterproofing.\nAfter Noah had finished putting the ark together with the gopherwood boards, he had to make it \"watertight\" (so that water would not go inside the ark). According to the Bible, God told Noah to use pitch, a waterproof material to paint it inside and outside.\nAnalysis.\nRenaissance era.\nDuring the Renaissance, a new kind of scholarship arose. These people never questioned the literal truth of the Ark story. They began to think about it from a practical point of view. \nIn the 15th century, Alfonso Tostada wrote about the logic of the Ark, including things such as arrangements for getting rid of dung and circulating fresh air. The 16th-century geometrician Johannes Buteo worked out the ship's internal dimensions. He also allowed room for Noah's grinding mills and smokeless ovens. Later people also used his model.\n17th century.\nBy the 17th century, the Americas had been discovered and were being explored. This led to new questions about the Ark story. All the unique species in the Americas must have been spread from a single point, after the flood, according to the Biblical story. The obvious Biblical answer was that man had spread over the continents after the destruction of the Tower of Babel. The different groups took animals with them. \nSome of the results seemed peculiar, though: \"why had the natives of North America taken rattlesnakes, but not horses\", wondered Sir Thomas Browne in 1646? \"How America abounded with Beasts of prey and noxious Animals, yet contained not in that necessary Creature, a Horse, is very strange.\"\nBrowne was among the first people to question the notion of spontaneous generation. He was a medical doctor and amateur scientist making this observation in passing. \nBiblical scholars of the time such as Justus Lipsius (1547\u20131606) and Athanasius Kircher (c.1601\u201380) were also beginning to look at the Ark story more closely. They tried to fit the Biblical account with natural historical knowledge of their time. The resulting hypotheses were important. They were a driving force behind the study of the geographical distribution of plants and animals. \n18th century.\nThis kind of study became biogeography in the 18th century. Natural historians began to draw connections between climates and the animals and plants adapted to them. One important theory said that the Biblical Ararat was striped with different climatic zones. When climate changed, the associated animals moved as well. Eventually they spread to repopulate the globe.\nThere was also the problem of an ever-expanding number of known species: for Kircher and earlier natural historians, there was little problem finding room for all known animal species in the Ark, but by the time John Ray (1627\u20131705) was working, just several decades after Kircher, many more had been found. Incorporating the full range of animal diversity into the Ark story was becoming increasingly difficult, and by 1700 few natural historians could see any reasons to believe in a literal interpretation of the Noah's Ark narrative.\nModern books.\nIn more recent years, several books have been written suggesting that Noah's Flood may have been responsible for much of the world's geology. These books include \"The Genesis Flood\" by Henry Morris (published in 1961) and \"The Flood: In the Light of the Bible, Geology, and Archaeology\" by Alred Rehwinkle. \nAnother view is that Noah's Flood impacted the entire human race, which at the time was living in one local area, but wasn't global in extent.\nNaturalistic explanations.\nPossible naturalistic explanations for the flood include an asteroid impact causing massive tidal waves, or perhaps snow melt as the Ice Age came to an end. \nFull-size replica.\nIn 2011, a full-size replica of Noah's ark was built in Dordrecht in the Netherlands. Other replicas exist in Hong Kong and Kentucky."}
+{"id": "45830", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45830", "title": "Joseph Barbera", "text": "Joseph Roland \"Joe\" Barbera (March 24, 1911 \u2013 December 18, 2006) was an American animator, director, producer and co-founder, together with William Hanna, of Hanna-Barbera. He was born in Manhattan and raised in Flatbush, Brooklyn. The studio produced well-known cartoons such as \"Tom and Jerry\", \"The Huckleberry Hound Show\", \"The Flintstones\", \"The Jetsons\", \"Scooby-Doo\" as well as the musical film, \"Charlotte's Web."}
+{"id": "45831", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45831", "title": "William Hanna", "text": "William Denby \"Bill\" Hanna (July 14, 1910 \u2013 March 22, 2001) was an American animator, director, producer and co-founder with Joseph Barbera of Hanna-Barbera. The studio made well-known cartoons, such as \"Tom and Jerry\", \"The Huckleberry Hound Show\", \"The Flintstones\", \"The Jetsons\", and \"Scooby-Doo\", as well as the musical movie, \"Charlotte's Web."}
+{"id": "45832", "revid": "1671432", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45832", "title": "Hanna-Barbera", "text": "Hanna-Barbera is a company that made cartoon television programs and movies. It was founded in 1956. Some of these cartoons were \"Tom and Jerry\", \"Droopy\", \"Spike and Tyke\", \"Huckleberry Hound\", \"Pixie and Dixie and Mr. Jinks\", \"Hokey Wolf\", \"The Jetsons\", \"The Flintstones\", \"Scooby-Doo\", \"Yogi Bear\", \"Piggy Doggy\", \"Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids\", \"Smurfs\", \"Wacky Races\", \"Wally Gator\", and \"Peter Potamus\", and Charlotte's Web. It was started by and named after William Hanna and Joseph Barbera. In January 1992, Cartoon Network was launched. In February 2018, Hanna-Barbera studios started to produced series with Warner Bros. Animation.\nHanna-Barbera Studios has many cartoon programs on the air for over now six decades. This studio competed with Disney, Filmation, Ruby-Spears, Looney Tunes and Warner Bros. to produce cartoons."}
+{"id": "45834", "revid": "1391867", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45834", "title": "Australian English", "text": "Australian English is the English that is used in Australia.\nHistory.\nPeople from Great Britain and Ireland first came to live in the Colony of New South Wales in what is now Australia in 1788. They brought different dialects of English along with them. The different kinds of English began to mix and to change. The newcomers soon began to speak with their own distinctive accent and vocabulary.\nMore and more people came to Australia in the 19th and the 20th centuries. Many of them came looking for gold. Some came from the British Isles. Others came from non-English speaking countries. Australian English continued to grow and to change.\nAustralian English has also been influenced by American English. During World War II, many soldiers from the United States stayed in Australia. American television shows and music have been popular in Australia since the 1950s.\nAccent.\nAustralian and New Zealand English have similar accents. \nIn Australian English, the /r/ sound is dropped before a vowel. Many words sound different in other accents but the same in Australian English:\nSome Australian English vowels sound different to vowels of other kinds of English. For example, the vowel in \"day\" starts with a very open mouth, which makes the Australian \"day\" sound close to the \"die\" of most British or American people. Days of the week, however, are sometimes different, and the \"day\" can then sound like \"dee\" (usually short and sharp like the letter \"d\").\nAustralian English has some vowels that are not used in some other kinds of English. For example, the words \"bad\" and \"lad\" do not rhyme in Australia because \"bad\" has a long vowel, and \"lad\" has a short one. Also, \"cot\" does not sound like \"caught\", and \"bother\" does not rhyme with \"father\".\nAs with American English, the /t/ sound can sometimes sound like a /d/ sound, ususally between vowels: \nIn Australia, the /t/ sound, followed by the sound of \"you\", comes out sounding like \"chew\", and a /d/ sound, followed by the sound of \"you\", comes out sounding like \"Jew\". These phrases sound the same.\nAustralians pronounce \"wh\" and \"w\" the same:\nWords.\nAustralians use many words that other English-speakers do not use. The famous Australian greeting, for example, is \"G'day!\" A native forest is called \"the bush\", and deserts in Australia are called the \"outback\".\nMany words were brought to Australia from Britain and Ireland. For example, \"mate\", meaning \"friend\", is still used in Britain. Some of those words have changed in meaning. \nA few words have come from Australian Aboriginal languages, mainly names for animals, plants and places: \"dingo\" and \"kangaroo\".\nSome words have uncertain origins. For example, \"dinkum\", or \"fair dinkum\". means \"true\", \"is that true?\" or \"this is the truth\". However, nobody knows where the word is from. Some say that the word comes from Chinese, but others say that the word comes from England.\nSpelling.\nAustralian spelling is mostly the same as British spelling. In words like \"organise\" and \"realise\", \"-ise\" is the expected and taught spelling method. In words like \"colour and\" \"favourite\", \"-our\" is the norm, but there are exceptions such as the \"Labor\" Party (which was deliberately chosen on the formation of the Party to avoid confusion with the British Labour Party), \"Victor Harbor\" and \"Outer Harbor \"(geographically unique to South Australia, as opposed to placenames in other states: Boat Harbour and Coffs Harbour). \n\"Program\" and \"jail\", on the other hand, are more common than \"programme\" and \"gaol\". Other examples of preferring the American spelling are \"analog\", not \"analogue\" (in general, the \"-ue\" is dropped); \"livable\", not \"liveable\"; \"guerilla\" not \"guerrilla\"; \"verandah\", not \"veranda\"; \"burqa\", not \"burka\"; and \"pastie\", not \"pasty\". With the exception of \"spelt\", Australia follows the American usage in.words that use \"-t\" in British spelling and \"-ed\" in American spelling..\nKinds of Australian English.\nMost linguists split Australian English up into three main kinds: Broad, General, and Cultivated Australian English.\nBroad Australian English sounds very strongly Australian when compared to other kinds of English. Steve Irwin spoke Broad Australian English.\nGeneral Australian English is the middle ground. It is used by most Australians and can be heard in Australian-made films and television programs. Hugh Jackman and Nicole Kidman speak General Australian English. \nCultivated Australian English is similar to Received Pronunciation, the type of British English that is spoken by David Attenborough and other educated people. Cate Blanchett and Geoffrey Rush speak Cultivated Australian English.\nAustralian English changes from state to state but only slightly compared to the variety of British and American English accents. A mixture of Broad and General Australian English accents can be heard across southern and western Australia, abd Broad Accents are more common by themselves in places such as the Northern Territory and central Australia. Large metropolitan areas such as Melbourne, Sydney and South East Queensland share large portions of each accent. Cultivated Australian English is rare compared to the rest but can be observed in the upper and middle classes, from migrant families with recent British ties (up to a century and a half in some cases) and in performing arts communities in which pronounced English is of most benefit.\nSubtle changes on an individual level include how the letter 'a' sounds like in words like \"castle\", \"dance\", \"chance\" and \"advance\". Some use the vowel in \"calm\", but others use the vowel in \"mat\" or \"mad\". Another regional difference is the pronunciation of 'e' sounds especially followed by 'l', such as \"Melbourne\", \"helped\" and \"cellist\", with Victoria generally transposing the 'a' and 'e' vowel sounds in many words such as by pronouncing an 'e' sound in words such as \"alchemy\" or \"chalice\" but an 'a' sound in \"celery.\"\nThere are also geographical differences in the definition of words that Australians use in different parts of the country. For example, \"football\" (or \"footy\" for short) means \"rugby league\" in New South Wales, Queensland and the Australian Capital Territory but \"Australian rules football\" in everywhere else in Australia. In New South Wales, a swimming costume is called a \"cossie\" or \"swimmers\" but \"togs\" in Queensland and \"togs\" and \"bathers\" in Victoria."}
+{"id": "45835", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45835", "title": "Apples", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45836", "revid": "805501", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45836", "title": "Apple (disambiguation)", "text": "An apple is a kind of fruit. Apple may also mean:"}
+{"id": "45840", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45840", "title": "Spruce", "text": "Spruce are trees of the genus Picea, a genus of about 35 species of coniferous evergreen trees in the family Pinaceae. They live in the northern temperate and taiga regions of the Earth.\nSpruce are large trees, from 20 to 60 (\u201395) m tall when mature, and can be distinguished by their conical form and their needles, that are attached singly to the branches in a spiral fashion. The needles are shed when 4\u201310 years old.\nGrowth.\nMore than half of spruce seedling mortality occurs during the first growing season and is very high during the first winter. Seedlings get freezing damage, frost heaving and erosion, and smothered by litter and snow-pressed vegetation. \nLosses often remain high for some years. \"Establishment\" is a subjective concept based on the idea that once a seedling has successfully reached a certain size, not much is likely to prevent its further development.\nClassification.\nThere are 35 species alive in the world. The Plant List has 59 accepted spruce names. The other list is World Flora Online."}
+{"id": "45841", "revid": "1554791", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45841", "title": "Christmas tree", "text": "A Christmas tree is a tradition associated with the celebration of Christmas. It is usually an evergreen coniferous tree that is cut and brought into the home. In Europe, the tree is traditionally a Norway spruce tree.\nThe tree is decorated with Christmas lights and colourful ornaments during the days around Christmas. An angel or a star is often placed at the top of the tree. Fir trees outside the home may be decorated in a similar fashion. The custom of the Christmas tree has its origin among the Protestant peoples of Northern Europe. It is not a religious symbol. \nIn minority communities.\nThere Is an annual Christmas tree lighting party in the courtyard of the YMCA in Gaza City () in the Gaza Strip."}
+{"id": "45844", "revid": "292316", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45844", "title": "Cell division", "text": "Cell division is how a cell, called the parent cell, divides into two cells, called daughter cells. When the cell divides, everything inside it divides also. The nucleus and the chromosomes divide, and the mitochondria divide also.\nIn mitosis, an ordinary body (somatic) cell divides to make two daughter cells.\nIn meiosis, a cell divides twice, to produce four gametes (sex cells). The first division of meiosis is a special kind of cell division called a reduction division because the number of chromosomes is halved. The second division of meiosis is similar to mitosis.\nCells are the 'building blocks' of life, and cell division is a basic feature of life. For simple unicellular organisms like Amoebozoa, one cell division reproduces the entire organism. On a larger scale, cell division can create offspring from multicellular organisms, such as plants that grow from cuttings. But most importantly, cell division enables organisms that are able to sexually reproduce to develop from the one-celled fertilised egg (zygote). Cell division also allows for continual renewal and repair of the organism."}
+{"id": "45846", "revid": "487619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45846", "title": "Saparmurat Niyazov", "text": "Saparmurat Niyazov (February 19, 1940 - December 21, 2006) was the first President of Turkmenistan. He served from October 27, 1991 to December 21, 2006. Saparmurat Niyazov also called himself T\u00fcrkmenba\u015fy, which means leader of the Turkmen people. He tried to make a cult of personality, which means that he put many pictures and statues of himself around his country to make himself seem important. While he was president, Niyazov made doing many things against the law, such as growing a beard or ballet dancing. He died from a heart attack on December 21, 2006, and Gurbanguly Berdimuhammedow became the new president of Turkmenistan."}
+{"id": "45849", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45849", "title": "Spruce (disambiguation)", "text": "Spruce are trees in the genus \"Picea\". \"Spruce\" may also mean:\nPlaces:\nPeople:"}
+{"id": "45850", "revid": "17988", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45850", "title": "Temperate climate", "text": "In geography, temperate latitudes of the Earth lie between the subtropics and the polar circles. Average yearly temperatures in these regions are not extreme, not burning hot nor freezing cold. Temperate means moderate.\nUnlike in the tropics, temperatures can change greatly here, between summer and winter. So, most places with a temperate climate have four seasons: Other areas with a temperate climate can have very unpredictable weather. One day it may be sunny, the next may be rainy, and after that it may be cloudy. This is normal in summer as well as in winter. These are the main types of temperate climate:\nThe 4 seasons in the temperate zone are Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter"}
+{"id": "45851", "revid": "10188907", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45851", "title": "Lithuanian language", "text": "The Lithuanian language is a Baltic language. It is from Lithuania, spoken in a few countries in Europe, as well as in the Americas and Australia. \nLithuanian and Latvian are the only remaining Baltic languages. Both languages have much in common. Lithuanian, however, adopted fewer words and phrases from German and other languages. However, many words were adopted into Lithuanian by Slavic languages long ago, but in 1920, the Lithuanian philologist Jonas Jablonskis and others replaced them with native Lithuanian words.\nThere are two main dialects of Lithuanian. \"Samogitian\" is used mostly in West Lithuania, and the other that is widely used in the whole country is \"Auk\u0161taitian\" (Highlanders' dialect). Standard Lithuanian comes from West Auk\u0161taitian. \nThe first book written in Lithuanian is \"Katekizmas\" by Martynas Ma\u017evydas. It was published in East Prussia in 1547.\nEven though Lithuanian was written down relatively recently, it is known for being close to old Proto-European languages by keeping old traits that are found only in early languages like Vedic Sanskrit and have been lost in later languages."}
+{"id": "45852", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45852", "title": "Culture of Lithuania", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45860", "revid": "10066499", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45860", "title": "Depeche Mode", "text": "Depeche Mode are an English electronic music band formed in Basildon, Essex in 1980. The band's name was taken from French fashion magazine, \"D\u00e9p\u00eache mode\". This translates to \"fashion update\" or \"fashion news dispatch\". The band has sold over 100 million records around the world. Depeche Mode were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2020. The band has two current members: Dave Gahan and Martin Gore."}
+{"id": "45861", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45861", "title": "Gingivitis", "text": "Gingivitis is the inflammation of the gums around the teeth. Gingivitis may be caused by a buildup of plaque and tartar because the teeth have not been cleaned properly. It can also be a manifestation of a systemic disease, as in diabetes or AIDS.\nSometimes excessive brushing or flossing can wear out the gums causing gum recession.\nIf gingivitis is not treated by proper oral hygiene, it can lead to periodontitis, which is a more advanced state of gum disease, that affects the bone and is harder to treat."}
+{"id": "45865", "revid": "10225281", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45865", "title": "Taiga", "text": "The taiga or boreal forest is a large area of coniferous forests. It covers most of inland Alaska, Canada, Sweden, Finland, inland Norway, northern Kazakhstan, Russia (especially Siberia), and parts of the northern continental United States. \nIn Canada, boreal forest is the term used to refer to the southern part of those forests, and \"taiga\" is used to describe the northern areas south of the Arctic tree line that separates it from tundra. The trees are mostly pines, spruces and larches. The climate has cold winters and cool summers."}
+{"id": "45866", "revid": "1367449", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45866", "title": "Conifer", "text": "Conifers are gymnosperms. They are cone-bearing seed plants. \nAll living conifers are woody plants which are perennial. Most are trees; some are shrubs. They are the Division Pinophyta or Coniferophyta.\nLiving conifers are all in the order Pinales. Typical examples include cedars, cypresses, firs, junipers, kauris, larches, pines, redwoods, spruces, and yews.\nSpecies of conifers can be found in almost all parts of the world, and are often the most common plants in their habitats, as in the taiga. Conifers are of great economic value, and their wood is mainly used for timber and paper-making The wood of conifers is known as softwood, though yew wood is actually quite hard. The division \"Coniferae\" contains about 700 living species.\nEvolution.\nThe earliest conifers were in the late Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) period (about 300 million years ago), Pinophytes, Cycads, and Ginkgos all developed at this time. These plants live without being so dependent on water. Other adaptations are pollen (so fertilisation can occur without water) and the seed, which allows the embryo to be transported and developed elsewhere.\nConifers appear to be one of the taxa that benefited from the Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event. They were the dominant land plants of the Mesozoic era. Conifers were eventually overtaken by their descendants, the flowering plants, which first appeared in the Cretaceous. Flowering plants became dominant in the Cainozoic era.\nConifers were a main food of herbivorous dinosaurs, and their resins and poisons no doubt gave them some protection against herbivores. All the reproductive features of modern conifers had evolved by the end of the Mesozoic era."}
+{"id": "45868", "revid": "314538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45868", "title": "Binomial nomenclature", "text": "Binomial nomenclature is a way of naming and categorizing species in biology. \"Binomial nomenclature\" means \"two-part name\" or \"system of two-part names\". In this system, the name of a species is made of two parts: one indicating the genus and one indicating the species. The name of the genus is always capitalized; the name of the species is not.\nFor example, in binomial nomenclature, modern humans are called \"Homo sapiens\" because they belong to the genus \"Homo\" and the species \"sapiens\". \nHistory.\nSwedish botanist and physician Carolus Linnaeus (1707\u20131778) popularized this system. He gave a two-part name to every species he knew. This kind of naming had been used before Linnaeus by some naturalists, but after Linnaeus, it was accepted as a good method.\nLinnaeus chose Latin names: first, because it avoided competitive nationalism; second, because most educated people in his day learned Latin.\nValue of binomial nomenclature.\nThe value of the binomial nomenclature comes from several things. \nIt is universal and unique.\nBinomial nomenclature saves words because it replaces long descriptions, it is used everywhere, and the names are unique and stable. \nEveryone uses the same names.\nThe system ended the use of local common names, which was the source of much confusion. When Western science was done by just a few European countries, their common names for species were well-known. But as it happened, the common names in all countries were rather different. The same name might be used for more than one species, and several species given the same name. \nExample.\nFor example, people in North America and Europe use the word \"robin\" to refer to unrelated birds. The common name \"robin\" is not specific enough to show which type of robin the bird is.\nThe Linnaeus system avoids this confusion because everyone worldwide uses the same name for the same species. Instead of describing both species as \"robins,\" binomial nomenclature calls the American robin \"Turdus migratorius\" , and calls the European robin \"Erithacus rubecula\". This makes it clear that these are different species that do not even belong to the same genus or family.\nProblems.\nThe system has been a great success, but it does have some problems. It is not always clear what is a species and what is not. Many species are quite clear. However, sometimes biologists disagree about whether something is a single species or several species. \nLinnaeus himself noticed that species were not always distinct. Today we know something about why this is so. In practice, international committees make decisions about naming species in difficult cases.\nWhere names come from.\nThere are no rules about what a genus or a species must be named. The parts of the name may come from anywhere. Often they are Latin words which come originally from ancient Greek. This is gradually changing, and some names are now Latinized words (for example, describing a place, a person, or a name from a local language)."}
+{"id": "45869", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45869", "title": "System", "text": "A system is a group of related things that work together as a whole. These things can be real or imaginary. Systems can be man-made things like a car engine or natural things like a star system. Systems can also be concepts made by people to organize ideas. \nA subsystem is a system that is part of some larger system. For example, in computer networking, a disk subsystem is a part of a computer system.\nDefinition.\nOne of the founders of physiology, Claude Bernard, took a big step when he noticed that the internal systems of the body tend to keep things the same even if they are disturbed. He called the functions which keep system stable as homeostasis. This led towards the ideas of error-correction, feedback and regulation. These are all typical of systems which have some kind of goal and can adjust their behaviour so as to correct errors.\nExample.\nThe Solar System is an example of a system. The Solar System includes the Sun and the eight planets, as well as the moons of those planets. These and other members are linked by gravity and by their history as a planetary system.\nTypes of systems.\nThere are many kinds of systems. The key is that the elements of a system work together as a whole whilst still keeping their own identity. This is why planetary systems and body systems are good examples. They work together but have their own separate identity."}
+{"id": "45875", "revid": "440188", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45875", "title": "Valencia orange", "text": "The Valencia orange is an orange first made by the Californian agronomist William Wolfskill, on his farm in Santa Ana. The orange was later sold to the Irvine Company, who later used half of its land to grow the orange. Orange County is named after this orange because of its popularity. The Irvine Company's Valencia operation later split from the company and became Sunkist. Cultivation of the Valencia in Orange County had stopped by the mid-1990s because of rising property costs, which caused what remained of the Southern California orange industry to move to Florida. It is usually harvested between March and June. "}
+{"id": "45876", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45876", "title": "Val\u00e8ncia orange", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45877", "revid": "219700", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45877", "title": "Papaya", "text": "Papaya is a tall herbaceous plant in the genus Carica; its edible fruit is also called papaya. It is native to the tropical region of America, mainly from southern Mexico to Central America. Now these plants are grown in all tropical regions of the world.\nPapayas are plants of tropical regions and, for growth and fruit production, they need a warm climate. They cannot live with low temperatures.\nThis is now the only species in its genus. As a result of genetic research, the other species were put in three new genera.\nNames.\nThe genus \"Carica\" was given that name by Linnaeus because the leaves of these plants are like those of the common fig (\"Ficus carica\").\nThe common name comes from the Ta\u00edno word \"pap\u00e1ia\" that was changed in Spanish to papaya, the word most used worldwide, with some changes. In Australia and some countries of the Caribbean, the fruit is called \"papaw\" or \"pawpaw\" but another North American plant, \"Asimina triloba\" of the Annonaceae family has also that name.\nThe French name for the fruit is \"papaye\" and \"papayer\" for the plant. In Portuguese, the fruit is called \"mam\u00e3o\", \"papaia\" or \"ababaia\" and the tree \"mamoeiro\" or \"papaeira\". In Kerala it commonly known as Kapanga - \u0d15\u0d2a\u0d4d\u0d2a\u0d19\u0d4d\u0d19. In Spanish, there are other names besides papaya. In Cuba, it is called \"fruta bomba\" except in the eastern provinces where papaya is used. In the Dominican Republic, Los Llanos (Venezuela) and Eastern Central Colombia, the name is \"lechosa\". In Argentina and Paraguay, the fruit is called \"mam\u00f3n\".\nOther names and translations can be seen at Wiktionary.\nOverview.\nIt is a large plant, like a tree, usually without branches; it is a herbaceous plant because the stem does not have much wood and remains soft and green until its death. The single stem grows from 5 to 10 m tall with all the leaves on the top. The leaves are large, 50\u201370\u00a0cm wide.\nSome plants have perfect (with female and male organs) flowers but other plants have flowers with only one sex (female or male).\nGenerally, the fruit is oval to nearly round and, in some cases, like a big pear. Fruits are 15-50 cm long and 10\u201320\u00a0cm wide, and weigh up to 9 kg.\nThe skin of the fruit is thin and tough; it is not eaten because is too bitter. First, the skin is green but it changes to yellow in ripe fruits, ready to be eaten. In a ripe fruit, the pulp is yellow, orange, pink, and even light red. Inside the fruit, there are many small black seeds.\nUses.\nRipe papayas are eaten fresh, after taking out the skin and the seeds; sometimes, they are cut in small pieces and mixed with other fruits for a fruit salad. Papayas that are not completely ripe can be cut in pieces and cooked with sugar and eaten as dessert. In tropical regions, it is very popular to take papaya juice, after taking the skin and seeds out; this juice can be mixed with milk to make smoothies.\nGreen papayas, those that are not ripe, are eaten in some Asiatic countries in salads, curries and soups but they should be boiled before eating them. Young leaves and stems are also cooked as a vegetable. Green papaya is used in Thai cuisine, both raw and cooked.\nThe papaya is a source of iron and calcium; a good source of vitamins A, B and Riboflavin and an excellent source of vitamin C (ascorbic acid).\nThe latex (a sap like milk) from the green fruits, the leaves and the stem are rich in papain, an enzyme that breaks down tough meat fibers. Papain is a component in products (\"meat tenderizers\") sold in shops and that is used to make meat softer before cooking it.\nPapaya seeds have a peppery taste and are a great substitute for black peppercorns.\nReferences.\n7: https://www.achinhimanshujha-mylifeonweb.com/2021/09/papaya-leaves-health-benefits.html"}
+{"id": "45878", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45878", "title": "Mam\u00e3o", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45879", "revid": "1635878", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45879", "title": "Flowering plant", "text": "Flowering plants also called angiosperms or once Magnoliophyta, are plants that bear flowers and fruits. Most land plants today are flowering plants. \nTogether with the gymnosperms, they make up the seed plants. They differ from the gymnosperms in that angiosperms have flowers and enclosed ovules. Gymnosperms have naked seeds on cones or open structures. \nTypical adaptations.\nAngiosperms have a number of derived characters, which evolved as they split off from the gymnosperms.\nFlowers.\nFlowers, the reproductive organs of flowering plants, are the most remarkable feature distinguishing them from other seed plants. Flowers, with their colour and their nectar, attract pollinators, which are mostly insects and birds. In tropical lowlands, 95% of flowering plants rely on animals for pollination or the dispersal of seeds. However, one great group of angiosperms is an excepton: the grasses. The reason is not clear, but grasses dominate several of the largest land areas: North America, Asia, and in Africa. They are all wind-pollinated.\nGymnosperms have been almost entirely wind-pollinated, but all early flowers were probably insect-pollinated. Some present-day flowering plants are wind-pollinated, but that is a secondary feature.p182\nFruits.\nThe fertilized angiosperm ovule develops into a seed, and the ovary develops into the fruit. The fruit is often a way to use animals to spread the seeds far and wide. The fruit is made out of the carpel and some tissue around it. The carpel carries structures called ovules, inside which egg cells form.\nEndosperm.\nIn general, the endosperm forms after fertilization and before the first division of the zygote. Endosperm is a highly nutritive tissue and can provide food for the developing embryo, the cotyledons, and sometimes the seedling when it first appears.\nSexual parts.\nSpecialized sexual parts have led to co-evolution in fertilization and seed dispersal. The stamens and the male and female gametophytes have been adapted in many ways to suit particular pollinators. The smaller pollen grain shortens the time between pollination and fertilization, which can be up to a year in gymnosperms. The small female gametophyte also allows rapid seed production, which led to annual herbaceous life cycles.\nAdaptations in those novelties have allowed angiosperms to invade many habitats. They now dominate everywhere except the taiga, also called the boreal forest, which is still composed almost entirely of gymnosperms, usually pines.\nPhylogeny.\nMolecular evidence indicates that the ancestors of angiosperms diverged from the gymnosperms during the late Devonian, about 365 million years ago. They did not appear in the fossil record until the Mesozoic, almost 200 million years later.\nA whole genome duplication (doubling) at 160 million years ago (mya) may have started the ancestral line that led to all modern flowering plants. That event was studied by sequencing the genome of an ancient flowering plant, \"Amborella trichopoda\". \"Amborella\", found on the Pacific island of New Caledonia, belongs to a sister group of the other flowering plants. Studies suggest that it has features that may have been characteristic of the earliest flowering plants. \nThe earliest known fossil confidently identified as an angiosperm, \"Archaefructus liaoningensis\", is dated to about 125 mya in the Lower Cretaceous. Pollen probably of angiosperm origin takes the fossil record back to about 130 mya. \nThere are still some examples of Cretaceous angiosperms in Australia's Daintree Rainforest: twelve primitive angiosperms (flowering plant) families: Cunoniaceae, Proteaceae (banksia and macadamia family), Winteraceae, Myrtaceae (eucalypt and Syzygium or lilly pilly), Monimiaceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae, Aquifoliaceae (holly family), Chloranthaceae, Trimeniaceae, Epacridaceae (heath family), Olacaceae. Those families of angiosperms have the longest continuous history with the Gondwanan landmass.\nThe phylogeny of Angiosperms is as follows: \nThe territory is mostly covered by three groups: the Magnoliids, the Monocots, and the Eudicots. The Eudicots outnumber all other groups put together. However, grasses are the food of most herbivores today. Their spread in the later Miocene (23-5 mya) and the associated reduction in forests caused the extinction of most browsers and their replacement by grazers."}
