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+{"id": "46346", "revid": "1664822", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46346", "title": "A Fistful of Dollars", "text": "A Fistful of Dollars (1964) is a Spaghetti Western movie directed by Sergio Leone and starring Clint Eastwood. It is the first movie in the Dollars trilogy and was the first Spaghetti Western to be released in the United States. The second movie in the Dollars Trilogy is \"For a Few Dollars More\"; the third is \"The Good, the Bad and the Ugly\"."}
+{"id": "46347", "revid": "572554", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46347", "title": "For a Few Dollars More", "text": "For a Few Dollars More (1965) is a Spaghetti Western movie directed by Sergio Leone. It stars Clint Eastwood and Lee Van Cleef as rival bounty hunters who join forces against psychotic bandit El Indio (Gian Maria Volonte) and his gang.\nThe film is the second in the Dollars trilogy, and was released in the United States in 1967. The first movie in the trilogy is \"A Fistful of Dollars\"; the third is \"The Good, the Bad and the Ugly\"."}
+{"id": "46348", "revid": "572554", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46348", "title": "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly", "text": "The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966) is a Spaghetti Western movie directed by Sergio Leone and starring Clint Eastwood, Lee Van Cleef and Eli Wallach. The film follows three men, Blondie (the Good), Angel Eyes (the Bad), and Tuco (the Ugly), as they compete to find a buried treasure during the American Civil War. It is the third and final movie in the Dollars trilogy and was released in the United States in 1967. The first movie in the trilogy is \"A Fistful of Dollars\"; the second is \"For a Few Dollars More\".\nThis movie and \"Once Upon a Time in the West\" are considered to be the greatest western movies ever."}
+{"id": "46349", "revid": "121204", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46349", "title": "Ennio Morricone", "text": "Ennio Morricone (November 10, 1928 \u2013 July 6, 2020) was an Italian classical composer famous for making movie scores. He composed the scores for more than 500 movies and television programs. He is well known for composing the scores to , particularly Spaghetti Westerns. \nIn 2007 he received the Honorary Academy Award for his many great movie scores. In his career, the composer sold over 50 million records worldwide. In 2016, he won an Academy Award for his work on \"The Hateful Eight\".\nMorricone was born in Rome. He died at a hospital in Rome on July 6, 2020 from problems caused by a fall, aged 91."}
+{"id": "46350", "revid": "9695091", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46350", "title": "XTC", "text": "XTC was an English rock band. Its members were: Andy Partridge, Colin Moulding, Barry Andrews, Dave Gregory, Nick Preston, and Terry Chambers. XTC started in 1976. They had their biggest success in the late 1970s and most of the 1980s. XTC was best known in their home country of England, but they had some fame in other countries like the United States. Their 2 biggest hits in the U.S. are \"Dear God\" and \"The Mayor Of Simpleton\". Some of XTC's other hit songs include \"Making Plans For Nigel\", \"Senses Working Overtime\", and \"Are You Receiving Me\".\nXTC made a total of 13 studio albums. Their last album came out in 2000 and they broke up in 2005. Andy Partridge, the band's singer, says he doesn't think XTC will ever get back together.\nOne interesting thing about XTC is that they almost never did live concerts since 1982. The reason for that is because Andy Partridge sometimes got very nervous performing on stage in front of thousands of people."}
+{"id": "46356", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46356", "title": "Roh Moo-hyun", "text": "Roh Moo-Hyun (1 September 1946-23 May 2009) was a South Korean politician. He was the President of South Korea. He was born in Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea. He took office on 25 February 2003. He is seen as one of the most popular presidents of South Korea.\nAfter retirement from Cheongwadae, he was residing in Bongha Maeul, Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam-do until death. He committed suicide on 23 May 2009, by jumping off a cliff after being accused of taking bribes."}
+{"id": "46357", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46357", "title": "Kim Dae Jung", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46358", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46358", "title": "Kim Young-sam", "text": "Kim Young-sam (December 20, 1927 \u2013 November 22, 2015) was the President of the South Korea from February 25, 1993 to February 25, 1998. He was born in Geoje, South Gyeongsang. When elected in 1992, he became the first civilian to become president in over 30 years.\nKim died in a hospital in Seoul, South Korea from heart failure caused by a blood infection, aged 87."}
+{"id": "46359", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46359", "title": "Roh Tae-woo", "text": "Roh Tae-woo (4 December 1932 \u2013 26 October 2021), was the sixth President of South Korea (1988\u20131993). He was a Korean general and politician. A member of the Hanahoi, Roh was the hand-picked successor of the ex-general and president Chun Doo-hwan. This caused large pro-democracy rallies in Seoul and other cities in 1987. Roh agreed to hold democratic presidential elections, making himself a candidate for the next election. The opposition split the votes between Kim Young-sam and Kim Dae-jung (both of whom later became presidents). This made Roh the first elected president after the time that the military ruled the country.\nRoh's rule was notable for hosting the Seoul Olympics in 1988 and for his foreign policy of nordpolitik.\nIn 1993, Roh's successor Kim Young-sam led an anti-corruption campaign that saw Roh and Chun Doo-hwan on trial for bribery. The two former presidents were later charged with mutiny and treason for their part in the 1979 coup and the 1980 Gwangju Riot. \nBoth were found to be guilty in August 1996 of treason, mutiny and corruption. Chun was sentenced to death, later changed to life imprisonment. Roh's 22 1/2-year jail sentence was reduced to 17 years. Both were released from prison in early 1998, pardoned by then-President Kim Dae-jung.\nRoh died on October 26, 2021, at the Seoul National University Hospital in Seoul at the age of 88."}
+{"id": "46360", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46360", "title": "Chun Doo-hwan", "text": "Chun Doo-hwan (6 March 1931 \u2013 23 November 2021) was a Korean military officer and the President of South Korea from 1980 to 1988. He was sentenced to death in 1996. Chun was later pardoned by President Kim Young-sam on the advice of then President-elect Kim Dae-jung, who was sentenced to death by Chun some 20 years earlier.\nThe road to power.\nChun was a graduate of the Korean Military Academy in 1955. He was a member of Hanahoi, a powerful group of military officials that supported his actions. He was in charge of the investigation into the assassination of President Park Chung-hee. On 12 December 1979, in what became known as the Incident of December 12th, Chun ordered the arrest of Army Chief of Staff General Chung Sung Hwa (\uc815\uc2b9\ud654, \u912d\u6607\u548c) without authorization from then-President Choi Kyu-ha. He ordered the arrest as part of the investigation of his part in the assassination. Chung Sung Hwa resisted the arrest. This led to a bloody gun fight at the Army Headquarters and the Ministry of Defense. By the next morning, Chun and his fellow military academy graduates Roh Tae-woo and Jeong Ho-yong were in charge of the Korean military.\nOn 17 May 1980, Chun placed the entire country under martial law and disbanded the National Assembly. Many politicians were arrested, including liberal politician Kim Dae-jung. Kim was later sentenced to death in spite of protests from the United States. Later, Chun changed Kim's sentence in return for U.S. support. Protests across the nation became smaller. However, very violent protests happened in Gwangju. Protestors looted government building. They armed themselves with stolen guns and military jeeps. Protestors killed a couple of policemen and started of violent protest against the government. A couple of hundreds of protestors and some thirty soldiers were killed in the Gwangju. Choi resigned in August, and Chun was elected his successor by the National Conference for Unification, the South Korean electoral college, in September. In February 1981, Chun was elected president under a revised constitution as the candidate of the Democratic Justice Party (later renamed Democratic Republican Party). \nYears in office.\nChun ruled in an authoritarian manner. The 1981 constitution was less authoritarian than its 1972 predecessor, the Yushin Constitution, but still granted very broad powers to the president. However, it limited the president to one seven-year term. Chun did not try to change it so he could run for reelection in 1988. \nBy 1986, the general public was happy with the economic growth. However, there was much anger and hatred against Chun's regime by left-wing students who later became known as 386s. The left wing students led the nationwide June 1987 protests. In the same month, U.S. President Ronald Reagan sent a letter to Chun in support of the creation of \"democratic institutions.\" On June 29th, Roh Tae-woo announced a program of reform. This included direct presidential elections, restoration of banned politicians including Kim Dae-jung, and other liberalizing measures. This won Roh instant popularity, and he was elected as the next president of South Korea. It later became known that Chun was responsible for this plan.\nDuring Chun's visit to Rangoon, Burma (now Myanmar) in 1983, a bomb exploded at a mausoleum he was about to visit. The bomb killed 21 people, including South Korean Cabinet members. Chun himself did not die because he got there two minutes late. While no firm evidence of North Korean involvement has been found, they are widely thought to be responsible.\nAn embattled ex-President.\nIn 1996, former presidents Chun and Roh were jailed on charges of corruption. On December 16, they were also found guilty of treason and mutiny as part of their takeover of power. Chun was sentenced to death. That sentence was changed to a life sentence. He and Roh were pardoned a year later.\nDeath.\nChun died at his home in Seoul, on 23 November 2021 from cardiac arrest caused by blood cancer, aged 90."}
+{"id": "46362", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46362", "title": "Choi Kyu-hah", "text": "Choi Kyu-hah (July 16, 1919 \u2013 October 22, 2006) (also spelled Choi Kyu-ha) was the President of South Korea between 1979 and 1980. He was born in the town of Wonju, in Gangwon Province. He was foreign minister of South Korea from 1967 to 1971 and prime minister from 1975 to 1979. \nAfter the assassination of Park Chung Hee in 1979, Choi, the prime minister of South Korea at the time, took power. Because of the unrest of Park's authoritarian rule, Choi promised a new constitution and democratic elections (many thought that the elections led by Park were flawed). He won a December election later that year to become the country's fourth president.\nIn December 1979, Major General Chun Doo-hwan and close allies in the military staged a military coup against Choi's government. They quickly removed the army chief of staff and by early 1980 virtually controlled the government.\nIn April 1980, because of increasing pressure from Chun and other politicians, Choi appointed Chun as head of the Korean Central Intelligence Agency, giving him enormous power. In May, Chun declared martial law and removed all trappings of civilian government, becoming the de facto ruler of the country. By then, student protests were increasing in Seoul and Gwangju. The protests in Gwangju continued, resulting in the Gwangju Massacre, where over 200 civilians were killed within five days by Chun's military.\nChoi resigned soon afterward. Chun became president on September 1, 1980. After his resignation, Choi lived quietly out of the public eye. He died on October 22, 2006, aged 87."}
+{"id": "46363", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46363", "title": "Park Chung Hee", "text": "Park Chung Hee (September 30, 1917 \u2013 October 26, 1979) was the dictator of South Korea from 1961 until he was assassinated in 1979. His rule was marked by authoritarianism, with strict control over the media, suppression of political opposition, and human rights abuses. He dissolved the National Assembly in 1972 and imposed the Yushin Constitution, granting himself near-absolute power. Critics often label his leadership as a dictatorship.\nBirth.\nPark was born in Seonsan, a small town in Gumi-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do near Daegu. He was the seventh child from a family of modest means. His father was Park Seong-bin (age 46 at the time) and his mother was Baek Nam-hui (age 45).\nPark came from an undistinguished local branch of Goryeong Bak descent group.\nPark won admission to Daegu Teacher's College through a competitive examination. He entered on April 8, 1932 and graduated on March 25, 1937, after five years of study. His formative years coincided with the Japanese invasion of China, starting with the Manchurian incident in 1931 and culminating in all-out war in 1937.\nHe went on to teach for several years in Mungyeong, where the school has been preserved as a museum.\nMilitary career.\nPark won admission to a two-year training program in Manchukuo, the Japanese puppet state in Manchuria. Under the Japanese policy of s\u014dshi-kaimei, he adopted the Japanese-style name Takaki Masao (\u9ad8\u6728\u6b63\u96c4). He graduated from the Japanese Manchurian military academy at the top of his class in 1944. He then was selected for another two years of training at the Imperial Military Academy in Tokyo. Park was a lieutenant in the Kantogun, part of the Imperial Japanese Army, in Manchuria, fighting Chinese Communist forces.\nPost World War II.\nAfter Japan's defeat in World War II, under his communist elder brother's influence, Park joined a communist group, the South Korean Workers' Party, in the American occupation zone, which later became South Korea. Park was involved in a rebellion in Yeosu and Suncheon, Jeollanam-do, led by units of the new American-supported army. He was arrested and sentenced to death, but released soon after revealing the names of communist participants to the South Korean authorities. He was then released and left the army in dishonor. However; the outbreak of the Korean War enabled him to be reinstated, and he served the new country fighting against the communists.\nAscension to presidency.\nSyngman Rhee, the first president of the Republic of (South) Korea, was forced out of office on April 26, 1960 as an aftermath of the April 19 Movement, a student-led uprising. A new government took office on August 13. This was a short-lived period of parliamentary rule in South Korea with a figurehead president, Yun Po-son, in response to the authoritarian excesses and corruption of the Rhee administration. Real power rested with Prime Minister Chang Myon.\nPolitical background.\nThe new government was caught between an economy that was suffering from a decade of mismanagement and corruption by the Rhee presidency and the students who had forced Rhee out. The students were regularly filling the streets, making numerous and wide-ranging demands for political and economic reforms. Law and order could not be maintained because the police, long an instrument of the Rhee government, were demoralized and had been completely discredited by the public. Continued factional wrangling caused the public to turn away from the party.\nCoup d'\u00e9tat.\nSeizing the moment, then-Major General Park led a bloodless military coup (called the 5.16 Revolution) on May 16, 1961, a coup largely welcomed by people exhausted by political chaos. Although Chang resisted the coup efforts, President Yun sided with Park and persuaded the United States Eighth Army and the commanders of various South Korean army units not to interfere with the new rulers.\nThe Korean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA) was created on June 19, 1961 to prevent a countercoup and to suppress all potential enemies domestic and international. It was to have not only investigative power, but also the power to arrest and detain anyone suspected of wrongdoing or harboring anti-junta sentiments. The KCIA extended its power to economic and foreign affairs under its first director, Colonel (retired) Kim Jong-pil, a relative of Park and one of the original planners of the coup.\nYun remained in office to provide legitimacy to the regime, but resigned on March 22, 1962. Park Ch\u014fng H\u016di was the real power as chairman of the Supreme Council for National Reconstruction. Following pressure from the Kennedy administration in the United States, a civilian government was restored, with Park narrowly winning the 1963 election as the candidate of the newly created Democratic Republican Party over Yun, candidate of the Civil Rule Party. He was re-elected in 1967, again defeating Yun by a narrow margin.\nFirst two terms as president.\nEconomic reform.\nPak helped to develop South Korea's economy by shifting its focus to export-oriented industrialization. When he came to power in 1961, South Korean per capita income was only USD 72, and North Korea was regarded as the greater economic and military power on the peninsula because North Korea was industrialized under the Japanese r\u00e9gime due to its geographical proximity to Manchuria and merit in terms of natural resources, and managed to rebuild after heavy bombing by the Americans during the Korean War. During Pak's tenure, per capita income increased twentyfold, and South Korea's rural, undeveloped economy was transformed into an industrial powerhouse. Even Kim Tae Jung, one of Pak's most prominent opponents during his rule, has praised him for his role in creating the modern-day South Korea.\nThe strength of Pak's leadership was evidenced by the remarkable development of industries and rise in the standard of living of average South Korean citizens during his presidency. Many still question Pak's judgment, however, as his 1965 normalization of diplomatic relations with Japan was extremely unpopular and resulted in widespread unrest as memories from Japan's 35-year brutal colonization of Korea proved vivid. However, by normalizing relations with Japan, Pak allowed Japanese capital to flow into the country. These aids and loans\u2014although criticized by many Koreans to be too meager for the 35 years of occupation by Imperial Japan\u2014along with American aid, helped to restore the depleted capital of South Korea. Nonetheless, it must be noted that with North Korea's economy at the time being bigger and more vibrant than that of South Korea, Park did not have many options or much time to negotiate for more fitting reparations and apologies. This issue still plagues Japan and South Korea's relationship today.\nPak was reelected in 1967 against Yun.\nYusin Constitution.\nThe Constitution of 1963 barred a South Korean president from seeking a third consecutive term. However, with the assistance of the KCIA, Pak's allies in the legislature succeeded in amending the Constitution to allow the current president\u2014himself\u2014to run for three consecutive terms. In 1971, Park was victorious again, this time over Kim Dae-jung in the general election.\nJust after being sworn in for his third term, Pak declared a state of emergency \"based on the dangerous realities of the international situation.\" In October 1972, he dissolved Parliament and suspended the Constitution. In December, a new constitution, the Yusin Constitution, was approved easily by the general public. The new document dramatically increased Pak's power. It transferred the election of the president to an electoral college, the National Conference for Unification. The presidential term was increased to six years, with no limits on reelection. In effect, the constitution converted Pak's presidency into a legal dictatorship. Pak was re-elected in 1972 and 1978 with no opposition.\nAssassination attempts.\nOn January 21, 1968, a team of about 10\u201415 North Korean spies was secretly sent to South Korea to kill Park. They crossed the border mountains and hijacked a bus in Seoul. No civilians were in the bus. The spies drove it towards the Blue House, where Park was at the time. When the Korean military was informed of the presence of the North Koreans, they hurriedly went to protect the president. Armed with machine guns and grenades, the spies drove almost to the Blue House until they met South Korean soldiers. After a short grenade and gun battle, all but one spy were killed. Thirty-seven South Koreans were also killed.\nOn August 15, 1974, a botched assassination attempt by North Korean agent Mun Se-gwang claimed his wife, Yuk Yeong-su, instead. After this attack he finished the speech he had been giving. His wife died later that day.\nDeath.\nOn October 26, 1979, Park was shot dead by Kim Jae-kyu, the director of the KCIA who was his close friend. Kim claimed that Park was an obstacle to democracy and that his act was one of patriotism. After Kim fatally shot the president and the leader of his guards, his agents quickly killed four more of the presidential bodyguards before the group was caught. The entire episode is usually either considered a spontaneous act of passion by an individual and that the actions of the other agents only occurred because the men felt loyalty to Kim and naturally followed his lead, or as part of a pre-arranged attempted coup by the intelligence service, , with the latter being more widely believed.\nLegacy.\nIt is alleged by supporters that despite his dictatorial rule and the high growth that occurred during his years in power, Park did not engage in corruption and led a simple life. Detractors allege he was simply a brutal dictator and only brought about high growth through military control over labour.\nBeing a complex man as a policy maker, many Koreans continue to hold Park in high regard in great part due to the industrial and economic growth experienced by South Korea under his presidency. But there are also many who condemn him for the brutality of his dictatorship and for his service to the Japanese army during World War II. Today, Park's critics deplore the widespread human rights abuses in South Korea during his rule. However, his supporters argue that the human rights abuse accusation is mostly fabricated or exaggerated. One example of his many abuses was the kidnapping of opposition activist Kim Tae Jung. Around noon of August 8, 1973, Kim was attended a meeting with the leader of the Democratic Unification Party in the Room 2212 of the Hotel Grand Palace in Tokyo. At around 13:19, Kim was abducted by a group of unidentified agents as he walked out of the room after the meeting. He was then taken into the empty Room 2210 where he was drugged and became unconscious. Later Kim was moved to Osaka and later to Seoul, South Korea. Kim was later quoted as saying that a weight had been attached to his feet aboard the boat heading toward Korea, indicating that the kidnappers had intended to drown him by throwing him into the sea. They were, however, forced to abandon this plan as the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force began a pursuit of the kidnappers' boat. Later, Kim was released in Busan. He was found alive at his house in Seoul five days after the kidnapping. According to some reports U.S. Ambassador Philip Habib intervened with the South Korean government to save Kim's life.\nPak's daughter Park Geun-hye was elected the chairwoman of the conservative Grand National Party in 2004. She resigned her post in order to prepare a presidential bid for the upcoming election. \nFamily.\nPark Chung-hee was married three times. first wife Kim Ho-nam (1918 - 1990, m.1936 - 1945), birth one daughter, Park Jae-ok(, b.1937). second wife Lee Hyon-lan ( m.1945 - 1947), birth one son, early death (b.1947 and d.1947). third wife Yuk Young-soo(, 1926 - 1974, m.1950 - 1974, her death), birth daughter Park Geun-hye( b.1952) and Park Geun-ryoung(, b.1954), son Park Chi-man( b.1958)."}
+{"id": "46365", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46365", "title": "Yun Po-sun", "text": "Yun Bo-seon (Korea:\uc724\ubcf4\uc120, August 26, 1897 \u2013 July 18, 1990) was the President of South Korea from 1960 to 1962. \nHe was born in Asan, South Chungcheong province, Yun graduated from the University of Edinburgh in 1930. He entered politics after Japanese occupation ended in 1945, with Syngman Rhee being his mentor. In 1948, Yun was made mayor of Seoul by Rhee. A year later, he was made the Minister of Commerce and Industry. Soon, he started to disagree with Rhee's authoritarian policies. He then served as president of the Red Cross Society, before being elected to the National Assembly in 1954. A year later, he founded the opposition Democratic Party along with several others.\nAfter Rhee's government was ousted by a student-led pro-democracy uprising, Yun was elected president on August 13, 1960. He was merely a figurehead, as South Korea had switched to a parliamentary system in response to the authoritarian excesses of Rhee's regime. After Park Chung Hee's coup in 1961, he stayed on briefly to provide legitimacy to the regime, but resigned on March 22, 1962. He opposed Park's authoritarian rule and ran for president twice in 1963 and 1967, losing each time. After receiving suspended sentences several times for anti-government activities, Yun retired from politics in 1980 and focused primarily on cultural activities until his death from diabetes and high blood pressure. He died in 1990."}
+{"id": "46366", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46366", "title": "Syngman Rhee", "text": "Syngman Rhee or Lee Seungman (, March 26, 1875 \u2013 July 19, 1965) was a Korean independence activist and politician. He was the first president of South Korea. His presidency, from August 1948 to April 1960, remains controversial, affected by Cold War tensions on the Korean peninsula and elsewhere. Rhee was a strong anti-Communist, and led South Korea through the Korean War. His presidency ended in resignation following popular protests against a disputed election. He died in exile in Hawaii. \nEarly life.\nRhee was born in to Rhee Kyong-sun, a member of the aristocratic Yangban family. Rhee was descended from Prince Hyo-nyong, the second son of King Taejong of Joseon. He soon became active in Korea's struggle against Japanese control. He was arrested in 1897 for demonstrating against the monarchy.\nAfter he was released in 1904 he went to the United States. He obtained several degrees, including a Ph.D. from Princeton University. He began writing his name in the Western manner, with the personal name before the family name. When President Theodore Roosevelt was helping negotiations for the Treaty of Portsmouth, Rhee asked him to put freedom for Korea in the treaty. This did not happen. In 1910, he went back to Korea under Japanese rule. His political actions got him into trouble with the Japanese army, so he left for China in 1912. In 1919, all of the major pro-independence groups formed the provisional Government of the Republic of Korea in Shanghai. Rhee was elected the president, a post he held until 1925 when he was removed by the Provisional Assembly for the misuse of his authority.\nPresidency.\nPresident of South Korea.\nAt the end of World War 2, Rhee returned to Seoul. This was before the other independence leaders, since he was the only one well known to the Allies. In 1945, he was chosen as head of a provisional (short term) government. With the unspoken agreement of the occupation authorities, Rhee conducted a number of actions to \"remove Communism\". This was actually a hidden plan to remove all possible opposition to him.\nRhee was elected the first president of South Korea on 10 May, 1948 by a parliamentary vote. He defeated Kim Koo, the last president of the Provisional Government by 180 votes to 16. All the left-wing parties refused to take part in the election. On 15 August 1948, he formally took over from the US military and became the legal power over the Korean people.\nAs president, Rhee took on dictatorial powers even before the Korean War started in 1950. He allowed the internal security force (headed by his right-hand man, Kim Chang-ryong) to put people in prison and torture them if they were thought to be Communists or North Korean agents. June 1949, Kim Koo was assassinated by Ahn Doo-hee, who siad he did it by the order of Kim Chang-ryong. His government also directed several massacres, the most famous being on the island of Jeju. This was after an uprising by left-wing groups.\nKorean war.\nRhee made himself unpopular by telling the people in Seoul to stay in the city when the Korean War started. He had already left. His decision to cut the bridges on the Han River stopped thousands of people from escaping from the Communists. The UN and South Korean forces fought back and drove the North Koreans north towards the Yalu River. After a Chinese counterattack the UN and South Korean were pushed back to the current Demilitarized zone. Rhee became unpopular with the US and the UN for refusing to agree to peace plans that would have left Korea divided. He wanted to become the leader of a united Korea with UN assistance. He tried to stop any peace plan that would not remove the northern government completely. He also argued for stronger military action to be used against China. He was annoyed because the US would not bomb China.\nOn January 18, 1952, Rhee declared South Korean rule over the waters around the Korean peninsula. This was an idea the same as today's exclusive economic zones. The new border, which Rhee called the \"Peace Line\", included Tsushima Island and the uninhabited islands named Dokdo. This led to protests from the Japanese government. They claimed that the islands were Japanese territory. Minor clashes followed, but the islands have been under South Korean administration since then.\nThroughout his rule, Rhee took extra steps to keep his control over the government. In May 1952 Rhee pushed through constitutional changes which made the presidency a directly elected position. To get this passed by parliament he declared martial law. He jailed the members of parliament he thought would vote against it. Rhee was soon elected by a big majority. He regained control of parliament in the 1954 elections. He pushed through an amendment to exempt himself from the eight-year limit on presidents.\nRhee's chances for reelection during the presidential campaign of 1956 seemed small. People did not think he should be allowed to be president three times. The main opposition candidate Shin Ik-hee drew large crowds during his campaign. Shin's sudden death during the campaign, however, allowed Rhee to win the presidency with ease. The runner-up of that election, Cho Bong-am of the Progressive Party, was later charged with spying and executed in 1959.\nResignation.\nBy 1960, Rhee had already served three terms in office. His next victory was certain after the main opposition candidate, Cho Byeong-ok, died shortly before the March 15 elections. Rhee won with 90% of the vote. The real contest was in the race for vice president. This was held separately under the law of the time. Yi Gi-bung, who Rhee thought should take over after him, was declared the winner of an election that the opposition claimed was rigged. This created anger among groups of the Korean people. A student-led April 19 Movement forced Rhee to resign on April 26.\nOn April 28, a DC-4 belonging to the CIA operated Civil Air Transport took Rhee out of South Korea. This was to rescue him from the angry crowds. Kim Yong Kap, Rhee's Deputy Minister of Finance, revealed that President Rhee had taken $20 million in government money for himself. Rhee, his Austrian-born wife, Francisca Donner, and adopted son lived in exile in Honolulu, Hawaii. On July 19, 1965, Rhee died of a stroke. His body was returned to Seoul and buried in the National Cemetery on July 27, 1965.\nLegacy.\nRhee's legacy has been in considerable dispute. In general, conservative circles regard Rhee as the patriarch of the nation, while liberals tend to be critical of him.\nRhee's former residence in Seoul, Ihwajang, is currently used for the presidential memorial museum, and Woo-Nam Presidential Preservation Foundation has been set up to honour his legacy."}
+{"id": "46371", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46371", "title": "Psychonauts", "text": "Psychonauts is an action-adventure platformer video game created by Double Fine. It was made for the Xbox, Playstation 2, and PC, and was later brought to Xbox 360 through the Xbox Live Arcade service, and Apple Computers through Steam. The main character, Rasputin, is a Psychonaut, or psychic who travels through people's minds. Although Psychonauts initially did poorly regarding sales, the game is well known for being very creative and having a cult following. A sequel has recently been rumored to be developed by Double Fine and produced by Markus \"Notch\" Persson, millionaire, and creator of \"Minecraft\" and Mojang Studios. Tim Schafer, founder of Double Fine, predicts \"Psychonauts 2\" to cost $13 million to make."}
+{"id": "46377", "revid": "1662670", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46377", "title": "Sum 41", "text": "Sum 41 (sometimes called The Sums, originally called Kaspir) is a Canadian rock punk band from Ajax, Ontario. The people currently in the band are Deryck Whibley (lead vocals, guitar, keyboards), Cone McCaslin (bass guitar, backing vocals), and Steve Jocz (drums, percussion, and backing vocals). The band's most known lineup is the same, except with Dave Baksh on lead guitar and backing vocals.\nIn 1999, the band signed a record deal with Island Records. Since then, the band has released four studio albums. Their most successful album to date is \"All Killer, No Filler.\" The album had the single \"Fat Lip\" which did very well, making it the band's most successful single. The second single off the album, \"In Too Deep\", also did well.\nThey often perform more than 300 times in a single year. That is why they are known for their long and worldwide tours, most of which last more than a year. So far, all of the Sum 41 albums have done very well in Canada. Sum 41 has received many awards and nominations. They have been nominated for seven Juno Awards (the Canadian equivalent of a Grammy Award), winning twice.\nOn March 30, 2025, Sum 41 will perform their last show at the 54th annual Juno Awards. They announced that were planning on disbanding the band after they are inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame.\nInfluences.\nSum 41's influences include NOFX, All, Black Flag, Fugazi, Pennywise, Rancid, Superchunk, Weezer, Beastie Boys, Bad Religion, Buzzcocks, Nirvana, Ramones, Social Distortion, The Offspring, Foo Fighters, The Police, Judas Priest, Iron Maiden, Guns N' Roses, Metallica, Anthrax, The Vandals, Megadeth, Dio, Slayer, No Use for a Name, Carcass, Elvis Costello, Run-DMC, Lagwagon, Face to Face, Devo, Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock and Green Day.\nOther websites.\n "}
+{"id": "46380", "revid": "10117797", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46380", "title": "Canonization", "text": "Canonization is a statement by a church saying that someone is a saint. This process is used by some Christian churches, most commonly in the Roman Catholic Church. The person must be dead, because living people cannot be canonized.\nThe process of canonization involves proving that the person lived in a way that justifies this decision. They must have loved others and loved God. In the Catholic Church, at least two miracles by the saint's intercession must be proven. This means that, because the person is believed to be in heaven, someone must pray, or ask, for the saint to pray for them in heaven. If the prayer is answered and a miracle happens, then they know that the person is a saint. The miracles prove that the saint must be in heaven with God, and able to ask God for prayers to be answered. \nThese people then enter into the \"canon\", or list, of saints.\nIt is not correct to say that the Church \"makes\" someone a saint. The Catholic Church believes that anyone who is in heaven is already a saint. The canonization process just finds out for sure, or without a doubt, that someone is a saint."}
+{"id": "46381", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46381", "title": "Saint Dunstan", "text": "Dunstan (909\u2013May 19, 988) was the Archbishop of Canterbury from 960 to 988. He was canonized (made a saint) in 1029. He became famous for the many stories told about his dealing with the Devil."}
+{"id": "46382", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46382", "title": "Dunstan (disambiguation)", "text": "Dunstan may be the following reasons:"}
+{"id": "46384", "revid": "8004246", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46384", "title": "Kamala Nehru Park", "text": "SHOE PARK \na park in India. It covers an area of 4,000 sq yd (3,300 m\u00b2). It is located at the top of Mumbai's Malabar Hill. The park is named after Kamala Nehru, the wife of India's first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru. \nA place often visited by schoolchildren, it has little to offer by way of entertainment apart from a structure shaped like a shoe. The shoe structure is inspired by the nursery rhyme \"There was an old woman.\" \nFrom the garden, one can see Chowpatty Beach, and the DOLLY\nNECKLACE's"}
+{"id": "46385", "revid": "7196", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46385", "title": "Shoe House", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46386", "revid": "7196", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46386", "title": "Kamama Nehru Park", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46427", "revid": "10165951", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46427", "title": "Stronghold", "text": "Stronghold means castle or any other strongly fortified place. The history of fortified buildings reaches from antiquity to modern times. In medieval Europe, the castle was the most common type of stronghold and often the residence of the king or territorial lord. The Maginot Line is an example of a 20th century stronghold. \nStronghold is also the name of a small video game franchise consisting of several castle-sim games made by Firefly Studios."}
+{"id": "46428", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46428", "title": "Weimar (Lahn)", "text": "Weimar (Lahn) is a community in the German state of Hesse. It has about 7,600 inhabitants. Weimar (Lahn) lies near Marburg."}
+{"id": "46429", "revid": "593910", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46429", "title": "Lord", "text": "A Lord (Laird in some Scottish contexts) is a person who has power and authority. Women will usually (but not universally) take the title 'Lady' instead of Laird or Lord, but there is an example of a female Lord: \"Lord of Mann\", the ruler of the Isle of Man. The territory belonging to a lord is often called a lordship. Lords as a group are a peerage. \nThe word actually comes from the Old English forms for \"loaf\" (bread) and \"ward\" (used to mean \"protector\", although today it means \"one who is protected\"). So a \"lord\" or \"loaf ward\" was originally \"the one who protected the loaf\". A mesne lord was a lord in the feudal system who had vassals who held land from him, but who was himself the vassal of a higher lord. The one who ruled over mesne lords was sometimes called an overlord. This higher lord was sometimes the king.\nIn a religious context, The Lord means God, mainly by Christianity."}
+{"id": "46430", "revid": "10367749", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46430", "title": "Interval (music)", "text": "An interval in music means the distance between two notes (whether these notes are played together or separately).\nTwo notes on a keyboard which are next to one another (counting both white and black notes) are a \u201csemitone\u201d apart. A \u201ctone\u201d is two semitones (see semitone). However, an \u201cintervale\u201d depends on how the notes are written (what they are called) e.g. whether the black note between D and E is written as D sharp or E flat (which are two different names for the same note).\nPlease note that in all of the examples below, C is the lower note of the pair, and the other note is the next note of that name above it. So, the interval between a C and a B is only a major 7th if it is between a C and next B above it.\nMajor and perfect intervals in the major scale.\nIn a major scale there are eight notes e.g. a C major scale (see above) is:\nC D E F G A B C and down again.\nMinor intervals.\nIf a major interval is made smaller by a semitone it becomes minor:\nDiminished intervals.\nIf a perfect interval becomes smaller by a semitone it becomes \u201cdiminished\u201d\nIf a major interval becomes smaller by \"two\" semitones (i.e. a tone) it becomes \u201cdiminished\u201d\nAugmented intervals.\nIf a major interval is made bigger by a semitone it becomes \u201caugmented\u201d\nSimilarly, if a perfect interval becomes bigger by a semitone it becomes \u201caugmented\u201d\nExamples:\nIt is important to realize that, in order to work out what an interval is, the lower note should be treated as the first note of the scale.\nExamples:\nInverted intervals.\nIntervals can be \u201cinverted\u201d (turned upside down). For example: instead of going from a C up to an A (major 6th) we can go from C down to an A (minor 3rd).\nCompound intervals are intervals bigger than an octave e.g.\nC to D an octave and one more note above it is a major 9th.\nBig intervals are called \u201cwide\u201d intervals. The opposite is a \u201cnarrow\u201d interval."}
+{"id": "46431", "revid": "373511", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46431", "title": "Musical mode", "text": "Modes in music are a kind of scale.\nThe Ancient Greeks used several modes in their music. Medieval musicians borrowed the names of these modes to describe the scales used in their music. Western music predominantly usually uses two scales: major and minor, which correspond to the Ionian and Aeolian modes. Like any other scale, a mode can start on any note.\nEach mode has a different pattern of tones and semitones (or \u201chalf tones\u201d) (see semitone).\ntone, tone, semitone, tone, tone, tone, semitone.\ntone, semitone, tone, tone, semitone, tone, tone.\nThe modes are easiest to see on a piano keyboard using the white notes only. The most common modern modes are:\nIt will be seen that\nEach mode also has a version called \u201chypo\u2014\u201c.\nFor example: A to A is Hypodorian. It is the same as Aeolian, but the D is treated as the \u201ckeynote\u201d.\nThe names of the modes come from cities in Ancient Greece.\nIn the Middle Ages these modes were widely used in church music.\nSome composers in recent centuries have enjoyed using the ancient modes from time to time in their music. Folksongs are often modal. Greensleeves is an example of a well-known tune which is modal."}
+{"id": "46433", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46433", "title": "Sharp", "text": "Sharp means that something can cut easily.\nSharp may also refer to:"}
+{"id": "46434", "revid": "1674404", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46434", "title": "L\u00facuma", "text": "Lucuma fruits are found in Peru and Chile. Lucuma have been eaten for many centuries. Anthropologists have found ancient burial sites with lucuma seeds. \nLucuma is used in many different drinks and desserts. Lucuma is the most popular ice cream flavor in Peru."}
+{"id": "46436", "revid": "1627826", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46436", "title": "Western Asia", "text": "Western Asia (or Southwest Asia) is the part of Asia that includes the Middle East and South Caucasus. \nTerritories.\nSouthwest Asia in most uses includes:"}
+{"id": "46439", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46439", "title": "Jane Eyre", "text": "Jane Eyre is a novel written by Charlotte Bront\u00eb. It was published in 1847 in England. It is Charlotte Bront\u00eb's most famous book.\nBackground.\nAround this time, Charlotte was beginning to suffer a painful toothache, which made many of her teeth fall out. She was even more worried about her father's blindness. On 19 August 1846, Charlotte went to Manchester with her father to see an eye surgeon, William James Wilson. Wilson performed the operation on 25 August. The next day, Charlotte described it to her friend Ellen in a letter. Wilson had been helped by two other surgeons. The operation had taken about 15 minutes. Charlotte wrote, \"Papa is now confined to his bed in a dark room and is not to be stirred for four days - He is to speak and to be spoken to as little as possible\". \"Depressed and weary (tired)\", Charlotte began writing \"Jane Eyre\".\nCharlotte did not have good eyes, so she wrote in little square books that she held close to her eyes. She wrote the first copy in pencil. When she left Manchester to go back home, she took the book with her and continued writing.\nPlot.\n\"Jane Eyre\" is a love story. It tells about a young woman called Jane Eyre who was an orphan and goes to teach a girl named Adele Varens in a far-away house. The master of the house is Mr. Rochester. Jane and Mr. Rochester fall in love, but Jane is horrified when she finds out Mr. Rochester is already married to a crazy woman. She leaves the house, believing that marrying him would now be the same as adultery and that she would be his mistress, not his wife. When she goes away, she becomes sick and almost dies. Three people, Diana, Mary, and St. John Rivers, find her and let her live with them. There, she becomes a teacher and finds out that they are her cousins. She is very happy until St. John wants her to marry him and be a missionary with him. She knows that he does not really love her and thinks she is simply useful, so she says no. However, he continues to ask her, and she is finally almost persuaded that it is her duty to marry him when she hears Mr. Rochester crying, \"Jane! Jane!\" She feels that something has happened to him, and quickly goes back to see him. His crazy wife had set his house on fire and died in it. Mr. Rochester, because of the fire, had become blind and wounded. Jane, now that his wife is dead, is happy to marry him, and they get married and have a son.\nFamous sentence.\nThe novel begins the last chapter with one of the most famous lines in English literature:\n\"Reader, I married him\".\nThe active voice was revolutionary for its time."}
+{"id": "46445", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46445", "title": "Gifhorn", "text": "Gifhorn is a city in the German state of Lower Saxony.\nAbout 43,000 people live there. They have 3 star hotels."}
+{"id": "46449", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46449", "title": "Fortification", "text": "Fortifications are military constructions and buildings designed for defense during war. People have constructed defensive works for many thousands of years, but the designs have become more and more complex. The term fortification comes from the Latin words \"fortis\" (\"strong\") and \"facere\" (\"to make\").\nMany military installations are known as forts, although they are not always fortified. Larger forts may class as fortresses, smaller ones formerly often bore the name of fortalices. Some are castles. The word fortification can also mean the practice of improving an area's defense with defensive works. City walls are fortifications but not necessarily called fortresses.\nThe last great system of fortification to be built was the Atlantic Wall."}
+{"id": "46450", "revid": "9446083", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46450", "title": "Neurosurgery", "text": "Neurosurgery is the surgical specialty that focuses on diseases and injuries involving the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nervous system."}
+{"id": "46455", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46455", "title": "Conjoined twins", "text": "Conjoined twins are twins whose bodies are joined together at birth. This happens where the zygote of identical twins fails to completely separate. Conjoined twins occur in an estimated one in 200,000 births, and approximately half are stillborn. The overall survival rate for conjoined twins is between 5% and 25%. Conjoined twins are more likely to be female (70-75%). Daisy and Violet Hilton are a famous pair of conjoined twins. They were born in Brighton and were kept on top of the Evening Star pub, where they were taught to dance by a cruel barmaid. She then sold them and they toured Vaudeville. They became famous in the movie \"Freaks\" and lived long lives, eventually getting married."}
+{"id": "46459", "revid": "1260226", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46459", "title": "United States Armed Forces", "text": "The United States Armed Forces are the military of the United States. It has six branches: the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, Space Force and Coast Guard.\nThe current President of the United States is Donald J Trump. He is the current Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. All branches except the Coast Guard are part of the Department of Defense, which is controlled by the Secretary of Defense. The Coast Guard is located within the Department of Homeland Security. The Marine Corps located within the Department Of The Navy.\nAbout 1.4 million people are currently on active duty in the military with another 1,259,000 people on reserve (with 456,000 people in the Army and Air National Guard). There is currently no conscription. Women can serve in most combat positions, and in all non-combat military jobs. Because of war, some of these non-combat jobs actually see combat regularly.\nRanks.\nAll branches of the United States military have Commissioned Officers and Non Commissioned/Enlisted Personnel. Most Enlisted members with a rank of E-4 and above are called Non-Commissioned Officers (NCOs); the exception is the Air Force where E-5 is considered the first Non-Commissioned Officer (NCO) rank. Their usual duties are to supervise or make sure that common jobs are done properly every day. Most branches of the United States Military include \"Warrant Officers\" (\"Chief Warrant Officers\" in the Navy.) They are considered experts in their field, they are higher rank than other enlisted troops, but below Commissioned Officer. There are four or five ranks of Warrant Officers in most of the branches: WO-1 through WO-4 or WO-5(CWO-1 to CWO-4 or CWO-5)\nHere are some common ranks for the US Army,Air Force and Marines. These branches of the military use different names for the enlisted ranks, but they all use the same for officers. The Navy and the Coast Guard have different ranks; for those see United States Navy. There are no five star general Ranks. The General of the Army,General of the Air Force and Fleet Admiral are only used in wartime situations. The United States Army,Marine Corps,Air Force and Space Force have Commissioned Officer and Non-Commissioned/Enlisted Personnel Ranks with the Navy and Coast Guard also having Officer Ranks. These Titles are seen below.\nOther information.\nThe number of generals and admirals, is over 800."}
+{"id": "46471", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46471", "title": "Xiao", "text": "The xiao is a Chinese musical instrument. It is made from bamboo. It is an end-blown flute."}
+{"id": "46519", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46519", "title": "Mike D", "text": "Michael Diamond, better known as Mike D (born November 20, 1965), is an American rapper. He is a member of the Beastie Boys, a hip hop band.\nDiamond co-founded the band \"The Young Aborigines\" in 1979. They changed the name of the band to the Beastie Boys in 1981. At that time, the band played hardcore punk music. In 1992, he founded his own record label, Grand Royal. He is married to Tamra Davis."}
+{"id": "46522", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46522", "title": "Defensive wall", "text": "A defensive wall is a fortification used to defend a city from potential aggressors. In ancient to modern times, they were used to enclose settlements. Generally, these are referred to as city walls or town walls, although there were also walls, such as the Great Wall of China, Hadrian's Wall, and the metaphorical Atlantic Wall, which extended far beyond the borders of a city and were used to enclose regions or mark territorial boundaries. Beyond their defensive value many walls also had important symbolic functions \u2014 representing the status and independence of the communities they embraced."}
+{"id": "46523", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46523", "title": "Autolycus of Pitane", "text": "Autolycus of Pitane (ca. 360 BC\u2014d. ca. 290 BC) was a Greek astronomer, mathematician, and geographer. He was born in Pitane, a town of Aeolis, in Asia Minor. His works were probably completed in Athens between the years 335 BC and 300 BC. Autolycus' surviving works include a book on spheres (called \"On the Moving Sphere\") and another on the rising and setting of celestial bodies. \"On the Moving Sphere\" is believed to be the oldest mathematical treatise from ancient Greece that is completely preserved.\nEuclid mentions Autolycus' work. Autolycus also taught Arcesilaus.\nMaurolycus translated Autolycus' works in the sixteenth century.\nMathematics.\nAutolycus studied the movements of a sphere. It is believed they were the earliest written mathematics related books which have actually survived. Theodosius' \"Sphaerics\" was based on Autolycus' work on spheres.\nAstronomy.\nAutolycus studied the relationship between the rising and the setting of the celestial bodies, and wrote that \"any star which rises and sets always rises and sets at the same point in the horizon.\"\nA crater on the Moon is named after him."}
+{"id": "46524", "revid": "36199", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46524", "title": "Hadrian's Wall", "text": "Hadrian's Wall ( or ) is a stone and turf fortification built across northern Great Britain by the Roman Empire in the early second century. The Roman emperor Hadrian built the wall to control barbarians: the ancient Britons to the north of the wall. The wall is now in England, and runs between the Solway Firth and the River Tyne in northern England. When the Romans built the wall, it was the northern border of the Roman Empire. \nThe Roman legions (armies) of the governor of Roman Britain, Platorius Nepos, built the wall for the emperor between 122 and 126. The wall was about long. Most of the wall \u2013 \u2013 was made of stone. To the west of this section \u2013 for \u2013 the wall was made of turf. The stone part of the wall was thick and about tall. The wall's turf part was thick and about tall. To start with, the wall's east end was at Newcastle upon Tyne (), but later the Romans built more stone wall for to the east, to Wallsend on Tyne. In front of the wall (on the northern side) was a ditch. The ditch was away from the wall. The ditch was at about deep and was normally about wide. The Romans used the wall for at least two hundred years.\nHadrian's Wall is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site called Frontiers of the Roman Empire. It was made a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. It shares this listing with the Antonine Wall in Scotland and the German fortifications known as the \"Limes Germanicus\". Hadrian's Wall was the first of two \"great walls\" created by the Romans in Great Britain. Its ruins are more visible than the lesser known Antonine Wall to the north.It also had small watch towers/fortes along it.\nThe Vallum is a huge earthwork associated with Hadrian's Wall. It runs from coast to coast to the south of the wall.\nConstruction.\nBegun in AD 122, during the rule of the emperor Hadrian, it was the first of two fortifications built across Great Britain. The second was the Antonine Wall (now in Scotland), the lesser known of the two.\nThe original wall was 20 feet tall and 8 feet wide. It had a fort every 7 miles that housed a force of over 500 soldiers and for each mile there were smaller forts and watchtowers. There were three legions working on it and in 10 years it was nearly finished. \nThe wall was the most heavily fortified border in the Empire. In addition to its role as a military fortification, it is thought that many of the gates through the wall would have served as customs posts to allow trade and levy taxation.\nTourism.\nA significant portion of the wall still exists, particularly the midsection, and for much of its length the wall can be followed on foot by Hadrian's Wall Path or by cycle on National Cycle Route 72.\n\"Stretching for 73 miles across northern England, Hadrian's Wall is the most important monument of Roman Britain, and the best-known frontier of the entire Roman empire\".English Heritage describes it as \"one of the towering achievements of military engineering, and a monument to the power of one of the greatest empires in world history\"."}
+{"id": "46525", "revid": "1197349", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46525", "title": "Brigantes", "text": "The Brigantes were a British Celtic tribe (people), that used to live in the North of Roman Britain; between the rivers Tyne and Humber. They occupied what was later Northumbria. To the north was the territory of the Votadini, which straddled the present day border between England and Scotland.\nNearby tribes.\nThe tribes that used to live next to the Brigantes were the Carvetti, the Parisii, the Cornovii, and the Corieltauvi.\nRelated tribes.\nThere was a Brigantes tribe who used to live in the South of Ireland as well. They may both be related to the \"Brigantii\" of the eastern Alps."}
+{"id": "46526", "revid": "9804479", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46526", "title": "Relation", "text": "Relation could mean:"}
+{"id": "46527", "revid": "9680666", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46527", "title": "Kinship", "text": "Kinship is the most basic principle of putting individuals into social groups, roles, and categories. The basic sort of kinship is to belong to the same family by birth.\nKinship.\nKinship tells us how we are related to our family or each other, through our biology and history. Kinship can be a complex system of social groups. It is a universal system as everyone has a family. Some small and large scale societies use kinship not only for human reproduction but for \u201ceconomic transactions, the political system and [their] religious beliefs\u201d (J.Hendry, 1999).\nHistory.\nThe anthropologist Lewis H. Morgan invented kinship studies. In the 1850s and 1860s he watched the Iroquois, a Native American group in the Northeastern United States. He was mostly interested in what was keeping societies together. He was the first to state the different types of kinship systems that exist, in his book, called \u2018Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family\u2019.\nTypes.\nThere are two main types of kinship.\nConsanguinity means to be related by blood. Laws in some countries use the amount of consanguinity between two people. For instance, deciding who is allowed to be married. It can also be used to decide who can receive property after death if there is no will. Many religions also use the amount of consanguinity to define acceptable practices.\nAffinity means to be related by social processes, like marriage or adoption. There are also legal and religious definitions for acceptable amounts of affinity.\nDescent.\nThere are two types of descent involved in kinship. \"Patrilineal\" are the relations that come from the father\u2019s blood line. \"Matrilineal\" are the relations that come from the mother\u2019s blood line."}
+{"id": "46528", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46528", "title": "Thierry Henry", "text": "Thierry Henry (born 17 August 1977 in Les Ulis, Essonne, France) is a French football manager and former player. He is now retired but used to play at Arsenal and was previously a part of the France national team. He is considered one of the world's best players.\nHenry started his career at small clubs in France. He had played for the Italian team, Juventus. In 2001, he joined Arsenal of England, where he became one of the best players in the English Premier League. After three years with FC Barcelona he went to the US to play for the New York Red Bulls in the Major League Soccer. He has been named the Football Writers' Association Footballer of the Year three times and the French Player of the Year four times since 2001.\nOn the France national team, Henry has scored 5 goals in World Cup competitions. Only one French player, Michel Platini, has scored more goals than Henry.\nCareer statistics.\nInternational.\nNote\n Includes one appearance from the match against FIFA XI on 16 August 2000 which FIFA and the French Football Federation count as an official friendly match.\nHonours.\nMonaco\nArsenal\nBarcelona\nNew York Red Bulls\nFrance\nIndividual\nOrders"}
+{"id": "46529", "revid": "1368380", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46529", "title": "Attack", "text": "Attacking is an action done to violate or destroy something. In military affairs it means the armed action to force one's own will over the opponent's will, by means of destruction of the army of the enemy. The most important characteristics of an attack in comparison with all other types of combat and actions is the initiative."}
+{"id": "46530", "revid": "1479043", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46530", "title": "Suwa\u0142ki", "text": "Suwa\u0142ki is a city in northern Poland in Podlaskie Voivodeship. It has about 69 100 inhabitants and is 65,24\u00a0km\u00b2.\nHistory.\nThe area of Suwa\u0142ki has had people living on it since the early Middle Ages. However, with the coming of the Teutonic Order to Sudovia, their lands were captured and did not have many people living on it. The village was founded by monks, who were given the area around the future city in 1667 by the Grand Duke of Lithuania John II Casimir. Soon after the group of monks built its headquarters in Wigry, where a monastery and a church were built. The new owners of the area started fast use and building of the forests and brought enough settlers to build new villages in the area. Also, production of wood, lumber, tar and iron ore was started.\nThe town was cut into 300 lots for future houses and its people were all given civil rights and did not have taxes for seven years. The town was also given 18.03 square kilometres of forest that was to be made into land to grow crops on. On May 2, 1720, by King August II let the city keep its rights, and the town was allowed to have one fair a week and four markets a year. A coat of arms was given also, with Saint Roch and Saint Romuald on it.\nIn 1794 the area was taken by Prussia. In 1796 the monastery in Wigry was closed and the ground that it was on was taken by the Prussian government. The next year local authorities were moved to the town, as well as a group of soldiers. By the end of 18th century, Suwa\u0142ki had 1,184 people and 216 houses. Many of them were Jewish.\nIn 1807 Suwa\u0142ki was taken by the Duchy of Warsaw. After losing Napoleon Bonaparte and the Congress of Vienna, the area was taken by Poland. The title of a powiat capital was gone for a short time, but it got the title back on January 16, 1816, when August\u00f3w Voivodeship was made and its police were slowly moved to Suwa\u0142ki. Soon after the old city hall was destroyed and replaced with a new one, and General J\u00f3zef Zaj\u0105czek paid for paving all the city's streets. Also, the graveyard was moved from the town centre to the edge of the town, and the area was made into a romantic city park. Also, a new road connecting Warsaw with St. Petersburg was built.\nNew streets were paved and new buildings were opened. In 1820 a new church was built and the following year the first synagogue opened. In 1829 a permanent post office was opened in Suwa\u0142ki. Between 1806 and 1827 the number of people living in the town grew and reached 3,753 people living in 357 houses. In the November Uprising of 1831 the people living in the town took part in the fights against Russia, but the city was taken by the Russian army on February 11. In 1835 Tsar Nicholas I decided not to move the capital to August\u00f3w and the fate of Suwa\u0142ki was sealed. Two years later the town became the capital of August\u00f3w Gubernia.\nIn 1826 new buildings were started by the state police. In 1835 a police station was finished, in 1844 a new town hall was finished, and Orthodox and Protestant churches. Soon after a new marketplace was opened, and St. Peter's and Paul's hospital and a gymnasium. Between 1840 and 1849 the main Catholic church was re-done Polish architects of the era, including Piotr Aigner, Antoni Corazzi and Henryk Marconi. In 1847 the city council passed a law banning building of new wooden houses.\nThe number of people living in the city kept growing quickly. In 1857 it had 11,273 people and in 1872 it had almost 20,000 people. New factories needed workers they came from all over the world. Because of that, the Polish-Jewish people was joined by people of many types of people that worshipped in the Russian Empire. Soon the city became the fourth biggest town in the Kingdom of Poland. After the January Uprising of 1863, a new a kind of government was made to join all of the Polish lands with Russia. In 1866 the gubernia of August\u00f3w was named Suwa\u0142ki Gubernia. However, the new Warsaw-Petersburg railroad passed by Suwa\u0142ki and the town's growth ended.\nAfter the spring of 1905, the time of Polish cultural re-building started. Although the Polish language was still kept from use, Polish schools and a library were opened. After the Great War broke out, there were fights for the area. In 1915, Suwa\u0142ki was in German control. The town and nearby areas were broken from the rest of the Poland and were ruled by a German commander. Laws made by the German command led to the making of many secret social groups. In 1917, local branches of the Polska Organizacja Wojskowa were made.\nAfter the end of the Central Powers in November 1918, the commander signed an agreement with the Temporary Council of the Suwa\u0142ki Region and let the city back into Poland. However, the German army stayed in the city. In February 1919 the local people voted in the first elections to the Polish Sejm, but soon after the German commanders changed their minds and kept the Polish soldiers from the area and in May passed it to Lithuania to control. By the end of July the Paris Peace Conference gave the city to Poland and the Lithuanians left the city, but some of the Polish lands were left on the Lithuanian side of the border while several Lithuanian villages were left on the Polish side of the border. This led to the Sejny Uprising on August 23, 1919. To make the city safe, the next day Polish soldiers entered Suwa\u0142ki. There was a Polish-Lithuanian War and for several days limited fights were fought for the control over Suwa\u0142ki, Sejny and other towns in that area. The war ended because of the Entente in mid-September. During the Polish-Bolshevik War the city was captured by the Reds and after the Battle of Warsaw it was again given to the Lithuanians, but it was taken by the Polish Army with few losses soon after.\nDuring the time between the wars, Suwa\u0142ki ruled itself. This led to another time of growth, with the number of people in the city rising from 16,780 in 1921 to almost 25,000 in 1935. Most of the money in the city was made from trade during this time. Also, in 1931 the new water works and a power plant were built.\nIn the later times of the Polish Defensive War of 1939 the town was shortly captured by the Red Army. However, on October 12 of the same year the Soviets quit and gave the area to the Germans, because of the Nazi-Soviet Alliance. The town was named Sudauen and was made a part of the German Reich's East Prussia. Laws and terror led to the making of some rebellion groups. Although most of them were destroyed by the Gestapo, by 1942 the area had one of the strongest ZWZ and AK networks. Almost all of the city's once 7,000-strong Jewish people were murdered in German concentration camps. On October 23, 1944, the city was captured by the Soviet 3rd Belarusian Front. The fights for the city lasted for a few days and killed almost 5,000 Soviet soldiers.\nAfter the war, Suwa\u0142ki was still a capital of the powiat. The heavily damaged town recovered very slowly and Communism did not help the city's problems. This time came to an end in 1975, when Suwa\u0142ki became the capital of a separate Suwa\u0142ki Voivodeship. The number of people rose quickly and by the end of the 1970s there were over 36,000 people in the city.\nIn 1989 the city had a time of trouble. Most of the city's factories did not work good enough and ran out of money. However, the making of the Suwa\u0142ki Special Economic Zone and the place of the Russian and Lithuanian borders opened new chances for local trade. Also, the clean city started to bring many tourists from all around the world to the city."}
+{"id": "46531", "revid": "8089930", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46531", "title": "Charge (warfare)", "text": "A charge is an action in battle in which soldiers advance towards their enemy at their best speed to engage in close combat. The charge has been the key tactic and decisive moment of most battles in history.\nThe basic process operating in a charge is speed of advance against rate (or effectiveness) of fire. If the attackers advance at a more rapid rate than the defenders can kill or disable them then the attackers will reach the defenders. When a charge was not successful that will often leave the would-be attackers extremely vulnerable to a counter-charge."}
+{"id": "46532", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46532", "title": "Combat", "text": "Combat, or fighting, is purposeful violent conflict between two or more persons, groups or organizations, often intended to establish dominance over the opponent. The term \"combat\" typically means armed conflict between military forces in war. The more general term \"fighting\" can mean any violent conflict, including boxing and wrestling matches. Combat violence can be unilateral, fighting means that there is at least a defensive reaction. But the terms are often used synonymously."}
+{"id": "46541", "revid": "8773995", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46541", "title": "Relationship", "text": "Relationship may mean:"}
+{"id": "46546", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46546", "title": "Hawthorn", "text": "Crataegus (commonly called hawthorn) is a large genus of shrubs in the family Rosaceae. They are found in Europe, Asia and North America. The name hawthorn used to be used for the species found only in northern Europe but is now used for the entire genus. The same name is also used for the related Asian genus \"Rhaphiolepis\".\nHawthorn are shrubs and small trees. They grow to 5-15 m tall and have small fruit. The fruit are called haws."}
+{"id": "46550", "revid": "1635878", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46550", "title": "Lonicera", "text": "Honeysuckles are types of shrubs or vines in the family Caprifoliaceae. They are found in North America, Asia and Europe. There are about 180 different species of honeysuckle, many of which are climbing plants. Over 100 types of honeysuckle are found in China. Europe and North America have only about 20 types each.\nMany types of honeysuckles have bell-shaped flowers. These flowers make a sweet nectar that can be eaten. The fruit is a red, blue or black berry that has several seeds. The berries of most honeysuckles are mildly poisonous, but a few have berries that are good to eat."}
+{"id": "46559", "revid": "1204528", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46559", "title": "Interpersonal relationship", "text": "Interpersonal relationships are social associations, connections, or affiliations between two or more people. There are different levels of intimacy and sharing concerning centered around something(s) shared in common. The study of relationships is of concern to sociology, psychology and anthropology.\nFactors.\nThe discovery or establishment of common ground between individuals is a fundamental component for long lasting interpersonal relationships. Loss of common ground, which may happen over time, may tend to end interpersonal relationships.\nFor each relationship type, essential skills are needed, and without these skills more advanced relationships are not possible. (For example, \"partnership\" needs the skills of \"friendship\" and \"teamwork\" skills)."}
+{"id": "46561", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46561", "title": "Intimate relationship", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46562", "revid": "847394", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46562", "title": "Intimacy", "text": "Intimacy is linked with feelings of closeness among partners in a relationship. It is usually characterized by love and attachment. These feelings may or may not be connected or confused with sexual feelings. In other relationships, intimacy has more to do with shared moments than sexual interactions.\nThis is not an exact definition, but it seems that intimacy and healthy relationships go hand in hand. Indeed, intimacy is basic in any meaningful relationship: the basis of friendship and one of the foundations of love.\nThe main forms of intimacy are emotional intimacy and physical intimacy. Intellectual intimacy, familiarity with a person's culture and interests, is common among friends. Members of religious or philosophic groups may also perceive a \"spiritual intimacy\" in common.\nIntimate partners.\nTerms for partners in various degrees of love include"}
+{"id": "46563", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46563", "title": "Intimacy (disambiguation)", "text": "Intimacy is a psychological concept describing the sort of contact between people in a relationship.\nIt can also mean:"}
+{"id": "46564", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46564", "title": "Seaborgium", "text": "Seaborgium is a chemical element. In the past, it has been named eka-tungsten but is now named seaborgium. It has the symbol Sg and it has the atomic number 106. Seaborgium is a radioactive element that does not exist in nature. It has to be made. The most stable isotope is 271Sg. Seaborgium-271 has a half-life of 2.4 minutes. \nWhat Seaborgium looks like is not known because not enough has been made to see it with human eyesight, but since it is in the same period as tungsten in the periodic table, its appearance and may be similar to it.\nThe element is named in honor of Glenn Seaborg.\nSeaborgium is a transuranium element. This means that it is \"beyond\" (trans) the element Uranium in the sequence of elements.\nMendeleev predicted that Seaborgium would exist. He called the element eka-tungsten because of its location was near Tungsten in the Periodic Table. The chemistry of seaborgium is like the chemistry of tungsten.\nUses.\nSeaborgium has no uses at all because of how fast it destroys itself. \nChemistry.\nSeaborgium hexacarbonyl was made using the same method as tungsten hexacarbonyl and molybdenum hexacarbonyl. Its only known and studied as a gas."}
+{"id": "46570", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46570", "title": "Fireworks display", "text": "A fireworks event (also called a fireworks display or fireworks show) is a display of the effects created by firework devices on various occasions. Fireworks events are often used during holidays. Fireworks competitions are also regularly held at a number of places.\nHistory.\nFireworks dates back to the 7th century and originated in China. The Chinese developed many different kinds of fireworks with a variety of effects and color. The art and science of firework making developed into an independent profession. In China, pyrotechnicians were respected for their knowledge of complex techniques in mounting firework displays."}
+{"id": "46571", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46571", "title": "Voyager 1", "text": "Voyager 1 is a space probe launched by NASA on September 5, 1977, as part of a mission called the Voyager program to explore the outer Solar System and the space beyond our Sun's influence. It was launched shortly after its twin, Voyager 2. Voyager 1 communicates with Earth using the NASA Deep Space Network (DSN) to receive commands and send back data. As of July 2024, it is the farthest human-made object from Earth, located about 163.3 astronomical units away (24.4 billion kilometers or 15.2 billion miles).\nDuring its journey, Voyager 1 flew past Jupiter, Saturn, and Saturn's largest moon, Titan. NASA decided to start studying Titan over Pluto because Titan has an unique atmosphere. Voyager 1 provided detailed information about the weather, magnetic fields, and moons of Jupiter and Saturn, capturing the first close-up images of these moons.\nIn its extended mission, Voyager 1 explores the outer edges of our Solar System and aims to enter interstellar space. It crossed the heliopause on August 25, 2012, becoming the first spacecraft to do so, marking its entry into interstellar space. Two years later, Voyager 1 confirmed its location by finding waves of energy from the Sun.\nIn 2017, the Voyager team successfully used the probe's thrusters for the first time since 1980 to change its direction in space. This adjustment allowed the mission to continue for an additional two to three years. Voyager 1 is still sending back scientific data and is expected to keep doing so until at least 2025. Its power source might even allow it to send engineering data until 2036.\nOverview.\nEarly history.\nIn the 1960s, there was a plan for a Grand Tour to study the outer planets. This led NASA to start working on a mission in the early 1970s. Information from the \"Pioneer 10\" spacecraft helped engineers design Voyager to handle the strong radiation around Jupiter. Just before launch, they added strips of kitchen-grade aluminum foil to some cables to improve radiation protection.\nAt first, Voyager 1 was going to be called Mariner 11 and be part of the Mariner program. Because of budget cuts, the mission was changed to only fly by Jupiter and Saturn, and the probes were renamed Mariner Jupiter-Saturn. The name was later changed to Voyager when the designs became very different from the Mariner missions.\nLaunch and trajectory.\nVoyager 1 was launched on September 5, 1977, from Cape Canaveral, Florida, using a Titan IIIE rocket. Voyager 2 was launched two weeks earlier, on August 20, 1977. Even though Voyager 1 was launched later, it reached both Jupiter and Saturn sooner because it followed a shorter path.\nVoyager 1's launch almost failed because the second stage of the Titan rocket shut down too early, leaving fuel unburned. The Centaur stage's computers recognized this problem and burned for longer than planned to give Voyager 1 the needed speed. The Centaur stage used almost all its fuel, with just 3.4 seconds of fuel left. If this problem had happened during Voyager 2's launch, the Centaur stage would have run out of fuel before reaching the correct path. Jupiter was in a better position for Voyager 1's launch than for Voyager 2's launch.\nVoyager 1's initial path took it to a point 8.9 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun, just short of Saturn's orbit at 9.5 AU. Voyager 2's path only reached 6.2 AU, well short of Saturn's orbit.\nFlyby of Jupiter.\nVoyager 1 started taking pictures of Jupiter in January 1979. Its closest approach to Jupiter was on March 5, 1979, at about 349,000 kilometers (217,000 miles) from the planet's center. Because it was closer, the pictures of Jupiter's moons, rings, magnetic fields, and radiation belts were better. Most of these pictures were taken during the 48 hours around the closest approach. Voyager 1 stopped taking pictures of Jupiter in April 1979.\nThe biggest surprise was finding active volcanoes on Jupiter's moon Io. This was the first time active volcanoes were seen on another body in the Solar System. The volcanic activity on Io seems to affect the whole Jovian system. Io is the main source of sulfur, oxygen, and sodium in Jupiter's magnetosphere, which is the area around the planet influenced by its magnetic field. These elements come from Io's volcanoes and are knocked off its surface by high-energy particles.\nThe Voyager probes made many important discoveries about Jupiter, its moons, its radiation belts, and its rings, which had never been seen before.\nFlyby of Saturn.\nBoth Voyagers used Jupiter's gravity to help them reach Saturn and its moons and rings. Voyager 1 arrived at Saturn in November 1980, getting as close as 124,000 kilometers (77,000 miles) to Saturn's cloud-tops on November 12, 1980. It took pictures of Saturn's rings and studied the atmospheres of Saturn and its moon Titan.\nVoyager 1 found that about seven percent of Saturn's upper atmosphere is helium, while almost all the rest is hydrogen. This is less helium than Jupiter's atmosphere, which has 11 percent helium. The lower amount of helium in Saturn's upper atmosphere might mean that helium is sinking through Saturn's hydrogen, which could explain why Saturn gives off more heat than it gets from the Sun. The spacecraft also measured strong winds on Saturn, about 500 meters per second (1,100 mph) near the equator, blowing mostly east.\nThe Voyagers saw auroras on Saturn, which are ultraviolet emissions of hydrogen. These were found at mid-latitudes and polar latitudes (above 65 degrees). The high-level auroras might help form complex hydrocarbon molecules that move toward the equator. The mid-latitude auroras, which only happen in sunlight, are puzzling because auroras on Earth are usually caused by particles hitting the atmosphere at high latitudes. Both Voyagers measured Saturn's day to be 10 hours, 39 minutes, and 24 seconds long.\nVoyager 1 also flew by Titan, Saturn's largest moon, which has a thick atmosphere. Pictures from Pioneer 11 in 1979 showed Titan's atmosphere is complex, increasing interest. Voyager 1 came within 6,400 kilometers (4,000 miles) of Titan, passing behind it from Earth and the Sun. It measured the atmosphere's effect on sunlight and its radio signal to learn about Titan's composition, density, and pressure. Titan's mass was measured by its effect on Voyager 1's path. The thick haze around Titan made it impossible to see the surface, but measurements suggested there could be lakes of liquid hydrocarbons.\nBecause observing Titan was very important, Voyager 1's path was planned for the best flyby of Titan. This took it below Saturn's south pole and out of the plane of the ecliptic, ending its planetary science mission. If Voyager 1 had not been able to study Titan, Voyager 2's path would have been changed to fly by Titan, but this would have meant missing Uranus and Neptune. Voyager 1's path could not continue to Uranus and Neptune, but could have been changed to go to Pluto, arriving in 1986.\nExit from the heliosphere.\nOn February 14, 1990, Voyager 1 took the first \"family portrait\" of the Solar System, showing all the planets from far away. One famous picture is called the Pale Blue Dot, showing Earth. Soon after, its cameras were turned off to save energy and computer resources. The software to use the cameras was removed, so turning them on again would be hard. Also, the software and computers on Earth to read the pictures are no longer available.\nOn February 17, 1998, Voyager 1 became the farthest spacecraft from Earth, passing Pioneer 10 at a distance of 69 AU (6.4 billion miles or 10.3 billion kilometers) from the Sun. It travels at about 17 kilometers per second (11 miles per second).\nAs Voyager 1 moved toward interstellar space, it kept studying the Solar System. Scientists used its instruments to look for the heliopause, the edge where the solar wind meets space outside the Solar System. In 2013, Voyager 1 was moving away from the Sun at about 61,197 kilometers per hour (38,026 miles per hour). It travels about 523 million kilometers (325 million miles) each year, or about one light-year every 18,000 years.\nTermination shock.\nScientists from Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory believed that Voyager 1 reached the termination shock in February 2003. This is where the solar wind slows down to subsonic speeds. Some other scientists were unsure about this and discussed it in a journal called \"Nature\" on November 6, 2003. The issue couldn't be resolved until more data became available because Voyager 1's solar-wind detector stopped working in 1990. This meant that detection of the termination shock had to be figured out using data from other instruments on the spacecraft.\nIn May 2005, NASA announced that most scientists agreed Voyager 1 was then in the heliosheath. At a scientific meeting in New Orleans on May 25, 2005, Ed Stone presented evidence suggesting that the spacecraft crossed the termination shock in late 2004. This event was estimated to have happened on December 15, 2004, when Voyager 1 was about 94 AU (8,700 million miles) away from the Sun.\nHeliosheath.\nOn March 31, 2006, amateur radio operators from AMSAT in Germany used a 20-meter dish at Bochum to track and receive radio waves from Voyager 1. They used a technique that integrated data over a long period. The data they received was checked against data from the Deep Space Network station in Madrid, Spain. This was the first time amateurs had tracked Voyager 1.\nOn December 13, 2010, it was confirmed that Voyager 1 had moved past the radial outward flow of the solar wind. This was measured by its \"Low Energy Charged Particle\" device. Scientists think that at this distance, the solar wind turns sideways because of pressure from interstellar wind pushing against the heliosphere. Since June 2010, no solar wind has been found, which strongly supports this idea. At that time, Voyager 1 was about 116 AU (17.4 billion kilometers or 10.8 billion miles) away from the Sun.\nIn March 2011, Voyager 1 was turned to measure the sideways movement of the solar wind where it was in space, around 33 years and 6 months after it was launched. A test maneuver in February showed that the spacecraft could move and change its position. Voyager 1 turned 70 degrees counterclockwise compared to Earth to study the solar wind. This was the first big move since Voyager 1 took the Family Portrait picture of the planets in 1990. After this move, Voyager 1 could point itself correctly again with Alpha Centauri, its guide star, and it started to send data back to Earth again. Voyager 1 was expected to enter interstellar space soon. Voyager 2 was still finding solar wind moving away from the Sun at that time, but it was expected to see the same things as Voyager 1 in the next months or years.\nOn May 21, 2011, Voyager 1 was at 12.44\u00b0 declination and 17.163 hours right ascension. Its ecliptic latitude was 34.9\u00b0. From Earth, Voyager 1 was seen in the constellation Ophiuchus.\nOn December 1, 2011, Voyager 1 found the first Lyman-alpha radiation from the Milky Way galaxy. Before this, this radiation had only been found in other galaxies, because the Sun's light made it hard to see in our own galaxy.\nNASA said on December 5, 2011, that Voyager 1 had reached a new place called \"cosmic purgatory\". In this area, particles from the Sun slow down and change direction. The Sun's magnetic field also gets stronger because of pressure from the space between the stars. The number of strong particles from the Sun went down by almost half. At the same time, the number of high-energy electrons from outside went up a hundred times. The inner edge of this area is about 113 AU from the Sun.\nHeliopause.\nIn June 2012, NASA said that Voyager 1 was nearing the heliopause. This is where the solar wind from the Sun meets the particles from space. Voyager 1 was detecting more charged particles from space, which usually get pushed away by the Sun's wind. This meant Voyager 1 was reaching the edge of the Solar System.\nIn August 2012, Voyager 1 crossed the heliopause. It was about 121 AU (1.12\u00d710^10 miles or 1.81\u00d710^10 kilometers) from the Sun. This was confirmed a year later. By September 2012, sunlight took almost 17 hours to reach Voyager 1, and the Sun still looked very bright from the spacecraft. Voyager 1 was traveling at 17.043 km/s (10.590 mi/s) relative to the Sun. At this speed, it would take about 17,565 years to travel one light-year. To reach Proxima Centauri, the closest star to the Sun, Voyager 1 would need 73,775 years. Voyager 1 is heading toward the constellation Ophiuchus.\nIn late 2012, data suggested Voyager 1 had passed through the heliopause. High-energy particle collisions increased usually since May. These are thought to be cosmic rays from supernova explosions beyond the Solar System. In late August, collisions with low-energy particles from the Sun decreased. Ed Roelof, a scientist at Johns Hopkins University, said these findings met the criteria for crossing into interstellar space, even though the magnetic field's direction did not change as much as expected.\nOn December 3, 2012, Voyager project scientist Ed Stone from the California Institute of Technology said that Voyager had found a new region inside the heliosphere. The magnetic field in this region was connected to the outside, allowing particles to move in and out. This region's magnetic field was ten times stronger than what Voyager 1 had seen before. This was the last barrier before fully entering interstellar space.\nInterstellar medium.\nIn March 2013, it was announced that Voyager 1 might have entered interstellar space, having detected a big change in the plasma environment on August 25, 2012. However, it was still uncertain whether this new region was interstellar space or another unknown part of the Solar System until September 12, 2013, when it was officially confirmed that Voyager 1 had entered interstellar space.\nIn 2013, Voyager 1 was leaving the Solar System at a speed of about 3.6 AU (330 million miles or 540 million kilometers) per year. Voyager 2 was moving slower, at 3.3 AU (310 million miles or 490 million kilometers) per year. Each year, Voyager 1 gets farther ahead of Voyager 2.\nVoyager 1 reached a distance of 135 AU (12.5 billion miles or 20.2 billion kilometers) from the Sun on May 18, 2016. By September 5, 2017, it was about 139.64 AU (12.980 billion miles or 20.890 billion kilometers) from the Sun, which is just over 19 light-hours away. At the same time, Voyager 2 was 115.32 AU (10.720 billion miles or 17.252 billion kilometers) from the Sun.\nYou can track its progress on NASA\u2019s website.\nOn September 12, 2013, NASA officially confirmed that Voyager 1 had reached the interstellar medium in August 2012. The accepted date of this event is August 25, 2012, about 10 days before the 35th anniversary of its launch. This was when changes in the density of energetic particles were first noticed. By this time, most scientists no longer thought that a change in the magnetic field direction must happen when crossing the heliopause. A new model of the heliopause predicted no such change would be found.\nA key finding that convinced many scientists was an 80-fold increase in electron density, based on the frequency of plasma oscillations observed starting on April 9, 2013. This was triggered by a solar outburst in March 2012. Electron density is expected to be much higher outside the heliopause than within. Weaker sets of oscillations measured in October and November 2012 gave more data. This was needed because Voyager 1's plasma spectrometer stopped working in 1980. In September 2013, NASA released recordings of these plasma waves, the first measured in interstellar space.\nWhile Voyager 1 is often said to have left the Solar System when it left the heliosphere, the two are not the same. The Solar System is usually the much larger area of space with bodies that orbit the Sun. Voyager 1 is less than one-seventh of the way to the aphelion of 90377 Sedna and has not yet entered the Oort cloud, the source of long-period comets, which is seen as the outermost part of the Solar System.\nIn October 2020, astronomers reported a big unexpected increase in density in space beyond the Solar System, detected by the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 probes. This suggests that the \"density gradient is a large-scale feature of the very local interstellar medium.\"\nIn May 2021, NASA reported the first continuous measurement of the density of material in interstellar space and the detection of interstellar sounds for the first time.\nCommunication problems.\nIn May 2022, NASA reported that Voyager 1 was sending \"mysterious\" and \"peculiar\" telemetric data to the Deep Space Network (DSN). They confirmed that the spacecraft was still working, but the issue was with the \"Attitude Articulation and Control System\" (AACS). NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory said on May 18, 2022, that the AACS was working but sending wrong data. The problem was found to be the AACS sending its telemetry through a computer that had not been used for years, causing the data to be corrupted. In August 2022, NASA sent a command to the AACS to use another computer, which fixed the problem. They are still investigating what caused the initial switch, but engineers think it might have been a bad command from another onboard computer.\nOn November 14, 2023, Voyager 1 began sending unreadable data. On December 12, 2023, NASA announced that Voyager 1's flight data system could not use its telemetry modulation unit, preventing it from sending scientific data. On March 24, 2024, NASA said they had made progress in understanding the data from the spacecraft. In April 2024, engineers reported that the failure was likely in a memory bank of the \"Flight Data Subsystem\" (FDS), possibly due to a high-energy particle strike or age. The FDS was not communicating properly with the telemetry modulation unit (TMU), which started sending a repeating sequence of ones and zeros, showing a stuck condition. After rebooting the FDS, communications were still not understandable. The probe could still receive commands from Earth and sent a carrier tone showing it was operational. Commands to change the modulation of the tone worked, confirming that the probe was still responsive. The Voyager team started developing a workaround, and on April 20, communication of health and status was restored by rearranging code away from the unresponsive FDS memory chip. Three percent of the memory was beyond repair, so engineers deleted unused code, such as the code for sending data from Jupiter, to make space for the necessary changes. All data from the \"anomaly period\" was lost.\nOn May 22, NASA announced that Voyager 1 had resumed returning science data from two of its four instruments, with work continuing on the others. On June 13, NASA confirmed that the probe was returning data from all four instruments.\nFuture of the probe.\nRemaining lifespan.\nIn December 2017, NASA successfully used all four of Voyager 1's trajectory correction maneuver (TCM) thrusters for the first time since 1980. These thrusters replaced a set of jets that were no longer working well, helping to keep the probe's antenna pointed towards Earth. Using the TCM thrusters allowed Voyager 1 to keep sending data to NASA for another two to three years.\nBecause of decreasing electrical power, the Voyager team had to decide which instruments to keep running and which to turn off. They turned off heaters and other systems one by one to manage power. They arranged keeping the fields and particles instruments running because they provide important data about the heliosphere and interstellar space. Engineers expect that at least one science instrument will continue to operate until around 2025.\nConcerns with orientation thrusters.\nSome thrusters used to control the spacecraft's direction and keep its antenna pointed at Earth are no longer working because their hydrazine lines are clogged. The spacecraft has no backup for its thruster system. \"Everything onboard is single-string,\" said Suzanne Dodd, Voyager project manager at JPL, in an interview with Ars Technica. NASA decided to change the spacecraft's computer software to slow down the clogging of the hydrazine lines. NASA will first test the new software on Voyager 2, which is closer to Earth, before using it on Voyager 1.\nFar future.\nIf Voyager 1 does not hit anything and is not collected, the New Horizons space probe will never catch up with it, even though New Horizons was launched from Earth at a higher speed. The Voyager spacecraft got speed boosts from flying by several planets, while New Horizons only got one boost from flying by Jupiter in 2007. As of 2018, New Horizons is moving at about 14 km/s (8.7 mi/s), which is 3 km/s (1.9 mi/s) slower than Voyager 1 and is still slowing down.\nVoyager 1 is expected to reach the Oort cloud in about 300 years and take about 30,000 years to pass through it. Though it is not going towards any specific star, in about 40,000 years, it will come within 1.6 light-years (0.49 parsecs) of the star Gliese 445, which is now in the constellation Camelopardalis and 17.1 light-years from Earth. That star is moving towards the Solar System at about 119 km/s (430,000 km/h; 270,000 mph). NASA says that \"The Voyagers are destined\u2014perhaps forever\u2014to wander the Milky Way.\" In 300,000 years, Voyager 1 will pass within less than 1 light-year of the M3V star TYC 3135\u201352\u20131.\nGolden record.\nBoth Voyager space probes carry a gold-plated record, designed to show the diversity of life and culture on Earth in case an alien ever finds it. The record, made by a team including Carl Sagan and Timothy Ferris, has photos of Earth and its life, scientific information, greetings from people like the United Nations Secretary-General (Kurt Waldheim) and the President of the United States (Jimmy Carter), and a collection of sounds from Earth, like whales, a baby crying, waves, and music from different cultures and times. The music includes pieces by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Blind Willie Johnson, Chuck Berry, and Valya Balkanska, as well as other classical, indigenous, and folk music from around the world. The record also has greetings in 55 different languages. The project was meant to show the richness of life on Earth and human creativity, and to connect with the cosmos."}