+{"id": "45880", "revid": "1531228", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45880", "title": "Amanda Michalka", "text": "Amanda Joy \"AJ\" Michalka (born April 10, 1991) is an American singer and actress from Torrance, California. Her parents are Carrey Begley-Michalka and Mark Michalka. Her older sister is actress Alyson Michalka. She and her sister are in the band 78violet. She starred with her sister in the Disney movie \"Cow Belles\". She is of German-American ancestry.\nBiography.\nAmanda Michalka was born in Torrance, California in 1991. Her older sister, Alyson \"Aly\" Michalka and their parents moved to Seattle, Washington. There her parents made sure they were exposed to all varieties of music. They then moved back to Southern California, where they still live.\nCareer.\nMichalka was in a number of WORD Music Productions at her church in Southern California as a young child. Michalka plays a variety of instruments such as acoustic guitar, electric guitar, piano, and bongos. She used to be a model for catalogs. In March 2006, she made her first appearance on the Disney Channel in the Disney Channel Original Movie \"Cow Belles\", as \"Courtney Callum\", along with sister Aly, as \"Taylor Callum\". She has also made appearances on shows such as \"Oliver Beene\", \"Six Feet Under\", \"The Guardian\", and \"General Hospital\". She also appeared with her sister in the MTV movie, \"\"."}
+{"id": "45881", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45881", "title": "Angiosperm", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45882", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45882", "title": "Angiosperms", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45885", "revid": "10278860", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45885", "title": "Salmonberry", "text": "A salmonberry (\"Rubus spectabilis\") is a type of fruit. It is a bramble in the rose family Rosaceae. It is native and widespread in areas of Alaska, predominantly the southeast. It is also widespread in Washington State. They come in red and orange varieties. They fruit in early summer and are used by many to make jams, juices, and other such products. They are considered to be a weed and reproduce and spread rapidly. The berries can be eaten raw, straight from the source. They co-exist with huckleberries, blueberries, thimbleberries, and other such plants in the Tongass National Forest. This fruit is related to the rose and are native to the west coast of North America from Alaska to Idaho."}
+{"id": "45886", "revid": "1351064", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45886", "title": "Grape tomato", "text": "A grape tomato is a small, usually oblong tomato. They are similar in size to a small cherry tomato and they both have a similar taste, but the grape tomato also has the similar oblong shape of a plum tomato. The tomatoes were introduced to the United States market in 1997 by grower Andrew Chu, who got them from Taiwan's Known-You Seed Co, though the majority of the production is by a company called Procacci Brothers, who market them as \"Santa Sweets\". They are considered a difficult crop to grow, as they do not produce as heavily as many cherry tomato varieties.\nIt is believed that the tomatoes originated in Southeast Asia. They are eaten as bar snacks in some parts of Thailand."}
+{"id": "45887", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45887", "title": "Adolf von Henselt", "text": "Adolf von Henselt (born Schwabach, Bavaria, May 9 1814; died Warmbrunn (now Cieplice), Silesia, October 10 1889) was a German pianist and composer. He had piano lessons from Hummel in Weimar. When he was a young man he played in concerts all over Germany. Then he went to Russia where he was very successful and he settled there to live. He became pianist at the court of the tsar and taught the tsar\u2019s children how to play the piano.\nHenselt was known for his beautiful playing of the music of Chopin. He was very good at playing widely spaced arpeggios and could make them sound very smooth (legato) even if he was not using the pedal.\nAs a composer he is mostly remembered today for a few of his short works which are often quite sentimental, e.g. \"Fr\u00fchlingslied\" (\"Spring Song\") and \"Si oiseau j\u2019\u00e9tais\" (\"If I were a bird\")."}
+{"id": "45888", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45888", "title": "Grape Tomato", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45889", "revid": "8748338", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45889", "title": "Cherry tomato", "text": "The cherry tomato is a type of tomato that is a fruit. This type of tomato was originally developed in Israel.\nIsraeli scientists Haim Rabinowitch and Nachum Kadar from the Weizmann Institute in Rehovot bred one of the varieties of cherry tomatoes in 1973."}
+{"id": "45891", "revid": "1589884", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45891", "title": "Binary star", "text": "A binary star is two stars which orbit around each other. For each star, the other is its \"companion star\". Many stars are part of a system with two or more stars. The brighter star is called the \"primary star\", and the other is the \"secondary star\".\nBinary stars are important in astrophysics because looking at their orbits allows scientists to find out their masses. From this, scientists found the mass\u2013luminosity relationship, and used it to find the masses of single stars.\nBinary stars are not the same as line-of-sight \"optical double stars\", which look close together but are not connected by gravity. Optical double stars may actually be far apart in space, but binary stars are quite close together. The first person to discover and prove true binary stars was the Anglo-German astronomer William Herschel. He published the first catalogue of binary stars, and his son John Herschel found several thousand more and updated the catalogue. John Michell\u00a0first suggested that double stars might be physically attached to each other when he argued in 1767 that the probability that a double star was due to a chance alignment was small. William Herschel\u00a0began observing double stars in 1779 and soon after that he published catalogs of about 700 double stars.\nModern definitions.\nBy the modern definition, the term \"binary star\" is generally restricted to pairs of stars which revolve around a common centre of mass. Binary stars which can be resolved with a telescope or interferometric methods are known as \"visual binaries\". For most of the known visual binary stars one whole revolution (complete circle) has not been observed yet, they are seen to have travelled along a curved path or a partial arc.\nSome stars appear to be in orbit around empty space and appear not to have a companion. In this case, the companion star is either very small and faint, or it is a neutron star or a black hole. The best-known example of a star with an invisible companion is Cygnus X-1, in which the visible star's companion appears to be a black hole.\nThe more general term double star is used for pairs of stars which are seen to be close together in the sky. This distinction is rarely made in languages other than English. Double stars may be binary systems or may be merely two stars that appear to be close together in the sky but have vastly different true distances from the Sun. The latter are termed \"optical doubles\" or \"optical pairs\".\nVisual binaries.\nA \"visual binary\" star is one for which the separation of the two stars can be seen with a telescope. The brighter star is the \"primary\" and the fainter star is the \"secondary\". Visual binaries take a long time to orbit one another, in the area of hundreds or even thousands of years.\nSpectroscopic binaries.\nA \"spectroscopic\" binary is one in which the two stars cannot be seen separately even with a telescope. They are very close together and move around each other very quickly, over a period of a few weeks or even a few days. However, they can be seen to be two separate stars by using a spectroscope, which is able to record the Doppler change in the color of the light sent out by stars moving quickly toward or away from the Earth.\nEclipsing binaries.\nSome spectroscopic binaries have an orbit that is edge-on to Earth. When this happens, the stars will take turns passing in front of and eclipsing the partner star, in what is called an \"eclipsing binary\". In this case, the amount of light we see from the double dims slightly during the time one star is in front of the other.\nAstrometric binaries.\nAn \"astrometric binary\" is one where only one companion can be seen. For astrometric binaries fairly near the Earth (up to about 10 parsecs), it may be possible to see the visible companion \"wobble\" as it moves around its invisible companion. By making measurements over a long period of time, it may be possible to calculate the mass of the visible star and how long its orbit takes. This method is also used to detect the presence of large planets orbiting a star; as of 2007, over two hundred planets have been discovered in this way.\nSystem properties.\nMost binaries are \"detached binaries\". Except for their gravitational pull on one another, they have no effect on each other.\nSome binaries are so close to one another that one or both stars is able to pull material from the other. Contact binaries share the same stellar atmosphere, and as friction slows them over a long period, they may merge into one star. This violent event temporarily makes them shine more brightly, brighter than a nova but less bright than a supernova.\nFormation.\nThough it could be possible that binary stars may form when one star passes very close to another, it is highly unlikely (since it would actually take three stars close to one another before two could join), and would occur only in places where stars are densely packed together. Our present understanding is that almost all binaries are formed together in the dense gas clouds where stars are born.\nRunaways and novae.\nIt is possible (though not likely) that a passing star will disrupt a binary system and provide enough gravitational force to split the binary. Such separated stars go on to live lives as ordinary single stars. Sometimes, though, enough gravitational force is involved that the two companions speed away from each other at great speeds, resulting in what is known as \"runaway\" stars.\nSometimes a star is in orbit around a white dwarf star. If it is large enough and close enough to the white dwarf, the dwarf may suck gasses from its companion's atmosphere. Over a period of time, a great deal of gas may collect on the white dwarf. As this gas is compacted by the white dwarf's gravity, it will eventually undergo nuclear fusion, resulting in a very bright outburst of light, known as a \"nova\". In some cases, the white dwarf may gather so much gas that the explosion completely destroys it, in what is called a \"supernova\". Such an event may also result in runaway stars, as the larger star no longer has a heavy companion which keeps it in orbit.\nX - Ray Binaries.\nX - Ray Binaries produce great amounts of X-ray radiation. They result from a massive star eating a less massive star. The lesser star becomes a donor and its matter is drained out and falls into the more massive (but more compact) star, the accretor. This releases high energy photons, for example in the X-Ray range of wavelengths. The X-rays also come from the consumption of material on the surface of the more massive star in a process called thermonuclear burning. This can make 10 second bursts."}
+{"id": "45894", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45894", "title": "Cut", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45896", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45896", "title": "Imperial units", "text": "The Imperial units or the Imperial system is a collection of measurement units. An Act of Parliament in 1824 created it from traditional English units. The United Kingdom and Commonwealth countries (which were once part of the British Empire as British colonies) used this system from 1824 until they changed to the metric system in the second part of the 20th century. The Imperial system is very similar to the American system but there are some differences.\nIn 2019 Boris Johnson proposed changes to the law in the United Kingdom to increase the use of Imperial units. He said this would be a benefit of Brexit. In 2023 the idea was dropped when 98.7% of people said they preferred using metric units. The law was changed to permit wine to be sold in pints. \nLength.\nThe British nautical mile used to be 6080 feet. In 1970 the UK adopted the international definition of 1852 metres.\nVolume.\nThe full table of \"British apothecaries\u2019 measure\" is:\nFor a comparison to the United States customary units see the article on Comparison of the Imperial and US customary systems."}
+{"id": "45897", "revid": "7977551", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45897", "title": "Comparison of the Imperial and US customary systems", "text": "The imperial and U.S. customary systems are similar, but there are some differences between them.\nVolume.\nThe main difference is in units of volume. The American system has two gallons: a wet and a dry one. The imperial gallon is bigger than each of these. However, the imperial fluid ounce is slightly smaller than the American one.\nLength.\nThe international yard is exactly 0.9144 metres. This definition was agreed upon by the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand in 1959. However, the United States continued to use its old length units for surveying purposes. The US survey foot is exactly 1200/3937 metre.\nWeight.\nAnother difference is in units of mass. In Britain people often use the stone. One stone is 14 pounds. Eight stones are one hundredweight (112 lb). Twenty hundredweights are one ton. So one British ton is 2240 pounds. It is very close to the tonne of the metric system.\nIn the United States people do not use the stone. They usually use a hundredweight of 100 pounds. This hundredweight is also called a \"short hundredweight\". Twenty short hundredweights are one short ton. The British hundredweight is also called the \"long hundredweight\" and the Britsh ton is also called the \"long ton\"."}
+{"id": "45899", "revid": "844779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45899", "title": "Stone (unit)", "text": "The stone is a unit for measuring mass in the Imperial system. It is equal to fourteen pounds. 160 stone make up a long ton. In the metric system, 1 stone = 6.35029318 kilograms.\nThe short way of writing stones is st.\nUsage.\nThe stone was outlawed in Ireland and the United Kingdom, in 1983 and 1985 respectively. However stones and pounds are both commonly used in non-official cases, most commonly when stating the weight of a person.\u00a0Often in American-British boxing matches, the contenders \u00a0weight is stated in pounds then stones and pounds. The same in horse racing.\u00a0"}
+{"id": "45904", "revid": "8942798", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45904", "title": "Maccabi Haifa F.C.", "text": "Maccabi Haifa Football Club (, \"Moadon HaKaduregel Maccabi Haifa\") is an Israeli football team from the city of Haifa, a section of Maccabi Haifa sports club. The club has won 11 championships, five State Cups and four Toto Cups. The club was founded in 1913, and it is one of the country's most successful teams in Europe, being the first Israeli club to qualify for the group stage of the UEFA Champions League.\nHistory.\nFirst seventy years of obscurity.\nMaccabi Haifa Football Club was established in 1913 in the port city of Haifa. It was a small, struggling club that spent most of its time between the Liga Leumit and the lower leagues. \nThe club was overshadowed by their city rivals Hapoel Haifa, who were then the darling club of the city of Haifa and especially of then mayor Abba Hushi. But even in its first years the club adapted a very adventurous and offensive style of play based on technique and short passes. In 1942, the club reached the Israel State Cup final, but was humiliated 12-1 by Beitar Tel Aviv in the final, which is the club's worst defeat ever. In 1962, the club won its only honour until the 80s, when the team defeated Maccabi Tel Aviv 5-2 in the State Cup final. In 1963 they reached the final again, but failed to defend their title losing to arch-rivals Hapoel Haifa 1-0.\nMaccabi Haifa F. C. is a professional football (soccer) club in Israel. Founded in 1913, it is Israel's most successful club both domestically and in European competitions.\nClub Titles.\nLeagues Won\nCups Won\nFamous Players ever in Maccabi Haifa F.C..\nAvi Ran, \nAdoram Keisi, \nEyal Berkovic,\nYaniv Katan,\nYossi Benayoun,\nReuven Atar and\nAlon Mizrahi\nBest Club Records.\nMost Goals in season - 1993/1994\nMost Games played without losing strike - 46 Games (From Seasons 1993-1995)\nMost Away Undefeated Strike - 30\nMost Points in a Year - 96 Points\nFan Organization.\nMaccabi Haifa has three fan organizations. One of them and the biggest one, is the Green Apes, founded in 2002. Second, is Inferno Verde, which means The Green Hell, founded in 2010. Third, is Ultra Boys.\nThe Green Apes (aka: The Ultras) consist of 2,400 people, while Inferno Verde includes 100.\nSquad.\n\"As of September 1 2009\"."}
+{"id": "45907", "revid": "10209527", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45907", "title": "Tundra", "text": "In physical geography, tundra is the part of the world in which the tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons. The word comes from the Sami \"t\u016bnd\u00e2r\", which means \"uplands,\" \"tundra,\" or \"treeless mountains.\"\nThere are three types of tundra: Arctic tundra, Antarctic tundra, and alpine tundra. In all three types, the plants are mostly grass, moss, and lichens. Trees grow in some of the tundra. The boundary between the tundra and the forest is known as the tree line or timberline. The area itself encircles the Arctic Ocean of the Northern Hemisphere. The climate in a tundra biome consists of freezing cold and dryness in the winter and cold summers. The tundra ground is a barren place and is often covered with rocks.\nMost water on the tundra is permafrost permanent frozen soil. Permafrost and fierce winds prevent large trees from growing deep roots. Plants in the tundra are small and grow near the ground. Plants, called \"cushions,\" grow in tight clumps in the tundra, but lichens are the dominant plants and cover the rocks. The few trees that do grow on the tundra are dwarf willows and birch.\nThe deep and cold snow makes life in the tundra very difficult. Animal must adapt to survive. Some have thick fur that turns white during the winter. Others find places to hibernate during the winter months. Some examples of animals that live in the tundra are rodents, hares, sables, caribou, wolves, arctic foxes, bears, walruses, seals, and snowy owls."}
+{"id": "45908", "revid": "1291270", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45908", "title": "Tree line", "text": "The tree-line or timberline is the edge of the habitat at which trees can grow. Beyond the tree-line, they are unable to grow as conditions are too bad.\nThere are several types of tree lines defined in ecology and geology:\nAt the tree line, tree growth is often not clear with the last trees forming low bushes. If it is caused by wind, these are known as krummholz, from the German for 'twisted wood'.\nThe tree line, like many other natural lines (lake boundaries, for example), appears well-defined from a distance, but upon close inspection, it is not that clear. Trees grow shorter until they simply stop growing.\nTypical tree-line species.\nSome typical tree-line tree species (note the predominance of conifers):\nAlpine tree-lines.\nThe alpine tree-line at a location is dependent on local variables, such as aspect of slope, rain shadow and proximity to either geographical pole. Given this caveat, here is a list of average tree-lines from locations around the globe:\nArctic and Antarctic tree-lines.\nLike the alpine tree-lines shown above, polar tree-lines are heavily influenced by local variables such as aspect of slope and degree of shelter; trees can often grow in river valleys at latitudes where they could not grow on a more exposed site. Maritime influences such as ocean currents also play a major role in determining how far from the equator trees can grow. Here are some typical polar treelines:"}
+{"id": "45913", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45913", "title": "Lift (force)", "text": "\"\"' \nThe force of lift is the upward force that keeps an aircraft in the air. It's an aerodynamic force that's generated when a fluid, like air, flows past a solid object, like an airplane wing: \nThe most common type of lift is that of a wing of an aircraft. But there are many other common uses such as propellers on both aircraft and boats, rotors on helicopters, fan blades, sails on sailboats, and wind turbines.\nWhile the common meaning of the term \"lift\" suggests an \"upwards\" action, lift can be in any direction. For instance, for a sail the lift is horizontal, and for the wing on a race car the lift is down.\nThere are a number of ways of explaining the production of lift; some are more complicated than others, some have been shown to be false. The simplest explanation is that the wing deflects air downward, and the reaction pushes the wing up. \nOther websites.\n\"\"'"}
+{"id": "45920", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45920", "title": "Tropics", "text": "The tropics are the region of the Earth near to the equator and between the Tropic of Cancer (23.5\u00b0 N) in the northern hemisphere and the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5\u00b0 S) in the southern hemisphere. This region is also referred to as the tropical zone and the torrid zone.\nThis area includes all the areas of the Earth where the sun reaches a point directly overhead at least once a year. The word \"tropics\" comes from Greek \"tropos\" meaning \"turn\", because the apparent position of the Sun moves between the two tropics within a year.\nThe word \"Tropical\" specifically means places near the equator. The word is also sometimes used in a general sense for a tropical climate, a climate that is warm to hot and moist year-round. This includes tropical rainforests with lush vegetation. However, there are mountains in the tropics that are anything but \"tropical\" in this sense, with even alpine tundra and snow-capped peaks, including Mauna Kea, Mt. Kilimanjaro, and the Andes as far south as the northernmost parts of Chile and Argentina. Places in the tropics which are hot and dry include the Atacama Desert, Sahara Desert, Central Africa, most parts of Western Africa and Northern Australian Outback.\nSome parts of Eurasia are also in the tropical zone.\nPeople in some tropical places call their seasons \"dry\"/\"hot\" and \"rainy\"/\"wet\", especially where the seasons are made by monsoons. Tropical cyclones form in tropical ocean areas, and some move from there into the temperate zone. Tropical plants and animals are native to the tropics or the Torrid zone."}
+{"id": "45921", "revid": "114598", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45921", "title": "Mount Kilimanjaro", "text": "Kilimanjaro (or Kilimanjaro, which means \"shining mountain\" in Swahili), formerly Kaiser-Wilhelm-Spitze, is a mountain in northeastern Tanzania. Kilimanjaro is the tallest free-standing mountain rise in the world, rising 4600 meters (15,000 ft) from the base, and is the highest peak in Africa at 5,895 meters (19,340\u00a0ft) and one of Seven Summits. It gives a dramatic view from the surrounding plains. Almost 85% of the ice cover on Kilimanjaro disappeared from October 1912 to June 2011.\nKilimanjaro is also a strato-like volcano. It has explosive eruptions. The last major eruption was about 100,000 years ago. killimanjaro is 5895 meters tall.\nClimbing and acclimatization.\nThere are 6 routes up Kilimanjaro: Lemosho, Machame, Marangu, Umbwe, Rongai and Northern Circuit.\nSince there are big differences in height, climbers can feel Altitude sickness. 7-, 8- and 9-day routes are recommended (especially for beginners), as on them it will be easier to adapt to less oxygen in the air. The more time is spent being on the slope, the easier it is to acclimatize.\nFor best results, It is recommended to plan for 6 to 8 weeks of training before your Kilimanjaro trek and build your stamina and strength. Add some \u2018walks\u2019 into your gym workouts to stimulate the development of relevant muscles. Try doing one or two day walking trials in your area. It will be a good physical preparation but also a nice way to prepare yourself to the challenge.\nIt may not be a technical climb, but there are still a few Mount Kilimanjaro fatalities each year, and those heading up Africa\u2019s tallest mountain need to have a clear-eyed respect for danger. The main causes of death on Kilimanjaro are: High Altitude Illness (HAI) or Acute Mountain Sickness (AMS) High Altitude Pulmonary Edema (HAPE) High Altitude Cerebral Edema (HACE). These three are the main killers on the mountain."}
+{"id": "45922", "revid": "1260226", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45922", "title": "Tropical climate", "text": "A tropical climate is a type of climate typical in the tropics. It is a humid climate in which all twelve months have mean temperatures above 18\u00b0C (64.4 \u00b0F). Some tropical areas have rainfall throughout the year, usually in the afternoon. Others have a wet season and a dry season, for example because of monsoon. The usual tropical climate is hot, humid and wet. Cold weather effects like frost and cold weather precipitation like snow never happen in a tropical climate. One famous area of tropical climate is the Amazon rainforest, which, like most rainforests, has high biodiversity. \nDesert and semi-arid climates are classified separately.\nSome tropical areas are less wet, which makes them savannas. A few places near the equator, such as Mount Kilimanjaro, are high mountains and cold for that reason."}
+{"id": "45924", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45924", "title": "Alpine tundra", "text": "In physical geography, an alpine tundra, alpine habitat, alpine zone, or alpine biome is in the mountains. The alpine habitat is too high up for trees to grow but not so high that the snow and ice never melt. There are alpine places all over the Earth. There are tropical alpine places and arctic alpine places. Many alpine places are 3000 meters (10,000 feet) above sea level, but they can be higher or lower depending on how far from the equator and ocean they are.\nPlants.\nAlpine plants grow slowly and stay short their whole lives. There are many reasons for this:\nAlpine places are usually very windy, so the plants that live there are usually short and strong. They are also very cold and dry. This high up, there is not much carbon dioxide in the air, which also makes it harder for plants to grow. Alpine plants grow slowly. When living things die in alpine places, their bodies break apart slowly. This means that the soil in alpine places is not very good.\nTropical alpine plants can be different from alpine plants in colder places. Their bodies stop them from losing too much water. They can have wax on their leaves to hold water in. They can have hairs to block sunlight or silver color to reflect sunlight. This keeps them from photosynthesizing so fast that they lose too much water and die.\nImportant alpine plants:\nAnimals.\nThere is more ultraviolet light in alpine places than closer to sea level. Mammals can live in alpine places because they are warm-blooded. They can grow fur or fat to protect themselves from the cold. Many of them sleep in the winter. Other animals walk or climb lower down in the hills for the winter. Alpine animals usually have smaller ears, legs, and tails than other animals so they do not lose heat through them. Because there is less oxygen in alpine places, alpine animals sometimes have larger lungs and more blood cells than other animals. Few insects live in alpine places because they are so cold. Few birds live in alpine places all year, but many fly there during warm weather and fly away during the winter. Almost no amphibians or reptiles live in alpine places.\nTropical alpine animals can be different from animals in other places. Mammals tend to hide a lot and have dull colors. Because the air is so thin, birds tend to have smaller bodies and longer, wider wings than other birds.\nImportant alpine animals:\nName.\nIt is named after the mountain range the Alps, but there are alpine habitats all over the world.\nHistory.\nAlexander von Humboldt was one of the first scientists to write about alpine places. He was from Germany. In the 1800s, he went to South America and climbed the Andes mountains. He wrote papers and drew drawings about the mountains and their plants and animals. In 1889, another scientist, C. Hart Merriam, wrote about \"life zones\" that he saw in mountains in Arizona. He put plants, animals, and places in groups and saw that, the further south he looked, the higher up the place had to be to have the same kinds of plants and animals. His ideas work well in North American mountains, but they do not work well in tropical places."}
+{"id": "45925", "revid": "9707675", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45925", "title": "Fumarole", "text": "A fumarole (Latin \"fumus\", smoke) is an opening in the crust of the Earth, often in the neighborhood of dormant volcanoes, where steam and gases come out, for instance carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid, and hydrogen sulfide.\nEtymology.\nThe name solfatara (from the Italian \"solfo\", sulfur), is given to fumaroles with sulfurous gases."}
+{"id": "45926", "revid": "9463747", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45926", "title": "K\u00f6ppen climate classification", "text": "The K\u00f6ppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. It was developed by Wladimir K\u00f6ppen, a German climatologist, around 1900 (with several further modifications by himself, notably in 1918 and 1936). It is based on the concept that native vegetation is the best expression of climate, thus climate zone boundaries have been selected with vegetation distribution in mind."}
+{"id": "45927", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45927", "title": "Unkel", "text": "Unkel is a city in the district of Neuwied, Rhineland-Palatinate, in the country of Germany. It is on the Rhine River."}
+{"id": "45930", "revid": "687081", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45930", "title": "Relative", "text": "Relative can refer to:\nMath.\nTopology\nPopular culture.\nFilm and television\nLiterature\nMusic"}
+{"id": "45931", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45931", "title": "Polar circle", "text": "A polar circle is either the Arctic Circle or the Antarctic Circle. On Earth, the Arctic Circle is at a latitude of 66\u02da 33' 38\" N, and the Antarctic Circle is at a latitude of 66\u02da 33' 38\" S. Areas between each polar circle and its pole (North Pole, or South Pole) will each year have at least one 24 hour period when the sun is continuously above the horizon and at least one 24 hour period when the sun is continuously below the horizon."}
+{"id": "45932", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45932", "title": "Java (island)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45934", "revid": "1693655", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45934", "title": "Walk", "text": "Walk or walking is the way people or animals travel on their legs. It is slower than running, and only one foot is off the ground at any time. If a person goes out walking, it is said that he or she 'went for a walk'. Walking quickly or for a long time is known as a healthy exercise. People are usually taught how to walk by a parent or guardian around the age of 9-18 months."}
+{"id": "45935", "revid": "4700751", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45935", "title": "Horizon", "text": "The horizon (from Greek \"orizein\", to limit) is the line that separates earth from sky. But at many places the \"true horizon\" cannot be seen as there are trees, buildings, mountains and so forth. The line is then called \"visible horizon\". "}
+{"id": "45936", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45936", "title": "Arid", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45940", "revid": "7104", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45940", "title": "Maccabi haifa FC", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45942", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45942", "title": "Muon", "text": "The muon is an elementary particle. It has a negative electric charge and half spin. Its symbol is \"\u03bc-\". It is a type of lepton.\nThe muon has an average life time of 2.2 micro-seconds or 0.0000022 seconds.\nA muon is like an electron, but it is 200 times heavier. Unlike an electron, it decays into other particles. The superparticle of a muon is called a \"smuon.\"\nHow are muons made?\nMuons can be made in particle accelerators with energy levels above 105.7 MeV. Cosmic rays from the Sun also make muons:\nMuon decay.\nMuons are unstable elementary particles. They are heavier than electrons and neutrinos but lighter than all other particles. They decay via the weak interaction. Because the total of the lepton numbers of the starting and ending particles must be the same, one of the product neutrinos of muon decay must be a muon-type neutrino and the other an electron-type antineutrino. Because charge must be kept the same, one of the products of muon decay is always an electron of the same charge as the muon. So, all muons decay to at least an electron, and two neutrinos. Sometimes, besides these necessary products, additional other particles that have a net charge and spin of zero (e.g., a pair of photons, or an electron-positron pair), are produced.\nThe dominant muon decay mode (sometimes called the Michel decay after Louis Michel) is the simplest possible: the muon decays to an electron, an electron-antineutrino, and a muon-neutrino. Antimuons, in mirror fashion, most often decay to the corresponding antiparticles: a positron, an electron-neutrino, and a muon-antineutrino."}
+{"id": "45947", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45947", "title": "Walking", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45949", "revid": "4580", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45949", "title": "Pulmonary Embolism", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45967", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45967", "title": "Magnoliopsida", "text": "Magnoliopsida or dicotyledons is the name of a class of plants in taxonomy. They are also called dicots. It is the biggest group of flowering plants. Seedlings in this group have two seed leaves. Monocots have one seed leaf."}
+{"id": "45971", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45971", "title": "Cardiopulmonary resuscitation", "text": "Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a set of actions that should be done if a person stops breathing, or if their heart stops. The goal of CPR is to force blood and oxygen to keep flowing through the body. Every part of the body needs blood and oxygen to survive. CPR does not start a person's heart again. However, it can keep pushing blood and oxygen around the body long enough that sometimes, it can keep the body from getting damaged by not having enough oxygen.\nThere are different types of CPR. Regular people, who are not medical professionals, can do these things:\nMany medical professionals can also do these things:\nStatistics.\nTime is very important. Each minute that passes before CPR is started lowers the chance of survival by about ten percent. If CPR starts within the first three to five minutes, and a defibrillator is available, the chance of survival can be as high as 50%, or even 75% (That is: one out of two, or three out of four survive). In European countries, emergency services take about eight minutes or more to arrive, once they have been alerted. A victim's survival therefore largely depends on other people who are there and what they do. A quick call to emergency services, and a quick start of basic CPR, especially defibrillation, can double to triple the chance of survival - with adults and children."}
+{"id": "45972", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45972", "title": "CPR", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45973", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45973", "title": "Air\u00e9n", "text": "An air\u00e9n is a type of white grape used to make wine. The grape is native to Spain. It is one of the most grown types of grape worldwide.\nThe areas of Valdepe\u00f1as and La Mancha grow the most Air\u00e9n. Ciudad Real, Toledo, Albacete and Cuenca also grow large amounts. It can also be found significantly in Madrid and as far south as Montilla-Moriles."}
+{"id": "45975", "revid": "1215604", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45975", "title": "Jean Sibelius", "text": "Jean Sibelius (born H\u00e4meenlinna (Tavastehus) 8 December 1865; died J\u00e4rvenp\u00e4\u00e4, 20 September 1957) was a Finnish composer. He is one of the most famous people from Finland and one of the greatest composers of symphonies of all time. He was born at a time when Russia had a lot of power in Finland and the Finnish people were trying hard to keep their own culture and their independence. This nationalism can be heard in a lot of his music, especially some of the choral music. After 1928 he composed very little. He lived in retirement in his home in the Finnish countryside.\nHis life.\nEarly life.\nJean (pronounced the French way) was born 100\u00a0km north of the Finnish capital Helsinki. His grandfather had changed the family name from a Finnish name to the Latin-sounding \u201cSibelius\u201d. His father died during a cholera epidemic when Jean was very young. His family spoke Swedish at home, but when he was eleven he went to a Finnish-speaking school. He learned to play the violin and wanted to be a soloist. He loved reading the \"Kalevala\" which was a long epic poem about the old Finnish legends. He also loved the Swedish-speaking poets who wrote poems about nature.\nIn 1885, he went to Helsinki to study law but he soon gave up law and concentrated on his violin studies and composition. He went to Berlin to continue his music studies. He became good friends with the pianist and composer Ferruccio Busoni and went with him to Leipzig. At this time he had mainly written chamber music. In Vienna he had lessons from Karl Goldmark and heard lots of orchestral music. He spent a lot of his money, much of it on drink which was to be a big problem for him for many years.\nEarly success.\nHe went back to Finland in 1891. He earned money by teaching. He wrote a big work for orchestra and singers called \"Kullervo \". The words were in Finnish, the story was from the poem \"Kalevala\". This work made him famous.\nIn 1892, he married Aino J\u00e4rnefelt. Her father was a general and very keen on the Finnish language. The Finnish were trying more and more at this time to be free of rule by Russia. Sibelius wrote more patriotic music during the 1890s e.g. the tone poem \"En Saga\" and the \"Lemmink\u00e4inen\" legends which include the popular \"The Swan of Tuonela\". His patriotic tone poem \"Finlandia\" is still very popular today. His music at this time was influenced by Wagner and Tchaikovsky. He also heard Finnish folk melodies and, although he does not use them directly in his music, they became part of his musical language. In 1897 he was given a state pension which helped him financially although for many years he was still very often short of money because he had expensive tastes.\nMature years.\nBetween 1899 and 1924 Sibelius composed the 7 symphonies which made him famous worldwide. His friend, the conductor Kajanus, conducted Sibelius\u2019s works when he took the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra on tour around Europe. His wife was becoming worried about how much alcohol he was drinking in Helsinki, so 1903 she persuaded him to move the family to a place called Ainola in the Finnish countryside. They had a house built in J\u00e4rvenp\u00e4\u00e4. Apart from a few short periods in Helsinki he spent the rest of his life there. The first works he wrote there were his \"Symphony no 2\" and the \"Violin Concerto \". He became seriously ill in 1908 and for several years he had to stop smoking cigars and drinking alcohol. He continued to travel and visited England several times and the United States in 1914 where he was very popular. After the war he continued to write more symphonies as well as some short, light pieces. The last great work that he wrote was the tone-poem \"Tapiola\" in 1926. He tried to write another symphony (no 8) but gave up and destroyed it. He never wrote any more music. He continued to live in retirement in his house in the Finnish country for another 30 years. He died of a brain hemorrhage at the age of 91. The house is now a Sibelius museum.\nFamily life.\nSibelius's wife Aino came from a highly respectable family. Although her father was a general in the army, there was a very great interest in culture in the J\u00e4rnefeld family which included musicians, painters and poets. Jean fell in love with Aino on his first visit to her home. Aino was to be a faithful wife to him all his life, although she suffered a lot of hardship due to his drinking problems and his debts. They had five daughters.\nHis works.\nSibelius is best known for his symphonies and tone-poems. His symphonies are very different from one another, none can be described as being \u201ctypical\u201d of his style. The early symphonies are Romantic in character, in the later symphonies he tries out lots of new ideas and sounds. His \"Violin Concerto\" is played by all the great violinists. Sibelius wrote lots of songs for voice and piano. These are mostly settings of Swedish poems. He also wrote many choral works, mostly in Finnish. These vocal works are not so well known outside Finland because the language is not familiar abroad, but there are some very good songs, especially \"Luonnotar\". Besides his important works he also wrote many short works in order to earn enough money to live. These include songs as well as many short piano pieces.\nSibelius's music today is extremely popular. His music has also been an influence on recent composers."}
+{"id": "45977", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45977", "title": "Schutzstaffel", "text": "The Schutzstaffel, Elite Guard or Protection Squadron ( better known as the SS was a large security and military organization controlled by the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazi Party) in Germany. \"SS\" was sometimes written in Runic as , and this symbol was put on the SS flag and insignia. It was formed in 1925 in Weimar Germany or better known as the Weimar Republic . In 1934 the SS became powerful after the execution of the head of the Sturmabteilung (SA) leader Ernst R\u00f6hm in Night of the Long Knives .\nThe SS played a major part in The Holocaust. For example, they ran the Nazi labour camps and death camps, where they killed millions of people. After World War II, judges at the Nuremberg Trials ruled that the SS was an illegal criminal organization. The judges also said that the SS was the organization that had done most of the Holocaust.\nThe SS is created.\nThe SS was created in the 1925 to guard Nazi leader Adolf Hitler. (\"Schutzstaffel\" means \"Protection Squadron\" in German).pp.\u00a026\u201329 From 1929 to 1945, Heinrich Himmler led the SS. During that time, the SS grew from a small paramilitary unit to one of the largest and most powerful organizations in Nazi Germany.p.\u00a047\nThe Nazis saw the SS as a special unit, like the Praetorian Guard (which used to guard Roman emperors). To be chosen for the SS, a person had to be racially \"pure\". This meant they had to prove that all their ancestors were \"Aryan\". They also had to be completely loyal to the Nazi party. They could never ask questions or disagree with anything the SS did.\nParts of the SS.\nThe SS had two different parts. The \"Allgemeine-SS\" (\"General SS\") were the Nazis' police. The \"Waffen-SS\" (\"Armed SS\") were special units of soldiers in Nazi Germany's military. The Waffen-SS became known for fierce fighting and brutality against civilians and prisoners of war. Its units helped crush the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, where Polish Jews tried to fight back against the Nazis. Waffen-SS units also killed many American prisoners of war during the Battle of the Bulge in 1944.\nThe SS was militaristic but not military. It had its own rank system, insignia, and uniforms. This made the SS different from the German military, the Nazi party, and people who worked in the German government.\nThe SS gains power.\nAs the Nazi party gained more and more power in Germany, it gave control of more important jobs (like law enforcement) to the SS. Many SS organizations became as powerful as parts of the government. The Nazi party decided that to help it keep its power, it needed to give the SS two even more important jobs. One of these was to create and run the Sicherheitsdienst (\"SD\"), the Nazi security and intelligence service. The other was to control the \"Geheime Staatspolizei\" (\"Gestapo\"): the SS secret police. Because it was in charge of so many important things, the SS could do almost anything it wanted.\nRole in the Holocaust.\nAs the SS's leader, Heinrich Himmler used the SS to put the Final Solution into action. The SS Einsatzgruppen murdered many civilians, mostly Jews, in the countries controlled by Nazi Germany during World War II. The SS was in charge of creating and running labour camps and death camps (camps where people were sent to be killed). In these camps, millions of prisoners died from many causes, including murder, starvation, disease, freezing to death, and being experimented on by Nazi doctors like Josef Mengele.\nAfter the war.\nAfter the war, the judges at the Nuremberg Trials decided the SS was a criminal organization (a group that was created only to commit crimes). They ruled that the SS had committed war crimes and crimes against humanity. They also said that the SS was the organization that had carried out most of the Holocaust."}
+{"id": "45978", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45978", "title": "SS", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45979", "revid": "1260226", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45979", "title": "Logarithm", "text": "Logarithms or logs are a part of mathematics. They are related to exponential functions. A logarithm tells what exponent (or power) is needed to make a certain number, so logarithms are one of the inverse operations of exponentiation (the other one being roots). Historically, they were useful in multiplying or dividing large numbers.\nAn example of a logarithm is formula_1. In this logarithm, the base is 2, the power is 8 and the answer is 3. In this case, the exponentiation function would be:\nformula_2\nThe most common types of logarithms are common logarithms, where the base is 10, binary logarithms, where the base is 2, and natural logarithms, where the base is formula_3\u00a0formula_4.\nHistory.\nLogarithms were first used in India in the 2nd century BCE. The first to use logarithms in modern times was the German mathematician Michael Stifel (around 14871567). In 1544, he wrote down the following equations: formula_5 and formula_6. This is the basis for understanding logarithms. For Stifel, formula_7 and formula_8 had to be whole numbers. John Napier (1550\u20131617) did not want this restriction, and wanted a range for the exponents.\nAccording to Napier, logarithms express ratios: formula_9 has the same ratio to formula_10, as formula_11 to formula_12 if the difference of their logarithms matches. Mathematically: formula_13. At first, base formula_3 was used (even though the number had not been named yet). Henry Briggs proposed to use 10 as a base for logarithms, as such logarithms are very useful in astronomy.\nRelationship with exponential functions.\nA logarithm tells what exponent is needed to make a certain number, so logarithms are one of the inverse operations of exponentiation.\nJust as an exponential function has three parts, a logarithm has three parts as well: a base, a power (also called exponent) and an argument (sometimes called the answer).\nThe following is an example of an exponential function: \nIn this function, the base is 2, the power is 3 and the answer is 8.\nThis exponential equation has an inverse, its logarithmic equation:\nIn this equation, the base is 2, the power is 3 and the answer is 8.\nDifference to roots.\nAddition has one inverse operation: subtraction. Also, multiplication has one inverse operation: division. However, exponentiation actually has \"two\" inverse operations: the root and the logarithm. The reason why this is the case has to do with the fact that exponentiation is not commutative.\nThe following example illustrates this:\nThis is because formula_34 usually is not the same as formula_35 (for example, formula_36 but formula_37).\nUses.\nLogarithms can make multiplication and division of large numbers easier, because adding logarithms is the same as multiplying, and subtracting logarithms is the same as dividing.\nBefore calculators became popular and common, people used logarithm tables in books to multiply and divide. The same information in a logarithm table was available on a slide rule, a tool with logarithms written on it.\nAside from computations, logarithm also has many other real-life applications:\nCommon logarithms.\nBase 10 Logarithms are called common logarithms. They are usually written without the base. For example:\nThis is true because:\nNatural logarithms.\nLogarithms to base formula_3 are called natural logarithms. The number formula_3 is nearly 2.71828, and is also called the Eulerian constant after the mathematician Leonhard Euler.\nThe natural logarithms can take the symbols formula_44 or, more commonly, formula_45. Some authors prefer the use of natural logarithms as formula_46, (and usually mention it on preface pages). There is no single standard of what \"formula_46\" means, so it is important to see how each author defines it.\nProperties of logarithms.\nLogarithms have many properties. For example:\nProperties from the definition of a logarithm.\nThis property is straight from the definition of a logarithm:\nFor example\nThe logarithm to base formula_10 of a number formula_9, is the same as the logarithm of formula_9 divided by the logarithm of formula_10. That is,\nFor example, let formula_9 be 6 and formula_10 be 2. With calculators we can show that this is true (or at least very close):\nThe results above had a small error, but this was due to the rounding of numbers.\nSince it is hard to picture the natural logarithm, we find that, in terms of a base ten logarithm:\nOperations within logarithm powers.\nLogarithms which multiply inside their power can be changed as follows:\nFor example,\nSimilarly, logarithm which divides inside the argument can be turned into a difference of logarithm (because it is the \"inverse operation\" of multiplication):\nLogarithm tables, slide rules, and historical applications.\nBefore electronic computers, logarithms were used every day by scientists. Logarithms helped scientists and engineers in many fields such as astronomy.\nBefore computers, the \"table of logarithms\" was an important tool. In 1617, Henry Briggs printed the first logarithm table. This was soon after Napier's basic invention. Later, people made tables with better scope and precision. These tables listed the values of formula_67 and formula_68 for any number formula_32 in a certain range, at a certain precision, for a certain base formula_10 (usually formula_71). For example, Briggs' first table contained the common logarithms of all integers in the range 1\u20131000, with a precision of 8 digits. \nSince the function formula_72 is the inverse function of formula_67, it has been called the antilogarithm. People used these tables to multiply and divide numbers. For example, a user looked up the logarithm in the table for each of two positive numbers. Adding the numbers from the table would give the logarithm of the product. The antilogarithm feature of the table would then find the product based on its logarithm.\nFor manual calculations that need precision, performing the lookups of the two logarithms, calculating their sum or difference, and looking up the antilogarithm is much faster than performing the multiplication by earlier ways.\nMany logarithm tables give logarithms by separately providing the characteristic and mantissa of formula_32, that is to say, the integer part and the fractional part of formula_75. The characteristic of formula_76 is one plus the characteristic of formula_32, and their significands are the same. This extends the scope of logarithm tables: given a table listing formula_78 for all integers formula_32 ranging from 1 to 1000, the logarithm of 3542 is approximated by\nAnother critical application was the slide rule, a pair of logarithmically divided scales used for calculation, as illustrated here:\nNumbers are marked on sliding scales at distances proportional to the differences between their logarithms. Sliding the upper scale appropriately amounts to mechanically adding logarithms. For example, adding the distance from 1 to 2 on the lower scale to the distance from 1 to 3 on the upper scale yields a product of 6, which is read off at the lower part. Many engineers and scientists used slide rules until the 1970s. Scientists can work faster using a slide rule than using a logarithm table."}
+{"id": "45980", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45980", "title": "William Penn", "text": "William Penn (14 October 1644-30 July 1718) was an English colonial leader. He was very wealthy and owned slaves who he forced to work on his plantation. He was given what would become the US state of Pennsylvania by King Charles II as a debt to his father. Penn was a member of the Religious Society of Friends, who are known as Quakers.\nPenn and his wife were made honorary United States citizens in 1984 by US President Ronald Reagan. He was friends with George Fox. "}
+{"id": "45981", "revid": "10469671", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45981", "title": "Babe Ruth", "text": "George Herman \"Babe\" Ruth, Jr. (February 6, 1895 \u2013 August 16, 1948) was a famous baseball player during the 1910s, 1920s and 1930s in Major League Baseball. He played with the Boston Red Sox, New York Yankees, and the Boston Braves, and hit 714 home runs in his career. Only two players, Hank Aaron and Barry Bonds, have hit more. At the beginning of his career, he was a pitcher. He is widely considered the greatest baseball player of all time.\nNicknames.\nBabe Ruth has been called by many nicknames. Some of the most common are: \"The Great Bambino\", \"The Sultan of Swat\", \"The Colossus of Clout\", \"The Titan of Terror\", and \"The King of Crash\". While attending St. Mary's Industrial School for Boys, he was sometimes referred to by the racial epithet \"Niggerlips\" as he had large facial features and was darker than most boys at the all-white reformatory.\nEarly career.\nRuth learned to play baseball while growing up in Baltimore, Maryland.His first Major League Baseball (MLB) team was the Boston Red Sox. Ruth began playing as a pitcher. He had some of the best pitching statistics in baseball. The Red Sox won the World Series in 1915, 1916, and 1918.\nAt that time, there was no designated hitter rule in the American League, where the Red Sox played, so Ruth got chances to hit as a pitcher. The team realized that he was also good at hitting. In 1918, Ruth began hitting more and pitching less. Later in his career, he became an outfielder.\nRuth was becoming a star player. However, by 1919, Red Sox owner Harry Frazee was having problems with money. In 1920, the Red Sox sold Ruth to the New York Yankees for cash. Even though the Red Sox had won several World Series in the years before this, they would not win another one until 2004. Many baseball fans believed that the Red Sox had become \"cursed\" by trading Ruth, and called this the \"Curse of the Bambino\". (When the Red Sox finally did win a World Series in 2004, they beat the Yankees in the American League Championship to get there.)\nAfter the trade.\nRuth spent most of the rest of his career with the Yankees, where he became one of the most famous players in baseball history. Ruth helped the Yankees win World Series championships in 1923, 1927, 1928, and 1932. He left the Yankees after the 1934 season and played one last season with the Boston Braves in 1935.\nIn 1927, Ruth hit 60 home runs, which was then a record for the most home runs in one season. The record was broken by Roger Maris in 1961 with 61 home runs.\nDeath.\nBabe Ruth died on August 16, 1948, from a type of throat cancer. He underwent hormone therapy and surgery in an attempt to treat his cancer. He was also one of the first cancer patients to receive sequential radiation and chemotherapy treatment. \nHonors.\nIn November 2018, Ruth posthumously received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Donald Trump.\nCareer batting statistics.\nHe also had a .474 career on-base percentage, which is second all-time to Ted Williams' .482."}
+{"id": "45983", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45983", "title": "Korn", "text": "Korn (sometimes written as Ko\u042fn to fit their logo) is an American Grammy Award-winning nu metal and alternative metal band from Bakersfield, California.\nThe band was first called 'Creep' and had another singer.\nPeople often say they created the nu metal genre. Along with other bands of the time, they were influences for a wave of nu metal, alternative metal and rap metal bands through the mid 1990s and early 2000s, helping Limp Bizkit (who were discovered by Korn themselves) and Slipknot more than other bands. Despite this, Korn have been quoted for disliking the term and even being called 'metal'. Jonathan Davis has said that Korn's music can not be classified and that it contains many other influences besides simply 'metal'. The official review on the iTunes Store for their first album goes as far as saying that Korn \"hate the term\".\nTheir first album was first sold in 1994 and also called KoRn. Since then, Korn has sold over 35 million records worldwide - including 16,5 millions in the U.S., making them one of the best-selling metal acts of the last twelve years. The band's catalogue consists of seven platinum studio albums in a row, one platinum compilation album, and seven consecutive debuts (including \"Greatest Hits, Volume 1\" compilation album) in top 10 of Billboard Top 200 best selling albums. Korn has been selected for 6 Grammys, and won 2 such awards. 8 of their albums have been awarded as multi-platinum, despite only part of them being on Billboard.\nBand members.\nTimeline"}
+{"id": "45985", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45985", "title": "Aspirin", "text": "Aspirin (also known as acetylsalicylic acid) is a drug. It is most commonly used as a painkiller and to treat headaches, toothache, and period pain. It is also used to reduce fever, flu-like symptoms or colds, and inflammation. It usually starts working 20-30 minutes after taking it. \nIt has an anti-platelet effect, which means it reduces the number of platelets in the blood, which in turn reduces blood clotting. Because of this, it is used to treat heart attacks. Low-dose aspirin is sometimes prescribed to people who are at a greater risk of heart attacks or stroke\nAspirin is one of the most-used medical drugs in the world and is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines\nHumans (children) under 16 (used to be 12 and then 14) can develop Reye's syndrome from using aspirin. This causes the liver to become fatty and not work properly. The brain may also become enlarged. Reye's syndrome can be fatal or lead to permanent brain damage, but most children survive with treatment.\nThere are possible side-effects to this drug. For example, large amounts can damage the kidneys.\nPeople with lung, kidney disease, gout, hyperuricemia (high amounts of uric acid in the blood), hemophilia, diabetes, or high blood pressure should not take aspirin except on the advice of a qualified medical professional. People who are allergic to aspirin, or to ibuprofen or naproxen should not take aspirin. People with asthma, where attacks are brought about by aspirin, should avoid using any anti-inflammatory drugs based on it.\nAspirin was invented in Germany in 1897. Bayer has a trademark on the brand name \"aspirin\" in 80 countries. But in other countries, \"aspirin\" is the common name for the drug."}
+{"id": "45986", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45986", "title": "Acetylsalicylic acid", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45992", "revid": "6612175", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45992", "title": "V\u00edctor Jara", "text": "V\u00edctor Jara (September 28, 1932- September 15, 1973) was a singer from Chile, South America. \nHe was born into a family of very poor peasants but through a lot of hard work and effort was able to enter the University of Chile - something very unusual in a poor country like Chile. In this manner he was able to escape the poverty of his parents. \nAt University he studied dramatic arts or acting; he taught and directed theatre productions. During this time he met and married Joan Turner, a British ballet dancer and choreographer who worked in Chile. \nLater V\u00edctor Jara started to write and sing songs. He began to sing songs about the life of humble and poor people in his country: peasants, factory workers, miners, abandoned children, poor women. He also dedicated music albums to people who live in the shanty towns. \nV\u00edctor Jara tried to use his music to bring awareness about the inequality between the richest and the poorest people in society. How poor folk have a hard time acquiring the most basic things, such as food, health care, education, and housing. He also supported politicians who called for a fairer distribution of wealth to end poverty. \nIn 1973 V\u00edctor Jara was killed by a military dictatorship led by General Augusto Pinochet for singing songs about social problems and social injustice. The U.S. government of Richard Nixon supported the military regime."}
+{"id": "45995", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45995", "title": "Ubuntu (Linux distribution)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "45997", "revid": "1695721", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45997", "title": "WWE", "text": "World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), is a big company that produces professional wrestling shows. It is now the most popular company in the wrestling business. Vince J. McMahon started the company in 1963. His son, Vince K. McMahon was the Executive Chairman of the company and ran the company from 1982 until Feburary 2024, when he stepped down after a lawsuit. Currently the CEO is Ari Emanuel, and the president is Nick Khan. Vince's son-in-law Paul Levesque, better known as Triple H, acts as the chief content officer. The company is owned by TKO Group Holdings.\nThe company used to be known as the World Wrestling Federation or the WWF. They changed their name to World Wrestling Entertainment after a lawsuit filed by the World Wide Fund for Nature, formerly known as the World Wildlife Fund, which uses the \"WWF\" initials in the United States. In 2011, the company rebranded itself as WWE, although its legal name is still World Wrestling Entertainment.\nOn April 3, 2023, the WWE and Endeavor agreed that the WWE and Zuffa (Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC's parent company) would merge to create TKO Group Holdings and would be going public on the New York Stock Exchange. The WWE and UFC will stay two seperate products even though their company is now merged. The merger was made official on September 12, 2023.\nChampionships and accomplishments.\nAt the top of WWE's championship hierarchy is the Undisputed WWE Championship on \"SmackDown\" and the World Heavyweight Championship on \"Raw\". There are two world championships available for female wrestlers: the WWE Women's Championship on SmackDown and the Women's World Championship on Raw. There are three tag team championships: the World Tag Team Championship on \"Raw\", the WWE Tag Team Championship on SmackDown for the men and the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship. There are four secondary titles in WWE: \"Raw\" has the WWE Intercontinental Championship and the WWE Women's Intercontinental Championship, while \"SmackDown\" has the WWE United States Championship and the WWE Women's United States Championship.\nWWE's developmental brand \"NXT\" features its own set of championships. There is the NXT Championship, the NXT Women's Championship, the NXT Tag Team Championship, the NXT North American Championship, the NXT Women's North American Championship and the NXT Heritage Cup."}
+{"id": "45999", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=45999", "title": "Scutellosaurus", "text": "Scutellosaurus was a small bipedal herbivorous dinosaur from the Lower Jurassic period, 200\u2013196 million years ago. It was about a metre long.\nIts back was armoured, and it is placed in the Thyreophora with the other armoured dinosaurs. It was one of the earliest members of this group, and the most basal (primitive) form so far known. Its closest relatives may have been \"Emausaurus\" and \"Scelidosaurus\". These, and the larger armoured dinosaurs \"Ankylosaurus\", \"Stegosaurus\" and \"Huayangosaurus\", were all quadrupedal. The lightly built bipedal \"Scutellosaurus\" is similar in form to the ancestral dinosaurs, which were bipedal.\nDescription.\n\"Scutellosaurus\" was around long, tall at the hips, and weighed . The fossil evidence includes two partial skeletons recovered from Arizona, although of the skull only the lower jaw has been recovered. There were also several hundred scutes running along its neck to its back and as far down as its tail. Some of these shields were flat, while others were pitted. It had an unusually long tail, possibly a counterbalance to the weight of the armoured body, and long arms that suggest it may have browsed on all fours."}
+{"id": "46004", "revid": "10488787", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46004", "title": "London Eye", "text": "The London Eye is a Ferris wheel. It is also known as the Millennium Wheel and is one of the largest observation wheels in the world. The London Eye is at the western end of Jubilee Garden, on the South Bank of the river Thames, between Westminster Bridge and Hungerford Bridge.\nThe Eye was opened in 2000. It is high. At the time it was built, in 1999, it was the tallest giant wheel in the world, and at present it is Europe's tallest Ferris wheel. It offered the highest public viewing point in London. The observation deck on the 72nd floor of The Shard is now the highest public view of London. \nIt is the most popular paid tourist attraction in the United Kingdom: there are over 2.2 million visitors annually, and the Eye has made many appearances in popular culture.\nThe London Eye was overtaken in height by the Star of Nanchang, which is high. On 11 February 2008, the Singapore Flyer overtook the Star of Nanchang with . In 2018-19 a plan for a taller observation wheel named the Whey Aye was proposed for Newcastle upon Tyne "}
+{"id": "46007", "revid": "1570152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46007", "title": "Finlandia", "text": "Finlandia is a symphonic poem by the Finnish composer Jean Sibelius. He wrote it in 1899 and made some changes to it the next year. \"Finlandia\" is the Latin name for Finland. At the time Sibelius wrote it, Finland was called the \"Grand Duchy of Finland\". This was because it was being ruled by Russia. The Finnish people wanted to rule Finland for themselves. The music was composed for a pageant to encourage the Finnish people to work for freedom.\nThe music of \"Finlandia\" is exciting and dramatic. It sounds like the Finnish people struggling to be free. Towards the end the music becomes calm and a lovely tune is played. It is a hymn tune which became known as \"Finlandia\". Many years later Sibelius set some words to this hymn and it is often sung as a separate piece by a choir. The words were written by Veikko Antero Koskenniemi. It has become Finland's best known song and almost feels like a second Finnish national anthem. It is often sung as a hymn in Christian churches to the words \"Be still, my soul: the Lord is on your side\". The tune was also used as the national anthem of the short-lived African country Biafra."}