+{"id": "46574", "revid": "212856", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46574", "title": "Rose hip", "text": "Rose hips are the fruit of the rose plant. They can be eaten (with caution, the rose hip contains irritant hairs) and have a lot of Vitamin C. They are usually red/orange but may be dark purple to black in some species. Rose hips are commonly used as an herbal tea."}
+{"id": "46578", "revid": "1663352", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46578", "title": "Martin Scorsese", "text": "Martin Scorsese (born November 17, 1942) is an American director. He was born in Queens and raised in Manhattan. Many of Scorsese's movies have Italian American, Roman Catholic and violent themes or ideas. Scorsese is probably best known for his movies about the mafia. He won the Academy Award for Best Director for his movie \"The Departed\" at the 79th Academy Awards in 2007; the movie also won Academy Awards for Best Picture, Best Film Editing and Best Adapted Screenplay. This was Scorsese's first Academy Award for Best Director.\nMartin Scorsese's filmmaking style is marked by key elements, including violent themes, the use of music, intricate cinematography, exceptional performances, psychological depth, exploration of religious themes, collaboration with top talents, a strong connection to New York City, frequent use of voiceovers, and cinematic references.\nAwards and recognitions.\nScorsese has earned praise from many film legends including Ingmar Bergman, Frank Capra, Jean-Luc Godard, Werner Herzog, Elia Kazan, Akira Kurosawa, David Lean, Michael Powell, Satyajit Ray, and Fran\u00e7ois Truffaut."}
+{"id": "46582", "revid": "10058964", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46582", "title": "Chabad", "text": "Chabad-Lubavitch is the name of a group of Hasidic Jews. It is one of the largest groups of Hasidic Jews in the world. Many of the Lubavitch Hasidim live in the United States or Israel. The Lubavitch world headquarters is in Crown Heights, a neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York. \nThe Chabad movement was started by Rabbi Schneur Zalman of Liadi in Eastern Europe during the late 1700s. He named his 'Chabad' because in Hebrew it is an acronym for Wisdom, Understanding, and Knowledge. 'Lubavitch' was the name of the town in Russia where the movement was at from the time of the second Lubavitcher Rebbe (leader), Rabbi Dov Ber Schneuri, through the sixth, Rabbi Joseph Isaac Schneersohn."}
+{"id": "46587", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46587", "title": "The jam", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46588", "revid": "1008", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46588", "title": "Republic of Korea", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46590", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46590", "title": "Liese Prokop", "text": "Liese Prokop (March 27, 1941 \u2013 December 31, 2006) was an Austrian athlete and politician. Prokop was born in Vienna, Austria. Before being married to Gunnar Prokop, her name was Liese Sykora. The two had two sons and a daughter. Prokop won the silver medal in the Pentathlon in the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City. Prokop was the first female Austrian Minister for Interior affairs. She was in charge of the security of Austria, including its police force. She was a member of the \u00d6VP, Austrian people's party.\nShe died unexpectedly December 31, 2006 of a torn aorta while being taken to a hospital in St. P\u00f6lten."}
+{"id": "46591", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46591", "title": "Liese Sykora", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46593", "revid": "1456026", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46593", "title": "Austrian People's Party", "text": "The Austrian People's Party is one of the biggest parties in Austria. It was founded in 1945. Its name roughly translates to Austrian People's party. It has about 630,000 members. Its views are often center-right. It opposes moderate socialism, which is embodied by the other big party SP\u00d6. Former Chancellor Wolfgang Sch\u00fcssel is a member of this party. Former Minister of the Interior Liese Prokop (d. 2006) was also a member."}
+{"id": "46594", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46594", "title": "Austrian People's party", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46597", "revid": "10066442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46597", "title": "Social Democratic Party of Austria", "text": "The Social Democratic Party of Austria (German: \"Sozialdemokratische Partei \u00d6sterreichs\", shortened to SP\u00d6) is one of the oldest political parties in Austria. Its politics are center-left. This means it has a strong stance in labour unions. The party rejects neoliberalism. They like moderate socialism and social democracy. A well known politician of this party was Bruno Kreisky. Their current motto is \"Freedom, Equality, Justice and Solidarity\" (German: \"Freiheit, Gleichheit, Gerechtigkeit und Solidarit\u00e4t\").\nSince the end of the Second World War, the party has been the strongest, or second-strongest party in Austria, by vote. The other party that they share this status with are the \u00d6VP. \nTheir main points in the 2006 elections were:"}
+{"id": "46598", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46598", "title": "SP\u00d6", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46600", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46600", "title": "Mi\u0144sk Mazowiecki", "text": "Mi\u0144sk Mazowiecki (Minsk, mi\u0272sk maz\u0254'vi\u032fe\u02a6ki) is a town in Poland. It is the capital of Mi\u0144sk County. \nLocation.\nIt has been located in the Mazovia Voivodship since 1999. \nHistory.\nThe town of Mi\u0144sk was founded in 1421. It has always been a town based on commerce. Before the Holocaust, it was a Polish - Jewish town. The main religion in Mi\u0144sk is Roman Catholicism. Mi\u0144sk have 37000 inhabitants."}
+{"id": "46604", "revid": "10026621", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46604", "title": "Rosaceae", "text": "Rosaceae (rose-like plants) is a large family of plants. There are about 100-120 genera with between 3,000 and 4,000 species that include these well-known plants:\nPlants in Rosaceae usually have flowers with five petals. However, some decorative roses have many more. Species of \"Dryas\" usually have eight petals.\nSubfamilies.\nThe Rosaceae family was traditionally divided into subfamilies, usually these four: \nHowever, it has become clear that the last three of the subfamilies cannot be divided in a clear way. Also, there is a small group that is so different from other Rosaceae that it is now given its own name. Botanists now use only three subfamilies:"}
+{"id": "46605", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46605", "title": "Rosales", "text": "Rosales is an order of flowering plants. It includes nine families. The plants are grouped together because their genetics are similar. Some well-known members of Rosales include: roses; strawberries, blackberries and raspberries; apples and pears; plums, peaches and apricots; almonds; rowan and hawthorn; elms; figs; nettles; and hops and cannabis. The true roses are in the \"Rosaceae\". "}
+{"id": "46606", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46606", "title": "Crataegus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46607", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46607", "title": "Firework", "text": "A firework is an explosive pyrotechnic device that is used mostly for entertainment. The most common use of a firework is as part of a fireworks display.\nFireworks (devices) are made to have these four effects: They make noise, light, smoke, and sometimes produce floating materials (confetti for example). They may be designed to burn with colored flames and sparks. Displays are common throughout the world and are a main point of many different cultural and religious festivals. Independence Day, New Year's Eve and Guy Fawkes Night are examples.\nSome fireworks are ground-based, and others are shot into the air. Because they explode and can cause fires or burns, most countries have laws that only allow trained professionals to use display fireworks. Smaller, less explosive fireworks are available to regular, everyday people, but they are still dangerous and cause injuries each year.\nHistory.\nFireworks dates back to the 7th century and originated in China. The Chinese developed many different kinds of fireworks with a variety of effects and color. The art and science of firework making developed into an independent profession. In China, pyrotechnicians were respected for their knowledge of complex techniques in mounting firework displays.\nDuring the Song Dynasty (960-1279), many of the common people could purchase various kinds of fireworks from market vendors, and grand displays of fireworks were also known to be held. In 1110, a large fireworks display in a martial demonstration was held to entertain Emperor Huizong of Song (r. 1100-1125) and his court. A record from 1264 states that a rocket-propelled firework went off near the Empress Dowager Gong Sheng and startled her during a feast held in her honor by her son Emperor Lizong of Song (r. 1224\u20131264).\nRocket propulsion was common in warfare, as evidenced by the \"Huolongjing\" compiled by Liu Ji (1311\u20131375) and Jiao Yu (fl. c. 1350\u20131412). In 1240 the Arabs acquired knowledge of gunpowder and its uses from China. A Syrian named Hasan al-Rammah wrote of rockets, fireworks, and other incendiaries, using terms that suggested he derived his knowledge from Chinese sources, such as his references to fireworks as \"Chinese flowers\".\nThe New Year's Eve celebrations for 2014 in Dubai broke the world record for biggest fireworks display."}
+{"id": "46608", "revid": "36199", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46608", "title": "Pyrotechnics", "text": "Pyrotechnics is often thought to be synonymous with the manufacture of fireworks, but it also includes items for military and industrial uses. \nItems such as safety matches, oxygen candles, explosive bolts and fasteners and the automobile safety airbag all fall under pyrotechnics. Without pyrotechnics, modern aviation and spaceflight would be impracticable.\nThis is because pyrotechnic devices combine high reliability with very compact and efficient energy storage.\nA pyrotechnic show is a pre-planned complex that includes ground and high-altitude fireworks. Sometimes such events are accompanied by the performance of specially trained artists of the original genre with pyrotechnic equipment."}
+{"id": "46628", "revid": "5653", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46628", "title": "Cultural", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46632", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46632", "title": "Recreativo de Huelva", "text": "Real Club Recreativo de Huelva is a Spanish football club. The club was starting in 1889. It is the oldest football team in Spain.\nThe Club.\nReal Club Recreativo de Huelva is a Spanish football team formed on December 23 1889. This makes it the oldest football team in Spain, formed by Dr McKay and overseas British workers at the Rio Tinto mines. Originally named \"Huelva Recreation Club\". Due to its long-standing existence (it is the oldest surviving team of Spanish professional soccer), the team is often referred to as \"El Decano\" (\"the dean\") of the Spanish football fraternity.\nCommonly known as \"Recre\", they play in white with blue vertical stripes and white shorts. Their home ground is the Nuevo Colombino stadium that seats 19,860.\nAfter three seasons in \"Segunda Divisi\u00f3n\" (Spanish second division), \"Recre\" achieved promotion to top flight after beating Numancia Soria on June 4, 2006, mathematically securing promotion with two matches left to be played. \"El Decano\" is again among the elite of Spanish football for the 2006/07 season.\nForeigners 2006/07.\nOnly three non-EU nationals can be on the pitch at anytime. Those with European ancestry can claim a passport from the nation their ancestors came from. If a player does not have European ancestry he can claim a Spanish passport by playing in Spain for 3 years."}
+{"id": "46633", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46633", "title": "Production", "text": "Production could mean:\nProduction in an \"economic sense:\""}
+{"id": "46635", "revid": "10411016", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46635", "title": "Yu-Gi-Oh! (1998 anime)", "text": "Yu-Gi-Oh! is the title of the first anime series based on the \"Yu-Gi-Oh!\" manga. It is not connected in any way to the \"Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters\" series (known internationally as simply Yu-Gi-Oh!). They are 2 different anime series that are based on the same manga series. Fans of Yu-Gi-Oh! use the fan name \"Yu-Gi-Oh! A Shadow Game\" when talking about this show. They may use \"Yu-Gi-Oh! first season\" or \"zero season\" to refer to this show but this is not correct. based on it by Stephen king\nThe series aired on television from April 4, 1998 to October 10, 1998. It has 27 episodes. It was produced by Toei Animation. The level of violence was reduced between the manga and the anime. Some characters and how the characters acted were changed from the manga and new characters and plots were added and Duel Monsters had a bigger part. Unlike the second series, the card game (Duel Monsters) is not the main part of the show."}
+{"id": "46636", "revid": "224035", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46636", "title": "Factors of production", "text": "Factors of production are means necessary for the production of goods and services in economics. \nClassical economics has three factors:"}
+{"id": "46637", "revid": "1665729", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46637", "title": "Service (economics)", "text": "In economics and marketing, a service is an economic activity (e.g., labor) offered as a product. Although a service (i.e., the activity) is a non-material good, the result it produces may be a material good depending on the service. For example, a construction service may produce a material good, but a lawn mowing service may not. In most cases, the person or company buying the service does not obtain exclusive ownership of the service, but may take ownership of the material good, if one is produced.\nKey attributes.\nServices can be described in terms of their main attributes."}
+{"id": "46638", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46638", "title": "Service", "text": "Service could mean:"}
+{"id": "46639", "revid": "9917176", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46639", "title": "Musical theater", "text": "Musical theater (or musical theatre) is a kind of performance in a theater. A work of musical theater is called a musical. It uses acting, music, songs, and often dance. Some musicals (for example \"Les Mis\u00e9rables\") have only a few lines of dialogue. Everything else is sung. It is usually a mixture of speaking and song. Some well-known musicals are \"West Side Story\", \"The Sound of Music\", \"Chicago,\" and \"Oklahoma!\".\nMusic has been a part of drama since ancient times, but modern Western musical theatre emerged during the 19th century. George M. Cohan is often credited as inventing the musical theatre in America in the early 20th century.\n1850 to 1914.\nAround 1850, the French composer Herv\u00e9 was experimenting with a form of comic musical theatre that came to be called op\u00e9rette. The best known composers of operetta were Jacques Offenbach from the 1850s to the 1870s and Johann Strauss II in the 1870s and 1880s. Offenbach's melodies, and his librettists' satire, formed a model for the musical theatre that followed. \nImportant influences were the works of Gilbert and Sullivan in Britain and those of Harrigan and Hart in America. These were followed by the numerous Edwardian musical comedies and the musical theatre works of American creators like George M. Cohan."}
+{"id": "46640", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46640", "title": "Musical", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46642", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46642", "title": "Asset", "text": "An asset is something valuable or useful. In business and accounting, the value of an asset is expressed as a certain amount of money. The amount of money can be calculated as the amount of economic value that the asset can produce in future. The calculation is based on past transactions or events. Correct evaluation can be useful in deciding what to do with an asset.\nExamples of assets include money, property (land and buildings), and amounts to be received from someone.\nThere are two types of assets: \nAsset characteristics.\nAssets have three important characteristics:"}
+{"id": "46643", "revid": "1456026", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46643", "title": "Social Democratic Party of Germany", "text": "The Social Democratic Party of Germany (German Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands or SPD) is the oldest political party in Germany that still exists. It was created on 23 May 1863. Many people think that the SPD is one of the two most important political parties in modern-day Germany, with the Christian Democratic Union (CDU).\nHistory.\nIt was founded as the General German Workers Association (\"Allgemeiner Deutscher Arbeiterverein\") (ADAV) on May 23rd in 1863 in Leipzig. Founder was Ferdinand Lassalle.\nIn 1875 the ADAV joined with the Social Democratic Workers' Party (\"Sozialdemokratische Arbeiterpartei\") (SDAP), which was founded in 1869 in Eisenach by August Bebel and Wilhelm Liebknecht.\nThe new name was the Socialist Workers' Party of Germany (\"Sozialistische Arbeiterpartei Deutschlands\") (SAP).\nIn the autumn of 1890, it took its present name.\nIn the years between 1875 and 1890, it was made illegal by Otto von Bismarck.\nThe Social democrats wanted to support the rights of workers.\nIn 1914, the SPD was split into two. Most members of the party supported the Kaiser and his plans for war. The other members formed the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (\"Unabh\u00e4ngige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschland\") (USPD). They were against the war.\nAfter the monarchy fell, the SPD led some governments of the Weimar Republic.\nLater the SPD was the only party in the Reichstag who voted against the Enabling Act,(\"Erm\u00e4chtigungsgesetz\") which allowed Hitler to become dictator.\nAfterwards, the Nazis banned the SPD and arrested the leading Social Democrats. Many were sent to Nazi concentration camps. Others moved away to towns where they were not known. Friedrich Kellner, an organizer for the SPD in Mainz from 1920 to 1932, moved to Laubach. He wrote entries in a secret diary about the crimes of the Nazis.\nAfter World War II, the SPD was reformed.\nIn the GDR (East Germany) the Soviet Union forced the SPD to join with the communist party to make the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (\"Sozialistische Einheitspartei\"). In Western Germany the SPD continued as the largest center-left party.\nFirst chief of the SPD after WWII was Kurt Schumacher.\nThe SPD led some state governments in West Germany, but was always the leading opposition party in the Bundestag (federal parliament).\nUnder its parliamentary party leader Herbert Wehner the SPD joined the federal government led by chancellor Kurt Georg Kiesinger (CDU) with the CDU and the CSU in 1966. Party chief Willy Brandt became foreign secretary and vice chancellor.\nIn 1969 Willy Brandt became federal chancellor. The SPD lead a coalition government with the FDP as its partner. In 1974 Helmut Schmidt became chancellor.\nIn 1982 the SPD lost the power of government.\nBetween 1998 and 2005 the SPD led the government under chancellor Gerhard Schr\u00f6der. Its partner this time was The Greens.\nIn November 2005 the SPD became the junior partner in a coalition with the CDU and CSU under Angela Merkel.\nPrograms.\nThe SPD is traditionally the party of the workers in Germany.\nIn 1959 the SPD adopted the \"Godesberger Programm\", named after the town of Bad Godesburg in North Rhine-Westphalia. The SPD formally abandoned Marxism, and accepted the market economy (which means people and companies can make money and keep it themselves), but wanted to have a social balance (which means people would get help from the government if they had no job, were sick or too old to work, instead of relying on savings or charity). Companies might get subsidies to help keep people in work.\nMany people thought that the government of Chancellor Schr\u00f6der (1998 - 2005) changed the idea of social balance, making people rely more on savings or charity. The SPD lost a lot of members. Now there is a discussion in the SPD about new social balance policies."}
+{"id": "46647", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46647", "title": "Pension", "text": "A pension is a steady income given to someone. If pensions are part of a system of social security, the recipient of the pension is usually retired or disabled. They either have worked a long time during their life, or they are physically unable to do so. A pension is usually paid until a certain date (or event) occurs. In the case of social security plans, pensions are usually linked to the life of the person who receives the pension. \nA defined Benefit pension defines the benefit to the worker based on salary basis, years worked, and a multiplier. An example might be 2@55 final 3, meaning that the annuity is the highest 3-year average salary times years worked times 2% (if age 55). A worker with 30 years service would receive 2*30 or 60% of their salary. Some systems allow a worker to receive more than 100% salary by various maneuvers to alter the final salary basis.\nA defined Contribution pension defines the contribution, without constraining or promising a certain benefit. For example, a company might contribute 10% of a worker's salary to a pension account of the worker's choice, with final benefit received linked to the performance of the investment chosen. \nCrisis.\nMany pension systems are underfunded and likely unsustainable based on independent financial analysis. Pension reform is a popular topic since about 2009, with pension debt seen as a contributing factor in the deficits at all levels of government."}
+{"id": "46649", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46649", "title": "Role", "text": "A role (sometimes spelled r\u00f4le) or a social role can be described as an expected behaviour of an individual. \nMore precisely one could say it is a set of connected behaviours, rights and duties that a person has to follow in a social situation. It depends on social status.\n\"Role confusion\" is a situation where an individual has trouble to decide which role he/she should play. For example, one could be a student who would attend a meeting of a particular recreational interest and find her teacher there. They would be in conflict between behaving as a student and as an enthusiast who shares the same interest as the teacher."}
+{"id": "46650", "revid": "1570152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46650", "title": "Aeneas", "text": "Aeneas was a Trojan prince and hero. His father was Anchises, his mother was the Greek goddess Aphrodite (Venus in the case of Roman sources). Both Homer and Virgil mention him in their stories. Virgil wrote a whole series of books about him. These books are called Aeneis in their original Latin. The usual English translation of the title is \"Aeneid\". \nThe books relate to the story of \"pious Aeneas\". and about how the city of Rome came to be. \nThe tale starts with Aeneas carrying his father out of the burning Troy, and end with Romulus and Remus founding Rome (after Aeneas landed on the coast, after sailing the Mediterranean Sea for a long time). Aeneas also appears in Book 5 of the \"Iliad\" written by Homer.\nWilliam Shakespeare also wrote a story mentioning Aeneas. Christopher Marlowe wrote a play about Aeneas and Dido, the queen who fell in love with him. There is also an opera about Dido and Aeneas, written by Henry Purcell."}
+{"id": "46654", "revid": "196884", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46654", "title": "Palace", "text": "A palace is a place with a grand and imposing building that is the official residence of a king or queen, a head of state such as a president, ruler, or leader. Many historical palaces are now museums that show what royal and aristocratic life was like when it was built.\nBesides, it can mean a luxurious house or mansion (like Biltmore Mansion or Hearst Castle) or a large building for entertainment: a large public or private building with an imposing ornate style, used for entertainment or exhibitions and large events.\nHistory.\nThe word \"palace\" comes from the Palatine Hill in Rome, where the Roman emperors used to live. A palace is a big, fancy building where a king or queen might live, or where the government or religion might be based. It's different from a castle, which was originally a fortified home.\nAfter the Middle Ages, rich people in England, France, and Spain started calling their fancy homes palaces. Even the popes' residence in Avignon was called a palace when they were exiled. Eventually, the name \"palace\" was used for many grand buildings, both public and private.\nIn the United States, there are colonial governors' palaces in Williamsburg, Virginia; Santa Fe, New Mexico; and San Antonio, Texas. The White House in the U.S. was called the \"Executive Mansion\" instead of the \"Presidential Palace\" because it sounded better without the colonial connection.\nFrance also has the \u00c9lys\u00e9e Palace and buildings called \"Palaces of Justice.\"\nPalaces around the world.\nIn Asia.\nIn East Asia, newer palaces like the ones in the Forbidden City in Beijing and the imperial palaces of Japan are made up of many buildings. These buildings are mostly low pavilions made of fancy wood, and they are set within large walled gardens.\nIn America.\nIn the Americas, palaces were usually simpler compared to those in other places. For example, the Mayan governor's palace at Uxmal around 900 CE and the Zapotec palace at Mitla around 1000 CE were both single-story buildings with lots of rooms that were decorated with carvings. Like in East Asia, these palaces were not just where the leaders lived, but also where the government was based."}
+{"id": "46655", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46655", "title": "Oral", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46657", "revid": "1243600", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46657", "title": "Hasidic Judaism", "text": "Hasidic Judaism (Hebrew: \u05d7\u05e1\u05d9\u05d3\u05d5\u05ea) or Hasidism is a Jewish religious movement that was started by Rabbi Israel ben Eliezer, known as \"Baal Shem Tov\". It began in Eastern Europe in the middle of the 18th century, and there are now Hasidic communities all over the world. The followers of Hasidism are called Hasids.\nCharacteristics.\nHasidism teaches about the importance of serving God with happiness and believes in Jewish mysticism. While Hasidim study the same books of Torah as the rest of Judaism, they focus on learning the hidden aspects of the text as well. Hasidic study also includes many of the teachings of Kabbalah.\nHasidism has strict laws about physical contact between the genders, Hasidic men will not even shake hands or make any physical contact with unrelated members of the opposite gender and Hasidic women will not make any physical contact with unrelated members of the opposite gender and also limit conversation.\nLeadership.\nEach Hasidic group has a leader who is called the Rebbe (Rabbi). The Rebbe is a man who is a Rabbi and is chosen by the Hasidim to be their leader. Some of the jobs that he does are giving lectures on Torah and Hassidic-matters and taking part in the different events of his Hasidim, like weddings and Brit milahs.\nHasidic Groups.\nThere are hundreds of different Hasidic groups. They all share similar characteristics but they also have individual customs. Some of the larger dynasties are Satmar, Chabad-Lubavitch, Bobov, Viznitz, and Belz."}
+{"id": "46658", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46658", "title": "Lissa Explains it All", "text": "Lissa Explains it All is a website. It teaches beginners and children HTML as well as other things like JavaScript to help them make a website. It was made by Alyssa \"Lissa\" Daniels (born 1986) in 1998.\nHistory.\nHow \"Lissa Explains\" Began.\nLissa did not plan on teaching HTML at first. She was an 11 year old girl who wanted to make a website but had problems remembering the HTML codes. She saved the codes on a webpage. Many people who saw her website asked her how she made it. Lissa gave them the address (URL) to the webpage she put the codes on. As more and more people went on the page, Lissa added more codes and information, and made the URL it became public.\nChanges.\nA year later, so many people went on \"Lissa Explains\" that Lissa decided she needed a domain name for her website. She bought the domain name, lissaexplains.com. The website name was changed to \"Lissa Explains it All\". Soon, even more people went on \"Lissa Explains\", and her web hosters told Lissa that she would have to buy a plan that costed $100 a month. Lissa was upset because her parents would not pay so much money for her website.\n\"Lissa Explains\" was a popular website that had a lot of visitors, so Lissa filled out many forms at agencies. The agency would pay her money to put their advertisements on her website, \"Lissa Explains\". The money she made paid for her web hosting and other services on her website. The company that hosts \"Lissa Explains\" now is Dreamhost.\nNow, with even more visitors, Lissa had to change the layout and design of her website again. She got rid of a lot of the pictures on her website to save money and bandwidth space. It changed from this to this, the way it looks right now.\nProblems.\nLissa's website was the first website that taught children HTML. Many people know about it, and it is being copied. For example, Lissaexplainsitall.com has a URL that is almost the same as \"Lissa Explains\", and it also has something to do with web design and HTML.\nServices.\nOther than teaching HTML, Lissa Explains also has other services. Lissa teaches HTML, JavaScript, CSS, how to use frames and tables, and how to make a trailing cursor.\nLissaMail.\nIn April 2008 the website for LissaMail expired, leading to the conclusion that this service is no longer being provided.\nPostcards.\nLissa has postcards that users can send to their friends. \nColor Tools.\nLissa's Color Slider lets users choose a color in the shade they want and get the hexadecimal color code for it. She also has a color wheel for people who have Internet Explorer. \nHTML Editor.\nLissa's HTML Editor converts and changes formatted text into HTML codes.\nMeta Tag Generator.\nAt Lissa's Meta Tag generator, users can get the HTML code to make META tags."}
+{"id": "46660", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46660", "title": "US yard", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46661", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46661", "title": "Lissa Explains It All", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46664", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46664", "title": "Aeneid", "text": " \nThe Aeneid (Latin: \"Aeneis\") is an epic poem written by Virgil between 29 and 19 BC. It tells the story of \"pious Aeneas\".\nAeneas is a Trojan warrior who had to leave his city because the Greeks captured Troy after a long war. It starts with Aeneas carrying his father Anchises out of the burning Troy. It ends with Aeneas landing on the shores of Italy, fighting in the region of Rome. It can be read as indirect propaganda in favour of Augustus, the Roman Emperor of the day.\nThe story is written in hexameters, a type of verse."}
+{"id": "46667", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46667", "title": "Quincy, Illinois", "text": "Quincy is a city in the state of Illinois in the United States. In 2020 the number of people in the city was 39,463. The town was an important stop of the underground railroad during the 1800s. The town also has many German-style buildings."}
+{"id": "46669", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46669", "title": "Rent", "text": "Rent can mean different things:"}
+{"id": "46670", "revid": "1368380", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46670", "title": "Bunk bed", "text": "A bunk bed is a stack of two or more beds. Metal poles or wooden beams connect the bottom bed (called the bottom bunk) to the top bed (called the top bunk). A ladder is used to get up to the top bunk. The ladder is usually attached to the bed. \nIn the Philippines, a bunk bed is called a double deck. Bunk bed is a modern solution; crafted when a one-bed frame is placed on top of another, making a rigid structure of two or more beds. \nThis way two beds are compacted together to form a single bed which is efficient. A bunk bed occupies less floor area, it is equal to the space normally necessary for only one bed.\nUse in homes.\nBunk beds are often used in children's rooms. Since bunk beds allow a family to put two beds in the space of a single bed, bunk beds save space. Bunk beds help families with small apartments or houses to have enough beds for their children.\nUse in institutions and public facilities.\nA bunk bed is also called \u2018the wider bed\u2019, which means both the top and bottom are of the same wider size. They are essential furnishing items that hostels, dormitories, colleges, and schools prefer to install. \nUse in government and public facilities.\nBunk beds are often used in institutions such as prisons. As well, they are often used in public facilities such as homeless shelters and bomb shelters. Bunk beds are also used in firehalls, to give firefighters a place to sleep. Many military organizations use bunk beds. \nNavy ships and submarines use bunk beds for the sailors to sleep in. Army barracks sometimes have bunk beds for soldiers to sleep in.\nUse in camps and hostels.\nSummer camps and winter cabins for children (such as boy scouts or girl scouts) often have bunk beds. Hostels, a type of inexpensive hotel for travelers, often have bunk beds. Some ski lodges have bunk beds in their rooms."}
+{"id": "46671", "revid": "10367743", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46671", "title": "Cupboard", "text": "A cupboard, also known as a cabinet, is furniture used for storage. Usually, a cupboard will be in the kitchen or bathroom of a house. It usually has one or more shelves to put items on. It can also have a door to close off the open shelves."}
+{"id": "46672", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46672", "title": "Great Chilean Earthquake", "text": "The Great Chilean Earthquake or Valdivian Earthquake was the most powerful earthquake ever recorded. The quake occurred in the early evening (19:11 UTC) of May 22, 1960, and had a 9.5 rating on the Moment magnitude scale. The earthquake affected southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, and the Aleutian Islands in Alaska. \nIts epicenter was Valdivia, Chile. The earthquake caused tsunamis that pounded the Chilean coastline with waves of up to 25 meters. The main tsunami traveled across the Pacific Ocean and caused great damage to Hilo, Hawaii. Waves as high as 10.7 meters (about 35 feet) were recorded 10,000 kilometers from where the earthquake started. These waves travelled as far as Japan and the Philippines.\nThe total number of deaths from the earthquake and subsequent tsunami in Chile has been estimated at 490 to 5700. The Chilean government estimated 2 million people were left homeless and the damage was $550 million USD."}
+{"id": "46674", "revid": "10098165", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46674", "title": "Photographer", "text": "A photographer (from Greek \u03c6\u1ff6\u03c2 (\"phos\"), meaning \"light\", and \u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03ae (\"graph\u00ea\"), meaning \"drawing, writing\", together meaning \"drawing with light\") is someone who is skilled at taking pictures or photographs with a camera. An \"amateur photographer\" takes pictures for their own use. A \"professional photographer\" takes pictures as all or part of their job. Many people hire a photographer for their wedding, \"debutante\" party or other special events. Photographers work in many different specialties.\nThere are several different kinds of photography. Each type requires a different set of skills. Some examples include:"}
+{"id": "46675", "revid": "10349837", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46675", "title": "Pictures", "text": "Pictures is the eighth studio album by John Michael Montgomery. The album was released on October 8, 2002."}
+{"id": "46677", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46677", "title": "Spiro Agnew", "text": "Spiro Theodore Agnew (November 9, 1918 \u2013 September 17, 1996) was the 39th vice president of the United States. He served under President Richard Nixon. He was also the 55th governor of the state of Maryland and the first Greek American governor and vice president in United States history.\nHe is most famous for his resignation in the fall of 1973. He was under investigation for the crimes of extortion, tax fraud, bribery, and conspiracy. In October he was charged for taking bribes of more than $100,000 during his vice presidential term.\nAgnew is the only U.S. vice president in history to leave office because of criminal charges. Ten years later, in January 1983, he paid the state of Maryland almost $270,000 as a result of a civil suit that came from the bribery allegations. He was only the second vice president to resign the office (John C. Calhoun was the first).\nHe wrote two memoirs later in his life. He defended his corrupt actions in both memoirs.\nEarly life.\nSpiro Agnew was born in Baltimore, in the state of Maryland. His father was Theodore Spiros Agnew, a Greek immigrant. He shortened his name from Anagnostopoulos when he moved to the USA (which was between 1897 and 1902). He married Margaret Akers, a native of Virginia. He joined the US Army and served in both World War II and the Korean War.\nCareer.\nAfter holding a number of political offices in Baltimore, he ran for Baltimore County Executive in 1962. In a race that was thought to go to the Democratic Party Agnew surprisingly won. While executive he was known for outlawing racial segregation. He ran for Governor in 1966. His opponent was George Mahoney, who ran on a racist and pro segregationist platform. Agnew won after many Democrats voted for him. While governor he passed tax reform, justice reform, anti pollution laws, and civil rights laws. He also took a tough stand against the black power movement. This angered many civil rights leaders who had supported him.\nAgnew was chosen as Richard Nixon's running mate in 1968. Nixon wanted to do better in the Southern States. Agnew, a moderate, could get Democrats to vote for him. He was chosen as vice presidential candidate at the convention over George Romney. Agnew supported \"law and order\" a policy of enforcing the law strictly. Agnew took a hard stand against the anti-war movement. His sometimes dirty attacks led him to be called Nixon's \"hatchet man\". However he did speak out against the Kent State Shooting, where national guard troops shot protestors to death in Ohio.\nAgnew enjoyed the privileges of being vice president. He was well liked by Nixon supporters, and made it onto the Republican national ticket again in 1972. In 1973, it became clear that Agnew had been very corrupt in his career as governor and was facing several felony charges. He cut a plea deal and narrowly got out of having to serve a long time in prison. \nResignation, disgrace, and death.\nHe resigned in disgrace in October 1973, and never spoke to Richard Nixon again (Nixon would himself resign in 1974 over a similar scandal). Agnew became a disgraced figure and never was very much involved in politics after that. His portrait was taken down in the Maryland Governor's Mansion and his bust was not put up as a former vice president. When both were put on display, many criticized the decision to display them. He died in 1996 of leukaemia. He was not given a state funeral of any kind and had a small funeral service. He was buried at a cemetery in Maryland.\nElectoral history.\nBaltimore County Executive, 1962\nGovernor of Maryland, 1966\n1968 Republican National Convention (Vice Presidential tally)\nUnited States presidential election, 1968\n1972 Republican National Convention (Vice Presidential tally)\nUnited States presidential election, 1972\nDeath.\nAgnew died of leukemia in Berlin, Maryland."}
+{"id": "46680", "revid": "1660100", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46680", "title": "Share (finance)", "text": "In finance, a share is a unit of account for many different financial things including stocks, mutual funds, limited partnerships, and REIT's. \nCapital means the money being invested to start a new business. The owner of share is called shareholder.\nIn British English, it is common to use the word share to refer to stocks. This is because the word stock historically referred to government bonds. This is why the term stocks and share account is not a tautology."}
+{"id": "46681", "revid": "172028", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46681", "title": "Share", "text": "Share may mean:"}
+{"id": "46683", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46683", "title": "Stock", "text": "In financial markets, stock is the partial ownership of a company. Shareholders bear the financial (but not legal) risk of the corporation, and receive dividends, which are a piece of the net income.\nA person or organization which holds \"shares\" of stocks is called a shareholder. The value of the stock multiplied by the number of shares owned by all shareholders is the market capitalization. This is the most common metric for valuing a publicly traded company.\nStocks can be bought and sold privately or on stock exchanges. Someone who buys and sells stock on the behalf of another individual is called a stockbroker.\nIn the United Kingdom and Australia, the term \"share\" is used the same way as \"stock\" is described in the United States."}
+{"id": "46684", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46684", "title": "Stock (disambiguation)", "text": "A stock is a share of ownership in a company. See stock.\nSupply and inventory.\nStock in general refers to \"the equipment, materials, or supplies of an establishment\" or \"a store or supply accumulated or available\", as in:\nOriginal.\nStock may also mean \"the original (as a person, race, or language) from which others derive\", as in:\nNames.\nStock or stocks is also the name of:\nOther usages.\nOther meanings and usages of the word stock include:"}
+{"id": "46685", "revid": "10173679", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46685", "title": "Bilberry", "text": "Vaccinium myrtillus/The bilberry is the fruit of a type of shrub that grows close to the ground. It is a member of the genus \"Vaccinium\".\nThe bilberry is native to Europe, whereas the blueberry and huckleberry are native to North America. They are closely related, and members of the same genus.\nThe bilberry is known by many names. It is also called blaeberry, whortleberry, whinberry, myrtle blueberry, fraughan, and probably other names in different places. In Thomas Hardy's 1878 book, \"The Return of the Native,\" they were called black-hearts in 19th century southern England. "}
+{"id": "46686", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46686", "title": "Capital (economics)", "text": "Capital has a number of related meanings in economics, finance and accounting.\nIn finance and accounting, capital generally refers to financial wealth, especially that used to start or maintain a business.\nIn classical economics, capital is one of the four factors of production. The others are land, labor and organization. Goods with the following features are capital goods as opposed to consumer goods or durable goods: \nThe third part of the definition was not always used by classical economists. The classical economist David Ricardo would use the above definition for the term fixed capital while including raw materials and intermediate products are part of world life in which they can easily spend their life."}
+{"id": "46689", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46689", "title": "Rubus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46693", "revid": "1377006", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46693", "title": "Felix Klein", "text": "Felix Christian Klein (April 25, 1849, D\u00fcsseldorf, Prussian Empire \u2013 June 22, 1925, G\u00f6ttingen, Germany) was a German mathematician. He became known for his work in group theory, function theory, non-Euclidean geometry, and on the connections between geometry and group theory. His 1872 Erlangen Program, which ate geometries by their underlying symmetry groups, was a hugely influential synthesis of much of the mathematics of the day.\nThe Klein bottle is named after him."}
+{"id": "46725", "revid": "6581", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46725", "title": "Lissa Explains", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46726", "revid": "9595011", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46726", "title": "Land (economics)", "text": "In economics, land means all natural resources that cannot be produced in a larger quantity if prices go up, such as geographical locations and mineral deposits. \nIn classical economics it is considered one of three factors of production, the other two being capital and labor; income that one gets because of ownership or control of natural resources is often referred to as rent."}
+{"id": "46728", "revid": "45220", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46728", "title": "Alyssa Daniels (LEIA)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46730", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46730", "title": "Part (music)", "text": "In music, a part is a line of music which is played by one player or group of players (or sung by one or more singers). This is the usual meaning of the word \u201cpart\u201d when talking about musical compositions. \nWhen a group of instruments are all playing the same notes together - like the first violins in an orchestra, they are all playing the same part. The second violins are playing another part, the violas are playing yet another part, etc.\nIn a string quartet each of the four instruments plays a different part.\nA group of singers who are all singing the tune together are singing in \"unison\". If they divide into soprano, alto, tenor and bass, they are singing in four parts. The sopranos may be singing the tune and the altos, tenors and basses are providing the harmony underneath. This is called \u201c4 part harmony\u201d. If each of the four parts has its own share of the melody (or its own melody) it is polyphonic music. Polyphonic music is always in several parts.\nSometimes music for the piano or organ may be written in a strict number of parts, e.g. a 5 part fugue for the piano could also be performed on five different instruments because there are always exactly five different lines of music (although sometimes a part will have a rest, but this is always shown by rests in the music). Although written on two staves for the pianist (or three staves for an organist) it could be written on five staves: one stave for each part.\nAnother word for a musical \"part\" is \"voice\". In most other European languages the word for \"part\" in this musical sense is the same as the normal word for \"voice\" e.g. in German: \"Stimme\" or French \"voix\".\nIn general, the more parts there are in a musical composition the harder it is to compose because they all have to fit together to sound nice. The 16th century composer Thomas Tallis wrote a motet called \"Spem in alium\" which is in 40 parts. A choir of at least 40 people is needed to sing it, and even then each person will be singing something different to all the others.\nOrchestral parts.\nA slightly different (but related) meaning of \u201cpart\u201d can be the actual printed music that a player in an orchestra or band puts on the music stand to play from. The oboe part, for example, will just have the notes that the oboe plays. In contrast, the conductor has a musical score in which all the instrumental parts are written underneath one another.\n\u201dPart\u201d meaning \u201csection\u201d.\nThe word \"part\" can also be used in its normal meaning of \"section\" (i.e. a bit of something). We can say: \u201cthe first part of the movement is played just by the woodwind instruments\u201d. \nSometimes a large work like an oratorio will be split into two or three \u201cParts\u201d (in opera these would be called \u201cActs\u201d)."}
+{"id": "46732", "revid": "1498244", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46732", "title": "Videocassette recorder", "text": "Videocassette recorder (VCR) is an electronic device that records and plays videotapes. Most use VHS or Beta cassettes that contain recordings of movies and other programs (such as music videos, exercise videos, and so on). To watch a recording using a VCR, the VCR has to be connected to a television set.\nVCRs at first were mainly used to record programs from television broadcasts. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s, many people used VCRs to record their favorite television shows to watch them later. This was called time-shifting.\nWatching movies.\nIn the mid-1980s, VCRs became a very popular way for people to watch movies and other recorded programs on their home television. Until the 21st century, video rental stores offered a large selection of movies recorded on VHS tapes that customers could rent. In the 1980s, some video rental stores also offered a smaller number of movies recorded on Beta tapes.\nVHS vs Betamax.\nIn the 1980s, VHS was involved in a format war with Sony's Betamax. VHS won the format war. Betacam, a variant of Betamax designed specifically for professional camcorders, did become popular in television studios, but consumers used VHS at home.\nIn 1974, the Japanese government's Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) tried to force the Japanese video industry to agree on just one home video recording format, in order to avoid consumer confusion. Later, Sony built a prototype of a Betamax VTR. Sony presented the prototype to MITI, and convinced them to use Betamax as the technical standard. Sony was then allowed to charge other companies licensing fees to use the Betamax technical standard, so that they could also build and sell Betamax machines.\nJVC believed that an open standard (a technical standard that is open and free for anyone to use) like VHS was better for the consumer, so they fought against the MITI and Sony. JVC attempted to convince other companies, including Matsushita, to use VHS instead of Betamax. Matsushita agreed with JVC because Matsushita worried that Sony might become the most powerful company in the video recording industry if the Betamax format was the only one that the MITI allowed them to sell. Matsushita also disliked the fact that Betamax systems could only record one hour of video.\nBecause Matsushita agreed with JVC, Hitachi, Mitsubishi, and Sharp began to support the VHS technical standard. When Sony released its Betamax machines in Japan in 1975, it pressured the MITI to support Sony even more. However, the combination of JVC and the other companies was much stronger, and eventually the MITI stopped trying to create a single technical standard for the whole industry. JVC released the first VHS machines in Japan in late 1976, and then in the United States in early 1977. Sony continued to sell Betamax machines, and they competed with VHS throughout the late 1970s and into the 1980s.\nIn countries that use the NTSC technical standard for television broadcasting, the Beta I version of Betamax was able to record one hour of video at a tape speed of 1.5\u00a0inches per second\u00a0(ips), which was similar to a VHS standard-play mode (SP). Originally, VHS recorded two hours of video at 1.31\u00a0ips. Betamax's smaller-sized cassettes were not able to contain as much magnetic tape as VHS cassettes. They could not compete fit longer lengths of tape into the cassettes to match VHS's two-hour recording time. Instead, Sony had to slow the tape speed down to 0.787\u00a0ips (Beta II) in order to reach two hours of video recording in the same cassette size. This meant that the television picture produced by a Betamax tape was worse than VHS when comparing two-hour recordings. Sony eventually released a longer Betamax cassette called Beta III which allowed NTSC Betamax to record more than two hours, but by then VHS had already won the format war.\nVHS also used a less complicated set of mechanisms to read the magnetic tape than Betamax, and VHS machines were faster at rewinding (winding the magnetic tape back to its starting place so that the video starts from the beginning the next time) and fast-forwarding than Betamax machines.\nIn countries that use the PAL and SECAM technical standards for their television broadcasting, Betamax's recording time was similar to VHS and the picture on the television was at least as good as VHS.\nDVDs replaced VCRs.\nIn the late 1990s and throughout the 2000s, the DVD player replaced the VCR as the most common way to watch movies on a home television. The VCR sales dropped later, causing the VCR to be used less by people. VCRs are still available, but fewer stores offer them, because fewer people want them."}
+{"id": "46733", "revid": "1652218", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46733", "title": "DVD player", "text": "A DVD player is a home media device that plays DVDs (also called \"digital versatile discs\"). The first DVD player was the Toshiba SD-3000, released in Japan in November 1996. "}
+{"id": "46734", "revid": "1401078", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46734", "title": "Labour (economics)", "text": "Labour or labor is work done by people. Labor is one of three factors of production. The other two factors are land and capital. \nPeople who can work are also known as human capital, referring not necessarily to what they actually do, but to their abilities."}
+{"id": "46737", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46737", "title": "Wide", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46746", "revid": "1368380", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46746", "title": "Zach Braff", "text": "Zachary Israel Braff (born April 6, 1975) is an American actor, film director, producer and screenwriter. He became famous in the early 2000s playing the part of \"Dr. John Dorian\" on the NBC/ABC series \"Scrubs\". Since then, he has written, starred in and directed the \"Garden State\". He also has directed multiple music videos. He is the voice of Chicken Little in \"Chicken Little\" and its subsequent television series. Braff is a Democrat and attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention in support of President Obama's re-election. He directed his first movie. It is called \"Wish I Was Here\"."}
+{"id": "46747", "revid": "1672574", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46747", "title": "Scrubs (TV series)", "text": "Scrubs is an American sitcom. It is about doctors and nurses in a hospital, and the title \"Scrubs\" comes from the name of the clothes they wear to keep themselves from getting dirty.\nThe series, which ran for nine seasons, was well known for its creative flashbacks and fantasies.\nSeason One.\nThe first season introduces John Michael \"J.D.\" Dorian and his best friend Christopher Turk in their first year out of medical school as interns at Sacred Heart Hospital."}
+{"id": "46748", "revid": "24306", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46748", "title": "Flashback", "text": "A flashback is a technique used by writers which is often used in movies, television and literature. It involves a character remembering something that happened to him in the past. \"Scrubs\" is a television show that uses \"flashbacks\" often.\nThe term is also used colloquially, to describe lingering effects of a drug (such as LSD), or memories of a bad experience triggered by things in the present."}
+{"id": "46749", "revid": "4580", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46749", "title": "Zach braff", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46751", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46751", "title": "Television show", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46752", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46752", "title": "Widescreen", "text": "Widescreen is the term for any aspect ratio larger than 4:3.\nBlu-Ray Discs use the aspect ratio Full High Definition (FHD) resolution of 1920x1080p."}
+{"id": "46756", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46756", "title": "Marketing", "text": "Marketing is activity that connects producers with customers. It may be B2B (business to business) marketing or B2C (business to consumer). It may include market research and advertising. \nThe term \"marketing\", what is commonly known as attracting customers, incorporates knowledge gained by studying the management of exchange relationships and is the business process of identifying, anticipating and satisfying customers' needs and wants. "}
+{"id": "46757", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46757", "title": "Kirkkonummi", "text": "Kirkkonummi () is a municipality in Uusimaa, Finland. As of January 2014, almost 38,000 people lived in Kirkkonummi. It has an area of . \nMost people speak Finnish, almost 80%.\nKirkkonummi is close to the capital city, Helsinki. Other neighbouring municipalies are Espoo, Vihti and Siuntio.\nKirkkonummi was established in 1330.\nBuildings and structures: Finland's tallest structure is a tower that is 185 m tall."}
+{"id": "46762", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46762", "title": "Courgette", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46764", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46764", "title": "Felix Christian Klein", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46765", "revid": "10000790", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46765", "title": "Christian Klein", "text": "Christian Klein is a German manager who is the current chief executive officer at SAP SE."}
+{"id": "46766", "revid": "1649829", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46766", "title": "Storage", "text": "Storage means the \"act of keeping things\" and the \"place\" where you keep them.\nThat may be:"}
+{"id": "46767", "revid": "177123", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46767", "title": "Safety match", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46768", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46768", "title": "Publishing", "text": "Publishing is making information available for public view. A publisher makes and sells literature or information. Publishers can pay their authors, or authors who want to be published can pay the publisher. Sometimes authors are their own publishers.\nTraditionally, publishing means the creation and distribution of printed works such as books and newspapers. Since the late 20th century it can also mean internet publishing.\nA publication is the product of publishing.\nPublications can be in various forms, including digital media, magazines, journals, and e-books, reaching audiences through both physical and online platforms."}
+{"id": "46769", "revid": "5400", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46769", "title": "Publish", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46770", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46770", "title": "Bunk beds", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46773", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46773", "title": "Freie Demokratische Partei", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46774", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46774", "title": "B\u00fcndnis 90/Die Gr\u00fcnen", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46775", "revid": "1657009", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46775", "title": "Song dynasty", "text": "The Song dynasty ruled in China from 960\u20131279. It was started by Emperor Taizu of Song who forced the state of Later Zhou out of power before reuniting China. This ended the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. \nThere are two periods of Song dynasty history: Northern Song and Southern Song. Northern Song lasted from 960 to 1127 and controlled most of China. Southern Song was formed after Northern Song had lost control of North China to the Jin dynasty. Southern Song's capital was in Hangzhou and lasted from 1127 to 1279. Southern Song was conquered by the Mongols. \nHistory.\nThe Northern Song Dynasty ruled in China from 960 to 1127. The first emperor, Emperor Taizu of Song, set the capital in Bianliang (now we call this city Kaifeng) in northern China. The Northern Song Dynasty enjoyed the highest economic and cultural prosperity during the ancient Chinese history.\nThe Battle of Yamen effectively ended the Southern Song Dynasty in 1279, as the battle resulted in the death of the last emperor Zhao Bing."}
+{"id": "46778", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46778", "title": "Traditionally", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46785", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46785", "title": "Great Red Spot", "text": "The Great Red Spot is a hurricane on the surface of the planet Jupiter. It is so big that two or three Earths could fit inside it. It has been going on for at least 340 years.\nFormation.\nScientists do not know why or how it formed, some researchers think because of the chemicals like ammonia in the upper part of the Great Red Spot. Scientists also notice that the spot is getting smaller which they also do not understand."}
+{"id": "46787", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46787", "title": "Sodomy", "text": "Since about the Middle Ages, sodomy is used for sexual acts that do not have the purpose procreation (making babies). In general, this refers to anal or oral sex. In some cases, it is also used to refer to sex with animals (which is usually called zoophilia). Depending on the time, the society and culture, there were laws that made sodomy a crime. Today, such laws have been overturned, or they are not enforced, in many countries of the world.\nCountries where religion plays a large role may still have punishments for such crimes, as they are often mentioned in the scriptures of the religion which is important in the country.\nSuch laws, called sodomy laws, are sometimes also used to criminalize homosexuality."}
+{"id": "46789", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46789", "title": "Psychotic disorder", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46790", "revid": "314538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46790", "title": "Bipolar disorder", "text": "Bipolar disorder (formerly called manic depression) is a mental illness that exists along a spectrum. People with bipolar disorder have episodes of depression that alternate with periods of better mood. \nIn bipolar I disorder, these periods of better mood may involve mania: a high-energy state which can cause psychosis, extreme emotions like panic attacks, or euphoria. This feeling is often followed by a period of depression. People with bipolar I disorder switch between these two states.\nIn bipolar II disorder, a person never becomes manic or psychotic. Their episodes of depression are often longer and more severe, and they alternate with periods of hypomania. Other disorders on the bipolar spectrum include cyclothymia.\nSymptoms.\nDepression.\nIn people with bipolar I disorder, depressive episodes can last from a few weeks to several months. In bipolar II disorder, depressive episodes may last many months.\nPeople who are in a depressive state are often sad and pessimistic. They may lose interest in activities they usually like, or become isolated and lonely. Other symptoms include anxiety, hopelessness, changes in sleep, and suicidal thoughts. \nWhen bipolar disorder develops at a young age, the first few episodes are usually depressive. Because a manic or hypomanic episode is needed to diagnose bipolar disorder, some people are diagnosed with major depression at first.\nMania.\nPeople in a manic state are often over-confident and very optimistic. This can cause them to take large risks and do things that they usually wouldn't. A person who is manic may talk very quickly with no pauses, have thoughts that change very quickly, or act without thinking. \nThey may also experience psychosis, where they cannot tell what is real and what is not. They may think that they are unstoppable or that they are on a mission for God. \nManic episodes last for at least a week, but can last as long as three to six months. They are usually followed by a depressive episode. Mania may become so severe that it can affect the person\u2019s ability to work or interact with others.\nHypomania.\nHypomania is a less extreme version of mania that never involves psychosis. As described by the Cleveland Clinic:Hypomania is a condition in which you display a revved up energy or activity level, mood or behavior. The new \u201cenergized you\u201d is recognized by others as beyond your usual self. Hypomania is a less severe form of mania, and both are commonly part of bipolar disorder.A hypomanic episode may last from a few days to a few months.\nDiagnosis.\nBipolar disorder is an illness that can show in different ways. It is often diagnosed in adolescents or young adults. A few subtypes have been identified; these subtypes mostly describe the nature of the \"episodes\" of the disease.\nA person with bipolar I disorder has had at least one manic episode. They may or may not have episodes of depression.\nA person with bipolar II disorder has had at least one major depressive episode, and at least one hypomanic episode.\nA person with cyclothymia has had a hypomanic episode, and feels depressed (but not so severely that it qualifies as a major depressive episode). \nCauses.\nThe exact cause of bipolar disorder is unknown. \nGenetics definitely play a role. A 2008 study estimated that there is a 71% chance of bipolar disorder passing from parent to child. Likewise, if one identical twin has bipolar disorder, there is a significant chance that the other will develop bipolar disorder in their lifetime. \nMRI studies have shown that certain parts of the brain responsible for mood regulation are larger in bipolar patients. Bipolar disorder can be caused by certain conditions that affect the brain - like a stroke, brain injury, or certain infections.\nBipolar disorder can also be triggered by certain environmental factors, such as stressful life events, overwhelming problems of everyday life, certain medications, and recreational drugs.\nTreatment.\nBipolar disorder is treatable. The most common treatment is mood-stabilizing medication. These medicines prevent and control the manic and depressive episodes. Historically, lithium has been one of the most common mood stabilizers used for bipolar disorder. Therapy can also be used to control the symptoms. \nThe same treatments and medicines do not work for everyone, and it is not uncommon for people to have symptoms return if they stop taking medication.\nInvoluntary treatment.\nSometimes, people need to be treated against their will. Patients may be thinking about or have tried to commit suicide, or they may be unable to see their situation properly. In many cases, teaching people about their disease helps. When they have gone through the phases of the illness a few times, they often see that treatment can make their life easier."}
+{"id": "46793", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46793", "title": "VCR", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46794", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46794", "title": "Video cassette recorder", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46796", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46796", "title": "CRT", "text": "CRT could mean:"}
+{"id": "46805", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46805", "title": "FDP", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46806", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46806", "title": "Green Party (Germany)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46807", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46807", "title": "Christlich Soziale Union", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46810", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46810", "title": "The Left Party.PDS", "text": "The Left Party.PDS (in German: Die Linkspartei or Linkspartei.PDS) was a left-winged political party in Germany. After joining with another political party, it became \"Die Linke\", or \"The Left\" in 2007.\nHistory.\nAfter the end of the GDR in 1990, the former Socialist Unity Party of Germany \"Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands\" (SED) changed to the SED-PDS and later to the Partei des Demokratischen Sozialismus (PDS).\nIn the former GDR it was very successful in state elections and it had a small group in the federal parliament. But it always failed in Western Germany.\nIn the 2000s there were a lot of changes of job policy and ways of helping people in need. People that restrictions hurt the poorer and unemployed people in Germany. These reforms were made by the Social democrats SPD and the Greens, who were traditionally the left-wing parties in Germany.\nSome people, who left the SPD and some people from Trade Unions founded the Electors Association for Work and Social Justice \"Wahlgemeinschaft Arbeit und Soziale Gerechtigkeit\" (WASG) in Western Germany. Many students.\nThey - and although the PDS - realized that there was no chance to win mandates in elections as concurrents. So they decided to found a new party, Die Linkspartei.\nIn the last federal elections they joined the parliament; in the state of Berlin they joined the state government.\nProgramme.\nDie Linkspartei is a left-wing party. It is the only party in the federal parliament which views jobs and people as being more important than letting companies make as much money as they want. \nThey want to have more people employed directly by government bodies instead of having private companies doing jobs for the government. They also want higher taxes on the rich and those who make all or most of their money from the capital market and deals using their money instead of working at actual jobs.\nThey are against study fees and want to have only a comprehensive school (\"gesamtschule\") instead of two or three different types of further school in most German states.\nTheir foreign policy follows the old position of the Green Party \"B\u00fcndnis 90/Die Gr\u00fcne\" and are strictly against any German soldiers fighting. They are still talking about allowing German soldiers to be in the peace keeping missions of the United Nations.\nIn the field of civil rights they copied the position of the Greens, as well."}
+{"id": "46816", "revid": "1652218", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46816", "title": "Laptop", "text": "A laptop is a computer which is easy to carry around. A modern laptop is self-contained, with a screen, keyboard, and pointing device (like a touchpad or pointing stick), plus usually, speakers, a microphone and a camera (webcam). This is all powered by a built-in rechargeable battery, however, the user can also plug the laptop in to use it while recharging the battery. Also, most other external devices such as a monitor and keyboard can be attached if required. The laptop screen folds down over the keyboard, along a hinge, for carrying.\nLaptops have advantages over desktop computers, such as:\nDisadvantages of laptops include:\nHistory.\nLike computers themselves, portable microcomputers were not invented at any one time by one person. They developed gradually. \nThe \"Portal,\" from the French company R2E Micral CCMC, appeared in September 1980 at the SICOB show in Paris. Its keyboard had 58 alphanumeric keys and 11 numeric keys (separate blocks), a 32-character LED screen, a floppy disk drive, a printer and a 220V power supply. It weighed 12\u00a0kg (26 pounds) and its dimensions were 45\u00a0cm \u00d7 45\u00a0cm \u00d7 15\u00a0cm (18 in x 18 in x 6 in). It had no hinge and its operating system was Prolog.\nSome historians, however, count as the first \"true\" portable to be the \"Osborne 1\". It was created in 1981 by Adam Osborne, who was also a former book publisher. He was the founder of Osborne Computer. His portable computer weighed 11\u00a0kg (24 pounds) and had a five-inch (13 cm) screen, a serial port and two floppy disk drives. Several programs were included with the Osborne 1. Customers could also buy a 1-hour battery pack.\nThe first \"laptop-sized notebook computer\" was the Epson HX-20, released in July 1982. It had a four-line, liquid crystal display (LCD) screen, a rechargeable battery, and a receipt-size printer, in a 1.6 kg (3.5 lb) body, the size of an A4 notebook. It was described as a \"laptop\" and \"notebook\" computer in its patent. \nThe first computer to use the \"clamshell\" design, which is used in almost all modern laptop designs, was the GRiD Systems Corporation's \"GriD Compass, released in April 1982\". This computer was one fifth the weight of any other computer used at that time, however, it required mains power, because it had no battery. Despite this, they were very popular with the Military of the United States and NASA, who used the laptop in its Space Shuttle program, in the 1980s.\nAlso in 1982, two computer designers from Microsoft, Kazuhiko Nishi and Bill Gates, worked on a new portable computer. The prototype was presented to Radio Shack, who agreed to start making it. It was launched in 1983, as the TRS-80 Model 100, which had an eight-line LCD screen. In 1986, the improved version, called TRS Model 200, was released, which had a much larger, fold-down LCD screen, and looked pretty much like the laptops that we know today. \nThe next few years saw the appearance of a laptop PC from Compaq Computers and the first notebook-style laptop from NEC called NEC UltraLite. The year 1989 was quite successful for laptop producers. First, Apple Computer developed the Macintosh Portable, the evolution of which turned it into the PowerBook. Then, a company named Zenith Data Systems introduced the Zenith MinisPort, a portable computer weighing 6 pounds (2.72 kg). Finally, there was Compaq Computers, who released the Compaq LTE.\nThe development of laptops is continuing, with various upgrades and additional functions added, including screens with new screen technologies like in-plane switching panels and touch screens, all while the devices continue to get smaller and lighter, and more powerful. Around 2007, netbook computers became popular. Netbooks are small, cheap laptops with screens of about 10\u00a0inches (25 cm) or less, but replaced the usual Hard disk at the time with a solid-state drive (SSD). Now, SSDs are more common in laptops, and netbooks are no longer made. Despite these advances, after 2010, people bought fewer laptops because of the popularity of tablet computers, which are even more portable. Today, laptops continue to be used for areas like education, video editing and gaming. \nIn 2005, an organization called One Laptop Per Child started trying to improve education for students in less rich countries using their own laptop, the XO-1. However, their plan failed, and OLPC now hands out Chromebooks instead. \nGaming laptop.\nA gaming laptop is a laptop that is built to play video games. Gaming laptops are more powerful than regular laptops, and are made with stronger parts, a separate graphic card (GPU), large and bright screens with fast frame rates, colorful keyboards that light up, and more fans and vents. However, they are more expensive than regular laptops. The most common program people use to play games on these laptops is Steam. "}
+{"id": "46817", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46817", "title": "Notebook", "text": "A notebook is a collection of sheets of paper, bound as a book or leaflet. It can be used to make notes and to draw things. Some notebooks also have a printed calendar."}
+{"id": "46836", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46836", "title": "InuYasha", "text": "Inuyasha is a manga and anime series created by Rumiko Takahashi.\nPlot.\nFifty years ago, a priestess named Kikyo had a relationship with a half\u2013demon named Inuyasha. When they oppose each other, Inuyasha becomes unconscious and Kikyo dies from her injury while keeping the Shikon Jewel (Shikon no Tama), she leaves her sister (Kaede) alive. Kagome is a teenage student, who discovers a well in her house and ends up traveling to the past. She meets and rescues Inuyasha, who slept in a sacred tree for fifty years. Kagome learns that she is Kikyo's reincarnation and had the jewel inside her body, which the demon extracted it. The magical necklace allows Inuyasha to control his behaviour. Kagome inadvertently shatters the jewel into pieces, which Naraku uses one of them to summon the army of incarnations. Inuyasha recruits a few allies on his journey. As Kikyo dies again, Inuyasha defeats Naraku, making the jewel vanished from the world and Kagome is sent back to the present day. Three years later, Miroku and Sango have three children, Rin lives with Kaede, and Kagome returns to the feudal era after graduating from high school."}
+{"id": "46837", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46837", "title": "Kurt Schumacher", "text": "Kurt Schumacher (born 13 October 1895 in Kulm, West Prussia (now Che\u0142mno in Poland) - died 20 August 1952 in Bonn) was a German politician. He was leader of the SPD from 1946 to 1952 and speaker of the SPD in the Bundestag 1949-1952.\nSchumacher was the son of a salesman. When World War I started, he left school to join the German army. In December 1914, he was badly hurt. His arm had to be removed. After this, he went back to school in Berlin to study Law and politics. While there, he became a socialist. In 1924, he was elected to the legislature in W\u00fcrttemberg. He became the SPD leader for W\u00fcrttemberg in 1928. In 1930, he was elected to the national legislature, the Reichstag.\nAfter the Nazis took control of Germany, Schumacher was arrested. He was beaten badly in prison. He was put into concentration camps for the next ten years. In 1943, Schumacher was set free because of his bad health. He was arrested again in 1944 and stayed in the concentration camps until the British set them free in April 1945.\nAfter the World War II, Schumacher put the SPD back together. He was first chief of the Social democrats in West Germany after the WWII. He was also their first speaker in the federal parliament (Bundestag) and first leader of opposition in the Bundestag.\nIn 1952, Schumacher died in Bonn."}
+{"id": "46839", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46839", "title": "Free Democratic Party (Germany)", "text": "The Free Democratic Party or Freie Demokratische Partei, short FDP (from 1968 to 2001 F.D.P.) is a political party in Germany. The party advocates for a more free market economy. Although they agree to some aspects of the German welfare state, they want to see a reduction in government spending and a movement to privatization.\nHistory.\nSeveral liberal parties have existed in Germany since the 19th century.\nThe FDP was founded in West Germany in September 1945 in the state of Hamburg. It became member of the state parliament of Hamburg in its first election.\nSimilar liberal parties were founded in other German states, most of them successful in getting mandates.\nIn 1947, on March 17th, the \"Demokratische Partei Deutschlands\" (DPD) was founded as a whole-Germany liberal party by Theodor Heuss and Wilhelm K\u00fclz, but it broke down after a short while.\nOn 11 December 1948 the FDP was founded as a liberal party for West Germany.\nChief of the party was Theodor Heuss. The next important man was Thomas Dehler.\nIn its first years the main part of the party followed a national-liberal way. Liberal in the economical field, but very conserative in most other fields.\nBut in every state it had its own way.\nThe FDP was the smaller partner of the CDU under Konrad Adenauer. It was member of the West German government from 1949 to 1966.\nIn 1969 the FDP returned to government. But now the FDP was partner of the Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands under Willy Brandt, later Helmut Schmidt.\nThe party changed its values. Left-liberal positions were the leading ideas of the FDP at that time and included ideas like\ncivil rights and giving everyone the chance for a good education (guaranteed state stipendia, no more study fees, more higher education schools).\nIt changed again in 1982, when the government crashed on Schmidt and elected Helmut Kohl of the CDU as the new chancellor.\nIt became more and more a single issue party with its only interest in a low tax tariff - especially for high incomes.\nIt fought for study fees now and against social security. It secretary general said one day \"We are the party of the best-incomes\".\nIn 1998 it lost its power and became part of the parliamentary opposition.\nIn some state parliaments the FDP is still in power as junior partner of the CDU.\nThe party's unofficial motto is \"So viel Staat wie n\u00f6tig, so wenig Staat wie m\u00f6glich!\", meaning \"as much state as necessary, as little state as possible!\""}
+{"id": "46840", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46840", "title": "Alliance 90/The Greens", "text": "Alliance 90/The Greens (), commonly referred to as \"(The) Greens\", is a political party in Germany. It was formed in 1992 by the Western German party \"Die Gr\u00fcnen\" and the Eastern German \"B\u00fcndnis '90\". Its main interests are ecology, civil rights, equality between men and women and the chances of immigrants in the German society.\nHistory.\nEarly years.\nIn the 1970s, there were a lot of protests against nuclear power in Germany. The protesters had no support in the political parties in Germany so they got the idea to create their own party.\nThis Party was founded under the Name \"Die Gr\u00fcnen\" in Karlsruhe on 13 January 1980.\nSince their aims were for civil rights and ecology, a lot of former Anti Vietnam War protesters joined the party. The Greens were pacifists and strictly against nuclear weapons. They wanted to reach a de-militarized Europe. After a short while some right-winged people left the party, so they became a centre-left party. The party has centrist and left-wing factions.\nLeaders.\nFirst chiefs of the party were Herbert Gruhl and Petra Kelly. Its current co-leaders are Ricarda Lang and Omid Nouripour, who were elected as the party's co-leaders in January 2022.\nInfluence.\nIn the old GDR, a Green party was founded in 1989 and joined to the Western Greens in 1990. In 1993 the B\u00fcndnis 90 - a civil rights movement from the former GDR - and Die Gr\u00fcnen joined them.\nIn 1998 they joined the federal government under Gerhard Schr\u00f6der together with the Social Democrats.\nProgramme.\nAlliance '90/The Greens support green politics. One of their main issues is saving the earth - especially the climate - without using nuclear power.\nAnother issue raised by the party is the integration and the chances of immigrants in Germany.\nIn the foreign policy the Green changed their position in their first period in federal government. Before that time they wanted German soldiers only to allow peace keeping missions of the United Nations, many Greens wanted a de-militarized Germany. After their legislative period - with main influence of foreign secretary Fischer - they accepted to join international military missions e.g. in Afganisthan. But their main issue is to avoid conflicts by development policy and international cooperation. Main issues of foreign policy are international envoirementional and climate saving projects like the Kyoto protocoll, the development of the European Union and a reform of the international law like the installing of the International Crime Court in The Hague."}
+{"id": "46841", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46841", "title": "Left Party (Germany)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46842", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46842", "title": "Christian Social Union of Bavaria", "text": "The Christian Social Union of Bavaria or Christlich Soziale Union (short CSU) is a conservative political party in the German state of Bavaria.\nIn the federal parliament of Germany (Bundestag) the CSU and the CDU join together in a political alliance to form the main centre-right group in Germany.\nIts chief is Horst Seehofer.\nHistory.\nIn 1945, two local CSU groups were founded. One in W\u00fcrzburg and the other in Munich.\nIn January 1946 the CSU was founded for the whole of Bavaria.\nAll state elections of Bavaria were won by the CSU. Sometimes the CSU had to make some coalitions with the Bayernpartei (Bavarian Party), the FDP or the SPD.\nIn the federal government the CSU always joins with the CDU.\nThe CSU is more conservative than the CDU.\nOne very famous leader of the CSU was Franz Josef Strau\u00df. Sometimes he was well known for the good that he did. Other times because of scandals.\nProgramme.\nThe CSU is a very conservative party according to the people of Bavaria, who mainly live in the countryside and smaller towns and villages.\nTraditionally it tried to make a compromise between conservative tradition and social welfare.\nCurrently it leans to more free market beliefs instead of social care."}
+{"id": "46843", "revid": "1456026", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46843", "title": "Christian Democratic Union of Germany", "text": "The Christian Democratic Union of Germany or \"Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands (CDU)\" is one of the two main right of centre political parties in Germany. It describes itself as a Christian democratic and conservative party.\nIn November 2005 the Federal leader of the CDU Angela Merkel became the Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany; she left office in December 2021. It is currently led by General Secretary Carsten Linnemann, who was given his position in July 2023. The party's president is Friedrich Merz.\nHistory.\nThe CDU was founded after World War II. The first German Chancellor was Konrad Adenauer, a member of the CDU. He ruled from 1949 to 1963. During the Government of Helmut Kohl (1982-1998), Germany was reunited.\nThe CDU was the Government Party for most of the younger German history, only from 1969 to 1982 and from 1998 to 2005 there have been Chancellors from different parties.\nMembers.\nThe CDU has more than 400,000 members. It has 255 of 631 Members of Parliament in the German Parliament (Deutscher Bundestag) and 34 of 99 Members of European Parliament of Germany."}
+{"id": "46844", "revid": "11132", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46844", "title": "Christlich Demokratische Union Deutschlands", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46846", "revid": "1521690", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46846", "title": "Income", "text": "Income is the money that someone gets for business activities. For individuals income usually means their wages or salary before any tax and other deductions have been made by their employer. Overall it is the amount you earn after all outstanding deductions have been made. Gross income is the income from all sources including wages or salary.\nFor business, there is a difference between the US, where it most often means the amount of money that a company earns after paying for all its costs, and the world outside the U.S., where the term is usually profit or earnings."}
+{"id": "46847", "revid": "9337799", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46847", "title": "Theory of computation", "text": "The theory of computation is a branch of mathematics. Generally it is seen as belonging to computer science. The field of study of this subject is to see if a certain problem can be solved by a computer. If this is the case, then the question is to know if it can be solved in an efficient way. \nThere are two major branches in it. The first is computability theory. It looks to see if a certain problem can be solved by a computer. Since this is a theoretical field of study, no real computers are used. They are replaced by a system called the Turing machine.\nOnce it is known if such a solution exists, computer scientists want to know if it can be found, and perhaps how it can be improved. This field of study is covered by the complexity theory. That theory has developed concepts to compare different methods of solving a problem to one another. Such methods are usually called algorithms. This is similar to comparing cooking recipes and seeing which of two recipes is easier to do."}
+{"id": "46848", "revid": "1680064", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46848", "title": "Jermaine Jackson", "text": "Jermaine LaJaune Jackson (born December 11, 1954) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer and bassist. He is best known for being a member as the fourth child of the Jackson family. From 1964 to 1975, Jermaine was the second brother to sing as a lead vocalist right after his little brother Michael. In 1975, Jermaine was replaced by his little brother Randy and in 2020, he has been left by the musical group the Jackson 5 (later known as the Jacksons). He has been listed top among names in the voice-over field.\nEarly life.\nJermaine LaJaune Jackson was born on the 11th December, 1954 at St. Mary 's Mercy Hospital in Gary, Indiana. Jermaine has six brothers such as Jackie, Tito, Marlon, Brandon (who died shortly after his birth), Michael, and Randy and three sisters such as Rebbie, La Toya, and Janet. Jermaine was born by two grand-parents including his father Joe and his mother Katherine Jackson.\nCareer.\nIn January 1962, Jermaine was sent to play his bass guitar with Tito playing the guitar and Jackie playing the tambourine. Later in August 1964, Michael was sent to be a lead vocalist of the Jackson 5 with Marlon playing the conga in August 1965.\nIn July 1967, Jermaine and his brothers were signed to Steeltown Records to release \"Big Boy\". \"Diana Ross Presents the Jackson 5\" was released on Motown Records in December 1969. \"ABC\" was sent to be released as the second studio album in May 1970 to feature Jermaine and his four brothers.\nBetween September 1970 and April 1971, \"Third Album\" and \"Maybe Tomorrow\" were released by Jermaine and his four brothers on Motown Records. In June 1972, they released their sixth studio album \"Lookin' Through the Windows\".\nThat is the way Jermaine and his four brothers released two more albums \"Skywriter\" and \"\" as the seventh and eigth studio albums in April and September 1973.\nBetween May 1974 and March 1975, Jermaine and his four brothers were releasing several albums such as \"Dancing Machine\" and \"Moving Violation\". In 1976, Jermaine was replaced by his little brother Randy.\nFrom December 1983 to October 1989, Jermaine returned to the group to play bass guitar of the Jacksons. Later, \"Victory\" and \"2300 Jackson Street\" were his last two studio albums released as the fifteenth album on April 1984 and as the sixteenth album on August 1989.\nIn August 2001, Jermaine and his five brothers reunited to the stage on Michael's 43rd birthday. Last year on November 2024, Jermaine, Marlon, Jackie, and their best friends celebrated their 60th anniversary of the later known Jacksons.\nBetween 2012 to 2019, Jermaine, Tito, Jackie, and Marlon annouced that they will be reforming on stage at the 25th, 26th, 27th and 28th Kids' Choice Awards. This will not happen again until we met Jermaine leaving the group again in 2020.\nSolo career\nStill a member of the Jackson 5, Jermaine started his solo career in the Alley Theatre in Houston, Texas was replaced by original singer Howard Kaylan. His debut single was a cover called \"Daddy's Home\" released on his enoyphmous debut album in July 1972.\nAdditional albums came which \"Come To My Life\" (1973), \"My Name is Jermaine\" (1976), \"Feel the Fire\" (1977), \"Sandcastles in the Sand\" (1978), and \"Let's Get Serious\" (1980).\nFrom 1981 to 1988, Jermaine has released more of his studio albums such as \"the titular album\" (1982), \"Can't Feel My Face\" (1983), \"Jermaine Jackson: Dynamite\" (1984), \"Precious Moments\" (1986), and \"Don't Take It Personal\" (1989).\nIn 1990, Jermaine released his thirteenth studio album including \"You Said, You Said\" (1991).\nOn 22 February 2013, Jermaine's second name was changedto Jacksun for \"autistic reasons\". On 10 March 2014, Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo told Jermaine he has been awarded for his unique team of Confidence (U.T.O.C).\nVoice acting\nJermaine, who moved to Houston, Texas, met writer Dr. Seuss for the very first time since he was only 17 years old. He has done the voices of the Plain-Bellied Sneetches, The Cat in the Hat, and The South-Going Zax in \"Dr. Seuss on the Loose\".\nPersonal life.\nOn December 15, 1973, Jermaine married Hazel Joy Gordy. Jermaine always sternly defended his brother Michael without exception; in life and in death he officially represented Michael on behalf of Jackson family & friends.\nJermaine has eight children. They are Jermaine Jr., Autumn, Dawn, Jeremy, Jaimy, Joudynn, Jaffar and Jermajesty. On February 22, 2013, his second name was changed to Jacksun for \"artistic reasons\". Jermaine was a Jehovah's Witness. He converted to Islam during a trip to Bahrain."}
+{"id": "46849", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46849", "title": "Wilhelm Hauff", "text": "Wilhelm Hauff (29 November 1802 \u2013 18 November 1827) was a German poet and novelist.\nSome of his works are very popular in German speaking countries to this day, such as Der kleine Muck, Kalif Storch and Die Geschichte von dem Gespensterschiff \u2014 all set in the Orient and Der Zwerg Nase, Das kalte Herz and Das Wirtshaus im Spessart, the three are set in Germany."}
+{"id": "46853", "revid": "1001151", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46853", "title": "Link (unit)", "text": "A link, also called a Gunter\u2019s link, was a unit of length in the imperial and US customary systems. Links were commonly used in measuring land in the English-speaking world before the twentieth century, but are never used. \"Link\" is abbreviated as \"ln\". It was invented by Edmund Gunter, a professor of astronomy at Gresham College, London, the same man who made the chain. He made the link as a low-technology piece of equipment that could survey small areas of land very accurately, whereas the chain could measure towns and large areas of land."}
+{"id": "46854", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46854", "title": "Algebraic structure", "text": "In mathematics an algebraic structure is a set with one, two, or more binary operations on it. The binary operation takes two elements of the set as inputs, and gives one element of the set as an output.\nThe basic algebraic structures with one binary operation are the following:\nThe basic algebraic structures with two binary operations are the following:\nExamples are"}
+{"id": "46856", "revid": "9477382", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46856", "title": "Rod (unit)", "text": "A rod, a perch or a pole is a unit of length in the imperial and US systems.\nIn medieval times English ploughmen used a wooden stick with a pointed tip to spur or guide their oxen. The rod was the length of this stick. In use from the 6th century, its modern value was standardized in the 12th century with Composito Ulnarum et Perticarum.\nThe rod is still in use as a unit of measure in certain specialised fields. In recreational canoeing, overland paths where canoes must be carried are measured in rods. This is probably because the length of a typical canoe is about one rod.\nPopular culture and trivia.\nIn the episode of \"The Simpsons\" entitled \"A Star is Burns\", Grampa Simpson said \"My car gets forty rods to the hogshead, and that's the way I likes it!\" That's about 1 litres per 447 metres, 2,112 feet per imperial gallon or 1,760 feet per U.S. gallon."}
+{"id": "46857", "revid": "9267963", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46857", "title": "Chain (unit)", "text": "A chain was a unit of length. It is part of the imperial and United States customary systems. It was used for measuring land. The short way of writing chains is ch.\nThere are a number of different definitions of the chain, from 50 to 100 feet long. In the imperial system, one chain is equal to 66 feet or 20.1168 metres. This is also called a \"Gunter's chain\", \"surveyor's chain\" or \"land chain\".\nHistory and usage.\nThe chain was originally called an \"acre's breadth\", because it was the width of a acre, while a furlong was the length.\nEdmund Gunter, a clergyman and mathematician, invented a measuring device called a chain. The chain was long. It was divided by 100 in small metal links. The links were made of thick wire with a loop at each end. The links were connected to each other by three rings. There were brass handles at each end. People folded the chain up, link by link, and carried it in their hand. The name \"chain\" comes from these devices.\nThe unit was once important in everyday life in the United Kingdom and its colonies and in the United States. People used it when they made maps and planned out cities and towns. Land was surveyed and measured using these chains. Even after more accurate ways of measuring land were invented, many people continued to use the chain as a unit because land had already been surveyed in this method for so long.\nIn England, it is still used in old railways, along with miles. The length of a cricket pitch is one chain.\nGunter's chain.\nThe Gunter's chain is the standard unit."}