+{"id": "46011", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46011", "title": "Transpiration", "text": "Transpiration is the evaporation of water from plants, especially leaves. It is a type of translocation and part of the water cycle. The amount of water lost by a plant depends on its size, the light intensity, temperature, humidity, wind speed, and soil water supply. The process of Transpiration helps in regulating temperature in the plant. \nTranspiration was first worked out by Stephen Hales (17 September 1677 \u2013 4 January 1761), an English clergyman. He proved what is still believed, that the evaporation of water molecules from leaves is the main force pulling the water column up from its origin in the roots.\nHow transpiration works.\nLeaf surfaces are dotted with openings called stomata, which act rather like pores. In most plants there are more on the undersides of the leaves than on the top. The stomata are bordered by guard cells that open and close the pore. Transpiration happens when the guard cells open the stomata. This lets oxygen and water vapour flow out, and carbon dioxide flow in. The carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis, and the oxygen is produced by photosynthesis.\nTranspiration also pulls water through the plant. This brings with it the mineral nutrients from roots to shoots. Water moves out of the leaves into the atmosphere. This exerts a pull on the water column, which brings the water up against gravity. Water gets into the plant at the roots by osmosis, and it transports dissolved mineral nutrients to the upper parts of the plant through the xylem. A fully grown tree may lose hundreds of gallons (thousands of liters) of water through its leaves on a hot, dry day. About 90% of the water that enters a plant's roots is used for this process; most of the rest is used in photosynthesis.\nDesert plants and conifers have adaptations which reduce water loss. Examples are: thick cuticles, reduced leaf areas, sunken stomata and hairs. All these reduce transpiration and conserve water. Many cacti do photosynthesis in succulent stems, rather than leaves. The surface area of even a fat stem is far less that the total surface of leaves in a tree. Also, stomata of desert plants are usually closed during the day and open at night, when transpiration is lower."}
+{"id": "46012", "revid": "1535598", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46012", "title": "Stomata", "text": "In botany, a stoma (plural = \"stomata\") is a tiny opening or pore. It is found on plant leaves and stems, and any other green parts of the plant. It is used for gas exchange. Stomata are mostly found on the \"under-surface\" of plant leaves. all plants have stomata.\nStomata have two main functions. First is gaseous exchange i.e. intake of carbon dioxide and release of oxygen. The second is the process of transpiration in plants.\nAir enters the plant through these openings. The carbon dioxide is used in photosynthesis, which also produces oxygen. The plant uses some of the oxygen but the rest is waste that exits through these same openings. Also, water vapor goes into the atmosphere through these pores in transpiration.\nThe pore is formed by a pair of cells known as guard cells. These adjust the size of the opening by opening or closing. To open a guard cell, protons (hydrogen ions, H+) are pumped into the guard cells. Water enters into them, the cells gets filled, and they open."}
+{"id": "46013", "revid": "5653", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46013", "title": "High School", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46016", "revid": "9563340", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46016", "title": "Leopold Mozart", "text": "Johann Georg Leopold Mozart (November 14, 1719 \u2013 May 28, 1787; pronounced MOHT-sart) was a composer, music teacher and violinist. He was the father and teacher of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart.\nHe was born in\u00a0Augsburg, son of\u00a0Johann Georg Mozart\u00a0(1679\u20131736), a\u00a0bookbinder, and his second wife Anna Maria Sulzer (1696\u20131766)."}
+{"id": "46017", "revid": "5653", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46017", "title": "Factories", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46018", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46018", "title": "Famine", "text": "Famine is a situation where most people do not have enough food to eat. Without food, the human body grows weaker and weaker until the person becomes very sick or dies (see malnutrition). In poor countries with much subsistence farming such as in parts of Africa and Latin America, famine can be common."}
+{"id": "46019", "revid": "5653", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46019", "title": "Dies", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46020", "revid": "5653", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46020", "title": "Street vendor", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46021", "revid": "1058234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46021", "title": "Frequency modulation", "text": " \nIn telecommunications and signal processing, frequency modulation transmits information over a carrier wave by varying the frequency. This technique is different from amplitude modulation which varies the amplitude, but keeps the frequency constant. This kind of modulation is used in broadcasting and other radio work.\nIn the context of broadcasting, Frequency modulation is often shortened to FM. When transmitting analogue sound, the sound quality of FM signals is better than that of amplitude modulation (AM) signals. However, FM signals do not travel as far as AM beause they use higher frequencies that do not bounce off the Kennelly\u2013Heaviside layer.\nMany radio stations send out both kinds of signals. AM may be used for talk shows, and FM for music. FM broadcasting usually includes a difference signal, which can cause two different speakers at home to create different sounds. This creates stereo sound."}
+{"id": "46024", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46024", "title": "Monty Hall problem", "text": "The Monty Hall problem is a famous paradoxical problem in probability (chance). The problem is based on a television game show from the United States, \"Let's Make a Deal\". It is named for this show's host, Monty Hall.\nIn the problem, there are three doors. A car (prize of high value) is behind one door and goats (booby prizes of low value) are behind the other two doors. First, the player chooses a door but does not open it. Then the host opens a different door. The host knows what is behind every door, and always chooses a door with a goat behind it. (If there are goats behind both other doors, one is chosen at random.) Last, the player chooses whether to keep what is behind the original door or to change to the remaining door (the one the host did not open).\nThe rules of the problem are that the host has to open a door with a goat behind it and the player has the opportunity to switch. The question is whether changing choices increases the chances of getting the car.\nMost people feel that the car is equally likely to be behind either of the two doors that are still closed, so that changing doors does not affect the chance of getting the car. The true answer is that changing choices increases the chances of getting the car from 1/3 (one out of three) to 2/3 (two out of three).\nThat 2/3 (two out of three) chance comes from the fact in the initial door choice, the player has a 1/3 (one out of three) chance of picking the door with the car. There is a 2/3 (two out of three) chance if the car is behind one of the other two doors. If the player could switch from their one door to the other two doors this would improve their chances. The fact that the host reveals that one of the other doors contains a goat does not change this probability. The player is still effectively swapping their one door for the other two (even though one of them has been opened).\nThese are the options:\n1. (Lose) : If the player picks the car, then the host will show a goat. Then if the player changes their choice, they will get a goat.\n2. (Win) : If the player picks a goat, then the host will show the other goat. Then if the player changes their choice, they will get a car.\n3. (Win) : If the player picks the other goat, then the host will show the first goat. Then if the player changes their choice, they will get a car.\nSo, it is true that if the player changes (switches) then the player will win a car two times out of three."}
+{"id": "46027", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46027", "title": "Emergency telephone number", "text": "An emergency telephone number is a telephone number that can be used to quickly contact emergency services for assistance. Emergency services usually include police, medical, or firefighting public services. Many countries' public telephone networks have a single emergency telephone number, sometimes known as the universal emergency telephone number or the emergency services number. Most emergency service numbers are 3 digits long so that they can be dialed quickly and remembered easily. Some countries have a different emergency number for each of the different emergency services and are different only by the last digit. \nThere is little or no data protection, when emegency services are called: Usually, the call is recorded. The number is visible to the people taking the call. In the case of a call from a mobile phone, the phone also sends its current location if it has this information. There are systems such as e-call, which alert emergency services automatically. \nVariations.\nIn Europe, the telephone number for emergency services is 1-1-2. In North America, the number for emergency services is 9-1-1. It can be dialed from any phone connected to a network, as a cellular service plan isn't required or charged for emergency calls. Some countries, such as Israel, maintains separate but consecutive numbers for police, fire, and medical services. When the number is dialed on the phone keypad, the call is routed to the nearest emergency telephone operating center. This center is oftentimes found within the same city or town that the call is made from. This provides a strong connection and allows emergency services to get to the location better. In some areas, calls are able to be traced on a map with GPS from cell towers. This can be helpful if a person calls but is unable to speak or if the telephone connection line disconnected before the call was ended intentionally.\nTechnological Implications.\nThe ability to contact emergency services has changed in recent years as technology has advanced. Some mobile devices like the Apple iPhone and Apple Watch and mobile applications such as Noonlight offer capabilities to contact emergency services without having to call or speak to an emergency phone operator. These features are still being tested and developed by using a smart phone's ability to maintain a very accurate GPS location.\nThere is also a mobile app called \"EmerGa\", developed by a French first aid association recognized as serving the public interest, this tech solution offers quick access to emergency services worldwide through an intuitive visual interface."}
+{"id": "46028", "revid": "749639", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46028", "title": "Classified", "text": "Classified could mean:"}
+{"id": "46046", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46046", "title": "Kitchener", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46054", "revid": "1572762", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46054", "title": "Satellite city", "text": "Satellite cities are smaller cities that are near to a large city that is the center of a metropolitan area. They are different from suburbs, subdivisions and bedroom communities because they have their own center. Satellite cities could be separate cities outside of the larger metropolitan areas. However, working as part of a metropolis, a satellite city gets \"cross-commuting\" (people living in the city working outside of the city and people from other places working in the city). For example, London has several satellite cities, like Brentwood, Crawley and Chelmsford. New Haven and Bridgeport are among the satellite cities of New York City. Ipswich, Queensland, is a satellite city of Brisbane, Australia, and Kitchener and Guelph are satellite cities of Toronto, Canada. \nSatellite cities are almost self sufficient in terms of amenities and facilities. They usually have all of the things to categorize them as a separate city, but they rely on the parent city or the nearby larger metropolitan area for some of their needs like education or employment."}
+{"id": "46057", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46057", "title": "Shanty town", "text": "Shanty towns are slums on the outskirts of many cities \u2013 especially in third world countries. Normally there are not many shanty towns in more economically developed countries. Often of low cost, with houses badly built with plywood, corrugated metal, sheets of plastic, cardboard or any available material. Often irregular structures good enough to keep the rain away or to protect from the summer sun. Pets and animals are often left to roam for food and water.\nLack of clean water, sanitation and toilets often make people, especially children, more exposed to illnesses such as hepatitis and cholera.\nMany are built on land without a permit and often have no roads, numbered street, electricity or telephone lines. Some homes in shanty towns have some services but they are unkept and pose health and fire hazards. Sometimes shanty towns can take up whole parts of a city and may include millions of dwellers \u2013 such as in the cities of Brazil- see Favelas.\nMany shanty town settlements are built on the banks of rivers and as a result the residents suffer the effect of floods or from industrial toxins in the water. Some are built close to rubbish dumps.\nResidents of shanty towns often have poor health, lack education, suffer from high levels of crime and suicide, and have a shorter life expectancy. "}
+{"id": "46058", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46058", "title": "Pterodactyloidea", "text": "Pterodactyloidea is the suborder of short-tailed pterosaurs. Their fossil record starts in the middle Jurassic. They became extinct in the K/T extinction event at the end of the Cretaceous period. \"Pterodactylus\", \"Pteranodon\" and \"Quetzalcoatlus\" are in this suborder.\nIn 2014 remains of the earliest pterodactyloid was found in China. It is called \"Kryptodrakon\". Its minimum age was 162.7 million years ago (mya). This is about five million years older than any previously known confirmed specimens.\nRecent work shows that the group had more variety at the end of the Cretaceous than was thought earlier. In the early 2010s, several new pterosaur taxa were discovered dating to the late Cretaceous. These finds include some small sized pterosaur species.\nAt the end of the Cretaceous period, the Cretaceous\u2013Paleogene extinction event, which made all non-avian and most avian dinosaurs, as well as many other animals, extinct. The pterosaurs seem to have gone extinct in this event.\nClassification.\nThis is the classification of the different divisions of pterodactyloidea:"}
+{"id": "46059", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46059", "title": "Pterodactyl", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46061", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46061", "title": "Michael Praetorius", "text": "Michael Praetorius (born Creuzburg an der Werra, near Eisenach 15 February 1571? ; died Wolfenb\u00fcttel, 15 February 1621) was a German composer, organist and music theorist. He was one of the most important composers of his day and he wrote lots of different kinds of music. A lot of his music is based on hymns of the Protestant church.\nWe are not quite certain about the date of his birth. He was born at a time when there was a lot of argument about religion in Germany. His father was a strict Lutheran and lost his job more than once because of his beliefs. We know very little about the life of Praetorius. He seems to have gone to the Lateinschule (\u201cLatin School\u201d) in Torgau where he had music lessons from Michael Voigt. He probably never had music lessons after he left school. Then he went to the University of Frankfurt an der Oder. There Praetorius graduated in divinity. Afterwards he found a job as organist to the Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenb\u00fcttel. He soon earned a good salary. He married in 1603 and had two sons.\nAlthough he had his job in Wolfenb\u00fcttel for many years he also worked a lot in Dresden where he met Heinrich Sch\u00fctz and in Magdeburg where he met Samuel Scheidt. His health was not good, possibly because he worked so hard. When he died he left a lot of money to the poor.\nHis music.\nPraetorius wrote a very large amount of music. Much of it has been lost. He wrote a collection of French dances called \"Terpsichore\" for a small group of instruments. These are very happy pieces and are very popular today. A lot of his music is based on Protestant hymns, written for the services in the Lutheran church. He liked to write music in which two groups of singers or instrumentalists alternate (take it in turns to sing/play). His music for choir, which includes many motets, shows him to be one of the best composers of his time. He liked to write music for two, three or four choirs (all singing different parts). The tune would be in the top part so that the congregation could join in.\nHis theory works.\nPraetorius wrote a book about music theory called \"Syntagma Musicum\". Part One talks about religious music. It is very interesting for us today because it tells us a lot about the way that Martin Luther wanted to change music in the church services. In Part Two he described the musical instruments of his day. Part Three talks about musical forms: this included discussions about things like music notation (the way music was written), transposition (music), solmization and how to write for large choirs. He was going to write a Part Four in which he wanted to discuss the technique of musical composition, but he died before he could write it."}
+{"id": "46062", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46062", "title": "Denver Broncos", "text": "The Denver Broncos are an American football team in the National Football League (NFL). They play their home games in Denver, Colorado, U.S. at Empower Field at Mile High. The Broncos play in the West Division of the American Football Conference (AFC). The Broncos won Super Bowl XXXII, Super Bowl XXXIII, and Super Bowl 50.\nTheir current head coach is Sean Payton. In 2015, they had the NFL's best defense led by defensive coordinator Wade Phillips.\nHall of Fame players.\nFive players who have played for the Broncos are in the Pro Football Hall of Fame: John Elway, Shannon Sharpe, Terrell Davis, Floyd Little, and Gary Zimmerman."}
+{"id": "46066", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46066", "title": "Indianapolis Colts", "text": "The Indianapolis Colts are an American football team in Indianapolis, Indiana. They play in the National Football League. They were originally the Baltimore Colts. The team moved to Indianapolis in 1984."}
+{"id": "46067", "revid": "9592405", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46067", "title": "Prometheus", "text": "Prometheus is a Titan in Greek mythology. He is the son of Iapetus and . He created humans, originally made out of gold. He also stole fire from Zeus and gave it to humans. As punishment, Zeus had Prometheus chained to a mountain. Every day an eagle (symbol of Zeus) would come and eat his liver. Prometheus is immortal, so he never died, and his liver grew back every night. But he still felt great pain.\nAfter a long time, Zeus sent his son Heracles to free Prometheus by breaking the chains which held him.\nAeschylus wrote a play about Prometheus."}
+{"id": "46068", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46068", "title": "Pitch (music)", "text": "In music, the pitch of a note means how high or low the note sounds. For example, a violin usually has a higher pitch than a string bass. Pitch mostly depends on the frequency of the sound \u2014 how fast the air vibrates back and forth. In physics, frequency is measured in a unit called Hertz. A note that is vibrating at 261\u00a0Hz will be caused by sound waves that vibrate at 261 times a second. This will be Middle C on the piano. \nNot all musical instruments make notes of a certain pitch. Many percussion instruments like drums, triangles and cymbals are instruments used for rhythms. They do not play tunes because they have no definite pitch (although often a definite pitch can just be heard when listening carefully.)\nSome musicians have a sense of absolute pitch or perfect pitch. This means that they always know what note is being played, even without comparing it to another note. Having a sense of absolute pitch does not necessarily make someone a good musician, although it can be very useful.\nThere is evidence to suggest that well-known composers of classical music, such as Haydn, Beethoven, Mozart, and Bach, had developed and perhaps even mastered their sense of pitch.\nPitch is not exactly the same as frequency. Frequency is used as a scientific means for measuring and changing sound and its possible pitches. Pitch is a more psychological quality. It depends on how the ear perceives sounds, and how the brain interprets them."}
+{"id": "46070", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46070", "title": "Congregation", "text": "A congregation is a group of people who have come together (congregated) for something, usually for religious worship. In Christian churches the word \u201ccongregation\u201d is often used to mean all the people in the main part of the church, but not the choir or the priests. This term came from long ago after the church was first formed. For example: the order of service might say that the choir will sing verse 1 of a hymn and \"the congregation are asked to join in at verse 2\"."}
+{"id": "46071", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46071", "title": "Technique", "text": "A technique may refer to:"}
+{"id": "46072", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46072", "title": "Zuurzak", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46073", "revid": "586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46073", "title": "Soursop", "text": "The soursop, also known as the zuurzak, is the fruit of the tree \"Annona muricata\". The tree is from warm parts of the Americas. At first it was only found in the Caribbean islands, parts of Central America and parts of South America. Now it is grown in other warm and wet places, such as the Pacific Islands, Florida and Southeast Asia.\nThis fruit is large. It has a spiky green skin, which is not eaten. The inside of the fruit is white. It contains a sweet but sharp-tasting juice. The soursop contains black or brown seeds that are not eaten. The fruit can be eaten raw, or it can be made into juice for drinking. The juice is used to make candy and ice cream.\nSome people use the soursop fruit or leaves as a medicine. Although the fruit contains sugars and a lot of vitamins, it may not be good to eat a lot of it. Scientists think that the soursop may make some people ill. "}
+{"id": "46074", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46074", "title": "Pond-apple", "text": "A pond-apple is a type of fruit. It is not related to the apple. They usually live near or in water."}
+{"id": "46087", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46087", "title": "Deep", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46088", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46088", "title": "Pore", "text": "A pore, in general, is some form of opening, usually very small.\nPore might mean:"}
+{"id": "46093", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46093", "title": "Vegetation", "text": "Vegetation means the plant life of a region or the plant community. It means all ground cover by plants, and is the main element of the biosphere. When you say \"vegetation\" you do not think of any species composition, life forms, structure, spatial extent, \"naturalness\", or any other specific botanical or geographic characteristics. That is meant by \"flora\" which refers exclusively to species composition.\n\"Vegetation\" can refer to a wide range of spatial scales. Primeval redwood forests, coastal mangrove stands, sphagnum bogs, desert soil crusts, roadside weed patches, wheat fields, cultivated gardens and lawns; all are meant by the term \"vegetation\"."}
+{"id": "46115", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46115", "title": "Player killing", "text": "Player Killing (PKing) is a part of online gaming with real people. It is when you kill another person's character. Some other terms in pking are: PJing, which means pile jumping, or attacking someone when they are picking up the items dropped by a player they have just killed a player, Safer, which means someone who PKs safely (especially when eating or healing) and does not take risks, making it widely considered 'unfair' on the people trying to PK them and DD which means death dot, which is when people in a Player Killing team all stand in the same place as each other, making it appear to other players that there is only one person there. However, \"safing\" varies in how other people perceive it. It can be used to stay alive, however you usually lose a chance to hit when healing."}
+{"id": "46117", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46117", "title": "Sebaceous gland", "text": "The sebaceous glands are microscopic (tiny) glands in the skin which produce an oily/waxy substance, called sebum, to lubricate (oil) the skin and hair. In people, these glands are found in greatest amounts on the face and scalp, joined near the top inside hair follicles or sweat pores. However, they are in all skin areas except the palms and soles (undersides) of the feet.\nThere are different kinds of these glands and sebum. In the eyelids, meibomian sebaceous glands emit a special kind of sebum into tears. There are several related medical conditions, including: acne, sebaceous cysts, hyperplasia, sebaceous adenoma and sebaceous gland carcinoma (see section below: \"Diseases\").\nWashing skin or hair with plain detergent can cut the amount of sebum in oily skin. Also, water temperature over can keep sebum melted during a wash.\nLocations and morphology.\nAs a branched kind of acinar gland, the sebaceous glands are found in people all over the skin except in the palms of the hands and soles of the feet.\nSebaceous glands are often found in hair-covered areas, where they are connected near the top of hair follicles (\"see image at top\"). The glands deposit sebum on each hair, and bring it to the skin surface along the hair shaft. The structure consisting of hair, hair follicle, arrector pili muscle, and sebaceous gland is known as a pilosebaceous unit.\nSebaceous glands are also found in non-haired areas (glabrous skin) of the eyelids, nose, penis, labia minora, and nipples. Here, the sebum travels along ducts which end inside \"sweat pores\" near the surface of the skin.\nAt the rim of the eyelids, meibomian glands are a specialized form of sebaceous gland. They secrete a form of sebum (known as meibum) onto the eye, which slows the drying of tears.\nSebum.\nSebaceous glands produce the oily, waxy substance called \"sebum\" (Latin, meaning \"fat\" or \"tallow\") that is made of fat (lipids), wax, and the leftover dead fat-producing cells. In the glands, sebum is produced within specialized cells and is released as these cells burst; sebaceous glands are thus classified as holocrine glands.\nSebum has no odor, but its bacterial breakdown can produce a bad odor. Sebum is the cause of some people experiencing \"oily\" hair,\nas in hot weather or if not washed for several days. Earwax is partly composed of sebum. Sebum can be washed using plain detergent, to dissolve the waxy material in the skin. Also, water for washing should be over to keep the sebum molten.\nExcess sebum has been linked to eating red meats, fried and oily foods and some other type of foods but different research shows multiple theories about it.\nFunction.\nIt is commonly believed that sebum acts to save skin from drying or to waterproof hair and skin. But some scientists have contended that \"low levels of sebaceous gland activity are not correlated with dry skin\", and it may serve little or no purpose in modern humans.\nComposition.\nThe substances in sebum vary between species. In people, the lipid content is as follows:\nAlso, sapienic acid is a sebum fatty acid that is found only in people, not in animals.\nControl.\nThe following medicines have been shown to reduce the flow of sebum from skin:\nChanges during development.\nThe sebaceous glands of a human fetus \"in utero\" secrete a substance called Vernix caseosa, a \"waxy\" or \"cheesy\" white substance covering the skin of newborn babies.\nThe activity of the sebaceous glands increases during puberty because of heightened levels of androgens. In males, sebaceous glands begin to appear predominantly on the penis, on the shaft and around the rim of the penile head during and after puberty. This is however normal, not to be confused with an STD.\nIn females, they appear predominantly in the labia minora.\nDiseases.\nSebaceous glands are involved in skin problems such as oily skin, acne, and keratosis pilaris. In the skin pores, sebum and keratin can create a hyperkeratotic plug called a \"microcomedo\" which can block a pore and cause pimples. The prescription medicine isotretinoin significantly reduces the amount of sebum produced by the sebaceous glands, and is used to treat acne.\nThe extreme use (up to 10 times doctor-prescribed amounts) of anabolic steroids by bodybuilders, for muscle gain can also cause acne. The sebaceous gland is stimulated due to some steroid conversion into dihydrotestosterone. This event may cause serious acne on the face, neck, chest, back and shoulders.\nA blocked sebaceous gland can result in a sebaceous cyst.\nA condition involving enlarged sebaceous glands is known as sebaceous hyperplasia.\nSebaceous gland carcinoma is a very uncommon and aggressive form of cancer involving the sebaceous glands; sebaceous adenoma is a more benign neoplasm of the sebaceous glands.\nSebum can also build up around body piercings.\nImportance to other animals.\nCertain species of Demodex mites feed on sebum and are commonly found in the sebaceous glands of mammals, including those of humans.\nThe preputial glands of mice and rats are large modified sebaceous glands that produce pheromones."}
+{"id": "46120", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46120", "title": "Microorganism", "text": "A micro-organism or \"microbe\" is an organism which is microscopic, which means that they are so small that people cannot see them with the naked eye. The study of microorganisms is called microbiology. \nMicro-organisms include bacteria, fungi, archaea, protists and viruses, and are among the earliest known life forms. The first of these four types of micro-organisms may either be free-living or parasitic. Viruses can only be parasitic, since they always reproduce inside other living things. \nMost micro-organisms are unicellular organisms with only one cell, but there are unicellular protists that are visible to the human eye, and some multicellular species are microscopic.\nMicro-organisms live almost everywhere on earth where there is liquid water, including hot springs on the ocean floor and deep inside rocks within the earth's crust. Such habitats are lived in by extremophiles.\nMicro-organisms are critical to nutrient recycling in ecosystems, because they act as decomposers. Because some micro-organisms can also take nitrogen out of the air, they are an important part of the nitrogen cycle. Pathogenic, or harmful, microbes can invade other organisms and cause disease.\nFree-living micro-organisms.\nFree-living microbes get their energy in many different ways. Some use photosynthesis, like plants do. Some break down natural chemicals in their environment. Others feed on things that were once living, such as fallen leaves and dead animals, causing them to breakdown or decay. Some fungi and bacteria cause food to decay. Moldy bread or fruit, sour milk, and rotten meat are examples of decayed food. In nature, decayed materials mix with soil, providing essential nutrients for plants to use. Without this process, the nutrients in the soil would run out. These types of organisms are called decomposers. They are the natural recyclers of living things on our planet.\nMicrobes also help us make some of our foods, such as bread, cheese, yogurt, beer, and wine. They feed on the sugar in grain, fruit, or milk, giving these foods a special texture and taste. \nParasitic microbes.\nSome microbes, often called germs, cause illness or disease. They are parasites which live by invading living things. Chickenpox, mumps, and measles are all caused by viruses. Some bacteria are also germs. They cause many infectious diseases including tuberculosis and tetanus. Certain bacteria cause tooth decay. It is possible to protect humans against some harmful microbes by storing and preparing food properly, cleaning the teeth, washing hands, and by avoiding close contact with ill people.\nComensalism.\nAll animals seem to have bacteria and protozoa living in or on them without doing much harm. Sometimes, as with herbivores, the microorganisms are vital to the digestion of food. The human gut has more organisms living inside it than there are cells in the human body."}
+{"id": "46121", "revid": "1452189", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46121", "title": "Amoeba", "text": "Amoeba (plural = amoebae) is a well known genus of unicellular organism, a protist. One of its most common species, the Amoeba Proteus, is about 0.2 to 0.3\u00a0mm large. The amoeba was first discovered by August Von Rosenhof in 1757. It is a genus of protozoa that moves with \"false feet\", called pseudopodia.\nThe amoeba is a member of a whole group of amoeboid eukaryotic protists called Amoebozoa. They are heterotrophs, eating bacteria and other protists.\nThe pseudopodia (false feet) are extensions of the organism's cell membrane. They are used by the amoeba for phagocytosis (active food/nutrient intake) and motility (self-propelled movement).\nLife.\nAmoebae are often found within freshwater, typically on vegetation in decay in still or slow moving water, or in the benthic zone (the flora and fauna found at the bottom of the sea or lake ) of some lakes. However, they are common organisms of study because it is easy to keep them in a laboratory. They are used to study sex\n\"protozoa\" and to demonstrate cell structure and function."}