+{"id": "46858", "revid": "7503442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46858", "title": "Furlong", "text": "A furlong is a unit for measuring distance. It is part of the imperial and US customary systems. It is equal to . There are eight furlongs in a mile.\nHistory.\nThe unit was first used in the ninth century at the latest. The word \"furlong\" comes from Old English words \"furh\" (\"furrow\") and \"lang\" (\"long\"). Originally it was the length of the furrow in one acre of a ploughed field. An acre is an area that is one furlong long and one chain wide. For this reason, the furlong was once also called an \"acre's length\". Around the year 1300, England standardized the furlong as 40 rods or 660 feet.\nThe length of the furlong was standardized between South Africa, Australia, United Kingdom, Canada , New Zealand and the United States in the International Pound and Yard Agreement.\nThe furlong was abolished for official use in the UK in 1985. It is still occasionally seen on road signs in Myanmar.\nDistances for horse racing in the UK, Ireland, and Canada are still given in miles and furlongs. The unit is not used otherwise. It is considered to be an \"archaic\" unit.\nThe proverb \"one furlong per fortnight\" means to express something in as obscure and little-used units as possible. (A fortnight is two weeks, or fourteen days). The proverb itself means speed, and is the same as 0.000166309524 m/s or 0.17 mm/s."}
+{"id": "46860", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46860", "title": "Gotthold E. Lessing", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46861", "revid": "9464645", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46861", "title": "Stefan Zweig", "text": "Stefan Zweig (; November 28, 1881 \u2013 February 22, 1942) was an Austrian writer of Jewish descent. He was born in Vienna. He volunteered to be a soldier in the First World War, and got the post as a military commentator. This made him an enemy of war. The Nazis gained power in Germany in 1933, and their influence could be felt in Austria as well. 1934, Stefan Zweig emigrated, first to London, then to South America. That way he lost much of his audience. He committed suicide (together with his second wife) by barbiturate overdose in Petropolis, Rio de Janeiro in 1942.\nHe has written many books and poems. One of his best-known works is called \"'Schachnovelle\" (\"The Royal Game\", in English. In it, he describes a Chess player, that is forced to play against himself (while imprisoned). He explores the theme of madness. This book inspired the movie Geri's Game, made by Pixar in 1997."}
+{"id": "46862", "revid": "1148456", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46862", "title": "Leeward Islands (Society Islands)", "text": "The Leeward Islands are parts of the Society Islands in French Polynesia. "}
+{"id": "46863", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46863", "title": "Muhammad Abdul Aziz", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46865", "revid": "1561202", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46865", "title": "Complexity theory", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46872", "revid": "19297", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46872", "title": "GNU/Linux", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46881", "revid": "9152469", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46881", "title": "Binary operation", "text": "In mathematics, a binary operation, often shown as *, on a set is a way of combining a pair of elements in that set that results in another element of the set. For example, if we take a pair of natural numbers and let the operation * be addition, then their sum is also a natural number, and is the result of applying this particular binary operation. Another example of an operation on the natural numbers is multiplication. For instance, take the natural numbers 2 and 3. When multiplied together they give 6, another natural number.\nOthers: The sum between matrices. The composition of functions. The union and the intersection of sets are also two different binary operations on the set of all sets, or on subsets in a power set."}
+{"id": "46885", "revid": "1056630", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46885", "title": "Kubuntu", "text": "Kubuntu is a version of the free Linux distribution Ubuntu. It uses the desktop environment KDE instead of GNOME. Most of the software used in Kubuntu, is part of the KDE project, but all other software used in Ubuntu can also be used.\nBecause the only difference of Kubuntu and Ubuntu is the default software, an Ubuntu system can turn into a Kubuntu system, or a Kubuntu system into an Ubuntu system, only by installing some software.\nSome examples of changes in software:"}
+{"id": "46886", "revid": "9887717", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46886", "title": "Xubuntu", "text": "Xubuntu is a free Linux distribution based on Ubuntu. It uses the Xfce desktop environment.\nRelated pages.\nList of Linux distributions"}
+{"id": "46887", "revid": "332472", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46887", "title": "Edubuntu", "text": "Edubuntu is the version of Linux distribution Ubuntu. It is used for education. It uses GNOME and is designed for use in classrooms.\nEdubuntu has been created in collaboration with teachers and technologists in multiple nations. Edubuntu is built on top of the Ubuntu base, and incorporates education-specific applications, designed for the 6\u201318 years age group.\nCharacteristics.\nIncluded with Edubuntu is the Linux Terminal Server Project, a large number of educational applications including GCompris, KDE Edutainment Suite, The first Edubuntu release coincided with the release of Ubuntu 5.10, which was called \"Breezy Badger\" on 2005. Edubuntu CDs can be ordered for free through the official website service.\nProject goals.\nThe principal design goals of Edubuntu are easier configuration, users and processes, together with ways for working together in classrooms. Equally important is the gathering together of the best available free software and digital materials for education."}
+{"id": "46888", "revid": "1174418", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46888", "title": "Dissociative identity disorder", "text": "Dissociative identity disorder (DID), is a mental disorder. Its old name was multiple personality disorder. It is listed in the mental health diagnosis manual DSM IV. \nThe main symptom of DID is a person showing two or more \"identities\" or \"personality states\". The person behaves differently depending on which identity is in control. The second important symptom is when a person forgets important, personal things which people normally do not forget. \nA person is not diagnosed with DID if the symptoms are caused by drugs, illness, or (with children) pretending to play with imaginary friends. Doctors or psychologists must also rule out pretending to have DID for some personal gain or attention (malingering). Most patients with DID are also diagnosed with other mental disorders.\nIt is not to be confused with being plural which is an identity people have of having multiple personalities in them. Plural people may or may not have DID\nDefinitions.\nThe DSM IV uses the terms \"identity\", \"personality states\" and \"alternate identities\" when talking about DID and other people use the term \"alters\" to mean the same thing. These words can be confusing since not everyone uses the same definition. Professionals have not agreed on a specific definition for a personality; other terms, including dissociation and amnesia, may also be defined differently by different professionals. When talking about DID, saying someone changes personalities or alters means the person speaks and acts differently, and often responds to a different name.\nDissociation is a symptom. Most people experience normal dissociation, where they stop paying attention to what is happening around them. People with DID have pathological dissociation, which is much more serious. It involves problems with memory and attention that make it hard for people to work, shop and have relationships with other people. Everyone can dissociate but some people can do it much more easily and to an extreme that can be unhealthy. Some doctors think trauma causes dissociation which is seen in disorders like DID.\nSigns and symptoms.\nAccording to the DSM-IV, the symptoms of DID are \"the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states\" (which are often termed \"alters\"), as well as forgetting things that people normally don't forget. Also, the symptoms cannot be caused by drugs or normal childhood play. People can report having a lot of alters, or just a few. Most people diagnosed with DID have less than ten, though some people have said they have several thousand. A person diagnosed with DID cannot be diagnosed with another dissociative disorder. Because people with DID hear voices of different alters, it may be confused with schizophrenia. However, the two problems are very different and doctors can usually tell if a patient has DID or schizophrenia by asking the right questions. DID has been found to be a distinct diagnosis that can be accurately distinguished from other diagnoses. DID is always diagnosed by what patients tell their doctors and what the doctor thinks this means. Though people have tried diagnosing and studying DID using medical imaging or brain scanning.\nDiagnosis.\nThe DSM uses the following criteria to diagnose DID:\nThe International Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD-10) uses the term multiple personality disorder instead of dissociative identity disorder. It classifies DID in section F44.8, \"Other dissociative [conversion] disorders\".\nCauses.\nThere are two main ideas about what causes DID, but there is still disagreement about which is correct. The trauma theory (that\u2019s the theory of structural dissociation) says that DID is caused by parents or families that abuse or neglect their children. Some of these children deny the abuse is happening or pretend it is happening to someone else, and this eventually becomes a different identity or alter. Most people diagnosed with DID say they remember being abused by their parents or other caregivers when they were children. When asked about their childhood, patients with DID are more likely to say they were abused or neglected than people with any other diagnosis. However, the idea that DID develops in childhood is disputed because childhood memories are not very reliable and it is not clear if the abuse actually happened. Though DID has been diagnosed in children, there are reasons to believe the diagnosis is because of the influence of parents and doctors rather than abuse. There is not enough good scientific evidence about DID in childhood to be sure DID is actually caused by abuse or something else. DID is one of the most controversial mental disorders because people disagree about what causes it. \nThe iatrogenic or sociocognitive model (SCM) of DID says it is created during psychotherapy when the therapist creates false memories and patients become convinced they have multiple personalities. Some patients may be more likely to develop DID in these circumstances because they are naturally more likely to accept their therapists are right about DID. SCM supporters also think that patients have seen DID in movies and books, and this shows them how people with DID are supposed to behave, which makes it easier for them to change their behavior when they are supposed to be a new alter. They also say the criteria used by the DSM are unclear which makes it hard to agree on whether a patient has DID or another diagnosis.\nA middle position says that trauma may change how the brain remembers things which makes it easier to remember things that did not actually happen. It has also been suggested that early trauma may make children more likely to use their imaginations to pretend abuse or other painful situations are not happening, and if they enter therapy when they are older, it is easier for therapists to convince them they have DID.\nHere is a page that talks about the validity of memories: https://did-research.org/controversy/repression/repressed_validity It has lots of evidence that may make you reconsider or elaborate on these claims.\nTreatment.\nThere is no treatment approach that has been scientifically proven to work. Most therapists who treat patients with DID use several different approaches. Therapy usually lasts for several years, and does not always work. Some therapists try to reduce or eliminate the alters so the patient only has one personality, while others do not. The ISSTD recommends first improving a patient's ability to deal with symptoms and live more normal lives, then trying to deal with traumatic memories. The final step is bringing all the identities together so the patient can access all of their memories.\nPrognosis.\nSometimes patients with DID will get better without any help, but this is not common. Patients with more diagnoses than just DID often take longer to get better.\nEpidemiology.\nThere have been no large-scale studies to learn how common DID is. The ISSTD says DID occurs in between 1 and 3% in the general population, and between 1 and 5% in groups of patients in hospitals. DID is more common in women than in men but this may be caused by men with DID being sent to prison instead of hospitals. The number of people diagnosed with DID increased from about 200 in 1970 to about 20,000 in the 1990s. According to the ISSTD this is because doctors did not have the training or experience to recognize DID. Instead they diagnosed people with depression, PTSD or borderline personality disorder. People who support the SCM say the increase in diagnoses was because a small number of doctors diagnosed a large number of people and because a large number of therapists began using types of psychotherapy that made people think they had DID.\nHistory and culture.\nBefore 1900 it was thought DID was caused by spirits or ghosts who controlled people's behavior. The first case of DID described in medicine was in 1646 by the Swiss doctor Paracelsus. Diagnoses of DID were very uncommon until the 1970s. Between 1980 and 1990 the number of cases reported in medicine went from about 200 to more than 20,000. In 1994, the 4th edition of the DSM was published, which changed the name from \"multiple personality disorder\" to \"dissociative identity disorder\". The DSM also changed how DID was diagnosed. Many scientific articles were written about DID during the same period, though after 1995 the number of articles published every year decreased. Today there is little research on DID.\nThere are a lot of books, plays and movies about people with DID. In 1886 Robert Louis Stevenson published the short book \"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde\" which was very popular. People later thought that Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde were examples of someone with DID. \"The Three Faces Of Eve\" was a movie made in 1957 about a woman with DID. \"Sybil\", a popular book about a woman with DID, was published in 1973. It was made into a movie in 1976, and a second time in 2007. A survey done in 2001 of American and Canadian psychiatrists found that there was a lot of disagreement and skepticism about diagnosing DID and if the diagnosis was based on enough good quality science.\nThere is also a DID community online. Online DID advocates believe that sometimes, DID should not be considered as a disease, but as multiplicity. They say multiplicity is a kind of neurodiversity, like being left-handed.\nDID in the legal system.\nLawyers and doctors who work with the law also consider DID to be very controversial. Since the 1990s, DID has become more common in courts. People have tried to avoid going to prison for such crimes as murder and serial rape by claiming to have DID, and lawyers and judges are concerned about people pretending to have DID to avoid going to prison. The first time this happened was in 1976, and since that time most people who commit crimes and claim it was because of DID have gone to prison."}
+{"id": "46892", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46892", "title": "Zucchini", "text": "Zucchini (British English: courgette) are a type of squash. Usually, they are served cooked. They can also be used as an ingredient in a sweet bread. They look similar to cucumbers.\nNaming and Etymology.\nThe plant has three names in English, all of them meaning 'small marrow': \"zucchini\" (an Italian loanword), \"courgette\" (a French loanword), and \"baby marrow\" (South African English). \"Zucchini\" and \"courgette\" are doublets, both descending from the Latin .\nZoodles refer to spiraled Zucchini \"noodles\" used as an alternative to pasta.\nBaby marrow.\nThe name \"baby marrow\" is used in South Africa to name a zucchini harvested when extremely young, as small as a finger.\nMaarroo.\nMaarroo is used in Urdu, Pushtu and Punjabi for \"Zucchini\" in Pakistan. It is probably a distorted form of Marrow or baby marrow."}
+{"id": "46898", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46898", "title": "Civil service", "text": "A civil servant or public servant is an employee who works in the civilian career public sector for a government department or agency. Many consider the study of civil service to be a part of the field of public administration. Who is a civil servant and who is not is different in different countries.\nWorkers in non-departmental public bodies, (called Quangos in some countries) may also be called civil servants in context with statistics. All people that may be called civil servants together form a nation's Civil Service or Public Service."}
+{"id": "46899", "revid": "1456634", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46899", "title": "Employee", "text": "An employee is a term for workers and managers working for a company, organization or community. These people are the staff of the organization. In general, any person hired by an employer to do a particular job in exchange for payment is an employee, but there are different kinds of employees. In some countries, employers are required by law to do certain things, like obey minimum wage laws, provide a safe workplace, and sometimes pay a tax. Employers also have to give their official employees benefits, like paying for health insurance. Because of this, some employers like to hire independent contractors to do work instead of regular employees. In the United States, a worker is an employee if their employer gets to tell them what to do, how to do it, and when to do it in a material way and an independent contractor if they get to make their own decisions about how to do what the employer wants.\nThe relationship between employer and employee is different from that between the firm and a customer or client.\nAn employee usually has to provide a resume and have an interview before being offered a job.\nIndependent contractors.\nSome employers like to hire independent contractors, or workers who are technically running their own businesses, because they do not have to follow all of the same laws. For example, in the United States, an employer has to some of the employee's social security taxes and the employee pays the rest. A self-employed person pays for all of his or her own social security taxes.\nFor example, if a company hires a plumber every time they need a leak or pipe fixed in their building, that plumber is an independent contractor. If a company hires a plumber to be part of their company, then that plumber is an employee. They must pay the employee plumber whether there are leaks to fix or not. They must obey any minimum wage laws that the country has. They must provide other things. But the employer gets to tell the employee plumber what to do and how to do it much more than an independent contractor plumber. They can make the employee plumber follow a dress code, while the independent plumber gets to wear what he or she wants. They can make the employee plumber come in or leave on a set schedule like other employees. The independent contractor plumber gets to decide when to come to work, usually by making an appointment with the employer.\nSome companies like to hire independent contractors and then tell them exactly what to do and when to do it, like regular employees. They can get in trouble for this. In the United States, the Internal Revenue Service can sue companies that lie about whether their employees really are independent contractors."}
+{"id": "46901", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46901", "title": "Employer", "text": "An employer is a person or institution that hires employees. Employers pay wages or a salary to the workers in exchange for the worker's work or labor.\nIf the employee is paid by the hour, then the money the employee earns is called their wage. If the employee is paid a set rate for a month, then the money they earn is called their salary. Wages are paid for all hours worked, including overtime. People with a salary are typically not paid more for more hours worked than the minimum. Some people are paid piece work - a sum of money for each bit of work. \nEmployers include everything from people hiring a babysitter to governments and businesses which may hire many thousands of employees. In most western societies governments are the largest single employers, but most of the work force is employed in small and medium businesses in the private sector."}
+{"id": "46902", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46902", "title": "Public sector", "text": "The public sector is the part of economic and administrative life that deals with the delivery of goods and services by civil service and for the government, whether national, or local/. Examples of public sector activity range from delivering social welfare, administering infrastructure and urban planning and organising national defences."}
+{"id": "46904", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46904", "title": "Administration", "text": "Administration may refer to:"}
+{"id": "46905", "revid": "1260226", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46905", "title": "Kingdom Hearts II", "text": "Kingdom Hearts II is a video game from the \"Kingdom Hearts\" series for PlayStation 2. It has the characters of the Final Fantasy series and Walt Disney characters; for example Donald Duck, Goofy and Mickey Mouse. \"Kingdom Hearts II\" starts one year after the end of and continues the story from \"Kingdom Hearts\" and \"Chain of Memories\", for PlayStation 2 and Game Boy Advance. It was released in Japan on December 22, 2005, in North America on March 28, 2006, and in Europe on September 29, 2006.\nIn \"Kingdom Hearts II\", the player controls a 15-year-old boy named Sora. Sora goes through different worlds (based around many different Disney movies) fighting different enemies like Heartless and Nobodies. Occasionally, there will be enemies you have to defeat that are based on the world you are in, such as the cursed pirates in Pirates of the Caribbean.\nStory.\nThe player starts the game controlling Roxas, a 15-year-old boy living in Twilight Town. He is on summer vacation with his three best friends, Hayner, Pence, and Olette. As a week goes by, strange things begin to happen. A man named Axel, a member of Organization XIII, becomes upset at Roxas for not remembering him. They fight, and Roxas discovers that he can use a Keyblade. Roxas also meets Namin\u00e9 and a man named DiZ who was in Riku's side of \"Chain of Memories\". Namin\u00e9 tells Roxas she has been changing his memories so he can become \"whole\" again. Axel tells Roxas they used to be friends and that he must either take Roxas back to the Organization or destroy him. They battle, and Axel disappears. Roxas then finds Sora, and disappears himself. After Roxas disappears, Sora wakes up and becomes a playable character. Donald and Goofy also wake up, and the three of them continue their mission to find Riku. As they search for him, they meet the rest of the members of Organization XIII and learn that they are beings called Nobodies. When a Heartless steals someone's heart, that person also becomes a Heartless, but if their heart is strong, their body becomes a Nobody. Nobodies have no emotions, but want to have hearts again. Xemnas, the leader of Organization XIII, is trying to summon Kingdom Hearts, which he claims will enable the Nobodies to get their hearts back. To summon Kingdom Hearts, Heartless must be killed with a Keyblade, which will release the hearts they hold and let them return to Kingdom Hearts. This is the reason the Organization wanted Sora to join them. It is later revealed that Roxas is Sora's Nobody and was a member of Organization XIII. Roxas was created when Sora briefly lost his heart. Namin\u00e9 reveals herself to be Kairi's Nobody, who was created when Kairi lost her heart at the beginning of \"Kingdom Hearts\". Xemnas is the Nobody of a man called Xehanort, who no longer exists. Ansem, the main enemy from the first game, was Xehanort's Heartless. After defeating Xemnas, Sora and his friends return home.\nFinal Mix +.\n\"Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix +\" is a reissue of the game that was released only in Japan on March 29, 2007. It has more content than \"Kingdom Hearts II\", including new areas, new battles, and a new secret ending. It is also for the PlayStation 2."}
+{"id": "46907", "revid": "336358", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46907", "title": "Shelob", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46908", "revid": "9335107", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46908", "title": "Mithril", "text": "Mithril is a fictional metal from J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth universe. \nProperties.\n\"Mithril\" is the strongest metal known in Middle-earth. It looks similar to silver. It does not weigh much, and it is easy to make into things. \"Mithril\" is very rare and precious. It was only found in Khazad-d\u00fbm (Moria), where it was mined by the Dwarves, and (perhaps) in N\u00famenor. \nThe name \"mithril\" comes from the Sindarin words \"mith\", meaning \"grey\", and \"ril\" meaning \"glitter\". In Quenya, its name is \"mistarille\". \"Mithril\" was also called \"true-silver\" or \"Moria-silver\". \nThe most well known object made of \"mithril\" is probably the mail shirt of Bilbo and Frodo Baggins.\nInfluence on other fiction.\n\"Mithril\" is now often used in other fictional works, usually as a strong and magical metal. It other fictional works, \"mithril\" is also sometimes written differently, for example as \"mythril\" or \"mithral\"."}
+{"id": "46912", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46912", "title": "Shaw and Crompton", "text": "Shaw and Crompton is a town in the North West of England. It is to the north-east of Manchester. Shaw and Crompton was part of Lancashire until the 1970s, but is now part of Greater Manchester. Shaw and Crompton is near to Oldham.\nShaw and Crompton grew during the Industrial Revolution because of its large cotton factories which sent fabric across the world."}
+{"id": "46913", "revid": "1011913", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46913", "title": "Greater Manchester", "text": "Greater Manchester is a county in North West England. It has 2.7 million people living there. It was created on 1 April 1974 by the Local Government Act 1972. It is made up of ten Metropolitan boroughs: the cities of Manchester and Salford and the large towns of Oldham, Bury, Rochdale, Ashton-Under-Lyne, Stockport, Wigan and Bolton.\nIt has had a combined authority since 1 April 2011. The Greater Manchester Combined Authority has the political leaders from each of the ten metropolitan borough councils, plus a directly elected mayor, with responsibility for economic development, regeneration and transport. Andy Burnham is the first Mayor of Greater Manchester, elected in 2017."}
+{"id": "46915", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46915", "title": "League (unit)", "text": "A league is an old unit of length. It was the distance a person could walk in about one hour. The Romans adopted the league and it became a common unit of measurement throughout western Europe and Latin America.\nIn English-speaking countries the league was usually three statute miles (4.828032 kilometres) on land or three nautical miles (5.556\u00a0km) at sea. However, in writing the word \"league\" often means the Spanish, Portuguese or French league.\nAncient Rome.\nThe league was used by Ancient Rome, which defined it as being Roman miles (7500 Roman feet or 2.22\u00a0km). The origin is the \"leuga gallica\" \" (also: leuca Gallica)\", the league of Gaul. The ancient league was short but the unit grew longer over time.\nArgentina.\nIn Argentina a league is a distance of 5\u00a0km.\nBrazil.\nIn Brazil the league was 6\u00a0km but it is not used anymore.\nFrance.\nThe French league had different values at different times: 10 000, 12 000, 13 200 and 14 400 French feet, about 3.25\u00a0km to about 4.68\u00a0km. It was used for a while together with the metric system but it is not used now. The French league was three nautical miles.\nMexico.\nIn the Mexican countryside the league is still commonly used in the original sense of the distance a person can walk in an hour. So a league along a good road on level ground is longer than a league on a difficult path over rough ground.\nSpain.\nThe Spanish league was originally set as a fixed unit of distance of 5,000 varas (a Spanish yard), about 2.6 miles or 4.2\u00a0km. In 1568 Philip II of Spain officially abolished the league. However, in parts of Latin America, people still use it (with different meanings in different countries)."}
+{"id": "46916", "revid": "585618", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46916", "title": "Nautical mile", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46919", "revid": "8674787", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46919", "title": "Gill (unit)", "text": "The gill (pronounced like the girl's name \"Jill\") is a unit for measuring volume. It is equal to a quarter of a pint. People do not use it much now apart from old spirit measures in the United Kingdom: usually a fifth or a sixth of a gill."}
+{"id": "46920", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46920", "title": "Quart", "text": "A quart is a unit of measurement for volume. It is a quarter of a gallon or two pints. Because the imperial system and the American system use different gallons, their quarts are different.\nVariants.\nIn the American system, there are two different quarts. There is a wet quart and a dry quart. There is only one imperial quart. One U.S. dry quart is smaller than one imperial quart."}
+{"id": "46924", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46924", "title": "Fireworks", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46925", "revid": "986553", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46925", "title": "Ampere", "text": "The ampere (symbol: A, often shortened to amp) is the standard unit of electric current. An electric current of one amp is one coulomb per second. The amp is named after Andr\u00e9-Marie Amp\u00e8re who studied electromagnetism. AMP is a unit magnetic pull, meaning that isn't a unit of power. \nThe ampere is defined so the elementary charge \"e\" is 1.602 176 634 \u00d7 10\u221219 C or A\u2022s."}
+{"id": "46926", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46926", "title": "Newton (unit)", "text": "The newton (symbol: N) is the SI unit of force. It is named after Sir Isaac Newton because of his work on classical mechanics. A \"newton\" is how much force is required to make a mass of one kilogram accelerate at a rate of one metre per second squared. \nIn 1946, Conf\u00e9rence G\u00e9n\u00e9rale des Poids et Mesures (CGPM) set the unit of force in the MKS system of units to be the amount needed to accelerate 1 kilogram of mass at the rate of 1 metre per second each second. In 1948, the CGPM adopted the name \"newton\" for this force. The MKS system then became the blueprint for today's SI International System of Units. That made the newton the standard unit of force.\nThis SI unit is named after Isaac Newton. As with every International System of Units (SI) unit named for a person, the first letter of its symbol is upper case (N). However, when an SI unit is spelled out in English, it should always begin with a lower case letter (newton)\u2014except in a situation where any word in that position would be capitalized, such as at the beginning of a sentence or in material using title case. Note that \"degree Celsius\" conforms to this rule because the \"d\" is lowercase.\u2014 Based on The International System of Units, section 5.2.\nNewton's second law of motion states that F = m\u2022a, where F is the force applied, m is the mass of the object receiving the force, and a is the acceleration of the object. The newton is therefore:[2]"}
+{"id": "46929", "revid": "10451720", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46929", "title": "Corporation", "text": "A corporation is a group of people who come together to create and operate a business. Legally, this business is treated as a separate entity, distinct from the individuals who manage it.\nSince the government recognizes it as a company rather than a natural person, a corporation must pay taxes and comply with state and federal laws. This separation between individuals and the corporation grants it certain special powers, which are defined by the laws of the country where it is established.\nInvestors (people who own part of the company) and entrepreneurs (those who founded the company and developed its ideas) often form joint-stock companies. For this reason, the term \"corporation\" often refers to such \"business corporations\". However, corporations can also be created for other purposes, such as local government (municipal corporations), political, religious, or charitable work (not-for-profit corporations), or to run government programs (government-owned corporations). Condominiums are another common form of non-profit corporation.\nIn everyday language, \u201ccorporation\u201d usually refers to a limited liability corporation\u2014a business where each partner invests a certain amount of money as the corporation\u2019s capital in exchange for shares. If the corporation goes bankrupt, shareholders are only responsible for the value of their shares and are not personally liable for the company\u2019s debts.\nHistory.\nThe word \"corporation\" comes from the Latin word \"corpus\", meaning \"body\" or \"a group of people\". By the time of Justinian (who ruled from 527\u2013565), Roman law had names for corporate groups, such as \"Universitas\", \"corpus\", or \"collegium\". After the law called \"Lex Julia\" was passed during the rule of Julius Caesar (49\u201344 BC), and confirmed under Caesar Augustus (27 BC\u201314 AD), groups called \"collegia\" needed approval from the Roman Senate or the Emperor to be officially recognized.\nThese included the Roman state (\"Populus Romanus\"), towns, and private groups like religious cults, burial clubs, political organizations, and trade guilds. These groups could own property, sign contracts, receive gifts, go to court, and act legally through representatives. The emperor could also grant them special rights and freedoms.\nThe idea of corporations was brought back in the Middle Ages when scholars studied and explained Justinian's from the 11th to 14th centuries. Two important Italian legal scholars, Bartolus de Saxoferrato and Baldus de Ubaldis, helped develop the idea. Baldus compared a corporation to the human body to describe the state.\nIn ancient times, early business groups with legal rights included Roman \"collegia\" and the \"sreni\" of the Maurya Empire in India. In medieval Europe, churches and local governments (like the City of London Corporation) also became corporations. The key idea was that the group would continue to exist even after its members died. The Stora Kopparberg mining company in Sweden is often said to be the oldest commercial corporation. It received a charter from King Magnus Eriksson in 1347.\nIn medieval times, traders often worked together using common law structures like partnerships. When people worked together for profit, the law recognized a partnership. Early guilds and livery companies also helped control competition between businesses.\nOwnership and control.\nA corporation is usually owned and controlled by its members. In a joint-stock company, the members are called shareholders. Each shareholder owns a portion of the company based on how many shares they have. For example, someone who owns 25% of the shares owns 25% of the company, gets 25% of the profits paid out to shareholders (called dividends), and gets 25% of the votes at company meetings.\nIn other types of corporations, membership rules are defined by the legal documents that created the corporation. These rules vary by the type of corporation. For example, in a worker cooperative, the members are the workers. In a credit union, the members are the people who have accounts with it.\nThe daily operations of a corporation are usually managed by people chosen by the members. Often, this is done by a board or committee, and there are two common types:\nIn some countries like Germany, workers have the right to elect part of the board. This is called co-determination.\nFormation.\nIn the past, corporations were created by a charter from the government, often passed as a private bill.\nToday, a corporation is formed by registering with a government agency (state, province, or national). This process is called incorporation. Registering gives the company limited liability, which protects its owners. Corporations often must list a main address and appoint a registered agent to receive legal documents.\nCorporations usually file articles of incorporation, which include basic details such as:\nAfter this, the directors create bylaws, which describe how the company works internally (like how meetings are held and officers are chosen).\nCorporations usually can\u2019t own their own stock, except in special cases called treasury stock, where they buy back shares from shareholders. These shares are not considered assets and don\u2019t count as active capital.\nUnder the internal affairs doctrine, the laws of the place where the company is incorporated control its internal rules (like how it deals with directors and shareholders).\nIf a corporation operates in another state or country, it must usually register there as a foreign corporation and appoint a registered agent. A foreign corporation must follow the local laws of that place for things like employment, contracts, and lawsuits.\nNaming.\nCorporations usually have their own name. In the past, some were named after their board members. For example, \"President and Fellows of Harvard College\" is Harvard University\u2019s legal name.\nToday, corporate names are more flexible. In Canada, some companies are just numbered (like \"12345678 Ontario Limited\") based on registration.\nMost countries require companies to include a word in their name that shows they are a corporation, such as:\nThese words tell people that the company has limited liability\u2014you can only sue for what the company owns.\nNames must be unique within the place where the company is registered. Different states can have companies with the same name, so legal documents often mention the state of incorporation to avoid confusion.\nIn some places, the word \"company\" alone is not enough to show it\u2019s a corporation, because it could also mean a partnership or sole proprietorship."}
+{"id": "46930", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46930", "title": "Natural person", "text": "In jurisprudence, a natural person is a real human being in contrast to an artificial person, meaning an organization that the law treats for some purposes as if it were a person distinct from its members or owner.\nFor example, the right to vote is given to natural persons only. That is the case for most of the human rights. Therefore, obviously a corporation cannot hold public office, but it can file a lawsuit.\nAlthough science fiction has long fantasized about the possibility of sentient robots (e.g. androids) living among humans (such as Robin Williams \"Bicentennial Man\"), no court has yet dealt with the question of whether such a being would be considered a \"natural person\"."}
+{"id": "46931", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46931", "title": "Jurisprudence", "text": "Jurisprudence is the theory and philosophy of law. Scholars of jurisprudence, or legal philosophers, hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature of law, of legal reasoning, legal systems and of legal institutions. As jurisprudence has developed, there are three main aspects with which scholarly writing engages:\nModern jurisprudence and philosophy of law is dominated today primarily by Western academics. The ideas of the Western legal tradition have become so pervasive throughout the world that it is tempting to see them as universal. Historically, however, many philosophers from other traditions have discussed the same questions, from Islamic scholars to the ancient Greeks."}
+{"id": "46934", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46934", "title": "Orascom", "text": "Orascom is an Egyptian company that offers mobile telephone services in many countries. \nAffiliates.\nOrascom operates these companies:\nHistory.\nIn 1997, Orascom Telecom Holding (OTH) was established as a separate entity to consolidate the telecommunications and technology interests of the Orascom group of companies established in 1976. Founded in 1998 as part of the Orascom company, it became the largest cellular operator in the Middle East in only five years.\nIn 2010, Russian Vimpelcom acquired Orascom Telecom as well as Wind Telecomunicazioni from Weather Investments of the Egyptian entrepreneur Naguib Sawiris and merged the two companies to form Global Telecom Holding based in . Excluded from this transaction were the activities in North Korea (Koryolink) and Egypt, which were transferred to Orascom Telecom Media and Technology Holding, which remained majority-owned by Naguib Sawiris. The Italian activities of Wind Telecomunicazioni report directly to the parent company Vimpelcom and are not part of Global Telecom Holding.\nOrascom Telecom Holding has been renamed to Global Telecom Holding in 2013. On 1 July 2019 Gerbrand Nijman (since June 2015 GTH's group CFO) has succeeded Vincenzo Nesci (retired) as GTH's CEO."}
+{"id": "46939", "revid": "1659580", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46939", "title": "Legal entity", "text": "A legal entity is a legal construct through which the law allows a group of natural persons to act as if they were a single person for certain purposes. The most common purposes are lawsuits, property ownership, and contracts.\nA legal entity is not always something else than the natural persons of which it is composed as one can see with a company or corporation.\nSome examples of legal entities include:\nLimitations.\nThere are limitations to the legal recognition of artificial persons. Legal entities cannot marry, they cannot vote or hold public office, and in most jurisdictions there are certain positions which they cannot occupy. The extent to which a legal entity can commit a crime varies from country to country. Certain countries prohibit a legal entity from holding human rights; other countries permit artificial persons to enjoy certain protections from the state that are traditionally described as human rights.\nexamples of legal entities are \n- sole traders\n-partnerships\n- trusts\n- private and public company\nRecently, in India, a company despite being artificial person has got court stay, from High Court Jaipur Bench against an employee seeking justice in labour court."}
+{"id": "46940", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46940", "title": "Ownership", "text": "Ownership means total possession or control of property, which may be a business, an object, land or real estate, intellectual property or some other kind of property.\nThe rights of ownership are: \nOwnership can be divided, or shared between owners. Ownership has no legal value until money is added into the situation. The surplus, or profits, or money value of what is owned is divided according to the ownership accounts.\nOwnership is needed for the development of the capitalist socio-economic system. The concept of ownership has existed for thousands of years and in all cultures."}
+{"id": "46941", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46941", "title": "Possession", "text": "Possession usually means to have some sort of ownership over something else. A person may be in possession of some property, which is legal ownership, under property law.\nThere are some other related uses of the term. When English explorer, Captain James Cook, claimed the country of Australia as a British country, he took \"possession\" of the land. The spot where he made his claim on 22 August 1770, a small island in the Torres Strait, is now called Possession Island.\nIn some beliefs, to be possessed is to be under the control of devils, demons, or evil spirits. These people may do evil or terrible things because of their \"possession.\""}
+{"id": "46944", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46944", "title": "Officer of arms", "text": "An officer of arms is someone who is chosen by a sovereign or state to do some important jobs relating to:\nIn Scotland the officers of arms maintain the old job of a herald - passing on royal messages. Three days after parliament is dissolved in London the royal proclamation is read out at the Mercat Cross in Edinburgh. They wait three days because this is how long it used to take to get from London to Edinburgh by horse."}
+{"id": "46945", "revid": "1301427", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46945", "title": "Aragorn", "text": "Aragorn is one of the main characters in J. R. R. Tolkien's \"The Lord of the Rings\". He is a member of the Company of the Ring, wanting to destroy the One Ring to save Middle-earth from the rule of the Dark Lord Sauron. He helps distract Sauron, helping Frodo Baggins and Samwise Gamgee to destroy the ring by throwing to in the fires of Mount Doom. He later marries the immortal elf Arwen and becomes the king of both Gondor and Arnor for 122 years. He is in many adaptations of \"The Lord of the Rings\" and was played by Viggo Mortensen in Peter Jackson's trilogy."}
+{"id": "46949", "revid": "1673561", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46949", "title": "Personal property", "text": "Personal property means property that consists of object that can be moved from one place to another. \nIn the common law systems personal property may also be called chattels. There it is distinguished from real property, or real estate. \nIn the civil law systems personal property is often called movable property or movables - any property that can be moved from one location to another. This term is in distinction with immovable property or immovables, such as land and buildings.\nA machinery, which can be dismantled and moved to a new place, which is installed in a building falls into which category."}
+{"id": "46950", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46950", "title": "Common law", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46951", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46951", "title": "Non-statutory law", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46952", "revid": "642202", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46952", "title": "Statutory law", "text": "Statutory law is written law (as opposed to oral or customary law) set down by a legislature or other governing authority such as the executive branch of government in response to a need to clarify the functioning of government, improve civil order, answer a public need, to codify existing law, or for an individual or company to obtain special treatment.\nThe term codified law is sometimes used as a synonym for statutory law in general. In some U.S. states, the entire body of statutory law is referred to as a \"code,\" such as the Ohio Revised Code. At the federal and state level in the United States, portions of the statutory law are also referred to as \"code,\" such as the U.S. Bankruptcy Code."}
+{"id": "46953", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46953", "title": "Oral law", "text": "An oral law are rules of human behavior in use in a given culture, religion or other group, which is transmitted by oral tradition and respected. Oral law is spoken, as opposed to statutory law, which is written down. Like customary law, oral laws depend not on legislation passed by a government, but rather tradition, custom and precedent.\nMany cultures do have an oral law, while most legal systems of today have a formal written organisation."}
+{"id": "46954", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46954", "title": "Oral tradition", "text": "An oral tradition or oral culture is a way of transmitting history, literature or law from one generation to the next, without a writing system, by voice. People tell stories. Often the stories are made into poems and songs to make remembering easy. For example, the Homeric poetry of the \"Iliad\" and the \"Odyssey\" combined oral literature and oral history. Eventually they were written down."}
+{"id": "46955", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46955", "title": "Royal Canadian Air Cadets", "text": "The Royal Canadian Air Cadets is a program for Canadian youth. It is supported by sponsors in the community and Canada's Canadian Armed Forces funded by the Department of National Defence. There are about 450 Air Cadet squadrons, located in every province and territory in Canada. The two other cadet programs for youth in Canada are the Royal Canadian Sea Cadets and the Royal Canadian Army Cadets.\nPeople between the ages of 12 and 18 inclusive can join this program for free, and they are led by the officers of the Canadian Forces Cadet Instructor Cadre.\nAims and Motto.\nThe aim of the Air Cadets is to \"develop in youth the attributes of good citizenship and leadership; promote physical fitness; and to stimulate the interest of youth in the sea, land and air activities of the Canadian Armed Forces\". The Motto of the Air Cadets is \"To Learn, to Serve, to Advance\". It was created by Robert Myles Colwell in 1966 while he was a cadet with 625 (Southern Victoria) Squadron in Perth-Andover, New Brunswick. The cadet program focuses on social development, decision-making and leadership. As cadets acquire skills and knowledge, they pass it along to younger cadets.\nRanking.\nThe rank system in Air Cadets is founded in that ranking system used by the non-commissioned member's ranks of the pre-unification Royal Canadian Air Force with some modifications. Royal Canadian Air Cadets are not part of the Canadian Forces and do not have to enlist in the Canadian Armed Forces.\n1) Air Cadet (AC)- On joining Air Cadets, recruits receive the rank of Air Cadet and are addressed as \"Cadet\". \n2) Leading Air Cadet (LAC)- After five months of membership and training, a cadet is eligible to be promoted to the rank of Leading Air Cadet on the recommendation of the appropriate Flight Commander, and is usually addressed by the initials \"LAC\". \n3) Corporal (Cpl)\nAfter successful completion of Level 1 Air Cadet training and having participated in the Cadet Fitness Assessment, a cadet holding the rank of LAC is eligible to be promoted to the rank of Corporal on the recommendation of the appropriate Flight Commander.\n4) Flight Corporal (FCpl)\nA cadet is eligible to be promoted to Flight Corporal after completing level 2 training. \n5) Sergeant (Sgt)\nA Cadet who has held the rank of flight corporal for at least 6 months, has participated in the Cadet Fitness Assessment, and has successfully finish Level 3 training in air cadets is eligible for promotion to Sergeant on the recommendation of the appropriate Flight Commander.\u00a0Cadets must attain a minimum of \"completed without difficulty\" in PO 303 (Leadership) to be promoted to the rank of Sergeant.\n6) Flight-Sergeant (FSgt)\nAfter holding the rank of Sergeant for six months and successfully completing Level 4 training, and participating in the Cadet Fitness Assessment, a cadet is eligible for promotion to Flight Sergeant on the recommendation of the appropriate Flight Commander. Cadets must attain a minimum of \"completed without difficulty\" in PO3 403 (Leadership) to be promoted to the rank of Flight Sergeant.\n7) Warrant Officer Second Class (WO2) After holding the rank of Flight Sergeant for six months, successfully completing Level 4 training, and participating in the Cadet Fitness Assessment, and having been identified as a successful candidate through the merit review board process, a cadet is eligible for promotion to WO2 on the recommendation of the appropriate Flight Commander. Cadets must attain a minimum of \"completed without difficulty\" in PO3 503 (Leadership) to be promoted to the rank of Warrant Officer Second Class.\n8) Warrant Officer First Class (WO1) After holding the rank of Warrant Officer Second Class for six months, and having been identified as a successful candidate through the merit review board process, a cadet is eligible for promotion to WO1 on the recommendation of the appropriate Flight Commander. There is only one cadet in each squadron who can hold the rank of WO1."}
+{"id": "46956", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46956", "title": "Precedent", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46957", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46957", "title": "Legal case", "text": "A legal case is a dispute between two parties that is resolved by a court or other legal process. A legal case may be either civil or criminal. The decision of a court is usually published in one form or another for later reference. In countries like the United States which have a common law system, decisions by a higher court are binding on lower courts when the facts and issues are similar. Stare decisis, or the concept of precedent, means to follow cases that were decided earlier when judging the current case. "}
+{"id": "46958", "revid": "1540039", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46958", "title": "Nasal hair", "text": "Nasal hair are small hair-like cells in the nose. Most of them can be found near the nostrils. The purpose of these hairs is to act as a filter, keeping dust and dirt out of the nasal passages. They also draw liquid mucus up from the epithelium by capillary action. In that way, they help to maintain humidity in the air passages and stop them from drying out. The hairs trap moisture as air is breathed out. The evaporation of trapped moisture on the hairs increases the humidity of air as it is breathed in. Note that nasal hair is different from the cilia found in the nose, which are part of the olfactory system.\nSome cultures consider nose hair coming out from the nostrils to be ugly. The increased growth of nasal cilia with age (particularly for men) is often a source of anxiety and embarrassment. A number of devices have been sold to trim the nose hair, including small rotary clippers and attachments for electric shavers. However, given the role of nasal cilia, many doctors recommend trimming them lightly, if at all. There is evidence that the movement in the ciliar slows down with age. This may be the reason that old people have more respiratory infections."}
+{"id": "46959", "revid": "10249440", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46959", "title": "929", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46960", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46960", "title": "Willis Tower", "text": "The Willis Tower, formerly known as the Sears Tower, is a 108-story, skyscraper in Chicago, Illinois. The tower has 108 stories, though the building's owners count the main roof as 109 and the mechanical penthouse roof as 110. When it finished costruction in 1973, it beat the World Trade Center in New York City to become the tallest building in the world. It was the tallest building in the world for twenty-five years until the Petronas Towers were built in Malaysia. It was also the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere for 41 years, until the new One World Trade Center beat it in 2013.\nWillis Tower is seen as the best work of architect Fazlur Khan. As of 2021, it is the third-tallest building in the United States and the Western hemisphere. It is also the 23rd-tallest in the world. Each year, more than one million people visit its observation deck, the highest in the United States. It is one of Chicago's most popular tourist places. The tower was renamed in 2009 after the Willis Group bought the tower.\nThe building's largest office partner is United Airlines, which moved its corporate headquarters from 77 West Wacker Drive in 2012. Other major company offices in the tower include Schiff Hardin and Seyfarth Shaw. Morgan Stanley moved into the tower in 2019.\nIt was known as the Sears Tower until 2009, as it was the headquarters of retail company Sears from its opening in 1974. Many people from Chicago still call the tower by its original name.\nHistory.\nPlanning and construction.\nIn 1969, Sears, Roebuck & Co. was the largest retailer in the world, with about 350,000 employees. Sears wanted to put many of its employees into one building on the western part of Chicago's Loop. The company was given a location by West Chicago Loop not far from Grant Park. Sears eventually bought the West Chicago loop location and bought 15 old buildings from 100 owners and paid $2.7 million to the city. Sears and the city of Chicago approved the design and construction began in April 1971. \nSears needed of office space for its planned tower. They hired architects Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM). Sears paid for construction of the building. Architects Bruce Graham and Fazlur Khan designed the building. They designed it as a nine square \"tubes\". It was connected in a 3\u00d73 metal wrap forming a square base with sides. All nine tubes would rise up to the 50th floor of the building, where the northwest and southeast tubes end. The northeast and southwest tubes reach the 66th floor with the north, east, and south tubes end at the 90th. The last west and center tubes reach 108 floors. The Sears Tower was the first building to use this design. It was both cheaper and stronger. At 1,450 feet, it had more space and was higher than the Empire State Building. It cost much less per unit area. The system became successful in skyscraper construction and has been used in most supertall buildings.\nWith the floors left over Sears decided to rent them to other companies for offices. Small metal floors were added to give enough space to people working in the tower. Skidmore architects proposed a tower with large, floors in the lower part of the building. They also added metal floors with many setbacks, which would give the tower its well known look.\nThe tower passed the height of New York's unfinished World Trade Center to become the world's tallest building. The height was limited by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to protect air traffic. Two antennas were added at the top of the building for television and radio broadcasting. The building was completed in May 1973 and opened the next year. Construction cost about US$150\u00a0million.\nBlack bands appear on the tower around the 29th\u201332nd, 64th\u201365th, 88th\u201389th, and 104th\u2013108th floors. These give the building's environmental support systems and hide its belted trusses. Even though adding a fire sprinkler system was not forced, the building was built with one from the beginning. There are around 40,000 sprinkler heads in the building. They cost $4 million.\nIn February 1982, two television antennas were added to the building, increasing its total height to . The western antenna was made bigger, bringing the overall height to on June 5, 2000. It was done to improve reception of local NBC station WMAQ-TV.\nLegal action.\nAs the construction of the building reached as the 50th floor in 1972, people sued Sears and wanted to stop the building from passing 67 floors. The lawsuits said that above the 67th floor would make television signals bad.\nThe Illinois Citizens' Committee for Broadcasting wanted the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to stop the building from getting taller. On May 26, 1972, the Commission did not take action as they did not have the power to do anything. On June 30, 1972, the Illinois Supreme Court supported their decision. On September 8, 1972, the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit supported the FCC decision, ending the lawsuit.\nAfter opening.\nThe tower did not have as many companies buying office spaces and it was half-empty for many years. In the 2000s, many companies in the tower began to leave because of terrorist threats or because they found better office spaces.\nIn 1984, Sears decided to improve the appearance of the lower floors for civilians and tourists. Their solution was to create a new entrance, which became known as \"Lunchbox Entrance\". Sears wanted to sell the building in the late 1980s. In July 1990, with no possible buyers, Sears took out a mortgage loan on the tower for $850\u00a0million from MetLife and AEW Capital Management. Sears talked about the loan again in 1994. This led to an agreement where Sears would no longer be responsible for the $850\u00a0million loan, although it would only own the name of the building. As part of the 1994 agreement, AEW and Metlife would own the building in 2003.\nIn 1990, the law firm of Keck, Mahin & Cate wanted to move away from the tower and into 77 West Wacker Drive. Just two years later, Sears began to move out of the tower to Hoffman Estates, Illinois.\nHowever, in 1997, the Canadian company TrizecHahn bought AEW's holdings of the building for $110\u00a0million. After the September 11 attacks, two of the largest office partners, Goldman Sachs and Merrill Lynch, quickly announced plans leave the building's 300,000\u00a0ft2 space. In 2003, Trizec sold its holdings of the tower to MetLife for $9\u00a0million.\nIn 2004, MetLife sold the building to a group of investors from New York City and Skokie, Illinois. The price was $840\u00a0million, with $825\u00a0million held in a mortgage.\nIn June 2006, seven men were arrested by the FBI and charged with plans to destroy the tower. The case went to court in October 2007. After three trials, five of the suspects were convicted and two acquitted. The leader of the group, Narseal Batiste, was sentenced to 13.5 years in prison. In response to the possible threat of an attack, the building's largest company space at this time, Ernst & Young, moved to North Wacker Drive in early 2009.\nSince 2007, the owners had thought about building a hotel on the north side of the building. The second building was thought about in the original design. The plan was eventually cancelled as the city did not allow the construction of a tall building in that location.\nIn February 2009, the owners announced they were thinking about painting the building silver, an idea that was later stopped. It was hoped that a new paint-job would \"rebrand\" the building and show its energy efficiency for a cost of $50\u00a0million.\nIn 2015, the Blackstone Group bought the tower for a reported $1.3\u00a0billion, the highest price ever paid for a U.S. property outside of New York City. In 2017, Blackstone announced a $500 million renovation for the building, such as building a six-story commercial area in the tower's plaza area.\nIn May 2020, after many days of raining, the building's three basement levels were flooded. This caused the power to go out and many television and radio stations going off the air.\nNaming rights.\nSears' naming rights ended in 2003, but the building was still called the Sears Tower for many years. In March 2009, the British insurance company Willis Group Holdings agreed to rent a part of the building and got the naming rights. On July 16, 2009, the building was officially renamed the Willis Tower. On August 13, 2012, United Airlines said they were moving its corporate headquarters from 77 West Wacker Drive to Willis Tower.\nThe naming rights are legally kept for 15 years, making it is possible that the building's name change again soon. Many Chicagoans still call the tower by its old name. A July 2009 CNN article showed some Chicagoans did not want to call the tower by its new name. An October 2010 article from \"Chicago\" magazine called the building one of Chicago's 40 most important things. The author of the article did not want call it the \"Willis Tower\". \"Time\" magazine called the name change one of the top 10 worst corporate name changes.\nClimbing.\nOn May 25, 1981, Dan Goodwin climbed the tower while using suction cups and wearing a Spider-Man costume. The Chicago Fire Department tried to stop him, but he made the first successful outside climb of the tower. Goodwin was arrested at the top after the seven-hour climb and was later charged with trespassing.\nIn August 1999, Alain \"Spiderman\" Robert climbed the building all the way to the top using only his hands and feet. Bad weather such as fog made the last 20 stories of the building hard to climb for him.\nSince 2009, the Willis Tower has hosted SkyRise Chicago, the world's tallest indoor stair climb as a charity event. At the event, people can legally walk up the building's 103-story staircase.\nDetails and height.\nSkidmore architects designed the Willis Tower to have large floors of in the lower part of the building. They got the design idea from an advertisement for a package of cigarettes.\nFrom the ground to the top of the taller antenna, Willis Tower is tall. It leans about towards the west because of unequal weight on its foundation. The observation deck elevators are the fastest in the world at per minute. With clear weather, four states can be seen from the observation deck: Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and Wisconsin. \nThe Willis Tower is the third tallest building in the Americas (after One World Trade Center and Central Park Tower) and the Western Hemisphere. With a height of with its antenna, it is the third-tallest freestanding structure in the Americas and eighth-tallest freestanding structure in the world.\nOn November 8, 2013, architects in Chicago and New York City started talking about the height of the One World Trade Center. They were saying that Willis Tower might be taller. Four days later, it was made official that One World Trade Center is taller than the Willis Tower.\nAt the bottom, the lowest level of Willis Tower is 43 feet below elevation. Many broadcast station transmitters are built at the top of Willis Tower.\nThe Skydeck.\nThe Willis Tower observation deck is called the Skydeck. It opened on June 22, 1974. It is on the 103rd floor. It is the highest observation deck in the United States and one of Chicago's most famous tourist attractions. About 1.7 million tourists visit the tower every year. Elevators reach the top of the building in about 60 seconds. People can feel the air pressure change as they go up. The tourist entrance is on the south side of the building on Jackson Boulevard. A second observation deck on the 99th floor was made as a backup and for private events. \nIn January 2009, work to improve the Skydeck began, such as adding glass balconies that go outside of the building. The all-glass boxes are called \"The Ledge.\" Visitors can see the street below. The boxes can hold . It opened to the public on July 2, 2009. On May 29, 2014, the laminated glass flooring of one of the boxes broke while visitors were inside. Nobody was hurt. The flooring on that same box cracked on June 12, 2019.\nAwards.\nThe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) gave the tower ENERGY STAR certification in 2018 for good energy efficiency. "}
+{"id": "46965", "revid": "1657104", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46965", "title": "Beetle", "text": "Beetles, the order Coleoptera, are the largest group of insects. There are 350,000 different species of beetles that have been named: about 40% of all known insects. There are an estimated 800,000 to a million living species. Beetles live almost everywhere, though not in the ocean or in places that are very cold, such as Antarctica.\nBeetles went through a massive adaptive radiation early in their evolutionary history. The evolution of flowering plants helped drive the diversification of beetles. Four of the six biggest families of beetles mainly eat flowering plants.\nBeetle bodies.\nIn common with other insects, there are three main parts to a beetle's body: the head, the thorax (the middle part), and the abdomen (the back part). On the head, beetles have antennae (feelers), eyes, and a mouth. The legs and wings of the beetle are attached to the thorax. The abdomen of a beetle does not usually have special parts on the outside, but it has the beetle\u2019s gut inside. Like other insects, beetles have no internal bones, but instead have a hard and shiny exoskeleton on the outside of the body. The exoskeleton is made of hard plates of chitin.\nWings.\nBeetles differ from other flying insects because their front wings have evolved into hard covers, or elytra. The back wings are used for flying. They are thin and are kept under the elytra when at rest. Beetles lift their elytra out of the way in order to fly. A few species of true bugs have a similar arrangement.\nNot all beetles can fly. Some beetles do not have back wings, and some cannot lift their front wings out of the way. A few beetles have no wings at all. Some beetles with no wings look like larvae, and are called \"larviform\". An example is the family Phengodidae, glow-worms where the females are larviform throughout their lives.\nLegs.\nThe legs of beetles help them to walk, run, swim, and dig. All beetles have six legs that is made out of several parts. Each leg ends in two to five small segments called \"tarsi\". The last tarsus (the singular of tarsi) of each beetle \u201cfoot\u201d has one or two claws on the end of it. Most beetles use their legs to walk or run. Some beetle legs are flat and have long hairs on them. These kinds of legs are found on water beetles. Beetles that often dig in soil have flat legs with spines or horns at the edges. Flat legs with horns are called fossorial legs. A few beetles have large hind legs, similar to those of grasshoppers, which help the beetle to jump. Flea beetles are an example of jumping beetle.\nSight and smell.\nBeetles have compound eyes, which means the two big shiny eyes on the head are actually made out of many smaller parts. Sometimes the two eyes are each divided in half and so it looks like there are four eyes. One beetle family, the whirligig beetles, has divided eyes so that when they are swimming, they can see on top of the water and under the water at the same time. A few beetles have extra simple eyes (usually two) called ocelli. The ocelli are on the top of the beetle\u2019s head.\nBeetles use their antennae to smell things. Beetles also use their antennae to feel things around them. Beetle antennae do not all look the same. Some antennae are long and thin, while others are short and wide. Thin antennae are called filiform antennae, and antennae that are wide on the end are called clavate antennae.\nThe mouth.\nThe mouth of a beetle is very different from the mouth of a person. Most beetles have two hard mandibles at the front of their mouth, which are a bit like teeth. Mandibles help the beetle eat by crushing and cutting food. In some beetles, the mandibles look like big pincers. Beetles also have four \u201cfingers\u201d around their mouth that push food into the mouth of the beetle. The fingers are called \"palpi.\"\nOther.\nBeetles do not breathe; insteadm they have holes called spiracles in the sides of their bodies which lead to trachea, which act like lungs. Beetles do not have blood, but they have something like blood, called haemolymph. It is a green colour because their haemoglobin molecule has a copper atom at its centre; humans' haemogolobin molecule has an iron atom there.\nHow beetles grow.\nBeetles start out as eggs that a female beetle lays. Some beetles can lay thousands of eggs during their lives. A larva comes out when an egg hatches. Most beetle larvae do not look like adult beetles. A beetle larva eats and grows larger until it changes and becomes a pupa. When the pupa opens, an adult beetle, sometimes called an imago, comes out. This way of growing up is called complete metamorphosis.\nBeetles eat the most when they are larvae. Some beetle larvae eat the outside of plants; some eat inside plants. Some beetle larvae are predators, which means they hunt for other insects to eat. Other beetle larvae eat dead things, such as dead plants and corpses.\nNot all beetle larvae look the same. Some beetle larvae are flat and move very fast. Some beetle larvae look similar to worms with tiny legs. Click beetle larvae have a special name: wireworms. Other beetle larvae are short and very thick and are called grubs. In a few beetles, the larvae change their shape after some time. Blister beetle larvae start out moving fast, such as campodeiform larvae, but end up slow and thick.\nWhat beetles do.\nFood.\nBeetles eat many different things including living plants, rotting plants, animals that may be dead or alive, and animal faeces. Some beetles can eat both plants and animals, while others eat just one type of food. Beetles that can only eat one kind of thing are said to be host specific. Many leaf beetles and longhorn beetles are host specific.\nProtection.\nBeetles are tough animals for their size. They are mechanically tough (the elytra), and have a variety of strategies to avoid being attacked by predators or parasitoids. These include camouflage, mimicry, toxicity, and active defence.\nSome beetles live in places that are hard for predators to find. Some beetles, such as longhorn beetles, live in tunnels inside tree branches. Only special predators that are small enough to use the long-horned beetle tunnels can eat the longhorn beetles.\nOther beetles do not live in special places but they have colours or shapes that make them hard to find. When beetles have colours so that predators cannot see them, this is called camouflage. Some leaf beetles are green so that they can not be seen when they are on green leaves. Some beetles have very complex colours so that they look like bird droppings.\nSometimes beetles use colour to warn predators (warning colouration). Some beetles have black and yellow stripes so that they look similar to bees and wasps. Some beetles even behave similar to bees to confuse predators.\nBeetles have a wide range of chemical defences, mostly got from plants their larvae eat. These chemicals make them taste bad when predators eat them. Blister beetles are so poisonous that if a horse eats only a few of them, it may die. Bombardier beetles squirt hot poisonous liquid at attackers. Lady beetles put out a cyanide compound when agitated. Lady beetles also have colours that warn predators that they taste bad. Insects that taste foul use warning colours, which birds learn to avoid. Also, other species that are tasty copy those warning colours. This is a type of mimicry, and is quite common in insects.\nVery large beetles sometimes fight predators. Beetles that fight will often use their mandibles to injure their predators.\nReproduction.\nBeetles have sexual reproduction, and almost all go through complete metamorphosis. Some beetles have complex behavior to get a mate. Pheromones are used, and different species use different pheromones. Before reproduction, some male beetles sometimes fight to claim a female. This especially happens with stag beetles: males will fight using their long mandibles. More often, male and female beetle go through a long routine before mating. The details differ in each species and that is the point. It is essential that mating takes place between beetles of the same species.\nSome beetles give special care to their eggs or larvae. Some scarab beetles, called dung beetles, roll balls of dung (faeces) and put them in a hole in the ground. The female lays her eggs in the dung. When the eggs hatch, the larvae will eat the dung that their mother supplied for them.\nBeetle evolution.\nIn 2009, a fossil beetle was found in the Pennsylvanian of Mazon Creek, Illinois. This put the origin of the beetles back to . Fossils from this time have been found in Asia and Europe, for instance in the red slate fossil beds of Niedermoschel near Mainz, Germany. Other fossils have been found in Obora, Czech Republic and Tshekarda in the Ural Mountains, Russia. The first discoveries from North America in Oklahoma were published in 2005 and 2008.\nAfter the Permian\u2013Triassic extinction event, the fossil record of insects is poor, but there are some beetles from the Lower Triassic. At the Babiy Kamen site in the Kuznetsk Basin, there are many beetle fossils, including entire specimens of the infraorders Archostemata (e.g. Ademosynidae, Schizocoleidae), Adephaga (e.g., Triaplidae, Trachypachidae) and Polyphaga (e.g. Hydrophilidae, Byrrhidae, Elateroidea).\nDuring the Jurassic (), there was a dramatic increase in the number of beetle families, including the development and growth of carnivorous and herbivorous species. Dung beetles, and herbivorous beetles living on conifers, were common in the Jurassic period. The evolution of flowering plants in the Cretaceous led to the vast numbers of beetle species there are today.\nKinds of beetles.\nSuborders.\nThere are four living suborders of beetles:\nCommon families.\nDifferent kinds of beetles can be divided into groups called families. There are many beetle families. The biggest families are listed here.\nPopular names.\nPopular names are often misleading; that is why biologists use scientific names in Latin. People call some beetles by other names. Fireflies (also called lightning bugs) are actually beetles; so are ladybirds/ladybugs/lady beetles.\nBeetles and people.\nSome beetles cause trouble for farmers and people in forests because they eat crops or trees. These beetles are called pests. One beetle that hurts crops is the Colorado beetle; another is the Maize weevil. One that destroys trees is the Emerald ash borer.\nOther beetles help people; lady beetles (also called ladybirds and ladybugs) eat insects that hurt crops and trees.\nPeople who study beetles are called coleopterists."}
+{"id": "46966", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46966", "title": "Pope John IX", "text": "John IX () was Pope from 898 to 900. \nEarly life.\nAlthough his exact birth day is unknown, he was a native of Tivoli, which is near Rome.\nMonk.\nHe was a Benedictine monk. \nPope.\nHe was made Pope because of the support of Emperor Lambert of Spoleto. Lambert was of the Formosian party. Pope Sergius III who had been elected by the Anti-Formosians was chased from office with arms. John IX died unexpectedly in the year 900, which again led to feuds between different groups."}
+{"id": "46969", "revid": "7283", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46969", "title": "Beetles", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46970", "revid": "7283", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46970", "title": "Coleoptera", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46971", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46971", "title": "Houston Stewart Chamberlain", "text": "Houston Steward Chamberlain (September 9, 1855 \u2013 January 9, 1927) was a writer of books. He wrote many popular scientific books, about Richard Wagner, Immanuel Kant, and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe amongst others. He was born in Portsmouth, but later emigrated to Germany. In later life he became a German citizen. He was acquainted with Hitler and died in Bayreuth. He is known for his Antisemitism. His best-known book, \"The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century\" is seen as a standard antisemitic work of the early 20th century."}
+{"id": "46972", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46972", "title": "Arthur de Gobineau", "text": "Joseph Arthur Comte de Gobineau (July 14, 1816 \u2014 October 13, 1882) was a French aristocrat. He was well educated, and wrote many things. He became famous for developing the racialist theory of the Aryan Master race in his book \"An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races\" (1853-1855)."}
+{"id": "46973", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46973", "title": "Master Race", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46976", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46976", "title": "Staff (music)", "text": "A staff (or stave) is the name given to the five horizontal lines on which we can write music. Musical notes can be placed either on a line (i.e. with a line going through the middle of the note head) or in a space. There are four inside spaces as well as the two outer spaces at the top or bottom.\nThe higher the pitch of the note the higher it will be on the staff. Taking the white notes of a keyboard: each note (A, B, C, D etc.) is placed higher on the stave (line, space, line, space etc.). A clef is needed to show which notes they are. There are different clefs to suit high, medium or low instruments.\nThis musical example shows the opening of \"Symphony no 5\" by Beethoven. The first three notes are on the second line (counting from the bottom). They are Gs, because there is a treble clef at the beginning of the staff. The fourth note is a little lower: on the bottom line, the E line (because of the flats in the key signature it is an E flat). The next note is between the other two in pitch (an F). After the three Fs comes a D in the outside bottom space.\nSometimes composers have used staves with fewer or more than 5 lines, but the five-line staff started to become the usual one in Western music in the 13th century.\nWhen notes are a little too high or low to put on the stave, extension lines are used. These are called ledger lines. \nIf two or more staves are being played at the same time the staves are joined on the left by a bracket which is called a brace. Piano music, for example, is written on two staves: one for the right hand and one for the left.\nInstruments that only play a rhythm (such as the cymbals), do not need a stave. The notes can be written just on one line. The beats are crosses. It's modern notation started from the Catholic Church."}
+{"id": "46977", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46977", "title": "Stave (music)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46979", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46979", "title": "Kikyo", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46980", "revid": "10441", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46980", "title": "Colorado potato beetle", "text": "The Colorado potato beetle, \"Leptinotarsa decemlineata\", is a beetle. It is sometimes just called the Colorado beetle. It is one of the worst potato pests in the world. \nThe beetle is notable for its ability to resist pesticides. Over the last 50 years it has become resistant to 52 chemical compounds used in insecticides, including cyanide. However, not every population is resistant to every chemical.\nThe Colorado beetle first lived in the southwest United States and northern Mexico. Now it lives in most of North America and also in Europe and Asia.\nWhat it eats.\nThe Colorado potato beetle now eats cultivated potato plants. Both larvae and adults eat the leaves and strip the plant down to a skeleton. They may also attack tomato and eggplants. There can be so many Colorado potato beetles in potato farms that they destroy the potatoes.\nDefence.\nBecause the beetle rapidly evolves resistance to chemicals, the best defence may be biological control. A ground beetle, \"Lebia grandis\" is a predator of the eggs and larvae, and its larvae are parasitoids of the Colorado beetle's pupae. \n\"Beauveria bassiana\" (Hyphomycetes) is a pathogenic fungus that infects many insects, including the Colorado beetle. It is probably the most widely used natural enemy of the Colorado beetle. There are commercial formulations that can be applied using a pesticide sprayer. \nOrigins.\nThe Colorado potato beetle did not always eat potato plants. This is because potatoes came from South America, not near the beetle's original range. Before people brought potatoes to North America, the Colorado beetle ate a plant called buffalo-bur."}
+{"id": "46981", "revid": "1635878", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46981", "title": "Opiliones", "text": "Harvestmen are eight-legged arachnids. Even though they are arachnids like spiders, harvestmen are not spiders. They are in the order Opiliones.\nMore than 6,400 species of harvestmen have been discovered, although the real number of extant species may be more than 10,000. Well-preserved fossils have been found in the 400-million year old Rhynie cherts of Scotland. Fossil harvestmen look surprisingly similar to modern harvestmen. Apparently, the basic body shape of harvestmen has not changed much.\nIn some places, harvestmen are known by the name \"daddy longlegs\", but this name is also used for two other unrelated arthropods: the crane fly (\"Tipulidae\") and the cellar spider (\"Pholcidae\").\nMany species of harvestmen are omnivores--they eat anything they can find. Most of the time this is small insects, and some plants and fungi. Some are scavengers.\nHarvestmen are not dangerous to humans. None of the described species have poison glands. They are not \"true\" spiders even though they look like spiders in many ways. For example, harvestmen have no venom or silk glands; spiders have these.\nAnatomy.\nHarvestmen have exceptionally long walking legs compared to their bodies, although there are also some short-legged species. In harvestmen, the two main body sections (the abdomen and cephalothorax) meet at a wide point, so that they appear to be one oval structure. In more advanced species of harvestmen, the first five segments of the abdomen are fused into a \"shield\" on the harvestman's back called the scutum. In some species, this shield is only present in males. The second pair of legs is longer than the others and work as antennae. This can be hard to see in short-legged species.\nThe feeding apparatus (stomotheca) differs from other arachnids as they are able to eat their food in chunks, without needing to liquify it. Most species have a single pair of eyes in the middle of their heads, oriented horizontally. However, there are some eyeless species. "}
+{"id": "46982", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46982", "title": "Daddy Longlegs", "text": "Daddy Longlegs could mean:"}
+{"id": "46983", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46983", "title": "Harvestman", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46984", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46984", "title": "Harvestmen", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46985", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46985", "title": "Phalangids", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46986", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46986", "title": "Phalangid", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46987", "revid": "625332", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46987", "title": "Shikon no Tama", "text": "The Shikon no Tama (English:The Jewel of Four Souls) is the fictional magic jewel in Rumiko Takahashi's manga and anime series \"InuYasha\". It contains four types of souls, Courage, Friendship, Wisdom and Love. The souls can make a person powerful. Before Midoriko sacrificed herself, she joined four souls within her heart, with the demonic one making it good and pure. This created the Shikon Jewel, where Midoriko and the demon are trapped within. The battle depends to any demon who kept the jewel. If the jewel is purified, Midoriko survives. If the demon binds the jewel, it becomes defiled. Naraku defiles the jewel, while collecting all pieces. Shako (Sango's grandfather) found the impured jewel from one of the demons. When Kikyo dies, the jewel survives and Naraku plans to retrieve it. Kagome Higurashi ends up travelling to the past while keeping the jewel. After Kagome destroys the raven, the jewel is shattered into pieces. Izumo is a philosopher half\u2013demon who made the fake jewel with small power, by copying the real one. However, Inuyasha defeats him."}
+{"id": "46988", "revid": "1635878", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46988", "title": "Daddy long-legs spider", "text": "The Daddy-Long-Legs Spider (\"Pholcus phalangioides\") is a spider of the family Pholcidae. Its legs are about 5 or 6 times the length of its body. It is often confused with the \"daddy long-legs\", a member of the Opiliones, which are not true (real) spiders. \"P. phalangioides\" has the habit of shaking the web violently when disturbed. This is probably to blur the vision of a predator. Because it is often found on the ceilings of rooms, caves or cellars, it is also called cellar spider. They can easily catch and eat hairy house spiders, mosquitoes, and other insects. When food is scarce, they will prey on their own kind. Because they originally came from the tropics, these spiders do not seem to be aware of seasonal changes and breed at any time of the year. \nThe female holds 20 to 30 eggs in her jaws. Spiderlings are transparent with short legs and change their skin about 5 or 6 times as they grow.\nFemales have a body length of about 9mm, males are slightly smaller."}
+{"id": "46990", "revid": "757277", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46990", "title": "Crane fly", "text": "Crane flies are flies in the family Tipulidae. They are insects. Crane flies look similar to large mosquitoes but, unlike mosquitoes, crane flies do not bite people or animals. Crane flies occasionally eat nectar.\nThey are also known as daddy longlegs around the world. The term 'daddy-long-legs' is also given to arachnids of the order Opiliones or the family Pholcidae. The larvae of crane flies are known commonly as leatherjackets.\nThere are about 15,000 different species and 525 genera of crane flies. This means that the Tipulidae (crane flies) are the largest group of flies. Most crane fly species (75%) were found by Charles P. Alexander.\nThe adult only lives to mate and lay eggs: 10 to 15 days is all. In some species the adult does not eat at all.\nLarvae.\nMost of the crane fly's life is spent as a larva. Crane fly larvae are called leatherjackets or 'leatherjacket slugs' because of the way they move and eat roots (such as those of grass in lawns) and other vegetation. Some leatherjackets are aquatic. \nLeatherjackets can cause damage to plants. Because of this, crane flies are a pest of lawn grass in some areas. Invasive (European) crane flies (\"Tipula paludosa\") cause extensive damage to turfgrass. \nLarvae of crane flies are divided into segments. They have a distinct head capsule on the front. The segments on the rear portion of the larva (the abdominal segments) often have long fleshy projections (like tentacles). Scientists have never seen the larvae from most crane fly species: less than 2% of the larvae are known.\nAppearance.\nAdult crane flies have very long legs and a long, thin abdomen. It is very easy to accidentally break off their delicate legs when catching crane flies. Their thin legs and abdomen may help them to escape from birds who try to eat them. Females have larger abdomens in comparison to the males. The female abdomen also ends in a pointed ovipositor that looks a bit like a stinger. Crane flies cannot sting.\nThe wings are often held out from the body when the crane fly is not moving. When the wings are held out, the large halteres (balancers) can be seen behind the wings. Unlike mosquitoes, crane flies can not fly well. They will sometimes \"wobble\" when flying.\nCrane flies that live in temperate places, such as \"Tipula\" species, may grow as big as 60\u00a0mm in size. Tropical crane flies may grow to more than 100\u00a0mm. The giant crane fly (\"Holorusia rubiginosa\") that lives in the western United States can reach 38\u00a0mm (1-3/8\u00a0inches). There are also small crane flies, the size of mosquitoes. "}
+{"id": "46991", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46991", "title": "Tipulidae", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46993", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46993", "title": "Neville Chamberlain", "text": "Arthur Neville Chamberlain (; 18 March 18699 November 1940) was a British politician who was Lord Mayor of Birmingham, Chancellor of the Exchequer and finally Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1937 to 1940.\nEarly life.\nNeville was born in Edgbaston, a district of Birmingham, England. His father was Joseph Chamberlain, an important politician. His half-brother (they had different mothers), Austen Chamberlain, also became a politician.\nNeville went to Rugby School. He became interested in botany (plants), birds and fishing. He also loved music and literature (reading). He studied metallurgy at Mason College, which his father later made part of the University of Birmingham. Later, Neville became an apprentice in an accounting company.\nHe became a successful manager in a manufacturing company. He fell in love with Anne Cole and married her in 1910, when was 40. In 1911, when he was 42, the people of Birmingham elected (chose) Neville Chamberlain to be part of the city council. On the council, he had the job of planning improving the city, the same kind of work that his father had done. Neville planned new council housing for poor people. In 1915, he became Lord Mayor of Birmingham, also as his father had been. In that position, Neville worked to improve the city, including by starting the Birmingham Symphony Orchestra.\nMember of Parliament and in government.\nIn 1916, Prime Minister David Lloyd George asked Chamberlain to become the director of conscription to force civilians to join the British Armys during the First World War. Chamberlain and Lloyd George often argued and soon did not like each other. Chamberlain left his job the next year. Instead, he entered the 1918 general election and became the Conservative Member of Parliament for Ladywood in Birmingham.\nIn 1923, Prime Minister Andrew Bonar Law made Chamberlain the health minister. In that position, Chamberlain did more work to help poor people. For example, he had a law passed to connect rent prices to how good a building was. He was later Chancellor of the Exchequer, in charge of the economy, for a short time. \nAfter the 1924 general election, he became health minister again, and he stayed there until the Conservatives lost the 1929 general election. Between 1924 and 1929, Chamberlain helped to make many new laws to help poor people, including a pensions system, which helped to make Britain's welfare state after the Second World War.\nIn 1929, the Conservatives lost the general election, and Ramsay MacDonald became the new Labour prime minister. The Conservative Party was trying to put tariffs (taxes) on imports to make trade in the British Empire stronger. Other people, including Lord Beaverbrook, a businessman who owned a lot of newspapers, disagreed by saying that trade should be free of tariffs. Beaverbrook started a new political party to fight the Conservatives. Chamberlain fought Beaverbrook's part in an election and won. That made him very popular in the Conservative party.\nAn economic crisis in 1931 led to another general election. Then, Chamberlain became Chancellor of the Exchequer. In 1932, he was able to start a tariff system. His father had spent a long time working for a stronger British Empire when he was foreign secretary and also worked hard but failed for a tariff system because he believed it would make the empire economically independent. Neville was pleased that he had finally made his father's wishes come true.\nBy 1934, Chamberlain felt that the economy had recovered. However, many important people, including Chamberlain's half-brother Austen and Winston Churchill, were warning that Nazi Germany was rearming (reuilding its military). The men said that Britain must rearm, too. In July 1934, the government told Parliament that it had a plan to make the Royal Air Force much stronger.\nHowever, not everybody was happy to see an arms race (a competition to build a bigger military) with Germany. The First World War was still in people's memories, and there was a strong pacifist movement in the country. Chamberlain, who had lost his cousin and best friend, Norman Chamberlain, during the war advised (suggested) Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin to talk about rearmament during the 1935 general election. Baldwin was worried people that would not vote for them if they talked about making the military stronger, and Labour Party was strongly against rearmament. That made Baldwin talk about housing and unemployment instead.\nChamberlain worked hard to help improve the slow economy. The government bought factories that were not being used and spent money on making them new again. That idea helped after the war started because Britain had the most modern equipment. When he announced (told the public about) his budget (plan for the economy) in 1935, the Labour Party said that he wanted war, but other people still said that he was not doing enough to build the military. In 1936, the government announced plans to build the Royal Navy.\nPrime Minister.\nBaldwin retired in 1937, and Chamberlain became the new prime minister on 28 May. Chamberlain is mostly remembered for being the prime minister as Europe moved into the Second World War, but as prime minister, he also made some important changes to Britain. He made laws that made working conditions better. He limited working hours for women and children. He introduced paid holiday for a large part of the population. He introduced laws to try to improve the population's health by exercising and medical inspection. Many other changes were planned, but the start of the war stopped them from happening.\nIn the 1930s, the Irish taoiseach (similar to a prime minister) was \u00c9amon de Valera, who worked to make a new constitution (set of laws) for Ireland and wanted to make Ireland independent from Britain. Ireland had its own government, but Britain still controlled Northern Ireland and had naval ports (called treaty ports) in Ireland, which de Valera wanted to end. Chamberlain wanted Ireland to support Britain if there was a war because he knew that without Irish help, defending the Atlantic Ocean would be more difficult. Chamberlain and his Secretary of State, Malcolm MacDonald, made an agreement to give the treaty ports back to Ireland, but they hoped that British warships might use them in the war.\nMany Conservatives, including Winston Churchill, who had made the agreement to have the treaty ports in 1921, disagreed strongly with the plan. The agreement, together with a plan to limit the number of Jews moving into Palestine, which was controlled by Britain, made Chamberlain unpopular with some people, even in his own party.\nMunich Agreement.\nAlthough many people warned about the threat of Nazi Germany, Chamberlain chose ministers who agreed with him and wanted to avoid another war. Chamberlain, like many other people of the same age, were very worried about war. They believed that people like Adolf Hitler were in power because their countries felt that their situation was unfair. The Germans felt that the Treaty of Versailles, an agreement to end the First World War, had been unfair. When Germany invaded (took control of) Austria and the Sudetenland (part of Czechoslovakia with many Germans), Chamberlain tried to keep the peace, especially since most people there were Germans and to wanted to become part of Germany.\nIn September 1938, he flew to Munich to speak with Hitler. Together with French Prime Minister \u00c9douard Daladier and the Italian dictator, Benito Mussolini, Chamberlain made an agreement with Hitler, who was allowed to take the Sudetenland but had to agree not to use his military to solve future disputes (disagreements). When Chamberlain returned home, many people said he had done a wonderful job. Chamberlain was very pleased and said that the agreement meant \"peace for our time\" because most people feared another world war.\nWar.\nIn March 1939, the German military moved in and invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia, against the Munich Agreement. Chamberlain realised that his attempts to control Hitler had failed. He started to get Britain ready for war by using the new factories that had been built. Many new weapons were built, including the Supermarine Spitfire (a fighter aircraft) and radar.\nAfter the Germans invaded Poland on 1st September 1939, the British and the French talked together and decided to declare war on Germany on the 3rd. Chamberlain spoke on the radio and told the British people that war had begun.\nChamberlain made a new government and included Winston Churchill. After the Germans had invaded Norway in April 1940, the British sent the Royal Navy to fight them. The plan failed, however, and Parliament no longer supported Chamberlain even though Churchill was mostly to blame for the failure. On 10 May 1940, Chamberlain resigned (quit), and Churchill became the prime minister. However, Chamberlain stayed in the government. Later in May, Germany offered conditions for peace (things that they would accept to stop fighting). Most of the government, including Chamberlain, wanted to agree with Germany and to stop fighting. Churchill did not want to agree. He spoke with Chamberlain, who soon began to agree with Churchill. The result was that Britain stayed in the war.\nDeath.\nIn the summer of 1940, Chamberlain became sick. In July, he had surgery on his stomach to treat cancer there. He tried to return to work but became too weak and so had to retire. He died on 9 November 1940 of bowel cancer and was 71 years old. Churchill spoke to Parliament to tell it about Chamberlain's death.\nLegacy.\nHistorians disagree about Chamberlain. Some think that his actions were wrong because he did not stop Hitler and Germany. Other people say that he gave Britain and France more time to get ready for the war."}