+{"id": "46122", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46122", "title": "Laboratory", "text": "A laboratory (lab for short) is a work place where scientific research, experiments, or measurement are done. \nThe word \"laboratory\" is also used for other places where the work done or equipment used are like those in scientific laboratories. These include:\nScientific laboratories can be found in schools and universities, in hospitals, in industry, in government or military facilities, and even aboard ships and spacecraft. "}
+{"id": "46123", "revid": "1061539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46123", "title": "Last Of The Conquerors", "text": "Last of the Conquerors is a 1948 novel by African-American novelist William Gardner Smith. It concerns African-American GI's serving in United States occupied Germany after World War II. The protagonist, Hayes Dawkins, has an affair with Ilse, a white German woman. He and Ilse fight against racist Army officers and policies to sustain a relationship that some white soldiers condemn (although there are also many friendly whites who help them).\n\"Last of the Conquerors\" shows post-Nazi Germany as more racially tolerant than the United States. While this may or may not be correct, Smith's novel gives an opinion of the Marshall Plan claiming that American society should be a model for the world, while African-Americans continued to deal with racism.\nThe novel begins on a homecoming US troopship, as the Statue of Liberty comes into view, the reaction from the US troops is somber and wary, resigned, but not at all glad to be home from the war. Why? They are \"colored\" troops. After experiencing life in a society (recently liberated Germany), where racial prejudice was not a big factor, they steel themselves for dealing with a still very divided America. An eyeopening look inside a (now hopefully past) society and its impact on those forced to deal with the unremitting pressure of distrust and hate. A profound reading experience."}
+{"id": "46124", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46124", "title": "ID software", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46125", "revid": "1620996", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46125", "title": "Id Software", "text": "id Software is an American video game company. They are most famous for their first-person shooter games. They started in 1991.\nGames.\nID has made many games."}
+{"id": "46128", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46128", "title": "Pseudopod", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46129", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46129", "title": "Heretic (video game)", "text": "Heretic is a first-person shooter video game made by ID Software for computers. It is like \"Doom\", but it takes place in a fantasy world. The monsters are mostly not human. The player has the ability to look up and down, which they could not do in \"Doom\". The weapons are also fantasy weapons. It uses the same base as \"Doom\" and \"Doom 2\". It has two sequels: \"Hexen\" and \"Heretic 2\"."}
+{"id": "46130", "revid": "508885", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46130", "title": "Locomotion", "text": "In a general sense, locomotion simply means active movement or travel, not only of biological individuals.\nForms of locomotion are walking (and knuckle-walking), running, crawling, climbing, swimming and flying. "}
+{"id": "46133", "revid": "10276860", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46133", "title": "Meerkat", "text": "A meerkat (\"Suricata suricatta\") is a small mammal that lives in the Kalahari Desert in southern Africa. Despite its common name, it is more closely related to the mongoose family than to cats. A group of meerkats is called a \"mob\" or \"gang,\" and usually all of the meerkats are relatives.\nHow meerkats act.\nMeerkats live in burrows in the ground. They are active during the day, except when hot during the afternoon sun. They also live in large family groups. The group is led by a female and a male. The meerkats are often all family. They get rid of fleas in each other's fur to become friends, which is called \"grooming\". Sometimes if a minor member is in trouble with the leader it will groom the leader to try and calm them down.\nThe meerkats help each other. When the family is eating or playing together, one meerkat acts as a sentry, and looks out for predators. If he or she sees one, then he gives a chirp and the group runs to a burrow to be safe. Also, when pups are looking for food, adults bring them food and teach them how to eat it. \nBefore pups start looking for food with the group, they are babysat by older members at the burrow to protect them from danger. Sometimes a female who never gave birth will produce milk for the pups.\nMeerkats can share their burrows with many different animals, such as other mongooses and sometimes squirrels who live on the ground. Sometimes even a snake will share the burrow with a meerkat. \nDespite the family bond of meerkats, sometimes a female might kill another female's pups. The leader might also kick out some females from the group. Males sometimes leave the group for a short time to look for females in other groups to mate with.\nMeerkats have many different chirps that they use for different reasons. They have a different chirp for being friends, anger, and for warning of an animal that will eat them.\nEating behavior.\nMeerkats eat mostly insects, but they also eat lizards, snakes, spiders, birds, plants, eggs and other small mammals.) Like all members of the mongoose family, meerkats cannot be hurt by some venoms, and they eat scorpions (including the stinger) and some snakes, without fear of illness, poison or death. They have no extra body fat, so they must look for food every day and eat food every day.\nWhen the meerkat group is eating, a guard will stand up and look for any animals that might eat its family. If the guard sees an animal, it gives a loud chirp, and the family will run to a hole to be safe. Many animals eat meerkats. Most eagles, hawks, and falcons will eat them. Baby meerkats, called \"pups,\" are sometimes also eaten by snakes. Jackals and other big animals that eat meat will sometimes eat meerkats.\nWhen pups are looking for food, they will cry loudly, and an adult will come and feed them. At first, the adult gives the pup a dead animal, then, when the pup is older, the adult will bring a live animal but will hurt it so the pup can kill it easier. Then the adults start bringing live animals that are healthy, and when the pup gets the hang of eating these, the adults stop bringing food.\nThe meerkat body.\nThe meerkat weighs about one and a half pounds, and the meerkat is ten to fourteen inches long. The meerkat uses its tail to balance because it stands up on its back legs to look for predators. Around the eyes are black patches that lessen the bright light that comes into them. Meerkats have long claws that help them dig and fight. The back of the meerkat is furry, and it has stripes to help it not be seen by predators. The front side is black and has no fur because it needs to get warm in the morning to be ready for the day.\nMeerkats also have ears that can open and close. They close in order to keep sand out when they are burrowing.\nHaving children.\nThe meerkat is old enough to have children at one year. Meerkats can have one to seven babies at one time. Four is the most common. Meerkats can give birth at any time of the year but like to give birth in spring and summer because there is more food. Female meerkats can have up to three litters in one year. When the babies are born they are pink and have no hair. Their eyes and ears are closed. When they are three weeks old, the mother allows them to get out of the burrow. By this time their eyes and ears have opened and they have light brown fur. The babies cannot be left alone so one of the other meerkats besides the mother stays behind to watch them.\nAfter the mother mates with the father, the babies develop for eleven weeks. Then she gives birth in a burrow. She feeds the babies milk until they start looking for food with the rest of the group, which is when they turn one month old. \nThe leader of the group is a girl, and her mate is the male leader. This pair does not allow other minor members of their family to have babies. If a female does, then the leader kicks her out, and sometimes the leader kills her grandchildren. Most of the meerkats in a group are either the leader's brothers and sisters or children. \nNew meerkat groups form when a female is kicked out and she teams up with a male and starts a new family."}
+{"id": "46136", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46136", "title": "Ferrara", "text": "Ferrara is a city in Emilia-Romagna in Northern Italy. About 130,000 people live in Ferrara. The city was owned by the Este family during medieval times. The current mayor is Tiziano Tagliani."}
+{"id": "46138", "revid": "5804", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46138", "title": "Forl\u00ec-Cesena", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46139", "revid": "223446", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46139", "title": "Modena", "text": "Modena is a city in Emilia-Romagna, northern Italy. About 190,000 people live in Modena. It is the city of engines since the factories of the famous Italian sports car makers Ferrari, De Tomaso, Lamborghini, Pagani, and Maserati."}
+{"id": "46141", "revid": "6509", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46141", "title": "Meeskite", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46142", "revid": "11594", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46142", "title": "Darth Sidious", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46143", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46143", "title": "Worms (1995 video game)", "text": "Worms is a video game where the player controls little cartoon worms who fight with weapons. There are many games in this series. It has guns and other weapons, but is not very violent because it is all cartoons. "}
+{"id": "46145", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46145", "title": "Diablo (video game)", "text": "Diablo is a fantasy role playing computer game. It was created by Blizzard Entertainment in 1997. It has magic spells and demons in it. You can be 3 different characters. It was a very popular game. Sequels of the game, Diablo II and III, were made.\nDiablo IV, which is not yet ready, might come out in 2022. Diablo Immortal, which is also not yet ready, is designed to be played with touchscreen. At the 2018 conference, the presenter asked the following rhetorical question,"}
+{"id": "46146", "revid": "1683645", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46146", "title": "Therizinosaurus", "text": "dihsaurus was a huge herbivorous theropod dinosaur from the end of the Cretaceous period. \nNew, well-preserved finds such as \"Alxasaurus\" in 1993 and \"Beipiaosaurus\" in 1996 provided details about the bird-like pelvis, feet and skulls of primitive members. This helped confirm they belonged to the same group of theropod dinosaurs as \"Therizinosaurus\" and that therizinosaurs were, more specifically, advanced, herbivorous maniraptoran theropods.\nTheir fossils were first found in the late 1940s in Asia. They were named in 1954 after more bones were found. It was a thought to be a carnivore and herbivore; it had very long claws - they were about long.\nPaleobiology.\nThe feeding habits of \"Therizinosaurus\" are unknown, since no skull material has ever been found that could indicate its diet. However, like other therizinosaurs, it was probably primarily herbivorous. \nThere are multiple possible functions that could have been served by the claws of \"Therizinosaurus\", such as defense against predators (e.g. the contemporary \"Tarbosaurus\") and in intraspecific fighting, such as fighting for territory or for mating, or to pull leafy tree branches towards its mouth. The claws may have served all these functions."}
+{"id": "46147", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46147", "title": "Therizinosaur", "text": "Therizinosaurs (or segnosaurs) are a clade of theropod dinosaurs which appear to be herbivorous. \nTherizinosaur fossils have been found in Cretaceous deposits in Mongolia, the People's Republic of China and Western North America. Various features of the forelimbs, skull and pelvis show they are theropods and maniraptorans, close relatives to birds.\nHistory.\nEarly finds were incomplete, and showed strange anatomy with features typical of theropods, prosauropods and ornithischians. This led some scientists to think that segnosaurs were a late-surviving suborder of primitive dinosaurs. \nIt was not until the mid-1990s, that their true identity as herbivorous descendants of the carnivorous theropods became generally accepted. \"Alxasaurus\" was discovered, and had more typical theropod features; and \"Therizinosaurus\" was recognized as a member of the segnosaur group. \nThe connection between the therizinosaurids and other theropods was made clear when primitive members of the group, such as \"Beipiaosaurus\" (1999) and \"Falcarius\" (2005) were discovered. The scientists who described \"Falcarius\" noted that it seemed to represent an intermediate stage between carnivorous and herbivorous theropods, a sort of \"missing link\" between predatory maniraptorans and plant-eating therizinosaurs. \nAlthough they are now classified as theropods, therizinosaurs had skulls similar to those of sauropods and the shape of their teeth and jaws do make it likely that they were herbivores."}
+{"id": "46148", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46148", "title": "Segnosaur", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46149", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46149", "title": "Therizinosauridae", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46151", "revid": "1191375", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46151", "title": "Prune", "text": "Prunes are dried plums. They look like very large raisins, but they are in the genus \"Prunus\".\nMost prunes come from California. Prunes can be wrapped in bacon, eaten on their own, or mixed with cereal."}
+{"id": "46152", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46152", "title": "Aamras", "text": "Aamras is the pulp of mangos that is usually eaten in India."}
+{"id": "46154", "revid": "585618", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46154", "title": "Ratchet & Clank (series)", "text": "Ratchet & Clank is a series of video games. As of 2013, there are 13 separate video games. In addition to the games, the characters are featured as action figures, in a manga, comic series and as cameo appearances in several other video games. An animated film has been announced for release in 2015. \nThe main characters of the series are Ratchet and Clank. Ratchet is a lombax, a type of alien made up for the game. Clank is his robot friend. They travel in spaceships through the universe on many adventures. In each game, Ratchet and Clank must work together to fight evil or bring cruel rulers to justice. The series is noted for using unique and extreme weapons and devices. Because of the popularity, the developer Insomniac Games added this feature to its other video games.\nGames in the series.\n\"Ratchet and Clank\" was released on November 4, 2002 in North America."}
+{"id": "46155", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46155", "title": "Diablo II", "text": "Diablo II is a fantasy action role-playing computer game. The game was created by Blizzard Entertainment. It sold more than 1 million copies in the first two weeks after its release. It has sold over 15 million copies worldwide. The developer is remaking the game, with graphical improvements et cetera, known as Diablo 2: Resurrected .\nStoryline and quests.\nThe game is divided into 4 acts. Each act is one part of the story. There are up to six quests in each act that must be completed before the player can go to the next act. The last quest is always the one where the player has to beat a boss. The bosses for each act are:\nQuests are parts of the story where the player has to complete certain tasks in order to continue on with the game.\nGameplay.\nCharacters Classes.\nThe game has five different types (or classes) of characters to chose from. Each character has a set skill tree, which is listed below.\nLeveling.\nTo increase a characters level in \"Diablo II\", the player must run the character around killing the monsters that appear in the different areas. Once a monster is defeated, it sometimes drops items or coins. When a monster is killed, it will not come back until the game is saved and started again. Each character has a certain amount of experience that they needs to gain before they can become the next level. This number depends upon what level the character is. The higher the level, the more experience is needed to level.\nCharacters gain bonuses when they level:\n\"Diablo II: Lord of Destruction\" Expansion"}
+{"id": "46166", "revid": "10187713", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46166", "title": "Edward the Martyr", "text": "Edward the Martyr (16 February 962 \u2014 18 March 978) known in the Catholic Church, Church of England, Eastern Orthodox Church, and Anglican Communion as Saint Edward the Passion-Bearer and nicknamed the Saint, the Religious, the Pious, and the Wise was the King of England from 975 until his assassination in 978. He was a very successful king.\nDuring his reign, there were disputes between Edward and his younger half-brother, Athelred as the supports of Athelred thought that the king was illegitimate. Despite this however, Edward helped the country. He was generous to the poor and was very religious and pious. Edward loved peace was a very close to God. In 978, while riding a horse, Edward was given a glass of water by \u00c6lfthryth, the mother of Athelred. After he drank it, he was stabbed by one of Athelred's supporters. Athelred, then only ten years old became king.\nBecause of how great, pious and religious Edward was, he was canonized by Pope Benedict VII on 3 July 978, four months after he was stabbed. His tomb is in Brookwood Cemetery and he is seen by historians as a great, pious and religious king. Edward was the first out of the five English monarchs to be canonized as a saint.\nMotive and details of his murder.\nEdward's stepmother, Queen Elfrida was against his accession to the throne as she wished her son, Ethelred, to become king instead. However, Edward was supported by more people - including St Dunstan, and was confirmed by the Witan.\nKing Edward was said to be \"a young man of great devotion and excellent conduct. He was completely Orthodox, good and of holy life. Moreover, he loved above all things God and the Church. He was generous to the poor, a haven to the good, a champion of the Faith of Christ, a vessel full of every virtuous grace.\"\nOn King Edward's accession to the throne, there was a great famine in the land and violent attacks were stirred up against monasteries by a prominent noblemen who wanted the lands which his father King Edgar had endowed to them. Many of these monasteries were destroyed, and the monks forced to flee. However, the King stood firm together with archbishop Dunstan to defend the Church and the monasteries. For this, some of the nobles decided to remove him and replace him with his younger brother Ethelred.\nOn March 18 978, the king was hunting with dogs and horsemen near Wareham in Dorset. Then he decided to visit his young brother Ethelred who was being brought up in the house of his mother Elfrida at Corfe Castle, near Wareham. He arrived alone at the castle. When still on his horse Elfrida offered Edward a glass of mead, and when he was drinking it, he was stabbed in the back by one of the queen's party. Ethelred himself was then only ten years old, so was not responsible for the murder. An other tale comes from Henry of Huntingdon who tells that Elfrida herself committed the murder:\n\"Edward was treasonably slain by his own family... it is reported that his stepmother, that is the mother of King Ethelred, stabbed him with a dagger while she was in the act of offering him a cup to drink.\"\nHistory of his relics.\nThe story of the relics of St Edward began at the moment of his death (martyrdom). Immediately following the murder, the body of the murdered king slipped from the saddle of his horse and was dragged with one foot in the stirrup until it fell into a stream at the base of the hill upon which Corfe Castle stands (From that time people thought that the stream had healing properties - particularly for the blind). The queen then ordered that the body be quickly hidden in a hut nearby. Within the hut however, there lived a woman blind from birth whom the queen supported out of charity. During the night, a wonderful light appeared and filled the whole hut and struck with awe, the woman cried out: \"Lord, have mercy!\" and suddenly received her sight. At this she discovered the dead body of the king. The church of St. Edward at Corfe Castle now stands on the site of this miracle. At dawn the queen learned of the miracle and was troubled and again ordered the disposal of the body, this time by burying it in a marshy place near Wareham. But a year after the murder a column of fire was seen over the place where the body was hidden, lighting up the whole area. This was seen by some of the inhabitants of Wareham, who raised the body. Immediately a clear spring of healing water sprang up in that place. Accompanied by what was now a huge crowd of mourners, the body was taken to the church of the Most Holy Mother of God in Wareham and buried at the east end of the church. This took place on February 13 980.\nBecause of a series of following miracles, the relics were brought to the abbey at Shaftesbury. When the relics were taken up from the grave, they were found to be whole and not destroyed. The transport of the relics was done in a great procession on February 13 981 and arrived at Shaftesbury seven days later. There the relics were received by the nuns of Shaftesbury Abbey and were buried with full royal honours on the north side of the altar. On the way from Wareham to Shaftesbury, a further miracle had also taken place; two crippled men were brought close to the bier and those carrying it lowered the body to their level, and the cripples regained full health at once. (This procession and these events were re-enacted 1000 years later in 1981). In 1001, the tomb in which the saint lay was said regularly to rise from the ground. King Ethelred was filled with joy at this and instructed the bishops to raise his brother's tomb from the ground and place it into a more fitting place. As the tomb was opened a wonderful fragrance issued from it - such that all present \"thought that they were standing in Paradise\". The bishops then took away the sacred relics from the tomb, and placed them in a casket in the holy place of the Saints together with other holy relics. This elevation of the relics of St. Edward took place on June 20 1001.\nSt. Edward was officially glorified by the All-English Council of 1008, presided over by St. Alphege, archbishop of Canterbury (who was later also martyred by the Danes in 1012). King Ethelred ordered that the saint's three feast days (March 18, February 13, and June 20) should be celebrated throughout England. Shaftesbury Abbey was rededicated to the Mother of God and St. Edward. Shaftesbury was apparently renamed \"Edwardstowe\", only reverting to its original name after the Reformation. Many miracles were recorded at the tomb of St. Edward, including the healing of lepers and the blind.\nDuring the sixteenth century, under King Henry VIII, monasteries were dissolved and many holy places were demolished, but St. Edward's remains were hidden so as to avoid desecration. In 1931, the relics were recovered by Mr. Wilson-Claridge during an archaeological excavation; their identity was confirmed by Dr. T.E.A. Stowell, an osteologist. In 1970, tests performed on the relics suggested that the young man had been knifed in the back whilst riding his horse and had then been dragged along the ground by the terrified animal with his foot caught in a stirrup. In about 1982, Mr. Wilson-Claridge donated the relics to the Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia, which placed them in a church in Brookwood Cemetery, in Woking, Surrey. The St. Edward Brotherhood of monks was organized there as well. The church is now named St Edward the Martyr Orthodox Church. Orthodox Christians recognize Edward and other Westerners whose sainthood was declared before the formal split between Orthodox and Catholics in the 11th century."}
+{"id": "46167", "revid": "5317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46167", "title": "John I of England", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46168", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46168", "title": "Angel (1999 TV series)", "text": "Angel is a spin-off from the American television series \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\". \"Angel\" has a darker feel than \"Buffy\", and at times did better in the U.S. Nielsen Ratings than \"Buffy\". The series was created by \"Buffy\"'s creator Joss Whedon along with David Greenwalt. It first aired in October of 1999. Like \"Buffy\", it was produced by Whedon's production company, Mutant Enemy.\nThe series tells the story of the vampire Angel. Angel had his soul returned to him as punishment for killing a gypsy girl. This made him tormented by all the bad things he had done. During the first four seasons of the show, he works as a private detective in a fiction version of Los Angeles, California. There, he and a variety of others work to \"help the helpless\" and \"save the souls\" of those who had lost their way. This usually meant fighting evil demons or humans that worked with demons (the law firm Wolfram and Hart). He also had to fight his own violent nature. (Not all \"demons\" in the \"Angel\" universe are evil beings.) The fifth season saw Angel taking over as the person in charge of the evil law firm Wolfram and Hart. This was done to try to fight evil from the inside.\nProduction.\nOrigins.\nSeveral years before the \"Angel\" first showed on television, writer Joss Whedon created the idea behind \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\" to change the Hollywood formula of \"the little blonde girl who goes into a dark alley and gets killed in every horror movie.\" Whedon was not happy with the way that the \"Buffy\" idea was first done in the 1992 movie, \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\". He was given the chance to do the story better with the television series of the same name. The early years of the series were about the life of Buffy Summers, a high-school aged vampire slayer, and her group of friends in Sunnydale (a fictional small town in California). The supernatural parts in the series took the place of the real problems that are a part of adolescence and young adulthood. The character Angel was first seen in the first episode. He became a regular cast member during the second/third seasons. In the fictional universe created by \"Buffy\" (the Buffyverse), Angel was born in 18th century Ireland. After being turned into a soulless immortal vampire, he became very well known for the evil things he did. Over 100 years later, Angel killed a gypsy girl. Her family punished him by returning his soul. He felt a very large amount of guilt for what he had done over all those years. Angel eventually began on a path of redemption. He hoped that he might make up for his past by doing good deeds. In the \"Buffy\" third season final episode, Angel leaves Sunnydale for Los Angeles to continue his path of redemption without Buffy. Whedon believed that \"Angel was the one character who was bigger than life in the same way that Buffy was, a kind of superhero.\"\nWhile the main idea behind \"Buffy\" was \"High school as a horror movie\" in small-town America, Greenwalt and Whedon wanted to make \"Angel\" into a different \"gritty, urban show\".\nJoss Whedon and David Greenwalt created a short video, often called the \"Unaired Angel pilot\" for the WB Network. The idea for the series was a new version of the old detective genre.\nCancellation.\nOn Valentine's Day, 2004, the WB Network said that \"Angel\" would not be brought back for a sixth season. Joss Whedon posted a message on a popular fan site, The Bronze: Beta, in which he showed his surprise. He said he was \"heartbroken\". Fans created letter-writing campaigns and online petitions. They tried to get other networks, UPN mainly (the network that picked up \"Buffy\"), to pick up the show.\n\"Angel\"'s final episode, \"Not Fade Away\", aired on the WB May 19, 2004."}
+{"id": "46169", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46169", "title": "Corfe Castle", "text": "Corfe Castle is a small village and ruined castle dating back to the 11th century. It is in a gap in the Purbeck Hills, south of Wareham, in Dorset, England. \nThe oldest surviving structure on the castle site dates to the 11th century, although there are good reasons to suppose that there was a stronghold there before the Norman Conquest. Edward the Martyr was killed at the site on March 18, 978.\nThe castle was besieged in the English Civil War. After it was captured it was partly demolished (slighted)."}
+{"id": "46170", "revid": "1398040", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46170", "title": "Stirrup", "text": "The stirrup is a ring with a flat bottom fixed on a leather strap, usually hung from each side of a saddle to create a footrest for the rider on a riding animal (usually a horse or a mule), suspended by an adjustable strap from the saddle for use as a support for the foot of a rider of a horse when seated in the saddle and as an aid in getting up."}
+{"id": "46172", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46172", "title": "Ultrasauros", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46174", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46174", "title": "Ch\u00e2teau-d'\u0152x", "text": "Ch\u00e2teau-d'\u0152x is a commune in Vaud canton Switzerland. The other members of its canton have birds in their flags."}
+{"id": "46176", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46176", "title": "Relics", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46177", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46177", "title": "John Major", "text": "Sir John Major (born 29 March 1943) is a British politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1990 to 1997. He served as a member of the Cabinet under Margaret Thatcher as Chief Secretary to the Treasury (1987\u20131989), Foreign Secretary (1989) and Chancellor of the Exchequer (1989\u20131990).\nEarly life and career.\nMajor was born at St Helier Hospital and Queen Mary's Hospital for Children in St Helier, London, in England and left school at the age of 16. He became a Conservative councillor in 1968. At the 1979 general election, Major was elected Member of Parliament (MP) for Huntingdonshire (Huntingdon after 1983).\nPrime Minister.\nAfter holding several cabinet positions, Major was elected to replace Margaret Thatcher as Prime Minister and party leader. On taking office, he saw British action in the Gulf War (1991) and his party's narrow re-election in the 1992 general election. \nAfter this, the Conservatives under Major became unpopular because of the \"Black Wednesday\" stock market crash in late 1992 and how they became divided over the issue of European Union. Beaten at the 1997 general election, Major stood down as Prime Minister for Tony Blair of the Labour Party, and was replaced as Conservative leader by William Hague. He stood down as an MP at the 2001 general election.\nPersonal life.\nMajor married Norma Johnson (now (Dame) Norma Major ) on 3 October 1970. She was a teacher, and a member of the Young Conservatives. They became engaged after only ten days. They have two children; a son, James, and a daughter, Elizabeth. They have a holiday home on the coast of north Norfolk, near Weybourne.\nHe is a keen follower of cricket, motor racing, and also a supporter of Chelsea Football Club.\nMajor has so far declined a life peerage on standing down from Parliament."}
+{"id": "46180", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46180", "title": "Canon (music)", "text": "A canon is a piece of voices (or instrumental parts) that sing or play the same music starting at different times. A round is a type of canon, but in a round each voice, when it finishes, can start at the beginning again so that the piece can go \u201cround and round\u201d. Perhaps the most well-known canon is the Pachelbel Canon written by Johann Pachelbel.\nDifferent types of canon.\nThere are different kinds of canon. Canons can be described according to distances between the entries of the voices. If the second voice starts one bar (one measure) after the first voice, this is called a \u201ccanon at the bar\u201d. If it starts after only half a bar, it is called a \u201ccanon at the half-bar\u201d. It is even possible to have very close canons, e.g. \u201ccanon at the quaver (eighth note)\u201d. Olivier Messiaen wrote a 3 part canon at the quaver in his \"\"' for violin and piano. The pianist\u2019s right hand (playing chords), his left hand and the violinist are the three parts.\nCanons can also be described according to the intervals between two voices. If one voice starts on a C and the next voice starts the same tune on an F above this is a \u201ccanon at the fourth\u201d (because the interval (distance) from C to F is called a \u201cperfect fourth\u201d). If the second voice has the tune upside down (inversion) this is called \u201ccanon in inversion\u201d. If the second voice has the tune at half the speed (each note being twice as long) this is a \u201ccanon in augmentation\u201d or an \u201caugmented canon\u201d. The opposite is a \u201ccanon in diminution\u201d.\n\u201cStrict canon\u201d means a canon where each voice imitates the first voice exactly all the way through the piece. If this does not happen (i.e. if it starts off as a canon but then becomes freer) it is \u201cfree canon\u201d. A canon may start off sounding like a fugue, but fugues have their own form and rules.\nCanons in the history of music.\nCanons were already popular in the 14th century when composers enjoyed writing music for several voices in which each voice has a share of melody (this is called polyphonic music.) Composers like Guillaume de Machaut wrote canonic music. His \"Sanz cuer m\u2019en vois\" is a three-part canon in which each part has different words.\nProbably the greatest writer of canons in the eighteenth century was Johann Sebastian Bach. Many of his organ works have canons. He wrote a famous set of \"Canonic Variations on \"Vom Himmel hoch da komm' ich her\"\" which have several canons at different intervals and inversions. He probably wrote this to show young composers how to write good canons. Bach also wrote a work called the \"Musical Offering\" which has what he calls a \u201ccanon per augmentationem contrario motu\u201d (canon in augmentation and contrary motion i.e. backwards) as well as a \u201ccanon per tonos\u201d. This last one is a modulating canon which means that the tune changes key. This is hard to compose well so that it sounds good because when the first voice has just changed key the other one is still catching up in the other key.\nBach was a great master at writing canons and other very complicated musical forms. After 1750 composers became less interested in writing music which was all polyphonic, although many composers still showed an interest in counterpoint. Haydn, Mozart and Beethoven all wrote canons and even Romantic composers like Schumann and Brahms showed an interest. C\u00e9sar Franck wrote a canon for the fourth movement of his Sonata for Violin and Piano. It is quite easy to hear this canon, because the violin plays the tune an octave higher than the piano, and the piano holds on to a long note every other bar while the violin catches up.\nIn the 20th century composers such as Schoenberg who wrote serial music were fond of canons. Modern composers like Pierre Boulez have written rhythmic canons: canons in which, for example, the rhythm of one part is the retrograde (backwards) version of another."}
+{"id": "46181", "revid": "1685942", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46181", "title": "Spencer Perceval", "text": "Spencer Perceval (1 November 1762 \u2013 11 May 1812) was a British statesman and Prime Minister. He is the only British Prime Minister to have been assassinated.\nLife.\nPerceval was the seventh son of John Perceval, 2nd Earl of Egmont by his second wife. His father, a close friend of Frederick, Prince of Wales and King George III, had served in the Cabinet as First Lord of the Admiralty.\nPerceval was an Anglican and considered Anglicanism to be essential to the security of the state. He opposed Catholic emancipation. He is buried at St Luke's Church in Charlton, south-east London.\nPerceval was Prime Minister when William Wilberforce passed his Bill (law) ending the slave trade. \nThe Orders in Council against trade which Perceval had written in 1807 became unpopular. In the winter of 1811 the Luddite riots started. They were also a cause of the War of 1812 with the United States of America. Perceval was forced to have an inquiry by the House of Commons. \nDeath.\nOn 11 May 1812, Perceval was on his way to attend the inquiry. In the lobby of the House of Commons, he was shot through the heart by John Bellingham and was pronounced dead at the scene. Perceval's body lay in 10 Downing Street for five days before burial. Bellingham gave himself up immediately, he was found guilty and hanged a week later for Perceval's murder.\nBellingham had a grievance, but it was not political. Bellingham petitioned the United Kingdom government for compensation over his imprisonment in Russia. This had been caused by his employer, but Bellingham blamed the British government for not getting him compensation."}
+{"id": "46182", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46182", "title": "Canon", "text": "The word canon may mean:"}
+{"id": "46183", "revid": "1618275", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46183", "title": "Carl Linnaeus", "text": "Carl Linnaeus (23 May 1707 \u2013 10 January 1778), also known as Carolus Linnaeus, was a Swedish botanist, physician and zoologist who created the binomial nomenclature. In this system, every kind of animal and plant is given a name consisting of two Latin words, for its genus and species. This became used by biologists all over the world, so he is known as the \"father of modern taxonomy\". He was a good linguist, and famous in his time. He was made a noble by the Swedish king.\nBiography.\nEarly life.\nCarl was born in Sm\u00e5land in southern Sweden. He was going to be a priest like his father, but did not do well enough in school. Instead, Carl studied at a college for botany because he liked it. He studied in Lund and tried to improve the garden there. He later went to another college.\nTravels and research.\nIn 1735, Linnaeus moved to the Netherlands for three years. There, he earned his degree in medicine. He also published his book on plant classification. His book was called Systema Natur\u00e6. His book explained how to classify living things by putting them into groups. Some of these groups are bigger than others.\nLater he moved to Stockholm and practiced as a doctor. In 1739, Linnaeus married Sara Morea in Stockholm. Throughout the 1740s he conducted many field trips to places in Sweden to name plants and animals. When not on travels, Linnaeus worked on his classification, so it would work for plants, animals, and minerals.\nThe Swedish king Adolf Fredrik made Linnaeus a noble in 1757, and Linnaeus took the last name \"von Linn\u00e9\", later often signing just \"Carl Linn\u00e9\".\nLast years.\nAfter he was made a noble, he continued teaching and writing. His reputation had spread over the world, and he talked with many different people. Linnaeus was upset by weak health, and he had gout and tooth aches. A stroke in 1774 weakened him, and two years later he had another, losing the use of his right side. He died on January 1778 and was buried in Uppsala cathedral.\nMankind.\nLinnaeus classified man as among the primates, which was already well understood by anthropologists like Blumenbach and natural historians like Buffon. It attracted the criticism of the Swedish church. The Lutheran Archbishop of Uppsala accused him of \"impiety\".\nLinnaeus recognised four races in the human species. These were European whites, American reds (Native Americans), Asian browns, and African blacks. Blumenbach's classification was similar, with the addition of a Mongolian (= Chinese) or yellow race. Thus recognition of man's position as a primate and the existence of races was quite widespread before the theory of evolution was formulated."}
+{"id": "46184", "revid": "1609553", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46184", "title": "Botanist", "text": "A botanist is a scientist who studies plants, including flowering plants, and plant-like things such as moss and seaweed. Botany is a scientific study of plants along with their growth, structure, evolution, and uses. \nBotanists may specialize in certain areas of botany. Some important areas of study include: "}
+{"id": "46185", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46185", "title": "Zoologist", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46189", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46189", "title": "Modulation (music)", "text": "Modulation, in music, means that the music changes key. A piece of music might, for example, be \"in the key of C major\" (meaning that it uses the notes of a C major scale, and the C sounds like the \"home key\" or \"tonic\" as it is called in music theory). Then it could modulate to G major so that the G now feels like the home key and the notes of a G major scale are used (the Fs will be F sharps).\nModulations like the one above are very common, because G is closely related to C (it is the 5th note in a C major scale: the \"dominant\"). A modulation to the subdominant (4th note of the scale) is also common (e.g. from C major to Fmajor). Music often modulates to the relative minor (e.g. C major to A minor).\nA modulation that goes to a key whose tonic is not part of the original key is called a \"chromatic modulation\". Modulating from C major to A flat major would be a chromatic modulation because A flat is not a note in the C major scale.\nMost pieces of music will modulate, especially if they are long pieces. It gives the music variety and helps to give it shape: the farther away from the tonic it goes the more tension there is. When the music eventually returns to the original key it feels like a homecoming. "}
+{"id": "46192", "revid": "1275011", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46192", "title": "Member of Parliament (United Kingdom and Canada)", "text": "A member of parliament (usually shortened to MP) is a person in the United Kingdom or in Canada who represents the people of an area (called a \"constituency\") in the House of Commons. They are voted for by the people in a general election. The Prime Minister chooses when to hold a general election, but must have an election at least once every five years. MPs are usually members of a group called a political party. \nIn the UK, the main political parties are:\nIn Canada, the main political parties are:\nMembers of provincial legislatures in Canada are sometimes referred to as member of provincial parliament (MPP) and other times member of legislative assembly (MLA)."}
+{"id": "46194", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46194", "title": "Relative key", "text": "When a piece of music is in a major key, the relative minor means the minor key which has the same key signature. It can be found by taking the sixth note of the first scale and playing a minor scale starting on that note. For example: in C major the sixth note is an A. Therefore, A minor is the relative minor of C major (C major and A minor share the same key signature: no sharps or flats).\nC major is called the relative major of A minor.\nA complete list of relative minor/major pairs in order of the circle of fifths is:"}
+{"id": "46195", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46195", "title": "Relative minor", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46196", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46196", "title": "Relative major", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46197", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46197", "title": "Canonic", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46199", "revid": "1069165", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46199", "title": "Electrolysis", "text": "Electrolysis is a scientific way of 'splitting' substances. It means 'electric-splitting' and involves the separation of substances through an electric current.\nMetals above carbon in the reactivity series (potassium, sodium, lithium, calcium, magnesium and aluminium) are extracted by electrolysis.\nUses.\nElectrolysis is used in the mining industry to split reactive metals from their ores after they are taken from the ground. \nElectroplating is also a process that uses electrolysis. It is used to plate (cover) things with metal, because it costs less than using materials like solid gold to make jewellery.\nElectrolysis can be used by a trained doctor or esthetician to remove hair. This is called electrology.\nThe \"galvanic\" method of electrology uses electrolysis to produce a very small amount of a caustic solution, containing sodium hydroxide and water, by running an electrical current through a metal probe inside of the hair follicle. The method uses the body's tissues as an electrolytic cell, since these contain water and salts (electrolytes). The caustic solution reacts with the cells inside of the follicle, and damages them so that they cannot grow a hair anymore.\nIn modern practice, the probe is also heated up using electricity (called diathermy), which makes the chemical solution work more effectively, known as the \"blend\" electrology method. This heat can also be used by itself, and is used by electrologists, but does not involve electrolysis. Instead, this is a form of thermolysis, damaging hair cells using heat energy.\nElectrolysis makes the anions (negative ions) go to the anode (positive electrode) and the cations (positive ions) go to the cathode (negative electrode). So, for example, oxygen would go to the anode and iron would go to the cathode."}
+{"id": "46201", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46201", "title": "Jurassic", "text": "The Jurassic is the second and middle geological period in the Mesozoic era and the eighth period in the Phanerozoic eon. \nIt began 201.3 million years ago, and ended 145 million years ago. The Jurassic period happened between the Triassic and Cretaceous periods.\nClimate.\nDuring the Jurassic period, the climate was hotter and wetter than it is today. Carbon dioxide levels and sea levels were also higher than today. \nThe Kimmeridge Clay of the Upper Jurassic was laid down in an environment which does not exist on the earth today. Much of Western Europe was covered by a high sea level. The supercontinent Pangaea was beginning to break up, causing a narrow Atlantic Ocean. Because of this, the United Kingdom was covered by a shallow and largely anoxic sea, perhaps less than 100 metres deep, with occasional landmasses. \nThis was shallower water than the Blue Lias of the Lower Jurassic. It was often low in oxygen, which caused its organic material to decompose, but only partially. The Jurassic's mudstones are organic-rich, and gave rise to most of the North Sea oil.\nThe world of the Jurassic.\nPlate tectonics.\nThe Jurassic started with all the continents together, 201.3 million years ago (mya). This was the global supercontinent Pangaea. It ended about 145 mya. The boundary with the following Cretaceous period is not marked by any clear signs.\nThis is the only boundary between geological periods which has no clear markers.\nThe Jurassic happened in two parts. The first was marked by widespread oceanic anoxia, ocean acidification, and relatively high temperatures. This was likely caused by the eruptions in what we now call South Africa. Already, Pangaea was beginning to break up. From now on it was Laurasia to the north, and Gondwana to the south. The break-up of Pangaea took a long time to complete. The process of pulling apart in geology is called rifting. Floods of lava flowed from fissures (splits) and volcanos. \nBy the end of the Jurassic, South America had begun to part from Africa. In the western part of North America, mountain ranges began to form. This continued as the American tectonic plates gradually moved west. The westward-moving North American plates gradually rode over the Pacific Ocean plates to form the Rocky Mountains.\nPalaeontology.\nOn sea and land, evolutionary trends which started in the Upper Triassic continued through the Jurassic. Archosaurian reptiles dominated the land biota. Reptile groups radiated and filled many niches. Dinosaurs, pterosaurs, marine reptiles (ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, turtles) all flourished. A recent discovery has shown that pliosaurs (a clade of large plesiosaurs) may have been top predators in the Upper Jurassic.\nAmongst invertebrates, there was much change. Modern predators like starfish, crabs, and hole-boring gastropods took over the sea floor, eating the benthic fauna in huge numbers. Brachiopods gradually lost their grip on the in-shore habitats; molluscan bivalves took their place. \nEarly mammals existed, but mostly as small nocturnal creatures on the margins of the reptilian world. The first fossils of small dinosaurs with feathers, such as \"Anchiornis,\" come from the Jurassic period. The famous fossil bird, \"Archaeopteryx\", lived in the Upper Jurassic, though we now know it was not the ancestor of modern birds.\nIn the last 20 million years of the Cretaceous period (Turonian\u2013Maastrichtian ages), with the extinction of the ichthyosaurs and pliosaurs, mosasaurs became the dominant marine predators.\nLand plants.\nThe dominant land plants were the ferns (especially tree ferns), gymnosperms (conifers), large horsetails, 'monkey puzzle' trees, ginkgos and cycads. The coalfields laid down in the first part of the Jurassic were formed mainly from tree ferns, which grew thickly. They were for a time the most common plant type.\nGinkgoales, of which the only living species is \"Ginkgo biloba\", were more diverse during the Jurassic. These plants were not easy to digest, compared to modern flowering plants (Angiosperms). They must have spent longer in the gut than the food of modern herbivores. That would make increased size an advantage for ankylosaurs and sauropods. Sauropods did indeed become much larger in the Jurassic than any animal land life had before.\nCoal measures.\nThe Jurassic is the second period notable for large coal seams (the first being the Upper Carboniferous). Once again, plants which grew and died in stagnant water did not decompose well, and formed coal as a result. The coalfields laid down in the first part of the Jurassic were formed mainly from tree ferns, which grew thickly. They were for a time the most common plant type."}
+{"id": "46202", "revid": "1472536", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46202", "title": "Triassic", "text": "The Triassic is the first geological period in the Mesozoic era and the seventh period of the Phanerozoic eon. It lasted 50.6 million years. The period began 251.9 million years ago, and ended 201.3 million years ago. Its start and finish were both notable extinction events.\nThe period before the Triassic was the Permian period, the last period in the Palaeozoic era. The Jurassic period came after the Triassic.\nMany new groups arose during the Triassic period, including the first dinosaurs, the first mammals, the first pterodactyls, the first ichthyosaurs and the first plesiosaurs.\nExtinction events.\nGreat extinction events happened at the beginning and end of the Triassic period. The Triassic began after the great extinction at the end of the Palaeozoic era, the Permian/Triassic extinction event.\nNobody really knows the exact cause of the Permian/Triassic extinction, and experts have different theories.\nThe Triassic had several more extinction events, whose causes are also unknown. The most significant of these took place at the end of the Triassic, which was one of the 'big five' Phanerozoic marine extinctions.\nGeology.\nName.\nThe name 'Triassic' comes from the three rock strata that formed during the Triassic period (\"tri\" means \"three\"). Three layers of rock strata formed during this period:\nOverall climate.\nOn average, the Triassic's climate was very different from today's:\nPaleogeography.\nDuring the Triassic period, there were no separate continents as there are today. Almost all the Earth's land mass was together in a single supercontinent called Pangaea (\"all the land\"). Pangaea was centred more or less on the equator. and surrounded by the superocean Panthalassa. Later the Tethys Ocean developed.\nThe supercontinent Pangaea was rifting during the Triassic \u2013 especially late in the period \u2013 but had not yet separated again into different continents. In contrast to the present Earth with its distribution of continents, Pangaea was centred on the Equator. Probably, apart from some volcanic island chains, there was an unbroken sea stretching round the world: the \"Panthalassa\". \nBeing a super-continental land mass, Pangaea had a limited shoreline. Because of this, Triassic marine deposits fossils from Triassic ocean life are rare in most of the world. In North America, for example, marine deposits are limited to a few exposures in the west. However, they are common in Western Europe, where the Triassic was first studied.\nMajor adaptive radiations.\nThe first part of the Triassic had much less variety than the Permian, and showed signs of a deteriorated environment. This situation lasted for about five million years, then steadily improved. Into the vacant ecological niches, new forms evolved, replacing old with new. This rapid adaptive radiation happened to the reptiles on land, the fish in the seas, and a number of other groups, like the insects. Communities with complex ecology took 30 million years to re-establish.\nPlants.\nNew groups of ferns and seed plants were a feature of the Triassic. \nFish.\nThe group of bony fish known as the teleosts first appeared during the Triassic period. The group now includes over 80% of all fish and 95% of all bony fish. The only other common group of fish are the Chondrichthyes (the sharks and rays). The rays also first appeared during the Triassic.\nReptiles.\nMany reptile groups first appeared during the Triassic period, possibly because so many niches were vacant at the time. Some of these new groups died out in the End\u2013Triassic extinction event, but those that survived ruled the Earth for the rest of the Mesozoic. Examples include:\nThis was a major change, because in the middle Triassic period, the Synapsids (mammals' ancestors) were still dominant.\nThe end-Triassic extinction.\nMany reptile groups became extinct during the Triassic, including:p.\u00a041\nAlso, amongst the Synapsids (which used to be called mammal-like reptiles), the Dicynodonts died out during the end-Triassic extinction.p.\u00a041\nThe Triassic was a period of great change in tetrapods: many new and important groups appeared, but many others became extinct. Of all the periods in the Mesozoic era, there are the least number of fossils from the Triassic period. This makes it difficult for scientists to explain these events."}
+{"id": "46203", "revid": "1069165", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46203", "title": "Chromatic", "text": "A chromatic scale, also known as a dodecatonic scale, is a musical scale which uses every note as it goes up or down i.e. it goes up and down in semitones (half tones). To play a chromatic scale on the piano every note is played: both white and black notes (e.g. C, C sharp, D, D sharp, E, F etc.). A chromatic scale can start on any note.\nMeaning of the word \u201cchromatic\u201d.\nThe word \u201cchromatic\u201d comes from the Greek word \u201cchromos\u201d meaning \u201ccolor\u201d. Organists in the 16th and 17th centuries such as Sweelinck liked to write \u201cChromatic Fantasias\u201d. These were pieces based on tunes which were chromatic. In those days, because of the tuning systems used, not all the semitones were exactly the same size. Going up a chromatic scale would have been like walking up a staircase with steps which were slightly larger or smaller in depth. This made chromatic scales very interesting and \u201ccolourful\u201d which is why they were called \u201cchromatic\u201d.\nChromatic harmony.\nChromatic harmony means harmony (chords) that use notes which do not belong to the key the music is in (they are not in the key signature). Although Bach in the 18th century used chromatic harmony, it was 19th century composers who used it more and more. Wagner wrote music which was very chromatic: there were lots of sharps and flats and it kept modulating to different key areas. The chord at the beginning of his opera \"Tristan and Isolde\" is so famous that it is known as the \"Tristan chord\". It is very chromatic. The music is full of tension because it leaves us wondering which key the music is in.\n<score>\n\\new PianoStaff {\n \\time 6/8\n \\context Staff = \"up\" {\n \\clef treble\n \\set Staff.midiInstrument = #\"acoustic grand\"\n #(set-accidental-style 'modern)\n \\partial 8\n \\relative c\"{\n \u00ab { s8\n s2.\n \\override Slur #'attachment = #'(stem . stem)\n { a,8(\n f'4.~ f4 e8\n dis2.)( d4.)~ d8 } \u00bb\n r8 r\n \\context Staff = \"down\" {\n \\clef bass\n \\set Staff.midiInstrument = #\"acoustic grand\"\n \\partial 8\n \\relative c{\n r8\n R2.\n <f b>2.(\n <e gis>4.)~ <e gis>8 r r\n</score>"}
+{"id": "46204", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46204", "title": "Chromatic scale", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46205", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46205", "title": "Chromaticism", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46206", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46206", "title": "Nelson Rockefeller", "text": "Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller (July 8, 1908 \u2013 January 26, 1979) was an American politician and businessman. A liberal Republican, he was the 41st vice president of the United States from December 1974 to January 1977. Before becoming vice president, he was the 49th governor of New York from 1959 to 1973 and served as assistant secretary of State for American Republic Affairs, as well as under secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare.\nBefore entering politics, he was a businessman who was president and later chair of Rockefeller Center, Inc. He formed the International Basic Economy Corporation in 1947. He served as trustee, treasurer, and president of the Museum of Modern Art and founded the Museum of Primitive Art in 1954. \nA grandson of the billionaire John D. Rockefeller and a member of the wealthy Rockefeller family, he was an art collector and served as administrator of the Rockefeller Center in Manhattan, New York City. He was from one of the richest and most powerful families in the United States.\nPolitical career.\nHe tried three times to gain his party's nomination for president of the United States presidency but lost to the slightly more conservative Vice President and future President Richard Nixon in 1960 and 1968 and very conservative Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona in 1964. He then refused to support Goldwater in the general election. Nixon condemned him and argued that Rockefeller was not a loyal Republican.\nRockefeller was the vice president from 1974 to 1977 under President Gerald Ford. He waged a campaign against future President George H. W. Bush to be appointed to that office and won. He was a member of the Republican Party and the Knights of Pythias.\nVice presidency (1974\u20131977).\nWhen Nixon resigned (quit) as president on August 9, 1974, Vice President Ford became the president. On August 20, Ford chose Rockefeller to be the next vice president. Ford had thought about two other people: Donald Rumsfeld, who was the United States Ambassador to NATO, and Bush, who was the chairman of the Republican National Convention (RNC). Bush would later become vice president from 1981 to 1989 and president from 1989 to 1993.\nThe United States Congress voted to approve Rockefeller to become vice president. On December 10, 1974, the Senate voted 90\u20137, and on December 19, the House of Representatives voted 287\u2013128. He became vice president on December 19, 1974. That made him the second person to become vice president under the 25th Amendment, the first being Ford himself.\n1976 election.\nFord faced strong opposition when he ran for the Republican presidential nomination in 1976. He had a hard time getting support from more conservative Republicans. He also expected a challenge from a conservative opponent, Ronald Reagan. As a result, Ford decided to choose a different running mate for the election. In November 1975, Rockefeller decided not to run as Ford's running mate in 1976.\nFord was nominated at the 1976 Republican National Convention. Reagan, Goldwater, and other notable conservatives said they would support Ford if he chose a suitable vice presidential nominee. Ford considered several candidates, including William Ruckelshaus and Bob Dole, and eventually chose Dole as his running mate.\nRockefeller campaigned actively for the Republican ticket, but Ford lost narrowly to Jimmy Carter. Rockefeller's term as vice president ended on January 20, 1977, and he was replaced by Walter Mondale.\nAs of 2020, Ford is the last incumbent president to not have his incumbent vice president as his running mate. Ford later said not choosing Rockefeller was one of his biggest mistakes and \"one of the few cowardly things I did in my life.\"\nPersonal life.\nHis paternal grandfather was John D. Rockefeller Sr. His maternal grandfather was United States Senator Nelson Aldrich of Rhode Island. He was the son of John D. Rockefeller, Jr., and Abby Aldrich. He was Governor of New York from 1959 to 1973. He was the brother of David Rockefeller, the chairman of Chase Bank; Winthrop, later Governor of Arkansas; John III; and Laurance. He is the uncle of former Senator John D. Rockefeller IV.\nMarriages.\nHe was married twice. His first married Mary Todhunter Clark. After they divorced, he was married to Margaretta Fitler Murphy until his death from a heart attack."}
+{"id": "46207", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46207", "title": "Preservation", "text": "Preservation may mean:\nSpecial meanings are:"}
+{"id": "46208", "revid": "844779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46208", "title": "Pillar", "text": "A pillar is another word for a column, which is a vertical support structure in architecture.\nPillar may also mean:"}
+{"id": "46209", "revid": "24306", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46209", "title": "Bier", "text": "A bier is a flat frame, traditionally wooden but sometimes made of other materials, used to carry a corpse for burial in a funeral procession. In antiquity it was often simply a wooden board on which the dead was placed covered with a shroud (cloth used for burial). In modern times, however, the corpse is almost never carried on the bier without being first placed in a coffin, though the coffin is sometimes kept open. "}
+{"id": "46210", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46210", "title": "Coffin", "text": "A coffin (also known as a casket) is a box used to store dead bodies, either for burial or after cremation. Coffins used after cremation are what is known as an urn, where the ashes of the person are stored. \nThe word comes ultimately from Greek \"kophinos\", a basket. In English, the word was not used in a funeral sense until the 1500s. \nAny box used to bury the dead in is a coffin. \nThe main distinction between a coffin and a casket is the shape. A casket regularly has 6 \u2013 8 sides while coffins have a rectangular shape. \nMaterial and design.\nMany coffins are made out of materials such as wood, steel (which would have been used in Ancient Egyptian sarcophaguses), and many others. These types of coffins, for example wooden ones can have a rectangular or any other design, whereas a steel or any other metal used in making coffins (or sarcophaguses) could have the exact same but include religious marking added to make it look more appealing."}
+{"id": "46212", "revid": "9893641", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46212", "title": "Agent Orange", "text": "Agent Orange is a very powerful herbicide that was used in the Vietnam War. It is a defoliant that destroys forests. It was used by the United States military so their enemies had no place to hide.\nProblems.\nThe problem with Agent Orange is that when it is released, some dioxins are also generated. Dioxins stay a long time in the environment. They are very toxic, and cause genetic modifications and cancer.'"}