+{"id": "46994", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46994", "title": "Arthur Neville Chamberlain", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46995", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46995", "title": "Pholcus phalangioides", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46996", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46996", "title": "Shikon no tama", "text": ""}
+{"id": "46997", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=46997", "title": "Jewel of Four Souls", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47005", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47005", "title": "Quadratic equation", "text": "A quadratic equation is an equation where its highest exponent is 2 (which is why it is called 'quadratic' from the Latin word \"quadratus\" 'square'). These equations can be rearranged to the standard form which is\u02d0\nformula_1\nwhere \"a\" is not equal to 0, otherwise the equation is linear. \nIt makes a parabola (a \"U\" shape) when graphed on a coordinate plane. When people work with quadratic equations, one of the most common things they do is to \"solve\" it. This means to find the points on a coordinate grid where the graphed equation crosses the x-axis, or the horizontal axis. These points are called the \"zeroes\", or \"roots\", of a function. In other words, to solve the equation means to find the value of \"x\" so that formula_1, where the coefficients, \"a\", \"b\", and \"c\", are all real numbers. There are different ways to find out the value of x. Plotting the function on a graph is one way. In the picture on the right, the function crosses the x-axis at the points formula_3 and formula_4.\nGraphing a quadratic equation makes it is very easy to find the roots, but it is not always convenient. So there are different ways to do this using math.\nSolving quadratic equations.\nA quadratic equation with real or complex coefficients has two solutions, called \"roots\". These two solutions may or may not be equal, and they may or may not be a real number.\nFactoring.\nSome quadratic equations, like formula_5, can be factorized. This equation can be written as formula_6, which produces two separate equations, formula_7 and formula_8. This is because when any of the two equations is equal to zero, the original equation is equal to zero because the two equations are multiplied together to form the quadratic equation. From this equation, it is easy to use algebra to find out what the value of \"x\" is. In the first of the two equations, formula_9 and in the second, formula_10. This means that these two values of \"x\" will make the whole quadratic equation equal to zero. The y-coordinate is equal to zero at these values of x, and so the coordinates formula_11 and formula_12 are the places where the graph of the function crosses the x-axis.\nCompleting the square.\nNot all quadratic equations can be factorized, such as formula_13. One of the ways to solve these kinds of equations is called \"completing the square\". This means to find some value for \"k\" below so that:formula_14 for some \"y\". Since formula_15 and formula_16 this means formula_17\nThere are five steps to solve a quadratic equation by completing the square:\nThis last value for \"x\" has two values: formula_28 and formula_29. These are the x-coordinates at the points where the y-coordinates are equal to zero and so the function crosses the x-axis.\nIt is also interesting to note that the vertex of the function, formula_30, can be found from the equation in step 3 above.\nThe quadratic formula.\nAlthough completing the square can be used to solve many quadratic equations, it does not work with every equation. There is a way to find the value of \"x\" that makes the equation true by replacing the values in a formula with the coefficients from the quadratic equation. This is called the \"quadratic formula\", which is:\nThe numbers represented by \"a\", \"b\", and \"c\" are the same as those in the original equation, formula_1. For this formula to work properly, \"a\" cannot be equal to 0 for the formula (but really, when \"a\" = 0 in the original equation, it is not quadratic since there is no x-squared term).\nThe factored form of this equation is formula_33, where \"s\" and \"t\" are the zeros, \"a\" is a constant, and \"y\" and the two values of \"x\" are ordered pairs which satisfy the equation.\nProof of the formula.\nThe quadratic formula can be found out, or proved, using the same \"completing the square\" method from above, only by using \"a\", \"b\", and \"c\" instead of actual values and using algebra to find the value of \"x\". Here is how: \nUsing the quadratic formula.\nNow that the value of \"x\" has been found out, the values of \"a\", \"b\", and \"c\" are replaced with the corresponding coefficients from the original equation. For example, going back to the second example, formula_13 , it can be seen that the values are formula_46, formula_47, and formula_48. By putting these values into the quadratic formula and solving, the result is:\nformula_49. Solving the two square roots, the value of \"x\" can be either 1.148 or -0.348, which is the same as above.\nUnlike the other methods described above, the quadratic equation will work with every possible value for \"a\", \"b\", and \"c\", even if there are no \"real roots\", that is, places where the graph of the function touches the x-axis.\nThe value inside the square root, that is, formula_50, is known as the \"discriminant\". It can tell whether the roots are real or complex. There are three cases:\nHistory.\nBabylonian mathematicians, as early as 2000 BC (displayed on Old Babylonian clay tablets) could solve problems relating the areas and sides of rectangles. There is evidence dating this algorithm as far back as the Third Dynasty of Ur. In modern notation, the problems typically involved solving a pair of simultaneous equations of the form:\nwhich is equivalent to the statement that formula_53 and formula_54 are the roots of the equation:\nThe steps given by Babylonian scribes for solving the above rectangle problem, in terms of formula_53 and formula_54, were as follows:\nIn modern notation this means calculating formula_59, which is equivalent to the modern day quadratic formula for the larger real root (if any) formula_60 with formula_61, formula_62, and formula_63."}
+{"id": "47011", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47011", "title": "Attac (organization)", "text": "The Association pour la Taxation des Transactions pour l'Aide aux Citoyens (Association for the Taxation of Financial Transactions for the Aid of Citizens, ATTAC) is an organization that promotes a tax on foreign exchange transactions, the so-called Tobin tax. \nBackground.\nAt first Attac demanded only the introduction of the so-called Tobin tax on currency speculation. Now it fights for many issues related to globalisation. Therefore, it reports about the decisions of the World Trade Organisation (WTO), the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). ATTAC attends the meetings of the G8 with the goal of influencing policymakers' decisions.\nThough ATTAC criticises the neoliberal ideology dominating economic globalisation, it is not \"anti-globalisation\". It supports globalisation policies that they characterise as sustainable and socially just. One of ATTAC's slogans is \"The World is not for sale\", denouncing the \"merchandisation\" of society."}
+{"id": "47012", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47012", "title": "Threat", "text": "A threat is a type of communication. It is a warning. It is a behaviour which almost all advanced animals have. In humans it is often verbal (spoken). Dictionary definition:\nThreats evolved because actual fighting often damages an animal, and a damaged animal is at risk. On the other hand, animals compete for food, territory, mating and other important things.\nBecause humans have complicated brains, their use of threats may be deliberate, and may be spoofs or jokes. Humans make threats verbally, but words are not automatic. If I tread in your toe, you may say \"Ow\" by reflex. That's not a threat. But if I say \"do that again, and I'll (whatever)\", that's a threat.\nIn many cases the threat is not believed, or may even be a joke. Like other communications, a threat has a context, and the context decides its meaning.\nA child who says \"I'll tell my dad\" may learn from the sarcastic reply \"I'm so scared!\" that the threat is an idle threat. An idle threat is one that promises harm which cannot or will not happen.\nA threat to do harm may be mixed with an offer to do good. This is called a conditional offer, or throffer. The threat part may be implied, but nevertheless effective.\nSome countries, such as the United States, have a legal concept of true threat. A true threat is a threatening communication which can be prosecuted under the law.\nA threat can describe a situation of danger: for example \"a terrorist threat\". Many countries have a system where the government can adjust its security by having official threat levels."}
+{"id": "47013", "revid": "407690", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47013", "title": "Promotion", "text": "Promotion means spreading information about an product, service or issue. \nPromotional activity generally involves a company spreading knowledge about its brand, products, or service to generate demand, build a following, raise awareness, or build loyalty. Many of these activities taking place simultaneously, and including channels such as: Social Media, Direct Mail, Print, and Television.\nPromotion as part of marketing means spreading information about a product, product line, brand, or company.\n\"Promotion\" includes:\n\"Promotion for marketing\" includes additionally:\nPromotion can also happen when a marketing company is providing discounts and coupons to customers to create brand awareness."}
+{"id": "47014", "revid": "165650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47014", "title": "Issue", "text": "Issue may have one of the following special meanings:"}
+{"id": "47015", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47015", "title": "Issue (debate)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47016", "revid": "10146265", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47016", "title": "Firefly", "text": "Fireflies are a family of beetles called the Lampyridae. These beetles are special in that most of them have bioluminescence, the ability to produce light. They are sometimes called fireworms, firebugs, firebeetles, glowflies, glow-worms, glowbugs, glowbeetles, lightning flies, lightning worms, lightning bugs, lightning beetles or forest stars or simply lightflies, lightworms, lightbugs or lightbeetles. There are about 2000 different species, most of which are nocturnal.\nAdults use flashes of light to attract mates. Also, firefly larvae flash their lights to warn predators that they are not a tasty meal. Many predators do not like the taste of firefly larvae.\nBody.\nA firefly is an insect, so it has an exoskeleton and three body parts. Much like an annual cicada, they are usually soft-bodied, often with the elytra (front wings) more leathery than in other beetles.\nA firefly may be brown or black with yellow and red marks.\nFunction.\nAll fireflies glow as larvae. Bioluminescence serves a different function in lampyrid larvae than it does in adults. It appears to be a warning signal to predators, since many firefly larvae contain chemicals that are distasteful or toxic.\nLight in adult beetles was originally thought to be used for similar warning purposes, but its main purpose is now thought to be mate selection. Fireflies are a classic example of an organism that uses bioluminescence for sexual selection. They have evolved a variety of ways to communicate with mates in courtships: steady glows, flashing, and the use of chemical signals unrelated to photic systems.\nHabitat.\nFireflies live in tropical climates in the United States, Latin America, Caribbean Island, and South East Asia. They also live east of Rocky Mountains. Fireflies like to live in damp areas and dry areas. Examples of damp areas are rain forests, streams, marshes, ponds and leaf piles. Examples of dry areas are backyards and meadows.\nMost species live in marshes or near water, because there their larvae have more than enough food."}
+{"id": "47018", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47018", "title": "Fireflies", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47019", "revid": "7525455", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47019", "title": "Phengodidae", "text": "Phengodidae is a family of glow-worm beetles. Their larvae are also glow-worms.\nThe family occurs only in the New World, and has about 30 genera. Both the females and larvae are bioluminescent: they have organs that can produce light. This family is different from the fireflies (family Lampyridae).\nThe larvae and the females (which keep their larval form) are predators. They feed on millipedes and other animals they find in the soil and litter. Males are winged. They are attracted to lights at night. They are probably short-lived and do not feed at all. In some species, adult males can also produce light. Females have organs that produce a green or yellow light on their trunks. Some of them (called railroad worms) also have such an organ in front, which can produce a red light."}
+{"id": "47020", "revid": "440188", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47020", "title": "Arachnocampa", "text": "Arachnocampa is a family of flies. They are also called Fungus gnats. They occur in Australia and New Zealand. Their larvae are glowworms.\nThey were called Bolitphila (\"mushroom-lovers\") until 1924. Then people found out that their larvae use silk threads to catch prey. Their current name means \"spider-grub\"."}
+{"id": "47021", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47021", "title": "Fungus gnat", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47022", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47022", "title": "Fungus gnats", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47023", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47023", "title": "Bolitphila", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47024", "revid": "1267963", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47024", "title": "Rumiko Takahashi", "text": " is a Japanese author and manga artist. \nShe made popular manga books such as \"Ranma \u00bd\" and \"InuYasha\". She is the richest woman in Japan and her manga is loved all over the world. She joined Gekiga Sonjuku college: a manga school run by Kazuo Koike, also a manga artist. With the school's help, she managed to make a \"doujinshi\" (self-published work mostly for beginners) manga artwork, for example, \"Bye-Bye Road\" and \"Star of Futile Dust\".\nBeginning of professional work (as a real job).\nShe first started with \"Those Selfish Aliens\" in 1978, followed by \"Time Warp Trouble\", \"Shake Your Buddha\", and \"The Golden Gods of Poverty\", published in Shonen Sunday - this place was to become the publisher of her most important works. Later in this year, she tried to work on \"Urusei Yatsura\" (Lamu, the invader girl), her first full series of books. This had some publishing problems, but even so, it became the most loved manga comedy in Japan.\nMajor and important works.\nIn 1980, she wrote a lot of books. The most important was \"Maison Ikkoku\" from 1980 to 1987. She finished both \"Urusei Yatsura\" (34 books) with \"Maison Ikkoku\" (15 books). After that she began a dark, story telling type of manga - the \"Mermaid Saga\", finished at 1994, with the story \"Mermaid's mask\". It is thought to be unfinished because it did not have a note to tell the reader it was ended. \"One-pound Gospel\" was her next book. It was nearly not finished because of the ending similar to \"Mermaid Saga\", with the last story done in 2001.\nAt late 1987, she began another major manga called \"Ranma \u00bd\". It ended in 1996 with 38 books altogether. During 1990s, she began \"InuYasha\". It was a magical story very similar to \"Mermaid Saga\". Rumiko Takahashi had said that she would make it up to 500 chapters and 50 books. That would make it the longest she has ever made for now.\nAnime based on her manga.\nIn 1981, Urusei Yatsura was the first work to become an anime. This series began showing on October 14 at the Japanese television by a studio called Kitty Animation. This had many different directors during the making of this anime. The most well known director was Mamoru Oshii. He also directed the second \"Urusei Yatsura\" movie, \"Beautiful Dreamer\". This is thought to be his best work for the anime. Kitty Animation also made the anime of \"Maison Ikkoku\" in 1986 (with 96 episodes and 4 Original Video Animation (OVA)s, which are animes made only on video but not on TV). It also made Ranma \u00bd in anime. Kitty Animation stopped because of problems, and Ranma \u00bd anime also stopped during episode 161.\nSunrise was the next studio to make animes out of Rumiko Takahashi's mangas. They made 167 episodes of \"InuYasha\" animes, started on 2000 and ending in 2004. As with \"Ranma \u00bd\", \"InuYasha\" did not finish. This was because the manga \"InuYasha\" was too long to continue in anime. The \"Mermaid Saga\" anime was made in 2003 for 13 series of the manga.\nThe later animes are from her short mangas: \"The Tragedy of P\", \"The Merchant of Romance\", \"Middle-Aged Teen\", \"Hidden In The Pottery\", \"Aberrant Family F\", \"As Long As You Are Here\", \"One Hundred Years of Love\", \"In Lieu of Thanks\", \"Living Room Lovesong\", \"House of Garbage\", \"One Day Dream\", \"Extra-Large Size Happiness\" and \"The Executive's Dog\".\nEffect of her works in Western world (outside Japan).\nTakahashi is still popular in Europe, mostly in France. Viz Media is the studio that translated most of the animes in English. At early 1990s, they began to translate \"Urusei Yatsura\" the anime. Because it was difficult to translate the Japanese way of life/culture and the confusing puns and wordplay, they stopped the series. \"Mermaid Saga\", \"Maison Ikkoku\" and \"Inuyasha\" could go on even so. \"Ranma \u00bd\" was popular for English-speakers. It was shown all over the world. Viz also showed \"InuYasha\" anime on Adult Swim, where it was very popular. \"InuYasha\" is the very popular even now. Even with many of her works having Japanese cultures that is difficult to understand in them, the believable characters in them and their feelings are easy to understand all over the world."}
+{"id": "47025", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47025", "title": "Debate", "text": "Debate or debating is a method of argument. Disputes and conflicts may be settled by debate. It is a larger form of argument than logical argument, because in a debate, the debaters try to influence the feelings of the audience, in order to persuade them on a topic.\nThe subject or issue of the debate is the question on which the participants debate. An issue or debate always has two sides or positions. Informal debates like discussion are very common, but the quality of a debate improves with knowledge and skill of its participants as debaters.\nDeliberative bodies such as parliaments, legislative assemblies, and meetings of all sorts have debates. The winner of a debate may be decided by the audience's vote, by judges, or by both.\nFormal debates between candidates for an elected office are common in places where leaders of countries are chosen by the people. The most well-known of these debates are between candidates for the President and Vice President of the United States, and leaders debates between leaders of parties in Parliament in countries like Great Britain and Canada."}
+{"id": "47026", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47026", "title": "Alternative", "text": "In natural language and in cognitive decision-making, alternative is one of two things/(abstract or real objects)/actions which can be chosen. From a specific perspective/(point of view)/goal, alternatives are always equivalent.\nIn logic and mathematics, alternative is the element of logical disjunction. \nIn different contexts alternative (or \"Alternativism\") may refer to :"}
+{"id": "47027", "revid": "93861", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47027", "title": "Momofuku Ando", "text": ", born W\u00fa B\u01ceif\u00fa (\u5433\u767e\u798f) in Taiwanese (5 March 1910 - 5 January 2007) was the founder and chairman of Nissin Food Products Co., Ltd., and the inventor of the modern instant noodle, ramen.\nAndo was born to Taiwanese parents in Kagi (currently Chiayi), Taiwan and grew up an orphan in Tainan City. In 1948, Momofuku Ando founded what was to become Nissin in Ikeda, Osaka, Japan. It was a small family-run company at first.\nOn August 25, 1958, at the age of 48, and after months of trial and error experimentation, Ando announced that he had finally perfected his flash-frying method and therefore invented the instant noodle. Called Chikin Ramen, after the original flavour, it was originally considered a luxury food item as it cost around six times that of traditional non-instant udon and soba noodles. Ando began sales of the Cup noodles on September 18, 1971. As prices dropped, ramen soon became a booming business. An estimated 70 billion servings were sold in 2004.\nIn 1964, looking for a way to promote the instant noodle industry, Ando founded the Instant Food Industry Association which set guidelines for fair competition and product quality, introducing several industry standards such as the inclusion of production dates on packaging and the \"fill to\" line. The Momofuku Ando Instant Ramen Museum is named after Ando.\nAndo was also the chairman of the International Ramen Manufacturers\u2019 Association. He died on January 5, 2007 of heart failure in Osaka Prefecture at the age of 96."}
+{"id": "47029", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47029", "title": "Disjunction", "text": "Disjunction can refer to several things.\nIn logic, it can mean:\nIn biology, it can mean:"}
+{"id": "47030", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47030", "title": "Muslim dress", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47033", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47033", "title": "Demon", "text": "A demon (or daemon, daimon, , i.e. evil spirit), also known as an angel of darkness or a dark angel, is a supernatural malevolent being in many world religions. The word 'demon' has different meanings all over the world, but often there is the idea that they are spirits that lived in a place, or went with a person. The word is also used for a type of computer program that does useful things in the background of a computer, but this use is not related to the religious meaning.\nIn religion, folklore, and mythology.\nA demon is usually thought to be a supernatural creature that is an evil spirit. Demons are often described as being summoned by someone, and then either being sent to do works of evil, or to create chaos. \"To demonize\" means to make someone appear evil.\nIn a few writings, there are also good demons, for example in stories by James Clerk Maxwell, Hesiod and Shakespeare. In Indo-European mythology and traditions of Iranian Avestan and Vedic, the idea of \"demons\" was there for many years. Ancient Egyptians thought of demons as \"monsters\" that ate souls of people when they went to the afterlife. In ancient Greek mythology, there are also \"daemons\" but they were thought to be invisible protectors that they believed protected them. In the book \"Northern Lights\" by Philip Pullman, a daemon is said to be a creature that everyone has as part of the body. So if it is far away from someone, that person would feel hurt.\n\"Monotheistic\" religions (that say there is one God) usually teach that demons are rebels and under God at all times. The English poet John Milton describes Satan as rebelling against God but losing, and being allowed to survive only by God's grace. In some \"polytheistic\" religions, demons are equal to gods. In Hinduism, the demon-goddess Kali represents destruction and thus from a human standpoint is \"bad\".\nWestern belief.\nThe \"grimoire\" (medieval book about magical beliefs) called \"Ars Goetia\", writes about 72 demons that a king has called and put in a bronze container sealed by magical symbols. The demons had to do whatever the king said. This book is all about spirits and demons, good and evil, that were called by magic.\nIn Western thought, demons are spirits who do evil things. They are not similar to humans. Rather they are like angels, but doing harm. Pagan gods, like the Norse Gods are often thought to be demons in reality.\nChristians believe that demons were angels that went bad. They fought against God, who won the battle with Michael (see Book of Revelation chapter 12) God sent the bad demons into a prison called Hell and they could not see God now for the punishment. Those demons are called the fallen angels.\nWestern beliefs about demons come from the Bible. The Bible does not mention the origin of demons. The idea that demons are fallen angels comes mostly from Augustine of Hippo.\nMiddle Eastern belief.\nIn Middle Eastern beliefs, demons are often thought to have lived before humans, and they are often similar to humans. When humans appeared, the demons vanished under the earth or hide into dark and desolate places. In Turkey, Armenia, Iran and Albania they are called \"div\". In Syria, Arabian Peninsula, and Egypt, they are called \"ifrit\" or \"marid\". In Islamic cultures, there are also djinn, who are similar to demons, but not necessarily evil.\nThe notion of demons derive from Zoroastrianism, an ancient Iranian religion. They called the demons \"deva\". Zorastrians believed that the Hindu deities (deva) were evil and caused injustice among humans. Therefore, they believed the deva are evil. Jews back when believed these deva were real, but the demons of their own religion.\nIn the Greek New Testament and Hebrew Old Testament, demons are said to be bad. In Hebrew, demons are called \"\". In other Hebrew writings, they do not come from heaven, but came from another world and made much troubles. They gave diseases too. And they have a prince who is not God, but a demon. Sometimes this prince is thought to be Samael.\nThe \"deva\" were called \"div\" by Muslims. Unlike the djinns, div were not created to choose and have no free-will. Muslim scholars could only speculate about their origin. Some think they have been created by God, even before the djinns, others thought they are created a company for Satan.\nIn Islam, \"djinns\" are creatures that cannot be seen by people most of the time, made of fire by God (Allah), with special powers to help and harm people. \"Djinns\", like humans, have free will and must choose to serve and obey God (Allah). Like demons, djinns can possess people, but they are not only evil.\nEastern Belief.\nIn Hinduism, demons are called \"asuras\". \"Patala\" is thought to be an underground place below the Earth, where humans live. \"Asura\" means supernatural beings that were good or bad. People who do evil and horrible things in their lives, by reincarnation, will turn into evil, ghost spirits called \"Vetalas, Pisand hachas, Bh\u016btas\". The most evil people reincarnate in hell as demons. In Japanese folklore, there are malevolent spirits called \"oni\" (\u9b3c), a Japanese word translatable as \"demon\" in English.\nNative American Belief.\nIn the traditional religion and folklore from the Native Americans in the United States and the Canada's First Nations, the Wendigo, a mythological monster believed to have a grotesque appearance and only eat human flesh, is widely considered to be a demon.\nAge and \"InuYasha\".\nIn \"InuYasha\", a fictional manga, yokai (Japanese for supernatural creatures and translated demon in English) cannot die easily and they age more slowly than humans.\nComputers.\nA daemon is a type of program found in computers running operating systems based on Unix like Linux, BSD, and Mac OS X. (In Windows these programs are usually called \"services\" instead.) It usually starts when the computer starts, and does useful things. Some daemons start other programs after waiting until a certain time of day, or wait for you to ask for a file from another computer. The term is a reference to Maxwell's Demon, not religion."}
+{"id": "47034", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47034", "title": "Colombo Central Bank bombing", "text": "The Central Bank bombing was one of the deadliest terrorist attacks of the civil war in Sri Lanka between the government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam.\nThe attack happened on January 31, 1996, in Colombo, the capital city of Sri Lanka. A truck with about 440 pounds (200\u00a0kg) of high explosives crashed through the main gate of the Central Bank, a seaside building which managed most of the financial business of the country. As gunmen and security guards were shooting, the suicide bomber in the truck detonated the massive bomb, which badly damaged the bank and damaged eight other buildings nearby.\nThe explosion killed 90 people and injured 1,400 others. Most of these were ordinary citizens or civilians working in the small shops set up near the bank. This bombing was followed by the 1996 Dehiwala train bombing in July that killed 64 people.\nUntil 2006, the Central Bank bombing was the deadliest Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam terrorist bombing."}
+{"id": "47035", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47035", "title": "Ledger line", "text": "A ledger line is a short line used in musical notation to write notes which would otherwise be too high or too low to put on any of the five lines on the staff. A short line (slightly longer than the note) is drawn parallel to the lines on the staff, and the note head is placed on that line or in the space below or above it.\nNotes with at least three or four ledger lines are rarely used for composing and arranging. It is easier to change the clef or use the \u201c8va\u201d sign (called \"ottava\" sign), which means the notes should be played an octave higher or lower than it is written, depending on whether the sign is above or below the staff."}
+{"id": "47036", "revid": "1684484", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47036", "title": "Clef", "text": "A clef is a sign at the beginning of a staff of music which makes it possible for the player to work out what the notes are. The word \u201cclef\u201d is a French word meaning \u201ckey\u201d. The original Latin word is \u201cclavis\u201d. It is the \u201ckey\u201d to understanding which notes should be played.\nThe staff (or \u201cstave\u201d) consists of five lines across the page. The notes are placed on these lines and in these spaces. The staff is only large enough to cover one and a half octaves of music (a bit more with ledger lines). Therefore, different clefs are used for high music and for low music.\nTreble clef.\nThe treble clef is drawn by starting with a circle in the middle, then going up, round and straight down with a hook at the end. The second line of the staff (counting from the bottom) goes through the middle of the treble clef\u2019s circle. A note on this line is a G. This is why the treble clef is called a \u201cG clef\u201d.\nThe treble clef is used for high notes. The notes higher than Middle C can be written in the treble clef. In piano music the right hand is usually written in the treble clef. Music for instruments such as the violin, flute, oboe, recorder, trumpet and high singing voice are always written in the treble clef.\nAlto clef (Viola clef).\nThe alto clef is an example of a \u201cC clef\u201d. The middle of a C clef points to Middle C. In the alto clef Middle C is on the third line of the staff. Viola music is written in this clef, which is why it is also called the \u201cviola clef\u201d. Alto trombone players also need to be able to read the alto clef.\nTenor clef.\nThe tenor clef is another C clef. Middle C is on the fourth line up. Tenor trombone players need to be able to read the tenor clef. Cellists, Double bass players and bassoonists also need to read tenor clef when their music goes high.\nBass clef.\nThe bass clef is normally used for the left hand in piano music. Low instruments like the cello, double bass, and bassoon mostly read from the bass clef. It is an F clef because the two dots are on either side of the fourth line up which is an F below Middle C.\nChoice of clef.\nThe choice of clef used depends on the music. The music for a pianist\u2019s left hand may be written in the bass clef, and the right hand notes may be in the treble clef.\nIn choral music the sopranos and altos sing from the treble clef, the tenors usually sing from the treble clef but sounding an octave lower than written (shown by a small 8 below the clef), and the basses sing from the bass clef.\nfor low bass intoments.\nHow to learn three important clefs.\nAt the center of the image shown is middle C, at a frequency of 261.63 Hz. Other names for it are C4 or c'. It is located at the center line of the alto clef. But on the bass or alto clefs it resides one ledger below or above the staff, respectively. The two C notes that are above c' are shown to the left and right, on the bass and treble staffs. The three clefs are staggered so that all three middle Cs are aligned on a single horizontal line. <br> To facilitate the teaching of these clefs, the lines of the bass and treble clef are marked. A mnemonic for remembering GBDFA on the bass clef is \"good bikes don't fall apart\". For the treble clef, one can learn \"every good bird does fly\" for the lines marked EGBDF."}
+{"id": "47037", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47037", "title": "Tobin tax", "text": "A Tobin tax is a tax on all trade of currency across borders. \nThe first idea that it could be useful came from the economist James Tobin. The tax is meant to put a penalty on short-term speculation in currencies. The proposed tax rate would be low, between 0.1% to 0.25%. \nOn August 15, 1971, Richard Nixon told that it would no longer be possible to change the US dollar to gold, so ended the Bretton Woods system. Tobin suggested a new system for international currency stability, and proposed that such a system include a charge on foreign-exchange transactions. Professor Tobin later received a Nobel Prize in Economics in 1981.\nThe idea was nearly forgotten for more than 20 years. In 1997 Ignacio Ramonet, editor of \"Le Monde Diplomatique\", started the debate around the Tobin tax again with an editorial titled \"Disarming the markets\". Ramonet proposed to create an association for the introduction of this tax, which was named ATTAC (Association for the Taxation of financial Transactions for the Aid of Citizens). The tax has then become an issue of the antiglobalization movement and a matter of discussion not only behind academic institutions but even in the streets and in parliaments around the world, such as the UK and France. \nTobin tax projects in the world.\nSince one country acting alone would find it very difficult to introduce this tax, many argue it would be best done by an international institution. It has been proposed that having the United Nations manage a Tobin tax would solve this problem and would give the U.N. a large source of funding independent from donations by participating states. However, there have been initiatives of national dimension about the tax.\nThe Tobin tax idea was the subject of much discussion in Europe in the summer of 2001. On June 15, 2004, the Commission of Finance and Budget in the Belgian Federal Parliament approved a bill implementing the \"Spahn tax\" (a version of the Tobin tax proposed by Paul-Bernd Spahn). According to the legislation, Belgium will introduce the Tobin tax once all countries of the eurozone introduce a similar law."}
+{"id": "47039", "revid": "9884732", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47039", "title": "Penalty", "text": "A penalty is most often a punishment, and may also mean:"}
+{"id": "47040", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47040", "title": "Kagome", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47041", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47041", "title": "Visoko", "text": "Visoko is historic town in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It has 17000 residents. Visoko is on the rivers Bosna and Fojnica. \nVisoko was the capital of medieval Bosnia in early years of the country. From this time, the most important places are old town Visoki on Viso\u010dica hill, the trade center Podvisoki, Mile - the place where the kings were crowned and Mo\u0161tre where the Bosnian church university was. \nIn 1463, the Ottomans conquered Bosnia. Ajas-beg is founder of modern Visoko. He built mosques, trade shops and other things."}
+{"id": "47042", "revid": "9339944", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47042", "title": "Speculation", "text": "Speculation has a special meaning when talking about money. The person who speculates is called a speculator. A speculator does not buy goods to own them, but to sell them later. The reason is that he wants to make a profit from the change in price. \nOne tries to buy the goods when they are cheap and to sell them when they are expensive. There is a good chance to profit as long as the market price changes often in different directions.\nSpeculation includes the buying, holding, selling, and short-selling of stocks, bonds, commodities, currencies, collectibles, real estate, derivatives or any investment. It is the opposite of buying because one wants to use them for daily life or to get income from them (as dividends or interest). \nSpeculation is one of the biggest market roles in western financial markets. The others are hedging, long term investing and arbitrage. Speculators do not plan to keep an asset for a long time."}
+{"id": "47045", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47045", "title": "Quarterback", "text": "A quarterback (QB) is a position in American and Canadian football. Quarterbacks are members of the offense, or attacking team. They line up directly behind the center, in the middle of the offensive team's line. A quarterback is usually the leader, and starts most plays. In addition, the quarterback gives commands to the other players before the start of a play. A quarterback will in most attacking plays throw the ball to a member of their team, ready to run to the end of the pitch. Quarterbacks may also run the ball themselves, as well as hand the ball to a runningback. These players are usually the faces of their respective teams. Some very notable players at this position in history are Tom Brady, Jim Kelly, and Peyton Manning.\nSpecial tactics.\nIf quarterbacks don't like the formation the defense is using, they may use an audible. An audible is a way for the quarterback to change the play at the line of scrimmage (where players line up to start a play). He changes what the play will be by shouting out things that his teammates will understand. An audible may be called if the quarterback sees how the defensive players are lined up and does not think that the play that has been called would be good against how the defense is lined up."}
+{"id": "47046", "revid": "1667226", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47046", "title": "Arrest", "text": "An arrest is when a person's liberty is removed by taking them into jail or the police station (custody). This is usually done after an investigation of a crime or in stopping a crime from taking place. The term comes from Anglo-Norman. It is related to the French word \"arr\u00eat\", which means \"stop\".\nPolice and some other organizations are allowed to arrest people. In many places, normal people can arrest others (a \"citizen's arrest\"). For example, in England and Wales, a citizen's arrest can be made on someone who has committed a serious crime, though there are rules as to when and how this can be done.\nWhere the word comes from.\nThe word \"arrest\" comes from Anglo-Norman. It is taken from the French word \"arr\u00eat\". Arr\u00eat means 'to stop or stay'. There are many slang terms for being arrested in different countries. In British slang, the term \"nicked\" is often used to mean \"arrested\", and \"nick\" can also mean a police station. In the United States and France, \"collared\" is sometimes used. The term \"lifted\" is also used.\nThe way arrest is done.\nUnited States.\nWhen there is a good reason to think someone has committed a serious crime, the police usually handcuff an arrested person. The person will be taken to a police station or jail. There, they are subject to a booking process and they can be bailed or have their charge read out to them and asked how they plead. This is called an arraignment.\nIndia.\nIndian law says that arrests do not need to be formal. The arrest can be made by a normal citizen, a police officer or a Magistrate. The police officer needs to tell the person who is being arrested what they did wrong and that they can be let go on bail if the crime allows people to be bailed.\nWarnings.\nUnited States.\nA Miranda warning is only needed when a person has already been arrested is being questioned. This warning tells the person who has been arrested that they can be silent, can have a counsel with them, and warns them that whatever they say can be used against them. Police also must tell the person who has been arrested about their Miranda Rights.\nUnited Kingdom.\nIn the United Kingdom a person must be told that they are under arrest. They must also be told, in simple language that they can understand, the reasons for their arrest. A person must be 'cautioned' when they are arrested unless this can not be done, for example if the person being arrested is being violent or is drunk. The caution given in England and Wales is: You do not have to say anything, but it may harm your defence if you do not mention when questioned something which you later rely on in court. Anything you do say may be given in evidence.\nThis exact wording is not needed as long as the same information is given."}
+{"id": "47048", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47048", "title": "Oehlen", "text": "People with the name Oehlen:"}
+{"id": "47050", "revid": "9201184", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47050", "title": "Jos Oehlen", "text": "Jos Oehlen (born March 12, 1953 in Tegelen) is a Dutch sculptor.\nJos Oehlen studied at the Academy of Tilburg and the \"Rijksakademie voor Beeldende Kunsten te Amsterdam.\" Most of his sculptures are done in bronze but he has also created some sculptures in granite and marble. His most recent large sculpture is \"The Pelican\" in Uny, Hungary."}
+{"id": "47053", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47053", "title": "James Tobin", "text": "James Tobin (March 5, 1918 \u2013 March 11, 2002) was an American economist. Outside academia, Tobin became widely known for his suggestion of a tax on foreign exchange transactions, now known as the \"Tobin tax\". This was designed to reduce speculation on currency markets, which he saw as unproductive. He also suggested that the money gained from the tax could be used to fund projects for the benefit of Third World countries, or to support the United Nations.\nTobin's academic work included pioneering contributions to the study of investment, monetary and fiscal policy and financial markets. He promoted and developed the ideas of Keynesian economics. He believed that governments should intervene in the economy in order to stabilise output and avoid recessions."}
+{"id": "47055", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47055", "title": "Bretton Woods system", "text": "The Bretton Woods system was the first system used to control the value of money between different countries. It meant that each country had to have a monetary policy that kept the exchange rate of its currency within a fixed value\u2014plus or minus 1%\u2014in terms of gold.\nThe International Monetary Fund (IMF) was created to fight against temporary imbalances of payments. The Bretton Woods system was the first monetary order that organized monetary relations among independent nation-states. It set out the rules for commercial and financial relations among the world's major industrial states.\nPlans to rebuild the international economic system after the end of World War II started before the war ended. 730 delegates from all 44 Allies of World War II came to Bretton Woods, New Hampshire for the \"United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference\". The delegates discussed and then signed the Bretton Woods Agreements during the first three weeks of July 1944.\nThe planners at Bretton Woods set up a system of rules, institutions, and procedures to regulate the international monetary system. They started the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (now one of five institutions in the World Bank Group) and the \"International Monetary Fund\" . These organizations became active in 1946 after enough countries had ratified the agreement.\nUntil the early 1970s, the Bretton Woods system worked. It controlled conflict and achieved the common goals of the leading states that had created it, especially the United States. But in 1971, In the face of increasing strain, the United States decided not to allow the conversion of dollars to gold and the system collapsed."}
+{"id": "47056", "revid": "10316941", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47056", "title": "Sunflowers Interactive Entertainment Software", "text": "Sunflowers Interactive Entertainment Software was a German company that developed and published video games. It was located in Heusenstamm, Germany. It was founded in 1993 by Adi Boiko and Wilhelm Hamrozi. Boiko was president of the company and Hamrozi was chief executive officer (CEO). The company was known for the Anno series (also by Max Design), Knights of Honor (by Black Sea Studios) and ParaWorld (by SEK). In 2007 the founders sold the company including all trademarks to Ubisoft.\nList of games.\nThe following is a list of games that have been created or published by Sunflowers:"}
+{"id": "47057", "revid": "1338345", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47057", "title": "Conversion", "text": "In general, conversion is the transformation of one thing into another. Articles on particular kinds of conversion are:"}
+{"id": "47058", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47058", "title": "Anti-globalization movement", "text": "Anti-globalization is used for people and groups who oppose certain aspects of globalization in its present form.\n\u201cAnti-globalization\u201d is considered by many to be a social movement, while others consider it to be several separate social movements. In either case, participants are united in opposition to the political power of large corporations, as exercised in trade agreements and elsewhere, which they say destroys the environment, human rights, labor rights for worker, national sovereignty, the third world, and more. \nMost people who are called \"anti-globalization\" prefer instead to describe themselves as the Global Justice Movement, the Movement of Movements (a popular term in Italy), the \"alter-globalization\" movement (popular in France), and a number of other terms.\nThe groups and individuals that would come to be known as the \"anti-globalization movement\" developed in the late twentieth century to combat the globalization of corporate economic activity and the free trade with developing nations that might result from such activity."}
+{"id": "47059", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47059", "title": "Simon Peyton Jones", "text": "Simon Peyton Jones (1958-) born in South Africa and is a British computer scientist. He does research on (lazy) functional programming languages, such as Haskell. He works at Microsoft Research in Cambridge, England. He is married to Dorothy, a priest in the Church of England. They have six children.\nSimon Peyton Jones, Simon Marlow and others have developed the Glasgow Haskell Compiler, a compiler for Haskell.\nHe has also worked on C--.\nHe was elected a member of the Academia Europaea in 2011."}
+{"id": "47061", "revid": "527152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47061", "title": "Zambezi River", "text": "The Zambezi River is the fourth largest river in Africa. It is also the largest river that enters the Indian Ocean. It starts in Zambia, flows successively through Angola, Zambia again, borders Namibia, Botswana and Zimbabwe, through Mozambique where it enters the ocean. Much more water flows during the rainy season, October through March.\nThe Victoria Falls, the most beautiful sight on the river, is listed as one of the UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The Kariba Dam on the Zambezi is a major source of hydroelectricity"}
+{"id": "47067", "revid": "7138178", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47067", "title": "Truth value", "text": "In logic, the truth value of a logical statement says how much it is true. Usually, the truth value can only be \"true\" or \"false\". For example, \"The car is red\" is true when the car is red, and false when it is not. The \"true\" truth value is often written as formula_1, T or 1, and the \"false\" truth value as formula_2, F or 0. The truth value of a complex statement can be found using a chart called truth table.\nIn multi-valued logics, the truth value can be other values as well. For example, one could use a value between 0 and 1 to say how much it is true. Zero would mean that it is completely false, and one would mean that it is completely true. When the car is orange (and we define orange as half red, half yellow), the truth value could be 0.5 because the statement is half true and half false. it is also used in critical thinking."}
+{"id": "47068", "revid": "10489039", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47068", "title": "Charitable organization", "text": "A charitable organization is an organization that supports a cause by fundraising or through donations and charity. The organizations arrange for all the distribution of any money to each cause.\nThere are many well-known charities all over the world. Two of the most well-known charities are UNICEF and the Red Cross.\nIn England the National Council for Voluntary Organisations is the umbrella body for charities and not-for profit organizations. In Wales there is the Wales Council for Voluntary Action. In Scotland there is, the Scottish Council for Voluntary Organisations. In Northern Ireland there is the Northern Ireland Council for Voluntary Action."}
+{"id": "47071", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47071", "title": "Catalysts", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47082", "revid": "873387", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47082", "title": "Southwest", "text": "Southwest is the direction halfway between south and west. It is the opposite of northeast."}
+{"id": "47084", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47084", "title": "Boris Yeltsin", "text": "Boris Nikolaevich Yeltsin (; ; February 1, 1931 \u2013 April 23, 2007) was the first President of Russia and the country's first elected leader. He served from 1991 to 1999.\nEarly life.\nYeltsin was born in a small village near the Ural Mountains on February 1, 1931. As a boy, he lost two fingers from his left hand after he and his friends played with grenades they had stolen from an army store. Yeltsin worked as a builder, then joined the Communist Party in 1961. He was the leader of the city of Sverdlovsk (now Yekaterinburg) during the 1970s. One of the things he did was demolish the building where Nicholas II and his family were shot.\nPolitical career.\nIn 1985, Mikhail Gorbachev made Yeltsin the leader of the city of Moscow. Yeltsin became one of the more liberal members of Gorbachev's government, and he often complained that Gorbachev's reforms were not doing enough. Eventually, in 1987, he had an argument with Gorbachev and ended up being kicked out. Yeltsin then became determined to get revenge. After Russia's elections in 1989, Yeltsin became leader of the Russian Parliament. It was his idea to create the office of President of Russia in the first place.\nPresident of Russia.\nYeltsin became the first elected leader of Russia in 1991. He won 57% of the vote. Two months later, Yeltsin became a hero across Russia when he helped stop an attack on the government in Moscow. Later that year, the Soviet Union collapsed as Russia and all 14 other divisions made themselves independent. Yeltsin won support from the United States and Europe when he promised to bring capitalism and democracy to Russia, but the 1990s were difficult times for Russia and Yeltsin was an unpopular leader while President.\nIn 1993, the Russian Parliament tried to remove Yeltsin from power after he tried to hold early elections. The problem got so bad that Yeltsin ended up using tanks to attack the Russian Parliament building. After he stopped Parliament, Yeltsin ruled as a dictator for a few months until a new constitution was approved by voters.\nThroughout the rest of his time as president, Russia would be affected by many money problems, including inflation and corruption. Yeltsin decided to sell off many things the government had owned, such as oil and natural gas, and many government businesses, but these ended up falling into the hands of a small powerful group of billionaires, who became known as the oligarchs. In 1998, Russia suffered a large financial crisis. Yeltsin also started a war to stop the Chechnya part of Russia from breaking away. However, Vladimir Putin was mainly behind the war with Chechnya.\nDespite these problems, Yeltsin was re-elected in 1996. His biggest opponent was a Communist, Gennady Zyuganov. Many Russians felt that if Zyuganov was elected, it would cause a civil war. But by the time he resigned on New Year's Eve in 1999, Yeltsin was so unpopular, that his approval rating was believed to be just 2%.\nLater career.\nYeltsin resigned as President on New Year's Eve in 1999 in that New Year's address, saying he believed Russia should have \"new politicians for a new millennium\". Yeltsin's Prime Minister Vladimir Putin took over as president. This was only temporary, but Putin was then properly elected a few months later when an election was held to decide who should replace Yeltsin.\nPersonal life.\nYeltsin struggled with alcoholism while President. This often resulted in some strange behaviour when he visited other countries. During a visit to Berlin, he grabbed a stick and tried to conduct a military band. During a visit to Washington, he was found drunk outside the White House by members of the Secret Service. He also suffered from heart attacks.\nDeath.\nYeltsin died of cardiac arrest caused by congestive heart and multiple organ failure on April 23, 2007 in Moscow, Russia, aged 76. His funeral was held on April 25, 2007."}
+{"id": "47097", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47097", "title": "Treasurer", "text": "A treasurer is someone who looks after the money in a club, company, organization, association, or government. \nThe treasurer of a government manages the Annual Budget of a state or country. The budget is used to give money to government departments and to pay for the debts or promises the government makes. This post is called Chancellor of the Exchequer in the United Kingdom. There is a treasurer of the United States, but the United States Secretary of the Treasury actually controls the department."}
+{"id": "47098", "revid": "9106975", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47098", "title": "SAS", "text": "SAS can be:"}
+{"id": "47104", "revid": "10194049", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47104", "title": "Yorkshire", "text": "Yorkshire is a county in England. In general speaking, its name is still used. \nIt covers a large area of the Pennines and its East coast borders the North Sea. The River Humber separates Yorkshire from Lincolnshire & Southern England, while the River Tees and Pennines mountain range separates Yorkshire from County Durham, Lancashire and the North of England.\nMain places.\nThe main towns and cities of Yorkshire are Leeds, York, Sheffield, Bradford, Middlesbrough, and Hull. It is the largest county in the United Kingdom. It covered just under with a population of over 5.7 million people. Not all Sheffield is in Yorkshire.\nHistory.\nYorkshire is split up into three parts known as the East, North, and West Ridings during and after the 7th century Norse settlement, while the county town York is in the middle. In the local government reorganization of England in 1974 the council areas of West Yorkshire, North Yorkshire, South Yorkshire were established but did not replace Yorkshire, or its Ridings. Humberside Council included the former East Riding and Cleveland included part of the former North Riding.\nRome.\nThe Roman emperor, Constantine the Great, was crowned in the city of Eboracum, modern day York."}
+{"id": "47105", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47105", "title": "Pixel", "text": "A pixel (short for picture element) is a single point in a picture. On the monitor of a computer, a pixel is usually a square. Every pixel has a color and all the pixels together are the picture. The color of a pixel can be stored by using a combination of red, green and blue (RGB) but other combinations are also possible, such as cyan, magenta, yellow and black (CMYK).\nThe word \"pixel\".\nThe word \"pixel\" was first used in a paper by Frederic C. Billingsley in 1965. He did not create the word himself. He got it from Keith E. McFarland but Keith does not know where he got it from. Keith said that the word was in use in those days.\nThe word \"pixel\" uses \"pix\" as a shorter word (an abbreviation) for \"picture\". The word pix was first used in 1932 in Variety, a magazine. It was an abbreviation for \"pictures\" or movies. By 1938 the word \"pix\" was also used for pictures that did not move (still pictures).\nThe word \"picture element\" is even older. For example, the German word \"Bildpunkt\" (which means \"picture point\") was used in a 1888 patent of Paul Gottlieb Nipkow."}
+{"id": "47107", "revid": "10079672", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47107", "title": "Olomouc", "text": "Olomouc is the sixth largest city in the Czech Republic. It is in the center of the historical region Moravia. In the past, Olomouc was a capital city of Moravia. The city has about 102,000 residents. Its larger urban zone has a population of about 480,000 people.\nThere are many churches and historical buildings. There is beautiful \"Holy Trinity Column\" in the centre. UNESCO has this column on the list of World Heritage Sites. There is a nice astronomical clock.\nIts university is the oldest in Moravia and second oldest in the Czech Republic. The university was founded in 1573 as part of effort to reestablish Roman Catholicism in the country. Roughly nine out of ten people of the Czech Crown lands were Protestants at the time. "}
+{"id": "47109", "revid": "8674356", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47109", "title": "Astronomical clock", "text": "An astronomical clock is a clock with special mechanisms and dials to display astronomical information. It shows the relative positions of the sun, moon, zodiacal constellations, and sometimes major planets. Some examples are large public clocks, but others are instruments for use inside buildings. Astronomical watches are made by several manufacturers. They are also extremely accurate.\nThe clocks made in the Middle Ages used the geocentric method, showing the Earth at the centre. The Sun rotates round the Earth: this accords with daily experience and with the world view of pre-Copernican Europe.\nThe idea of an astronomical clock is ancient. Although not a clock in the traditional sense, the 2nd century BCE Antikythera mechanism of ancient Greece was used to calculate the positions of the sun, moon, and stars at any given point by use of complex mechanical gears. European astronomical clocks are probably descended from the technology of the Antikythera mechanism. As Cicero later wrote in the 1st century BCE, Archimedes and Posidonius's orrery achieved virtually the same thing."}
+{"id": "47110", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47110", "title": "Hereditary disease", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47111", "revid": "1343687", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47111", "title": "Theobroma", "text": "Theobroma is a genus. There are about 20 species in it. They are small trees, native to the forests of Central and South America. The name translates to \"food of the gods\".\nTheir family is given as Sterculiaceae or sometimes as Malvaceae.\nSome of these trees have edible seeds. Best known are perhaps the Cacao tree, the source of cocoa and chocolate. Other well-known trees are Cupua\u00e7u, and Mocambo. \n\"Theobroma\" species are used as food plants by the larvae of some moths of the genus \"Endoclita\" including \"E. chalybeatus\", \"E. damor\", \"E. hosei\" and \"E. sericeus\". The larva of another moth, \"Hypercompe muzina\", feeds exclusively on \"Theobroma cacao\"."}
+{"id": "47112", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47112", "title": "Cupua\u00e7u", "text": "Cupua\u00e7u (\"Theobroma grandiflorum\"), also spelled Cupuassu and Copoasu, is a tropical rainforest tree related to Cacao. Common throughout the Amazon basin, it is widely cultivated in the north of Brazil. The largest production occurs in Par\u00e1, followed by Amazonas, Rond\u00f4nia and Acre.\nCupua\u00e7u trees usually are between 5 and 15 meters (16 to 50 feet) tall. Some trees can reach 20 meters (65\u00a0feet). They have brown bark. Their leaves are 25\u201335\u00a0cm (10\u201314\u00a0in) long and 6\u201310\u00a0cm (2\u20134\u00a0in) across. These leaves have 9 or 10 pairs of veins. As they mature, their leaves change colour from pink-tinted to green. Eventually they begin bearing fruit. Cupua\u00e7u fruits are oblong, brown, and fuzzy, 20\u00a0cm (8\u00a0in) long, 1\u20132\u00a0kg (2\u20134\u00a0lb) in weight, and covered with a thick (4\u20137\u00a0mm), hard exocarp.\nThe white pulp of the cupua\u00e7u is uniquely fragrant. It contains theacrine (1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid) instead of the xanthines (caffeine, theobromine, and theophylline) found in cacao. Cupua\u00e7u can replace cocoa in many day-to-day foods, especially for children, such as chocolate milk. It is frequently used in desserts, juices and sweets. Cupua\u00e7u seeds can be made into cupulate, which looks and tastes just like chocolate but is cheaper and more resistant to heat. Asahi Foods, a Japanese company, once tried to patent the production and use of Cupua\u00e7u seed fat, but they failed.\nThe wood is also commonly used for timber."}
+{"id": "47113", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47113", "title": "Theobroma grandiflorum", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47114", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47114", "title": "Cupuassu", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47115", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47115", "title": "Copoasu", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47117", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47117", "title": "Heriditary disease", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47119", "revid": "1101429", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47119", "title": "Linear search", "text": "Linear search or sequential search is a method to find an item in a list. It is a search algorithm.\nAlgorithm.\nStart out with a list, codice_1 which may have the item that we want to look for.\nImplementation.\nIn the Java programming language, linear search looks like this. This method has two parameters: an array of integers and the item we are looking for (also an integer). It says the location in the array if it finds the item. If it does not find it, it says -1.\npublic int linearSearch(int[] list, int item) {\n for (int i = 0; i < list.length; i++) {\n if (list[i] == item) {\n return i;\n return -1;\nImplementing a linear search in .NET (C#) would look like this:\nstatic int LinearSearch(int[] list, int item)\n for (int i = 0; i < list.ToString().Length; i++)\n if (list[i] == item)\n return i;\n return -1;\nvar searchContext = new[]\n 1,\n 2,\n 3\nvar example = LinearSearch(searchContext, 3);\nConsole.Write($\"What you've searched for has returned '{searchContext[example]}'\");\nConsole.Write($\", at list index {example}.\");"}
+{"id": "47120", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47120", "title": "Ros\u00e9 wine", "text": "Ros\u00e9 wine is a kind of wine. It is made from red grapes by letting the juice have only very short skin contact. All colour and tannins come from the skin of the grape."}
+{"id": "47121", "revid": "7295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47121", "title": "Sequential search", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47122", "revid": "373511", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47122", "title": "Array data structure", "text": "In programming languages, an array is a way of storing several items (such as integers).\nThese items must have the same type (only integers, only strings,\u00a0...) because an array can not store different kinds of items.\nEvery item in an array has a number so the programmer can get the item by using that number.\nThis number is called the \"index\".\nIn most programming languages, the first item has index\u00a00, the second item has index\u00a01 and so on.\nWhen the programmer creates an array, they must give the size of the array.\nThis is the number of items that can be stored in the array.\nIf the programmer wants to store more items, then they must create a new array.\nThis is because the size of an array can not be changed.\nArrays in C.\nIn the programming language C, arrays can be created like this:\nint array[5];\nThis creates an array of integers and it can store 5 integers.\nThe programmer can now store integers in the array by doing:\narray[0] = 1;\narray[1] = 18;\narray[2] = 5;\narray[3] = 33;\narray[4] = 50;\nThe programmer can use a value in the array like this:\nint k = 3 + array[3]; // k is now 3 + 33 = 36\nArrays in Java.\nIn the programming language Java, arrays can be created like this:\nint[] array = new int[5];\nThis creates an array of integers and it can store 5 integers.\nThe programmer can now store integers in the array by doing:\narray[0] = 1;\narray[1] = 18;\narray[2] = 5;\narray[3] = 33;\narray[4] = 50;\nThe programmer can use a value in the array like this:\nint k = 3 + array[3]; // k is now 3 + 33 = 36"}
+{"id": "47123", "revid": "9935485", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47123", "title": "Tierce de Picardie", "text": "In music a Tierce de Picardie (meaning \"Picardy third\") is a major chord at the end of a piece of music in a minor key.\nIn the 16th to 17th centuries this was a very common way to end a piece in a minor key. This is because music in the minor sounds melancholy or disturbed in comparison to the major because the third note of the scale is flattened (lowered by a semitone). In the harmonic series this minor third is the 7th harmonic which sounds dissonant against the fundamental (first note of the scale). This means that ending in the major gives a sense of relief after the tension of the minor. In a piece in A minor, for example, where the third note of the scale is C natural, in a Tierce de Picardie the final chord will include a C sharp, changing the chord from A minor to A major.\nThe term was introduced in 1767 by Rousseau in his \"Dictionnaire de musique\" (Dictionary of Music). \u201cTierce\u201d means \u201cthird\u201d, but no one knows why he called it \u201cPicardie\u201d (Picardy is an area in the north of France).\nAs the hymn tune Picardy is attributed to a 17th century French carol, and this tune traditionally ends with a Tierce de Picardy, this might be the origin.\nJohann Sebastian Bach used it fairly often in his music. The first movement of the \"Concerto for Two Violins and Orchestra\" is a good example. In his \"Fantasia and Fugue in G minor BWV542\" the fugue ends with a Tierce de Picardie and, in some editions, the Fantasie as well. It is possible that Bach would have finished the Fantasie with a major chord only if he was playing it on its own (without the fugue), but we cannot be sure of this. Another good example of the Tierce de Picardie is the end of Cantata No. 82 \"Ich Habe Genug\", which is extremely effective. Another famous piece that ends in a Tierce de Picardie is Greensleeves."}
+{"id": "47125", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47125", "title": "Picardy third", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47126", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47126", "title": "Rose wine", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47128", "revid": "9819743", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47128", "title": "Jean-Jacques Rousseau", "text": "Jean-Jacques Rousseau, (28 June 1712 \u2013 2 July 1778) was a famous French-speaking philosopher. He was born in Geneva, Switzerland and always described himself as being Genevan.\nEarly life.\nRousseau lived in the 18th century during the Age of Enlightenment. His political ideology influenced the French Revolution and aided the development of nationalism and socialist theories. \nCareer.\nRousseau was also a composer, writing numerous books about music theory. Rousseau authored \"Confessions\", an autobiography, one of the first of its kind. Many later philosophers were influenced by him. He wrote a novel \"Julie, ou la nouvelle H\u00e9lo\u00efse\", which was a best-seller and influenced 19th century writers of romanticism.\nRousseau believed that men were born good and innocent, and that corruption and sadness happened because of life experiences and experiences in society. He believed that if society were gone, man would be happy and pure once again.\nRousseau is most famous for his social contract ideology, which is often compared to the social contract of John Locke. This ideology is stated in Rousseau's book, \"The Social Contract.\""}
+{"id": "47131", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47131", "title": "Rousseau", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47132", "revid": "18539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47132", "title": "Harmonic series", "text": "Harmonic series may refer to:"}
+{"id": "47133", "revid": "1406168", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47133", "title": "Theodoric the Great", "text": "Theodoric the Great (454\u2013August 30, 526), known to the Romans as Flavius Theodoricus, was king of the Ostrogoths (488\u2013526), ruler of Italy (493\u2013526), and regent of the Visigoths (511\u2013526). He united several German tribes and encouraged Arianism. "}
+{"id": "47135", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47135", "title": "Pumpkin Studios", "text": "Pumpkin Studios was a video game studio founded in 1996 in Bath, England that is infamous for only developing a single game. Their game: \"Warzone 2100,\" is a real-time strategy game developed for PC and PlayStation. The game used many ideas that were new at the time such as machines that use radio waves to find other objects (radar technology) and machines that shoot objects (artillery). The game also used movies to tell the story to the player. These movies are called full motion videos, better known in the gaming community as cutscenes. Not much else is known about the company as they disbanded not long after their formation in March of 2000."}
+{"id": "47136", "revid": "1391867", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47136", "title": "Lublin", "text": "Lublin is a city in eastern Poland. It's in the Lublin Voivodeship. It has an area of 147.5 km2. About 354,000 people live in Lublin. It is the largest Polish city east of the Vistula River. The Bystrzyca river, a tributary of the Wieprz river, passes through the city and divides it into two parts: western, with a more varied relief with loess gorges, and eastern, which is flat. In the southern part of the city there is the artificial Zemborzyce Lake created by damming Bystrzyca. It is on the route between Vilnius and Krak\u00f3w.\nIt was started in the 6th or 7th century. City walls were built in the 1340s. The Lublin Parliament session of 1569 led to the union between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania which became the Polish\u2013Lithuanian Commonwealth. It was an important national centre of Arianism. it was ruined in the wars of the 17th century.\nThe National Museum, Lublin is now in the Lublin Castle which was started in the 12th century.\nThere are five public universities:\nLublin Airport (Port Lotniczy Lublin) (IATA: LUZ) is about 10 km (6.2 miles) SE of Lublin. Trains go from Lublin G\u0142\u00f3wny railway station to the major cities in Poland. There are local trains. It is one of only four towns in Poland to have trolleybuses."}
+{"id": "47138", "revid": "844779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47138", "title": "Real-time strategy", "text": "Real-time strategy (RTS) is a genre of computer and video games. In real-time strategy games, every player has an army to attack the other player(s). Every player has a military base and people or vehicles (these are called units). The player also has money to create new units or to build new buildings. These buildings can allow the player to do things, such as creating units or to use new technology. Usually, the player that destroys the base and the units of the other player(s) wins. In Esports, if the game has a time limit, the player with the higher points win.\nIn real-time strategy games, everything the player does, happens right away: there's no time between doing something (like telling a unit to move) and seeing it happen. This is different in turn-based strategy where the players take turns to do things. Under the RTS genre, there is a Real-Time Tactics sub-genre (battlefield focused). The \"Total War (video game series)\" is an example of RTT game.\nGod game vs. Simulation.\nMost RTSs are God game, that is, the player does not control a single member or unit while playing, but controls all aspects of the game: direct the units, their tactics, improvements and attacks, and direct the planning and Construction of the base, its improvements and the quantity of resources and production.\nWhile in simulation, the player controls a member of the faction, being a collector, soldier, spy, producer, diplomat or leader of the faction itself. Example is the in its \"Hunger Games\" mode."}
+{"id": "47140", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47140", "title": "Raw material", "text": "Raw materials are materials that have not been processed. They are in the form in which they are found in nature without any thing done to them. Raw materials are made into other things.\nRaw materials usually come from:\nExamples of raw materials:\nThings that are not raw materials because they have been processed"}
+{"id": "47141", "revid": "1572762", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47141", "title": "Pasta", "text": "Pasta is a food made from flour, starch and water. It is usually cooked in hot water before being eaten. Pasta has been very popular in Italy and has also been eaten in many parts of Asia for a long time.\nAccording to history, however, pasta's earliest roots begin in China, during the Shang Dynasty (1700-1100 BC), where some form of pasta was made with either wheat or rice flour. Pasta also appears to be a feature in the ancient Greek diet in the 1st millennium BC.\nPasta is often noodles. It is usually eaten in sauce, fried or in soup. Pasta is usually made from either wheat flour or rice flour, but it can be made with other types of flour. Pasta sometimes has eggs in it. Pasta comes in many different shapes and sizes.\nLong pasta is named noodles. it has different names for each width. the name also changes if the edge is wavy. \nShort pasta comes in many shapes, each with a different name. they are named after what they look like. one common example is \"bow-ties\"."}
+{"id": "47142", "revid": "314538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47142", "title": "Flour", "text": "Flour is grains that have been dried and ground into powder. It is usually made of wheat, but can also be made from many other grains, nuts and other substances. Flour is used to make many foods.\nUses.\nFlour is an important part of bread, pasta, cookies, cakes, and tortillas. Flour is made in a flour mill, where the grain is put between two stones or steel wheels which are rubbed together to make the grains into powder.\nTypes.\nThe main kinds of flour used in cooking are all-purpose flour, self-raising flour and cake flour. Self-raising flour contains a leavening agent. This makes the food rise (expand) during baking. It produces lighter and softer baked foods by creating small bubbles. Flour that does not have a leavening agent is called all-purpose flour, or plain flour.\nHomemade flour.\nSome people like to make flour at home because when flour comes from the factory, the outer shells of the grains have usually been removed. The outer shells have fiber, which people need to eat for good health. \nFlour has many nutrients that are good to eat. People can also make flour with things like pumpkins, pumpkin seeds, brown and white rice, and wheat.\nHistory.\nAround 6000 BC, humans discovered that wheat seeds could be crushed between simple millstones to make flour. \nThe Romans were the first to grind seeds on cone mills. Most mills were driven by wind (windmills) or water. Later, they were driven by steam. \nIn the 1930s, some flour began to be enriched with iron, niacin, thiamine and riboflavin. In the 1940s, mills started to enrich flour and folic acid was added to the list in the 1990s."}
+{"id": "47143", "revid": "314538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47143", "title": "Boston Tea Party", "text": "The Boston Tea Party was a protest by American colonists (called \"patriots\") against King George III's rule in colonial America. It happened on December 16, 1773. \nSpecifically, the Boston Tea Party was a protest against the British colonial government's Tea Act. This was one of several new taxes the British government had imposed on the American colonies. In protest, the colonists threw 342 chests of tea imported by a British company into Boston Harbor. \nTaxation without representation.\nBecause they had no one to speak for them in the British government, the colonists were paying taxes but had no part in how the government was run. They argued that there should be \"no taxation without representation\" - meaning they should not have to pay taxes when they did not have a representative in the government. \nThe taxes also reduced merchants' profits. Colonists began purchasing smuggled goods, which were much cheaper.\nEvents.\nOn the evening of December 16, 1773, several ships in Boston Harbor were holding tea imported from the British East India Company. Anyone who bought this tea would have to pay the new British tax. In protest, the Sons of Liberty, led by Samuel Adams, boarded the ships and dumped the boxes of tea into the harbor. They disguised themselves as Native Americans for the protest. \nReaction.\nThe British government was enraged. Parliament passed even stricter laws for the colonies, later called the Intolerable Acts. One of these laws, the Boston Port Act, closed Boston Harbor until the colonists paid for all the tea they dumped. Another, the Massachusetts Government Act, took away Boston's right to govern itself.\nThe Boston Tea Party was one of the main events that started the American Revolutionary War.\nDavid Kinnison (1764[?]-1852), who served briefly in the American Revolution, claimed to have been at the Boston Tea Party. However, he would have been only 9 years old at the time. "}
+{"id": "47144", "revid": "9876704", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47144", "title": "Cookie", "text": "A cookie is a sweet dessert made from flour. Cookies are made in an oven. They are also called biscuits in many English-speaking countries. In the United States and Canada, many varieties of biscuit are called cookies as well.\nDescription.\nMost cookies are flat and round like a disc. Cookies often have flavors added to them, like spices, chocolate, butter, peanut butter, nuts or dried fruits. Most cookies are very sweet. Today, many people think of cookies with warmth and love. Cookies may be used like chocolate and candy as a reward when children do good deeds.\nEven though it is close to cakes and other sweetened breads, cookies usually do not use water for cohesion. Water in cakes makes the base (in the case of cakes called \"batter\") as thin as possible, which allows the bubbles to form better. Cookies do not have bubbles, so they do not need this. In cookies, some form of oil or fat is used for cohesion. Oils, like butter, egg yolks, vegetable oils or lard are much more viscous than water and evaporate freely at a much higher temperature than water. So a cake made with butter or eggs instead of water is more dense when cooked.\nHistory.\nCookies were made in Ancient Greece around 1200 BC. Hard wafers have been made for as long as baking existed. They were very popular because they last a long time and are not fragile, but they were normally not sweet enough to be called cookies today.\nCookies were made at first in 7th century AD Persia, just after the use of sugar became common there. They spread to Europe through the Muslim conquest of Spain. By the 14th century, they were common in all parts of Europe, and could be found anywhere from royal cuisine to street vendors.\nPeople started to travel around the world at that time, and cookies made a good travel snack; a sweeter version of the travel cakes used throughout history. One of the most popular early cookies, which traveled very well and became known on every continent, was the jumble, a hard cookie made mostly from nuts, sweetener, and water.\nTypes.\nCommon types of cookies:"}
+{"id": "47145", "revid": "983938", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47145", "title": "Chocolate chip", "text": "Chocolate chips are small pieces of chocolate. They are used to make desserts, usually in baking. Chocolate chips are most common in cookies. Chocolate chips are also used in some cakes and other desserts.\nOrigin.\nChocolate chips were invented in 1937 when Ruth Graves Wakefield of the Toll House Inn added cut-up chunks of a semi-sweet Nestl\u00e9 chocolate bar to a cookie recipe. Lots of people liked the new cookies, and Wakefield made an agreement in 1939 with Nestl\u00e9 to put her recipe on the chocolate bar's packaging. In return, Nestl\u00e9 gave Wakefield a lifetime supply of chocolate. \nAt first, Nestl\u00e9 put a small chopping tool in the chocolate bar package. In 1941 Nestl\u00e9 and one or more other chocolate bar companies started selling the chocolate in chip (or \"morsel\") form. The Nestl\u00e9 brand Toll House cookies is named after Toll House Inn."}
+{"id": "47146", "revid": "9037157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47146", "title": "Encephalopathy", "text": "Encephalopathy means \"problem of the brain\". Most of the time, it is used by medical doctors, to speak about changed brains and thus changed thinking or changed behavior."}
+{"id": "47153", "revid": "1539758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47153", "title": "Guru Nanak Dev", "text": "Guru Nanak Dev (15 April 1469 \u2013 22 September 1539) was the founder of Sikhism and is regarded as its first Guru.\nLife.\nGuru Nanak was born in R\u0101i Bhoi D\u012b Talva\u1e47\u1e0d\u012b , in Punjab. This is now part of Pakistan. \nGuru Nanak came from a Hindu landowning family, with his father known as Mehta Kalu and his mother as Mata Tripta. When Guru Nanak was a child he refused the \"upanayana\" (holy thread) to initiate him into the Hindu religion. Later in his life he married Mata Sulakhani with whom he had two sons. They were called Sri Chand and Lakshmi Das. According to the Sikh religion, one day he was bathing in the river and god took him up to heaven. His family members were very worried as they had thought he died. After three days, he returned with the message of god. He gave up his job to spread the message on how to be a good person. \nGuru Nanak died in Kartarpur."}
+{"id": "47154", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47154", "title": "Guru Nanak Dev Ji", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47155", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47155", "title": "Nanak Dev", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47158", "revid": "7297", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47158", "title": "American War for Independence", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47159", "revid": "7297", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47159", "title": "Boston tea party", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47160", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47160", "title": "Seven Wonders of the Ancient World", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47162", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47162", "title": "Chocolate chips", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47163", "revid": "314538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47163", "title": "Etruscan civilization", "text": "The Etruscan civilization was a culture in ancient Italy that lasted from about 900 BC to 27 BC. The Etruscans ruled Rome until 396 BC.\nPeople living in this civilization called themselves \"Rasenna\". The Romans called the people \"Etrusci\" or \"Tusci\". The Ancient Greeks called them \"Tyrrhenoi\" or \"Tyrrsenoi\". \nThe Etruscan civilization began in pre-history. They lived in an area which included modern Tuscany, but was larger. At their height, they had three confederacies (like modern states): Etruria, Latinum and the Po Valley, and Campania. \nHistory.\nThe Etruscans mined metals like copper and iron. They became rich and powerful and travelled around the Mediterranean Sea. Politics was based on the small city and probably the family unit. \nIn their heyday, the Etruscan elite became rich by trade with the Celtic world to the north and the Greeks to the south, and filled their large family tombs with imported luxuries. \nThe Etruscans began to lose power in the 5th century BC, when the Roman Empire began conquering parts of Etruscan land. By the beginning of the 1st century BC, the Etruscans had been entirely defeated.\nLanguage.\nFamily.\nThe language is related to the Tyrrhenian language family. It is not clearly related to other languages. \nAlphabet.\nThe Etruscans used an alphabet similar to those in Phoenicia and Greece. The Romans used some Etruscan letters in the Latin alphabet, which many languages now use. Some Romans, such as the emperor Claudius, could read and speak Etruscan.\nLack of texts.\nOnly a few Etruscan writing samples survive, and most of those are tombstone engravings. Because there are so few Etruscan texts, historians do not know much about the Etruscan language. Information about their society and culture comes from Romans who wrote about them later.\nEtruscan does not survive in any great literary works, unlike Greek and Latin. However, there is proof that an Etruscan religious literature existed. Evidence suggests that there was a body of historical literature and drama as well. For example, historians know the name of an Estruscan playwright, Volnius, who wrote the \"Tuscan tragedies\".\u00a0\nAlthough there is no evidence of notation, it is possible that Etruscan music had a written form.\nCulture.\nEtruscan art included wall paintings, metalwork and sculpture in terracotta. Sculpture in cast bronze was famous and widely exported, but few large examples have survived because bronze was valuable and so was often recycled.\nAncient Greece had a huge influence on Etruscan art and architecture.\nReligion.\nEtruscan religion was a set of stories, beliefs, and practices that came from the preceding Iron Age Villanovan culture. It was heavily influenced by the mythology of ancient Greece and Phoenicia. The Etruscan religion also had similarities to Roman mythology and their religion. \nThe Etruscan civilization was assimilated into the Roman Republic in the 4th century BC. The Romans tended to absorb the local gods and customs of conquered lands. The Etruscan religion and mythology were partially absorbed."}
+{"id": "47164", "revid": "247072", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47164", "title": "Sea of Japan", "text": "The Sea of Japan is a sea in the western Pacific Ocean. It is bordered by Korea to the west, Russia to the north and Japan to the east and south.\nSouth Korea calls it the East Sea, while North Korea calls it the East Sea of Korea.\nGeography.\nThe Sea of Japan is a sea in the north-western edge of the Pacific Ocean. It is separated from the ocean by the Japanese Archipelago, including Sakhalin, Hokkaid\u014d and Honsh\u016b. It is surrounded by these islands and the Eurasian Continent. It covers 978,000 square km. The average depth is 1,667 meters. The depth of the deepest point is 3,742 meters. Five (or Six) narrow channels of water link the Sea of Japan and other seas: the Strait of Tartary and La P\u00e9rouse Strait with the Sea of Okhotsk; the Tsugaru Strait with the Pacific Ocean; the Kanmon Straits with the Seto Inland Sea; the Busan and Tsushima Strait with the East China Sea. \nThe Sea of Japan has a shallow area in its center, called the Yamato Bank. Water here is less than 1,000 meters deep. It has three major sea basins: the Yamato Basin in the southeast, the Japan Basin in the north, and the Tsushima Basin in the southwest. These three surround the Yamato Bank counterclockwise.\nThe structure of the Sea of Japan can be divided into two layers: the surface water layer is about 300 meters deep, and the deep sea layer is below this. Currents in the surface layer move in the counterclockwise direction. One of them is the Tsushima Current, which is a warm current from the Korean Straits to the north-east direction along the shore of the Japanese Archipelago and mainly considered to be the branch of the Kuroshio Current. The other is the Liman Current, which is a cold current from the Strait of Tartary to the south-west direction along the shore of the Eurasian continent.\nIn contrast to the surface water, the deep sea water does not move as much because the five straits in and out are narrow and shallow. The deep sea water of the Sea of Japan tends to stay longer in the bottom of the sea than other deep sea water. The deep sea water is about eighty percent of the water in this sea.\nName.\nThe International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) decided to call this area the \"Sea of Japan\" in 1929.\nSince 1992, South Korea has asked the world to use the names \"East Sea\" or \"Sea of Korea\" instead of \"Sea of Japan\".\nSouth Korea argues that this sea has been called \"East Sea\" since early times. It is also a Korean belief that the name \"East Sea\" was eliminated from maps of the world in the early 20th century while South Korea was under the rule of Japan.\nHowever, Japan says that the name \"Sea of Japan\" has been used more widely than \"East Sea\" in Europe and America since before the 18th century. Japan also argues that if there were no Japan, there would be no sea.\nNow, most international maps and documents use the name Sea of Japan only. However, in some cases, the name East Sea is included along with the name Sea of Japan."}
+{"id": "47165", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47165", "title": "Etruscan civilisation", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47167", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47167", "title": "Jean Jacques Rousseau", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47168", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47168", "title": "Gunter Grass", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47169", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47169", "title": "Gunther Grass", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47179", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47179", "title": "Natural environment", "text": "The Natural environment means all living and non-living things occurring naturally. It does not include human activity. The universe is natural, but often the term \"natural environment\" only means nature on Earth. \nTwo aspects are usually included::\nThere is also the built environment, which is not natural. There, man has changed landscapes and natural environment to make cities and agricultural land."}
+{"id": "47182", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47182", "title": "Natural capital", "text": "Natural capital is a metaphor for the mineral, plant, and animal formations of the Earth's biosphere when viewed as a means of production of oxygen, water filter, erosion preventer, or provider of other ecosystem services. \nIn a traditional economic analysis of the factors of production, natural capital would usually be understood as \"land\" and therefore something else than \"capital\" in its original sense. \nAt the beginning of reflection about economics \"land\" was seen as something natural, but \"capital\" as man-made goods only. \nBut the benefits which humans have from nature are many. 17 of them were closely looked at by Robert Costanza. These benefits are in some ways similar to those that owners of \"capital\" have as their capital produces more goods, e.g. a factory which produces automobiles just as an apple tree produces apples.\nThis is an approach to ecosystem valuation, an alternative to the traditional view of all non-human life as passive natural resources. But human knowledge and understanding of the natural environment is never complete, and therefore we cannot yet know what \"natural capital\" means exactly."}
+{"id": "47185", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47185", "title": "Parkhead", "text": "Parkhead () is a suburb in the east end of Glasgow, Scotland. It is the home of the Glasgow Celtic football club."}
+{"id": "47186", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47186", "title": "Oswaldtwistle", "text": "Oswaldtwistle is a town in Lancashire county near Accrington in North West England.\nMany years ago, Oswaldtwistle had a running textile mill, which is a presentation today."}
+{"id": "47188", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47188", "title": "Prevention", "text": "Prevention could mean:"}
+{"id": "47189", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47189", "title": "Lawn", "text": "A lawn is an area of land planted with grass, and sometimes clover and other plants. Lawns are cut to a low, even height using a lawnmower. Lawns are used for aesthetic (for their beauty) and recreational purposes. Other words used to describe them are turf, pitch, field or green may be used, depending on the sport and the continent. They are often found around buildings, making them a type of yard.\nLawns are generally composed only of grass species, subject to weed and pest control, maintained in green colour, and are regularly maintained to ensure an acceptable length. Lawns are used around, apartments, houses, commercial buildings and offices. Approximately 80% of all homes in the United States have grass lawns. This has resulted in a $40 billion per year industry, with American grass lawns using more water than is used to grow all the wheat and corn in the United States.\u00a0 In that sense, by water consumption, grass is the United States\u2019 leading \u201ccrop\u201d by far, with the Environmental Protection Agency estimating that about 1/3 of all public water is used to water grass, with that number rising as high as 70% in some of the more dry regions of the United States.\nThe earliest mention of lawns comes from France during the 1500s. Lawns (as opposed to fields) found their way to England in the 1700s. One acre (0.4 hectare) of lawn would take three gardeners all day to mow using a tool called a scythe. Two centuries later, one person with a lawnmower could do it in an afternoon.\nThe cost of a lawn care business can vary greatly based on several factors such as the size of the business, the type of services offered, the location, and the equipment and supplies required. As a result, it\u2019s difficult to determine a specific price without more information.\nThe initial costs typically include equipment, supplies, insurance, marketing, and licensing expenses. The monthly costs usually include operating expenses, such as fuel, maintenance, and payroll.\nHistory.\nIn the 16th Century Renaissance, lawns were deliberately cultivated by the wealthy in both France and England, though they were more likely planted with chamomile or thyme than with grass. Both of these ground covers make excellent alternatives to grass in modern lawns.\nClosely shorn grass lawns first emerged in 17th century England at the homes of large, wealthy landowners. While sheep were still grazed on many such park-lands, landowners increasingly depended on human labor to tend the grass closest to their homes. Only the rich could afford to hire the many hands needed to scythe and weed the grass, so a lawn was a mark of wealth and status.\nLawns around the world.\nIn many parts of the United States lawn care is an important part of home maintenance. a poorly kept up lawn can hurt the value of a home. Families do many things on their lawn. Neighborhood cookouts, birthday parties and outdoor games are just some of the uses.\nWorld Famous Lawns include:"}
+{"id": "47190", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47190", "title": "Sod", "text": "Sod is grass and the part of the soil beneath it held together by the roots, or a piece of this material. Some sod is grown agriculturally, and is sold to landscapers who use it to quickly get a lawn. Sod was used for building of fortifications in former times."}
+{"id": "47192", "revid": "369772", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47192", "title": "Turf", "text": "Turf could mean:"}
+{"id": "47196", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47196", "title": "Marie Curie", "text": "Maria Salomea Sk\u0142odowska\u2013Curie (Marie Curie) (7 November 1867 \u2013 4 July 1934) was a Polish physicist and chemist. She did research on radioactivity. She was also the first woman to win a Nobel Prize. She was the first woman professor at the University of Paris. She was the first person to win two Nobel Prizes. She received a Nobel Prize in physics for her research on uncontrolled radiation, which was discovered by Henri Becquerel.\nShe died because of too much exposure to radiation in her laboratory. She had no protection against the effects of radiation. Its effects were not understood at that time.\nEarly life.\nSk\u0142odowska-Curie was born on 7 November 1867 in Warsaw, Poland. She lived there until she was 22. Her original name was Maria. Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie was the fifth child in her family. At the age of 10, her sister Zofia died. Her mother died one year later. Her father was a math teacher. As a young girl, she was interested in physics. She was top of her high school class. She graduated at 15. Maria became a teacher so she could earn money to go to school in Paris, France. She also went to an unaccredited college in Poland. \nEventually, she left Poland and went to France under the name \u201cMarie\" after one of her big sisters gave her the chance. In Paris, she earned higher degrees and did her important scientific work. She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and Warsaw.\nScientific career.\nMarie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie and her husband created a theory of \"radioactivity\". This was a term made by her husband Pierre Curie. They found different ways to separate radioactive isotopes and discovered two new elements: polonium, 400 times more radioactive than uranium, and radium, 5000 times more radioactive than polonium. The term polonium was named after Poland, her home country; radium named after the Greek word for ray. Radium gave rise to radiology. She used her own studies in radioactivity to develop a new treatment for cancer. These treatments use the radioactive isotopes. She was the first woman to win the Nobel Prize and the first person to win two Nobel Prizes.\nDiscovery of radium.\nMarie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie discovered radium. It is one of the most radioactive and dangerous metals. She shared this discovery with Pierre Curie and Gustave Bemont. The three found radium in 1898. They discovered it when using a uranium ore. It gave off a lot of radiation. They decided that it was coming from more than uranium. The group found radium in the uranium. Radium is now used for many different things. For example, doctors used to use it to kill cancer cells. Radium was found in paint and watches. Many workers who made radium-containing products developed bone cancer.\nPersonal life.\nEven though Sk\u0142odowska-Curie became a French\u00a0citizen, Sk\u0142odowska-Curie never lost her Polish\u00a0identity. She graduated first in her class in 1893. One year later she earned a master's degree in mathematics. Later, she met her husband, Pierre, at the Municipal School of Industrial Physics and Chemistry. They were married in July 1895 after only one year. They also started to work together on scientific discoveries. Maria and Pierre had their first daughter, Irene, in 1897. Their second daughter, Eve, was born in 1904. Pierre died on April 19, 1906, after he was hit by a horse-drawn wagon.\nFundraising.\nAfter the war, Maria started to raise money for a hospital. The hospital raised money for radiation research. She was invited to tour the United States to recommend and speed up her project. She sailed for the United States in 1921. She collected enough money and equipment for a new laboratory. She then started speaking at meetings to raise more money and became a celebrity. She also supported world peace by serving on the council of the League of Nations.\nDeath.\nNear the 1920s, Sk\u0142odowska-Curie and many of her colleagues began to suffer from symptoms of cancer. Sk\u0142odowska-Curie began to lose her sight. Cataract surgeries to try to bring back her sight did not help. Sk\u0142odowska-Curie knew that the element (radium) she discovered might have been causing the symptoms, but she did not want to admit it to herself or others. In the early 1930s, Sk\u0142odowska-Curie\u2019s health started to quickly get worse. Doctors diagnosed her with pernicious anemia. Pernicious anemia is a blood anemia that happens when someone is overly exposed to radiation. The doctors didn't tell the public or Sk\u0142odowska-Curie herself what was going on. On July 4, 1934, at 66 years old, she died in a Sanitorium at the French Alps. She was then buried next to her husband in Sceaux, France. Maria Sk\u0142odowska-Curie was a physicist and chemist best known for her work on radioactivity; however, she also discovered the elements polonium and radium. She was awarded two Nobel Prizes \u2014 one in physics which she won jointly with her husband and Henri Becquerel, and another in chemistry \u2014 and was the first person to win two Nobel Prizes. She is still one of only four people (along with Linus Pauling, John Bardeen and Frederick Sanger) to accomplish that feat. Sk\u0142odowska-Curie is responsible for establishing the theory of radioactivity, but unfortunately she unwittingly also discovered the fatal effect radioactivity can have on your health; she died on July 4, 1934, of aplastic anemia caused by radiation exposure."}
+{"id": "47200", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47200", "title": "G\u00fcnther Grass", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47202", "revid": "1245921", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47202", "title": "Flyover", "text": "A flyover is a ceremonial flight by a plane or group of planes. flyovers are often because of important events or celebrations, although more rarely they are because of memorials, like the 9/11 memorial planes. The planes commonly fly in the colors of the country they are in. They are most often seen in the United Kingdom and other commonwealth countries."}
+{"id": "47203", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47203", "title": "Blue Angels", "text": "The Blue Angels are a group of special pilots who work for the US Navy. They fly F/A-18 fighter jet airplanes that are painted to look different from regular Navy planes. They are very famous. Almost every American has heard of them. The pilots of the Blue Angels are very good at what they do. They are able to fly very close to each other and do very difficult tricks. They are most famous for the flyovers they do at many American sporting events."}
+{"id": "47204", "revid": "7297", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47204", "title": "US Navy", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47205", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47205", "title": "Stunt", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47206", "revid": "1657104", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47206", "title": "Stunt performer", "text": "A stunt performer, also called a stuntman or stuntwoman, is a person who performs dangerous acts usually within the television or movie production industry. In this line of work the stuntman (or woman) is paid to do those actions that are deemed too dangerous for the regular actor to perform, these include jumping from a height, falling down, being in a car crash, or pretending to fight with weapons such as swords or knives. These stunts are usually presented as a small feature within a larger production. The stunts are done with safety equipment, but also without them.\nAction movies, adventure movies, war movies, martial arts movies, thriller movies and crime movies and television series use many stunt performers to do the dangerous actions depicted in the movies or series. Some actors such as Jackie Chan are also stunt performers who perform this kind of work.\nThere are, however, other stunt performers that present dangerous stunts to a live audience in shows rather than as part of a larger story in movies or television series. Sometimes these are as standalone effects and sometimes as a feature within a larger stunt show. Escape artists, sword swallowers and other circus and sideshow acts are an example of this. These types of stunt performers can be found scattered throughout history with one of the most famous from the last Century being escape artist Harry Houdini.\nWorking as a stuntman.\nStunt work is dangerous regardless of whether you work in movie, television or within a live stunt show. Stuntmen are often hurt during the stunts they perform and in some cases stuntmen have even been killed.\nStunt work is not steady work. Stuntmen who work in movie are only employed on a movie-by-movie basis, sometimes they are needed for a number of months if they are lucky to double for the lead actor but could quite easily only be needed for a single stunt that is filmed over the space of a day or two.\nWithin the live stunt industry work is very seasonal. A stuntman can be working long hours during the summer months, often seven days a week, but not at all during the winter period.\nStuntmen who perform for movie and television often benefit from having a large safety crew present, which is in stark contrast to those who perform within live shows who often work alone and are responsible for all aspects of the stunt they perform. \nStuntmen also have to travel to many different regions or countries to get work. For people who like to travel, this may be an advantage. However, it can also make it hard to see friends and relatives, if you are away from home.\nBecoming a stuntman.\nTo become a stuntman, some people go to a stuntman school. There are stuntman schools in California and Florida, where professional stuntmen teach people how to do stunts. Most people do not go to school to become stuntmen, though. People learn the skills from other more experienced stuntmen. \nWhen a stuntman first begins working as a stuntman, they do not make much money. Once a stuntman has experience, they can ask for more money. In many countries, stuntmen have to join a union to work on movie or television show productions, and pay dues (payments) to the union. There are more men working as stuntmen than women. \nUsually, a stuntman within movie and television does not work as a stuntman after they become 40 years old. However those who work live stunt shows continue to do so until very late in life. Kondini continues to work as a sword swallower and escape artist despite being in his 70s. Some experienced stuntmen become stunt coordinators or consultants, who plan and devise the stunts performed in TV shows and movies.\nRelated concepts.\nAnother job for men or women in the television or movie production industry where people replace the actors is the job of body double. When a movie has a scene with a love scene or a nudity scene that the actor does not want to do, the movie or television director may hire a man or a woman to be a body double. The man or woman pretends to be the actor for a short period, so that the love scene or nudity scene can be filmed."}
+{"id": "47214", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47214", "title": "Means of production", "text": "Means of production (abbreviated MoP; German: \"Produktionsmittel\"), also called means of labour are the materials, tools and other instruments used by workers to make products. This includes: machines, tools materials, plant and equipment, land, raw materials, money, energy, and anything else labor needs to make things.\nThe means of production can be owned by different people in different ways in different societies. Capitalism is when the means of production are owned privately. A capitalist society has a market, where things can be sold and bought. Capitalism also has wage labor. Other societies can be socialist, meaning the means of production are owned in common, either by the workers themselves or by the state. A socialist society may also have a market, depending on the variation of socialism."}
+{"id": "47215", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47215", "title": "Ecosystem services", "text": "Ecosystem services are processes by which the natural environment produces resources useful to people, as to economic services. They include:\nTo look at the way in which ecosystems provide goods is popular now at Stanford University. The concept of ecosystem services is similar to that of natural capital.\nThe \"Millennium Ecosystem Assessment\" released in 2005 showed that 60% of ecosystem services are used in a way that destroys them."}
+{"id": "47217", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47217", "title": "Year 2000 problem", "text": "The Year 2000 problem (also known as the Y2K problem, the millennium bug, Y2K Bug, and Y2K) was a computer problem that affected lots of computer systems. It happened because of the way in which some early computer programs were made to handle only years containing two digits (for example '92 instead of 1992). This meant that the computer could confuse the year 2000 with the year 1900, because both would be written as 00. People started fearing that date-related processing would happen incorrectly for dates and times after December 31 1999. It caused concerns that many industries (such as electricity or financial) and government functions would stop working at exactly midnight, January 1 2000. People were panicked by press coverage and media speculation, as well as corporate and government reports. Companies and organisations around the world had to check and upgrade their computer systems to avoid the bug. The preparation for Y2K had a significant effect on the computer industry. No big computer failures occurred when the year changed to 2000."}
+{"id": "47218", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47218", "title": "Y2K", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47219", "revid": "1368380", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47219", "title": "Biodiversity", "text": "The term.\nThe term biological diversity was used first by wildlife scientist and conservationist Raymond F. Dasmann in 1968, where he advocated conservation. It was widely adopted only in the 1980s.\nThe term biodiversity first appeared in a publication in 1988 when entomologist E. O. Wilson used it as a title. Since then, the term has often been used by biologists, environmentalists, political leaders, and citizens. A similar term in the United States is \"natural heritage.\" It predates the others and is more accepted by the wider audience interested in conservation. Broader than biodiversity, it includes geology and landforms.\nDefinitions.\nBiologists most often define biodiversity as the \"totality of genes, species, and ecosystems of a region\". An advantage of this definition is that it seems to describe most circumstances. There are three levels at which biological variety can been identified:\nThreats.\nThe idea can be used for tackling practical problems in conservation, for example:"}
+{"id": "47220", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47220", "title": "Financial", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47222", "revid": "1493436", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47222", "title": "Aberdeen, Washington", "text": "Aberdeen is a city in the American state of Washington. Aberdeen was founded by Samuel Benn in 1884. In 2020, 17,013 people lived in Aberdeen. Aberdeen is sometimes called the \"Gateway to the Olympic Peninsula\". It is also called the \"Birthplace of Grunge\" because musician Kurt Cobain is from Aberdeen. Other notable musicians from Aberdeen include The Melvins. Aberdeen is also the hometown of professional wrestler Bryan Danielson, better known as Daniel Bryan."}
+{"id": "47225", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47225", "title": "Juli\u00e1n Padr\u00f3n", "text": "Juli\u00e1n Padr\u00f3n (September 8, 1910 - August 2, 1954) was a Venezuelan writer. He wrote for books, newspapers and magazines.\nStory about Juli\u00e1n Padr\u00f3n.\nJuli\u00e1n Padr\u00f3n was born on September 8, 1910. He was from San Antonio, a small town from Monagas, Venezuela. When he was a little boy, he went to private schools in Cuman\u00e1. After Padr\u00f3n went to a secondary school called Andr\u00e9s Bello in Caracas. In 1929 Juli\u00e1n Padr\u00f3n got a degree of secondary education in Philosophy.\nIn 1935 Padr\u00f3n got 2 degrees: \nPadr\u00f3n got the first degree at the Supreme Court, a place where judges work. The Supreme Court is in the Federal District. He got the second degree at the Central University of Venezuela, a place of learning. In 1944 Padr\u00f3n got, at that university, a degree to be a Diplomat and a Consul (a Diplomat and a Consul are persons who are the representatives of a country in other countries). \nIn 1929 Juli\u00e1n Padr\u00f3n wrote for the magazine \"Elite\". In 1935 Juli\u00e1n Padr\u00f3n, Arturo Uslar Pietri, Pedro Sotillo and Bruno Pl\u00e1 made the magazine El Ingenioso Hidalgo for a short time. In 1936 Padr\u00f3n made and wrote for the newspaper Unidad Nacional. From 1945 to 1947 he wrote for the newspaper El Universal. He wrote for other newspapers and magazines.\nJuli\u00e1n Padr\u00f3n had these jobs: \nJuli\u00e1n Padr\u00f3n died in Caracas on August 2, 1954.\nWritings.\nJuli\u00e1n Padr\u00f3n did this group of writings:\nIn 1940 Padr\u00f3n and Arturo Uslar Pietri did Antolog\u00eda del Cuento Moderno Venezolano. It was a book that was an anthology (a group of writings) by people from Venezuela. In 1945 Padr\u00f3n did other book in the anthology Cuentistas Modernos. \nSource.\nThis book has a short biography (story) about Juli\u00e1n Padr\u00f3n:"}
+{"id": "47228", "revid": "1127573", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47228", "title": "Peter Ham", "text": "Peter William Ham (27 April 1947 \u2013 24 April 1975) was a Welsh singer, songwriter and guitarist, best known as the prominent songwriter and singer of the 1970s group Badfinger.\nHam was born in Swansea, South Wales. He formed a local rock group called The Panthers in 1961. This group became The Iveys in 1965. The band was relocated to London by The Mojos manager, Bill Collins, in 1966, and they continued to perform for three years throughout the United Kingdom. Ham especially took to songwriting and Ray Davies of The Kinks took initial interest in producing his group. In 1968, The Iveys came to the attention of Mal Evans (The Beatles personal assistant) and were eventually signed to the Beatles' Apple label after approval from all four Beatles, who were most impressed by dozens of demos recorded at home, mostly by Pete.\nThe Iveys changed their name to Badfinger with the single release of \"Come And Get It,\" a song written by Paul McCartney, which became a worldwide Top Ten hit. Ham's hard work paid off eventually as his song \"No Matter What\" became another worldwide Top Ten hit record in late 1970 . He followed up writing two more huge hits released in 1972, \"Day After Day\" and \"Baby Blue\". But the peak came with his co-written song \"Without You\" - a worldwide No. 1 hit as covered by Harry Nilsson in 1972. The song has since become one of the all-time ballad standards as covered by hundreds of singers including Mariah Carey and Clay Aiken. Ham was also used as a musician on Beatles solo records such as the \"All Things Must Pass\" LP by George Harrison and the single \"It Don't Come Easy\" by Ringo Starr."}
+{"id": "47233", "revid": "9215920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47233", "title": "Egalitarianism", "text": "Egalitarianism is the belief that people should be equal to one another. The word is named for the French word \u00e9gal, meaning \"equal\" or \"level\".\nThere are many possible kinds of egalitarianism. For example, legal egalitarianism is the belief that groups of people should be equal in law even if they are of different race or religion. Gender egalitarianism is the idea that men and women are equally important, even though they are different.\nThis word may be used when talking about philosophy in many slightly different ways. We can best understand the different kinds of egalitarianism by asking, \"Who is equal to whom?\" and \"How are they equal?\""}
+{"id": "47240", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47240", "title": "Suicide bombing", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47242", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47242", "title": "English Wikipedia", "text": "The English Wikipedia is the English language edition of the Wikipedia. English is the first language in which Wikipedia was written. It was started on 15 January 2001. It is the largest encyclopedia in the world, and the largest version of Wikipedia since April 2019. It has articles as of . In October 2015, the total volume of the compressed texts of the English Wikipedia's articles added up to 23.2 gigabytes.\nThe Simple English Wikipedia is a variation in which most of the articles use only basic English vocabulary (simplewiki). There is also the Old English (\u00c6nglisc/Anglo-Saxon) Wikipedia ().\nComparisons with other Wikipedia sites.\nWikipedia sites in other languages have imitated some of its technical and organizational features. It has a newsletter called \"The Signpost\". As the English Wikipedia is very popular, there can be many people editing the Wikipedia in one minute. This made recent changes less effective for understanding changes. Instead, editors can select and watch for changes in particular articles, using the \"Watchlist\" feature of MediaWiki.\nBoth \"Watchlist\" and \"Recent changes\" can be filtered to show particular kinds of edits, such as edits from IP addresses or edits with signs of . Some editors use special software to detect and fix vandalism.\nControversies.\nSome believe that the English Wikipedia shows significant bias and unfairness. Editors of reference works such as the \"Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica\" have questioned Wikipedia's utility and status as an encyclopedia. \nGender bias.\nAn example of bias is that around 90% of Wikipedia editors are male, mostly White. Others think that Wikipedia is more useful than other encyclopedias because it is large and can be updated quickly. In 2010, the logo of the English Wikipedia like most Wikipedia's was slightly changed. However, some Wikipedias, like the Simple English Wikipedia, still kept the old logo.\nThe English Wikipedia, as one of the most visited websites worldwide, has been criticized for repeated occurrences of on-site antisemitism.\nWhitewashing of Nazi war criminals.\nThe English Wikipedia was criticized for condoning the systematic whitewashing of Nazi war criminals on the platform. For instance, Arthur Nebe (a senior SS official who invented mobile gas chambers to kill Jews) was portrayed as a savior of Jews by users who distorted a cited source that actually said the opposite. SS units responsible for the Holocaust were either depicted as brave fighters or described in passive voice to make their atrocities look normal. \nThose who corrected the false content had also faced persistent harassment from pro-Nazi users, some of whom were found to have repeatedly cited materials from Holocaust-denying sources (e.g. \"Journal of Historical Review\", \"Nation Europa\" and Franz Kurowski), misrepresented them as academic consensus and to prevent them from being corrected. The violations continued for years with limited administrative intervention, which promoted Nazi sympathy among young readers and hurt efforts to preserve the historical truth. German military historian Jens Westemeier commented on the issue,\nHolocaust distortion.\nIn 2023, Holocaust historians Prof. Jan Grabowski and Dr. Shira Klein published a 57-page article titled \"Wikipedia\u2019s Intentional Distortion of the History of the Holocaust\" in \"The Journal of Holocaust Research\" in which they said to have found widespread distortion of Poland's Holocaust history, which involved the exaggeration of Jewish collaboration with Nazi/Soviet occupiers, invention of Jewish \"war crimes\" against Poles, downplaying of Polish collaboration with Nazi/Soviet occupiers and blaming Jews for their own suffering: \nGrabowski and Klein also criticized English Wikipedia's administrators and accused the Wikimedia Foundation of lacking the will to handle:\nOn another occasion, Prof. Grabowski said,\nDistortion of Jewish history.\nIn 2024, independent journalist investigations uncovered a large-scale campaign to rewrite Jewish history and reshape the narrative surrounding the Israel\u2013Palestine conflict, which involved 40 accounts having made at least 2,000,000 edits to over 10,000 Jewish-related articles. \nThe off-site canvassing campaign was coordinated by an 8,000-member \"Tech for Palestine\" Discord channel, where the organizers provided the participants in-depth training (e.g. strategy planning sessions, group audio \"office hour\" chats) on getting used to Wikipedia's site operation, assigning participants (in groups of 2~3) to edit hundreds of articles in rotation, and to block others from correcting them.\nOn 12 December 2024, English Wikipedia's arbitration committee announced that two editors had been site-banned indefinitely for and \"encouraging other users to the extended confirmed restriction and engage in .\" Another three editors have also been sanctioned for similar reasons. On January 17, 2025, English Wikipedia's arbitration committee further voted to impose indefinite topic-bans on multiple longtime editors associated with the organized campaign. ADL's CEO Jonathan Greenblatt commented,"}
+{"id": "47246", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47246", "title": "Jurisdiction", "text": "In law, jurisdiction is the authority given to a judge to take decisions in matters concerning the law. The word comes from the Latin \"jus, juris\" meaning \"law\" and \"dicere\" meaning \"to speak\": and literally means: telling the law. Jurisdiction may be legally restricted to a certain period of time called a statute of limitations.\nIt also includes the authority a of formally constituted legal body or a political leader to deal with legal matters and, by implication, to administer justice within a defined area of responsibility. Jurisdiction relies on public International Law, conflict of laws, constitutional law and the powers of the executive and legislative branches of government to give resources to best serve the needs of its society."}
+{"id": "47251", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47251", "title": "Vacheron Constantin", "text": "Vacheron Constantin is a Swiss watch manufacture. It is a part of the Richemont group since 1996. The brand's watch factory is based in Geneva. Vacheron Constantin opened 15 boutiques and 500 shops in 80 countries of the world. Vacheron Constantin is one of the oldest watchmakers. \nHistory.\n18th century.\nJean-Marc Vacheron opened the first workshop in Geneva, Switzerland in 1755. In 1770 the company introduced the first complication (an additional function of a watch besides showing hours and minutes). \nThe son of Jean-Marc Vacheron, Abraham, became the head of the family business in 1785.\n19th century.\nIn 1810, Jacques-Barth\u00e9lemy, the grandson of the founder continued the business. He controlled the company's exports of watches to France and Italy. \nIn 1819 Francois Constantinin became the partner of Vacheron. The name of the company became \u2013 \"Vacheron & Constantin\". Francois Constantin traveled a lot and opened new markets for the company. The main market was North America. Francois wrote the company's motto - Do better if possible and that is always possible. It is kept till the present day.\nIn 1839 Georges-Auguste Leschot joined \"Vacheron & Constantin\". He headed the manufacturing process. Leschot's inventions brought great success to the company and watchmaking in general. Leschot invented a device that made possible mechanical production of some watch parts. It helped the company leave behind other watchmakers.\nAfter Francois Constantin and Jacques-Barth\u00e9lemy Vacheron died, the company was headed by their heirs. Since 1862 Vacheron Constantin explores the field of non-magnetic materials. In 1885, it produced the first anti-magnetic watch. The watch could resist magnetic fields. \nIn 1877 the company officially changed the name for \"Vacheron & Constantin, Fabricants, Geneve\". The same year the company chose its symbol - the Maltese cross.In 1887, Vacheron Constantin became a stock company. \n20th century.\nThe first Vacheron Constantin boutique was opened in Geneva in 1906. Today the store is situated on Quai de l\u2019Ile. Charles Constantin headed the company in 1936. He led it through the Great Depression period. For the first time since 1850s a Constantin family member became the president of the company. When the World War II was over, the company got back its firm position on the watch market.\nThe history of Vacheron Constantin saw a lot of innovations. The brand's classic Patrimony line was started with the thinnest watch. Its case was only 5.25mm thick. In 1979 Vacheron Constantin created the most expensive wristwatch with initial price of $5 million. The watch named Kallista had 118 diamonds. Today its price is $11 million. \nRecent years.\nAt present day Vacheron Constantin produces about 20,000 watches every year. In 2003 Vacheron Constantin presented a new sports watch line - Overseas. In 2005 the company introduced a new Eg\u00e9rie collection. The collection included women's watches for the first time.\nIn 2005, Juan Carlos Torres became the Chief of the Vacheron Constantin Company. The same year Vacheron Constantin produced the most complicated wristwatch - Tour de I'lle. The watch consisted of 834 parts and had 16 complications (additional functions). Its price reached over $1 million. In 2006 the company opened a new main office in Genevan Plan-les-Ouates."}
+{"id": "47256", "revid": "1636502", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47256", "title": "Thermoplastic", "text": "A thermoplastic is a material, usually a plastic polymer, which becomes more soft when heated and hard when cooled. Thermoplastic materials can be cooled and heated several times without any change in their chemical or mechanical properties. When thermoplastics are heated to their melting point, they melt to a liquid. They freeze to a glassy state when cooled below their glass transition temperature. \nThermoplastic materials have many features. Some products made from thermoplastic materials are used for electronic applications. They protect against electrostatic discharge and radio frequency interference. Thermoplastics are one of the main two types of plastics. \nThermoplastic can be moulded into any shape. Thermoplastics differ from thermosetting polymers. Thermosets form irreversible chemical bonds during the curing process, and won't melt. \nTypes of thermoplastics.\nPET (polyethylene terephthalate) :- Light, rigid or semi-rigid, naturally transparent or colorless, PET is an excellent moisture and gas barrier and is resistant to impacts. It is one of the most easily recyclable plastics and is used to produce bottles, bags and synthetic fibers for clothing.\nHDPE (high-density polyethylene) :- HDPE is translucent, strong and easy to process, resistant to impacts and non-toxic. It is used to make bottles, tanks, bins and containers for transport. \nLDPE (low-density polyethylene) :- LDPE can be translucent or transparent. Suitable for contact with food, it is the lightest and most heat-sensitive plastic. It is used for packaging, bags, sacks, cable coatings, containers, pipes and toys. \nPVC (polyvinyl chloride) :- PVC is a very versatile plastic, resistant to wear and tear, chemical and atmospheric agents and fire. It is used in the paper industry and for packaging, food containers, credit cards, furnishings, clothing and toys.\nPP (polypropylene) :- Transparent, light and strong, this material can be used as both a plastic and a fiber. Easily colored, it does not absorb water. It is used to make textile fibers, couplings, containers for transport, furniture, carpets, ropes and food containers.\nPS (polystyrene or styrofoam) :- One of the most important thermoplastic materials, it is transparent, hard and inflammable, very bright and inert against many corrosive agents. It can be given shiny or opaque colors. Polystyrene is commonly used to replace glass, aluminum and wood because it is cheaper. It can also be used in packaging materials (including for foods), containers, boxes, lamps, disposable objects, cups and toys."}
+{"id": "47257", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47257", "title": "Pete Doherty", "text": "Peter Doherty (born 12 March 1979) is an English musician. He was born in Hexham, Northumberland. He is in the popular rock band The Libertines. He is also in a band called Babyshambles.\nHe receives a lot of media coverage for his drug and legal problems and the relationship he had with fashion supermodel Kate Moss. Doherty has been convicted of many crimes. Some of the crimes are drug offences, car theft, and driving with a suspended licence. He has served prison sentences for drug possession and burglary."}
+{"id": "47259", "revid": "1351064", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47259", "title": "Polycarbonate", "text": "Polycarbonate is a transparent (something which can be seen through) thermoplastic. This material is tough and stable. It can resist a high temperature of 138\u00b0C (280\u00b0F) and a low temperature of -40\u00b0C (-40\u00b0F). It is stain resistant and non-toxic. The weight of polycarbonate is one sixth of glass. \nIndustries use polycarbonate for making different products, from bulletproof windows to CDs and DVDs. The main advantages of polycarbonate are high strength and light weight.\nIndustries use clear polycarbonate to make glasses. This is because it has very good transparency and durability. Lenses made from clear polycarbonate can be thinner than lenses made from regular glass.\nCompanies that make electronic equipment use polycarbonate to make the cover of mobile phones, laptops and other products. Although polycarbonate is not poisonous, the process of making polycarbonate uses toxic chemicals. (See Bisphenol A)."}
+{"id": "47264", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47264", "title": "Natural hazard", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47265", "revid": "10339444", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47265", "title": "Natural disaster", "text": "A\u00a0natural disaster\u00a0is a major\u00a0event\u00a0caused by\u00a0the natural processes\u00a0of the Earth. Examples are floods,\u00a0hurricanes, tornadoes,\u00a0earthquakes,\u00a0volcanic eruptions, tsunamis and other geologic processes. A natural disaster causes loss of life or property damage, and leaves some economic damage afterwards costing millions. \nHuman activities may be the cause of some natural disasters, such as climate change , deforestation and landslides.\nThe damage disasters do to humans and their property counts most. There is a saying: \"disasters occur when hazards meet vulnerability\". \nIf a strong earthquake happens in uninhabited areas, it is usually not seen as a disaster. An adverse event will not rise to the level of a disaster if it occurs in an area without vulnerable population. In a vulnerable area, such as Nepal during the 2015 earthquake, an earthquake can have disastrous consequences and leave lasting damage, which can take years to repair.\nVolcanoes.\nA volcanic eruption occurs when hot materials from the Earth's interior are thrown out of a volcano. Lava, rocks, dust, and gas compounds are some and volcanic ash and kill many people. Some are quiet outflows of hot lava. Several more complex types of volcanic eruptions have been described by volcanologists. These are often named after famous volcanoes where that type of eruption has been seen. Some volcanoes may show only one type of eruption during a period of activity, while others may show a range of types in a series."}
+{"id": "47274", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47274", "title": "DeLorean", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47277", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47277", "title": "Ibanez", "text": "Ibanez is a company that makes guitars. The company is from Nagoya, Aichi, Japan. The company was started by Hoshino Gakki. The company is very big and sells many guitars to musicians."}
+{"id": "47280", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47280", "title": "Last Will and Testament", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47285", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47285", "title": "Last will and testament", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47286", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47286", "title": "Temples", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47288", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47288", "title": "Des moines", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47292", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47292", "title": "Landslide", "text": " \nA landslide includes a wide range of ground movements, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows.\nThe biggest reason for a landslide is that there is a slope and material goes down the slope because of gravity.\nBut other things also contribute to landslides: \nAn underlying reason is the nature of the material. For example, a thixotropic material such as mud or sand and water, can change from a gel to a sol by adding water or pressure, or shaking. It goes from being stable one minute to fluid the next minute. The greatest disasters, like lahars or mudslides, happen suddenly. It is possible for much of a volcano to just slide down suddenly, as with Toba, Krakatoa and Mount St Helens."}
+{"id": "47300", "revid": "1467751", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47300", "title": "2040s", "text": "The 2040s will begin on January 1, 2040 and end on December 31, 2049. It is distinct from the decade known as the \"205th decade\" will begin on January 1, 2041 to December 31, 2050. \nThe decade as a whole.\nThis decade will be called \"the twenty-forties\". The Roman number will be MMXL.\nGeneration Beta will become adults starting in 2043.\nThe first baby boomers will be 100 years old in 2046."}
+{"id": "47302", "revid": "1191375", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47302", "title": "Americium", "text": "Americium is a radioactive chemical element with the symbol Am and the atomic number 95. In chemistry, it is placed in a group of metal elements named the actinides. Americium is a transuranic element (Transuranic means after uranium as all the elements used after uranium are man-made). Americium does not exist in nature and has to be made by people. It has a silver color. Americium is made by bombarding a plutonium target with neutrons.\nIt was the fourth transuranic element to be discovered. It was named for the Americas, like europium was named for Europe.\nThe longest half life of any type of americium is 7370 years.\nHow it's made.\nAmericium is a synthetic element. It must be made by people and is not found in nature. Most americium is made as a byproduct of nuclear reactors, and can be separated out during nuclear reprocessing.\nThe two most stable isotopes of americium are and . They are made by beta decay of the same-weight plutonium isotopes, and , which are made from neutron capture in thermal reactors.\nMost americium is . has a 14 year half-life and large fission cross section, so decaying to americium is rare in active reactors. Most is found in spent nuclear fuel, where plutonium is more likely to decay than go through fission. is also a byproduct of nuclear weapons production, which needs to separate from to produce weapons-grade plutonium.\nUses.\nAmericium is used in ionization-type smoke detectors. The level of radioactivity is not enough to cause cancer, and it cannot get through the smoke detector's plastic case, so it is safe to live in a place where smoke detectors with americium are used. This type of smoke detector is becoming obsolete, and is being replaced by optical smoke detectors, which have fewer false alarms and don't contain radioactive material."}
+{"id": "47312", "revid": "1690038", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47312", "title": "Daddy Yankee", "text": "Ram\u00f3n Luis Ayala Rodr\u00edguez (born February 3, 1976), known professionally as Daddy Yankee, is a Puerto Rican rapper and singer. Ayala is famous for making songs in both English and Spanish, but Spanish is used more than English.\nBiography.\nDuring his childhood, Ram\u00f3n grew up with the influence of his family musician, including those of his father and some members of his mother's family. At twelve, he began singing songs inspired by reggae and hip-hop.\nRam\u00f3n wanted to become a professional baseball player, he will have to give up this goal after being shot in a neighborhood brawl when he was seventeen. He received two balls of AK-47, one touched his arm and the other touched him on the level of the right thigh, where he was wounded for life. After this incident, he will take a closer look at the underground rap movement, which was nascent at the time.\nCareer.\nHe began his career flirting with hip-hop and with Latin rhythms like dancehall, but we can say that his greatest hits will come when he begins to perform and produce his Latin hip-hop songs. He will be one of the first artists to perform internationally in reggaeton music.\nRam\u00f3n invested in the world of reggaeton for thirteen years before experiencing success. He first recorded with DJ Playero, of which he is the featured artist in a production called Playero 37, which will be released in 1992. He has also partnered with artists such as Laurena Snoop Dogg, Nicky Jam, Pitbull, Mey Vidal , DJ Blass, Eric DJ, Eliel, Nas, Tony Touch or members of the G-Unit, Lloyd Banks and Young Buck.\nHis album Barrio Fino is an essential music to the style: it comes from the deepest of his roots of his life but also his personal experience, in the neighborhoods or residential areas of Puerto Rico. The first excerpts from this album are titled Gasolina, King Daddy and No me dejes solo featuring Wisin y Yandel.\nSongs.\nHis song, Impacto, released on of 2007, appears in the San Juan Sounds radio station's playlist of Rockstar Games' Grand Theft Auto IV and games.\nIn the Grand Theft Auto IV video game, Daddy Yankee lends his voice to the San Juan Sounds station where he acts as a DJ of the reggaeton radio station; the song \"Impacto\" also appears. This is an open-world action-adventure video game developed by Rockstar North.\nDaddy Yankee's latest off-music project was the release of his Trilogy game, a 3D video game based on Tower Defense games. The game was successfully presented at the New York Comic Con and the 3D action video game impressed young and old alike. It was released on November 29, 2013 and also includes Ayala songs such as \"Gasolina\" and \"Limbo\".\nIn 2017, Daddy Yankee forms an amazing duet with Despacito in collaboration with Puerto Rican singer Luis Fonsi, who is a hit in the world.\nAs an actor he also plays in American movies and series of commemoration Love, Glory and Beauty.\nOn April 28, 2016, Daddy Yankee received the Industry Leader Award at the 2016 Latin Billboard Awards.\nAfter a long feud with Don Omar for ten years for the title \"King of Reggaeton\", Daddy Yankee and Don Omar announced in early 2016 at a press conference that they would perform together on stage in a series of concerts entitled The Kingdom World Tour. The announcement of the tour left many fans in disbelief because it sold in minutes in major cities like Las Vegas, Orlando, Los Angeles, New York. The concerts were structured like a boxing match, where the two artists were able to exchange musical tours, and fans voted for their winner in each city via an application designed for the event. \"Two kings, one throne,\" said Pina Records founder Rafael Pina, who had a well-established relationship with both artists and who also came up with the concept of the tour. Speaking of the tour and his rivalry with Daddy Yankee, Don Omar said, \"Let me clarify: I'm not his best friend, and he's not my best friend, but we respect each other. 'to be the best is what drove us to be better'.\nDespacito.\nIn 2017, Daddy Yankee, in collaboration with Latin pop singer Luis Fonsi, released the single \"Despacito\". It became the first Spanish-language song to reach number 1 of the Billboard Hot 100 since the song \"Macarena\" in 1996. The single has been a worldwide success. The official video of \"Despacito\" on YouTube was seen the billion times on April 20, 2017 after 97 days, becoming the second fastest video of the site to reach the milestone behind \"Hello\" Adele. His success led Daddy Yankee to become the most-watched artist in the world on the Spotify streaming service in June 2017, being the first Latin artist to do so.\nIn 2017, Daddy Yankee donated $100,000 to the Puerto Rico Food Bank following the damage caused by Hurricane Maria. The money provided food for about 9,000 families on the island.\nSince October 2017. Barrio Fino and Barrio Fino on Directo have been the seventh and thirteenth best-selling Latin albums in the United States. During his career, 63 songs by Daddy Yankees found themselves in the Hot Latin Songs chart, including 24 in the top 10 and 5 in the first place. Daddy Yankee is the ninth musician with the most singles on Hot Latin Songs. Billboard hot 100 list contains 10 songs of musicians.\nIn August 2018, Daddy Yankee participates in the Janet Jackson video, Made for Now. That same year, Daddy Yankee received an Icon Award at the Latin American Music Awards, and in October 2018, he received the YouTube Creators' Trophy for having more than ten million subscribers on his YouTube channel.\nThe song Despacito by Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee, has been inducted into the Guinness World Records 2019 edition for achieving seven milestones, while Daddy Yankee has been recognized for three other records.\nIn February 2021, Daddy Yankee released the single \"#Problema\".\nIn April 2021, Daddy Yankee released the single \"El Pony\".\nIn September 2021, Daddy Yankee released the single \"M\u00e9tele All Perreo\".\nAchievements and recognitions.\nIn February 2019, Daddy Yankee won a Lo Nuestro 2019 award for all of his works (Lifetime Achievement Award).\nOn April 17, 2019, the singer announces that a remix of his hit Con Calma will be released soon featuring with American singer Katy Perry. It is by posting a video on his account Instagram, listening to the remix, that he confirms the rumors. The two artists then followed each other on the social networks and began to make interactions announcing their collaboration.\nOn July 8, 2019, Daddy Yankee presents the HR Derby Champ Medallion Presentation to Pete Alonso after the MLB HR Derby victory.\nIn November 2019, Daddy Yankee inaugurated a reggaeton museum in Puerto Rico, the first of its kind."}
+{"id": "47320", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47320", "title": "Phoenix Suns", "text": "The Phoenix Suns are an American professional basketball team that plays in the National Basketball Association (NBA). They play in the Pacific Division of the Western Conference. The Suns play at Footprint Center, originally known as America West Arena and later as US Airways Center, Talking Stick Resort Arena, briefly as PHX Arena, and Phoenix Suns Arena in Downtown Phoenix, Arizona."}
+{"id": "47321", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47321", "title": "Debris", "text": "Debris in a general sense means man-made garbage. Debris is the scattered remains of something that is discarded or destroyed. There are many types of debris, depending on the context. When natural disasters happen, debris is the remains of destroyed buildings and land. In the context of geology, debris is the remains of geological activity such as landslides, volcanic eruptions, avalanches, and so on.\nThe average American produces garbage, also called trash, at the rate of four pounds per day per person, which translates to 600,000 tons per day, or about 220 million tons per year. This is almost twice the rate of trash generation per person as most other major countries. Trash levels can be reduced primarily by recycling, re-use, and reduced consumption.\nOther websites.\nMiller, 1989, Potential Hazards from Future Volcanic Eruptions in California : USGS Bulletin 1847"}
+{"id": "47322", "revid": "1452189", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47322", "title": "Trash", "text": "Trash could mean:\nTRASH refers to:"}
+{"id": "47329", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47329", "title": "Waste heat", "text": "Waste heat is the by-product heat of machines and technical processes for which no useful application is found. \nA fraction of input energy is always converted to heat by friction between machine parts and other processes such as liquid friction (see: viscosity). \nMechanical drives can be designed to run smoothly, with little loss of energy to heat. Machines for conversion of energy contained in fuels to mechanical work or electric energy produce large amounts of waste heat (see: Second law of thermodynamics). \nThis waste heat can be re-used if a cogeneration system is used. It is hard to use waste heat because it is difficult to transport the heat to another place, and it is difficult to store the heat for use at another time.\nIn electrification of waste heat, organic matter can be used as a working medium to produce electricity on much lower temperatures compared to the water steam cycle. "}
+{"id": "47330", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47330", "title": "Apple Computer", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47333", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47333", "title": "M\u00e9xico", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47336", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47336", "title": "Pete doherty", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47337", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47337", "title": "Vacheron constantin", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47339", "revid": "1544603", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47339", "title": "Kingda Ka", "text": "Kingda Ka is a defunct steel roller coaster at Six Flags Great Adventure in Jackson, New Jersey, USA. It was built by Stakotra, a subcontractor to Intamin. Built in 2005 to be the worlds tallest and fastest roller coaster Kingda Ka is one of only two strata coasters in the world. Kingda Ka held the record for the worlds fastest roller coaster until the completion of Formula Rossa at Ferrari World in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Kingda Ka goes up and can go . It first opened on May 21, 2005. To get up 456 feet, the train is launched by a machine to 128 miles per hour in 3 seconds. The train goes up the tower, and back down. At the bottom the train goes over a hill while it is slowing down. Soon it is going slow enough to be able to arrive safely back where it started. The ride lasts 28 seconds from the time it is launched. On November 11th, 2024, park operators abruptly announced that Kingda Ka would be retired.\nHistory.\nIn the past, Kingda Ka has been struck by lightning and shut down for almost a whole year. The launch cable snapped once and the ride was shut down for a while. Something happened to the braking fins so they shut down the ride. It also can get shut down by weather. The train is made so that if it rolls back it gets placed back to be launched. This happens when the hydraulic launch system does not get enough power to get over the hill or the brakes on the top off the hill stop you too much. In November 2024, Six Flags Great Adventure announced that Kingda Ka would be removed to make way for a brand new, multi record breaking roller coaster, coming to the park in 2026. \nStory.\nKingda Ka is named for a 500-pound mythical tiger. A tiger in the safari was named after the roller coaster. It is surrounded by bamboo to make it look more real. It also plays music.\nFeatures.\nThe ride has 4 trains with 5 cars. They are 9 rows in each car that can hold 18 people and there are 2 people in each row. Each seat has shoulder harnesses and buckles that keep the shoulder harness down to make sure passengers are safe. At the top, passengers are weightless for a second, and after riders enjoy a beautiful view, it is followed by a drop.\nRestrictions.\nPassengers must be 4\u00b47 to ride Kingda Ka.\nProblems.\nThe train may sometimes experience a rollback after it is launched. A rollback happens when the train doesn't make it to the top of the hill and rolls back down the track. The launch track has magnetic brakes so that the train doesn't go back to the station."}
+{"id": "47340", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47340", "title": "Vulnerability", "text": "Vulnerability means the extent to which changes can hurt or harm a person or a system.\nIn context with natural hazards and natural disasters, \"vulnerability\" is a concept that looks at the relationship that people have with their environment and at social aspects.\nSo it links environment to social forces and institutions and the cultural values that sustain and contest them. \u201cThe concept of vulnerability expresses the multidimensionality of disasters by focusing attention on the totality of relationships in a given social situation which constitute a condition that, in combination with environmental forces, produces a disaster\u201d (Bankoff et al. 2004: 11).\nComplex definition: Vulnerability is the susceptibility to physical or emotional injury or attack. It also means to have one's guard down, open to censure or criticism; assailable. Vulnerability refers to a person's state of being liable to succumb, as to persuasion or temptation (see Thywissen 2006 for a comparison of vulnerability definitions)."}
+{"id": "47341", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47341", "title": "Harm", "text": "Harm is physical or psychological or emotional damage or injury to a person, animal or other legal entity. \nIt is generally believed that humans, in addition to other sentient animal species, possess an aversion to causing harm to others.\nMany religions consider any harm to another person a sin."}
+{"id": "47342", "revid": "1168358", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47342", "title": "Liquid crystal display", "text": "A liquid crystal display is a special thin flat panel that can let light go through it, or can block the light. (Unlike an LED it does not produce its own light). The panel is made up of several blocks, and each block can be in any shape. Each block is filled with liquid crystals that can be made clear or solid, by changing the electric current to that block. Liquid crystal displays are often abbreviated LCDs. \nLiquid crystal displays are often used in battery-powered devices, such as digital watches, because they use very little electricity. They are also used for flat screen TV's. Many LCDs work well by themselves when there is other light around (like in a lit room, or outside in daylight). For smartphones, computer monitor, TV's and some other purposes, a back-light is built into the product. This is an LED or Cold Cathode Fluorescent Light (CCFL).\nConstruction.\nThe LCD uses technology called electro-optical modulation. This means it uses electricity to change how much light passes through it.\nEach pixel (block) of an LCD is made of a thin layer of molecules between two electrodes and two polarizing filters. The electrodes provide electric power to the liquid crystal layer, and don't block the light. Light travels with 'polarity' or direction, and a polarizing filter only lets light with one kind of polarity to go through it, like trying to slide a ruler through a narrow opening. Only when the ruler is lined up right, will it fit. These two filters are perpendicular to one another, so the narrow openings are in different directions. This means that without the liquid crystals between them, they would block all light from passing through \u2013 whatever light gets through the first filter will not fit through the second filter.\nThe layer of liquid crystals between the two filters can 'twist' the light so that the polarity changes. This means the light can then pass through both filters, and the pixel appears clear. When giving an electric current to the liquid crystals, the molecules will untwist and will not change the light. The filters then block the light and the pixel appears dark. \nThe chemical formula of the liquid crystals used in LCDs may vary. Formulas may be patented. An example is a mixture of 2-(4-alkoxyphenyl)-5-alkylpyrimidine with cyanobiphenyl, patented by Merck and Sharp Corporation. The patent that covered that specific mixture expired.\nWhen a large number of pixels are needed in a display, it becomes difficult to have enough wires and electrodes to control each pixel and still have a clean display. Instead, the display is \"multiplexed\". In a multiplexed display, electrodes on one side of the display are grouped and wired together (usually in columns). On the other side, the electrodes are also grouped (typically in rows), with each group getting a voltage sink. By turning on one row and one column, each pixel can be controlled one at a time."}
+{"id": "47343", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47343", "title": "Body language", "text": "Body language is a form of non-verbal communication which uses behaviour to communicate. These behaviors include body posture, gestures, facial expressions, and eye movements. Since some body language is subconscious, it is different than using sign language. \nOverview.\nPeople and many animals use body language. It can provide clues about another person's (or animal's) emotions, intentions, attitude, or state of mind. For example, body language can indicate aggression, attentiveness, boredom, relaxation, pleasure, amusement, or intoxication. \nVocabulary of body language.\nBecause body language is not spoken, it can be difficult to interpret. A certain movement or facial expression may be quite meaningful, or it may mean nothing at all. As a starting point, the following sections give with some common body language terms and their generally-accepted meanings.\nPositive body language.\nPositive body language is generally quite reliable as an indicator of a person's feelings. It signals interest in the other person and in the conversation.\nRelaxed posture - Comfortably seated, relaxed breathing, no visible stiffness or abrupt movements. These indicate no major barriers to communication.\nArms relaxed - Uncrossed arms and hands open (palms up or otherwise visible to the other person) are signs of openness.\nGood eye contact - Looking in the other person's eyes, particularly when they are speaking, indicates interest in that person. Proper eye contact involves looking away occasionally to avoid staring.\nNodding agreement - When nods are used to punctuate key things the other person has said, they signal agreement, interest and understanding. However, continual unconscious bobbing of the head usually indicates that the listener is tuning out.\nTaking notes - Shows interest and involvement, particularly if notes are on what the other person is saying. \nSmiling/adding humour - This is a very positive sign. It signals a warm personal relationship. \nLeaning closer - Reducing the distance between two people, particularly when the other person is speaking. Indicates interest is up and barriers are down. \nGesturing warmly - Talking with hands, particularly with palms open, indicates involvement in the conversation and openness to the other person.\nFor all of these positive gestures, moderation is the rule. When they are exaggerated, they can become more negative than positive.\nNegative body language.\nBody tense - Stiffness, wrinkled brow, jerky body motion, hands clasped in front or palms down on the table. These can indicate concern with the topic or dealing with the other person. Arms folded in front - Creates a barrier; can express resistance to what is being said. \nHand on face - A hand over one's mouth is a closed gesture. Leaning on one's elbow with the chin in the hand can communicate boredom. \nFidgeting - Moving around a lot, playing with things and drumming fingers are usually a sign of boredom, nervousness or impatience.\nArms behind head, leaning back - In a well-established relationship this can be a relaxed gesture. In a new relationship, it is often used to express a desire for control or power.\nYawning - Boredom, confusion. The other person is talking too much or in too much technical detail.\nImpatience - Trying to interrupt what the other person is saying, opening one's mouth frequently as if to speak.\nDistraction - Eyes flicking about, blank stares, flipping through literature without really reading it, looking at others in the office, looking at the person's body or clothing.\nLeaning away - Avoiding moving closer, even when something is handed to the person, is strongly negative. \nNegative facial expressions - These include shaking head, eyes narrowed, scowling, frowning\nPersonality - It comes under behaviour when a person shows his body language and the person in front gets understood what type of person is "}
+{"id": "47344", "revid": "527152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47344", "title": "Plagiarism", "text": "Plagiarism is the act of copying another person's ideas, words or writing and pretending that they are one's own work. It can involve violating copyright laws. College students who are caught plagiarizing can be expelled from school. It can permanently damage a student's reputation. Writers who plagiarize commit serious legal and ethical violations.\nLegal issues.\nMany cases of plagiarism, especially in schools, can lead to internal punishment. Certain people have been punished in a legal court for plagiarism, mostly due to copyright claims. Court cases include:\nAny work created in the US after 1st. Mar 1989 is automatically protected by copyright, even if there is no copyright notice attached to the work. The defendant could sue for any copying of this kind of intellectual property.\nAvoiding plagiarism.\nIt is usually not enough to know what plagiarism is, students must also know how to avoid plagiarism. Writers are as responsible for intentional plagiarism as they are for accidental plagiarism. It is important to cite sources while doing research. Putting this off until later can cause some sources to be forgotten or incorrectly cited.\nWhen using a source, make sure the content is in the same context as the paper. Try to avoid using biased sources. Always take the time to find the correct information about a source. For example, some web pages may be part of a larger website. While a web page article may seem fair and balanced, it can be affected by the overall bias or reputation of the publisher. Using something out of context can also lead to charges of plagiarism. Taking the time to properly cite all sources in a paper or work is paying respect to the original ideas of others. This is all part of doing good work."}
+{"id": "47354", "revid": "9657991", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47354", "title": "Rickshaw", "text": "A riksha or rickshaw is a kind of vehicle that has two wheels. They are usually pulled by a human but there are types that have been changed to be pulled by a bicycle or have their own motor, Rickshaws are popular vehicles in Bangal Pradesh (Bangladesh) and Japan."}
+{"id": "47355", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47355", "title": "Saturation", "text": "Saturation or saturated generally means \"thoroughly full\", while unsaturated means less than full. These words can be related to:"}
+{"id": "47356", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47356", "title": "Water content", "text": "Water content means the amount of water present in a porous substance, such as soil. This term is used in hydrogeology, soil science and soil mechanics. In saturated groundwater aquifers, all available spaces are filled with water. Above a capillary fringe, pore spaces have air in them too.\nGaps between soil particles are called \"pore spaces\" or \"voids\". These voids contain various amounts of either water or air. Soil moisture content can be expressed in different basis:\nThe amount of void space within a soil depends on the distribution of particle sizes, and is quantified by soil porosity.\nSoil moisture is the water stored in soil from after rain or melted snow soak into the ground. This water can be used by plants in a process called evapotranspiration or it can continue to move deeper into the ground to become part of the groundwater in a process called groundwater recharge."}
+{"id": "47357", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47357", "title": "Soil moisture", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47364", "revid": "593910", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47364", "title": "Milo Ventimiglia", "text": "Milo Anthony Ventimiglia (born July 8, 1977) is an American actor. He is best known for playing the hero, Peter Petrelli, on the television series, \"Heroes\". He played Jess Mariano on the television series Gilmore Girls. He was born in Anaheim, California."}
+{"id": "47366", "revid": "1593980", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47366", "title": "Black metal", "text": "Black metal is an extreme style of Heavy metal music that started in the early 1980s. Unlike other metal subgenres, black metal vocalists shriek instead of growling. Many black metal bands promote satanism in their lyrics and outlook. Some bands promote Paganism instead of satanism. Black metal musicians often wear corpse paint for performances.\nBlack metal is split into two waves. The first wave began in the early 1980s with bands like Venom, Bathory, Hellhammer, Celtic Frost and Mercyful Fate. Venom's first albums, Welcome to Hell and Black Metal are usually said to be the first black metal records. The second wave is the most popular wave of black metal and it started in the early 1990s. It started from Norway and has bands like Darkthrone, Enslaved, Burzum, Satyricon, Mayhem, Gorgoroth, Immortal, and Emperor.\nBlack metal is also very controversial, especially in Norway. During the early 1990s, certain black metal musicians burned old churches in Norway. One of the people who was found guilty for burning churches, Varg Vikernes, was also found guilty for murdering \u00d8ystein Aarseth, a fellow black metal musician."}
+{"id": "47372", "revid": "1691316", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47372", "title": "Darkness", "text": "Darkness is when there is absence of light. In practice, out in the open air, there is always almost some light, however slight. The darkness of the night sky is estimated by a nine-point scale known as the Bortle scale.\nDarkness is made by blocking light from the sun or some other source of light, which makes shadow. At night the Earth blocks the sun, and casts a shadow over one entire side of the world. There is heat radiation even in the dark. \nIn mythology, darkness is often connected with evil. Many people are uncomfortable or afraid when in the dark, especially children.\nIn religion, darkness is considered as beginning of the world, before the light appeared.\nDarkness in art.\nMany artists used and still use darkness to fill the void spaces on the canvas. Also it used for chiaroscuro. To create darkness, all colored paints are mixed. Every color absorbs light frequencies. "}
+{"id": "47378", "revid": "10201781", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47378", "title": "Des O'Connor", "text": "Desmond \"Des\" Bernard O'Connor (12 January 1932 - 14 November 2020) was an English television presenter and singer. He was born in Stepney, London. O'Connor presented the long running game show Countdown on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom, from January 2007 to December 2008.\nO'Connor died on 14 November 2020 from problems caused by a fall, aged 88."}
+{"id": "47379", "revid": "5400", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47379", "title": "Infinite", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47381", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47381", "title": "Particulates", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47398", "revid": "1687742", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47398", "title": "Tony Romo", "text": "Antonio \"Tony\" Ramiro Romo (born April 22, 1980 in San Diego, California) is an American football former professional quarterback. He played parts of thirteen seasons in the National Football League (NFL). He played his whole career with the Dallas Cowboys. He played college football at Eastern Illinois. He is viewed by many as the top quarterback in the NFL.\nRomo was signed by the Cowboys as an undrafted free agent in 2003. He has had success with Dallas, and is well known by the media. He has the 3rd highest passer rating in NFL history.\nOn April 4, 2017, Romo announced that he was retiring from playing professional football and was released by the Cowboys. After retiring, Romo became a broadcaster and commentator for CBS Sports."}
+{"id": "47408", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47408", "title": "Carmelo Anthony", "text": "Carmelo Kyam Anthony (born May 29, 1984 in Brooklyn, New York) is an American former professional basketball small forward. He played a total of nineteen seasons in the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played for the Denver Nuggets, New York Knicks, Oklahoma City Thunder, Houston Rockets, Portland Trail Blazers, and Los Angeles Lakers.\nAnthony also represented the United States at the Olympic Games. He won a bronze medal at the 2004 Summer Olympics and a gold medal at the 2008, 2012, and 2016 Olympic Games.\nOn May 22, 2023, Anthony announced his retirement from playing professional basketball."}
+{"id": "47412", "revid": "1673561", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47412", "title": "Dallas Mavericks", "text": "The Dallas Mavericks are an American professional basketball team from Dallas, Texas. They play in the National Basketball Association (NBA). They were founded in 1980. They play their home games at the American Airlines Center. The team's main owners are casino magnates Miriam Adelson and her son-in-law Patrick Dumont, who bought a majority stake in the team from Mark Cuban in December 2023. Cuban still has a minority interest and controls basketball operations.\nThough they have had good teams for most of the 2000s, they have only made the NBA Finals three times. The first time was in 2006, where they lost to the Miami Heat 4-2. They won their first NBA Championship in 2011 when they beat the Miami Heat in a 4-2 series in a rematch from 2006. After the championship, the Mavericks would not make it past the first/second rounds until 2022. They played the Boston Celtics in the 2024 Finals losing in five games.\nNotable Mavericks players include Dirk Nowitzki, Jason Kidd, Steve Nash, Mark Aguirre, Jerry Stackhouse, Peja Stojakovi\u0107, Jason Terry, Shawn Marion, Tyson Chandler, Brendan Haywood, Caron Butler, Derek Harper, Rolando Blackman, Luka Don\u010di\u0107, and Kyrie Irving. "}
+{"id": "47413", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47413", "title": "Walter Payton", "text": "Walter Payton (July 25, 1954 \u2013 November 1, 1999) was an American football player. He was born in Columbia, Mississippi. Payton played for the Chicago Bears from 1975 to 1987. The Bears won Super Bowl XX in 1985. Payton was made a member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1993. He died of cholangiocarcinoma (bile duct cancer) in 1999."}
+{"id": "47433", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47433", "title": "Christopher Benfey", "text": "Christopher Benfey (born October 28, 1954) is an American writer. He is a Professor of English language at Mount Holyoke College. He has written several books that people liked a lot. He was born in Marion, Pennsylvania. He later moved to Richmond, Indiana where he grew up. He has attended many colleges including the Putney school, Guilford College, Earlham College, and Harvard University."}
+{"id": "47439", "revid": "7177", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47439", "title": "LCD", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47442", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47442", "title": "Y2K Bug", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47445", "revid": "680", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47445", "title": "Ravine of the Sheeps", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47446", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47446", "title": "Harthacanute", "text": "Harthacanute (Canute the Hardy, sometimes \"Hardicanute, Hardecanute\"; Danish: \"Hardeknud\") (1018 \u2013 8 June 1042) was King of Denmark from 1035 to 1042 and England from 1040 to 1042. He was the only son of Canute the Great and Emma of Normandy.\nHe followed his father as King of Denmark in 1035, becoming Canute III. Fighting with Magnus I of Norway stopped him from sailing to England to take up his throne. His older, illegitimate half-brother, Harold Harefoot, became regent of England.\nHarold took the English crown for himself in 1037. After Harthacanute had settled the situation in Scandinavia he prepared an invasion of England to take over his kingdom. Harold died, and Harthacanute was able to take back his throne peacefully.\nHarthacanute was a harsh and unpopular ruler. To pay for his ships, he greatly increased the rate of taxation. In 1041, the people of Worcester killed two of Harthacanute's men who had been collecting the tax. Harthacanute burned the city. The story of Lady Godiva riding naked through the streets of Coventry to persuade the local earl to lower taxes, may come from the reign of Harthacanute. The \"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle\" says of him: \"He never accomplished anything kingly for as long as he ruled\".\nIn 1041, Harthacanute asked his half-brother Edward the Confessor (his mother Emma's son by Ethelred the Unready) back from exile in Normandy to become a member of his household, and probably made Edward his heir. Harthacanute was unmarried and had no children. On 8 June 1042, he died at Lambeth\u2014 he \"died as he stood at his drink, and he suddenly fell to the earth\". He was buried at Winchester Cathedral, Hampshire. Edward became the new king."}
+{"id": "47451", "revid": "10498891", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47451", "title": "Harold Harefoot", "text": "Harold Harefoot, or Harold I (\"c\". 1015 \u2013 17 March 1040), was King of England from 1035 to 1040. He was son of Canute the Great, King of England, Denmark, Norway, and some of Sweden, by his wife, Aelgifu of Northampton. There was scepticism about his being Canute's son.\nUpon Canute's death on 12 November 1035, Harold's younger half-brother Harthacanute, the son of Canute and his queen, Emma of Normandy, was the legitimate heir to the thrones of both Denmark and England. He was unable to travel to his coronation because Denmark was threatend from an invasion by King Magnus I of Norway and King Anund Jacob of Sweden. Therefore, he was installed temporarily as regent though Godwin, the Earl of Wessex and the Queen was against the idea.\nHarold died at Oxford on 17 March 1040, just as Harthacanute was preparing a Danish invasion force. He was buried at the abbey of Westminster."}
+{"id": "47454", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47454", "title": "English Interregnum", "text": "The English Interregnum was the period of parliamentary and military rule in the land occupied by modern-day England and Wales after the English Civil War. It began with the execution of Charles I in 1649 and ended when Charles II became king in 1660. Oliver Cromwell had died in 1658.\nThis era in English history can be divided into four periods:\nOliver Cromwell was a Puritan, and during the Interregnum, he imposed a very strict form of Christianity upon the country. Although a main cause of the English Civil War had been oppression under Charles I, England during the Interregnum became oppressive in its own way. Cromwell granted religious freedom that had otherwise been unknown in England, but other forms of expression were suddenly limited. (For instance, theatre, which had thrived under the Stuart kings and Elizabeth I, was banned.) Cromwell also made sure that his own personal vision of Christianity was enforced upon the masses. Many of Cromwell's actions were called \"harsh, unwise, and tyrannical\" by some commentators. \nAfter Cromwell's death, his son Richard Cromwell quit his position as Lord Protector with little hesitation. He resigned, or \"abdicated\", after a demand by the Rump Parliament. That began a short period of restoration of the Commonwealth of England.\nThe English Restoration soon happened, when Charles II came to power."}
+{"id": "47455", "revid": "640760", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47455", "title": "Interregnum", "text": "An interregnum is a period between monarchs, between popes of the Roman Catholic Church, Papal States, and Vatican City, emperors of Holy Roman Empire, Polish kings (elective monarchy) or between consuls of the Roman Republic. It can also refer any gap in the continuity of a government, organization, or social order. The period of interregnum may be peaceful, or it may collapse into chaos and anarchy.\nIn some monarchies, such as the United Kingdom, an \"interregnum\" is usually avoided due to a rule described as \"the king is dead, long live the King\", i.e. the heir to the throne becomes a new monarch immediately on his predecessor's death or abdication. This famous phrase signifies the continuity of sovereignty. This is not so in other monarchies where the new monarch's reign begins only with coronation or some other formal or traditional event. \nPope's \"interregnum\" (or \"sede vacante\").\nAn \"interregnum\" occurs also upon the death of the Roman Catholic Pope, though this is generally known as a \"sede vacante\" (vacant seat). The interregnum ends immediately upon election of the new Pope by the College of Cardinals."}
+{"id": "47459", "revid": "10482689", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47459", "title": "Oliver Cromwell", "text": "Oliver Cromwell (25 April 1599 \u2013 3 September 1658) was an English military and political leader best known for making England a republic and leading the Commonwealth of England and primarily because of ethnic cleansing in Ireland that was called by a euphemistically, the Cromwellian conquest.\nCromwell's actions during his career seem confusing today. He supported Parliament against the King, but he ordered his soldiers to break up Parliament. Under his rule, the Protectorate said that people's religious beliefs should be respected, but some people who went against what most of them believed were tortured and imprisoned.\nCromwell was the first ruler of England to be a Puritan. He created the New Model Army. Many English people today think he was one of their greatest leaders.\nEarly life.\nOliver Cromwell started off as a gentleman from Huntingdon and first studied at Huntingdon Grammar School. He had a bad relationship with his father. He went on to Sidney Sussex College. At the new small college of the University of Cambridge, he had the chance to talk about thr new Puritan ideas, which he shared. However, he never took a degree because his father died in 1617 while he was studying.\nEnglish Civil War.\nIn 1628, Cromwell became a Puritan Member of Parliament and supported Parliament in its quarrel with King Charles I. When the English Civil War broke out in 1642, the King's army was stronger and better prepared than the Parliamentary army. That made Cromwell decide to train men to fight better. Soon, the New Model Army, which he had trained began to win battles. As a result, Parliament won the war. By then, Cromwell had become very powerful.\nCommonwealth: 16491653.\nDuring the following years, Cromwell conducted two campaigns to subdue the Irish Catholics (1649-1650), and in the Battles of Dunbar and Worcester (1650-1651), he crushed the Scottish Royalists, who had proclaimed Charles II as king, the first son of Charles I, who had been executed in 1649.\nRump Parliament.\nAfter the execution, a republic was declared, known as the Commonwealth of England. A Council of State was appointed to manage affairs, which included Cromwell among its members. His real power base was in the army.\nTakeover of Ireland.\nIn 1652, Cromwell took over Ireland. Many historians believe that Cromwell committed an ethnic cleansing against the Irish Catholics. Cromwell wanted them to move out of eastern Ireland into the island's northwest. According to those historians, Cromwell and his army used massacres, starvation, and threats of execution to force the Irish to leave. According to the historian Frances Stewart, 600,000 Irish people, 43% of the Irish population, died from those policies.\nProtectorate: 16531658.\nThe House of Commons tried hard to control the army but was unable to. In 1653, Cromwell dissolved the House of Commons; yielded legislative power to 139 people of his confidence; and took the title of Lord Protector of England, Scotland and Ireland, with powers wider than those enjoyed by the monarch. During his tenure, he reorganized public finances, promoted the liberalization of commerce to ensure the prosperity of the mercantile bourgeoisie, promulgated the Navigation Act (1651) through which he imposed English maritime supremacy on the Netherlands, defeated the Netherlands (1654), snatched Jamaica from Spain (1655), persecuted the Catholics, and placed England at the head of the European Protestant countries.\nA new constitution, known as the Instrument of Government, made Cromwell Lord Protector for life. He had the power to call and dissolve parliaments.\nIn 1657, Cromwell was offered the crown by Parliament. Cromwell thought about the offer for six weeks and then rejected it.He was ceremonially reinstalled as \"Lord Protector\", with greater powers than had previously been granted him under the title, at Westminster Hall.\nCromwell is thought to have suffered from malaria, which had probably first been contracted while on campaign in Ireland. He died at Whitehall on 3 September 1658, the anniversary of his great victories at Dunbar and Worcester.\nAfter Cromwell's death.\nCromwell was succeeded as Lord Protector by his first son, Richard Cromwell. Although Richard was not entirely without ability, he had no power base in either Parliament or the army and was forced to resign in the spring of 1659, which brough the Protectorate to an end. The Commonwealth had a period of chaos, which ended with the restoration of the monarchy in the person of Charles II by Parliament (1660). A year later, Parliament restored Charles II as king.\nAfter the Royalists returned to power, despite his his prudence, the new monarch allowed Cromwell's corpse to be exhumed, hanged in chains, have its head cut off, and exposed in the Tower of London. That was in revenge for Cromwell having Charles I executed.\nIt is said that Cromwell's head was lost for months until a soldier found it. His skull was passed around as a token until it was buried at Tyburn."}
+{"id": "47460", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47460", "title": "Interregnum (disambiguation)", "text": "Interregnum could mean:"}
+{"id": "47466", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47466", "title": "The Titanic", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47469", "revid": "572554", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47469", "title": "The Incredibles", "text": "The Incredibles is a 2004 animated superhero movie. It was written and developed by Brad Bird, who once directed \"The Simpsons\" and was best known for directing the animated movie \"The Iron Giant\". The movie was produced by Pixar Animation Studios and has won an Academy Award. \"The Incredibles\" was originally developed as a traditionally-animated movie, but after Warner Bros. shut down its animation division, Brad Bird moved to Pixar and took the story with him. The Incredibles was Pixar's first PG-rated movie. It was Pixar's final movie released on VHS.\nThe movie depicts a world where there are superheroes, but after an intense court hearing, the government decides that all 'supers' must now go undercover and live normal lives. The main character is Robert Parr (Mr Incredible). The sequel \"Incredibles 2\" was released to the public on June 15, 2018.\nPlot.\nIn the 1950s, superheroes are now scorned by the public because of the collateral damage caused by their crime-fighting. After several lawsuits, the government initiates the Superhero Relocation Program, in which superheroes must give up crime-fighting and live under secret identities. Many years later, in the mid-1960s, Bob Parr and his wife Helen-formerly Mr. Incredible and Elastigirl-live in the suburbs of Metroville with their children Dash, Violet and Jack-Jack. Although Bob loves his family, he secretly resents his white-collar job and his mundane suburban life. Along with his friend Lucius Best-formerly known as Frozen-Bob occasionally moonlights as a vigilante to relive his \"glory days\".\nOne day, Bob and Lucius are nearly caught during one of their vigilante activities when he discovers one of his friends, Gazerbeam, is missing. The next day, after his boss, Gilbert Huph, prevents him from stopping a mugging, Bob loses his temper, and injures Huph with his super strength, leading to him being fired. When he returns home, he receives a video call from a mysterious woman called Mirage, who assigns him a paid mission to defeat the Omnidroid, a savage robot on a remote island called Nomanisan. Bob travels to the island, where he battles the robot and destroys it by ripping out its power source. Bob finds the action and higher pay rejuvenating; over the next two months, while waiting for another assignment by Mirage, he improves his relationship with his family. When he finds a rip in his super suit, he visits the eccentric costume designer Edna Modeto mend it. Assuming Helen knows what Bob is doing, she designs suits for the rest of the family.\nTravelling to Nomanisan again, Bob discovers Mirage is working for the wicked Syndrome, a jilted fan formerly known as Buddy Pine, who now makes money as an inventor and arms dealer. After escaping from Syndrome, Bob discovers Gazerbeam's skeleton in a cave, with the reflection pointing towards writing on a wall; KRONOS. Bob uses the word to hack into Syndrome's computer, and discovers to his horror, that Syndrome has been perfecting the Omnidroid to kill superheroes after he hires them to fight it. Syndrome's plans to send the Omnidroid to Metroville, where he will manipulate its controls and defeat it, becoming a hero in the eyes of the public; his endgame is to sell his inventions around the world, so everyone can become super, rendering actual superheroes obsolete.\nHelen visits Edna and learns what Bob has been up to. She activates a beacon built into the suits to find Bob, accidentally causing him to be captured while infiltrating Syndrome's base. Elastigirl borrows a private plane to travel to the island, and discovers that Dash and Violet have stowed away, leaving Jack-Jack with a babysitter. Syndrome picks up on Helen's radio transmissions, and he sends anti-aircraft missiles to shoot her down, destroying the plane. Helen and the kids survive and use their powers to reach the island. Helen infiltrates the base and discovers Syndrome's plan. Discontented with Syndrome's indifference when her life was threatened, Mirage frees Bob and tells him his family are alive. Helen arrives and she and Bob race to find their children; Dash and Violet defeat Syndrome's henchmen and reunite with their parents; Syndrome captures them all, and travels to Metroville with the Omnidroid.\nWith the help of Mirage, the family escape. Due to the Omnidroid's advanced intelligence, it recognizes Syndrome as a threat to itself, shooting off the controller from his wrist, rendering him unable to control it, and knocking him out. The Incredibles team up with Frozone, and defeat the Omnidroid. Helen acquires the controls, and Bob destroys the robot's power source. Upon arriving home, the Incredibles discover Syndrome, who plans to capture Jack-Jack and raise him as his apprentice out of revenge. As he travels to his jet, Jack Jack's power manifest and he escapes him in mid-air, being caught by Helen. Bob throws his car at Syndrome's plane, and the villain is incinerated when his cape is caught in the plane's turbines.\nThree months later, the Incredibles are confronted by the supervillain Underminer; they wear their masks, ready to confront the new threat together.\nVoice cast.\nAdditional voices were provided by Mary Elizabeth Clark, Pete Docter, Louis Gonzales, Juliet Greenberg, Billy Guardino, Brad Lewis, Ted Mathot, Jazzy Mahannah, Jeff Pidgeon, Juliet Pokorny, A.J. Riebli, Stephen Schaffer, Pamela Gaye Walker and Patrick Walker."}
+{"id": "47472", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47472", "title": "Latin Alphabet", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47473", "revid": "507729", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47473", "title": "Draughts", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47476", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47476", "title": "Restoration", "text": "Restoration may refer to:"}
+{"id": "47477", "revid": "10482700", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47477", "title": "The Restoration", "text": "The Restoration was a time in the history of the British Isles that started in 1660, when the House of Stuart was restored to power after the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The Restoration came after the Protectorate, when Oliver Cromwell and his son Richard Cromwell had led the government. The kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland started to have a monarchy again. \"The Restoration\" means both the events at the start of Charles II's reign and the period of time after they happened.\nCharles II came back to England after his exile and became king of England, Scotland and Ireland. Earlier, the monarchy had stopped after Charles I's execution. The three kingdoms became a republic, without a monarchy: the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland.\nLiterature and culture of the Restoration period can also have the name \"Restoration\". (For example, Restoration drama is the theatre and plays of the Restoration period.)"}
+{"id": "47480", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47480", "title": "Commonwealth of England", "text": "The Commonwealth of England was the republican government which ruled first England and then Ireland and Scotland from 1649 to 1660. After the execution of Charles I on January 30, 1649, the Commonwealth was declared (\"\") by the Rump Parliament on May 19, 1649.\nThe government during 1653 to 1659 is properly called the Protectorate and took the form of direct personal rule by Oliver Cromwell and, after his death, his son Richard Cromwell, as Lord Protector. The term \"Commonwealth\" is, however, loosely used to describe the system of government during the whole of 1649 to 1660, the years of the English Interregnum. The son of King Charles returned in The Restoration."}
+{"id": "47481", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47481", "title": "Declaration", "text": " Declaration can mean:"}
+{"id": "47482", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47482", "title": "Declaration of independence", "text": "A declaration of independence is a claim of independence of an aspiring state or states. States like these are usually formed from part or all of the territory of another nation or failed nation, or are breakaway territories from within the parent state.\nDeclarations of independence are typically made without the consent of the parent state, and hence are sometimes called unilateral declarations of independence (UDI), particularly by those who question the validity of the declarations."}
+{"id": "47484", "revid": "10440710", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47484", "title": "Presbyterianism", "text": "Presbyterianism is a kind of Protestantism. The form of Christianity was started in Scotland by John Knox during the 16th century. It became powerful in England during the Civil War. Today, there are Presbyterian churches across the world. \"Presbyter\" comes from a Greek word meaning \"elder\".\nPresbyterians, its followers, believe that the Bible is the most important thing in their church because it has been given to humans by God and has no errors in it. They believe that God has control over everything and has chosen to make some people follow Jesus Christ but not others. Like Calvinists, they also believe that only followers of Jesus can get into Heaven.\nPresbyterian churches may be led by men called ministers, rectors or elders, who rule in committees. Some Presbyterian churches have women as elders. \nThere is no overall leader, and there are no bishops in the Presbyterian tradition. On Sundays, the Bible, which Presbyterians consider to be the Word of God, is read, and a sermon preached by the minister is at the heart of a morning worship service, which also includes group singings of some worship songs.\nAround the world.\nThere are Presbyterian churches on every continent except Antarctica, but they do not always agree with one another. There have been many splits, or schisms, caused by various disagreements about what they believe or how they should be organised. Some schisms have been healed, but many have not.\nIn Scotland, where Presbyterianism started, there are at least seven different groups, or denominations. There are also three main groups in England, one in Wales and five in Northern Ireland.\nThere are dozens of different denominations in North America, almost all in the United States. They arrived during the 17th century, mostly from Scotland, but already disagreed with one another. Most countries in South America have had Presbyterian churches since the 19th century.\nAt least 23 countries in Africa have Presbyterian churches, also since the 19th century.\nIn Asia, the Presbyterian Church of Korea was started through the Christian mission of the Presbyterian Church (USA). After Korean independence, the division was formed afresh, as Presbyterian Church in Korea (KoRyuPa) supports the views of Dutch Reformed churches. In 2012, a new General Assembly of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church of Korea declared itself the authentic historical succession of John Knox."}