+{"id": "46214", "revid": "1617120", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46214", "title": "Naruto (manga)", "text": " is a Japanese manga and anime series created by Masashi Kishimoto. It follows an orphaned ninja who dreams to become \"Hokage\". The Hokage is the strongest ninja and the leader for the village, called Konoha (meaning \"leaf\" in Japanese). As the series progresses, Naruto and his friends begin to solve the ancient history of the ninja world. His friends including Sasuke Uchiha and Sakura Haruno. Their teacher is Kakashi Hatake. The manga was first published in 1999 in a Japanese magazine called \"Shonen Jump\". It was also translated into English. The anime series premiered in Japan in October 2002. In the United States, it started in September 2005.\nPlot.\nPart I.\nTwelve years ago, a spiritual Nine-Tail fox attacked the Hidden Leaf Village, Minato Namikaze and Kushina Uzumaki sacrificed themselves to seal the monster within a boy named Naruto. Nobody told Naruto that the fox was sealed inside him. The villagers treated him badly because of the monster. When Naruto found out the truth, it made him want to become the next Hokage and earn everyone's respect. After graduating from being a genin, Naruto joined Team 7. The members of Team 7 were Naruto, Sasuke Uchiha, Sakura Haruno and their teacher Kakashi Hatake. They defeated Zabuza and Haku in the Land of Waves. Orochimaru interrupted the Chunin Exam, killing the Third Hokage and Fourth Kazekage. Orochimaru tricked the army of the Hidden Sand into opposing the Leaf. Jiraiya trained Naruto, while Tsunade became the Fifth Hokage. Sasuke left the village and looked for revenge against Itachi. Naruto defeated five enemies from the Land of Sound through the forest, but he failed to stop Sasuke from joining up with Orochimaru.\nPart II.\nTwo and a half years later, Naruto recruited Sai and Yamato. The Akatsuki organization started kidnapping ninja hosts. Sasuke formed a tracking party and defeated Itachi. Then he became stronger and joined Akatsuki. Naruto learned Sage Mode. He defeated Nagato for killing Jiraiya and devastating the village, even though he became good. Tobi interrupted the meeting and declared the Fourth Great Ninja War. He had a plan to reform the legendary Ten Tails from the nine tailed beasts. That would control humanity and achieve world peace. After learning Chakra Mode with the fox spirit, Naruto helped the Allied Shinobi Forces defeat the army of White Zetsu. Tobi was revealed to be Obito, who kept the power of the eyes containing the Rinnegan and Sharingan. \nWhen Madara came back to life and stole Obito's half of the power, he turned into the Sage of Six Paths. He used the power of the forbidden art to trap everyone in the Ninja World (except Naruto, Sasuke, Sakura, Kakashi, Obito and other dead ninjas). Black Zetsu fused with Madara to complete the reincarnation. That freed Kaguya Otsutsuki to take his place. In the past, Kaguya's son, Hagoromo, had trained Ashura and Indra. Ashura and Indra were the first incarnations who came before Naruto and Sasuke. After Kaguya killed Obito, Kakashi sacrificed his power. Naruto and Sasuke worked together to seal Kaguya and Zetsu, and Madara died again. When Sasuke used the forbidden genjutsu, Naruto defeated and spared him. The world was peaceful and all the spiritual beasts were freed from Kaguya. Kakashi became Sixth Hokage. Sasuke realized his mistake, disabled the genjutsu, and forgave everyone.\nYears later, Naruto became the Seventh Hokage. He married Hinata Hyuga. They had two children. Their daughter was named Himawari, and their son was named Boruto. Boruto has a special eye and body mark. Boruto makes a new Team 7 with Konohamaru Sarutobi, Sasuke and Sakura's daughter Sarada, and Orochimaru's artificial son Mitsuki. Boruto helped Naruto and Sasuke defeat the two clansmen. Boruto learned that the new enemy group called \"Kara\" are using their own marks. Kawaki was taken to the Leaf Village and adopted by Naruto's family. Soon after, Isshiki Otsutsuki attacked the hidden leaf village to take Kawaki back but Naruto and Sasuke stopped with the sacrifice of Kurama ( Nine Tails.)\nNinja Ranks.\nNinja Student.\nThis is where a beginner learns to be a ninja.\nGenin.\nBasically meaning lower ninja. Rank of missions they are sent to: D and C easy missions.\nChunin.\nBasically meaning middle ninja. Rank of missions they were sent to: C and B.\nJonin.\nBasically meaning high ninja. Rank of missions they were sent to: B, A, and S rank.\nANBU.\nThey are like ninja black ops and are assassins. They serve the village's Kage.\nCharacters.\nTeam 7.\nNaruto Uzumaki.\nThe main character of the series. He is a member of Team 7 and the Jinchuriki of Kurama the Nine Tails. He wants to become Hokage to gain the villagers' respect and protect everyone. Over the course of the series, readers find out he is descended from Asura Otsutsuki. He got his chakra and stamina from Asura Otsutsuki. Naruto befriends many foreign and Konoha people and helps them so much that he becomes famous. Naruto eventually completes his dream of becoming Hokage. He starts a family with Hinata Hyuga and has two children, Boruto and Himawari.\nSasuke Uchiha.\nThe second main character of the series. He is a Team 7 member and a surviving member of the Uchiha clan, a powerful ninja clan descended from Indra Otsutsuki known for their Sharingan eyes. Sasuke's only wish is to avenge his clan. That made him turn on the Hidden Leaf once he learned the truth until the Fourth Great Ninja War. By the events of the \"Boruto\", he lost his arm. Sasuke started investigating the Otsutsuki clan's influence on the world while helping Konohagakure.\nSakura Haruno.\nOne of Naruto's friends and a female member of Team 7, serving as the group's medic ninja after being trained by Tsunade. Sakura was initially infatuated with Sasuke while resentful to Naruto, gradually seeing the latter as a friend while eventually marrying Sasuke and raising their daughter Sarada.\nKakashi Hatake.\nThe leader and sensei of Team 7/Team Kakashi. Kakashi was a student of Naruto's father's Minato. He got a sharigan from his teammate Obito Uchiha. After the Fourth Great Ninja War, Kakashi became the Sixth Hokage and ruled Konoha for many years. Then he retired so Naruto could be Hokage.\nSai.\nA ninja who takes Sasuke's place in Team Kakashi in Part II. Sai can bring his drawings to life. The Foundatin's overseer, Danzo Shimura, raised him to have no emotions. Sai begins becoming more social as he, Naruto and Sakura become friends. At the end of the series, Sai marries into the Yamanaka and raises his son Inojin with his wife Ino.\nYamato.\nA ANBU member who becomes a secondary leader in Team Kakashi. Yamato lost his original identity when Orochimaru experimented on him as a child to recreate Hashirama's wood style. Because he has Hashirama's cells, Yamato helps to stop the Nine Tails whenever Naruto is about to be consumed.\nHidden Leaf Village.\nIruka Umino.\nA teacher at the Ninja Academy. He lost his parents to Kurama as a child. That made him feel awkward about being Naruto's teacher. Iruka is the first person to acknowledge Naruto. He becomes a father-figure to the boy.\nKonohamaru Sarutobi.\nThe grandson of Third Hokage who looks to Naruto as a mentor in this quest to become Hokage, emulating his work ethic, determination, and signature jutsu such as the Rasengan and the Sexy Jutsu among a variety of other techniques. Konohamaru insists, however, that he will only become Hokage after Naruto has been Hokage first. By the events of the series epilogue, Konohamaru has ascended to the rank of jonin and become a mentor to Naruto's son Boruto.\nHinata Hyuga.\nOne of Naruto's friends and a member of the Hyuga clan. She is a powerful ninja clan descended from Hamura Otsutsuki. The Otsutsuki are known for their Byakugan eyes. Hinata was the first daughter of the main house, but because she was shy and couldn't stand up for herself, her father Hiashi disowned her. She was replaced by her younger sister Hanabi. Afterwards, Kurenai Yuhi cared for Hinata. She became Yuhi's gennin student with Kiba Inuzaka and Shino Abarame. They became members of Team 8. Hinata started to like Naruto. His determination made her feel more confident. In the last episode, she told him she loved him. Hinata and Naruto got married and had two children.\nTeam Asuma.\nThey were known as Team 10. The members are Third Hokage's son Asama Sarutobi and his three students, Shikamaru Nara, Sakura's rival Ino Yamanaka, and Choji Akimichi. Shikamaru and his friends are also called \"Ino-Shika-Cho.\" Their clans being close allies. During Part II, Asuma was killed by the Akatsuki member Hidan. Shikamaru avenged his mentor and became the group's leader. At the end of the series, Shikamaru kept his promise to take care of Asuma's daughter Mirai Sarutobi. Shikamaru and his friends each got married. They raised their children Shikadai Nara, Chocho Akimichi, and Inojin Yamanaka to be the next \"Ino-Shika-Cho\" group.\nTeam Guy.\nA ninja team made of Kakashi's rival Might Guy and his three students Rock Lee, Hinata's cousin Neja Hyuga, and Tenten. They are a year older than the other Hidden Leaf gennin. Guy wanted to wait a year before they could take the test to advance in ninja rank and become Chunin. Neji sacrificed himself to save Naruto and Hinata. Guy was hurt during his ultimate attack and had to retire early.\nJiraiya.\nNaruto's mentor and one of the Three Legendary Sannin. The Three Legendary Sannin were the students of the Third Hokage who survived the Hidden Rain's Hanzo of the Salamander in battle. Jiraiya is also known as the \"Toad Sage\" for having learned Sage jutsu from the Roads of Mt. Myobu. He was told by the elder that his student will become a savior of the world. Naruto calls him \"pervy sage\" because he wrote romance novels. He also wrote the epic \"Tale of the Gutsy Ninja\" with Naruto. During Part I, took Naruto as his student. In Part II, he left to investigate the Akatsuki. He found out it was led by his former student Nagato. Jiraiya died fighting to give the Hidden Leaf a chance against Nagato. He believed Naruto is the child of the Elder Toad's prophecy.\nHokage.\nThe term Hokage refers to the title of the leader of Konohagakure. There are seven in total through the series. Their pictures are carved into the rock formation over Konohagakure.\nDanzo Shimura.\nA Hidden Leaf resident. He is the leader of the Foundation. The Foundation is a secret organization that takes care of security. His goal is to become Hokage. He thought Hiruzen and his followers were weak. Danzo caused many bad things like the Uchiha Massacre. He had Orochimaru add Sharingan eyes and Hashirama's cells to him. When Tsunade was in a coma, Danzo was Acting Candidate Sixth Hokage. Sasuke killed him. After he died, the Foundation fell apart at the end of the Fourth Great Ninja War. \nZabuza Momochi.\nOne of Naruto's first opponents. He was a member of Hidden Mist's Seven Swordsmen of the Mist, a group of ninja that use particularly large swords in battle. He killed his whole class as part of a graduation ritual. Zabuza has a large sword called the Executioner's Blade. The Executioner's Blade can repair itself by absorbing the iron from blood. Zabuza had an apprentice named Haku. Haku could use the Ice-Style Kekkei Genkai. Zabuza and Haku became rogue ninja after trying to take over the Fourth Mizukage. They worked for a crime boss named Gato to get money to try again. Zabuza died after he was betrayed by Gato. Kabu brought Zabuza and Haku back to life. \nOrochimaru.\nA criminal who served as the principal villain of Part I. He was Hiruzen's student. Orochimaru joined the Akatsuki and worked with Danzo. Orochimaru wanted to live forever so he could learn every jutsu. He did experiments on other ninja. Then he made his own ninja village, the Hidden Sound Village. He used the village to experiment on people and make an army. He wanted to use the army to destroy Konoha. To live forever, he changes his mind to different bodies every few years. He wanted to use Sasuke's body to live in. After the end of part II, Orochimaru stopped fighting Konoha. He made Mitsuki instead. Yamato watched him.\nKabuto Yakushi.\nOrochimaru's right hand and spy. He is good at medical ninjutsu and can manipulate cells. Kabuto was initially a Foundation spy. He had no memory of his past. Orochimaru helped Kabuto when Danzo did not trust him. Kabuto used his skills to spy on people for Orochimaru. After Orochimaru was defeated, Kabuto decided to master Snake Sage jutsu. He put some of Orochimaru's remains into his body. He also added DNA samples of Sound Five, Jugo, Suigetsu, and Karin. Kabuto perfected the Reanimation Jutsu. He made Tobi work with him as payment for his surfaces. Kabuto was defeated, but he saved Sasuke. After the war Kabuto returned to run the orphanage he was raised in with his adopted brother Urushi.\nItachi Uchiha.\nA rogue Hidden Leaf ninja. He joined the Akatsuki after slaughtering his clan. He was shown as a villain. After he died, Itachi was shown to be loyal to the Hidden Leaf. He only killed his family because they tried to take over when Danzo and Tobi told them to. Itachi joined Akatsuki after they agreed to keep Sasuke alive. He planned to have Sasuke kill him. Itachi secretly stayed loyal to the Hidden Leaf by secretly spying on the Akatsuki. He was Kisame's partner..\nAkatsuki.\nThe main enemy of the second part of the series. It was founded by Jiraiya's students Yahiko, Nagato and Konan as a peacekeeping group in the Hidden Rain. Danzo and Tobi made it change to paid fighters made of rogue ninja. Nagato became a leader. The Akatsuki's new goal was to make everyone understand suffering so that there would be peace. They acted on Madara's Project Moon's Eye to feed the tailed beasts to the Gedo Statue. They used an Infinite Tsukiyomi to control all people.\nObito Uchiha.\nAlso known as Tobi. He is Akatsuki's true leader. He is the main enemy for most of Part II. He was a child during the Third Great Ninja War. He gave his left eye to his teammate Kakashi when he looked like he was about to die. When he looked like he was going to die, Obito was saved by Madara. Madara replaced the damaged parts of his body with Zetsu prosthetics. Obito became Madara's student. Madara made Obitsu watch Kakashi kill Rin Noharu. Obito decided he would use the Tailed Beasts to destroy reality. He wanted to create a perfect world. Obito took Madara's name. He controlled things that led to the creation of the Akatsuki. He also controlled things that led to the Nine Tails' attack on the Hidden Leaf Village. He was angry at his former mentor, Minato. With his Sharingan, Obito can make it seem like he cannot be touched. He can teleport a long way. He can also use Wood Style attacks because he has Hashirama's cells. After Obito is defeated, he gets back the sharingan he gave Kakashi. Then he died to protect team 7 from Kaguya. He helped Kakashi in spirit. \nMadara Uchiha.\nOne of two people who started Hidden Leaf Village. The other was Madara's childhood friend Hashirama Senju. Madara and Hashirama are reincarnations of the founding ancestors, Indra and Asura. Sasuke and Naruto are also reincarnations of Indra and Asura. Madara does not like the Senju because they killed his brothers during the Warring States Period. He makes peace with Hashirama, but then turns against him again. Madara tried to destroy the Hidden Leaf Village with the Nine Tails jutsu. Hashirama stopped him, and Madara faked his death. Madara used Hashirama's blood for his Rinnegan. He summoned the Gedo statue to keep himself alive. He finally died after getting Obito Uchiha to work for him. He gave his Rinnegan to Nagato so that he could be brought back from the dead later. After some time, Madara came back from the dead and turned himself into the Ten Tails jinchuriki. He tried to finish his plan, but Black Zetsu betrayed him. Madara became a vessel for Kaguya. When Kaguya was resealed, Madara was close to dying. He finally made peace with Hashirama and then died for good. \nKaguya Otsutsuki.\nThe main enemy of the \"Naruto\" series. Kaguya was a member of the main family of the Otsutsuki clan. The Otsutsuki clan were a race of alien ninja whose branch family's descendants include the Senju, the Uchiha, and the Hyuga. Kaguya decided to protect the world rather than feed off it like her kin. She became part of the world's Divine Tree as she worked on her ideal of world peace. Kaguya lost faith in humanity. She turned some humans into an army called trust White Zetsu. They were to defend her against other Otsutsuki. She fought with her half-human twin sons, Hagoromo and Hamura, upon learning they inherited her chakra. Kaguya became part of the Divine Tree and turned it into the Ten-Tails. When Hagoromo captured her, she was sealed in the moon. She turned into the Gedo Statue. Her chakra turned into the Nine Tailed Beasts. Before she was sealed, Kaguya made Black Zetsu. Black Zetsu would help her to come back. They would use Indra and the Uchiha Clan. Madara Uchiha would be her new vessel. Naruto and Sasuke defeated her with their team. They took out the spiritual beasts and Madara. Then they sealed Kaguya again.\nComics.\nThe manga series has 72 volumes. 27 of those volumes are for Part I of the story and remaining volumes are part II. The first 238 chapters are Part I and is made up of the first section of the \"Naruto\" story. Chapters 239 to 244 is side-story focusing on Kakashi Hatake's background. The remaining chapters (245 to 700) is Part II, which tells the story after two and half year. There are 26 light novels and 13 novels in Japan. In the United States, there are 16 chapter books. They use pictures from the manga.\nGrowth and popularity.\nThe manga series ran up to 72 volumes. It became one of the most popular manga and anime. Since it began, a lot of Naruto fansites (websites made by people who like it a lot) were made with detailed information, guides, forums and card games.\nAnime.\nThe first part aired from 2002 to 2007 with 220 episodes. The second part \"Naruto Shippuden\" aired from 2007 to 2017 with 500 episodes. Some episodes and anime movies for the series are not based on the manga.\nOriginal video animations.\nTwelve \"Naruto\" original video animations (OVAs) have been released.\nMovies\nThere are 11 movies following the plot of the anime and manga.\nThere is a plan to make a live action Naruto movie.\nVideo games.\nThere are more than 50 games. Many of them are fighting games based on the anime or manga. The first Naruto game was , which was originally released in Japan on December 19, 2002, and later in North America on November 17, 2005 as the first Naruto game in North America.\nOnline games.\nWebsites for the game included Ninja Classic and Naruto-Arena."}
+{"id": "46216", "revid": "1530097", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46216", "title": "Mobster", "text": "\"Mobster\" is a slang term for someone who is part of the mafia or a mafia-like group. A mobster is a criminal. The word \"Gangster\" often means the same thing."}
+{"id": "46217", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46217", "title": "1307", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46219", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46219", "title": "1272", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46221", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46221", "title": "Sergio Leone", "text": "Sergio Leone (3 January 1929 \u2013 30 April 1989) was an Italian movie director. He is well known for his Spaghetti Western films; particularly his \"Dollars\" trilogy (also known as \"The Man with No Name\" trilogy) starring American actor, Clint Eastwood.\nLeone was born in Rome and died there of a heart attack."}
+{"id": "46223", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46223", "title": "Ban Ki-moon", "text": "Ban Ki-moon (; born 13 June 1944) is a South Korean diplomat. He was the eighth Secretary-General of the United Nations from 2007 to 2016. He replaced Kofi Annan on 1 January 2007.\nBan was the Foreign Minister of South Korea from January 2004 to November 2006. On October 13, 2006, he was elected to be the eighth Secretary-General by the United Nations General Assembly.\nEducation.\nBan received his bachelor's degree in International Relations from Seoul National University in 1970 and earned a Master of Public Administration from the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University in 1985.\nPersonal.\nBan is married, and he has a son and two daughters. His native language is Korean, but he also speaks English and French.\nBan met U.S. President John F. Kennedy in Washington, D.C. after winning an English language competition in the early 1960s while he was in high school. The competition was organised by the American Red Cross. He has said that it was after this meeting that he wanted to become a diplomat.\nCareer.\nBan joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in May 1970 and worked his way up during the years of the Yusin Constitution.\nHis first overseas posting was to New Delhi. After that, he worked in the United Nations Division at the foreign ministry's headquarters. At the time of Park Chung Hee's assassination, Ban was First Secretary at South Korea's Permanent Observer Mission to the UN in New York City (South Korea only became a full UN member state on September 17, 1991). He subsequently assumed the post of Director of the United Nations Division. He has been posted twice to the Republic of Korea (ROK) Embassy in Washington, D.C. Between these two assignments he served as Director-General for American Affairs in 1990 \u2013 1992. He was promoted to the position of Deputy Minister for Policy Planning and International Organizations in 1995. He was then appointed National Security Advisor to the President in 1996, and assumed the office of Vice Minister in 2000. His most recent post was as Foreign Policy Advisor to the President Roh Moo-hyun.\nWhile he served as Ambassador to Austria, Ban was elected as Chairman of the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO PrepCom) in 1999. During the ROK's Presidency of the 56th Session of the United Nations General Assembly (GA) in 2001, he worked as Chef de Cabinet of the President of the GA.\nBan has been very involved in issues relating to inter-Korean relationships. In 1992, he served as Vice Chairman of the South-North Joint Nuclear Control Commission, following the adoption by South and North Korea of the Joint Declaration of the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. In September 2005, as Foreign Minister, he played a leading role in the diplomatic efforts to adopt the Joint Statement on resolving the North Korean nuclear issue at the Fourth Round of the Six-Party Talks held in Beijing.\nUN Secretary-General candidacy.\nIn February 2006, Ban announced his candidacy to replace Kofi Annan as UN Secretary-General at the end of 2006. He was the first South Korean to run for Secretary-General. He got the most votes in each of the four straw polls conducted by the United Nations Security Council on July 24, 2006, September 14, 2006 September 28, 2006 and October 2, 2006.\nOn September 25, 2006, while these polls were taking place, Ban addressed the Asia Society in New York on his candidacy and views on major issues confronting the UN. The next day, he gave an interview to the Asia Society's \"AsiaSource\", where he again spoke a lot about the upcoming challenges to be faced by the UN. Earlier in the year, he had spoken to the Council on Foreign Relations in New York.\nIn an informal poll that took place on October 2, 2006, Ban received fourteen favourable votes and one \"no opinion\" from the fifteen members of the Security Council; the Japanese delegation the only nation that was not in full agreement. More importantly, Ban was the only one to escape a veto, while each of the five other candidates received at least one \"no\" vote from the five permanent members of the council \u2014 People's Republic of China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. After the vote, Shashi Tharoor, who finished second, withdrew his candidacy and China's Permanent Representative to the UN told reporters that \"it is quite clear from today's straw poll that Minister Ban Ki-moon is the candidate that the Security Council will recommend to the General Assembly.\"\nOn October 9, 2006, the Security Council formally chose Ban as its nominee. On October 13, 2006, the 192-member General Assembly adopted a resolution, by acclamation, appointing Ban as Secretary-General.\nIn 2009 Op-Ed, Ban Ki-moon in referring to global warming stated: \"All agree that climate change is an existential threat to humankind\"\nOn June 21, 2011, he was re-elected for a second term as UN Secretary General by unanimous votes.\nAwards.\nBan has been awarded the Order of Service Merit twice, once in 1975, and again in 1986, by the Government of the Republic of Korea. For his accomplishments as an envoy, he received the Grand Decoration of Honour from the Republic of Austria in 2001. A year later, the government of Brazil awarded himi the Grand Cross of Rio Branco.\nIn September 2005, the Korea Society in New York honoured him with the James A. Van Fleet Award for his contributions to friendship between the United States and the Republic of Korea."}
+{"id": "46224", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46224", "title": "Italian Americans", "text": "An Italian American is a U.S. citizen of Italian descent. It may mean someone born in the United States with Italian parents or grandparents or someone born in Italy who moved to the United States. The largest group of Italians moved to the United States in the early 1900s; two million moved between 1900 to 1914. Only Irish and Germans moved to the United States in bigger numbers. In 2000 the government counted 15.6 million Italian Americans in the United States. This means that in the year 2000, for every 1000 Americans, 56 of them were Italian Americans.\nItalian Americans have been an important part in building the United States. Many great politicians, inventors, scientists, soldiers, musicians and film makers (actors and directors) have been Italian Americans. The Mafia in the United States was made by some Italian Americans but nearly all Italian Americans have nothing to do with it.\nMost of them came from southern Italy, in regions such as Sicily, Naples and Calabria, only a sizeable minority of Italian Americans have ancestral roots in Northern Italy.\nNew York City has more Italian Americans than any other city in the United States. More than 3 million Italians live in or near New York. The states of New Jersey, Pennsylvania, California, Florida and Massachusetts also have large Italian American populations. There are large Italian-American populations in the cities of Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, Detroit, Ohio, which each have over a half million Italians."}
+{"id": "46225", "revid": "551548", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46225", "title": "Municipalities of the canton of Vaud", "text": "This is a list of articles in the canton of Vaud, Switzerland. It includes municipalities that merged with others. The capital of each district is in bold type."}
+{"id": "46226", "revid": "9993038", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46226", "title": "Samuel Alito", "text": "Samuel Anthony Alito, Jr. (; born April 1, 1950) is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He was nominated by President George W. Bush and has served on the court since January 31, 2006.\nBackground.\nAlito was born to Italian American parents. He served in the U.S. Army reserves from 1972 to 1980, as Assistant United States Attorney for the District of New Jersey 1977-1981, as Assistant to U.S. Solicitor General 1981-1985, as Deputy Assistant Attorney General, 1987-1990, and from 1990 on as a member the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit before his 2006 nomination to the Supreme Court. Alito holds an originalist view of the law. The vote by the U.S. Senate to confirm Alito to the Supreme Court judge was the second narrowest in recent U.S. History to that point (58-42), the only narrower one being the 52-48 vote to confirm Clarence Thomas. Alito is from Trenton, New Jersey."}
+{"id": "46227", "revid": "9646525", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46227", "title": "House of Representatives", "text": "A House of Representatives is a part of some legislatures, which are law-making bodies. In a House of Representatives, the members are called representatives. For example, the legislature of the United States, called Congress, is made up of two parts. One of these parts is called the House of Representatives and the other one is called the Senate. A representative in the United States Congress is a \"U.S. Representative\". Many state legislatures in the United States also have Houses of Representatives. A representative in one of those state houses is a State Representative."}
+{"id": "46232", "revid": "1663160", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46232", "title": "Abigail Johnson", "text": "Abigail Johnson (born January 7, 1961) is an American businessperson. She runs the mutual fund company Fidelity Investments with her father, Edward Johnson. In 2005, she was ranked as the fifth richest woman in the world."}
+{"id": "46233", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46233", "title": "William Wrigley Jr.", "text": "William Wrigley Jr. (September 30, 1861 \u2013 January 26, 1932) was an American businessman. He was the founder of the Wm. Wrigley Jr. Company. His company makes Wrigley brand chewing gum.\nOriginal word Riglee is derived from the Arabs in 622 BCE, which means two feet/foot numbers, length or mammalian organs from god. The British that created Toronto the 6922 blue colour, made it mean more. Blue color."}
+{"id": "46234", "revid": "40117", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46234", "title": "Dan Marino", "text": "Daniel Constantine Marino, Jr. (born September 15, 1961) is a Hall of Fame quarterback who played for the Miami Dolphins in the National Football League.\nMarino started his career playing for University of Pittsburgh as a quarterback. Marino finished his career with the university having thrown 74 touchdown passes. In 2002 he was voted into the College Football Hall of Fame. He had a long and successful career as a quarterback for the Miami Dolphins, breaking many passing records but never leading his team to win the NFL Super Bowl."}
+{"id": "46235", "revid": "10155613", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46235", "title": "Joe Montana", "text": "Joseph Clifford Montana, Jr. (Commonly known as God) (born June 11, 1956) is a retired American Hall of Fame football player. He played as a quarterback for the San Francisco 49ers and the Kansas City Chiefs of the National Football League. With the San Francisco 49ers, he won four Super Bowls. He was named the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player (MVP) three times. Montana began his career playing for the University of Notre Dame in Indiana. He broke many records while playing for San Francisco. His main receiver was Jerry Rice, who is also in the Hall of Fame. He is the one and only greatest football player of all time bar none."}
+{"id": "46237", "revid": "380105", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46237", "title": "Hall of fame", "text": "A hall of fame is a type of museum for awards in certain areas where awards can be given, for example sport, art, theatre, music, agriculture, military and many more areas. A hall of fame is sometimes an actual building where awards, trophies and memrobilia are stored but sometimes a hall of Fame is just a list of award winners. To get into a hall of fame in any area, one must be the best in that area, or one of the best.\nThe first hall of fame was the Forum Augustum in Ancient Rome. It was built by Augustus who vowed to build a temple honoring Mars, the Roman God of war, during the battle of Philippi in 42 BC. The Forum incuded statues of heroes of the Ancient world."}
+{"id": "46239", "revid": "217550", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46239", "title": "Once Upon a Time in America", "text": "Once Upon a Time in America () is a 1984 epic crime film co-written and directed by Italian filmmaker Sergio Leone, and starring Robert De Niro and James Woods. The film is an Italian\u2013American venture produced by The Ladd Company, Embassy International Pictures, PSO Enterprises and Rafran Cinematografica, and distributed by Warner Bros. Based on Harry Grey's novel \"The Hoods\", it chronicles the lives of best friends David \"Noodles\" Aaronson and Maximilian \"Max\" Bercovicz as they lead a group of Jewish ghetto youths who rise to prominence as Jewish gangsters in New York City's world of organized crime. The film explores themes of childhood friendships, love, lust, greed, betrayal, loss, and broken relationships, together with the rise of mobsters in American society.\nIt was the final film directed by Leone before his death five years later, and the first feature film he had directed in 13 years. It is also the third installment of Leone's \"Once Upon a Time Trilogy\", which includes \"Once Upon a Time in the West\" (1968) and \"Duck, You Sucker!\" (1971). The cinematography was by Tonino Delli Colli, and the film score by Ennio Morricone. Leone originally envisaged two three-hour films, then a single 269-minute (4 hours and 29 minutes) version, but was convinced by distributors to shorten it to 229 minutes (3 hours and 49 minutes). The American distributors, The Ladd Company, further shortened it to 139 minutes (2 hours and 19 minutes), and rearranged the scenes into chronological order, without Leone's involvement.\nThe US edit was a critical and commercial flop in the United States, and critics who had seen both versions harshly condemned the changes made. The original \"European cut\" has remained a critical favorite and frequently appears in lists of the greatest films of all time, especially in the gangster genre."}
+{"id": "46240", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46240", "title": "Liu-bo", "text": "Liu-bo is an Italian martial art. It started in Sicily. \nHistory.\nIn Sicily, the art of \"paranza\", moving the stick by hand in order to attack or in order to defend oneself, was being taught to sons by their fathers for centuries. Many people who took care of sheep were masters of it. They often were asked to fight in order to decide problems of honor. Recently, rules have been created and it was made a sport. This sport has become well-known and has been made official by the National Educational Sport Center (CSEN). \nThe stick.\nThe stick is made from the wood of olive, rowan, or bitter orange tree. It is used as a base for a number of actions. It is held in one or both hands. "}
+{"id": "46241", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46241", "title": "Ui Miyazaki", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46243", "revid": "10498885", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46243", "title": "Edward the Elder", "text": "Edward (16 June 874 \u2014 17 July 924), nicknamed the Elder or the Great, was King of the Anglo-Saxons from 899 to his death. He was the oldest child of West Saxon King Alfred, and his wife, Ealhswith of Mercia. During Edward's reign, Wessex greatly expanded, and England was almost unified, but Edward died before he could finish the task.\nWhen Edward became king in 899, he faced a rebellion led by his cousin, \u00c6thelwold, who had believed that he had a better claim to the throne as he was the son of Athelred I, the older brother and predecessor of Edward's father. Edward successfully defeated \u00c6thelwold and his army in 902. Then, Edward continued to rule England effectively until his death in 924. He was succeeded by his oldest child, Athelstan, who continued his father's plan to unify England and had succeeded by 927.\nAtheling.\nEdward was the son of King Alfred the Great and Ealhswith, a daughter of Ethelred, also called Mucill, Ealdorman of the Gaini. Edward was born about the year 870. As one of at least three , it was not absolutely certain that he would be king after his father.\nThe rules of succession were somewhat flexible, and being the king's son did not guarantee his succession. The new king was selected from among the eligible athelings (sons and grandsons of former kings). Generally, an adult heir was preferred over a child heir. His cousin, \u00c6thelwold, was older and the son of Alfred's older brother Athelred of Wessex.\nWhen he was about four years old, Edward was sent to Rome, where, in a ceremony, he was given a sword,a belt and the rank of consul. Alfred did that and other things to make Edward the first choice among the athelings who would succeed him as king.\nBy a past agreement, Alfred had control of most of the royal estates. He could leave all or some to Edward. In the 880s, Alfred made a will giving most of the royal estates to his son Edward and left his two nephews only modest lands in the eastern part of the realm. That meant that if \u00c6tthelhelm were selected as king over Edward, he might not have had enough income to support himself as king.\nKing of Wessex.\nEdward began to rule on his father's death on 26 October, 899, but he was not crowned until Whitsunday (8 June) 900. His reign began with his cousin \u00c6thelwold, son of King Athelred, seizing the royal manors of Wimborne and Christchurch. When Edward confronted him, Athelwold fled. He left behind a nun whom he had abducted.\n\u00c6thelwold was accepted by the Danes of Northumbria, where he was elected King of York. In 901, \u00c6thelwold was in Essex with a fleet he raised over seas. In 902 he convinced a Danish army in East Anglia to raid into Wessex and Mercia with him. In response, Edward led his army into East Anglia and destroyed the countryside. Edward ordered his troops to retire to Wessex, but the Kentish men disobeyed his orders and stayed behind. The Danish army quickly caught up with them. In the battle that followed, Athelwold was killed. \nEdward continued his wars against the Danes. He received a great deal of aid from his sister, Ethelflaeda. She had married Ethelred of Mercia and at his death became the leader of the Mercians. Together, Edward and Ethelflaeda defeated the Danes in numerous battles. However, Ethelflaeda also built a line of fortresses on the Mercian frontier, as her father, Alfred the Great, had done on Wessex Edward began to use the fortresses differently. He used them not only to defend his own lands but also to hold captured lands. Edward and his sister were so successful against the Danes that they quit raiding into Wessex and Mercia.\nFreed of wars with the Danes, Edward could attend to other issues. He brought Strathclyde and parts of Northumbria under his control. He also brought Mercia under his direct rule after his sister Ethelflaeda died. The appearance of the Viking leader Ragnvald in York slowed his progress. However, by the end of his reign, he controlled all lands south of the River Humber. In a treaty, Ragnvald, the kings of Strathclyde and the Scots, recognised his rule.\nIn 924, Mercian nobles wanting to be free of Edward's rule made an alliance with the Welsh. Edward quickly put down the rebellion and placed a in the town of Chester. However, that expedition proved to be his last. Edward died on 17 July 924. By the end of the year his son Athelstan had been recognised as the rightful king.\nFamily.\nEdward's first wife was Egwina. Together, they had:\nEdward then married Elfleda, a daughter of \u00c6thelhelm. Together, they had:\nFinakly, Edward married Eadgifu, the daughter of Sigehelm. Together, they had:"}