+{"id": "47485", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47485", "title": "Declaration of war", "text": "A declaration of war is a formal declaration issued by a national government indicating that a state of war exists between that nation, and one or more others.\nDeclarations of war have been used in diplomacy since the Renaissance, when the first formal declarations of war were issued.\nIn an effort to force nations to resolve issues without warfare, the United Nations Charter attempted to commit member nations to using warfare only under limited circumstances, such as to defend when attacked. Wars continued to begin and end, but powerful states no longer declared them."}
+{"id": "47486", "revid": "7377", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47486", "title": "Presbyterian", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47488", "revid": "1677584", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47488", "title": "Cyrillic script", "text": "The Cyrillic script, sometimes called the Slavonic script or Slavic script, is a writing system. It is used to write Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Rusyn, Bulgarian, Macedonian and most South Slavic languages. It was developed in the Bulgarian empire during the reign of Tsar Simeon I. The Soviet Union made many non-Slavic languages in the Caucasus, Siberia, Central Asia and in northern Russia to be written in Cyrillic.\nHistory.\nOld Church Slavonic was the original language of the Slavic people, and it was used for Russian Orthodox Church. In the 9th century, two monks, St. Cyril and St. Methodius, were missionaries in Eastern Europe. When they preached to the Slavic peoples, they invented the Glagolitic alphabet, an early form of Cyrillic. \nDuring the 18th century, Nikolay Karamzin added \u042d, \u0419 and \u0401.\nIn 1708, Peter the Great added lowercase forms to the letters.\nAfter the October Revolution, the Communist Party changed the Cyrillic alphabet for the Russian language so it would be easier for Soviet citizens to learn how to read and write. The letters I/i, \u0462/\u0463, \u0472/\u0473, and \u0474/\u0475 were all removed from Russian.\nIn 1991, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan decided to drop the Cyrillic script and adopt the Latin script."}
+{"id": "47492", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47492", "title": "Silent Spring", "text": "Silent Spring is the name of a book by Rachel Carson. It was published in 1962. It tells of the damage done to the environment by the use of chemicals to kill pests. The book is widely credited with helping launch the modern American environmental movement.\nThe book documented detrimental effects of pesticides such as DDT on wildlife, particularly birds. Carson accused the chemical industry of spreading disinformation, and public officials of accepting industry claims uncritically."}
+{"id": "47493", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47493", "title": "Nymph (biology)", "text": "In zoology, a nymph is the young stage of some kinds of invertebrates, especially insects.\nInsects grow by metamorphosis. In incomplete metamorphosis, an insect egg hatches, and a small nymph comes out. The nymph usually looks just like the adult insect but is much smaller. Nymphs do not become pupae before becoming adults. They just grow larger. They moult through various stages called instars.\nSome insects have nymphs that are aquatic, which means they live in water. These nymphs look very different from the adults. Dragonflies have nymphs that live in water, such as in lakes and rivers. Nymphs that live in water are sometimes called naiads.\nThe other way insects grow is by complete metamorphosis. This way has no nymphs. The adult form is prepared in the pupa, and comes out perfect.\nSome insects that are nymphs when they are young are grasshoppers, cockroaches, true bugs and dragonflies."}
+{"id": "47495", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47495", "title": "Complete metamorphosis", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47497", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47497", "title": "Holometabolism", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47498", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47498", "title": "Holometabolous", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47499", "revid": "1637042", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47499", "title": "Saab", "text": "Saab is a Swedish car and airplane maker, started in Trollhattan, Sweden in 1937. Saab started to make cars in 1947. The automobile part of the business is now owned by Spyker Cars. The aviation and defense parts of Saab are owned by the Wallenberg family. 1939-2014"}
+{"id": "47501", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47501", "title": "The Protectorate", "text": "The Protectorate was the period of British history during which the Commonwealth of England, Scotland, and Ireland was governed by a Lord Protector, which was from 1653 to 1659.\nBefore the Protectorate, England (and then Scotland and Ireland) had been ruled directly by Parliament since it had in 1649. The Rump Parliament had been sent away in April 1653 by soldiers led by Oliver Cromwell. Although the replacement Barebones Parliament (July\u2013December 1653), was nominated by Cromwell and the leaders of the army, it was just as difficult to control.\nThe post of Lord Protector was created by a constitution passed in December 1653, which gave Cromwell the position for life. Although the constitution divided power between the Lord Protector, the Council of State and Parliament, there was in practice again the strong executive power that had been absent since the end of the monarchy. Cromwellian government has been called 'one of the first experiments in (\"de facto\") military dictatorship' (Abbott).\nDuring the Protectorate, there was Puritan legislation. Religious toleration was extended to Jews and most Protestants but not Anglicans or Roman Catholics.\nAfter Cromwell's death in September 1658, the new Lord Protector, Richard Cromwell, was unable to control the army and resigned in May 1659. After the chaotic English Interregnum, the monarchy was restored in May 1660 through the initiative of General George Monck."}
+{"id": "47502", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47502", "title": "Vibrator", "text": "Vibrator could mean several different types of devices:\nVibrator could also mean:"}
+{"id": "47503", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47503", "title": "Rump Parliament", "text": "The Rump Parliament was the name given to Parliament until 1660 of the English Parliament that followed the Long Parliament, after Pride's Purge of December 6 1648 had removed those Members of Parliament that were against the plan to try King Charles I for high treason."}
+{"id": "47504", "revid": "1377006", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47504", "title": "Vibrator (sensual)", "text": "A vibrator is a device that is made to vibrate against the body, thereby stimulating the nerves and giving a pleasurable and possibly erotic feeling.\nHistory.\nThe electrically powered vibrator was invented in the 1880s by doctors, who were treating women for \"hysteria\" for centuries by performing what today would be considered masturbation. At the time, however, not only did doctors regard the \"vulvular stimulation\" as having nothing to do with sex, they reportedly found that it took a lot of time to do and it was hard work. The vibrator did it more quickly and easily, and because of this it was very popular with doctors.\nHome versions soon started being made and they were also popular, with adverts in places like \"Needlecraft\", \"Woman's Home Companion\", \"Modern Priscilla\" and the Sears catalog. These disappeared in the 1920s, as their appearance in pornography made it harder for polite society to avoid the sexual connotations of the devices.\nAs \"body massagers\", millions of vibrators have been sold to both men and women.\nSome people that buy vibrators only use them for pains. However, many people who purchase vibrators marketed as \"body massagers\" \u2014 and, presumably, most people who purchase vibrators marketed as adult toys \u2014 use them to get sexual pleasure, most often in masturbation. Vibrators often allow people to achieve orgasm more quickly and easily, and are often said to give stronger orgasms. They are often recommended by sex therapists for women who have difficulty reaching orgasm by other means. Couples also use them sometimes.\nHarper's Magazine notes a Durex survey that says 46% of women have vibrators near 2006. This may have been market research relating to their vibrating condom base product.\nThe sale of vibrators and similar items was forbidden up until recently in several states in the southern United States. In Texas, the sale of vibrators and dildos is technically illegal, but many stores will sell such items provided that the customer signs a statement that the device will be used only for educational purposes. The law\u2019s current status in real life is not certain. The states of Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Indiana, Virginia, Louisiana and Massachusetts have all had laws that prohibit vibrators, but most of them have been struck down by courts or are not enforced. Only the law in Alabama is generally enforced.\nTypes of erotic vibrators.\nAn enormous range of vibrators exist, falling into several broad categories:\nMost vibrators use internal batteries, but some of them have a power cord and must be plugged into an power socket to work."}
+{"id": "47505", "revid": "10368822", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47505", "title": "Michael Owen", "text": "Michael Owen (born 14 December 1979) is a retired English professional footballer.\nClub career statistics.\n\"Statistics accurate as of match played 19 May 2013\"\nInternational career statistics.\nInternational goals"}
+{"id": "47507", "revid": "1680555", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47507", "title": "History of England", "text": "England before the English.\nArchaeology shows that people came to southern England long before the rest of the British Isles, probably because of the friendly climate between and during the ice ages of long ago.\nJulius Caesar invaded what is now England in 55 and 54 BC, as part of the Gallic Wars, and was defeated. He wrote in \"De Bello Gallico\" that there were many tribes there, very similar to other Celtic tribes in Europe. Coins, and later Roman historians, have given us the names of some of the rulers of the tribes, and what they did.\nIn 43 AD, Claudius successfully invaded England with 40,000 soldiers landing at Gaul at Richborough, Kent.\nFor hundreds of years, what is now England was a Roman province, Britannia. The Romans later gave up on the province and left the Celtic people on their own as the Roman Empire began to fall apart. The influence of the Romans meant that the territory of England had already experienced unity before the Anglo-Saxons and Frisians arrived.\nAnglo-Saxon England.\nAnalysis of human bodies found at an ancient cemetery near Abingdon, England, shows that Germanic immigrants and Celtic Britons lived side-by-side.\nThe Romano-British population (the Britons) was assimilated. The settlement (or invasion) of England is called the Saxon Conquest, or the Anglo-Saxon or English Conquest.\nFrom the 4th century AD, many Britons left to cross the English Channel from Wales, Cornwall and southern Britain, and started to settle the western part of Gaul (Armorica), where they started a new nation: Brittany. The Britons gave their new country its name and the Breton language, Brezhoneg, a sister language to Welsh and Cornish. The name \"Brittany\" (from \"Little Britain\") arose at this time to tell the new Britain apart from \"Great Britain\". Brezhoneg is still spoken in Brittany today.\nVikings.\nAfter a time of raids, the Vikings also began to settle in England and to trade, eventually controlling an area called the Danelaw from the late 9th century. One Viking settlement was at York, called Jorvik by the Vikings. Viking rule left traces in the English language \u2014 because Old English was already related to Old Norse, many Norse words began to be used in English at this time.\nEngland during the Middle Ages.\nThe defeat of King Harold Godwinson at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 against Duke William II of Normandy, later called William I of England, and the following Norman conquest of England caused important changes in the history of Britain. William ordered the Domesday Book to be written. This was a survey of the entire population, and their lands and property, to help in collecting taxes.\nWilliam also ruled Normandy, then a powerful duchy in France. William and his nobles spoke, and held court, in Anglo-Norman, in Normandy as well as in England. The use of the Anglo-Norman language by the aristocracy was kept up for centuries, and had a great influence on the development of Old English into Middle English.\nIn England, the Middle Ages was a time of war, civil war, rebellions from time to time, and many plots among the nobles and royalty. England had more than enough cereals, dairy products, beef and mutton. The nation's international economy was based on the wool trade, where wool from northern England was sold to the textile merchants of Flanders to make into cloth. Medieval foreign policy was also shaped by relations with the Flemish cloth business. An English cloth business was developed in the fifteenth century, allowing the English also to become wealthier.\nIn the reign of Henry II, the king got some power back from the barony and the Church. Henry's successor, Richard I \"the Lion Heart\", took part in the Third Crusade, and defended his French territories against Philip II of France. His younger brother John, who followed him as king, was not so lucky; he lost Normandy and many other French territories. In 1215, the barons led an armed rebellion and forced him to sign Magna Carta, which put legal limits on the King's personal powers.\nThe reign of Edward I (1272\u20131307) was rather successful. Edward strengthened the powers of his Government, and called the first English Parliament. He conquered Wales. His son, Edward II, lost the Battle of Bannockburn against Scotland.\nThe Black Death, an epidemic that spread over all of Europe and parts of Asia, arrived in England in 1349 and killed perhaps up to a third of the population.\nEdward III gave land to powerful noble families, including many people with royal blood. Because land was like power in these days, some powerful men could now try to claim the Crown.\nTudor England.\nThe Wars of the Roses ended with the victory of Henry Tudor, who became king Henry VII of England, at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485, where the Yorkist king, Richard III was killed.\nHis son, Henry VIII split with the Roman Catholic Church over a question of his divorce from Catherine of Aragon. Though his religious position was not entirely Protestant, this led to the Church of England breaking from the Roman Catholic Church. There followed a time of great religious and political troubles, and the English Reformation.\nHenry VIII had three children, all of whom would wear the Crown. The first to reign was Edward VI of England. Although he was intelligent, he was only a boy of ten when he took the throne in 1547.\nWhen Edward VI died of tuberculosis in 1553 Mary I took the throne when crowds cheered for her in London, which people at the time said was the largest show of affection for a Tudor monarch. Mary, a loyal Catholic who had been influenced greatly by the Catholic King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, tried to get the country back to Catholicism. This led to 274 burnings of Protestants, and much hatred from her people. Mary lost Calais, the last English possession on the Continent, and became even more unpopular (except among Catholics) at the end of her reign.\nThe reign of Elizabeth returned a sort of order to England in 1558. The religious question that had divided the country since Henry VIII was put to rest by the Elizabethan Religious Settlement, which set up the Church of England in much the same form it has today.\nThe slave trade that made Britain a major economic power began with Elizabeth, who gave John Hawkins permission to start trading in 1562.\nThe government of Elizabeth was more peaceful, apart from the revolt of the northern earls in 1569, and she was able to lessen the power of the old nobility and expand the power of her government. One of the most famous events in English military history was in 1588 when the Spanish Armada lost against the English navy, commanded by Sir Francis Drake. Elizabeth's government did much to make her government stronger, and to make common law and administration more effective throughout England.\nIn all, the Tudor period is seen as an important one, leading to many questions that would have to be answered in the next century during the English Civil War. These were questions of how much power the monarch and Parliament should have, and how much one should control the other.\nThe Stuarts and the Civil War.\nElizabeth died without children who could take the throne after her. Her closest male Protestant relative was the king of Scotland, James VI, of the house of Stuart, so he became James I of England, the first king of the entire island of Great Britain, although he ruled England and Scotland as separate countries.\nThe English Civil War began in 1642, mainly because of conflicts between James' son, Charles I, and Parliament. The defeat of the Royalist army by the New Model Army of Parliament at the Battle of Naseby in June 1645 destroyed most of the King's forces. The capture and trial of Charles led to his beheading in January 1649 at Whitehall Gate in London. A republic was declared, and Oliver Cromwell became the Lord Protector in 1653. After he died, his son Richard Cromwell followed him in the office, but soon quit. The monarchy was returned in 1660, after England had a time of anarchy, with King Charles II again in London.\nIn 1665, London was hit with the plague, and then, in 1666, the capital was burned for 5 days by the Great Fire, destroying around 15,000 buildings.\nIn 1689, the Dutch Protestant William of Orange, replaced the Catholic King James II in what is called the Glorious Revolution. However, in Scotland and Ireland, Catholics loyal to James II were not so happy, and a series of bloody revolts followed. These rebellions continued until the mid-18th century, when Charles Edward Stuart was defeated at the Battle of Culloden in 1746.\nThe First Act of Union made Scotland, England and Wales into one country. The history of England after this 1707 Act is a part of Great Britain's history."}
+{"id": "47508", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47508", "title": "Granny panties", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47511", "revid": "62069", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47511", "title": "Anglo-Saxons", "text": "The Anglo-Saxons were the dominant people living in England from the mid-5th century AD until the Norman conquest in 1066. They spoke Germanic languages and are identified by Bede as the descendants of three powerful tribes. These were the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. Their language, \"Anglo-Saxon\" or Old English, came from West Germanic dialects. It changed into Middle English from about the 11th century. Old English was divided into four main dialects: West Saxon, Mercian, Northumbrian, and Kentish.\nThe Anglo-Saxon culture replaced the Celtic culture in the area that is now England. Modern historians do not think that the Anglo-Saxons drove the Celts away, but instead that they became an upper class to the Celts in England, and the Celts then became part of the Anglo-Saxon culture. They created seven kingdoms in England. They never conquered Wales but Anglo-Saxon kings did claim overlordship from time to time. Some Anglo-Saxons came to Britain as warriors, but others came peacefully to become farmers or to raise families.\nAnglo-Saxon migration.\nIt is not known how many Anglo-Saxons actually came to Britain between the 4th and 6th century AD. Many sources say large numbers of Anglo-Saxon settlers arrived. Because of this, some of the native Britons moved west, towards Wales and Cornwall. Others went to Armorica and became the Bretons. The language of the Anglo-Saxons, Old English, became the main language in southern Britain. A few Celtic and Latin words were borrowed into Old English.\nIn the areas such as Kent, Sussex, Essex, Suffolk and Norfolk, many of the native Britons may have been driven out. In other areas, some Britons likely remained and were absorbed into Anglo-Saxon society. In 2011, a historian suggested that about 1 or 2 Anglo-Saxons came to England for every 10 Celts that were already there.\nAngles, Saxons and Jutes.\nIt was Bede who identified the invaders as Angles, Saxons and Jutes. But he sometimes used the names \"Angli\" and \"Saxones\" for the same people in different parts of his writings. In Book I, Chapter 15 he said that by invitation of King Vortigern \"Angles \"or\" Saxons\" came to Britain in three longships. Modern authorities confirm that Angles, Saxons, Frisians and some Jutes did come to England during this migration time period. The differences between the tribes that moved to England were not significant. Kent was different in culture from other parts of England, mostly because it had close contact with parts of Europe such as Gaul.\nCertain styles of jewellery are recognized by archaeologists as being typical of Anglian, Saxon and Jutish areas in Northern Europe. But why the name England came to be used for the country and English for the language is not clear. In Old English the people called themselves \"Engle,\" and in Latin they were called \"Angli,\" but nothing suggests the Angles made up the largest percentage of the Germanic peoples in Britain. The name \"Englaland\", which became 'England' was regularly used by the 11th century.\nCeltic words for the Anglo-Saxons.\nThe native British people, who wrote in both Latin and Welsh (a Celtic language), referred to these invaders as \"Saxones\" or \"Saeson\". The latter name is still used today in the Welsh word for English people, \"Saeson\", the English language, \"Saesneg\", and things related to England, \"Seisnig\". In the Scottish Gaelic language the word for an English person is \"sasannach\" and in Irish the word is s\"asanach\".\nArt.\nAnglo-Saxon art before the time of Alfred (who ruled from 871 to 899) is a mixture of Anglo-Saxon and Celtic techniques and styles. The Sutton Hoo treasure is an excellent example of very early Anglo-Saxon metalwork and jewellery. It came from a royal grave of the early 7th century. The period between Alfred and the Norman Conquest saw a distinct Anglo-Saxon style in art. This was due in part to the revival of the English economy and culture after the end of the Viking raids. This later style appears to have been in touch with trends in western Europe.\nAnglo-Saxon art is mainly known today through illuminated manuscripts. Manuscripts were not the only Anglo-Saxon art form, but they have survived in much greater numbers than other types of objects. People in Europe at the time regarded Anglo-Saxon goldsmithing and embroidery as especially fine. The most common examples of Anglo-Saxon art are coins. Anglo-Saxon artists also worked in fresco, ivory, stone carving, metalwork and enamel, but few of these pieces have survived.\nLiterature.\nOld English literary works include epic poetry, biography, sermons, Bible translations, legal works, chronicles, riddles and others. In all there are about 400 surviving manuscripts from the period.\nA very famous work from this period is the poem \"Beowulf\". It has achieved national epic status in Britain. The \"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle\" is a collection of important early English history. \"C\u00e6dmon's Hymn\" from the 7th century is the earliest attested literary text in (Old) English. One of the most valuable and important sources on Anglo-Saxon history is Bede's \"Ecclesiastical History of the English Nation\"."}
+{"id": "47513", "revid": "10498874", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47513", "title": "Norman conquest of England", "text": "The Norman conquest of England was a military invasion of England by William the Conqueror in 1066.\nThe Duke of Normandy was William. Normandy was a country on the other side of the English Channel that is now a region in France. He invaded England after the death of King Edward the Confessor because he believed to be the rightful King of England, but Harold Godwinson had himself crowned king instead.\nHarold and his Saxon army, which fought Duke William at the Battle of Hastings on October 14, 1066. King Harold was killed in the battle, and his army fled. On December 25, 1066. William was crowned the new King of England.\nThe Norman conquest was an important change in English history. It raised the influence of Continental Europe in England and reduced the influence of Scandinavia. The conquest also created one of the most powerful monarchies in Europe. It also changed the English language and culture, and set the stage for rivalry with France, which would continue (with a few breaks) until the 19th century. \nEngland has been successfully invaded since the conquest only once, when the Netherlands conquered England, Scotland and Ireland during the Glorious Revolution."}
+{"id": "47516", "revid": "5400", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47516", "title": "The Black Death", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47517", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47517", "title": "Raid", "text": "A raid is an attack into enemy territory with no intent to get control of it. For example, the attack on Pearl Harbor was an air raid.\nThe attackers go away immediately after the attack. Most raids are brief and performed by a small number of people."}
+{"id": "47518", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47518", "title": "Restauration", "text": "Following the fall from power of Napoleon Bonaparte:"}
+{"id": "47520", "revid": "10316078", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47520", "title": "English Reformation", "text": "The English Reformation was part of the Protestant Reformation. Many Christian churches in Europe broke away from Rome. Each of the countries that went through this process did so in a different way. Earlier the Roman Catholic Church had supreme powers. \nHenry VIII broke ties with the church and became head of the English church. This was done in 1534 in the Acts of Supremacy. It was the beginning of the Church of England. His friend Thomas Cranmer became Henry's Archbishop of Canterbury. Cranmer would also go on to advise Edward Henry's son when he took the throne in 1549. For years, the Church of England was almost exactly the same as the Catholic Church, except that it was ruled by the King instead of the Pope. This is different from the Reformation on the European continent, where the reformers wanted big changes right away. \nThere were several causes for the English Reformation. One of these was that Henry VIII, who was King of England, wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon. Another reason was because Henry wanted the Church's wealth and power, and got them with the dissolution of the monasteries. \nThe Protestant Reformation in Scotland, however, was based more on the teachings of Martin Luther and John Calvin, so it was more like the Reformation in continental Europe overall."}
+{"id": "47525", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47525", "title": "Gianluigi Buffon", "text": "Gianluigi \"Gigi\" Buffon (born 28 January 1978) is a former Italian professional footballer who plays in the goalkeeper position. He is a Goalkeeper for the Serie B team Parma Calcio. He used to play for the Italy national team from 1996 till he retired in 2018. Buffon is recognized by many peoples as one of the greatest goalkeepers of all time, and, by some, as the greatest ever.\nGianluigi Buffon started his career in Parma and won a UEFA Cup in 1999. In 2001, he transferred to the Italian giant Juventus and won the Serie A on consecutive years.\nBuffon joined the Italy national team in 1997. In the 2006 FIFA World Cup, he led them to the championship, allowing only two goals in 7 games and keeping 5 clean sheets (no goals allowed), which was a new World Cup record at that time."}
+{"id": "47527", "revid": "595018", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47527", "title": "Checksum", "text": "A checksum is a number. It is a kind of redundancy check. There are different ways to calculate it. It serves as a check that no errors have been made when writing down the number. In its simplest form, the digits are simply added up. This can however not detect errors of swapping digits around. One of the uses of checksums is to check that account numbers have been entered correctly. \nPortuguese bank account identifiers are a good example of how checksums work. They have 21 digits. The first 19 digits identify the bank, branch and account number. The last two digits are \"mod 97\" checksum digits based on modular arithmetic. A typical Portuguese bank account number is 0002.0123.12345678901.54. The digits have the following meanings:\nIf 000201231234567890154 (the bank account number without the dots) is divided by 97, the answer is 207458809978249 remainder 1. Since the remainder is \"1\", the bank account identifier is probably correct. If the person writing down the number missed a digit, swapped two digits around or wrote a digit down incorrectly the remainder would not have been \"1\". If this is the case then the computer should detect an error and give an error message. \nAnother place where checksums are used are serial numbers for computer software. "}
+{"id": "47529", "revid": "22653", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47529", "title": "Fennel", "text": "Fennel (\"Foeniculum vulgare\") is a kind of herb. It is native to the Mediterranean and some parts of Asia. Its bulb, leaves, and seeds may be eaten. Dried fennel seeds are used as a spice for flavoring food. Fennel was used to make the spiced wine, claret, in the Middle Ages. Their flavor is like anise."}
+{"id": "47532", "revid": "121204", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47532", "title": "DisneyToon Studios", "text": "Disneytoon Studios (DTS), originally named Disney MovieToons and also formerly Walt Disney Video Premieres, was an American animation studio which created direct-to-video and occasional theatrical animated feature films. The studio was a division of Walt Disney Animation Studios, with both being part of The Walt Disney Studios, itself a division of The Walt Disney Company. The studio produced 44 feature films, beginning with \"DuckTales the Movie: Treasure of the Lost Lamp\" in 1990. Its final feature film was \"Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast\" in 2015. DisneyToon Studios closed on 28 June 2018. Another film titled \"Planes: Beyond the Sky\" was planned to be released in April 2019 but was cancelled due to the closure."}
+{"id": "47535", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47535", "title": "Viet Cong", "text": "The National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF), was a communist army based in South Vietnam that fought against the governments of South Vietnam and the United States during the Vietnam War (1955-75). The group is better known as the Viet Cong (\"Vi\u1ec7t C\u1ed9ng\") or V.C., short for \"Vietnamese Communist.\" American soldiers called the Vietnamese communist forces Charlie (which is the letter \"C\" in the NATO phonetic alphabet), whether North Vietnamese or South Vietnamese (Viet Cong).\nThe group was mostly made up of people from South Vietnam but a few members were from North Vietnam. The main leaders and most of the people in the group were communists. Some members were not communists. The Viet Cong used guerilla warfare, including terrorist bombings, assassinations, and ambushes. The group is best known for the Tet Offensive, a surprise attack on many South Vietnamese cities that began in January 1968 during Tet, or the Vietnamese New Year. The group was closely allied with the government of North Vietnam, which invaded the South in 1975.\nAccording to \"Re-thinking Camelot\" (Noam Chomsky 1993), the NLF resistance was in part the result of terror that was inflicted by the government of South Vietnam, which was backed and guided by the US, while the NLF was peacefully awaiting the national elections that had been promised by the Geneva Accords of 1954. Some, however, accuse Chomsky of minimizing the communists' atrocities and of exaggerating those of their opponents.\nHistory.\nAfter the 1954 Geneva Agreement, Vietnam was temporarily divided into two regions. The North resolutely fought for the peaceful reunification of Vietnam."}
+{"id": "47537", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47537", "title": "Guerilla warfare", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47538", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47538", "title": "NATO phonetic alphabet", "text": "The NATO phonetic alphabet is a set of code words for the letters of the Latin alphabet. They are used to spell words when people speak over the radio or telephone, when people from different countries are speaking with different accents, or in other situations where people may not clearly hear the normal names of the letters. This is important for accuracy in the military and in air travel and shipping. For instance, it may be difficult to hear whether a person is saying the letter \"pee\" (P) or \"bee\" (B). The NATO code words \"papa\" and \"bravo\" are much clearer. (Each code word begins with the letter that it stands for.)\nAlthough it is commonly called a \"phonetic alphabet\", it is not used for phonetics as the International Phonetic Alphabet is. For this reason it is also called a \"spelling alphabet\". There have been many different spelling alphabets over time, but the NATO alphabet is the most commonly used around the world. \nBetween ships at sea, signal flags are used to stand for letters in order to spell out words.\nAlphabet.\nBelow are the symbol flags and NATO code words for each letter of the alphabet. The pronunciations of the code words are given in the International Phonetic Alphabet. \nTwo of the code words have a second pronunciation: \"charlie\" for 'C' may be pronounced with a French 'ch' sound (an English 'sh' sound: ), and \"uniform\" for 'U' may be pronounced without the 'y' sound that occurs in that word in English (). The R's in these two words, as well as at the ends of several other code words, do not need to be pronounced. These are the R's that are not pronounced in British English.\nNumbers.\nNumbers also have code words, but these are very close to the normal English names. Like letters in words, each digit of a number is read out individually. For instance, \"13\" is read as the two digits \"one three\", not as the number \"thirteen\". An exception occurs when \"00\" or \"000\" appears in a number. These may be read \"hundred\" and \"thousand\" (1300: \"one three hundred\"), though reading them out individually is also correct (1300: \"one three zero zero\" \u2013 but not as \"one thousand three hundred\", because the code word \"thousand\" means that there is a triple \"000\" in the text).\nThe pronunciation of some digits is different from English. 0 may be stressed on both syllables. 3 and 000 are pronounced like \"tree\" and \"tousand\", since the English \"th\" sound is difficult for many people. 4 is given its old pronunciation with two syllables: \"fower\" (rhymes with \"lower\"), to avoid confusion with the word \"for\". 5 is pronounced like \"fife\" to avoid confusion with \"fire\". The digit 9 is pronounced \"niner\" (rhymes with \"finer\") to avoid confusion with the German word \"nein\" (\"no\"). \nThe decimal point in a number is called \"decimal\" (pronounced \"day-see-mal\"), regardless of whether it is written with a period (.) or a comma (,). For instance, 1,3 and 1.3 (meaning 1 and 3/10) are both read out loud as \"one decimal three\".\nThese code words are for international usage. When two people speak the same language, they may speak the numbers in their language, even if they use the NATO phonetic alphabet for spelling names. Similarly, in the United States, it is common to say \"point\" instead of \"decimal\".\nPunctuation.\nPunctuation marks are only rarely spoken out loud in situations that call for the NATO spelling alphabet. If the period or comma in a sentence needs to be said, they are read as \"stop\" and \"comma\" . (...) are \"brackets on\" and \"brackets off\" ; \"...\" are \"quote\" and \"unquote\" . \"-\" is \"hyphen\" , not \"dash\"; \"/\" is \"slant\" . Others are given their normal English readings as \"colon\", \"semi-colon\", \"exclamation mark\", \"question mark\" and \"apostrophe\"."}
+{"id": "47543", "revid": "1693160", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47543", "title": "Super Mario Bros.", "text": "Super Mario Bros. is a video game made by Nintendo in 1985. It is played on the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). The game is the sequel to the game \"Mario Bros.\" and the first in the \"Super Mario\" series. It was first released in Japan in September 1985. Then, it was tested in the U.S. and later added to arcades in early 1986. The NES version was released widely in North America that year and in PAL regions in 1987. The music was also made by K\u014dji Kond\u014d.\nPlayers control Mario, or his brother Luigi in the multiplayer mode, and go through the Mushroom Kingdom to rescue Princess Toadstool from King Koopa (later called Bowser). They move through side-scrolling levels, avoiding dangers like enemies and holes, and use power-ups like the Super Mushroom, Fire Flower, and Starman to help them.\nThe game was made by Shigeru Miyamoto and Takashi Tezuka to bring together everything the Famicom team had learned in three years. They used ideas from older games like \"Devil World\", \"Excitebike\", and \"Kung Fu\", and built on earlier games like \"Donkey Kong\" and \"Mario Bros.\" The first level, World 1-1, was made to teach players how to play.\n\"Super Mario Bros.\" was a very important game because it quickly changed how games were made. It was the best-selling video game ever before being beaten by \"Wii Sports\" in 2009. It turned Mario into a famous symbol. It also made the NES successful. This game greatly helped the video game industry.\nPlot.\nIn the Mushroom Kingdom, turtle-like creatures called Koopa Troopas invade the kingdom and uses magic of their king Bowser to turn the Mushroom People into things like bricks and plants. Bowser and his army also kidnap Princess Toadstool of the Mushroom Kingdom, the only one who can undo the spell. After hearing the news, Mario and Luigi go on a journey to save the princess and free the kingdom from Bowser. They fight Bowser's army and face fake Bowsers in different castles. After each defeat of a fake Bowser, a Toad says, \"Thank you Mario! But our princess is in another castle!\". Finally, they find the real Bowser, where they defeat him by throwing fireballs or by dropping him into lava, freeing the princess and saving the Mushroom Kingdom.\nGameplay.\n\"Super Mario Bros.\" is a platform game. In the game, Mario must go through the Mushroom Kingdom and save Princess Toadstool (later Princess Peach) from Bowser. Mario jumps, runs, and walks across each level. The worlds are full of enemies, platforms, and open holes. If Mario touches an enemy, he loses a life (he dies). If he falls down a hole or misses a jump, he will also lose a life. If all lives are gone, the game is over and the player must start over.\nMario starts the game as Small Mario, Kmsauto, but has several power-ups he can get from golden floating boxes called \"? Blocks\". A red and white mushroom called a Super Mushroom will turn him into Super Mario (he gets bigger). If Super Mario touches an enemy, he gets smaller instead of dying. If Super Mario hits a ? Block that has a power-up, a Fire Flower will come out; the Fire Flower will give him the power to throw fireballs, which can defeat enemies. If he gets hit as Fire Mario, he will go back to being Small Mario.\nEach world is divided into four levels. Some levels are underground and others are underwater. When Mario is underwater, he cannot jump on any enemy and he will shrink or die if he touches one. The fourth level of every world is a castle. Mario faces lava, fire bars, and other enemies in this level. At the end of the level is Bowser, who stands over a lava pit. Mario can throw fireballs to defeat Bowser. He can also jump over or run under Bowser to an axe. Touching the axe will destroy the bridge and cause Bowser to fall into the lava, defeating him. Toadstool's servant, Toad, will then tell Mario that the princess is in another castle. The eighth boss is the real Bowser and instead of Toad, the princess is there. Saving Princess Toadstool unlocks a hard mode and lets the player choose a world on the title screen.\nImpact.\n\"Super Mario Bros.\" was both the launch game and a well-liked game for the Nintendo Entertainment System. This and \"Duck Hunt\" were bundled with every NES sold, and the game sold 40 million units as a result. There is also a version of the game with Duck Hunt and World Class Track Meet, which is for the NES Power Pad. There is also a cartridge that has only \"Super Mario Bros.\" and \"Duck Hunt\".\nThe game's main theme, which plays in any level that takes place outdoors, is very well known. It was composed by Koji Kondo, who has been in many other Nintendo games after \"Super Mario Bros.\", like \"The Legend of Zelda\" and \"Super Mario Bros. 2\".\nThe game would later have updated versions such as \"Super Mario All-Stars\" and \"Super Mario Bros. Deluxe\". The second one adds more modes like the Japanese-exclusive sequel \"\". The game's design was also usable in the \"Super Mario Maker\" series."}
+{"id": "47548", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47548", "title": "Phonetic alphabet", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47550", "revid": "314538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47550", "title": "Barbarian", "text": "In Ancient Greece, the name \"\u03b2\u03ac\u03c1\u03b2\u03b1\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2\", \"b\u00e1rbaros\", was given to all those who did not speak the Greek language. Later, the term Barbarian came to mean 'Anyone who is not Greek'. Later again, it meant 'anyone who is outside the Roman Empire'.\nIn modern use, the word is used to refer to an uncivilized or uncultured person, nation or ethnic group which is seen as having a lower level of civilization. It can also refer to an individual person who is seen as brutal, cruel, and insensitive or whose behavior is unacceptable in the civilized society of the speaker. When used for a person the word is always pejorative, when used for a nation not always. "}
+{"id": "47551", "revid": "1368380", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47551", "title": "Numerical digit", "text": "Numerical digits are the number text characters used to show numerals. For example, the numeral \"56\" has two digits: 5 and 6. In the decimal system (which is base 10), each digit is how many of a certain power of 10 are needed to get the value. The rightmost, or units digit, is for 10^0, the next digit is for 10^1, etc.\nThe numeral \"56\" means:\u00a0 6*10^0 + 5*10^1 = 6*1 + 5*10 = 6 + 50.\nThe ten digits of the decimal system are: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Some numeral systems need more than ten digits. For example, the hexadecimal numeral system uses 16 symbols to represent numericals : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, and F."}
+{"id": "47553", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47553", "title": "Contempt", "text": "Contempt is an intense feeling of disrespect and dislike. It is related to feelings of resentment, jealousy and bitterness.\nContempt may also mean:"}
+{"id": "47554", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47554", "title": "Content", "text": "Content can refer to:"}
+{"id": "47558", "revid": "10387328", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47558", "title": "Evanescence", "text": "Evanescence is an American rock band founded in 1994 by singer and keyboardist Amy Lee and former guitarist Ben Moody in Little Rock, Arkansas. The duo released independent EPs in the late 90s and a demo CD. After getting signed by Wind-up Records in 2001, their debut studio album, \"Fallen\", was released in 2003. It gained popularity after two of its songs were featured in the film \"Daredevil\". It spawned hit singles like \u201cBring Me to Life\u201d and \u201cMy Immortal\u201d, helping Evanescence win two Grammy Awards. The album has sold more than 17 million copies worldwide. \nIn 2006, Evanescence released their second studio album, \"The Open Door\", co-composed by Lee and guitarist Terry Balsamo. It was positively received, and debuted at #1 in the Billboard Hot 200 chart. It sold more than 447.000 copies in its first week. The album's third single, \u201cSweet Sacrifice\u201d, received a Grammy nomination for Best Hard Rock Song. \"The Open Door\" has sold more than six million copies. \nIn June 2009, the band began working music, but production was delayed amid label troubles. Their third album, \"Evanescence\" (2011), was the first album musically co-written as a band. It debuted at #1 in five \"Billboard\" charts, including the Hot 200 and Rock Albums charts. Lead single \u201cWhat You Want\u201d was released to positive critical reception. Evanescence left their record label and became an independent band in 2014. In 2017, they released their fourth studio album, the orchestral and electronica \"Synthesis\". After pandemic delays, the band released their fifth studio album, \"The Bitter Truth\", in 2021.\nHistory.\nEarly years (1994 \u2013 2000).\nEvanescence co-founders singer-songwriter and pianist Amy Lee and guitarist Ben Moody met at a youth camp in 1994 in Little Rock, Arkansas. \nAfter that, they started writing music together. Two of their songs were played on the local radio station and listeners wanted them to do a concert. They later appeared live and became a popular act in their area.\nThey chose \"Evanescence\" as a name for their band because Lee thought \"it is mysterious and dark, and places a picture in the listener' mind.\" Evanescence means \"to disappear\" or \"to fade away\".\nLee and Moody released two EPs - \"Evanescence\" EP (1998) and \"Sound Asleep\" (1999) EP - and a demo CD called \"Origin\" (2000). Some of the songs on \"Fallen\" can be found on their previous independent records, like \"Imaginary\", \"My Immortal\", and \"Whisper\".\nFallen and Anywhere but Home (2001 \u2013 2005).\nEvanescence was signed by Wind-up Records in 2001. \nAfter their debut studio album \"Fallen\" was completed, the tour lineup was hired, including rhythm guitarist John LeCompt, drummer Rocky Gray, and bassist Will Boyd. The first two were friends of Moody.\n\"Fallen\" became a worldwide success, and spent 43 weeks on the Billboard top 10 charts. It sold over 15 million copies and was certified 7x platinum in the United States. It is also one of the eight albums to stay for at least a year within the Billboard Top 50 charts.\n\"Bring Me to Life\" which won a Grammy award for Best Hard Rock Performance in 2004. \"My Immortal\" was nominated for a Grammy in 2005. The other two singles are Going Under and Everybody\u2019s Fool. All four songs had videos to promote them.\nBen Moody left the band while they were touring in Europe. The reason given for this is because of creative differences with Lee. Terry Balsamo replaced Moody as Evanescence's lead guitarist.\nIn 2004, Evanescence released Anywhere but Home, their first live album. It includes a concert in Paris, some behind-the-scenes features, and the single \"Missing\", which reached #1 in Spain. The CD also had three live songs, \"Breathe No More\", \"Farther Away\", and the band's cover of Korn's Thoughtless.\nThe Open Door and Hiatus (2005 \u2013 2009).\nThe band entered the studio in September 2005 to start recording songs for the second album, \"The Open Door\". After finishing recording, Will Boyd left the band in 2006 for \"not wanting to do another big tour\" and for wanting \"to be close to his family\". He was replaced by Tim McCord.\n\"The Open Door\" is the band's first album to reach #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 charts. The album had four singles with videos, which are Call Me When You're Sober, Lithium, \"Sweet Sacrifice\" and Good Enough. In 2008, \"Sweet Sacrifice\" was nominated for a Grammy Award.\nThe first tour of \"The Open Door\" was held in countries such as the United States, Canada, Japan and Australia. In the second tour, they returned to the US and had more concerts there. They also joined the Family Values Tour 2007 with the band Korn and the Argentinean festival Quilems Rock 07 with the bands Aerosmith and Velvet Revolver. In May 2007, touring rhythm guitarist John LeCompt was fired and drummer Rocky Gray left the band. They were replaced by former Dark New Day guitarist Troy McLawhorn and drummer Will Hunt.\nEvanescence (2009 \u2013 present).\nLee announced in June 2009 that the band was working on a new album. She described the music of the initially sessions as \"dark, sarcastic, fun, strange, familiar and very different at the same time\". She was collaborating with Will \"Science\" Hunt and Balsamo in writing for the album.\nThe band played a sold-out \"secret show\" at the Manhattan Center Grand Ballroom in New York City on November 4, 2009, along with label-mates Civil Twilight. The tickets sold out in five minutes. Lee told the audience that the bands' appearance was a warm-up for their headlining appearance at the Maquin\u00e1ria festival in S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil, which took place on November 8. The Maquin\u00e1ria show featured an intro containing a brief sample of the bands' new music. \nEvanescence entered the studio on February 22, 2010 to begin recording and chose Steve Lillywhite to produce the album. Will \"Science\" Hunt participated as a programmer. Despite his collaboration with Lee on most songs of the album, he eventually didn't join the band. The album was initially more electronic music-oriented and slated for a late 2010 release. However, according to Lee, Lillywhite \"wasn't the right fit\" and the music \"wasn't coming together right\". He was eventually replaced by producer Nick Rasculinecz and the band started over with writing new material and developing songs from the previous session.\nIn June, Lee announced that the band have temporarily left the studio to work further on the songs and that their label company was going through \"uncertain times\", which could delay the release of the album. She stated that the band would return to the studio \"soon enough\". Evanescence reentered the studio in early April 2011 with producer Nick Rasculinecz. The album was speculated to be released in fall 2011. After the change of producers, Lee indicated that the album would be heavier in its sound. She also noted the band's growing participation in the songwriting process, saying that she felt like she was \"finally in a real band\". In June, Lee announced that the new release date for the album was October 4, 2011."}
+{"id": "47559", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47559", "title": "Parliament of England", "text": "The Parliament of England was the legislature of the Kingdom of England. Its roots go back to the early medieval period. It took over more and more from the power of the monarch. Its existence ended in 1707. \nAfter the Act of Union 1707 became the main part of the Parliament of Great Britain, and later the Parliament of the United Kingdom. The other nations of the United Kingdom (Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland) each has a legislature of its own. This is called devolution. England does not have such a legislature today.\nHistory.\nOrigins.\nThe origin of Parliament can be found in the times of the Anglo-Saxons. Anglo-Saxon kings were advised by a council known as the \"Witenagemot\", to which belonged the King's sons and brothers. \nThe Ealdormen, or executive heads of the shire and the senior clergymen of the state, had seats as well. The King still had the highest authority, but laws were made only after seeking the advice (and, in later times, the consent) of the \"Witenagemot\".\nDevelopment.\nThe royal council slowly grew into a Parliament. The first time the word \"Parliament\" can be found in official documents was during Henry III's reign. It was still mostly informal, and not an official body. The right to vote in Parliamentary elections for county constituencies was the same everywhere in the country, giving a vote to everyone who owned the freehold of land to a rent of 40 shillings a year (Forty-shilling Freeholders). \nThe rise of Parliament's power was slowed down by civil war between Stephen and Empress Matilda. By the end of the Wars of the Roses, the king had the strongest authority again. The Crown was at the height of its power during the reign of Henry VIII. \nThe great struggle between the Crown and Parliament happened under James I's successor, Charles I. The House of Commons sent Charles the Petition of Right, demanding to have their rights again, in 1628. Though he accepted the petition, he later closed Parliament and ruled without them for eleven years. It was only after he had money problems as a result of war, that he was forced to call Parliament so they could authorise new taxes. The new Parliament was quite rebellious, so the king shut them down after only three weeks; this was called the Short Parliament. But this did not help the king with his money problem, so he realized that he would need to call another Parliament. Their struggle for power with the king led to the English Civil War. Those supporting the Parliament were called Parliamentarians or 'Roundheads'. In 1649, Charles was put to death by the Rump Parliament and replaced by the military dictator Oliver Cromwell. After Cromwell's death, however, the monarchy was restored in 1660. \nFollowing the Restoration, monarchs agreed to regularly call Parliament. But there was no clear guarantee of Parliamentary liberties until James II, an unpopular Catholic ruler, was forced to flee the country in 1688. Parliament decided that he had given up his crown, and offered it to his Protestant daughter Mary, instead of his Catholic son. Mary II ruled together with her husband, William III.\nUnion: the Parliament of Great Britain.\nFollowing the Treaty of Union in 1707, the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland made acts of parliament which made a new United Kingdom of Great Britain. The existence of both parliaments came to an end. The new legislature was the new Parliament of Great Britain. Its home was the Palace of Westminster, the old home of the old Parliament of England."}
+{"id": "47564", "revid": "1241374", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47564", "title": "United States Bill of Rights", "text": "The Bill of Rights is the name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution, which limit the power of the federal government and guarantee citizens of the United States certain rights. The amendments were written in 1789 by James Madison, and were based on important ideas about personal rights. The Bill of Rights went into effect in 1791, when 3/4 of the states agreed that they were fair. Originally, the Bill of Rights had 12 different amendments, but the first two were not passed by enough states. The second amendment that was not passed was eventually added to the Constitution in 1992, becoming the 27th amendment in the Constitution.\nText.\nFirst Amendment.\n\"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof...\"\n\"...or abridging the freedom of speech\"\n\"...or of the press\"\n\"...or of the right of the people to peaceably assemble...\"\n\"...and to petition the government for redress of grievances.\"\nSecond Amendment.\n\"A well regulated Militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.\" \nThird Amendment.\n\"No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house he consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.\"\nFourth Amendment.\n\"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated...\"\n\"...and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.\"\nFifth Amendment.\n\"No person shall be held to answer for any capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger...\"\n\"...nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb...\"\n\"...nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself...\"\n\"nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.\"\nSixth Amendment.\n\"In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district where in the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law...\"\n\"...and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor...\"\n\"...and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense.\"\nSeventh Amendment.\n\"In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.\"\nEighth Amendment.\n\"Excessive bail shall not be required...\"\n\"nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.\"\nNinth Amendment.\n\"The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.\"\nTenth Amendment.\n\"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.\""}
+{"id": "47569", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47569", "title": "Paula Radcliffe", "text": "Paula Jane Radcliffe (born 17 December 1973) is a British long-distance runner. She is the current women's IAAF world record holder for the marathon with a time of 2:17:42 hours. She also ran the IAAF women's world best time of 2:15:25 hours. She is a three-time winner of the London Marathon, two-time New York Marathon champion, and won the 2002 Chicago Marathon.\nRadcliffe is a former world champion for the marathon, half marathon and cross country races. She has also been European champion over 10,000\u00a0metres on the track and over the cross country races. On the track, Radcliffe has also won the 10,000\u00a0metres silver medal at the 1999 World Athletics Championships and was the 2002 Commonwealth Games gold medalist over 5,000\u00a0metres. Radcliffe has won many awards including the BBC Sports Personality of the Year, Laureus World Comeback of the Year, IAAF World Athlete of the Year, AIMS World Athlete of the Year (three times) and a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE).\nRadcliffe is an asthmatic sufferer who has voiced her opposition to the use of drugs in sport. She is married to her coach, Gary Lough, and has two children. Radcliffe is the great niece of Charlotte Radcliffe, who won an Olympic silver medal in the 1920 Games.\nAnti doping.\nRadcliffe has often made comments about drugs in sport. Radcliffe backed the IAAF after Olga Yegorova was caught using drugs. Radcliffe and team-mate Hayley Tullett caused trouble in the heats of the 5,000\u00a0metres at the 2001 World Athletics Championships. They held up a sign protesting against Yegorova. Yegorova had been caught using, EPO, but was allowed to race. The sign was made by Radcliffe's husband and said 'EPO Cheats Out'. It was taken off them by the stadium officials. But not before it was seen on television. Teammates Kathy Butler and Hayley Yelling also demonstrated in the final. They were seen wearing Radcliffe masks and held up signs, one of which said 'Free Paula'. Radcliffe said after the Championships that she would continue her fight against drugs in sport. Radcliffe wears a red ribbon when racing to show her support for blood testing as a method of catching drugs cheats. Radcliffe first wore the ribbon at the 1999 European Cup. This was encouraged by Blandine Bitzner-Ducret. At the end of 2001 Radcliffe was given the choice not to race against Yegorova in televised meetings in the United Kingdom.\nSuspicious blood levels.\nDuring Radcliffe's highly successful 2002 season, foreign media, were convinced that she was taking drugs. But Radcliffe asked UK Sport to reveal her drugs tests. They showed that she had been tested five times and on each occasion was clean. Radcliffe said she was unhappy with the whispers coming from French newspaper L'Equipe. She asked for the IAAF to conduct random blood and urine samples before the Chicago marathon. She also asked them to freeze the samples so when tougher testers are developed they can prove that she ran clean. One of her blood samples were deemed suspicious by a doping agency. Paula however said she was innocent and not a cheater.\nPersonal life.\nPaula Radcliffe was born to Peter and Pat Radcliffe. She was born on the 17 December 1973 in Cheshire. Radcliffe is the great-niece of 1920 Olympic Silver medalist Charlotte Radcliffe. Radcliffe has a brother. Martin. He is two years younger than her. Radcliffe's family moved to Oakley, Bedfordshire when she was 11. Radcliffe achieved four A levels at grade A in French, German, Maths and General Studies, while at Sharnbrook Upper School in Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire. Radcliffe had a choice between Loughborough and Cambridge for University. She chose Loughborough. In 1996 she finished her degree a few months early so she could prepare for the Olympic Games.\nRadcliffe met her husband Gary Lough at Loughborough University. At University Radcliffe studied French, German and economics. She left university with a first-class honours degree in modern European studies. Lough and Radcliffe married in 2000. They have two children. In 2007 they had their first child, Isla. Their second child, Raphael, was born on 29 September 2010. But had to be resuscitated as he had his Umbilical cord wound round his neck. Radcliffe first said of wanting to start a family in.\nIn the 2002 Queen's Birthday Honours, Radcliffe was awarded an MBE. In October she was given her MBE saying; \"It means a great deal to me, it's a great honour and it really tops off an amazing year. To come here and receive this and to meet the Queen at the end of it just finishes it off perfectly.\" Radcliffe became the first Britain in 2006 to win the Abebe Bikila Award. At the end of 2010 Radcliffe was voted England Athletics athlete of the decade."}
+{"id": "47574", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47574", "title": "Ramsay MacDonald", "text": "James Ramsay MacDonald (; 12 October 18669 November 1937) was a British politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom three times. He helped to build the Labour Party and became its first Prime Minister in 1924. His third period as Prime Minister was during the crisis of the Great Depression, when he formed a \"National Government\" in which a majority of MPs were from the British Conservative Party. He was expelled from the Labour Party.\nMacDonald was an illegitimate child. He was born in Lossiemouth, Scotland. He graduated from elementary school and then high school.\nLater he worked as a teacher for some time in his high school. In 1885, MacDonald became a member of the Social Democratic Federation.\nIn 1886, he moved to London, where he became an accountant. On November 13, 1887, MacDonald witnessed Bloody Sunday, after which he published a pamphlet. For some time, MacDonald was also interested in Scottish politics among Scots in London and spoke in support of Scotland for Scotland. At the same time, MacDonald received an evening education at the Birkbeck Literary and Scientific Institution, but shortly before the exams he had to give up his education due to nervous exhaustion.\nAs Prime Minister.\nThe main achievement of the first MacDonald government was the realization by the British that Labour did not intend to carry out radical changes, but was ready to act for the common good. At the same time, due to lack of public support and a lack of seats in the House of Commons, Labour had not been able to do much of what it had said it would do - in particular, there was no widespread nationalization and community service."}
+{"id": "47575", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47575", "title": "9 November", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47576", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47576", "title": "Lord of the rings", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47577", "revid": "10251188", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47577", "title": "22nd century", "text": "The 22nd century will begin on January 1, 2101 and end on December 31, 2200."}
+{"id": "47580", "revid": "731605", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47580", "title": "Condition", "text": "Condition or conditions can mean:"}
+{"id": "47583", "revid": "1689990", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47583", "title": "Human migration", "text": "Human migration is people moving from one place to another. Migration can be within countries or between countries, and it often involves large groups of people. Humans are known to have migrated extensively throughout history and prehistory.\nSometimes, the movement is voluntary, but sometimes, people are forced to move. They may suffer warfare, religious and political persecution, famine, and other natural disasters.\nWhen people are forced to move, they are refugees. Many refugees are illegal immigrants and more than half are children and women. They may live in extreme poverty, lacking food, shelter, clothing, education and medical care.\nUrbanisation (rural to urban migration).\nRural-urban migration, or urbanisation, is the movement from country areas to towns and cities. There are many reasons for people leaving the countryside. Often, they are overpopulation, high birth rates, and starvation. Mechanization has caused a reduction in jobs available in the countryside.\nFarming is hard work, with long hours and little pay. Many are subsistence farmers. In developing countries, a lack of money means a lack of machinery. Natural disasters, such as droughts, hurricanes, floods and volcanic eruptions, destroy villages and crops. There is a lack of services like schools and hospitals in the countryside.\nPeople move because they are looking for better-paid jobs and a higher quality of life. They have a better chance of services such as schools, medical treatment and entertainment. People are also attracted often by the advantages of a cosmopolitan lifestyle such as shops, restaurants, theatres, and nightlife.\nMany arrive with little money and so cannot buy or rent a house, even if one is available. They must usually make a temporary shelter with cheap or use materials. Some give up and go home.\nMany children of migrant worker struggle for education.\nIn the new country, they often are not integrated and are treated like an underclass. However, they are needed even if the local population does not like immigrants because they compete for the same jobs.\nMore people means more traffic and more crime. Immigrants help to build up cities, provide cheap labour, invest money, buy products and services, pay tax, and help companies compete.\nAncient times.\nThe Proto-Indo-Europeans migrated many times between 4000 and 1000 BC, according to the Kurgan hypothesis.\nModern times.\nThe movement of populations in modern times has continued under the form of both voluntary migration within one's region, country, or beyond, and involuntary migration, which includes slave trade, human trafficking, and ethnic cleansing. The people who migrate are called migrants or, more specifically, emigrants, immigrants or settlers, depending on the historical setting, circumstance, and perspective.\nMany people have died while migrating.\nIn November 2025, more than a dozen NGO rescue ships operating in the Mediterranean suspended all communication with the Libyan coast guard, citing an escalation in violent interceptions of asylum seekers at sea and their transfer to camps where torture, rape, and forced labor are rampant. The 13 search and rescue organizations described their decision as a rejection of the increasing pressure exerted by the EU."}
+{"id": "47587", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47587", "title": "Malignant", "text": "In medicine, malignant is a clinical word that is used to describe an illness that kills a patient fast. A malignant tumor is a tumor that is able to invade nearby tissues and spread to tissues that are not nearby. Not all patients diagnosed with malignant tumors die, because of the improved treatments available. The actual prognosis depends on the type of tumor, its differentiation, and how bad the disease is. The term malignant is typically applied to neoplasms that show aggressive behavior characterized by local invasion or distant metastasis."}
+{"id": "47589", "revid": "8699837", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47589", "title": "Advice", "text": "Advice may refer to:"}
+{"id": "47592", "revid": "1540039", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47592", "title": "Advice (constitutional)", "text": "In constitutional law, Advice is formal, usually binding instruction given by a constitutional officer of state to another. Heads of state in particular act on the basis of Advice issued by governments and prime ministers. For example, Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom formally appoints Ministers of the Crown on the advice of the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. "}
+{"id": "47594", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47594", "title": "Laney Amplification", "text": "Laney Amplification is a company from Great Britain that makes guitar and bass guitar amplifiers. It was founded in 1967 when Lyndon Laney started to make amplifiers in his parents' garage. Laney is popular for its good quality amplifiers for low prices."}
+{"id": "47595", "revid": "373511", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47595", "title": "Council", "text": "Council in general means a body that has the right to give advice or to administer.\nIt could also mean:\nIn politics:\nSpecific organizations:\nPlaces:\nIn other fields:"}
+{"id": "47596", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47596", "title": "Kellyjackie", "text": "Jackie Chan Hiu-ki (\u9673\u66c9\u742a), also known as Kellyjackie (born 23 August 1986), is a Hong Kong citizen who enjoys singing as a hobby. She is also a member of a band called the Royals. She likes the pop singer Kelly Chen, so she puts \"Kelly\" in her nickname.\nShe was a secondary school student before 2005. She started to put her songs on the Internet from the age of 13, although she mostly sang other singers' songs. After about one year, she started writing her own songs. Her own first song was \"Lucky Voice\" which, like her other songs, was put on the Internet for others to listen.\nIn January 2005, she wrote the song \"He invites me to Disneyland\" (\u4ed6\u7d04\u6211\u53bb\u8fea\u58eb\u5c3c) to ease her exam stress. She got the ideas of the song from the story Sleeping Beauty.\nShe uploaded her song \"He invites me to Disneyland\" to her band's forum, her Xanga site, i010.com and also cmidi.com for free downloading by Internet users. The song became very famous with the help of the Internet within a few weeks. The song was also number 1 of Yahoo! Hong Kong's Top Searches (\u641c\u5c0b\u4eba\u6c23\u699c) for some time. Some DJs also played the song on the radio. Many people were happy about her, although some also thought she did not have good singing skills.\nWhen the Hong Kong Disneyland opened, the \"Hong Kong Disneyland -The Grand Opening Celebration Album\" (\u9999\u6e2f\u8fea\u58eb\u5c3c\u6a02\u5712\u958b\u5e55\u7d00\u5ff5\u5927\u789f) was sold in public. Kellyjackie and Kelly Chen sang \"He invites me to Disneyland\" together in the album."}
+{"id": "47602", "revid": "1344577", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47602", "title": "European Parliament", "text": "The European Parliament (formerly European Parliamentary Assembly or Common Assembly) is the parliament of the European Union (EU). EU citizens elect its members once every five years. Together with the Council of Ministers, it is the law-making branch of the institutions of the Union. It meets in two locations: Strasbourg and Brussels.\nMembers.\nThe Parliament has 720 members, called \"MEPs\". Each member speaks for a place in Europe, for example Paris, Denmark or Sicily. Anyone can be elected, they are elected by all the EU citizens, the people who are citizens of a country in the EU. \nPeople have been elected to Parliament since 1979, before that they came from the Parliaments of each country. Because MEPs come from different countries, they speak different languages (24 in 2013) at Parliament. They have a protected right to first language, i.e. multilingualism, and the Parliament needs many interpreters.\nUnlike other international groups of politicians, MEPs do not sit in groups of countries, but they sit next to people who they share ideas with. The two largest groups are the \"European People's Party-European Democrats\" and the \"Party of European Socialists\". But these groups work together to agree, so they do not fight to make a law if the other group dislike it.\nPower.\nThe European Parliament's power depends on which area of the EU it is working in. The EU has three areas, the \"Community\", its representation to other countries, and things to do with police and courts. In the last two areas, it can not do much as the Council takes care of those issues, but in the Community (which is the largest area) it can change or stop any law. But the council also has to agree, and sometimes they disagree and cannot make a law.\nWhile Parliament can change a law, it cannot start a new one, it has to ask the European Commission to do that. The European Commission works on everyday work and the Parliament has to make sure it does its job properly, if it does not Parliament can make them all leave their jobs or not allow them to spend the EU budget.\nWork.\nWhen the Parliament wants to make a new law, they all vote at the same time. But before then, they make many small changes while talking with experts who know about the things that the new law will change. As in other parliaments, they do this in small meetings known as \"Committees\" of between 28 and 86 MEPs.\nThe Parliament has a President. The President is elected by the MEPs, two times every two and a half years, to organise the meetings and speak for the Parliament when meeting other leaders. Since 2022, the president has been Roberta Metsola of Malta.\nHistory.\nThe Parliament was made in 1952 and was then called the \"Common Assembly\". At this time, it did not have any power, it was only asked to comment on laws made by the \"European Coal and Steel Community\". In 1957, it was renamed the \"European Parliamentary Assembly\" and got to comment on the laws of the \"European Economic Community\" and the \"European Atomic Energy Community\".\nOver the following years, it was given a few powers over laws and money and it called itself the \"European Parliament\" in the 1960s. It wanted to be elected so it could do more, as if people voted for the people in Parliament, the Council and Commission would have to pay more attention to it.\nIn 1979, it held its first election, and it gained more powers and also members because more countries joined the Communities and they elected people as well. In 1993, it was given even more, and power over the commission, when the European Union took the place of the Communities. It is now known as one of the most powerful Parliaments in the world."}
+{"id": "47603", "revid": "10249895", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47603", "title": "Council of the European Union", "text": "The Council of the European Union \"(often called Council of Ministers or just Council)\" is one of the three organisations that manage the European Union. Along with the European Parliament, it is responsible for law making for the European Union (EU).\nIts members are the government ministers of the member countries who are responsible for the law that is being discussed. As an example, suppose the law is going to be about farming, then the Agriculture Ministers are the council for that day.\nAs well as making laws, they can meet to discuss their problems. For example, the European Union does not decide on tax - each country decides on its own tax. But the Finance Ministers meet anyway because sometimes they can help each other catch people who do not want to pay tax at all.\nThe council is called different things in different countries, according to the language they speak (for example in French it is \"Conseil de l'Union Europ\u00e9enne\" and in German it is \"Rat der Europ\u00e4ischen Union\"). It is also known internationally, and so it appears on its logo, with the Latin word Consilium."}
+{"id": "47610", "revid": "1569466", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47610", "title": "European Commission", "text": "The European Commission (officially called the Commission of the European Communities) is one of the seven organisations that manage the European Union (EU). The Commission manages the day-to-day running of the EU and writes laws, like a government. Laws written by the commission are discussed and changed by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union. The Commission sits in Brussels.\nThe commission is made of 27 people, one from each of the countries in the EU. One of these people is the President, who was chosen by the Council and Parliament, who decides (with each country) who the other members are and what they do. Each one has a different job, such as looking after industry or trade. If they do not do their job properly, the President can remove them. If the President does not remove them, the Parliament can remove the whole Commission from their jobs (this only happened in 1999).\nThe name Commission can also mean the 25,000 people who work for the President and his team. They follow the commission's instructions in looking after the EU or writing a new law. It works in three languages, English, French and German.\nThe first Commission was created in 1952 and was called the \"High Authority\". But the modern Commission was created in 1957 and since then has had twelve Presidents;"}
+{"id": "47611", "revid": "5804", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47611", "title": "Laney", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47612", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47612", "title": "Deep Ng", "text": "Deep Ng (\u5433\u6d69\u5eb7; born \u5433\u5049\u7537 on 13 June 1983) is a Hong Kong singer and actor of the Emperor Entertainment Group.\nHe was fined 5,000 USD because of keeping cocaine (an illegal drug). \nHe was charged of beating Chim Chi Kin at the Boozeroo Pub in Tsim Sha Tsui on 11 July 2005. On November 21, 2005, the court ruled that he did not committed the crime, because what the victim said seemed not to match his own words.\nDeep also acted in movies like \"New Police Story\". He is also famous for his number 1 hit song, \"Select the Breakup Day\" (\u64c7\u65e5\u5931\u6200). A new album, \"Nowhere\" (pronounced as Now-here), was sold in public in September 2005. This album was seen as a comeback for Deep after a number of bad news. He also had another new album, \"Documentary\", in 2006."}
+{"id": "47613", "revid": "1174418", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47613", "title": "Needle aspiration biopsy", "text": "Needle aspiration biopsy (NAB), also known as fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and fine needle aspiration (FNA), is a medical procedure performed to diagnose certain kinds of medical conditions, such as lumps in the neck. A thin needle is inserted into a mass or lump to extract cells that will be examined under a microscope. Fine needle aspiration biopsies are very safe, minor surgical procedures. Often, a major surgical (excisional or open) biopsy can be avoided by performing a needle aspiration biopsy instead."}
+{"id": "47614", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47614", "title": "Fine needle aspiration", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47615", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47615", "title": "Ultrasound", "text": "Ultrasound is a type of sound with a frequency higher than humans can hear. This frequency, the upper limit of human hearing, is approximately 20,000 hertz (20 kilohertz).\nHearing ultrasound.\nSome animals, such as dogs, dolphins, bats, and mice, are able to hear sounds which have a frequency higher than upper-limit of the human ear. This makes them able to hear ultrasounds. Children can hear some high-pitched sounds that older adults cannot hear, as in humans the upper limit pitch of hearing gets lower as a person gets older. This frequency limit is caused by the middle ear that acts as a low-pass filter. If ultrasound is fed directly into the skull bone and reaches the cochlea without passing through the middle ear, much higher frequencies (up to about 200\u00a0kHz) can be heard. This effect (sometimes called ultrasonic hearing) was first discovered by divers exposed to a high-frequency (ca. 50\u00a0kHz) sonar signal.\nMedical ultrasonography is commonly used during pregnancy. Ultrasound is generally thought of as a \"safe test\" because it does not use destructive ionizing radiation like x-rays.\nUltrasonic cleaning.\nUltrasonic cleaners are sometimes mistakenly called supersonic cleaners. They are used at frequencies from 20 to 40 kHz for jewellery, lenses and other optical parts, watches, dental instruments, surgical instruments and industrial parts. An ultrasonic cleaner works by the energy released from the collapse of millions of tiny (microscopic) bubbles near the dirty surface. The bubbles are formed by cavitation and collapse, forming small jets directed at the surface."}
+{"id": "47616", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47616", "title": "Oncology", "text": "Oncology is the medical specialty that deals with the study and treatment of cancer. A doctor that practices oncology is called an oncologist. The term originates from the Greek onkos (\u03bf\u03bd\u03ba\u03bf\u03c2), meaning bulk, mass, or tumour; and the suffix -ology, meaning \"study of.\""}
+{"id": "47617", "revid": "7059406", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47617", "title": "Data migration", "text": "Data migration is a term computer scientists and economists use when they speak about moving data from one location to another, one format to another, or one application to another. It can also mean that files, or folders with documents, or databases are moved from one server to another. This might be that because several databases are merged into one, or because the databases are reorganized. \nIt is usually an automated process, supported by data migration tools. If the data structure is complex, the migration may be separated in several phases that are carried out one after the other."}
+{"id": "47618", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47618", "title": "1271", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47620", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47620", "title": "1040", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47622", "revid": "3609", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47622", "title": "United States Supreme Court", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47628", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47628", "title": "Green Bay Packers", "text": "The Green Bay Packers are an American football team in the National Football League (NFL). They live in Green Bay, Wisconsin. Their home field is Lambeau Field. \nThe Packers hold the record for the most NFL league championships. They have won 13 championships, including four Super Bowls. The Packers were named after the Indian Packing Company, a meat-packing company. Today, it is the only fan-owned team in the country's four major professional leagues. It is owned by a community-based group with more than 100,000 shareholders. Each shareholder is limited to holding 200 shares (out of about 5 million issued). The Packers are also the only team in the major professional leagues to release their balance sheet every year."}
+{"id": "47629", "revid": "1458798", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47629", "title": "Amusement arcade", "text": "An amusement arcade (also called video arcade, penny arcade or just arcade) is a place where people play arcade games such as video games, pinball machines, Skee-Ball, etc. \nThe earliest amusement arcades were called \"penny arcades.\" They were opened in the nineteenth century. Penny arcades had game machines called \"bagatelles\", which were like billiards and pinball. Penny arcades were popular at amusement parks and fairs until around the 1950s. Around this time, the penny arcades were often replaced by more modern games of chance and skill. An example of the new machines were shooting galleries.\nVideo games were introduced in amusement arcades in the late 1970s. These were most popular during the early 1980s. Arcades became popular with young people. Many video arcades began closing in the late 1990s, as the technology of home video game consoles began to rival and eventually exceed that of arcade games. However, video arcades remained popular in Japan, where they are called game centers.\nSome examples of common video games found in arcades include \"Space Invaders\" and \"PAC-MAN\". Examples of other types of games include Pinball and Skee-Ball."}
+{"id": "47631", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47631", "title": "American civil war", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47633", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47633", "title": "Bill of Rights", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47635", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47635", "title": "Ice age", "text": "An ice age is a period that for a long time the temperature of Earth's climate is very low. That leads to an expansion of the continental ice sheets, polar ice sheets and mountain glaciers.\n'Ice age' is a term used in palaeoclimatology for the period of extensive ice sheets in the recent Pleistocene period. We now know that ice ages have happened a number of times in the past, the greatest and longest of which took place in the Proterozoic era, before multicellular eukaryotes evolved.\nDuring ice ages, the sea level drops as water is held in the great ice sheets at the poles. How much it drops depends on several factors, such as the length of time that a cold period lasts.\nStages.\nWithin an ice age, there are stages. The longer cold stages are called glacials or glacial periods. The shorter warm periods are called interglacials. The last glacial ended about 11,000 years ago, when the present interglacial started. The Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets still exist. The last two million years have been the Pleistocene ice age. During glacials, large and thick ice sheets covered much of North America and Eurasia.\nMany glacial periods that have occurred during the last few million years are initially at 40,000-year frequency, but more recently ice ages have occurred at 100,000-year frequency.\nThis data come from a time that human beings had no large effect on the climate. Therefore, it is technically correct to say that humans had no effect on global climate in the Earth's history. However, in recent centuries they have burned much fossil fuel, which has partly been responsible for the present temperature rise. "}
+{"id": "47637", "revid": "10216335", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47637", "title": "Saxons", "text": "The Saxons, or Saxon people, are (today) part of the German people, with their main areas of settlements in the German States of Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony, Westphalia, and the northeastern part of the Netherlands (Groningen, Drenthe, Twente, Salland, Veluwe and Achterhoek). \nFirst mentioned by the Ancient Greek geographer Ptolemy, the pre-Christian area of the Saxon people first covered an area a little more to the northwest, with parts of the southern Jutland Peninsula, Old Saxony and small parts of the eastern Netherlands. During the 5th century AD, the Saxons were part of the people invading the Romano-British province of Britannia and so formed the Anglo-Saxons.\nBefore Christianization, the Saxons had much in common with other native pre-Christian Germanic paganism. After Christianization, parts of the religion have remained in people who came from the Saxons.\nThe word \"Saxon\" is thought to come from the word \"seax\", a mixture of single-edged knives. The Saxons were thought by Charlemagne and historians to be very war-like and angry. \nMany words like \"radish\" that are used today were created by the Saxons. \nThe Finnish and Estonian name for Germany, \"Saksa\", comes from the Saxons."}
+{"id": "47638", "revid": "5400", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47638", "title": "Saxon people", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47639", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47639", "title": "Bia\u0142ystok", "text": "Bia\u0142ystok is the largest city in northeastern Poland and is the capital of the Podlaskie Voivodeship. It is in the Podlaskie Plain on the banks of the Bia\u0142a River in the Podlaskie region, known collectively as the \"Green Lungs of Poland\".\nThe city charter dates back to 1692, but settlement activity in the area dates back to the 14th century. Bia\u0142ystok has traditionally been one of the leading center of academic, cultural and artistic life in Podlaskie and is the most important economic center in northeastern Poland. The location of the city in the neighborhood of Belarus, Lithuania and Russia, with convenient transportation connections, creates excellent conditions for economic and cultural development of the city. The geographical and historical conditions helped to foster Bia\u0142ystok as a place where people of different cultures, religions and nationalities lived together for centuries. It has shaped the specific character of the city \u2013 openness, friendliness and hospitality.\nAmong cities of Poland, Bia\u0142ystok is second in terms of population density, eleventh in population, and thirteenth in area. The city and its adjacent municipalities constitute Metropolitan Bia\u0142ystok.\nHistory.\nThe city of Bia\u0142ystok has existed for five centuries. During all this time the fate of the city has passed between various political and economic forces. The various historically driven changes have had a very significant influence on the architectural space of the city. This activity relates to the fate of most other Polish cities, but the processes in Bia\u0142ystok had a particularly intense course. Numerous historic works of architecture no longer exist while many others have been rebuilt to their original configuration. The historic buildings of the city have not been preserved very well \u2013 the sights are merely an echo of the old historical shape of Bia\u0142ystok.\nOver the course of the last 200 years, the city has been the capital of numerous administrative divisions of a number of countries or occupying powers;\nSince 1999 it has been the capital of the Podlaskie Voivodeship, Republic of Poland.\nGeography.\nBia\u0142ystok is in the Bia\u0142ystok Uplands () of the Podlaskie Plain (), part of what is known collectively as the \"Green Lungs of Poland\". The Bia\u0142a River, a left tributary of the Supra\u015bl River, passes through the city.\nThe landscape of the Bia\u0142ystok Upland is diverse, with high moraine hills in excess of above sea level. Vast areas of outwash are occupied by forests, which created a number of nature reserves including Knyszyn Forest, of which a portion exists within the city limits.\nThe city has a Warm Summer Continental climate (Dfb) according to the K\u00f6ppen climate classification system, which is characterized by warm temperatures during summer and long and frosty winters. It is substantially different from most of the other Polish lowlands. The region is one of the coldest in Poland, with the average temperature in January being . The average temperature in a year is . The number of frost days ranges from 50 to 60, with frost from 110 to 138 days and the duration of snow cover from 90 to 110 days. Mean annual rainfall values oscillate around , and the vegetation period lasts 200 to 210 days.\nDistricts and Metropolitan Region.\nThe city of Bia\u0142ystok is divided into 28 administrative units (Osiedla). The first 27 of these were created on October 25, 2004. The 28th, Dojlidy G\u00f3rne, was created on October 23, 2006, out of three settlements which had been incorporated into the city: Dojlidy G\u00f3rne, Kolonia Halickie, and Zag\u00f3rki.\nMetropolitan Bia\u0142ystok was designated by the Voivodeship of the Regulation No. 52/05 of 16 May 2005 in order to help economically develop the region. In 2006, the metropolitan area population was 450,254 inhabitants. It covers an area of . For one km2, there are about 265 people. Among urban residents are more women \u2013 100 men for every 108 women on average. The municipalities adjacent to Bia\u0142ystok are slowly losing their agricultural character, becoming residential suburban neighborhoods.\nDemographics.\nIn June 2009, the population of the city was 294,399. Among cities of Poland, Bia\u0142ystok is second in terms of population density, eleventh in population, and thirteenth in area.\nHistorically, Bia\u0142ystok has been a destination for internal and foreign immigration, especially from Central and Eastern Europe. In addition to the Polish minority, there was a significant Jewish majority in Bia\u0142ystok. According to the Russian Empire Census of 1897, out of the total population of 66,000, Jews constituted 41,900 (around 63% percent). Bia\u0142ystok's pre-World War II Jewish population constituted about 63 percent of the city's total population of 107,000. World War II changed all of this. In 1939 ca. 107,000 persons lived in Bia\u0142ystok, but in 1946 \u2013 only 56,759, and to this day there is much less ethnic diversity than in the previous 300 years of the city's history. Currently the city's population is 97% Polish, 2.5% Belarusian and 0.5% of a number of minorities including Russians, Lipka Tartars, Ukrainians and Romani. Most of the modern-day population growth is based on internal migration and urbanization.\nGovernance.\nBia\u0142ystok, like other major cities in Poland, is a city county (\"powiat\"). The Bia\u0142ystok City Council has 28 elected members, one of whom is the mayor, or President of Bia\u0142ystok, elected every four years. The election of the City Council and of the local head of government, which takes place at the same time, is based on legislation introduced on 20 June 2002. The current President of Bia\u0142ystok, elected for his first term in 2006, is Tadeusz Truskolaski.\nIt is also the seat of government for the Podlaskie Voivodeship. The city is represented by several members of both houses of the Polish Parliament (Sejm and Senat). Bia\u0142ystok is represented by the Podlaskie and Warmian-Masurian constituency of the European Parliament.\nMilitary units.\nThe 18th Reconnaissance Regiment of the Polish Land Forces is based in Bia\u0142ystok. The heritage of the unit was the former 18th Territorial Defense Battalion and prior to that the former 18th Mechanized Brigade.\nThe Podlaska Cavalry Brigade was a military unit of the Polish Army, created on April 1, 1937. Its headquarters was in Bia\u0142ystok. It was formed from the Cavalry Brigade \"Bia\u0142ystok\", which existed between February 1929, and March 30, 1937. After the Soviet invasion of Poland, remnants of the Brigade fought both Wehrmacht and Red Army troops, surrendering on October 6, 1939.\nEconomy.\nIn the 19th century Bia\u0142ystok was an important center for light industry. This was the reason for the substantial growth of the city's population. The tradition continued with many garment factories established in the 20th century, such as \"Fasty\" in the district of Bacieczki. However, after the fall of communism in 1989 many of these factories faced severe problems and subsequently closed down. Currently Bia\u0142ystok is a major center for the developed machine industry (electronics, machinery and metal), wood, alcoholic beverages, building materials, glass factory and power generation.\nThe city lies close to the Polish border with Lithuania and Belarus, with the nearest border checkpoint with Belarus in Bobrowniki only away. Since the border with Belarus is also the eastern border of the European Union, as well as the Schengen Area, the city is a center for trade from countries to the east.\nCulture.\nIn 2010, Bia\u0142ystok was on the short-list, but ultimately lost the competition to become a finalist for European Capital of Culture in 2016.\nBia\u0142ystok is the largest cultural center in north-eastern Poland. Museums include the Historical Museum, the Museum of Sculpture Alfons Karny, and the Bia\u0142ystok Village Museum.\nApproximately 32% of the city is occupied by green areas. Parks and squares and 1,779 ha of forest are located within the city which creates a unique and healthy climate. Within Bia\u0142ystok, there are two nature reserves with a total area of 105 ha, that are part of the Knyszyn Forest. Such a location of nature reserves in the immediate vicinity of the city is unique.\nSports.\nThe city has a number of sports teams, both professional and amateur, and a number of venues across the city. Jagiellonia Bia\u0142ystok is a Polish football club, based in Bia\u0142ystok, that plays in Ekstraklasa league at the Bia\u0142ystok City Stadium. In 2010, Jagiellonia Bia\u0142ystok won the Polish Cup and the Super Cup, and qualified to play in the third round qualification of the UEFA Europa League. A new 22,500-seat stadium is expected to be completed by the end of 2012.\nMedia.\nBia\u0142ystok has a wide variety of media outlets serving the city and surrounding region. There are two locally published newspapers in addition to two national papers with local bureaus. There are a number of national and locally produced television and radio channels available both over-the-air from the nearby RTCN Bia\u0142ystok (Krynice) Mast, the seventh highest structure in Poland, in addition to transmitter sites within the city and on the cable television network within the city.\nReligion.\nIn the early 1900s, Bia\u0142ystok was reputed to have the largest concentration of Jews of all the cities in the world. In 1931, 40,000 Jews lived in the city, nearly half the city's inhabitants.\nThe city is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bia\u0142ystok. Establishment of the Diocese and the Archdiocese and the cities of Bia\u0142ystok ended the period of the temporary church administration in the Bia\u0142ystok region owned lands over the centuries to the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Vilnius, which after World War II remained in the Polish borders. The city is also the seat of the Bia\u0142ystok-Gda\u0144sk Diocese of the Polish Orthodox Church. Bia\u0142ystok is the largest concentration of Orthodox believers in Poland.\nTransport.\nThe city is, and has been for centuries, the main hub of transportation for the Podlaskie Voivodeship and the entire northeastern section of Poland. It is a major city on the European Union roadways and railways to the Baltic Republics and Finland. It is also a main gateway of trade with Belarus due to its proximity to the border and its current and longstanding relationship with Hrodno, Belarus. Passenger trains connect from Suvalki (Poland), Hrodno and Lithuania to Warsaw and the rest of the European passenger network. An extensive public transportation system is provided within the city by bus services, but no tram or subway exists.\nA civil airport, Bia\u0142ystok-Krywlany Airport, lies within the city limits, but does not provide regularly scheduled service. There are plans to build a new regional airport, \"Bia\u0142ystok-Saniki Airport\", in the next few years that will provide flights within Europe.\nEducation.\nHigher education in the city can be traced back to the second half of the 18th century when the ownership of the city was inherited by Jan Klemens Branicki. As a patron of the arts and sciences, Branicki encouraged numerous artists and scientists to settle in Bia\u0142ystok to take advantage of Branicki's patronage. In 1745 Branicki established Poland's first military college, the School of Civil and Military Engineering, in the city.\nSince the fall of communism many private-funded institutions of higher educations were founded and their number is still increasing. Currently Bia\u0142ystok is home to one principal public university (University of Bia\u0142ystok) and two other public specialist universities (Bia\u0142ystok Technical University and Medical University of Bia\u0142ystok). Some institutions, such as Musical Academy in Bia\u0142ystok, are branches of their parent institutions in other cities, usually in Warsaw.\nNotable residents.\nOver the centuries Bia\u0142ystok has produced a number of persons who have provided unique contributions to the fields of science, language, politics, religion, sports, visual arts and performing arts. This environment was created in the mid-18th century by the patronage of Jan Klemens Branicki for the arts and sciences. A list of recent notable persons includes, but is not limited to:"}
+{"id": "47640", "revid": "943860", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47640", "title": "Gdynia", "text": "Gdynia (, ) is a city in northern Poland in Pomeranian Voivodeship, and is an important and seaport of Gda\u0144sk Bay on the south coast of the Baltic Sea. It has about 248 000 inhabitants and 135\u00a0km\u00b2."}
+{"id": "47641", "revid": "322616", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47641", "title": "Cz\u0119stochowa", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47642", "revid": "9324069", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47642", "title": "Sosnowiec", "text": " () is a city in Poland in the Silesian Voivodeship. About 189,178 (2022) people live there, and it has an area of ."}
+{"id": "47643", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47643", "title": "Mould", "text": "Mould (or mold) is a type of fungus. It grows in the form of multicellular filaments called \"hyphae\". In contrast, fungi that can adopt a single-celled growth habit are called yeasts.\nMolds are a large group of fungi. The growth of their hyphae results in discoloration and a fuzzy appearance, especially on food. The network of these tubular branching hyphae, called a mycelium, is considered a single organism. \nMould grows from spores, which float around in the air. \nThere are thousands of different kinds. Some molds cause disease or food spoilage. Sometimes people use them to make some kinds of cheese. Many antibiotics are developed from natural anti-bacterial substance made by moulds.\nMold or mould, also sometimes referred to as mildew, is a fungal growth that develops on wet materials. Mold is a natural part of the environment and plays an important part in nature by breaking down dead organic matter such as fallen leaves and dead trees; indoors, mold growth should be avoided and proper inspection should be done for effective mold removal."}
+{"id": "47644", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47644", "title": "David James", "text": "David James (born 1 August 1970) is an English retired footballer. He last played for Kerala Blasters FC and England national team.\nHonours.\nLiverpool\nPortsmouth\nAFC Bournemouth\nIndividual"}
+{"id": "47649", "revid": "486439", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47649", "title": "Martin Adams", "text": "Martin Adams (born 1956) is an English professional darts player. His nickname is \"Wolfie\", referring to his hairy face and the fact that he likes wolves.\nAdams is a top-ranked darts player. He is a three-time BDO World Champion and three-time World Masters champion. He was on the board of the British Darts Organisation for a short time."}
+{"id": "47652", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47652", "title": "Heterotroph", "text": "A heterotroph (Greek \"heteros\" = another and \"trophe\" = nutrition) is an organism that requires organic substrates to get its carbon for growth and development.\nIn food chains.\nA heterotroph is known as a consumer in the food chain. Consumers are organisms that cannot make their own food supply. They use the food that producers make, or they eat other organisms. Animals are consumers. To stay alive, consumers must get food from other organisms. There are three types of consumers:Herbivores, Carnivores, and Omnivores.\nHerbivores.\nConsumers that only eat plants are called herbivores. The word herbivore comes from the Latin words \"herba\", which means \"grass or herb,\" and \"vorare\", which means \"to eat.\" A giraffe is an example of a herbivorous consumer.\nCarnivores.\nConsumers that only eat animals are called carnivores. The word comes from the Latin \"carnis\", which means \"flesh\", and \"vorare\", which means \"to eat.\" A tiger is an example of a carnivorous consumer.\nOmnivores.\nConsumers that eat both plants and animals are called omnivores. The word comes from the Latin \"omnis\", which means \"all\" and \"vorare\". Humans are a good example of an omnivorous consumer."}
+{"id": "47653", "revid": "1618275", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47653", "title": "Pittsburgh Steelers", "text": "The Pittsburgh Steelers are an American football team in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.. They have won six Super Bowls in eight appearances. That is most that any team has won, tied with the New England Patriots. They have a rivalry with the Baltimore Ravens. Pittsburgh plays in the AFC North with Baltimore, the Cincinnati Bengals, and the Cleveland Browns.\nThe Steelers are most famous for their defense. In the 1970s, their defense was nicknamed the \"Steel Curtain\". It helped the Steelers to four Super Bowl wins. Other well-known Steelers defenses include the 1990s \"Blitzburgh\" defense and the 2000s defense (which was not nicknamed). The Steelers always have success so they are considered the best NFL team of all time."}
+{"id": "47654", "revid": "1391867", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47654", "title": "Alice Cooper", "text": "Alice Cooper (born February 4, 1948) is an American rock singer. Originally, there was a band called Alice Cooper led by a singer named Vincent Damon Furnier. The band was one of the creators of a very theatrical and violent type of heavy metal music that was designed to shock and would come to be known as \"shock rock.\"\nLife.\nIn 1974, Furnier legally changed his name to Alice Cooper and started making solo music. Cooper's solo career began with the 1975 album \"Welcome to My Nightmare\". Over the years Cooper has played many different musical styles.\nAlice Cooper is known for his social and witty persona offstage. \"The Rolling Stone Album Guide\" referred to him as the world's most \"beloved\" heavy metal entertainer. He helped to shape the sound and look of heavy metal. Cooper is also credited as being one of the first to bring movie-like looks to the rock concert stage in the late 1960s.\nAway from music, Cooper is also an actor, a golfer, a restaurant owner and a popular radio DJ.\nAlice Cooper keeps his professional life and home life separate, to the extent that, when his children see him on television, they say \"That's Alice Cooper,\" and not \"That's Dad.\"\nAlice Cooper is one of the few performing artists who still has money earned in the 1970s.\nAlice Cooper wears one half of a pair of matching padlocks, and his wife wears the other half. This was part of their wedding ceremony, and if one wants to leave the marriage, they have to ask the other for the key.\nThe rock show, as it is known today, originated in Vincent Furnier's belief in what a rock show should be.\nAlice Cooper lives on a budget agreed with his accountant.\nAlice Cooper believes in personal hygiene, but uses only enough soap to clean himself, as he believes that too much soap is bad for your health.\nAlice Cooper's mother used to send him $5.00 per week, as she believed that musicians do not make money."}
+{"id": "47656", "revid": "1625810", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47656", "title": "Mold", "text": "A mold is a hollow shape which can be filled with a liquid which can harden or set and take the shape of the mold. \nMolds are used in cooking for jelly and cakes. \nThey are also used in manufacturing, sometimes for very complex things. "}
+{"id": "47663", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47663", "title": "Substrate", "text": "Substrate may mean:\nSubstrate may also mean:"}
+{"id": "47664", "revid": "190121", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47664", "title": "Diagram", "text": "A diagram is usually a two-dimensional display which communicates using visual relationships. It is a simplified and structured visual representation of concepts, ideas, constructions, relations, statistical data, anatomy etc. It may be used for all aspects of human activities to explain or illustrate a topic.\nDiscussion.\nIn science the term is used in both ways. For example, Anderson (1997) stated more generally: \"diagrams are pictorial, yet abstract, representations of information, and maps, line graphs, bar charts, engineering blueprints, and architects' sketches are all examples of diagrams, whereas photographs and video are not\". On the other hand, Lowe (1993) defined diagrams as specifically \"abstract graphic portrayals of the subject matter they represent\".\nVisual thinking.\nDiagrams affect the mind so that the viewer comes to understand them, but not in the way one understands words. Visual thinking or problem-solving is very ancient, and largely automatic. One only has to remember that the brain puts together an image of the world around us based on sensory input, mostly sight. We do not make any conscious decisions: it is done without conscious thought. Diagrams most likely \"tap in\" to some of these ancient \u2013 but largely unknown \u2013 routines.\nIn fact these normally hidden brain processes do sometimes become apparent. When brain damage affects the visual cortex, or when visual illusions are created, are two classic examples.\nThe way some diagrams affect thinking is quite important. Mendeleev's periodic table summarised previous research on the elements. Far more important, though, was the way it suggested the properties of elements which were \"not yet discovered\". This diagram stimulated creative thought, and other examples from the history of science could be given: see Feynman diagram.\nSome main diagram types.\nThere are at least the following types of diagrams:\nSchematics and other types of diagrams, e.g.,"}
+{"id": "47665", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47665", "title": "Radom", "text": "Radom is a city in Poland in Masovian Voivodeship. About 229,000 people live in the city which covers an area of 111 km\u00b2."}
+{"id": "47666", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47666", "title": "Kielce", "text": "Kielce is a city in Poland in \u015awi\u0119tokrzyskie Voivodeship. It has a population of about 215,000 inhabitants and 109 km\u00b2 of land area."}
+{"id": "47667", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47667", "title": "Toru\u0144", "text": "Toru\u0144 is a city in Poland in Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship.\nDistricts.\nDistricts of Toru\u0144"}
+{"id": "47668", "revid": "1239704", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47668", "title": "Zabrze", "text": "Zabrze is a city in Poland in the Silesian Voivodeship. It has about 188,000 inhabitants and an area about 109\u00a0km\u00b2."}
+{"id": "47669", "revid": "1508758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47669", "title": "Bytom", "text": "Bytom is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. About 193,000 people live there. The city is 69 km\u00b2."}
+{"id": "47670", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47670", "title": "Gorz\u00f3w Wielkopolski", "text": "Gorz\u00f3w Wielkopolski is a city in Poland in Lubusz Voivodeship. It has about 125,000 inhabitants and is in size."}
+{"id": "47671", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47671", "title": "Zielona G\u00f3ra", "text": "Zielona G\u00f3ra () is a city in Poland in Lubusz Voivodeship. It has about 118 000 inhabitants and covers 58 km\u00b2. Zielona G\u00f3ra received status of city in 1323. "}
+{"id": "47672", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47672", "title": "Opole", "text": "Opole is the biggest city in Opole Voivodeship in the southwest part of Poland. The German name of the city is Oppeln, and the Czech name is Opol\u00ed. The Oder River goes through the city. It has about 128,000 people living in it and is 149 km\u00b2 in area. The mayor of the city is Arkadiusz Wi\u015bniewski.\nHistory.\nOpole is over 1000 years old. It was originally a Slavic town. In 990 it became a Polish city. During the Middle Ages it became a German city. It was called Oppeln for a long time. After the Second World War the city once again became Polish, and the German citizens were forced to leave. It has been called by its Polish name Opole ever since."}
+{"id": "47673", "revid": "1361592", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47673", "title": "Jutes", "text": "The Jutes were a Germanic people who are believed to have come from Jutland (Latin:\"Iutum\") in modern Denmark, Southern Schleswig in northern Germany, and part of the Frisian coast. The Jutes, along with the Angles, the Saxons and the Frisians, were mentioned as the Germanic tribes that sailed across the North Sea to raid and eventually invade Britain. \nIt is believed that most Jutes settled in Kent and the Isle of Wight. The Jutes, Angles, and Saxons settled in the land that became the country of England."}
+{"id": "47680", "revid": "165650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47680", "title": "Famous", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47681", "revid": "3609", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47681", "title": "Flag of United States", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47682", "revid": "3609", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47682", "title": "US Congress", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47684", "revid": "9702279", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47684", "title": "Grindcore", "text": "Grindcore is a type of heavy metal and hardcore punk music. It was invented in the 1980s by bands such as Napalm Death. Grindcore is a lot like black metal and death metal, but the guitar parts are very simple and are played over and over again in a song. The vocals are usually loud shouts and screams while the drums play fast and loud, around 200bpm. In most cases, grindcore songs will be very short in length - Napalm Death's song 'You Suffer' is the shortest in the world at 1.316 seconds long. Their lyrics are similar to death metal and hardcore punk, which usually sing about pain, suffering, blood, gore or politics, injustice and revolution.\nOne popular grindcore band is Anal Cunt, who go by \"A.C.\" because their name has a sexual meaning. A.C. sings about racism, violence, and sexism. They produce very controversial songs such as 'You Were Pregnant So I Kicked You in the Stomach' and lyrics which make jokes of the Third Reich.\nThere are several offshoots of grindcore, including pornogrind, goregrind and deathgrind."}
+{"id": "47685", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47685", "title": "Lorette", "text": "Lorette may refer to the following places:"}
+{"id": "47686", "revid": "1690116", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47686", "title": "Cannibal Corpse", "text": "Cannibal Corpse is an American death metal band. The band was formed in Buffalo, New York in 1988 by Bob Rusay, the first guitarist (who left the band in 1993). The band's lyrics draw heavily on horror fiction themes. Some of their songs are about murder, raping people, having sex with dead bodies, and eating people. The band's early releases are highly controversial within the media. The bands' first 3 albums were banned in Europe until 2006 because of their bloody artwork. The band's music is very fast, dark, and angry. Some of the band's later songs have been said to be quite difficult to play. They are considered by many to be one of the most well-known and important death metal bands ever. Since their formation in 1988, they have undergone several line-up changes."}
+{"id": "47687", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47687", "title": "La Cappe", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47688", "revid": "551548", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47688", "title": "La Grand-Croix", "text": "La Grand-Croix is a town in France. It is near Lorette and Saint-Paul-en-Jarez."}
+{"id": "47689", "revid": "551548", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47689", "title": "Saint-Paul-en-Jarez", "text": "Saint-Paul-en-Jarez is a town in France. It is near La Grand-Croix and Saint-Chamond."}
+{"id": "47690", "revid": "551548", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47690", "title": "Saint-Chamond", "text": "Saint-Chamond is a town in France. It is near Saint-Paul-en-Jarez and Saint-Jean-Bonnefonds."}
+{"id": "47693", "revid": "9437364", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47693", "title": "Guayana Esequiba", "text": "Guayana Esequiba is the name Venezuela gives to a region that it claims in the west of Guyana. Its area is 159,500 square kilometers. For Guyana, this area is divided into the six administrative regions of Barima-Waini, Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Pomeroon-Supenaam, Potaro-Siparuni, Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo and Essequibo Islands-West Demerara. \nThe dispute over this territory is guided by \"the Geneva Agreement\", which was signed by the United Kingdom, Venezuela, and British Guiana in the year of 1966. According to this treaty, all parties are to find a practical, peaceful and satisfactory solution to the dispute. If no progress is made, the matter is to be sent to an \"appropriate international organ\" or, if this cannot be agreed upon either, to the Secretary-General of the United Nations. The Secretary-General took the dispute to the International Court of Justice. On 18 December 2020, the ICJ accepted the case .\nHistory.\nThe Essequibo river was discovered by Spanish explorers and the region was colonized by the Dutch who made settlements and plantations in the area. For hundreds of years, disputes over the land occurred but no official boundary was agreed upon between the Spanish and Dutch. A significant portion of the Dutch land was later given to the British in 1814. \nHistorically, Venezuela claimed a majority of the land west of the Essequibo river. Britain and Venezuela argued over the boundary between British Guiana and Venezuela for much of the 19th century. In 1895, after Britain expanded further west, Venezuela sought help from the United States of America to resolve the border dispute. Britain was pressured by the United States of America to negotiate with Venezuela and both presented their case to an arbitration committee in Paris. Britain and Venezuela accepted the decision of the Tribunal in 1899 and finalized their border in 1905.\nVenezuela reluctantly agreed to the border but, internally within the country, there was disappointment with the result. Venezuela raised the issue again in 1962, four years before Guyana won independence from Britain. At a meeting in Geneva in 1966, the two countries agreed to hear ideas from a representative of the UN Secretary General on ways to settle the dispute peacefully. There are still diplomatic contacts between the two countries and the Secretary General's representative.\nVenezuelan maps drawn since 1970 show all the area from the eastern bank of the Essequibo, including the islands in the river, as Venezuelan territory. On some maps, the western Essequibo region is called the \"Zone of Reclamation\".\nIn March 2024, Venezuela passes a law that designates Essequibo as the constituent state of Venezuela."}
+{"id": "47695", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47695", "title": "Sudeley Castle", "text": "Sudeley Castle is a castle near Winchcombe, Gloucestershire, England, United Kingdom. It was built in 1441 by Ralph Boteler, who had the castle taken from him by Edward IV of England. Edward gave Sudeley Castle to his brother, who later became Richard III of England, who then gave it to his uncle Jasper Tudor, Duke of Bedford.\nBy the time of Henry VIII of England the castle was the property of the Crown again. It had been visited by Henry in 1535, with his second wife Anne Boleyn, but it had been empty and unattended for some time. When Henry died the castle became the property of his son, Edward VI of England, who gave it to his uncle, Thomas Seymour. Thomas was made Lord of Sudeley and married the King's stepmother, Catherine Parr. During this time Thomas began to rebuild the castle for Catherine's use, but only one room that he had built remains today.\nSeymour and Catherine moved into the castle and brought with them ladies to attend on the Queen Dowager, as well as gentlemen of the household and Yeomen of the guard. The castle was then home to over 100 people. Another famous figure who came to live in the castle of Lady Jane Grey, who was a ward of Seymour's, as well as the young Elizabeth I of England.\nCatherine died after she had given birth to a daughter, Mary, at Sudeley Castle and was buried in its St. Mary's Chapel. Her grave was discovered in 1728 after the castle and the chapel had been left in ruins by the English Civil War. She was buried again by the Rector of Sudeley in 1817. \nSeymour's ambitions led to him being arrested and beheaded, after which Sudeley Castle became the property of Catherine's brother William Parr, who was the Marquess of Northampton. Parr had his property and title taken away after being involved in the failed attempt to make Lady Jane Grey Queen of England.\nIn 1554 Mary I of England gave Sudeley Castle to John Brydges, Lord Chandos and it remained as his property throughout the reign of Elizabeth I of England. Elizabeth was entertained three times at Sudeley Castle, which including a spectacular feast in 1592 to celebrate the anniversary of the defeat of the Spanish Armada."}
+{"id": "47696", "revid": "9719306", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47696", "title": "Godfather trilogy", "text": "The Godfather trilogy refers to the three Mafia movies directed by Francis Ford Coppola about the fictional Corleone crime family;"}
+{"id": "47697", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47697", "title": "Without You (Badfinger song)", "text": "\"Without You\" is a song written by musicians Peter Ham and Tom Evans, which has become a standard since it was first recorded in 1970.\nHam and Evans were members of the rock band Badfinger, and they combined the verse of one unfinished song with the chorus of another, to complete \"Without You\". Badfinger included their version of the song on their second album, \"No Dice\", which was released in 1970. Apple Records was Badfinger's record label, and the song was published by a related company, Apple Music.\nThe song got little attention at first, but when Harry Nilsson recorded a of it, his single became a worldwide hit. Nilsson, Ham and Evans all reached career peaks, and Nilsson won a Grammy Award for his recording.\n\"Without You\" became, and remains, very popular around the world. Many other artists have recorded the song, and several have had hits with it, including Mariah Carey. Apple Music lost the American rights to the song, early in the 21st century."}
+{"id": "47698", "revid": "1673561", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47698", "title": "Apple Records", "text": "Apple Records was a record label founded in 1968, started by The Beatles. It was a division of the Beatles's company Apple Corps. EMI served as distributors for Apple.\nArtists.\nRecording artists who appeared on the Apple label included Billy Preston, James Taylor, Mary Hopkin, Badfinger, Yoko Ono, and members of the Beatles before and after their breakup in 1970.\nHistory.\nWhile the Beatles and their business associates had high hopes for Apple at first, the tensions that caused the Beatles to split also hurt the label. Many of the records released on Apple failed to become popular, either because they did not go over well with listeners, or were not given the promotion they needed or deserved to become hit records. James Taylor \"walked out\" on his Apple Records contract, and signed with Warner Bros., where he began a long string of hits. Mary Hopkin retired from music after completing her contract. Billy Preston and Badfinger moved on to other record labels.\nApple Records released the last of its non-Beatles records in 1973, and when their distribution deal with EMI ended in 1975, the label went out of business.\nReissues.\nThe label came back into business in the late 1980s, when the Beatles's music first appeared on compact disc. In 1992, most of Apple's other music also began to appear on CD. Yoko Ono's Apple recordings were not reissued by the label, because her husband John Lennon (a member of the Beatles) had to buy them back from Apple as part of a business settlement. After his death in 1980, Ono became the owner of the recordings. She later reissued them through another label, called Rykodisc.\nApple Records no longer signs new artists or groups, but new Beatles issues continue to appear on the Apple label."}
+{"id": "47700", "revid": "10389687", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47700", "title": "Germanic peoples", "text": "The Germanic peoples are a linguistic and ethnic branch of Indo-European peoples that came from Northern Europe and are identified by their use of the Germanic languages. During the migration period, the Germanic peoples spread throughout Europe and mixed with existing local populations (like the Celts, Slavs/Vends, and Romans). They eventually formed the basis of many nations, which are connected by similar languages, common history, and culture.\nThe Latin word \"Germani\" was first used by Julius Caesar.\nThe Germanic tribes did not have a name for themselves that described all Germanic-speaking people. In English, \"German\" is first attested in 1520, replacing earlier use of \"Almain\" or \"Dutch\". Today, in English, \u201cDutch\u201d means the language or people of the Netherlands.\nIn the 1st century CE, Roman authors like Caesar and Tacitus wrote that Germanic-speaking peoples had divided into tribal groupings. The different tribes lived in different areas:\nThe Irminones, Ingvaeones, and Sons of Mannus Istvaeones are called West Germanic tribes. The Germanic people who remained in Scandinavia called North Germanic. The groups all developed separate dialects, which eventually developed into different Germanic languages.\nThe Germanic peoples did not call themselves West Germanic, East Germanic, or North Germanic. Those categories were created in modern times.\nEach Germanic tribe was politically independent under a hereditary king. Each tribe had a myth about who first created the tribe. For example, myths stated:\nSome Germanic kings claimed that they should have power because they were related to their tribe\u2019s mythical founders.\nOrigin.\nThe early Germanic tribes spoke different dialects but could understand each other. They shared a common culture and mythology (see Germanic mythology). \"Beowulf\" and the V\u00f6lsunga saga make that clear.\nAt this time, the Romans forced the different peoples of Italy to be part of one large empire. Unlike Italy, no large empire forced Germanic people to unite. That caused the various tribes to remain free and to be led by their own hereditary or chosen leaders."}
+{"id": "47701", "revid": "586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47701", "title": "May Pang", "text": "May (Fung-Yee) Pang (born October 24, 1950) is an American former music executive. She was a personal assistant to former Beatle John Lennon and his wife Yoko Ono. She later became Lennon's companion and lover, when he separated from Ono in the mid-1970s. Pang was born in New York, New York to Chinese parents.\nPang was a secretary at ABKCO, a management company started by Allen Klein, in New York City. ABKCO's clients included three of the Beatles: Lennon, George Harrison and Ringo Starr. When Lennon and wife Ono needed an assistant, Pang was sent to England to work for them. She dated musician Peter Ham of Badfinger, and helped Lennon and Ono move to the United States, late in 1971.\nDuring 1973, Lennon and Ono began to have problems in their marriage. Ono trusted Pang, and suggested her as a companion for Lennon, knowing he wanted to see other women. Lennon surprised Ono by taking Pang with him to Los Angeles, where he planned to record an album with Phil Spector. Lennon and Pang lived together for over a year, while he worked on new music, and tried to decide whether to divorce Ono or reconcile with her.\nLennon and Ono decided to reconcile early in 1975, and became the parents of Sean Lennon. Even though Pang had been involved with the marketing of several of Lennon's records, and also records by Harry Nilsson and Ringo Starr, she had a hard time finding a new job. She later found out the reason was because many companies were afraid Lennon would not want to do business with them, if he knew she worked there.\nPang finally found a job with Island Records, and later worked for RKO. She married record producer Tony Visconti, and they started a family. After Lennon's death in 1980, Pang wrote a memoir, titled \"Loving John\". She also appeared on many talk shows, to discuss her relationship with Lennon."}
+{"id": "47702", "revid": "1678883", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47702", "title": "Indo-European peoples", "text": "The Indo-European peoples are an ethnolinguistic group that lived in Eastern Europe and Central Asia thousands of years ago. They descended from the Ukrainian steppes and later spread out across Europe, Western Asia, Central Asia, and India.\nThe Indo-Europeans were Bronze Age-speakers of Indo-European languages that had not yet split into the language families we know today, like the Centum and satem dialects (speakers of languages predating Proto-Indo-Iranian, Proto-Greek, Proto-Celtic, Proto-Italic, Proto-Germanic, Proto-Balto-Slavic etc.)\nSpeakers of Indo-European languages in historical times are not called by the name Indo-Europeans but with often by the name of their language family like Anatolians, Tocharians, Aryans (Iranians, Indo-Aryans), Greeks, Celts, Italic peoples, Germanic peoples, Baltic peoples, Slavic peoples, Armenians, Albanians (or subdivisions of those groups)."}
+{"id": "47705", "revid": "1674296", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47705", "title": "Urban area", "text": "An urban area is an area where many people live and work close together. The population density is higher than in the surrounding area. It is where buildings are close together. Urban is the opposite of rural, where farm lands and nature are. Urban areas are usually cities and towns. Most of the work available in urban areas is factory and office work. Agricultural work is rare because buildings are close together and there is no space for farm lands. \nThere are different urban area definitions for each country. The definitions mostly depend on how populated the country is and if the definition shows a true percentage of how urbanized the country is. For example, in Poland an urban area is any place that has the status of a town, whereas in China it is any district, city, or town with a population density higher than 1500 people per square kilometer. The urban population definition for Canadian and Scandinavian countries depends on density. If there is a house every 200 meters it is classified as urban.\nA large urban area, with all connected areas (usually developed around some city) is called a Metropolitan area.\nEurope.\nNorway.\nIf two buildings are less than 50 m, from other, then both building can be part of an urban area. Exceptions are made due to parks, industrial areas, rivers, and similar things. Groups of houses less than 400 m from the main (group or) body of an urban area, are included in the urban area."}
+{"id": "47706", "revid": "586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47706", "title": "Mary Hopkin", "text": "Mary Hopkin (born 3 May 1950) is a Welsh folk singer. She was born in Pontardawe. She was most famous in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Her first and biggest hit was \"Those Were The Days\" in 1968.\nWhen The Beatles started their own record label called Apple Records, they were looking for new artists to sign up. Twiggy, a model and friend of the band, recommended her. After Hopkin signed with Apple, Beatle Paul McCartney produced many of the songs for her first album, called \"Post Card\". Singer-songwriters Donovan and Harry Nilsson, and record producer George Martin, also gave her songs to record.\n\"Those Were The Days\" was McCartney's choice for Hopkin's first single. He chose well, and the song became a hit worldwide. Hopkin recorded other singles, including \"Goodbye\", \"Temma Harbour\", \"Knock, Knock, Who's There\", and a remake of Doris Day's \"Qu\u00e9 Sera, Sera\", but they were not as successful as her first record. McCartney moved on to a solo career after the Beatles disbanded, and no longer worked with her. Hopkin's second album, \"Earth Song/Ocean Song\", was largely self-produced.\nHopkin disliked the way Apple Records had promoted her, as a kind of \"squeaky-clean\" schoolgirl. She left the label after two albums and a best-of compilation, also titled \"Those Were the Days\". She retired from music after marrying producer Tony Visconti, but she did appear as a background singer on a few of his productions.\nDuring the 1990s, Apple Records reissued many of their old records, including Hopkin's two original albums. She oversaw a new version of \"Those Were the Days\", with bonus tracks and a detailed booklet."}
+{"id": "47707", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47707", "title": "Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es", "text": "The Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es is a long and very famous street in Paris.\nThe street is 1910 m long and 70 m wide and links the Arc de Triomphe and the Place de la Concorde. It is a very popular street and has many famous cinemas, bars, boutiques, and restaurants. The Tour de France ends on the street. It is the second most expensive street of the world. Rent is more than 900 000 euros per 100m\u00b2 per year.\nOn 20 April 2017, two gunmen opened fired and killed one police officer and injured another on the Champs-\u00c9lys\u00e9es in a terrorist attack claimed by ISIS."}
+{"id": "47708", "revid": "4303", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47708", "title": "Pete Ham", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47709", "revid": "10134092", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47709", "title": "Tom Evans", "text": "Thomas \"Tom\" Evans (5 June 1947 \u2013 19 November 1983) was an English guitarist and songwriter, who had several hit records as a member of Badfinger, during the late 1960s and early 1970s. He was also the cowriter of \"Without You\", with collaborator Peter Ham, another member of Badfinger.\nEvans and Ham wrote most of Badfinger's hits together, including \"No Matter What\", \"Day After Day\", and \"Baby Blue\", which appeared on Apple Records. After leaving Apple, Badfinger's fortunes dipped. Ham committed suicide by hanging in 1975. Evans was devastated, and never got over losing his musical partner. He also hanged himself, in London in 1983.\n\"Without You\" first became a hit in a cover version by Harry Nilsson in 1971, and the song became a standard as time went on. Badfinger's music was mostly forgotten by the 1980s, but became popular again in the 1990s when their old records appeared on compact disc."}
+{"id": "47726", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47726", "title": "Sergei Rachmaninov", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47729", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47729", "title": "Solon", "text": "Solon was a statesman in Ancient Greece. He is one of Seven Sages (or Wise Men) of Greece, because of his political reforms to the laws of Athens. Many of these changes helped the poor people. He lived from 630 B.C.- 560 B.C. He introduced the court and judges. About 594 B.C., the nobles elected Solon to lead Athens. He made reforms that helped prevent a revolt by the poor. First he freed people who had become slaves because of debts. He made a law that no citizen could be enslaved. Solon also organized citizens into four classes based on wealth, not birth. Rich men had more power. Yet this was still a more fair system than the old one that limited power to nobles. Solon allowed all citizens to serve in the assembly and help elect leaders. He also reformed the laws to make them less harsh."}
+{"id": "47735", "revid": "551548", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47735", "title": "Saint-Jean-Bonnefonds", "text": "Saint-Jean-Bonnefonds is a village in France near Saint-Paul-en-Jarez and Saint-Priest-en-Jarez."}
+{"id": "47736", "revid": "551548", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47736", "title": "Saint-Priest-en-Jarez", "text": "Saint-Priest-en-Jarez is a town in France near Saint-Jean-Bonnefonds and Villars."}
+{"id": "47737", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47737", "title": "Villars", "text": "Villars may refer to: "}
+{"id": "47738", "revid": "1570152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47738", "title": "Logron", "text": "Logron is a village in France near Villars and Flacey. In 1999, about 500 people lived there."}
+{"id": "47739", "revid": "18539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47739", "title": "Flacey", "text": "Flacey is a commune in the C\u00f4te-d'Or department in eastern France."}
+{"id": "47749", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47749", "title": "Diet (assembly)", "text": "A diet is some form of assembly. People in the assembly meet (originally they did that daily, hence the name) to discuss and decide things. Common examples are the Diet of Worms or the Diet of Speyer."}
+{"id": "47750", "revid": "15149", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47750", "title": "Omelette", "text": "An omelette (also spelled as omelet) is a type of food that is mainly eggs, with various fillings. In the United States omelettes are usually eaten at breakfast. However omelettes can be eaten as a light lunch or late evening meal.\nMaking an Omelette.\nAn omelette is prepared from beaten eggs cooked with butter or oil in a frying pan. A thin, flat 'heavy' omelette is usually folded around a filling such as cheese, vegetables, meat, or some combination of these ingredients. In some traditions, omelettes are fried to cook the bottom and then flipped over or in half for final stage of cooking. However, in other traditions, omelettes is baked to cook it evenly or the top is cooked under a broiler. When making an omelette, it is best to use several eggs. Put a little water in with the eggs when you mix them up because the water helps the eggs to produce steam as they cook. The steam makes them lighter and fluffier. Using oil in the bottom of a nonstick omelette pan helps prevent the omelette from sticking.\nFor a full light and fluffy omolette separate the egg whites and whisk to stiff peaks then fold in the yolks. Cook by frying in a knob of butter on a medium heat until center starts to dry then fold in half and cook until its hot in the middle.\n\"Famous\" Omelettes.\nThere are many different types of omelette, often with different names, depending on what is used as a filling.\nArnold Bennett.\nArnold Bennett (27 May 1867 - 27 March 1931) was a British writer. Often after having been to the theatre in London he visited the Savoy Hotel's Grillroom. The chef added haddock, cream and Parmesan cheese to the basic omelette and called the new dish \"Omelette Arnold Bennett\" in his customer's honour.\nNapoleon.\nAccording to legend when Napoleon Bonaparte and his army were marching through southern France, they stopped for the night near the town of Bessieres. A local innkeeper made Napoleon an omelette. Napoleon was so impressed by the cooking he ordered the townspeople to collect all the eggs in the village and to prepare a huge omelette for his army the next day."}
+{"id": "47751", "revid": "1671802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47751", "title": "Visa", "text": "A visa (short for the Latin \"carta visa\", lit. \"the document having been seen\") is a permit given by a country that allows someone to go to that country. A visa is often a document that is stamped on a person's passport by an embassy. It names the kind of visit and says how long the person can stay. Sometimes, people need to go through an interview held at the embassy before they get a visa.\nMany countries require foreign visitors to have a valid passport and a visa before they can enter the country, but there are exceptions.\nVisas are associated with the request for permission to enter (or exit) a country, and are, for some countries, not the same as actual formal permission to enter and remain in the country.\nSome countries, such as Turkey, require that their citizens, and sometimes foreign travelers, obtain an exit visa in order to be allowed to leave the country. Until 2004, foreign students in Russia were issued only an entry visa on being accepted to University there, and had to obtain an exit visa to return home. This policy has since been changed, and foreign students are now issued multiple entry (and exit) visas.\nConditions of issue.\nVisas may be granted on arrival or by prior application at the country's embassy or consulate, or sometimes through a specialized travel agency with permission from the issuing country in the country of departure. If there is no embassy or consulate in one's home country, then one would have to travel to a third country (or apply by post) and try to get a visa issued there. The need for a visa generally depends on the citizenship of the applicant, how long they plan to stay, and the activities that they may wish to do in the country he visits. These may result different formal categories of visas, with different issue conditions.\nSome, but not all, countries have reciprocal visa regimes: if Country A requires citizens of Country B to have a visa to travel there, then Country B may require a visa from citizens of Country A. Likewise, if A allows B's citizens to enter without a visa, B may allow A's citizens to enter without a visa.\nExamples of such reciprocal visa regimes are between:\nPeople may have to pay for a visa; these are typically also reciprocal, so if country A charges country B's citizens 50 USD for a visa, country B will often also charge the same amount for country A's visitors. The fee charged may also be at the discretion of each embassy. A similar reciprocity often applies to the duration of the visa (the period in which one is permitted to request entry of the country) and the number of entries one can attempt with the visa. Faster processing of the visa application for some countries will generally incur additional charges.\nThis reciprocal fee has become more common in recent years with the decision of the United States to charge nationals of various countries a $100 visa processing fee (non-refundable, even if a visa is not issued). A number of countries, including Brazil, Chile, and Turkey have reciprocated. Brazil requires an advance visa before entry into the country, and that a US citizen be fingerprinted and photographed on arrival\u2014matching U.S. requirements for Brazilians and other foreigners.\nThe issuing authority, usually a branch of the country's foreign ministry or department (e.g. U.S. State Department), and typically consular affairs officers, may want documents from the applicant. This may include proof that the applicant is able to support himself in the host country (lodging, food), proof that the person hosting the applicant in his or her home really exists and has sufficient room for hosting the applicant, proof that the applicant has health and evacuation insurance, etc. Some countries ask for proof of health status, especially for long-term visas; some countries deny visas to persons with certain illnesses, such as AIDS. The exact conditions depend on the country and category of visa. Notable examples of countries requiring HIV tests of long-term residents are Russia and Uzbekistan. However, in Uzbekistan, the HIV test requirement is sometimes not strictly enforced. \nDeveloped countries frequently demand strong evidence of intent to return to the home country, if the visa is for a temporary stay, and especially if the applicant is from a developing country, due to immigration concerns.\nThe issuing authority may also require applicants to attest that they have had no criminal convictions, or that they do not partake in certain activities (like prostitution or drug trafficking). Some countries will deny visas if the travellers' passports show evidence of citizenship or travel to a country which is not recognized by that country. For example, Saudi Arabia will not issue visas to nationals of Israel or those with evidence of visiting Israel.\nEntry and duration period.\nVisas can also be \"single-entry\", which means the visa is cancelled as soon as the holder leaves the country, \"double-entry\", or \"multiple-entry\", permitting multiple entries into the country with the same visa. Countries may also issue re-entry permits that allow temporarily leaving the country without invalidating the visa. Even a business visa will normally not allow the holder to work in the host country without an additional work permit.\nOnce issued, a visa will usually have to be used within a certain period of time.\nThe validity of a visa is not the same as the authorized period of stay in the issuing country. The visa validity usually indicates when the person can apply for entry to the country. For example, if a visa has been issued January 1st and expires March 30th, and the authorized period of stay in a country is 90 days, then the 90-day stay starts on the day the passenger reaches the country, which has to be between January 1st and March 30th. The traveller could therefore stay in the issuing country until June 1st.\nOnce in the country, the validity period of a visa or authorized stay can often be extended for a fee if the immigration authorities choose to do so. Staying longer than the period of authorized stay given by the immigration officers is considered illegal immigration even if the visa validity period is not over (i.e. for multiple entry visas) and a form of being \"out of status\" and the offender may be fined, prosecuted, deported, or even blacklisted (banned) from entering the country again.\nEntering a country without a valid visa or visa exemption may result in being arrested and removed from the country. Doing things that are not authorized by the status of entry (for example, working while having a non-worker tourist status) can result in the individual being deemed removable, in common speech an illegal alien. Such violation is not a violation of a visa, despite the common misuse of the phrase, but a violation of status, hence the term \"out of status.\"\nEven having a visa does not guarantee that somebody can enter a host country. The border crossing authorities make the final determination to allow entry, and may cancel a visa at the border if the alien cannot demonstrate to their satisfaction that they will abide by the status their visa grants them.\nVisa and immigration laws are very different among countries. People are advised to check with immigration lawyers for visa and immigration laws governing the countries they wish to enter and eligibility to receive visas or other immigration benefits.\nVisa extensions.\nSome countries allow the holder of a visa to apply to stay longer in that country. For example, in Denmark a visa holder can apply to the Danish Immigration Service for a Residence Permit after they have arrived in the Country. In the United Kingdom applications can be made to the Border and Immigration Agency. In other countries it is not possible to do this. In such cases, the holder often engages in what is known as a visa run; leaving the country for a short period in order to apply for a new visa prior to their return or so that they can be given a fresh permission to stay when they re-enter.\nVisa refusal.\nA visa may be denied for a number of reasons, including (but not limited to) if the applicant:\nVisa exemption schemes.\nPossession of a valid visa is a condition for entry into many countries. Exemption schemes do exist. Visa-free entry may be granted to holders of diplomatic passports. (\"see: Passport\").\nSome countries have reciprocal agreements such that a visa is not needed under certain conditions, e.g. when the visit is for tourism and for a relatively short period. One example of this is the Visa Waiver Program of the United States. Such reciprocal agreements may stem from common membership in international organizations or a shared heritage:\nOther countries may also unilaterally grant visa-free entry to nationals of certain countries to encourage tourism.\nVisa-free travel between countries also occurs where passports are not needed for such travel.(\"For examples of passport-free travel, see International travel without passports\".)\nCommon visas.\nNormally, visas are valid for entry only into the country which issued the visa. Countries that are members of regional organizations or party to regional agreements may however issue visas valid for entry into some or all of the member states of the organization or agreement:"}
+{"id": "47759", "revid": "10311632", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47759", "title": "Andranik Ozanian", "text": "Andranik Toros Ozanian, or Zoravar Andranik, (25 February 1865 \u2013 31 August 1927) was an Armenian military general and freedom fighter. He was seen by Armenian people as a national hero.\nBiography.\nHe was born in \u015eebinkarahisar, Ottoman Armenia (present-day Giresun Province, Turkey). After losing his wife and son at an early age, he joined the Armenian freedom movement in the Ottoman Empire, and participated in various political parties.\nAndranik participated in the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913, within the Bulgarian army, alongside general Garegin Njdeh as a commander of Armenian auxiliary troops of 1912-1913. After his arrest and jailed; he spent some time in Istanbul. During World War I, he participated in the Caucasus Campaign and was appointed as general of the Armenian volunteer units of the Russian army. He participated in 20 different offensives where he gained fame due to his courage and the tactics he came up with to defeat the opposing forces.\nHe was the commanding officer of the Armenian volunteer units, which helped the Van Resistance take control of the Van on 6 May 1915. He helped re-capture the city from Ottoman forces during the Battle of Van. He was also the commander of the battalion that took the city of Bitlis (see: Battle of Bitlis) from the Ottoman forces that was under control of Mustafa Kemal. \nAfter declaration of Democratic Republic of Armenia (DRA), he organized volunteer units against the Ottoman army, and fought alongside those units. Declaration of Treaty of Batum was in diffuse as Andranik, was fighting against the Ottoman Empire with his army. He refused to accept the borders stated by the treaty. His activities were concentrated at the link between Ottoman Empire to Azerbaijan Democratic Republic at Karabakh, Zanghezur and Nakhichevan. Ozanian struck back at the Ottoman Fronts, Army of Islam.\nAndranik, tried several times to seize Shusha. Just before the Armistice of Mudros was signed, Andranik was on the way from Zangezur to Shushee, currently called Shusha. control the main city of Nagorno-Karabakh, historically called Artsakh. In January 1919 Armenian troops advancing, the British forces (Lionel Dunsterville) ordered Andranik back to Zangezur, and gave him the assurances that this conflict can be solved with the Paris Peace Conference, of 1919.\nIn 1919 he left Armenia in order not to take part in the political struggles for power in the recent Republic of still those its opinions contradicting policy to carry Armenia for the last time and went oneself into exile to Fresno, California, United States.\nHe immigrated to Fresno, California. Andranik Ozanian lived in Fresno for 18 years until his death on 31 August 1927. His remains were moved to Paris in 1928, and returned to Armenia in 1999, where he was buried at the Yerablur military cemetery."}
+{"id": "47779", "revid": "10216337", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47779", "title": "Angles", "text": "The Angles were Germanic peoples from northern Germany and Denmark who invaded Britain from around 410 CE. Their name seems to be connected with Angeln, a modern district in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. The Angles, together with the Jutes, the Saxons, and the Frisians, were among the tribes who sailed across the North Sea in the 5th century to invade Britain. The various tribes were later called \"Anglo-Saxon.\" "}
+{"id": "47781", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47781", "title": "Taka and toshi", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47782", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47782", "title": "Angeln", "text": "Modern Angeln, (Danish: Angel; Latin: Anglia, which also means in direct translation from Latin: England), is a peninsula in Schleswig-Holstein, Germany. \nAncient Angeln may have been somewhat larger than the Angeln of today, but following the ancient sources it included the territory of modern Angeln.\nAngeln has an importance far beyond its small area, as it seems to have been the original home of the Angles who invaded the southern part of Great Britain, which was named after them, England. And so the name of the major world language, English, seems to have taken its name from this little region.\nFollowing the departure of the Angles from Anglia about 350, the region was occupied by Danish settlers not later than the 8th century."}
+{"id": "47783", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47783", "title": "Commonwealth", "text": "A commonwealth is a group of people or of groups with a common aim to improve themselves, help each other and share knowledge and resources.\nThe word can refer to several organisations:\nIt is also part of the official name of some countries\nor part of the official name of some US states and territories\nIn history the Commonwealth of England was the name of England between 1649 and 1660, when England had no king."}
+{"id": "47787", "revid": "1683948", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47787", "title": "Frisian people", "text": "The Frisians are a group of people of northwestern Europe. They live in an area known as Frisia, mainly in Friesland and Groningen, in the Netherlands, and in East Frisia and North Frisia, in Germany. They are said to be a tall, big-boned and light-haired people with a rich history and folklore.\nHistory.\nThe Frisians were made an agreement with the Romans at the Rhine River in 28 AD. Sixteen years later, the Frisians defeated the Romans under Tiberius at the Battle of Baduhennawood and were known and respected by the Romans, who made several writings about them. Tacitus wrote about the Germanic peoples in 69 AD and described their habits. He listed many Frisian groups by name; Of the many groups that he listed, the Frisians are the only ones to have kept their old name.\nThe Frisians probably used boats. The North Sea from Great Britain to eastern Denmark was then called \"Mare Frisia\". On lands around them, small groups of Frisians settled. Their homes have been found in England, Scotland, Denmark, Germany, Belgium, France and the Netherlands.\nTheir lands followed the edge of the North Sea from the mouth of the Rhine River up to that of the Ems River, which was their eastern limit according to Ptolemy's \"Geographica\".\nIn the 5th century, the Anglo-Saxons went through Frisian territory in northern Germany and the Netherlands to invade Britain, and many Frisians moved with them. The Frisians who stayed in Continental Europe moved to the lands in which the Anglo-Saxons had lived."}
+{"id": "47789", "revid": "9171273", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47789", "title": "Alba Iulia", "text": "Alba Iulia (Latin: \"Apulum\", German: \"Karlsburg\"/\"Wei\u00dfenburg\", Hungarian: \"Gyulafeh\u00e9rv\u00e1r\", former ) is a city in Alba County, Transylvania, Romania. It has a population of 66,369 people. It is found on the Mure\u015f River. In the center of the city there is Alba Carolina citadel built in three historical periods: Roman, Medieval and Habsburg."}
+{"id": "47790", "revid": "170917", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47790", "title": "Balance", "text": "Balance may mean:"}
+{"id": "47791", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47791", "title": "Vampire bat", "text": "Vampire bats is a subfamily of bats. Unlike other bats, vampire bats feed on blood. Currently, there are three species of bats known to do this. All of them live in the Americas, in Mexico, Brazil, Chile and Argentina. Of the three known species, one feeds on the blood of mammals, the other two on the blood of birds.\nThe common vampire bat lives in large groups, of up to 100 animals. They have developed complex social behaviour. \nVampire bats commonly spread diseases, most notably rabies. The saliva of the vampire bats contain chemicals that prevent the clotting of the blood of the victim; this has been used to develop drugs to help the patients of strokes and heart attacks.\nThe false vampire bats are not vampire bats; they do not feed on blood, some eat fruits, others devour small animals.\nVampires may be modelled on bats.\nScientific studies.\nVampire bats were some of the first animals studied using the broadly applicable tracking system, or BATS. Scientists glued very small backpacks with sensors onto vampire bats and used GPS to tell when they looked for food, rested, or met each other. The study, which was printed for people to read on October 31, 2019 (Halloween), said that vampire bats formed social bonds when being held by humans that they remembered after being released back into the wild."}
+{"id": "47793", "revid": "1373270", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47793", "title": "Prehistoric Britain", "text": "Prehistoric Britain was a period of history when people lived in Britain, but did not keep written records. It started when people first arrived in Britain around 900,000 years ago. It ended with the Roman invasion of Britain in AD 43.\nPreface.\nPeople have lived in what is now Great Britain for hundreds of thousands of years. However, until the Roman Empire took over in the 1st century, none of Britain\u2019s peoples had any written language. For this reason, archaeological sites are the only way to learn about their history, culture, and way of life.\nThe Greek navigator Pytheas was the first person to write about Britain and its people. He explored the coastal region of Britain around 325 BC.\nStarting in the Neolithic period, ancient Britons were involved in extensive trade (especially in exporting tin), and they had strong cultural links with the rest of Europe.\nThe Paleolithic.\nPalaeolithic Britain lasted from almost 750,000 years ago until around 10,000 years ago. During this long period of time, there were many changes in the environment. These included several glacial and interglacial periods, which greatly affected human settlement in the region.\nEnvironmental changes.\nAround 478,000 years ago, the Anglian glaciation began. This period lasted until about 424,000 years ago. During this time, temperatures were very cold. This very cold weather probably drove humans out of Britain altogether.\nA warmer time period lasted from around 300,000 until 200,000 years ago. During this time, people in Britain developed more advanced flint technology, which allowed them to hunt more efficiently.\nThere is little evidence that people lived in Britain during the later Ipswichian interglacial period. This period lasted from around 130,000 years ago to 110,000 years ago.\nA final ice age covered Britain between about 70,000 and 10,000 years ago. There was an extreme cold snap between 22,000 and 13,000 years ago, which may have driven humans south out of Britain again. The environment during this ice age period would have been a largely treeless tundra. It was eventually replaced by a warmer climate, perhaps reaching 17 degrees Celsius (62.6 Fahrenheit) in summer, which encouraged the expansion of birch trees as well as shrub and grasses.\nUpper Paleolithic.\nNeanderthal occupation of Britain was limited. The first signs of activity in Britain by modern humans (\"Homo sapiens\") date back to about 30,000 BC. The most famous archaeological evidence from this period is the skeleton of the Red Lady of Paviland in modern-day Wales. Archaeologists think this person died about 33,000 years ago.\nThe dominant food species were the Wild Horse (\"Equuleus fetus\") and Red Deer (\"Corvus elapses\"). People also hunted other mammals, ranging from hares to mammoth. By 10,500 years ago, the climate was becoming cooler and dryer, and woodland coverage expanded. Still, populations of food animals seem to have declined around this time.\nDuring the Final Upper Paleolithic, tool makers generally used smaller flints. Bone and antler work became less common. However, there are many more known archaeological sites, spread over a wider area than in the earlier Paleolithic. Archaeologists have found many more open air sites, like the one at Hengistbury Head.\nLower Paleolithic.\nArchaeologists have found bones and flint tools in coastal deposits near Happisburgh in Norfolk, and near Bakersfield in Suffolk. This is evidence that \"Homo erectus\" lived in modern-day Britain around 700,000 years ago. At this time, southern and eastern Britain was linked to continental Europe by a wide land bridge, which allowed humans to move freely. Where the English Channel is today, there was a large river flowing westwards. It was fed by tributaries that would later become the Thames and Seine.\nMesolithic.\nAround 10,000 years ago, the last ice age finally ended. Temperatures rose, probably to levels similar to today\u2019s. As the weather got warmer, forests expanded farther. Pine, birch, and alder forest replaced the Arctic environment.\nAs glaciers melted, sea levels rose. By 8,500 years ago, the rising sea levels cut Britain off from continental Europe for the last time.\nThe Mesolithic-Neolithic transition.\nAround 4,500 BC, people in Britain began farming and started caring for animals, like cows, sheep and pigs. They did this, at least in part, because they needed reliable sources of food. Historians have called this the Neolithic revolution.\nThe Neolithic.\nIn the past, historians thought that people migrating from continental Europe brought ideas about farming with them to Britain. However, modern archaeologists think that native Britons began farming, making pottery, and settling on their own. These changes (called the Neolithic Revolution) eventually led to the growth of societies divided into differing groups of farmers, artisans and leaders.\nPast historians also thought that people migrating to Britain came in waves, with each new wave annihilating the last. However, DNA analysis suggests that this theory is not correct. Scientists have analyzed the mitochondrial DNA of modern Europeans to find out who their ancestors were. They found that over 80% of modern Europeans are descended in the female line from European hunter-gatherers. Less than 20% are descended in the female line from Neolithic farmers from the Middle East. In 1997, scientists did DNA analysis on a tooth from a Mesolithic man whose remains were found in Sough's Cave at Cheddar Gorge. They found that 11% of modern European populations share this man\u2019s mitochondrial DNA.\nAdvances.\nPeople built Britain\u2019s first earthworks during the early Neolithic (c. 4400 BC- 3300 BC). These were long barrows used for communal burial.\nLater, during the Middle Neolithic (c. 3300 BC-c. 2900 BC), people built cursuses near these long barrows. A cursus was a monument that looked like a trench or a ditch. During the same period, people also built the earliest stone circles and began to bury their dead individually.\nNeolithic people also built stone rows and new enclosures called henges. The famous sites of Stonehenge and Silbury Hill reached their peak during the Neolithic. People began industrial flint mining in places like Cissbury and Grimes Graves.\nIn Britain, archaeologists have found axes made from exotic stones. These are stones which are not naturally found in Britain, like jadeite. This shows that native Britons communicated and traded with people in continental Europe.\nThe Bronze Age.\nThe Bronze Age lasted from about 3300 BC to 1200 BC.\nA new culture arrived in Britain around 2700 BC, at the beginning of the Mount Pleasant Phase (2,700 BC - 2,000 BC). This new culture is often called the Beaker culture. Archaeologists have found Beaker pottery, flat axes, and ornaments made from gold. Archaeologists found some of these ornaments in graves of people from the wealthy Wessex culture of southern Britain. They have also found evidence that the Beaker people buried their dead. The megalithic phases of Stonehenge date to this period.\nBritain had large reserves of tin in the areas of Cornwall and Devon, in what is now southwest England. During the Bronze Age, people began tin mining. By the end of the Bronze Age, British tin was being exported across Europe. This was so successful that around 1,600 BC, southwest Britain experienced a trade boom.\nThe Iron Age.\nIron Age Britons lived in organised tribal groups, ruled by a chieftain. As the number of people in Britain increased, opposing tribes started to fight each other for territory and power. This led people to start building hill forts, starting around 1,500 BC.\nAround 900 BC, British society changed. Celtic peoples came to Britain in mass migrations, and brought their culture with them. The Celts were highly skilled craftsmen. They produced nicely patterned gold jewellery, and made weapons in bronze and iron. By 500 BC, Celtic culture covered most of the British Isles.\nAround 750 BC, iron working techniques reached Britain from southern Europe. Iron was stronger and more plentiful than bronze. Iron working revolutionised many aspects of life, especially agriculture. Iron-tipped ploughs could churn up land far quicker and deeper than older wooden or bronze ploughs. Iron axes could clear forest land far more efficiently for agriculture.\nDuring the Iron Age, Britain exported hunting dogs, animal skins and slaves.\nLate pre-Roman Iron Age (LPRIA).\nDuring the final centuries before the Roman invasion, refugees from Gaul (modern day France and Belgium) came to Britain. These refugees were called the Belgae. They were displaced (pushed out of their home lands) as the Roman Empire expanded.\nFrom around 175 BC these refugees settled in the areas of Kent, Hertfordshire and Essex. With them, they brought pottery-making skills that were far more advanced than any others. The Belgae became partially Romanised. They created the first settlements large enough to be called towns.\nAbout 100 BC, people developed coinage and also began to use iron bars as currency.\nAs the Roman Empire expanded northwards, Rome began to take interest in Britain. See Roman Britain for the history of this period."}
+{"id": "47796", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47796", "title": "Domesday Book", "text": "The Domesday Book is the record of the great survey of much of England, and parts of Wales, completed in 1086, done for William I of England, or William the Conqueror. \nThe Domesday Book (also known as \"Domesday\", or \"Book of Winchester\") was a record of all taxable land in England, together with such information as would indicate its worth. \nAs the scribes went round England, they were protected by William's armed men. Each group was led by a Royal Commissioner, who took a list of standard questions. A 'jury' of local nobility and citizens answered the questions. All answers were written down in Latin.\nInformation was collected from the start of 1085, and working up into the complete volume started later that year. William died in 1087 before the writing-up work was completed.\nWilliam the Conqueror wished to know the details of the land he had conquered, England. He let his knights and barons have big areas of land, and wanted rent money from them. The Domesday Book was a record of every farm, village and house so that he knew how much rent he should get. Only some small villages in the countryside are not in the book. Major cities like London and Winchester are also not in the Domesday Book, perhaps because of their size, or because (not owning land), the people could not be taxed. \nThe Domesday book gave the names of King William's friends and even listed the number of pigs on a piece of land. But it was not like a modern census. It did not give the names of all the people. It listed the heads of each household, but left out Londoners, monks, nuns, and anyone living in castles. In effect, it listed only people he could get rent from, and who might supply men to fight in his army.\nVolumes.\nThe Domesday Book is two volumes. One of the books was called \"Great Domesday\", and the other was called \"Little Domesday\". The draft of the second volume, Little Domesday, was never worked up, but no doubt was used for tax collection just the same.\nName.\nThe Domesday book got its name because its lists were so complete that it reminded people of the Last Judgment (which people also call Doomsday, or Domesday) in Christianity, when lists of what people have done go before God for people to be judged."}
+{"id": "47800", "revid": "1444326", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47800", "title": "LD50", "text": "The name LD50 is an abbreviation for \"Lethal Dose, 50%\" or median lethal dose. It is the amount of the substance required (usually per body weight) to kill 50% of the test population.\nThe test was created by J.W. Trevan in 1927 but has been phased out. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has begun to approve non-animal alternatives to LD50, in response to research cruelty concerns and the lack of validity/sensitivity of animal tests as they relate to humans."}
+{"id": "47802", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47802", "title": "Dahlerau train disaster", "text": "The Dahlerau train disaster was a railway disaster that happened on 27 May 1971. It happened in Dahlerau, Radevormwald, North Rhine-Westphalia, West Germany.\nEvents.\nA passenger train carrying pupils was travelling on the railway track from Wuppertal to Radevormwald in North Rhine-Westphalia in West Germany on the evening of 27 May 1971. The pupils belonged to the final year of a school in Radevormwald and were returning from a trip to Bremen. Around 21:00, the train had just left the railway station in \"Wuppertal-Beyenburg\" and was a few minutes away from the railway station in \"Dahlerau\". Farther south, a freight train was traveling from Radevormwald to Wuppertal, and had just arrived outside the Dahlerau station. The freight train would have to wait in the station to allow the passenger train to pass. This was necessary because the passenger train was 30 minutes late and there was only one track on the railway line outside the station.\nThe dispatcher in the station would have to go outside and show a red lantern to the freight train, because there were no signals in the station. Nobody knows for sure what happened, but the freight train went right through the station and onto the track where the passenger train was running. The driver of the freight train later told that the dispatcher in the station had shown him a green light. This was the signal not to stop.\nThe dispatcher had seen what happened and tried to hold the train back with emergency signals, but he failed and the train disappeared behind a curve. He went into his office to call the station in Wuppertal-Beyenburg, but the passenger train had already left Beyenburg. The dispatcher knew what would happen, and called the police. Meanwhile, about 800 metres north of the station, the two trains crashed. The passenger train was crushed to 1/3 of its length, because it consisted of light railbuses and the freight train locomotive was five times as heavy.\nPolice, firefighters and ambulances arrived quickly, but had problems rescuing people. This was because the crash happened on a hillside. The parents of the pupils had also heard of the accident and had come to search for their children. In all, 25 people were injured, many of them badly. 46 people died in the accident. Of these 46, 41 were pupils, two teachers, one was a mother who travelled with the children, and two were working for the railway. Only one person walked away from the accident without injuries. So many people had died that the bodies had to be put in a gymnasium.\nAfter the accident.\nThe dispatcher was killed in a car accident a few weeks after the crash. Police said it was not suicide. Because the dispatcher could not be asked, investigating the crash was difficult and took about a year. In the end, it was decided that human error was the cause for the accident. Nobody could find out the exact happenings on that evening, and so the case never went before a court. The passenger train was badly damaged and had to be destroyed. The locomotive of the freight train was repaired and stayed in service until 2001.\nThe victims were buried on 2 June 1971. More than 10,000 people attended the funeral, and all shops in Radevormwald were closed on that day. Many important people went to the funeral, including Chancellor Willy Brandt, and the Minister of Transport. The victims were buried together in a large grave on the Radevormwald cemetery. Later, a memorial was built near the graves as well.\nThe Deutsche Bundesbahn, the company who was responsible for the railway, changed the lanterns used by the dispatchers. They would not show a red light any more, so that red and green could not be confused any more. They also built the successors of the type of railbus that crashed sturdier, because some people said they had been built too light.\nThe line from Wuppertal to Radevormwald was closed in 1976."}
+{"id": "47804", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47804", "title": "Walter Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne", "text": "Walter Edward Guinness, 1st Baron Moyne DSO & Bar PC (29 March 1880-6 November 1944) was a British politician. Guinness was born in Dublin, Ireland. \nFrom 1907 to 1931 he was Conservative MP for Bury St Edmunds, and saw service in World War I at Passchendaele, earning a medal and bar (second award).\nHe was killed in 1944 in Cairo, Egypt by the Jewish terrorist group Lehi. His assassination was said to be a message to the British government against British imperialism. Guinness was selected because he was believed to be anti Jewish and made statements supporting sending all Jews in Europe to the African island of Madagascar."}
+{"id": "47808", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47808", "title": "Mobile telephone", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47810", "revid": "9405786", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47810", "title": "Modern Talking", "text": "Modern Talking was a German dance pop duo consisting of Thomas Anders and Dieter Bohlen. Their music was often classified as Europop. Modern Talking is, by sales, the most successful and popular group in Germany, and they a number of hit singles reaching the top-5 in many countries. Some of their most popular and widely known singles are \"You're My Heart, You're My Soul\", \"You Can Win If You Want\", \"Cheri Cheri Lady\", \"Brother Louie\", \"Atlantis Is Calling (S.O.S. for Love)\" and \"Geronimo's Cadillac\". \nModern Talking's first period of activity was from 1984 to 1987. The duo reunified in 1998 and made a successful comeback, releasing more music from 1998 to 2003. Modern Talking's sound, however, was rather different from its original 1980s sound after its reunion. The duo came back in 1998 recording their materials based on what the demand was in central European music markets at the time in the late 1990s, which required their original 1980s mellow Europop sound to switch into 1990s up-tempo Eurodance. The duo released singles which again entered the top-10 not only in their home country but also abroad. Some of those singles were \"You're My Heart, You're My Soul '98\", \"Brother Louie '98\", and \"You Are Not Alone\"."}
+{"id": "47816", "revid": "10223813", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47816", "title": "2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami", "text": "The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, also called the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake (known by the scientific community), was a great underwater earthquake. It happened at 00:58:53 UTC (07:58:53 local time) December 26, 2004. \nThe epicenter of the earthquake was off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia. At first, the earthquake was measured as a 9.0 on the Richter scale. It was the longest ever recorded ocean earthquake. It lasted between 500 (8.3 minutes) and 600 (10 minutes) seconds. It was so powerful that it caused the entire Earth to vibrate. It started other earthquakes as far away as Iceland.\nThe Asian tsunami.\nThe large movement of earth under the water caused a very large and powerful tsunami. The tsunami was called the \"Asian tsunami\", or the \"Boxing Day tsunami\" in Australia, Canada, England, and South Africa because it happened on the 26th of December 2004 (Boxing Day). It spread all over the Indian Ocean. The tsunami caused heavy damage to countries such as Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and Sri Lanka. It also devastated the eastern coast of India, such as the states of Tamil Nadu, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh.\nWaves as high as 30m (100ft) killed many people and damaged or destroyed a lot of buildings and other property. Over 225,000 people died or were not found after the tsunami. The wave did damage in East Africa as far away as South Africa (8000km/ 5000mi) where as many as 8 people died because of high water caused by the wave. Because of how much damage was caused and the number of people the earthquake affected, over $7 billion (USD) was donated to help rebuild the areas damaged. This was extremely helpful in rebuilding their respective economies.\nUN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, US Secretary of State Colin Powell, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah of Brunei, former Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad, and Australian Prime Minister John Howard all visited Aceh to see the disaster aftermath."}
+{"id": "47824", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47824", "title": "History of Taiwan", "text": "Taiwan (minus the Pescadores) is an island of eastern Asia. Its first people were Austronesians with small numbers of Chinese. After the arrival of the Dutch in the 1600s, many Chinese moved to Taiwan to work. Few European people moved to Taiwan, and the native people married with Chinese or moved away from the west side of the island. When the Qing dynasty began in China, a supporter of the old Ming dynasty, Koxinga, hid in Taiwan. Eventually the Qing came to Taiwan, defeated him, and added Taiwan to China.\nTaiwan remained Chinese territory through most of the Qing dynasty until it was taken by Japan in 1895. Taiwan became a colony of Japan for fifty years until the end of World War Two. For a brief time, it was under the control of China through the Guomindang government, but that government lost the Chinese Civil War and moved to Taiwan. The rule of the Guomindang is considered controversial today. Some criticize its treatment of the people of Taiwan, but others focus on the positive political and economic change that it made.\nIn the 1980s, the government became more democratic. This has also been controversial because it allows different political parties to compete. The Democratic Progressive Party gained influence. During this time, Taiwan has officially been called the Republic of China but has acted independently of China. The People's Republic of China demands that Taiwan must become a part of China, while most Taiwanese debate the appropriate political status for today. These perspectives make complications in the politics of Taiwan.\nPrehistoric Taiwan.\nThe original people to move to Taiwan can be called the Aboriginal people. They have many similarities with others societies called Austronesian. Chinese historians have mentioned Taiwan several times since its Three Kingdoms period, although it was considered a land of barbarians.\nAbout 50,000 years ago was the \"Old Stone Age\" in Taiwan. At that time, people hit rocks against each other to make tools. The most famous culture of Taiwanese old Stone Age is Changping Culture. The Changping culture's monument is the Eight Gods' Hole Monument in Taitung Conty.\nAbout 5,000 years ago was the \"New Stone Age.\" People in the New Stone Age sharpened stones to make tools. We can separate New Stone Age into three parts. The most famous cultures are the Tapenken culture, the Beinan culture, and the Yuanshan culture. The Tapenken culture monument is the Tapenken Monument (also known as T.P.K.) in Taipei, the Beinan culture's monument is the Puyuma Relics in Taitung County, and the Yuanshan culture's monument is the Yuanshan Monument in Taipei City.\nAbout 2,000 years ago was the \"Metal Age.\" In the Metal Age, people used metal to make tools, and started trading. The most famous culture in the Metal Age is the Thirteen Hangs Cultures. Its monument is the Thirteen Hangs Monument in Taipei County.\nDutch Taiwan.\nIn the 17th century, the Dutch took control of Taiwan. During this time, it was a Dutch colony and it encouraged Chinese people to move there. Few Chinese had lived on Taiwan until this time. As more Chinese moved to Taiwan, there was conflict with the Aboriginal people. The Aboriginal people either married with Chinese or moved away from the west of Taiwan. During the time of Dutch control, Spain also briefly held northern Taiwan, but the Dutch removed them in 1642.\nQing Dynasty.\nIn 1644, the Qing Dynasty began ruling China. The Ming Dynasty's courtier, Koxinga, landed in Taiwan, removed the Dutch, and ruled Taiwan. He turned it into a place to resist the Qing Dynasty. This period is called \"the period of Ming Zheng\" or the Kingdom of Tungning, the Kingdom of Yanping. One year later, the Qing Dynasty ended the Kingdom of Tungning. The Qing Dynasty ruled Taiwan for 212 years until 1895.\nJapanese Rule.\nJapan first showed interest in Taiwan in the 1870s. It tested the strength of the Qing Dynasty's control in 1871. Some ship-wrecked Okinawan fishermen were killed by Aboriginal people in southern Taiwan and Japan demanded compensation. Okinawa had secretly paid tribute to both China and Japan. In this situation, Japan claimed Okinawa was part of Japan and it must protect its own people. There was no war, but China stated it could not control barbarian people. Japan used this excuse to demand Taiwan after it defeated China in the First Sino-Japanese War. Taiwanese people rebelled without the support of China and created the Republic of Formosa that lasted for about one year. Japan crushed Taiwanese resistance, which led to the beginning of Taiwanese nationalism.\nGuomindang Rule.\nIn 1945, the Republic of China won the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Allied Powers agreed to divide the territory of the Japanese Empire, and Taiwan would be returned to Chinese control. The Chinese civil war occurred at this time, and in 1949, the Guomindang lost and escaped to Taiwan. Taiwan was ruled by this one party until democratic reforms began in the 1980s."}
+{"id": "47826", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47826", "title": "Mao tze dong", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47828", "revid": "1589884", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47828", "title": "Katana", "text": "A katana is a Japanese long sword used by samurai warriors. It is the most important sword of the three swords worn by samurai: katana, wakizashi, and tanto. The katana was popular from 1400 A.D. until 1876, when the samurai were abolished as a social class. \nIn Japanese, \"katana\" means a \"long sword\" and it represents a blade, which is a little curved, with a single edge and a very sharp point. \nTypes.\nThere are several types of katanas:\nForging and polishing.\nA traditional katana is made of a type of high carbon steel called tamahagane, which is made by smelting a type of Japanese iron ore, called iron sand, in a large furnace called a tatara.\nThis steel is sent to a smith who breaks it down to small pieces and layers the steel according to carbon content, they smelt this in their forge and repeatedly fold the steel in order to homogenise it. The most important part of the forging is the tempering, when the sword is quench-hardened. In ancient times it was said that the soul of the sword was put into the katana at this point. The sword is sometimes given a rough polish by the smith and then sent to a professional polisher for polishing (usually to a mirror finish). After polishing, the sword to be fitted.\nToday katanas are mainly made of carbon steel of different quality. But there are some swords made of zinc and aluminum alloys, which are able to resist some external forces and are only used for decoration or non-tameshigiri practice. To determine the quality of a katana it is enough to check its \"resistance\" (how much it bends when it is hit), \"elasticity\" (the ability of katana to return to its original shape), and the \"endurance\" of the blade after striking (how long it lasts).\nWearing and use.\nGenerally, katana is designed for cutting, but it was widely used for stabbing too. This depended mainly on the length of the tang (the handle). The katana could be easily used for cutting if it was made for using with both hands. It was used for stabbing when the katana was made for using with one hand. \nAs a rule, katana was worn under the belt on the left side of a right-handed man. The sword was in its sheath or scabbard (the cover), with its blade facing up. That way the sword could be drawn and cut the opponent in one movement. Alternatively, the scabbard might be held freely in the left hand: in action the sword would be drawn and the scabbard thrown down. This allows for free movement in battle.\nTo pull the katana a few inches out of its scabbard was an aggressive move signalling willingness to fight.\nKatana and Japanese tradition.\nThe Katana was very important in Japanese society. This sword was thought to be the \"soul\" of its master. Only a samurai was allowed to have a katana. A simple man with a katana sword could be killed at once. But in some case a emperor and shogun would carried one for show. \nThere was a tradition of wearing, taking care and taking the katana out of its scabbard. Samurai kept their katana on a special stand for swords, called katana-kake. This stand was used for both katana and wakizashi. The blade had to have its point up, just as when wearing the sword; the handle (called the tang) had to be turned to the let. This made katana available for handling any time it was needed. \nThe art of handling a katana was developed in martial arts like \"kenjutsu\" and \"iaijutsu\". Today, this art is practiced in \"iaido\" and \"kendo\" martial arts. The last one is the art of dueling with bamboo or wooden sword. Old schools of handling katana swords still exist. The most famous are: \"Kashima Shin-ryu, Kashima Shinto-ryu, Tenshin Shoden Katori Shinto-ryu\". \nThe most appreciated technique of handling a katana is a school called \"Nitto Ryu\". This school taught how to use both a katana and a wakizashi during a fight. The most famous samurai who improved this art was \"Miyamoto Musashi\"."}
+{"id": "47834", "revid": "1531895", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47834", "title": "Lindisfarne", "text": "Lindisfarne (often called Holy Island), is a tidal island off the north-east coast of England. It is connected to the mainland of Northumberland by a causeway and is cut off twice a day by tides \u2013 something well described by Sir Walter Scott:\nAs of 27 March 2011, the island had a population of 180\nNature reserve.\nLarge parts of the island, and all of the adjacent inter-tidal area, are protected as Lindisfarne National Nature Reserve to help safeguard the internationally important wintering bird populations. \nGrey seals are frequent visitors to the rocky bays at high tide.\nLindisfarne Priory.\nThe monastery of Lindisfarne was founded by Irish-born Saint Aidan. He was brought from Iona off the west coast of Scotland to Northumbria around AD 635 by King Oswald of Northumbria. It became the base for Christian evangelising in the North of England and also sent a successful mission to Mercia. Monks from the community of Iona settled on the island.\nNorthumberland's patron saint, Saint Cuthbert, was a monk and later Abbot of the monastery, and his miracles and life are recorded by the Venerable Bede. Cuthbert later became Bishop of Lindisfarne.\nIn the early 700s the famous illuminated manuscript known as the Lindisfarne Gospels (an illustrated Latin copy of the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke and John) was made, probably at Lindisfarne.\nLater, a monk named Aldred added an Anglo-Saxon translation to the Latin text. This made (late 10th century) the earliest surviving Old English copies of the Gospels.\nHistory.\nIn 793 a Viking raid on Lindisfarne scared many people throughout the Christian West. The year 793 is often called the beginning of the age of Viking raids. A very famous passage in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle reads:\n\"In this year fierce, foreboding omens came over the land of Northumbria. There were excessive whirlwinds, lightning storms, and fiery dragons were seen flying in the sky. These signs were followed by great famine, and on January 8th of the same year, the ravaging of heathen men destroyed God's church at Lindesfarne.\"\nEventually the monks fled the island. They took with them the body of St Cuthbert, which is now buried at Durham Cathedral. The priory was re-established in Norman times as a Benedictine house and continued until its dissolution in 1536 under Henry VIII. It is now a ruin in the care of English Heritage, who also run a museum/visitor centre nearby. The neighbouring parish church (see below) is still in use.\nLindisfarne also has the small castle, based on a Tudor fort and open to visitors.\nJ.M.W. Turner, Thomas Girtin and Charles Rennie Mackintosh all painted on Holy Island."}
+{"id": "47835", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47835", "title": "Peter Lorre", "text": "Peter Lorre (born was Ladislav (L\u00e1szl\u00f3) L\u00f6wenstein, June 26, 1904 \u2013 March 23, 1964) was a Hungarian-American actor. \nBiography.\nLorre's family was Jewish. Lorre was born in R\u00f3zsahegy (Rosenberg) in a country called Austria-Hungary. Now the place where he was born is in the country Slovakia. He began acting in theaters in Vienna, Breslau, and Z\u00fcrich. In the 1920s, he moved to Berlin to work as an actor. In 1931, the movie director Fritz Lang chose Lorre to act in a movie called \"M\". Lorre played the role of a serial killer who murders children. This was Lorre's first big role that brought him lots of attention.\nWhen the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, Lorre had to leave Germany. Lorre went to England to be safe from the Nazis. Lorre got work as an actor in a movie by Alfred Hitchcock called \"The Man Who Knew Too Much\". When Lorre was hired for this role, he only knew a little English. At first, it was hard for him to act in English movies.\nIn the 1940s, Lorre moved to Hollywood, California (USA), where he acted in many movies. He usually played foreign characters. Some of Lorre's most famous movie roles are Joel Cairo in \"The Maltese Falcon\" (1941), Ugarte in \"Casablanca\" (1942), and Dr. Einstein in \"Arsenic and Old Lace\" (1944).\nLorre got married three times: Celia Lovsky (1934\u201313 March 1945, divorced), Kaaren Verne (25 May 1945\u20131950, divorced), and Annemarie Brenning (21 July 1953\u201323 March 1964, his death). He had his only child with Brenning, a daughter named Catharine (1953\u20131985).\nHe died of a stroke in Los Angeles on March 23, 1964."}