+{"id": "46245", "revid": "10251206", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46245", "title": "924", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46246", "revid": "1155480", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46246", "title": "\u00c6lfweard of Wessex", "text": "Aelfweard (904 - 2 August 924) was briefly the King of Wessex, following the death of his father, Edward the Elder. The Kingdom of England was divided between Aelfweard and his half-brother, Athelstan, who became King of Mercia.\nAelfweard lived for only 16 days after his father and was probably not even crowned. Athelstan became King of Wessex in September 924, so the English kingdom was re-united again."}
+{"id": "46247", "revid": "10438781", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46247", "title": "Edmund I of England", "text": "Edmund I (921 26 May 946), the Elder, the Deed-Doer or the Magnificent, was King of England from 939 until his death. He was a son of Edward the Elder and a half-brother of Athelstan. Edmund was the first king to start his rule with a united England.\nEarly in his rule, the Norse king, Olaf Guthfrithson, took back much of the north of England. By 941, Edmund regained his northern lands from the Norse. He defeated a revolt by the Welsh and killed the Scottish King of Strathclyde, Donald MacDonald. He signed a treaty with Malcolm I of Scotland and set up a policy of safe borders.\nHe was married twice. With his first wife, \"St. Aelfgith\", he had two children who became King Eadwig \"All-Fair\" and King Edgar \"the Peacemaker\". After she died in 944 Edmund married Ethelflaed of Damerham. They did not have children.\nDuring the Feast of St. Augustine, on 26 May 946, at Pucklechurch in Gloucester, Edmund was killed fighting a thief who would not leave the feast. He was succeeded by his brother Edred. Edmund is buried at Glastonbury Abbey."}
+{"id": "46251", "revid": "7132", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46251", "title": "Victor Jara", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46254", "revid": "10056904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46254", "title": "Beak", "text": "The beak, a bill, or a rostrum is the nose and mouth of a bird. The beak is used for eating, fighting, grooming, and many other things. \nBeaks on different types of birds can be very different in size, shape and color. Beaks are made of an upper and lower mandible. In most species, two holes are used for breathing.\nParts.\nThe upper and lower parts of the beak are called mandibles. They are attached to the skull.\nThe edges of the mandibles are used for cutting and grabbing food. Some birds have sharp points or grooves on the edge of the beak. These shapes make it easier to hold insects or break seeds. Birds that hunt fish or other animals often have more sharp points. \nThe nostrils are the two breathing holes on the beak. They are usually on the top mandible on the part close to the head. A few species breathe through their mouths and have no nostrils. In some birds the nostrils cannot be seen because they are under feathers or a cover called an operculum. \nDucks, geese, and swans have a special plate at the end of the beak called a nail. The nail is hard and is used to force out food that is stuck to a surface or in the ground. \nThe egg tooth is a small, hard lump that grows on the tip of baby bird beaks. It grows before they hatch and falls off soon after. Birds use the egg tooth to break open the egg from the inside. Only a few species of birds kick the inside of the egg to hatch instead of using an egg tooth.\nUse.\nBeaks are used for preening (grooming the feathers). A bird can comb its feathers with its beak to adjust any that are badly positioned. Many birds spread a thin layer of oil onto their feathers, which helps to waterproof them. They also remove any dirt or parasites at the same time. \nMany birds use beaks during courtship. They may dance, touch each other's beaks, or tap things with their beaks. In some species, birds may preen each other as either a friendship behavior or courting behavior. \nBirds lose body heat through their beaks because beaks have blood in them and are not covered with feathers. Birds in warm places can lose heat this way without sweating and losing water. Birds in cold climates have smaller beaks to stop too much heat loss. "}
+{"id": "46262", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46262", "title": "Coral", "text": "Corals are formed by small animals, the polyps of the phylum Cnidaria. \nCharacteristics.\nCorals are marine, usually found either on continental shelves or near oceanic islands. Coral live in colonies.\nAll the polyps in a colony are zooids: they are all clones, genetically identical. Inside the colony they breed by asexual reproduction. They also reproduce sexually. Colonies of the same species release gametes together, over one, two or three nights around a full moon.\nEach coral animal is like a small bag. The opening on top is the mouth. Tentacles (little arms) around the mouth carry stinging nematocysts, which paralyse the small animals eaten by the coral polyps.\nCoral usually grows in tropical oceans. A few corals grow in cold water, like the oceans around the British Isles and Norway.\nSymbiosis.\nMost corals get energy and nutrients from symbiosis with photosynthetic unicellular algae called zooxanthellae. Such corals need sunlight and grow in clear, shallow water, typically at depths less than 60 metres (200\u00a0ft).\nMany corals (and some other cnidaria) live with zooxanthellae of the genus \"Symbiodinium\", which are dinoflagellates. Usually, each polyp harbours one species of algae. By photosynthesis, these provide energy for the coral, and help calcification.\nThe algae benefit from a safe place to live and consume the polyp's carbon dioxide and nitrogenous waste. Due to the strain the algae can put on the polyp, the coral often ejects the algae. Mass ejections are known as coral bleaching, because the algae contribute to coral's brown coloration. Ejection increases the polyp's chance of surviving short-term stress\u2014they can regain algae, possibly of a different species, at a later time. If the stressful conditions persist, the polyp eventually dies.\nCoral reefs.\nA coral reef is a place where many corals grow. The reef make a good home for many other animals, such as fish, crabs, clams, and sponges.\nEach coral animal secretes calcium carbonate around itself. This makes the solid structure of the colony. When the animal dies, new polyps live on top of the older structure. The rock they make is also called coral.\nThey are called \"coral skeletons\". Each different kind of coral colony builds a different kind of skeleton, so that colonies can be shaped like a brain, a mushroom, a cabbage, or many other things. With all these corals gathered together building skeletons around themselves, large coral formations are made. Together, all the coral formations in one place make up a coral reef.\nCoral can also be used as jewellery."}
+{"id": "46265", "revid": "7696", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46265", "title": "Images", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46269", "revid": "1683528", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46269", "title": "Sweyn Forkbeard", "text": "Sweyn I, or Sweyn Forkbeard (17 April 963 - 3 February 1014) was King of Denmark from about 986-3rd February 1014 and King of England from 25 December 1013 to 3 February 1014. \nSweyn's father was Harald Bluetooth, King of Denmark. Sweyn invaded England many times between 990 and 1013, when his army took control of London on Christmas day. Sweyn briefly became King of England until he died 40 days later on 3 February 1014 after being hurt in a fall from his horse.\nHis miltary achievements include:"}
+{"id": "46281", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46281", "title": "Dollars trilogy", "text": "The Dollars trilogy, also known as The Man with No Name trilogy, refers to the three Spaghetti Westerns starring Clint Eastwood and directed by Sergio Leone:"}
+{"id": "46283", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46283", "title": "Dollars Trilogy", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46287", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46287", "title": "Blue Line International", "text": "Blue Line International is an international maritime company. They deal in the transportation of passengers and vehicles between Croatia and Italy.\nBlue Line International was started in 1993. Its first passenger ship \"Kraljica mira\" sailed towards Italy carrying humanitarian aid and refugees. \"Kraljica mira\" was sailing at that time under the flag of SEM Maritime Company (SMC). In 1997, the passenger ship \"Split 1700\" joined the same company. In 2003, Blue Line International replaced SMC.\nThe passenger ship \"Ancona\", the largest ship in the Adriatic Sea was bought in 2003. It has been sailing together with the passenger ship \"Split 1700\" for several years on Blue Line's regular route. They maintain the seasonal lines between Ancona and Hvar and between Ancona and Vis."}
+{"id": "46291", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46291", "title": "Blue line international", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46293", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46293", "title": "Flainval", "text": "Flainval is a town in France. It is near Dombasle-sur-Meurthe."}
+{"id": "46294", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46294", "title": "Dombasle-sur-Meurthe", "text": "Dombasle-sur-Meurthe is a town in France. It is near Saint-Nicolas-de-Port on the Meurthe River."}
+{"id": "46295", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46295", "title": "Saint-Nicolas-de-Port", "text": "Saint-Nicolas-de-Port is a town in France.\nIt is near Dombasle-sur-Meurthe on the Meurthe River."}
+{"id": "46299", "revid": "45220", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46299", "title": "Footballer", "text": "A footballer is the athlete who - with amatorial or professional interests - plays football.\nClub owning.\nFootballers sign a contract with clubs, playing for them until their expire date. At this point, a footballer can make another contract or move to another club.\nRole.\nDuring a game, each team uses 11 players with the compulsory presences of a goalkeeper and a captain. Roles are as follows: goalkeeper, defender, midfielder and attacker. Each of these have more positions, for example:\nDespite each role requests different skills and moves, every footballer has a common objective: scoring goals."}
+{"id": "46300", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46300", "title": "Football player", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46301", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46301", "title": "Footballers", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46302", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46302", "title": "Football players", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46304", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46304", "title": "Tex Avery", "text": "Frederick Bean \"Tex\" Avery (February 26, 1908 \u2013 August 26, 1980) was an American animator, cartoonist and director. He is famous for creating animated cartoons during the Golden Age of Hollywood. He did his most major work for the Warner Bros. and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studios. He created the characters of Porky Pig, Daffy Duck, Bugs Bunny, and Droopy. He had an effect on almost all of the animated cartoon series by various studios in the 1940s and 1950s."}
+{"id": "46305", "revid": "10498905", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46305", "title": "Edgar the Atheling", "text": "Edgar the Atheling, or Edgar \u00c6theling, c. 1052 \u2013 1125 or after) was a claimant to the throne of England in 1066 after Edward the Confessor died. Edgar was a popular choice among the English because he was English and a grandson of Edmund Ironside. \nEaly life.\nEdgar was born in Hungary, where his father was in exile. When Edgar was five, his father, Edward the Exile returned to England from Hungary. He had been exiled from England during the Viking reign. Soon after he had returned, Edgar\u2019s father died under mysterious circumstances.\nKing of England.\nEdward the Confessor, who had no children, had promised the throne to his nephew Edward the Exile, his nearest living relative. In 1057, the king's messengers found Edward The Exile, his wife, Agatha; their two daughters; and their son Edgar, who were living in Hungary. Edward agreed to return to England and brought his family.\nHowever, a few days after their arrival, Edward was killed. Edgar was then only five years old. When Edward the Confessor died, Edgar was still young (15 years old) and had no experience, money or fighters. The leaders in England expected attacks from Norway and Normandy. Under those conditions, Edgar was not a good choice as king. Royal succession in Anglo-Saxon England was determined by the Witenagemot (Witan), a council of wise men.\nWhile Edgar was an aetheling, a prince of the royal family, he was not the heir apparent, which was was unknown in Anglo-Saxon England. A king could recommend his successor, but the actual choice was made by the Witan. The Witan first chose Edward's brother-in-law, Harold Godwinson, to be the next king. On the same day that Edward the Confessor was buried, Harold was hurriedly crowned king at Westminster Abbey.\nNine months later, on 14 October 1066, at the Battle of Hastings, Harold was killed. William, Duke of Normandy, rested his army for five days before he marched to London. During that time, Edgar was selected as king in London. It was thought that a second army could be raised to fight the Normans if they had a king whose name could unite England. Howeverm William took control of England with his army before Edgar could be crowned. William met with the English leaders, including Edgar, at Berkhamsted. There, William received oaths of fealty and received hostages from Edgar.\nAfter Norman Invasion.\nSix months after Berkhamsted, William, who was now King of England, returned to Normandy. To make things easier for his representatives, who were left to govern England, he took Edgar and others with him. At the end of 1067, William brought Edgar back to England when he returned. In the summer of 1068, Edgar took his mother and sisters and escaped to Scotland. His sister, Margaret, married King Malcolm III of Scotland. Along with Malcolm, Edgar took part in several military campaigns against William, who was now now King of England. He later took part in the Crusades.\nEdgar remained unmarried and never produced any children. He lived until c.1126, when he was aged 75. Edgar was the last living male member of the Anglo-Saxon royalty.\nAncestry.\nEdgar was a direct descendant of a line of Wessex kings that the \"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle\" traced back to the dynasty's supposed 6th-century founder, Cerdic, a descent that includes Alfred the Great. His grandfather, great-grandfather and great-great-grandfather were all Kings of England before Cnut the Great became king of all England."}
+{"id": "46307", "revid": "1530097", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46307", "title": "McIntosh (apple)", "text": "The McIntosh is a type of apple. It is red and green like a Gala apple, only brighter in color. Tart and crisp, it snaps when bitten into."}
+{"id": "46308", "revid": "5723094", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46308", "title": "Municipalities of the canton of Bern", "text": "There are 400 municipalities in the canton of Bern (including mergers), Switzerland. It is the largest canton in Switzerland and has the most communes."}
+{"id": "46312", "revid": "182869", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46312", "title": "Edgar, King of England", "text": "King Edgar or Eadgar I (~942 \u2013 8 July 975) was the younger son of King Edmund I of England. He had the nickname, \"the Peaceable\", but was a stronger king than his elder brother, Edwy. He took the kingdoms of Northumbria and Mercia from Edwy in 958. \nEdgar was recognized as king north of the Thames by Mercian nobles in 958, and officially took the throne when Edwy died in October 959. Immediately Edgar recalled Dunstan from exile and made him successively Bishop of Worcester, then of London and finally Archbishop of Canterbury.\nEdgar is regarded as a Saint by the Catholic church."}
+{"id": "46314", "revid": "1243600", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46314", "title": "Mozilla Thunderbird", "text": "Mozilla Thunderbird is a free cross-platform e-mail client developed by MZLA Technologies Corporation which is a subsidiary of the Mozilla Foundation."}
+{"id": "46315", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46315", "title": "Superorder", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46317", "revid": "1386969", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46317", "title": "List of U.S. state mottos", "text": "This is a list of mottos for the different states of the United States. To help tourism, states can also make state slogans."}
+{"id": "46319", "revid": "1609553", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46319", "title": "Sauropsid", "text": "Sauropsids are a group of land vertebrates which includes all existing reptiles and birds and their fossil ancestors. \nThey are one of the two groups which evolved from egg-laying amniotes in the first part of the Carboniferous period.\nThe synapsids are the other group which evolved from amniotes. They gave rise, eventually, to the mammals.\nLiving sauropsids include lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodiles, and birds. Extinct sauropsids include non-avian dinosaurs, pterosaurs, plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs, and many others.\nOrigin of tetrapods.\nMore or less, the evolution of tetrapods has taken this course:\nThe earliest tetrapods lived in water. Clear fossil tetrapod tracks from the mid-Devonian predate previous tetrapod records by 18 million years.\nNine genera of Devonian tetrapods have been described. These earliest tetrapods were not terrestrial. They lived in swampy habitats like shallow wetlands, coastal lagoons, brackish river deltas, and even shallow marine sediments.\nRomer's gap.\nBetween the lobe-finned fish tetrapods and the first amphibia and amniotes in the Middle Carboniferous lies a gap of 30 million years, with few satisfactory tetrapod fossils. This is \"Romer's gap\". Some new fossils were found in the 1990s, such as \"Pederpes\", right in the middle of the Romer Gap. The gap still obscures the details of the tetrapod transition.\nSometime, in the later Devonian or earliest Carboniferous, the fishapods became mainly land-based. One group of them kept their link to the water, and always laid their eggs in water. They became the amphibians. The others evolved a way of laying eggs on land. They were the amniotes, whose key innovation was the cleidoic egg.\nSometime in the middle or lower Carboniferous, the amniotes split into two lines. One line lead to the reptiles of all kinds, and we call that the Sauropsida. The other line led eventually to the mammals, and we call that the Synapsida. It is not right to say \"mammals evolved from reptiles\" because both groups derived from early amniotes. In any event, modern reptiles are vastly different from modern mammals. Both groups have evolved for over 300 million years from the early amniotes."}
+{"id": "46320", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46320", "title": "Avian", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46321", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46321", "title": "Conservation status", "text": "The conservation status of a species shows how likely it is for that species to survive now or in the future. Many factors affect the conservation status of a species: the number remaining, the overall increase or decrease in the population over time, breeding success rates, known threats, and others."}
+{"id": "46322", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46322", "title": "Subfamily", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46323", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46323", "title": "Infraorder", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46325", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46325", "title": "District of Columbia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46326", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46326", "title": "District of columbia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46328", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46328", "title": "Abstract algebra", "text": "Abstract algebra is a type of math that looks at how different sets of things work when you follow certain rules. These sets are called algebraic structures, and they have names like groups, rings, fields, and vector spaces. Unlike regular algebra, which focuses on solving problems with numbers and equations, abstract algebra is more about understanding the rules and patterns behind how math works in general. It looks at how operations like adding or multiplying can behave in different systems, even ones that do not use regular numbers. This subject helps mathematicians see connections between many areas of math and gives them a way to think about math in a more theoretical way. Even though it sounds very advanced, abstract algebra is important in real life too. It is used in physics, computer science, cryptography (code-making and breaking), data storage, and even in areas like geometry and topology.\nAbstract algebra started to take shape in the 1800s when mathematicians wanted to better understand how to solve certain kinds of equations, especially polynomial equations (equations with powers like , , etc.). Famous mathematicians like \u00c9variste Galois, Carl Friedrich Gauss, and Richard Dedekind helped build the foundation of this new area of math. Their work led to the creation of important ideas called group theory, field theory, and ring theory. One major breakthrough was Galois theory, which showed a deep connection between group theory and field theory. This new way of thinking completely changed how mathematicians understood equations. As time went on, abstract algebra kept growing. Mathematicians added even more general and advanced ideas, like universal algebra, category theory, and homological algebra. These newer topics help organize and connect different parts of math in a clear and powerful way.\nAbstract algebra is very important in many areas of math and science. In pure math, it helps with subjects like number theory (the study of numbers), algebraic geometry (which connects algebra and shapes), and topology (the study of spaces and how they can be stretched or bent without tearing). In computer science and applied math, abstract algebra is used in making sure computer messages are safe and accurate. For example, it is used in cryptography, which is the science of keeping information secret and secure (like in online banking). It also helps in creating codes that can find and fix mistakes in digital communication, like when sending a text or email. It even helps design systems that control how computers process information. In physics, especially in quantum mechanics and particle physics, a part of abstract algebra called group theory is very useful. It helps scientists understand how particles behave and how certain physical rules stay the same in different situations. This is important for understanding how the universe works at its smallest levels.\nHistory.\nBirth of Abstract Algebra (Early 19th Century).\nIn the early 1800s, something big changed in math. Mathematicians stopped looking only at numbers and equations and started thinking about the big ideas behind them. They wanted to understand the rules and patterns that show up in many kinds of math problems, not just how to solve one specific kind. This new way of thinking focused on structures, like how numbers or shapes behave under certain rules. Instead of just doing calculations, they studied why those calculations worked the way they did. This shift is what led to the creation of abstract algebra, a part of math that looks at deep patterns and relationships. It helped build new ideas and tools that are now used in many areas of mathematics and science.\nOne of the first big ideas in abstract algebra came from trying to solve complicated equations called polynomial equations. Mathematicians already knew how to solve equations up to the fourth degree, like quadratics, cubics, and quartics, using radicals, which means using square roots, cube roots, and other roots. But they wondered: Can we solve fifth-degree equations (called quintics) the same way? A Norwegian mathematician named Niels Henrik Abel proved that, in general, you cannot solve quintic equations using just radicals. This was a major surprise. Later, a young French mathematician named \u00c9variste Galois came up with a new idea to explain why. He studied the symmetries of the roots of these equations, ways you could rearrange the solutions without changing the underlying relationships between them. To do this, Galois used a mathematical concept called a group: a set of elements with rules for combining them. He showed that whether a polynomial equation can be solved with radicals depends on the structure of its Galois group, which is made up of permutations (rearrangements) of the roots. If the group has a certain structure, what we now call a solvable group, then the equation can be solved with radicals. If the group is too complex, it cannot. Galois's work, published after his death, laid the foundation for group theory, one of the core ideas of abstract algebra.\nAround the same time that group theory was being developed, number theory, the study of whole numbers, was also changing in big ways. A mathematician named Carl Friedrich Gauss wrote an important book in 1801 called Disquisitiones Arithmeticae. In it, he introduced a powerful new idea called modular arithmetic, which is a way of doing math using remainders. A good way to understand this is by thinking about a clock. Imagine it is 9 o\u2019clock, and 5 hours pass. What time is it? Not 14 o\u2019clock, because clocks wrap around. Instead, it is 2 o\u2019clock. That is how modular arithmetic works. On a clock, time operates in \"mod 12,\" meaning we start back at 1 after reaching 12. So we say: 9 + 5 \u2261 2 (mod 12). Gauss used this idea to study congruences, which are numbers that have the same remainder when divided by something. For example, 17 and 5 are congruent mod 12, because both leave a remainder of 5 when divided by 12. Gauss\u2019s work created new, consistent ways of thinking about numbers that followed their own special rules. These ideas helped mathematicians discover deeper patterns in numbers, especially prime numbers.\nBy the end of the 1800s, mathematicians started creating more general types of number systems, called rings and fields. These were big steps forward in making math more abstract and powerful. Two important mathematicians, Richard Dedekind and Ernst Kummer, were studying special kinds of numbers called number fields, which are like bigger versions of the rational numbers (fractions). In these new systems, the usual rules about breaking numbers into primes (like 6 = 2 \u00d7 3) did not always work. This was a problem because prime factorization is very important in number theory. To fix this, Kummer came up with the idea of \"ideal numbers\" to help keep track of how numbers could still be \"broken down\" in a meaningful way, even if normal prime factorization failed. Dedekind took this idea further and created something called an ideal, which is a special set of numbers inside a ring that follows certain rules. Because of their work, mathematicians were able to study division and multiplication in more flexible and abstract ways. This gave rise to ring theory and field theory, which are now major parts of abstract algebra. These ideas let us understand how numbers behave in many different mathematical \"worlds\", not just the numbers we use every day.\nFormalization and Axiomatization (Late 19th to Early 20th Century).\nAround the late 1800s and early 1900s, math started to change in a big way. Mathematicians wanted to make sure that everything in math was very clear, exact, and based on solid rules. They did not want to rely on guesses or ideas that were not fully explained. So, they worked hard to write down precise definitions and step-by-step rules to build math in a careful, logical way. This is called formalization. Abstract algebra became very important during this time. Before, algebra was mostly about solving equations. But now, mathematicians used algebra to organize and understand big ideas across many areas of math. They looked at the common patterns and structures behind different problems and gave them names like groups, rings, and fields, and studied how they worked in general. This helped turn algebra into a powerful tool for understanding how all kinds of math fit together.\nTwo important mathematicians who helped make algebra more precise and organized were Richard Dedekind and Leopold Kronecker. Dedekind came up with the idea of number fields, special kinds of number systems that extend the regular numbers we use. He also invented the concept of ideals, which helped mathematicians work with new types of numbers while keeping familiar rules, like how multiplication and division work. His ideas helped create the modern concept of rings, which are sets of numbers where you can add and multiply using clear rules. Kronecker had a different way of thinking. He believed that math should focus on things you can actually build or calculate, not just imagine. This approach is called constructivism. Even though Dedekind and Kronecker had different views, they both wanted the same thing. They wanted to make algebra more logical, clear, and reliable, so that all the rules were carefully defined and math could be trusted.\nIn the late 1800s and early 1900s, mathematicians built on earlier work and created more formal ideas called ring theory, field theory, and module theory. These helped them study and compare different types of math systems in a more general way.\nBy creating these abstract ideas, mathematicians could study very different math problems using the same tools. It helped them spot patterns and connections between ideas that at first seemed unrelated, leading to new discoveries and areas of research.\nOne of the most important people in the history of algebra was Emmy Noether. She changed how mathematicians thought about algebra by making it more abstract and rule-based. Instead of focusing on specific numbers or equations, she studied the rules and structures behind how algebra works. Noether created strong, general ideas about rings and ideals (special kinds of number systems and rules) such as the Lasker\u2013Noether theorem. One of her key ideas was the concept of a Noetherian ring, which helped make complicated algebra problems easier to handle. Her work became a big part of fields like algebraic geometry and commutative algebra. Other important mathematicians who worked around the same time were David Hilbert and Emil Artin. Hilbert focused on building math on clear, logical foundations and worked on both geometry and algebra. Artin helped connect abstract algebra with number theory, especially by studying how number systems can be expanded or extended.\nDuring this time, abstract algebra started to connect with other parts of math, especially linear algebra and geometry. In linear algebra, mathematicians study vector spaces, which are like systems where you can add and scale vectors. These were better understood by using ideas from field theory and module theory, both part of abstract algebra. At the same time, geometry, especially a type called algebraic geometry, began to use algebra to study shapes and spaces. Instead of just drawing shapes, mathematicians looked at equations (like polynomials) that describe those shapes. They used algebra to understand how these shapes behave. Famous mathematicians like David Hilbert, and later Oscar Zariski and Alexander Grothendieck, helped build this connection. They showed how algebraic rules could describe geometric objects, bringing different parts of math together."}
+{"id": "46335", "revid": "506417", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46335", "title": "Geodesic", "text": "In mathematics, a geodesic is the shortest path between 2 points over a curved surface. For example, an aeroplane takes the shortest path to go from one destination to the next. However the earth is not flat, it has the shape of a sphere. Displayed on a map you would see a curved line. Paths on a sphere are also called great circles, such that in this case, two points are joined by two distinct geodesics. A minimal geodesic (or segment) is a particular case where the geodesic joining two distant points has the shortest length."}
+{"id": "46341", "revid": "1055265", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46341", "title": "Anarcho-syndicalism", "text": "Anarcho-syndicalism is a form of anarchism. It sees labour unions as something which will cause revolutionary change. This change will give freedom and equality to the workers. Anarcho-syndicalists want to get rid of the wage system and capitalism. They believe this leads to class divisions and inequality. \nThe basic concepts of anarcho-syndicalism are:\nAnarcho-syndicalists believe that only direct action can bring about change. Anarcho-syndicalists do not take part in indirect action, like electing a representative to a government position.\nAnarcho-syndicalism played an important role in the Spanish Civil War."}
+{"id": "46343", "revid": "1695169", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46343", "title": "Trotskyism", "text": "Trotskyism is the form of communism that is based on the ideas of Leon Trotsky. Trotsky described himself as an \"orthodox Marxist\". This is a different way of seeing the ideas of Karl Marx than the way other communists like Mao Zedong and Joseph Stalin saw them. The biggest difference is in Trotsky's idea that there needs to be an international \"permanent revolution\". Permanent revolution is the idea that proletarian revolution needed to spread in countries worldwide, even where capitalism was not as advanced as only the proletarian revolution could carry out the tasks of the unfinished bourgeois revolutions in these countries. This is different to the Stalinist idea of trying to preserve a single nation's revolution from within. Trotsky also supported a less authoritarian government and more democracy.\nThe largest Trotskyist organizations today are the Reunified Fourth International, International Socialist Tendency, International Marxist Tendency, the International Communist League, and the Committee for a Workers' International."}