+{"id": "47836", "revid": "11594", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47836", "title": "The Hundred Years War", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47837", "revid": "1649820", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47837", "title": "History of Tamil Nadu", "text": "The history of Tamil Nadu goes back to the early Stone Age. Tamil Nadu (now one of the states in the south of the Republic of India) has been under continuous human habitation since prehistoric times. The civilisation of the Tamil people is among the oldest in the world. It has coexisted with many external cultures and has influenced and been influenced by them.\nOverview.\nThe three Tamil dynasties of Chera, Chola and Pandya were all of ancient origins. Together they ruled over Tamil Nadu with a unique culture and language, contributing to the growth of \"Sangam Literature\", some of the oldest literature in the world. They had extensive oversee trade contacts with the Roman and Greek empires. The three dynasties were in constant struggle with each other as they wanted hegemony over the land.\nInvasion by the Kalabhras during the third century disturbed the tradition, and order of the land by displacing the three traditional ruling dynasties. These occupiers were overthrown by the Pandyas and the Pallavas, who restored the kingdoms. The Cholas in the ninth century defeated the Pallavas and the Pandyas and became a great power and extended their empire over the entire southern peninsula. At its height the Chola empire spread from Bengal in the northeast to Sri Lanka in the south. The Chola navy held sway over the Sri Vijaya kingdom in Southeast Asia.\nRapid changes in the political situation of the rest of India occurred with Muslim armies from the northwest. With the decline of the three ancient dynasties during the fourteenth century, the Tamil country became part of the Vijayanagara Empire. The Telugu speaking Nayak governors ruled the Tamil land. The brief appearance of the Marathas gave way to the European trading companies during the seventeenth century. The Madras Presidency comprising of most of southern India including what is now Tamil Nadu, was created in the eighteenth century. It was ruled directly by the British East India Company. After the independence of India the Tamil Nadu state was created based on linguistic boundaries, due to a Telugu man who wished the Telugu speaking land bordering Tamil Nadu to become its own state, which it did, Andra Pradesh was born. This caused a reaction because the other languages also wanted their own states. This led to state boundaries because of linguistic reasons.\nPre-historic period.\nAlthough there is very little concrete historical evidence that has been found so far before 600 BCE, the history of the Tamil people probably goes back further. Various legends are known after the 5th century BCE regarding the antiquity of the Tamil people. According to \"Iraiyanar Agapporul\", a 3rd/5th century CE Sangam literature, the Tamil country extended southwards beyond the natural boundaries of the Indian peninsula comprising of 49 ancient \"nadus\" (divisions). The land was supposed to have been destroyed by a deluge. The Sangam legends also claimed tens of thousands of years of continuous literary activity during three \"Sangams\". There have been no direct archaeological finds supporting these legends.\nThe prehistoric period during which the Palaeolithic civilisations existed in the Tamil Nadu region has been estimated to span the period from about 50,000 BCE until around 3000 BCE. People lived close to river valleys with sparse forest cover or in grassland. The population density was very low and so far only two localities of this lower Palaeolithic culture have been found in south India. One of these is in Attirampakkam valley in the northwest of Chennai. Archaeological research has uncovered evidence of fossil remains of animals and primitive stone implements around the northern Tamil Nadu that could be dated to around 300,000 BCE. The species of \"Homo erectus\", lived in this primitive 'old Stone Age', using only crude implements such as hand axes and choppers and subsisting on food hunted and gathered instead of actively growing it.\nThe ancestor of modern humans (\"Homo sapiens sapiens\") who appeared around 50,000 years ago was more developed and could fabricate thinner flake tools and blade-like tools using a variety of stones. From about 10,000 years ago, humans made still smaller tools called Microlithic tools. The material used by the early humans to make these tools were jasper, agate, flint, quartz, etc. In 1949, researchers found such microliths in Tirunelveli district. In Tamil Nadu, the Neolithic period had its advent around 2500 BCE. The Neolithic humans lived mostly on small flat hills or on the foothills in small, more or less permanent settlements but for periodical migration for grazing purposes. They gave the dead proper burials within urns or pits. They were also starting to use copper for making certain tools or weapons. The Iron Age culture in peninsular India is marked by Megalithic burial sites, which are found in hundreds of places.\nEarly history (500 BCE \u2013 300 CE).\nAncient Tamil Nadu contained three monarchical states, headed by kings called \"Ventar\" and several tribal chieftaincies, headed by the chiefs called by the general denomination \"Vel\" or \"Velir\". During the third century BCE, the Deccan was part of the Mauryan kingdom, and from the middle of the first century BCE to second century CE the same area was ruled by the Satavahana dynasty. The Tamil area had an independent existence outside the control of these northern empires.\nThe names of the three dynasties, Cholas, Pandyas, and Keralaputras or Cheras are mentioned in the Pillars of Ashoka (inscribed 273\u2013232 BCE) inscriptions, where they are mentioned among the kingdoms, which though not subject to Ashoka, were on friendly terms with him.\nKarikala Chola was the most famous early Chola. He is mentioned in a number of poems in the Sangam poetry.\nPandyas ruled initially from Korkai, a sea port on the southernmost tip of the Indian peninsula, and later moved to Madurai. Pandyas are also mentioned in Sangam literature, as well as by Greek and Roman sources during this period. The early Pandyas went into obscurity at the end of the third century CE during the incursion of the Kalabhras.\nThe kingdom of the Cheras comprised of the modern state of Kerala, along the western or Malabar Coast of southern India. Their proximity to the sea favoured trade with Africa. Internal and external trade was well organised and active.\nInterregnum (300 \u2013 600).\nAfter the close of the Sangam era, from about 300 to about 600 CE, there is an almost total lack of information. Some time about 300 CE, the whole region was upset by the appearance of the Kalabhras. These people are described in later literature as 'evil rulers' who overthrew the established Tamil kings. They did not leave many artefacts or monuments. The only source of information on them is the scattered mentions in Buddhist and Jain literature.\nJainism and Buddhism, took deep roots in the society, giving birth to a large body of ethical poetry. Writing became very widespread and \"vatteluttu\" evolved from the Tamil-Brahmi became a mature script for writing Tamil.\nAge of empires (600 - 1300).\nThe medieval period of the history of the Tamil country saw the rise and fall of many kingdoms, some became empires, exerting influences both in India and overseas. The Hindu sects Saivism and Vaishnavism became more dominant, with temples being built and Dravidian architecture being supported by empires replacing the significance of Nastik Jainism and Buddhism. Some of the output of villages throughout the kingdom was given to temples that reinvested some of the wealth accumulated as loans to the settlements.\nTamil script replaced the \"vatteluttu\" script throughout Tamil Nadu for writing Tamil. Both secular and religious literature flourished during the period.\nPallavas.\nThe seventh century Tamil Nadu saw the rise of the Pallavas under Mahendravarman I and his son \"Mamalla\" Narasimhavarman I. The Pallavas were not a recognised political power before the second century. After the fall of the Satavahanas, they began to get control over parts of Andhra and the Tamil country. The Pallavas were at their finest during the reigns of Narasimhavarman I and \"Pallavamalla\" Nandivarman II.\nDuring the sixth and the seventh centuries, the western Deccan saw the rise of the Chalukyas based in Vatapi. The Pallavas had to fight on two fronts - against the Pandyas as wells as the Chalukyas.\nPandyas.\nPandya Kadungon (560 - 590) is credited with the overthrow of the Kalabhras in the south. Pandya Cendan extended their rule to the Chera country. His son Arikesari Parantaka Maravarman (c. 650 - 700) had a long and prosperous rule. He fought many battles and extended the Pandya power. After some decades of expansion, the Pandya kingdom was large enough to pose a serious threat to the Pallava power. It continued to grow under Srimara and encroached further into the Pallava territories.\nCholas.\nAround 850 Vijayalaya, made use of an opportunity arising out of a conflict between Pandyas and Pallavas, and captured Thanjavur and eventually established the imperial line of the medieval Cholas. Vijayalaya revived the Chola dynasty and his son Aditya I helped establish their independence. He invaded the Pallava kingdom in 903 and killed the Pallava king Aparajita in battle. The Chola kingdom under Parantaka I expanded to cover the entire Pandya country. However towards the end of his reign he suffered several reverses by the Rashtrakutas who had extended their territories well into the Chola kingdom.\nThe Cholas went into a temporary decline during the next few years due to weak kings, palace intrigues and succession disputes.\nEuropean colonisation (1650 - 1850).\nEuropean settlements began to appear in the Tamil country In 1605. The Dutch established trading posts in the Coromandel Coast near Gingee and in Pulicat. The British East India Company built a 'factory' (warehouse) at Armagaon (Durgarazpatnam), a village around 35 miles North of Pulicat, in 1626.\nThe conflict between the British and the French made the Emperor of Delhi issued a \"firman\" (decree) in 1765 recognizing the British possessions in southern India.\nAlthough the Company was becoming increasingly bold and ambitious in putting down resisting states, it was getting clearer that the company was incapable of governing the vast expanse of the captured territories. In 1784 Pitt's India Act made the Company subordinate to the British Government. The territories controlled by the English expanded in the Anglo-Mysore Wars of 1766 to 1799, the Anglo-Maratha Wars of 1772 and the Polygar Wars of 1800-1805. Dheeran chinnamalai,the Tamil king won three wars against Britishers and at last he was hanged along with his two brothers. Then the British East India Company took control of Tamil Nadu.\nThe discontent in the various districts of the company territories exploded in 1857 into the Sepoy war. Although the rebellion had a huge impact on the colonial power in India, Tamil Nadu was mostly unaffected by it.\nBritish rule (1850 \u2013 1947).\nIn 1858 the British Crown assumed direct rule in India.\nFailure of the summer monsoons and administrative shortcomings of the Ryotwari system resulted in a severe famine in the Madras Presidency during 1876 - 1877.The government instituted a famine insurance grant, setting aside 1.5 million Rupees. Other civic works such as canal building and improvements in roads and railway were also undertaken to minimise effects of any future famines.\nIndependence struggle.\nThe growing desire for independence began to gradually gather pace in the country and its influence in Tamil Nadu generated a number of volunteers to the fight against the British colonial power in the struggle for Independence. Notable amongst these is Tiruppur Kumaran, who was born in 1904 in a small village near Erode. Kumaran died during a protest march against the British.\nIn 1916 Dr. T.M. Nair and Rao Bahadur Thygaraya Chetty released the \"Non-Brahmin Manifesto\" sowing the seeds for the Dravidian movements.\nPost Independence period.\nThe trauma of the partition did not impact Tamil Nadu when India was granted Independence in 1947. There was no sectarian violence against various religions. There had always been an atmosphere of mutual respect and peaceful coexistence between all religions in Tamil Nadu. Congress formed the first ministry in the Madras Presidency. Rajaji was the first Chief Minister. Madras Presidency was eventually reconstituted as Madras State. \nThe Madras state was named Tamil Nadu (the land of the Tamils) in 1968. Ethnic conflict in Sri Lanka during the 1970s and the 80s saw large numbers of Sri Lankan Tamils fleeing to Tamil Nadu.\nEvolution of regional politics.\nThe politics of Tamil Nadu have gone through three distinct phases since independence. The domination of the Congress Party after 1947 gave way to the Dravidian populist mobilisation in the 1960s. This phase lasted until towards the end of the 1990s. The most recent phase saw the fragmentation of the Dravidian political parties and led to the advent of political alliances and coalition governments."}
+{"id": "47841", "revid": "586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47841", "title": "Leo Fender", "text": "Clarence Leonidas Fender (August 10, 1909 \u2013 March 21, 1991) also known as Leo Fender, was an American instrument maker.\nHe founded a company called Fender Electric Instrument Manufacturing Company. It makes electric guitars, electric bass guitars, and electric guitar amplifiers. Leo Fender designed electric guitars which he called the \" Telecaster\" and the \"Stratocaster.\" Fender also designed the first bass guitar, which he called the \"Precision Bass\". In the 1960s, Fender designed another bass guitar, which he called the \"Jazz Bass\".\nAll of these instruments (the \"Telecaster, Stratocaster, Precision Bass,\" and the \"Jazz Bass\") became popular. Fender Electric Instrument Manufacturing Company sold thousands and thousands of these instruments. Many rock and pop music bands from the 1960s to the 2000s use these electric guitars and electric bass guitars."}
+{"id": "47842", "revid": "9333858", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47842", "title": "Fret", "text": "A fret is a thin strip of varying materials (most commonly metal, but occasionally gut or nylon) found on string instruments. Guitars, mandolins, and banjos have frets.\nFrets are mounted on the long necks of the instrument. The frets help the musician playing the instrument to know where to place their fingers on the instrument.\nOn historical instruments and some non-European instruments, pieces of string tied around the neck are frets.\nFrets divide the neck into sections related to a musical framework. On instruments such as guitars, each fret marks one semitone in the standard western system where one octave is divided into twelve semitones."}
+{"id": "47843", "revid": "19712", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47843", "title": "Amplifier", "text": "The word amplifier (sometimes called an amp) usually refers to an electronic amplifier. Electronic amplifiers make a signal from a radio or electric musical instrument (such as an electric guitar or an electric bass guitar) louder and stronger. Amplifiers are also hidden in any electronic thing that makes sound with loudspeakers. This includes televisions, radios, computers, and mp3 players, to name a few.\nAmplifiers ability to use low impedance speakers may vary. Typical impedance is 8 ohms.\nClassification can be done by current loss when amplifier is on but does not get signal. Example: A-class amplifier takes more current without signal than B-class amplifier but A-class amplifier have smaller distortion.\nThere is also several distortion types. \nHow it works.\nElectronic amplifiers make a signal from the radio or electric instrument louder and stronger by using transistors or vacuum tubes. Electronic amplifiers have to be connected to electrical current or a battery to work. Once the signal from the radio or electric instrument has been made louder and stronger, the signal needs to be connected to a loudspeaker so that people can hear it.\nWhen an amplifier tries to make the sound louder than it can, it adds distortion to the sound. Some amplifiers are made to add controlled distortion. Distortion from transistors sounds different than distortion from tubes. Distortion from tubes is often said to be more musical. Because of all this, more expensive amplifiers often add controlled distortion with tubes. Many of these amplifiers use transistors for a \"clean\" sound (without distortion).\nHistory.\nFrom the 1920s until the 1950s, electronic amplifiers used vacuum tubes. However, electronic amplifiers with vacuum tubes were heavy, and they produced a lot of heat. They also broke down a lot. \nSince the 1960s, most electronic amplifiers have been built with transistors. Transistors are lighter, cheaper, and more reliable."}
+{"id": "47844", "revid": "8917427", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47844", "title": "Ruda \u015al\u0105ska", "text": "Ruda \u015al\u0105ska is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. It has about 147 000 inhabitants and 77 km\u00b2."}
+{"id": "47845", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47845", "title": "Rybnik", "text": "Rybnik is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. About 141,000 people live there. The city is about 148 km\u00b2. Since 2014, the mayor of the city is Piotr Kuczera."}
+{"id": "47846", "revid": "1239704", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47846", "title": "Tychy", "text": "Tychy is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. It has about 132 000 inhabitants and 81\u00a0km\u00b2."}
+{"id": "47847", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47847", "title": "D\u0105browa G\u00f3rnicza", "text": "D\u0105browa G\u00f3rnicza is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. Around 131,000 people live here."}
+{"id": "47848", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47848", "title": "P\u0142ock", "text": "P\u0142ock is a city in Eastern Poland in the Masovia Voivodship. About 128,000 people live there and it is 88\u00a0km\u00b2 big."}
+{"id": "47849", "revid": "1389678", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47849", "title": "Loudspeaker", "text": "A loudspeaker, which is also called a loud-speaker or speaker, is an item that is used to create the sound in radios, television sets, and electric musical instrument amplifier systems.\nHow it works.\nLoudspeakers use both electric and mechanical principles to convert an electrical signal from a radio, television set or electric musical instrument into sound. For a loudspeaker to produce sound, the signal from the radio, television set, or electric musical instrument needs to be connected to an electronic amplifier. \nLoudspeakers are usually built by using a stiff paper cone, a coil of thin copper wire, and a circular magnet. The cone, copper wire, and magnet are usually mounted in a rectangle-shaped wood cabinet. The coil of copper wire moves back and forth when an electrical signal is passed through it. The coil of copper wire and the magnet cause the rigid paper cone to vibrate and reproduce sounds.\nInside the loudspeaker can be a audio crossover.\nTypes of loudspeakers.\nSome loudspeakers are designed for lower-pitched sounds, such as \"woofer\" loudspeakers or \"subwoofer\" loudspeakers. Other loudspeakers, which are called \"tweeters\", are designed to reproduce high-pitched sounds (such as the sound of a whistle or a bird singing).\nLoudspeakers for electric musical instruments are usually much stronger and heavier than loudspeakers for radios or television sets. Their main function is to convert electrical signals given to it into sound signals.\nHistory.\nAlexander Graham Bell invented the first audible loudspeaker in 1876. Bell invented the loudspeaker because he needed a device that would amplify sound for the telephone. In 1878, the inventor Werner von Siemens from Germany patented an improved type of electrodynamic loudspeaker which did not yet include an amplifier."}
+{"id": "47850", "revid": "1239704", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47850", "title": "Chorz\u00f3w", "text": "Chorz\u00f3w is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. It has about 115,000 inhabitants and an area of 33 km\u00b2."}
+{"id": "47851", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47851", "title": "Wa\u0142brzych", "text": "Wa\u0142brzych (pronounce: ['vawb\u0292ix], German: \"Waldenburg\") is a town in southwestern Poland in the Lower Silesian Voivodeship. About 126 000 people live there and the area is 84\u00a0km\u00b2. The city belonged to Germany until 1945. The original German population was expelled after WW II."}
+{"id": "47852", "revid": "196884", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47852", "title": "Organ trio", "text": "An organ trio is a type of jazz band with three musicians. Usually a jazz organ trio consists of a Hammond organ player, a drummer, and either a jazz guitarist or a saxophone player. \nOrgan trios popular in the United States in the 1950s and 1960s. Organ trios usually performed jazz music that had influences from blues music. Organ trios are usually led by the organ player, who is called the leader of the trio.\nHistory.\nImportant organ trio leaders from the 1950s were organists such as Jimmy McGriff, Jimmy Smith, and Jack McDuff. In the late 1960s, organist Larry Young had a jazz fusion style organ trio. In the 1970s, Tony Williams had a jazz fusion band called \"Lifetime\" which was an organ trio. In the 1990s and 2000s, organist Joey DeFrancesco is an organ trio leader. \nOther meanings.\nThe word \"organ trio\" is also used to refer to the type (or \"genre\") of music played by organ trios from the 1950s and 1960s. For example, a person might say \"I want to listen to some organ trio music.\" This would usually mean that they want to listen to music by Jimmy McGriff, Jimmy Smith, Jack McDuff, or other well-known organ trio leaders."}
+{"id": "47853", "revid": "5400", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47853", "title": "Independance", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47854", "revid": "10267388", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47854", "title": "Hegemony", "text": "Hegemony (pronounced with a soft or hard 'g') is the power of one group over other groups. Hegemony is mostly used to refer to relationships between different nations (or countries). This might be direct dominance, such as through military might, but may be indirect dominance, such as when a nation can dictate the terms of trade to its advantage.\nHegemony often describes the relationship of a great power to nearby less powerful countries. The term is Greek, and was first used about the influence of a great city over the cities which were allied to it. Examples are the Peloponnesian League of Sparta (6th to 4th centuries BC); the short-lived Delian League of Classical Athens. The later League of Corinth was headed not by a state, but by Philip II of Macedon. Such a hegemon is a king or ruler with personal power.\nA hegemonic relationship is usually described as less than an empire, but more than a regional power. This means a hegemon may not actually take control of other nations, but has the power to greatly influence what they do. On the other hand, a global hegemon is more powerful than, say, Iran is in the Middle East.\nCultural Hegemony.\nA term made by Antonio Gramsci.It is a form of social control by the elites over the lower classes. \u00a0Here, ideas and opinions are enforced by them, so that the lower classes accept only the elite\u2019s opinions and not their own."}
+{"id": "47859", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47859", "title": "James Callaghan", "text": "Leonard James \"Jim\" Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff, (; 27 March 1912\u00a0\u2013 26 March 2005) was a British Labour politician who served as the 48th Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (UK) from 1976 to 1979.\nBorn in the 1910s, Callaghan was an old-style socialist, lacking any higher education, and served as Member of Parliament (MP) for a Cardiff constituency. He is the only person to have held all three leading UK Cabinet positions (Chancellor, Home Secretary and Foreign Secretary), prior to their premiership. He was never expected to reach the premiership, having taken a back seat to the younger and more charismatic Harold Wilson for many years. However, when Wilson unexpectedly announced his retirement in 1976, Callaghan was the most experienced candidate to replace him. His time as prime minister was one of more open government but the electorate was dissatisfied with his relaxed response to high inflation and more industrial unrest, and replaced Labour with a Conservative government under Margaret Thatcher.\nCallaghan resigned as Leader of the Labour Party 17 monthslater, but remained an MP for some years before being sent to the House of Lords as Baron Callaghan of Cardiff."}
+{"id": "47863", "revid": "1649829", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47863", "title": "Fulgencio Batista", "text": "Fulgencio Batista y Zald\u00edvar (January 16, 1901 \u2013 August 6, 1973) was the military leader of Cuba from 1933 to 1940. He was a farm worker from eastern Cuba, and moved to Havana where he became a stenographer and a sergeant in the Army. He became a leader of a group of sergeants who wanted better pay. With others they overthrew President Gerardo Machado in 1933 and Batista ended up commanding the Army.\nIn 1940 Batista won election and was President of Cuba until 1944. In 1952 he made his own coup and ruled the country until 1959. His authoritarian government during this time caused opposition despite his attempt to placate critics with a 'show' election in 1954 where he ran without opposition. The opposition included the entire coalition that had overthrown Gerardo Machado. \nFidel Castro's guerrilla movement overthrew Batista. This is known as the Cuban Revolution. Batista fled Cuba on January 1, 1959 and went to the Dominican Republic before moving on to Portugal, and finally to Spain where he died of a heart attack in 1973."}
+{"id": "47864", "revid": "1530097", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47864", "title": "Sock puppet", "text": "A Sock puppet is a simple type of hand puppet made with a sock. Most sock puppets have some fabric or plastic facial features added to the sock, such as eyes or a mouth. Some sock puppets may also have accessories such as a hat or clothing. Sock puppets are operated by putting a person's hand inside the sock.\nUses of sock puppets.\nSock puppets are often used for entertaining people, especially children. People often present them on special stages that show sock puppets without showing the puppeteers (the people who use sock puppets) themselves.\nWell-known sock puppets.\nIn Canada, Ed the Sock is a sock puppet who has appeared on Canadian television shows since 1987. Ed the Sock appears in a weekly Toronto television series called \"Ed's Night Party!\". In the 1950s, comedian Soupy Sales made two sock puppets famous; 'White Fang' and 'Black Tooth'. Ventriloquist and puppeteer Shari Lewis delighted children with her lovable sock puppets 'Lamb Chop', 'Charlie Horse' and 'Hush Puppy'. They appeared on TV and in person for over four decades. 1950s TV sock puppets 'Kukla' and 'Ollie' appeared with a real person, Fran, who appeared in front of the stage in the long-running program Kukla, Fran and Ollie."}
+{"id": "47878", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47878", "title": "Smoke", "text": "Smoke is a cloud of very small, solid particles that is made when something is burned with a flame, such as wood or paper. Smoke can be bad because if it goes into the lungs of a person, it can hurt their lungs or even kill them (for example, in a house fire). Most people think that they are always able to see smoke, but people cannot see some types of smoke: they are invisible. \nPeople sometimes deliberately make smoke, for example as insecticide or smoke signals, or smoke screen to hide themselves in war, or as food flavoring and preservative. Some smoke is used to transmit drugs, as when tobacco or marijuana is smoked. Incense is smoke that is made for religious ceremonies or to smell good.\nSmoke removal systems redistribute gas flows and reduce the temperature and concentration of smoke during a fire. This helps in evacuating people, limiting the spread of fire; and extinguishing the fire.\nSmoke from tobacco.\nWhen people smoke tobacco in cigars or cigarettes, they are burning the tobacco and inhaling the smoke. Tobacco smoke can hurt the mouth, throat, and lungs. It can cause mouth, throat, or lung cancer. It can also cause emphysema and bronchitis (trouble breathing). They continue doing it because the smoke also has a nicotine.\nSmoke from factories.\nFactories and power plants produce large amounts of smoke into the atmosphere which pollutes the air. Eventually the toxic chemicals in smoke fall to the ground, and then they pollute the soil and the water. When the air, soil and water are polluted with toxic chemicals, the chemicals also get absorbed by plants and animals (including humans)."}
+{"id": "47880", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47880", "title": "Natural disaster (tsunami)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47882", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47882", "title": "Friedrich Kellner", "text": "August Friedrich Kellner (born February 1, 1885 in Vaihingen an der Enz, Germany, died November 4, 1970 in Lich) was a German social democrat. He worked as a justice inspector. In the time of the Nazis in Germany, he wrote a secret diary. This became known as the Diary of Friedrich Kellner. After the war he said why he wrote it:\nBiography.\nFamily and education.\nAugust Friedrich Kellner was born on February 1, 1885 in Vaihingen, a town next to the Enz River and not far from Heidelberg. He was the only child of Georg Friedrich Kellner, a baker from the village of Arnstadt in Thuringia, and Barbara Wilhelmine Vaigle from Bissingen. Friedrich\u2019s parents belonged to the Evangelical Lutheran faith.\nWhen Friedrich was four years old, his family moved to Mainz. There his father became the master baker at \"Goebels Zuckerwerk\".\nIn December 1902, when he was 17 years old, Kellner graduated from Goethe High School. He began work as a junior clerk in the courthouse in Mainz. He worked there from 1903 until 1933. He became a justice secretary, then an accountant, and finally a justice inspector.\nMilitary service and marriage.\nIn 1907 and 1908 Kellner had to fulfill his military reserve duty. He was assigned to the 6th Infantry Company of the Leibregiments Gro\u00dfherzogin (3. Gro\u00dfherzoglich Hessisches) Nr. 117 in Mainz.\nIn 1913 Friedrich Kellner married Pauline Preuss. She was from Mainz. Their only child, Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Kellner, was born three years later.\nWhen the First World War began in 1914, Kellner was called back to active duty. He was an officer substitute in the Prinz Carl Infantry Regiment (4. Gro\u00dfherzoglich Hessisches Regiment) Nr. 118, in Worms. He fought in France at the battle of the Marne. Later, he was wounded near Reims. He was sent to St. Rochus Hospital in Mainz to recover.\nPolitical activism.\nKellner was loyal to the Kaiser\u2019s regime, but still he welcomed the birth of the German democracy after the war. He became a political organizer for the leading political party, the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). From those first days of the Weimar Republic, he spoke out against the danger of extremists, against Communists and the National Socialists (the Nazis). Kellner would show his opposition at rallies by holding Adolf Hitler\u2019s book, Mein Kampf, above his head. He then shouted to the crowd: \u201cGutenberg, your printing press has been violated by this evil book.\u201d On more than one occasion Kellner was beaten by the Nazis for expressing his views. \nAdolf Hitler wanted revenge against his political opponents. So two weeks before Hitler became Chancellor, Kellner took his wife and son into the country for safety. They moved to the village of Laubach, in Hesse. He worked in Laubach as the chief justice inspector in the district court. This means that he was in charge of the administration of the courthouse. In 1935 his son went to live in the United States because he did not want to go into Hitler\u2019s army. \nIn November 1938 there was a pogrom (an attack) against the Jews. This became known as Kristallnacht, the Night of the Broken Glass. Friedrich and Pauline Kellner tried to help their Jewish neighbors. The Kellners were warned by the Nazi leaders that they would suffer the same fate as their neighbors if they continued their resistance. Kellner was told he and his wife would be sent to a concentration camp if he continued to be a \"bad influence\" on the people of Laubach. A report written by the district Nazi leader, Hermann Engst, shows that authorities were planning to punish Kellner at the end of the war. Because he could not continue to speak out openly, Kellner wrote down his thoughts in a secret diary. He wanted his son, and the coming generations, to know that democracy must not give in to dictatorships. In the diary, he warns everyone to resist tyrants and terrorism, and to not believe in their propaganda.\nThe Diary.\nThe diary has 10 volumes with a total of 861 pages. It contains 676 individually dated entries. The entries are from September 1939 through May 1945. More than 500 newspaper clippings are pasted on the pages of the diary. \nFriedrich Kellner was an eyewitness to the events of his time. In his diary, he also offers a guide for future generations to prevent totalitarianism. He warns everyone to resist any ideology that would take away their personal freedoms, and he warns everyone to turn away from any belief that ignores the sanctity of human life.\nOne of the most important entries in the diary was written on October 28, 1941. Most Germans after the war said that they knew nothing about the Holocaust. However, very early in the war Kellner recorded this in his diary. He showed that even in the small towns, normal people knew what was happening:\nAfter the war.\nAt war\u2019s end, Kellner helped to establish the SPD in Laubach, and he became the regional party chairman. He was the deputy mayor of Laubach in 1945 and 1946. From 1956 to 1960 he was First Town Councilor and deputy mayor. \nFriedrich Kellner was the chief justice inspector and administrator of the courthouse in Laubach until 1947. For the next two years he was the district auditor in the regional court in Giessen. He retired in 1950, but he continued to be a legal advisor in Laubach.\nKellner\u2019s son, who had emigrated to America, died in 1953. In 1960 Kellner\u2019s grandson, Robert Scott Kellner, traveled to Germany to meet his grandfather. Kellner gave his ten-volume diary to his American grandchild. He wanted him to translate it into different languages and bring it to the attention of the public.\nOn November 4, 1970, Friedrich Kellner died. He was buried at the side of his wife in the Mainz cemetery.\nFilm.\nIn 2007, the Canadian film company, CCI Entertainment of Toronto, made a documentary film about both Friedrich Kellner and his grandson Robert Scott Kellner. The film is called, \"\"."}
+{"id": "47885", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47885", "title": "1996 Summer Olympics", "text": "The 1996 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXVI Olympiad, were held in Atlanta, United States from July 19 to August 4.\nCentennial Olympic Park bombing.\nEric Rudolph, a Christian fundamentalist, bombed the Centennial Olympic Park on July 27. Alice Hawthorne was killed in the explosion when a nail from the bomb penetrated her skull. Melih Uzunyol, a Turkish cameraman, had a fatal heart attack while running to the scene. The bomb wounded 111 others.\nMedal table.\nThese were the top 10 teams at the 1996 Summer Olympics.\n Host nation (United States)"}
+{"id": "47886", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47886", "title": "1984 Summer Olympics", "text": "The 1984 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIII Olympiad, were held in Los Angeles, California, United States from July 28 to August 12.\nBoycotting countries.\nFifteen countries took part in the Soviet-led boycott of the 1984 Summer Olympics:\n\"Listed in the chronological order of their withdrawal, not by alphabetical or any geographical order.\"\nAll the Asian countries above also boycotted at the 1986 Asian Games in Seoul, South Korea.\nFour other countries also boycotted the games, citing political reasons, but were not part of the Soviet-led boycott:\nFurther to this, Kampuchea was largely unrecognized, and in any case would not have been allowed to compete."}
+{"id": "47887", "revid": "9710420", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47887", "title": "1932 Summer Olympics", "text": "The 1932 Summer Olympics, officially known as Games of the X Olympiad, were held in Los Angeles, United States.\nU.S. President Herbert Hoover did not attend the games. Despite this snub, the games were thought to be a success because the LA Olympics did not end up in debt.\nLos Angeles was the first to provide an athletes' \"village\".\nParticipating nations.\nA total of 37 nations sent athletes to compete at the Los Angeles games."}
+{"id": "47889", "revid": "9337830", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47889", "title": "1992 Summer Olympics", "text": "The 1992 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXV Olympiad, were held in Barcelona, Spain from 25 July to 9 August."}
+{"id": "47890", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47890", "title": "1988 Summer Olympics", "text": "The 1988 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIV Olympiad, were held in Seoul, South Korea from September 17 to October 2."}
+{"id": "47921", "revid": "8544284", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47921", "title": "Charles Aznavour", "text": "Charles Aznavour (22 May 1924 \u2013 1 October 2018) was an Armenian-French singer, songwriter and actor. He was one of France's most popular and long lasting singers, and also one of the most well-known French singers in other countries.\nCareer.\nHe appeared in more than 60 movies and written more than 1000 songs (including 150 in English, 100 in Italian, 70 in Spanish, and 50 in German).\nHe has sold over 100 million albums. Aznavour started his final tour in late 2006. Aznavour was born as Shahnour Vaghinag Aznavouryan in Paris, the son of Armenian immigrants Michael Aznavouryan & Knar Baghdasaryan. His parents introduced him to the world of theatre at an early age. He dropped out of school at the age of nine, already aspiring to the life of an artist. He began to perform at this time, and soon took the stage name \"Aznavour\" which he was know by for the rest of his career.\nHis big break came when the singer Edith Piaf heard him sing and arranged to take him with her on tour in France and to the USA. Aznavours voice is shaded towards the tenor range, but possesses the low range and coloration more typical of a baritone, contributing to his unique sound.\nDeath.\nOn 1 October 2018 it was announced that Aznavour had died at his home in the village of Mouri\u00e8s in the south of France at the age of 94. An autopsy report said Aznavour died of cardiopulmonary arrest caused by pulmonary edema.\nFilm.\nmovie director Levon Mkrtchyan\nhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tHEd5L1i6gg"}
+{"id": "47924", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47924", "title": "Fulgencio Batista y Zald\u00edvar", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47926", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47926", "title": "Pallava dynasty", "text": "The Pallavas dynasty rose in Tamil Nadu (South India) during the seventh century under Mahendravarman I and his son Mamalla Narasimhavarman I. The Pallavas were not a recognised political power before the second century. After the fall of the \"Satavahanas\", they began to get control over parts of Andhra and the Tamil country. The Pallavas were at their finest during the reigns of Narasimhavarman I and Pallavamalla Nandivarman II."}
+{"id": "47939", "revid": "1618275", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47939", "title": "Pandya dynasty", "text": "The Pandyan kingdom \u0baa\u0bbe\u0ba3\u0bcd\u0b9f\u0bbf\u0baf\u0bb0\u0bcd was an ancient Tamil state in South India of unknown antiquity. Pandyas were one of the three ancient Tamil kingdoms (Chola and Chera being the other two) who ruled the Tamil country from pre-historic times until end of the 15th century. They ruled initially from Korkai, a sea port on the southern most tip of the Indian peninsula, and in later times moved to Madurai."}
+{"id": "47940", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47940", "title": "Rockabilly", "text": "Rockabilly is an early type of rock and roll music. It developed in the 1950s in the United States. Rockabilly was very popular amongst teenagers. Many parents of teenagers did not like rockabilly music, because it had lyrics which talked about rebelling against rules, sex and drinking alcohol. Rockabilly musicians often wear slicked-back hair, jeans, and leather jackets.\nRockabilly music.\nRockabilly music has musical styles from blues music and country music. It uses the acoustic guitar, the electric guitar, the double bass, drums, and singing. Some Rockabilly songs also use the piano or the harmonica. Rockabilly music usually has a strong rhythm from the double bass being played in a \"slap\" style. Rockabilly singers often use a wide range, with high notes and many shouts like \u201cgo man go\u201d and \"yeah!\"\nRockabilly musicians.\nOne of the earliest musicians who played rockabilly music was Elvis Presley. Another famous rockabilly musician was Carl Perkins, who wrote the popular song \"Blue Suede Shoes\". Jerry Lee Lewis was a piano player who sang. Jerry Lee Lewis was known for his crazy behavior on stage, which audiences liked. Lewis would play the piano with his feet, elbows and butt.\nGene Vincent was a rockabilly musician who wore black leather and sang songs about sex and getting into trouble. Vincent's most popular song is \u201cBe-Bop-A-Lula\u201d. Eddie Cochran wrote songs about teen life, and had hit songs like \u201cSummertime Blues\u201d and \u201cC\u2019mon Everybody.\u201d\nRockabilly revival.\nRockabilly became popular again in the 1980s, when bands such as the Stray Cats became popular. In the 1990s and 2000s, there are still many bands playing rockabilly music or music influenced by rockabilly, such as Tiger Army."}
+{"id": "47945", "revid": "1611993", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47945", "title": "Blu-ray Disc", "text": "Blu-ray Disc is a high-density optical disc format similar to DVD. Blu-ray is the type of disc used for PlayStation 3 games and for playing high-definition (HD) movies. In the past, there were other standards for such movies, such as the HD DVD format. Blu-ray won what is called the \"format war\" between 2006 and 2008.\nA dual-layer Blu-ray disc can store up to 50GB (gigabytes) of data. This is over five times the capacity of a DVD, and over 70 times more than a CD or VCD.\nThe disc was developed by the Blu-ray Disc Association (BDA), a group of consumer electronics, personal computer and media manufacturers, and released in 2006. The format was developed for recording, rewriting and playback of high-definition video (HD), as well as storing large amounts of data.\nOlder optical disc technologies such as DVD, DVD\u00b1R, DVD\u00b1RW, and DVD-RAM used a red laser to read and write data. The new format used a blu laser instead. This is where the name is from."}
+{"id": "47947", "revid": "10284263", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47947", "title": "Stray Cats", "text": "The Stray Cats were a Rockabilly band from the United States. They had several hit songs in the 1980s. The Stray Cats played a style of pop music called Rockabilly, which mixes 1950s-style rock and roll, blues music, and country music together. The Stray Cats' music is like the 1950s Rockabilly songs by Elvis Presley and Carl Perkins. Three of the bands' hit songs were \"Runaway Boys,\" \"Rock This Town,\" and \"Stray Cat Strut.\"\nThe Stray Cats band was formed in 1979 by Brian Setzer, with two of his school friends Leon Drucker (who used the stage name \"Lee Rocker\") and James McDonnell (who used the stage name \"Slim Jim Phantom\"). These young men lived in Massapequa, New York.\nThe Stray Cats wore blue jeans and leather jackets, and had their hair slicked back. The Stray Cats had a singer who played electric guitar, a double bass player, and a drummer."}
+{"id": "47948", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47948", "title": "National Security Advisor (United States)", "text": "The National Security Advisor, officially known as the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs, serves as the top advisor to the President of the United States on national security issues. This person serves on the National Security Council within the President's Executive Office.\nThe National Security Advisor is appointed by the President, and does not have to be approved by the United States Senate. The current acting National Security Advisor is U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio."}
+{"id": "47949", "revid": "1386969", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47949", "title": "Chera dynasty", "text": "The Chera dynasty (Tamil: \u0b9a\u0bc7\u0bb0\u0bb0\u0bcd Malayalam: \u0d47\u0d1a\u0d30 ) was one of the ancient Tamil dynasties who ruled the southern India from ancient times until around the fifteenth century CE. The Early Cheras ruled over the Malabar Coast, Coimbatore, Karur and Salem Districts in South India, which now forms part of the modern day Kerala and Tamil Nadu states of India."}
+{"id": "47950", "revid": "1131679", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47950", "title": "Chola dynasty", "text": "The Chola dynasty (\u0b9a\u0bcb\u0bb4\u0bb0\u0bcd \u0b95\u0bc1\u0bb2\u0bae\u0bcd) was a Tamil dynasty that ruled in southern India until the 13th century. The dynasty came from the fertile valley of the Kaveri River. \n\"Karikala Chola\" was the most famous among the early Chola kings, while \"Rajaraja Chola\", \"Rajendra Chola\" and \"Kulothunga Chola\" I were famous emperors of the medieval Cholas.\nThe Cholas were at the height of their power during the tenth, eleventh and twelfth centuries. Under Rajaraja Chola I (Rajaraja the Great) and his son Rajendra Chola, the dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in Asia. The Chola territories stretched from the islands of the Maldives in the South to as far North as the banks of the Ganges River in Bangladesh with oversea colonies across SEA. This was the result of their extensive campaigns and colonial expeditions which resulted in the expansion of Hinduism in Southeast Asia."}
+{"id": "47955", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47955", "title": "Ayn Rand", "text": "Alice O'Connor (born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum , .., 1905\u00a0\u2013 March 6, 1982), better known by her pen name Ayn Rand (), was a Russian-born American writer, screenwriter, playwright and philosopher.\nShe published several popular books in the United States during the mid-1900s, including her two best-selling novels, \"Atlas Shrugged\" and \"The Fountainhead.\" She also wrote \"We the Living\" and \"Anthem\". Her novels promoted a viewpoint of laissez-faire capitalism as a political and social goal. It is a kind of political philosophy known in the U.S.A. as libertarian conservatism. She called this philosophy 'objectivism'.\nHer husband was American actor and artist Frank O'Connor.\nLife.\nRand was born in St. Petersburg, Russia and grew up during the Russian Revolution, in the years after World War I. She left Russia to visit relatives in Chicago in the United States when she was 21 years old. She did not want to return to live under Communism, and stayed in the US. She changed her name, partly to protect her family in Russia. Rand moved to California to become a movie writer.\nMovies at the time did not have sound, and stories were mimed on camera. Dialogue was not important, so Rand could write simple stories while she improved her English language skills.\nRand met Frank O'Connor on a movie set, when they both appeared as extras. When O'Connor married Rand in 1929, she could live permanently in America. She later became an American citizen. O'Connor gave up his acting career, to work full-time so Rand could write full-time. Later he retired, when Rand's work made a good income. He began painting late in his life. He died in 1979.\nRand was a longtime tobacco smoker. She had lung cancer, but she recovered from the disease after surgery. She died of cardiovascular disease in New York City on March 6, 1982.\nBooks.\nRand's first book was \"We the Living\". It is about life in Russia during and after the Russian Revolution, and how life in the later Soviet Union destroys the dreams and hopes of its main characters, who are mostly young people.\nHer second book was \"Anthem\", which is a science fiction novella, a dystopian story about a man named Equality 7-2521 who lives in a future society. In that place, everybody is given their name by the government, and nobody can use the words \"I\" or \"me\". He escapes from this society with a partner, to live freely in a house in a hidden place.\nHer stage play \"Woman on Trial\" (better known as \"Night of January 16th\") used audience members as a jury, to decide the play's outcome (by voting the lead character guilty or not guilty) each time it was performed. Some celebrities, such as Helen Keller, appeared as jury members.\nHer third novel was \"The Fountainhead\". It is about an architect, who wants to have control over his building designs, and does not like when he has to compromise his building designs. \"The Fountainhead\" became a best-seller, and was made into a movie starring Gary Cooper and Patricia Neal.\nHer fourth novel was \"Atlas Shrugged\". It is her longest book. It was also a best-seller. It tells a story about a worldwide economic crisis. This is caused by the best minds in business, industry, and science, and after a while all thinking people, quitting their jobs and disappearing. This is a protest against government regulations that get in the way of their work or make it harder to do.\nThe more that governments get in the way, the worse conditions become, until society collapses. A new future begins when the people who disappeared return, and governments adopt laissez-faire principles, that do not try to control how businesses work, or misuse innovations.\nAfter writing \"Atlas Shrugged\", she wrote non-fiction books about her Objectivist ideas. She published \"The Objectivist Newsletter\", which then became \"The Objectivist\" magazine, with contributions by other writers. She also published \"The Ayn Rand Letter\", a later newsletter about her ideas. Rand's views are typical libertarian\u2013conservative views. Freedom of the individual, the evils of 'large' government, the economic benefits of low taxes and 'small' government, the 'open' society: these are values which run through all her work.\nBeliefs.\nRand invented a philosophy that she called \"Objectivism\". She was against communism, socialism, and collectivism, which are political systems where a community or the government of a country takes charge of distribution of that country's goods and products.\nShe opposed altruism, which she viewed as a form of self-sacrifice. She favored a form of rational selfishness.\nShe also thought that countries should have very small governments. Rand did not think that welfare payments to poor people were a good thing, because this involves using force to take money away from others. She believed that charity (giving money away) could be a good thing if the person giving the money wanted and chose to do it, but she did not think that people should be expected or forced to give away their money.\nShe was against religion, and was an atheist."}
+{"id": "47957", "revid": "201410", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47957", "title": "Laubach", "text": "Laubach is a town in the district of Giessen, in Hesse, Germany. Laubach is known as a \u201cLuftkurort,\" which means \u201cfresh air resort.\u201d Laubach is a small town. It has a population of about 10,000 people. It is east of the city of Giessen. Surrounding Laubach are the small towns of Hungen, Gr\u00fcnberg, Schotten and Lich.\nThe Laubach woods are part of the foothills of the Vogelsberg (Bird Mountain). Laubach is an area of interest to tourists because it has many historic and colorful half-timbered (\"fachwerk\") buildings. The main attraction is the castle. The castle was built in the thirteenth century. It belongs to the Count Solms-Laubach family. One of the largest private libraries in Europe is inside the castle. The castle library has more than 120,000 books and manuscripts. In the Johann Gutenberg Museum in Mainz is an original Gutenberg Bible which came from the castle library. The castle grounds include a large park. There is a lake for swans in the park. The park is open to the public without charge.\nOther buildings of interest.\nThe Evangelical Lutheran Church in Laubach used to be named St. Maria. The oldest part of the church was built in the twelfth century. The church was renovated in the eighteenth century. Inside the church is a baroque organ.\nThe main street of Laubach is Friedrichstrasse. On this street is the former district courthouse , and the city hall, and the Heimat Museum.\nThe Heimat Museum is the local history museum. It was originally built near the town of Gonterskirchen in 1750 by Count August Solms-Laubach. The building was moved to its present location in 1832. For many years it was a school. Now it is a museum. In the museum is a permanent exhibit honoring Friedrich Kellner."}
+{"id": "47958", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47958", "title": "Alexander Litvinenko", "text": "Alexander Valterovich Litvinenko (30 August or 4 December 1962 \u2013 23 November 2006) was a lieutenant-colonel in the Russian Security Service. Later he was a dissident and writer who was later poisoned and killed in 2006.\nIn September 2021, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that Russia was responsible for Litvinenko's poisoning.\nBackground.\nLitvinenko worked for the KGB and the FSB through the 1980s and 1990s. Later, he accused his bosses of planning to assassinate Russian billionaire Boris Berezovsky. As a result, he was arrested, but later released by Russian authorities. Afterwards, he fled to the United Kingdom and was given British citizenship.\nWhile he was in Russia, Litvinenko tried to publish a book in which he said President Vladimir Putin rose to power with help of the FSB. He said the FSB tried to cover this up by frightening Russians by bombing apartment buildings in Moscow. He said the FSB then pinned the blame on terrorists operating from Chechnya.\nOn 1 November 2006, Litvinenko suddenly became sick and was hospitalized. He died in London three weeks later, as a result of poisoining by polonium-210. The news of his death spread around the world, and many felt the poisoning was done by the Russian government. Vladimir Putin and Kremlin spokesmen have repeatedly denied this, and many new leads have been taken upon during the case. Although there are some suspects and theories in the murder, no official arrest has been made yet.\nHow the poison works.\nUnlike most common radiation sources, polonium-210 emits only alpha particles. These do not penetrate even a sheet of paper or human skin. Thus they are invisible to normal radiation detectors. Hospitals only have equipment to detect gamma rays. Both gamma rays and alpha particles are classified as ionizing radiation, and can cause radiation sickness.\nAn alpha-emitting substance can cause damage only if taken in (as food or drink) or inhaled (breathed in). It acts on living cells like a short-range weapon.p327 Litvinenko was tested for alpha-emitters using special equipment only hours before his death."}
+{"id": "47966", "revid": "1629609", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47966", "title": "Coprophilia", "text": "Coprophilia is a sexual fetish people have where they enjoy coming into contact with feces. Possible other names for coprophilia include scat-play, scat kink, or shit kink. Coprophilia is said to be liking the smell, taste, or feel of feces in a sexual way. The feeling can be either through touching the skin or through rubbing the penis head against feces. Enjoyment can also be made from the feeling of feces passing through the anus, or having a sexual partner excrete feces onto their chest, And also by inserting the finger of the male hand into the anus of the female, or inserting the finger of the female hand into the anus of the male.\nEating feces is also known as coprophagia. This is bad for one's body. A person who eats feces is at risk of falling ill with hepatitis, infection, and HIV/AIDS. Those with weak immune systems should not eat feces. There are also social problems with eating feces. It causes bad breath, is commonly seen as disgusting, and is taboo.\nThere are those who make movies involving coprophilia and coprophagia. This is called scatology. One of the more famous pornographic films involving coprophila is known as Hungry Bitches, a pornographic movie produced by MFX Media. The opening scene that became an internet reaction video trend is known as \"Two Girls One Cup.\" Creators would have a friend, family member, or sibling watch \"Two Girls One Cup\" and record and post their (usually digust-filled and comedic) reaction to the film."}
+{"id": "47967", "revid": "7440", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47967", "title": "Butt sex", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47971", "revid": "5400", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47971", "title": "Norman Conquest", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47972", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47972", "title": "Pallavas", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47973", "revid": "1649820", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47973", "title": "Kalabhra dynasty", "text": "The Kalabhra dynasty ruled over entire Tamil country in South Indian between the 3rd and the 6th century C.E..\nThey won over the ancient Chola, Pandya and Chera dynasties and replaced them. There is a little information available about their origin and about their reign. They did not leave any monuments. The only source of information on them are to be found in Buddhist and Jain literature. They were displaced around the 7th century by the revival of Pallava and Pandya power.\nHindu scholars and authors who wrote in the 7th and 8th century C.E. when Pandya and Pallava had taken over again have written very little about the Kalabhra dynasty in their texts. Perhaps therefore the period of their rule is known as a \u2018Dark Age\u2019 \u2013 an interregnum."}
+{"id": "47974", "revid": "1631203", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47974", "title": "NASCAR", "text": "NASCAR (National Association for Stock Car Auto Racing) is an American organization that operates different auto racing series. The company was founded by Bill France Sr., and since August 6 2018 Jim France has been the CEO. The three largest racing series run by NASCAR are the NASCAR Cup Series, the NASCAR Xfinity Series, and the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series. In addition to the three national series, NASCAR also organizes racing at over 1,500 short tracks around The United States, Canada, Mexico, and Europe.\nNASCAR Cup Series.\nThe NASCAR Cup Series is the highest level of racing in NASCAR. Drivers race in 36 races a year, and the driver with the most points at the end of the year is awarded the NASCAR Cup. The closest championship battle was in 2011, and was won by Tony Stewart, who finished the season tied in driver points with Carl Edwards. Stewart won the Cup with five race wins on the season to Edwards' one. This ended a streak of five Sprint Cup wins by Jimmie Johnson. Kyle Busch was the 2019 Cup Series champion. It was his second championship. He won his first championship in 2015.\nThe series began in 1949 as the Strictly Stock Series, and became the Grand National Series the next year. In 1971, R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company became the series sponsor, and named it the Winston Cup Series after one of its cigarette brands. After the 2003 season, a new sponsorship deal was reached with Nextel Communications, a mobile phone company, and the series became the Nextel Cup Series. The Sprint Cup name was first used in 2008, after Nextel was purchased by another phone company, Sprint, to form Sprint Nextel. After the 2016 season a new sponsorship deal reached with Monster Energy, an energy drink, and the series became the Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series. Monster Energy was the series sponsor through 2019. In 2020, the series does not have a main sponsor. Instead, there are four \"premier partner\" sponsors for the series. These sponsors are Coca-Cola, Busch Beer, Xfinity, and GEICO.\nRichard Petty, Dale Earnhardt, and Jimmie Johnson have the most NASCAR Cup Series championships. They each have seven championships.\nXfinity Series.\nThe Xfinity Series is often called the minor series of NASCAR. Drivers who wish to drive in the NASCAR Cup series often race here first. Drivers race in 33 races, and the driver with the most points at the end of the year becomes the Xfinity Series champion.\nThe series grew out of NASCAR's Sportsman division, created in 1950 as a short track racing division. It became a national touring series in 1982. The new series was sponsored by Anheuser-Busch, first as the Budweiser Grand National Series and then as the Busch Grand National Series beginning in 1984. In 2003, NASCAR chose to drop the \"Grand National\" part of the name, making the competition the Busch Series. After Anheuser-Busch told NASCAR it would not renew its sponsorship after the 2007 season, Nationwide Insurance became the new sponsor starting in 2008. It left at the end of 2014 and the series became the Xfinity series in 2015. Tyler Reddick was the 2019 Xfinity Series champion. It was his second championship in a row. He won his first championship in 2018.\nTyler Reddick is one of the few drivers who have won multiple Xfinity Series championships. The most championships ever won in the Xfinity Series by a single driver are 2. Drivers who have won 2 championships include Sam Ard, Jack Ingram, Larry Pearson, Randy LaJoie, Dale Earnhardt Jr., Martin Truex Jr., Kevin Harvick, Ricky Stenhouse Jr., and Tyler Reddick.\nCraftsman Truck Series.\nThe Craftsman Truck Series is pickup truck racing. This series is often known simply as the \"Truck Series\". The drivers race in 23 races a year. The driver with the most points at the end of the year is called the Craftsman Truck Series Champion.\nThe series began in 1995 with American department store Sears as sponsor, using its well-known Craftsman brand of tools. The first season was known as the SuperTruck Series presented by Craftsman; the name changed to Craftsman Truck Series the next year. Sears ended its sponsorship of the series after the 2008 season. Camping World, which sells camping supplies and parts and services for recreational vehicles, became the new sponsor in 2009. In 2019, Gander Outdoors became the title sponsor. In 2023, the series is once again called the Craftsman Truck Series. Ben Rhodes is the 2021 and 2023 Truck Champion.\nRon Hornaday, Jr. has the most NASCAR Truck Series championships. He has four championships.\nThe history of NASCAR.\nThe unofficial racing that became NASCAR started during the Prohibition Era of the 1920s. From 1920 to 1933, it was illegal for people in the United States to sell or drink alcoholic beverages. Even though it was illegal, people still made beer and whiskey (or also known as \"moonshine\"), and the makers needed people to drive their illegal whiskey to their customers. The drivers were known as \"bootleggers\". These bootleggers were known for making their cars' engines faster and driving fast. Eventually, they got together and started racing to see whose car was the fastest. These unofficial races became NASCAR. TV coverage of NASCAR races has grown considerably since it started in 1972."}
+{"id": "47975", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47975", "title": "Kalabhras", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47976", "revid": "3609", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47976", "title": "Melbourne, Australia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47977", "revid": "1041406", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47977", "title": "Monument", "text": "A monument is a statue, building, or something else made to remember a person or important event. They are often designed as artistic objects to improve the look of a city or place. "}
+{"id": "47978", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47978", "title": "Monument (disambiguation)", "text": "Monument may mean:"}
+{"id": "47979", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47979", "title": "Wikinews", "text": "Wikinews is a free-content news wiki and a project of the Wikimedia Foundation. The news articles are written by users working together with each other. Old articles are archived, and protected so that people cannot change it anymore, except if an edit request is given. Every article has a talk page where people can talk about the news in the article. The article is then peer-reviewed by an editor to see if it is ready to be published, and to publish it if it is.\nWikinews is under the Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License, which is different from the license that the other Wikimedia projects are under."}
+{"id": "47980", "revid": "1268691", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47980", "title": "1980 Summer Olympics", "text": "The 1980 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad, were held in Moscow, Soviet Union from July 19 to August 3.\nConcerns and controversies.\nSixty-five countries that were invited to the 1980 Olympics, plus Qatar, did not participate for various reasons, including support for the boycott and economic reasons. (Qatar's 1980 IOC recognition came too late for it to be invited.) Taiwan refused to participate as a result of the 1979 Nagoya Resolution, in which the People's Republic of China agreed to participate in IOC activities if Taiwan was referred to as \"Chinese Taipei\". However, China boycotted the 1980 Moscow Games as well.\nMedals by country.\nThese are the 10 countries that won the most medals in the 1980 Summer Olympics."}
+{"id": "47982", "revid": "10252088", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47982", "title": "500s", "text": "The 500s was a decade that began on 1 January 500 and ended on 31 December 509. It is distinct from the decade known as the \"51th\" decade \"which\" will begin on January 1, 501 and end on December 31, 510."}
+{"id": "47983", "revid": "10252089", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47983", "title": "480s", "text": "The 480s was a decade that began on 1 January 480 and ended on 31 December 489. It is distinct from the decade known as the 49th which began on January 1, 481 and ended on December 31, 490."}
+{"id": "47984", "revid": "10252071", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47984", "title": "930s", "text": "The 930s was a decade that started on 1 January 930, and ended on 31 December 939. It is distinct from the decade known as the 94th decade which began on January 1, 931 and ended on December 31, 940."}
+{"id": "47985", "revid": "10252075", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47985", "title": "890s", "text": "The 890s was the decade that started on January 1, 890 and ended on December 31, 899. It is distinct from the decade known as the 90th decade which began on January 1, 891 and ended on December 31, 900."}
+{"id": "47986", "revid": "10252068", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47986", "title": "950s", "text": "The 950s was a decade that started on 1 January 950 and ended on 31 December 959. It is distinct from the decade known as the 96th decade which began on January 1, 961 and ended on December 31, 960."}
+{"id": "47987", "revid": "1695533", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47987", "title": "Jenna Jameson", "text": "Jenna Jameson (born Jenna Marie Massoli on April 9, 1974) is a European-American former porn star. She grew up in Montana. She started making pornographic movies in 1993. Within three years, she had won the three awards in the adult movie industry. She has since won more than 20 adult movie awards, and has been inducted into both the X-Rated Critics Organization and Adult Video News Halls of Fame.\nIn 2004, she wrote an autobiography, \"How to Make Love Like a Porn Star: A Cautionary Tale\". The book was at the top of the \"New York Times\" Best Seller list for six weeks.\nBorn a Roman Catholic she officially converted to Orthodox Judaism in 2016, so she could marry her Israeli boyfriend.\nOn January 12, 2022, Jameson announced that she was suffering from Guillain\u2013Barr\u00e9 syndrome."}
+{"id": "47988", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47988", "title": "Klingon Language Institute", "text": "The Klingon Language Institute (KLI) is an organization who helps to teach and learn the Klingon language. Klingon is a language that has been made for the television show \"Star Trek\". In the television show, the Klingons are a fictional (made-up) alien people who do not come from Earth.\nGeneral.\nThe KLI is in Flourtown, Pennsylvania (USA). The organization started in 1992. For many years, students of the KLI got a small book called ' (Klingon for \"language science\") four times a year. Today, they can only get this booklet through the internet. Each year they have a meeting called \" (the Klingon word for \"big meeting\"). Every student of the KLI can go to this meeting. At the meeting, they can speak and learn the Klingon language.\nAt the \"\" of the year 2003, a documentary movie about the KLI was made. Its name is\n\"Earthlings: Ugly Bags of Mostly Water\". This movie was shown at the Cannes Film Festival in France.\nOrganization.\nThe leader of the KLI is its founder Lawrence M. Schoen, Ph.D.\nFrom time to time a so-called Beginners' Grammarian is chosen from the best Klingon speakers. His duty is to help and teach the beginners of the Klingon language, especially in the Klingon email discussion group, which anyone can use. When his duty is over, he can still be called \"Grammarian\". Today, the KLI has about 20 of those former Beginners' Grammarians.\nThe KLI talks very often with Marc Okrand, the person who made the Klingon language. Since the third he has visited each one. When he is there, the students give him a list with words that they like to know. Not all the words are translated into Klingon. When he makes these new words, members of the KLI can read them in \".\nSpecial Speakers.\nRich Yampell.\nRich Yampell (known to people who speak Klingon as \" or \"Captain Krankor\"), a software engineer currently living in Bellevue, Washington, is probably the world's first person to speak Klingon in normal conversation. He is the author of the book \"The Grammarian's Desk,\" published in 1996 by the Klingon Language Institute, a collection of the columns he wrote for the institute's scholarly journal \".\" Yampell is also the author and co-author of many songs, such as the Klingon Anthem \" \" (music and lyrics), \" \" (music and lyrics), \"\" (music).\nd'Armond Speers.\nDr. d'Armond Speers is an American computational linguist (a word dude who works with talkie boxes) and a member of the KLI.\nHe graduated from Georgetown University in 2002. His final work topic was \"Representation of American Sign Language for Machine Translation.\" \nDr. Speers has tried to teach his child in Klingon; He only spoke to him in Klingon, and his wife spoke to him in English. When the child became older, he did not want to learn Klingon any more, because there was nobody to talk in Klingon.\nLawrence M. Schoen.\nDr. Lawrence M. Schoen is the founder and current director of the KLI. He makes the institute's journal \"\". He has organized almost every , only two were organized by somebody else.\nHe obtained a bachelor's degree in psycholinguistics from California State University, Northridge, and then master's and doctoral degrees in psychology from Kansas State University. He has worked as a professor, teaching and doing research, at New College of Florida, Lake Forest College, Chestnut Hill College, and West Chester University. More recently he serves as the director of research and chief compliance officer for the Wedge Medical Center.\nHe also writes books about science fiction, and is a member of SFWA. In the year 2007 he was nominated for the John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer.\nHe lives in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania USA. There he has a post office box in Flourtown, the international headquarters of the KLI."}
+{"id": "47997", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47997", "title": "Newspaper reporter", "text": ""}
+{"id": "47998", "revid": "1248114", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47998", "title": "Journalism", "text": "Journalism is a type of writing. It includes writing for newspapers, news shows on television, news shows on radio, and news magazine. \nThere are many different news and information jobs in the field of journalism, such as the jobs of newspaper reporter, television news anchor, writer, editor, sub-editor, illustrator, and photographer. People who work in journalism jobs are called journalists.\nWhile various existing codes have some differences, most share common elements including the principles of \u2013 truthfulness, accuracy, objectivity, impartiality, fairness and public accountability \u2013 as these apply to the acquisition of newsworthy information and its subsequent dissemination to the public."}
+{"id": "48005", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48005", "title": "Tim Berners-Lee", "text": "Sir Timothy John Berners-Lee (born 8 June 1955) is a British computer scientist who was the inventor of the World Wide Web and he created a new computer language called HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) which most web pages are written in. The first web page was available on 6 August 1991.\nBerners-Lee now leads the World Wide Web Consortium. That is an organization that looks after the World Wide Web.\nHe is the author of the book \"Weaving the Web\". He is a director of The Web Science Research Initiative (WSRI), and a member of the advisory board of the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence. In April 2009, he was elected as a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences, based in Washington, D.C. In 1999, Time Magazine named Berners-Lee one of the 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century.\nIn March 2000 he was awarded an honorary degree from the Open University as Doctor of the university.\nEarly life.\nTim Berners-Lee was born in London, on 8 June 1955. He is the son of Conway Berners-Lee and Mary Lee Woods. First, he attended Sheen Mount primary school. Then he went on to Emanuel School in London, from 1969 to 1973. After that, he studied at Queen's College, Oxford, from 1973 to 1976. While he was there, he received a first-class degree in Physics.\nCareer.\nIn 1989, while working at CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory in Geneva, Switzerland, Tim Berners-Lee proposed a global hypertext project, to be known as the World Wide Web. Based on the earlier \"Enquire\" work, it was designed to allow people to work together by combining their knowledge in a web of hypertext documents. He wrote the first World Wide Web server, \"\"httpd\", and the first client, \"WorldWideWeb\"\" a what-you-see-is-what-you-get hypertext browser/editor which ran in the NeXTStep environment. This work was started in October 1990, and the program \"WorldWideWeb\" first made available within CERN in December, and on the Internet at large in the summer of 1991.\nThrough 1991 and 1993, Tim continued working on the design of the Web, coordinating feedback from users across the Internet. His initial specifications of URIs, HTTP and HTML were refined and discussed in larger circles as the Web technology spread.\nTim Berners-Lee graduated from the Queen's College at Oxford University, England, 1976. Whilst there he built his first computer with a soldering iron, TTL gates, an M6800 processor and an old television.\nHe spent two years with Plessey Telecommunications Ltd (Poole, Dorset, UK) a major UK Telecom equipment manufacturer, working on distributed transaction systems, message relays, and bar code technology.\nIn 1978 Tim left Plessey to join D.G Nash Ltd (Ferndown, Dorset, UK), where he wrote among other things typesetting software for intelligent printers, and a multitasking operating system.\nA year and a half spent as an independent consultant included a six-month stint (Jun-Dec 1980) as consultant software engineer at CERN. Whilst there, he wrote for his own private use his first program for storing information including using random associations. Named \"Enquire\" and never published, this program formed the conceptual basis for the future development of the World Wide Web.\nFrom 1981 until 1984, Tim worked at John Poole's \"Image Computer Systems Ltd\", with technical design responsibility. Work here included real time control firmware, graphics and communications software, and a generic macro language. In 1984, he took up a fellowship at CERN, to work on distributed real-time systems for scientific data acquisition and system control. Among other things, he worked on FASTBUS system software and designed a heterogeneous remote procedure call system.\nIn 1994, Tim founded the World Wide Web Consortium at the then Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS) which merged with the Artificial Intelligence Lab in 2003 to become the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Since that time he has served as the Director of the World Wide Web Consortium a Web standards organization which develops interoperable technologies (specifications, guidelines, software, and tools) to lead the Web to its full potential. The Consortium has host sites located at MIT, at ERCIM in Europe, and at Keio University in Japan as well as Offices around the world.\nIn 1999, he became the first holder of 3Com Founders chair at MIT. In 2008 he was named 3COM Founders Professor of Engineering in the School of Engineering, with a joint appointment in the Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at CSAIL where he also leads the Decentralized Information Group (DIG). Co-Chaired by Dr. Lalana Kagal, the DIG Research Group works on projects including: how to re-decentralize the Web and help radically change the way Web applications work today, resulting in true data ownership; working to ensure the rights of users in big data and analytics and systems; as well as harnessing mobile technologies to aid during disaster relief and help society. In 2016, Sir Tim joined the Computer Science Department at the University of Oxford as a professor.\nIn 2008 he founded and became Director of the World Wide Web Foundation. The Web Foundation is a non-profit organisation devoted to achieving a world in which all people can use the Web to communicate, collaborate and innovate freely. The Web Foundation words to fund and coordinate efforts to defend the Open Web and further its potential to benefit humanity.\nIn June 2009 then Prime Minister Gordon Brown announced that he would work with the UK Government to help make data more open and accessible on the Web, building on the work of the Power of Information Task Force. Sir Tim was a member of The Public Sector Transparency Board tasked to drive forward the UK Government's transparency agenda. He has promoted open government data globally, is a member of the UK's Transparency Board.\nIn 2011 he was named to the Board of Trustees of the Ford Foundation, a globally oriented private foundation with the mission of advancing human welfare. He is President of the UK's Open Data Institute which was formed in 2012 to catalyse open data for economic, environmental, and social value.\nHe is the author, with Mark Fischetti, of the 1999 book \"Weaving the Web\" on the past, present and future of the Web.\nOn March 18 2013, Sir Tim, along with Vinton Cerf, Robert Kahn, Louis Pouzin and Marc Andreesen, was awarded the Queen Elizabeth Prize for Engineering for \"ground-breaking innovation in engineering that has been of global benefit to humanity.\"\nOn 4 April 2017, Sir Tim was awarded the ACM A.M. Turing Prize for inventing the World Wide Web, the first web browser, and the fundamental protocols and algorithms allowing the Web to scale. The Turing Prize, called the \"Nobel Prize of Computing\" is considered one of the most prestigious awards in Computer Science.\nSelected Publications.\nBerners-Lee, T.J., et al., \", Electronic Publishing: Research, Applications and Policy, April 1992.\nBerners-Lee T.J., et al, \", Communications of the ACM, Volume 37 Issue 8, August 1994, Pages 76-82\nTim Berners-Lee with Mark Fischetti, Harper San Francisco, 1999\nTim Berners-Lee, Dan Connolly, Ralph R. Swick \", W3C Note, 1999/6-7.\nBerners-Lee, Tim. and Hendler, James \", Nature, April 26 2001 p. 1023\u20131025.\nBerners-Lee, Tim; Hendler, James and Lassila, Ora \", Scientific American, May 2001, p. 29-37.\nJames Hendler, Tim Berners-Lee and Eric Miller, \", Journal of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan,\nVol 122(10), October, 2002, p. 676-680\nHendler, J., Berners-Lee, T.J., and Miller, E., ' ', Journal of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, Vol 122(10), October, 2002, p. 676-680.\nNigel Shadbolt, Wendy Hall, Tim Berners-Lee, \", IEEE Intelligent Systems Journal, May/June 2006, pp 96-101\n, 12th-13th September, 2005. Hosted by the British Computer Society, London\nTim Berners-Lee, Wendy Hall, James Hendler, Nigel Shadbolt, Daniel J. Weitzner, Science Vol. 313, 11 August 2006, pp. 769-771\nTim-Berners Lee, Wendy Hall, James A. Hendler, Kieron O'Hara, Nigel Shadbolt and Daniel J. Weitzner, Foundations and Trends in Web Science, Volume 1, Issue 1 (also available as a book: 144pp September 2006)\nNigel Shadbolt, Tim Berners-Lee \", Scientific American, Vol. 299, No. 4, P. 76, October 2008\nChristian Bizer, Tom Heath, Tim Berners-Lee, \" (pdf), International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems (IJSWIS), 5(3): 1-22. DOI: 10.4018/jswis.2009081901, 2009\nTim Berners-Lee, \", Scientific America, Vol. 22, November 2010\nEducation.\nThe Queen's College, Oxford University, England, BA Hons (I) Physics, 1973\u20131976.\nEmanuel School, London 1969\u201373\nBorn London, England, 8 June 1955. Married to Rosemary Leith."}
+{"id": "48006", "revid": "540981", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48006", "title": "Assimilation", "text": "Assimilation can mean: "}
+{"id": "48007", "revid": "644977", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48007", "title": "Assimilation (biology)", "text": "Assimilation in biology, is the combination of two processes which get nutrients for cells.\nThe first (in animals) is eating and digesting food. Food is absorbed and broken down. This is done by physical breakdown (chewing and stomach churning), then chemical breakdown by enzymes and acids) The results are absorbed into the bloodstream.\nThe second process of is the chemical alteration of substances in the bloodstream by the liver. Many compounds needed by cells are done by this second process. Both the liver and cellular secretions can be very specific in their action. This second process is where the absorbed food reaches the cells via the liver."}
+{"id": "48009", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48009", "title": "Vaihingen", "text": "Vaihingen an der Enz is a town in the southern German state of Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg. It is on the banks of the Enz river between the large cities of Stuttgart and Karlsruhe. About 30,000 people live there.\nHistory.\nVaihingen is an old city, going back as far as the year 799 CE. Vaihingen was formally established as a town by Count Gottfried von Vaihingen in the year 1252. After theReformation, Vaihingen became a Protestant city. During the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), Vaihingen became a battle ground between the Protestants and Catholics. The Revolution of 1848 hurt the economy in Vaihingen. Many people left Vaihingen to look for work in other towns. In the early 1900s, a railroad connection was made to Vaihingen. That brought more people, and also businesses, to Vaihingen. In 1938 Vaihingen became the regional center."}
+{"id": "48010", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48010", "title": "Integration", "text": "Integration may be any of the following:"}
+{"id": "48011", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48011", "title": "Cultural assimilation", "text": "Cultural assimilation, or absorption (but that word also has other meanings), is an intense process of consistent integration in which members of an ethno-cultural group, typically immigrants or other minority groups, are \"absorbed\" into an established, generally larger community, with the intent to change one culture to make them similar to another. That causes a loss of all or many of the characteristics that make the newcomers different. A region or society where assimilation is occurring sometimes referred to as a \"melting pot.\" In essence, cultural assimilation is many different cultural groups working towards one unified goal. \nFrom a historical perspective, assimilation is how an individual or minority group loses its original culture when absorbed into another culture. In the context of colonialism, it is a policy of total integration of colonies into the colonizing country. Assimilation is often remembered as painful or coercive."}
+{"id": "48012", "revid": "10361438", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48012", "title": "New wave music", "text": "New Wave (or New Wave music) is a style of rock music that developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s. New wave music was inspired by the punk rock movement.\nNew Wave music is rock music mixed with other types of music, such as punk rock music, funk, disco, ska and pop. \nIn essence, New Wave maintained the rebellious and energetic side of punk rock, yet was less raw and aggressive. Whilst a lot of New Wave was, much New Wave was pop-based, containing simple melodies and catchy hooks. Additionally, New Wave music was also very electronic in nature, and made strong usage of synthesizers. New Wave is a broad term, and as such, New Wave artists varied greatly in style, ranging from pure rock, to synthpop, to reggae-influenced music. New Wave, as a genre, additionally had a strong visual aesthetic, and is noted for the colourful fashions which New Wave artists would sport in the 1980s.\nWhen MTV started broadcasting in 1981, many New Wave bands had their music videos played on television. This made New Wave music more popular. A well-known New Wave video is \"Whip It\" by Devo."}
+{"id": "48013", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48013", "title": "Apple Corps", "text": "Apple Corps Ltd. is a multimedia company started 1968 by The Beatles. It grew out of their earlier company, Beatles Ltd., and included NEMS Enterprises, the company started by Beatles manager Brian Epstein.\nBeginnings.\nThe Beatles started Apple in 1967, because they wanted to help other musicians, writers, artists and other creative people to succeed. They knew many talents were not discovered, because the business side of their fields were controlled by large corporations. Many corporations cared more about making money than developing new ideas. The Beatles hoped to find and develop the best new talents. Brian Epstein helped to work out the plans for Apple, but died before the company was founded. Epstein's family sold NEMS Enterprises to the Beatles, because they did not wish to keep the company without him.\nApple's first business venture was a retail store, called the Apple Boutique. It was on Baker Street in London, England. The outside of the building was painted with a strange mural, and inside clothes and other items were for sale. The mural and clothes were designed by an artistic trio called The Fool. More things were stolen than sold in the boutique, and it was not profitable. Other local businesses did not like the mural outside, and got the city to order it removed. The Beatles decided to close the store, and gave away everything that had been for sale.\nApple bought a townhouse at 3 Savile Row in London, and it became Apple's headquarters. The Beatles spent nearly as much time there as they did at Abbey Road Studios. Nearly all the people who worked for them had offices in the building, and they planned to turn the basement into a recording studio. \"Magic Alex\", a Greek-born designer, was in charge of making the recording studio, and also electronics products that Apple could sell, such as an apple-shaped transistor radio.\nDivisions.\nApple Corps set up many divisions. Two of these were Apple Films and Apple Records. Apple Films handled the television movie \"Magical Mystery Tour\", and also music videos (then called \"promos\") for new Beatles songs. Later Apple Films produced movies like \"Born to Boogie\" and \"Son of Dracula\".\nApple Records turned out to be the most successful part of Apple Corps, mostly because of the Beatles's record sales. EMI had a recording contract with the band, but they agreed to become distributors for Apple Records. Apple would choose, sign up, and promote recording artists, while EMI would press their records and send them to stores. Hundreds of artists and bands sent in demoes to Apple, hoping to be signed up. As it turned out, most of the artists chosen were handpicked by the Beatles, their friends, or people who worked for them. \nBadfinger, who were Apple's biggest-selling group besides the Beatles, were managed by Mal Evans, who had been the Beatles's road manager. Jackie Lomax was an old friend from Liverpool. Mary Hopkin was referred to Apple by Twiggy, a popular fashion model. Billy Preston played keyboards with Little Richard, who toured with the Beatles years earlier. The London chapter of the Radha-Krishna Temple had singers, who recorded an album with George Harrison released on Apple. Other bands and artists were also signed to Apple Records (including Yoko Ono, the wife of John Lennon), but most of their records never became hits.\nTroubles.\nAfter Brian Epstein died, the Beatles had not sought a new manager. They believed they could handle their own affairs, working together with just their helpers and their normal business contacts. Over time, this proved to be a bad idea. Small disagreements between the band members turned into major problems at Apple, and agreements could not always be worked out. Many of the people hired to work for Apple caused more problems than they solved, or cost the company money. Magic Alex dreamed and talked big, but could not deliver on the promises he made. Even his recording studio at Apple had to be completely rebuilt, because he had not planned it well or asked for outside help.\nThe problems between the Beatles led to their breaking up early in 1970. Apple had been part of those problems, and each Beatle lost interest as he saw his hopes for Apple would not work out. Without their input, Apple soon wilted. Its divisions closed one by one. Apple Records's artists went to other labels, or retired from recording. Paul McCartney sued to dissolve the Beatles's business interests. The lawsuit went on for years. The rebuilt Apple Studio was well-liked, and a good place to work on recordings, but closed its doors by 1975. Apple's townhouse headquarters was sold. (A photograph of its front door, covered with graffiti, later appeared on a Ringo Starr album cover.)\nLater history.\nIn 1975, the Beatles dissolved their partnership, but decided to keep Apple Corps incorporated. It became the agency in charge of Beatles-related merchandise, such as collectibles, memorabilia, and new releases of old recordings by the band. Apple also owns the rights to most filmed and videotape of the Beatles, including their public appearances and concerts.\nApple Records reissued many of their non-Beatles recordings on compact disc in the early 1990s, again using EMI as distributors. A television miniseries, \"The Beatles Anthology\", appeared in 1995, produced by Apple. It was a long documentary of the band's history, and included rare concert and video scenes. A companion book was published later.\nApple Corps was most recently in the news, because of a lawsuit between Apple Corps and Apple Computer Inc., an unrelated company. The two companies had trouble in the past, over the use of the Apple name. They made a deal that Apple Computers would not act as a music company. When Apple Computer Inc. began to sell their iPod, and set up their iTunes music store, Apple Corps believed they had broken their agreement, and took them to court. Apple Computers won the case, but the two companies later worked out a new deal. This deal now means that the Beatles music is now on the iTunes store, whereas it was not there before."}
+{"id": "48014", "revid": "1693610", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48014", "title": "Blondie", "text": "Blondie is an American new wave pop/rock band who were most popular in the 1970s and 1980s. The lead singer of the band is Debbie Harry. Their best-known hit was \"Call Me!\". The group's music mixes pop, rock and disco. They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame"}
+{"id": "48015", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48015", "title": "Patti Smith", "text": "Patti Smith (born Patricia Lee Smith on December 30, 1946) is an American singer and poet. She was an important member of the punk rock music trend in the 1970s. Her first album \"Horses\" was produced by John Cale."}
+{"id": "48016", "revid": "1538477", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48016", "title": "Talking Heads", "text": "Talking Heads were a rock band from the United States. The band first became popular in the late 1970s.\nTalking Heads had an early influence on other musical groups by combining the sounds of punk, art rock, funk, dance and world music with an avant-garde style and the anxious way David Byrne sang on stage.\nReception.\nCritic Stephen Thomas Erlewine said Talking Heads were \"one of the most critically acclaimed bands of the '80s.\"\nIn 2002, the band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.\nFour of the band's albums appeared on \"Rolling Stone's\" list of \"The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time\". Three of their songs (\"Psycho Killer,\" \"Life During Wartime,\" and \"Once in a Lifetime\") were listed in \"The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll\". Talking Heads were also included at #64 on VH1's list of the \"100 Greatest Artists of All Time.\" In the 2011 update of \"Rolling Stone's\" \"100 Greatest Artists of All Time,\" the band was ranked at No.\u00a0100."}
+{"id": "48017", "revid": "121204", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48017", "title": "Devo", "text": "Devo is an American new wave pop music band formed in Ohio. Their best-known lineup consisted of Gerald Casale, Mark Mothersbaugh, Bob Mothersbaugh, Robert Casale, and Alan Myers. They had popular songs in the 1970s and 1980s. Devo had a big influence on the new wave music movement.\nDevo often used various keyboards (called synthesizers) in their songs, including the Moog synthesizer.\nTheir most famous song was called \"Whip It\". That song was released in 1980.\nDevo occasionally performs concerts for the public."}
+{"id": "48019", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48019", "title": "Illegal drugs", "text": "Illegal drugs are drugs which a person is not allowed to own or use by law.\nA drug is any chemical that affects the human body or mind when taken in any way.\nDrugs and the law.\nEach country and place has different laws for different drugs.\nSome drugs are allowed only if you have permission (called a \"prescription\") from a doctor. Other drugs are illegal, meaning a person is never allowed to have them.\nIf the police find a person with drugs they are not allowed to have, the person may be taken to court. Court cases may result in fines (when a person is required to pay money to the government), prison, or \"in some\" \"countries\" execution.\nWhy some drugs are illegal.\nA country may want to stop drugs because of the negative effect on the people that use them, or because making the drug illegal will make the government more money.\nA \"psychoactive\" drug affects the brain. Most laws against drugs are against psychoactive drugs.\nWhy people use drugs.\nSome people use drugs as medicine if they are sick to help make them feel better.\nSome people might use drugs recreationally (for fun), these are usually controlled drugs.\nSome people use drugs to make themselves more productive or to help themselves stay awake, in this case they would use a stimulant such as amphetamines or caffeine.\nSome people also use drugs because they are addicted. (See \"Health effects of drugs\" below)\nFor spiritual or religious reasons..\nSome Christians use small doses of wine as part of their religious ceremonies.\nSome members of the Native American Church use Peyote (a type of cactus that contains the drug mescaline).\nSome Hindus use cannabis (containing THC and CBD) as part of their religious rites.\nHealth effects.\nDrugs can have many effects on a person's health. Some drugs cause many people to die every year. Tobacco and alcohol can cause death, other drugs do not cause death. Cannabis and psilocybin mushrooms (\"magic mushrooms\") do not cause death. But all drugs affect one's health.\nSomeone using drugs may get \"intoxicated\". Intoxicated people may do dangerous things. They may be unable to safely drive or operate machinery.\nOverdose occurs when someone uses too much of a drug. Overdosing is very dangerous. It can cause death. Some drugs are easy to overdose on (heroin, alcohol, and aspirin). Other drugs are difficult to overdose on (LSD, cannabis). Many drugs cause long-term (long-lasting) health effects. Smoking tobacco can cause cancer. Drinking alcohol damages the liver (cirrhosis).\nMany drugs are used as medicine to help make sick people better. Opiates (morphine, heroin and codeine) are analgesics (painkillers). Nitrous oxide and ketamine are used as anesthetics (to force someone to sleep) for surgical operation. Amphetamines are legally prescribed to treat attention disorders in some countries, such as the United States.\nCombining drugs often causes negative effects. One may die if they combine multiple drugs.\nAddiction and dependence.\nAn addiction is the repeated use of a drug. An addict (person with an addiction) uses the drug again and again. Addicts will continue to use the drug, even if the drug hurts them. Addiction causes cravings for the drug. A craving is an intense need for the drug's effects. Drug tolerance occurs when a person's body adapts to a drug. The body becomes more resistant to the drug and craves the drug all the time. If a dependent person stops taking the drug, they may become very sick or die. Medical help is often required to stop addiction.\nAddiction and dependence can happen separately from each other. People can be addicted to things that are not drugs, like gambling or sex.\nSome psychoactive drugs are known to be very addictive (causing addiction, like alcohol, heroin, tobacco, methamphetamine and cocaine) other drugs are known to be slightly less addictive (such as khat, cannabis and caffeine) or not addictive at all (such as LSD and Psilocybin mushrooms).\nPeople with anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder, borderline personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder, schizophrenia, and major depression have a higher chance of getting addicted.\nUses.\nDifferent drugs are used in different ways. The same drug can be available in different forms, and each form is used a certain way.\nFor example, Crack cocaine (cocaine in solid form) is smoked or vaporized, but Powder cocaine (cocaine that looks like salt) is snorted.\nSome ways drugs can be taken.\nOrally is the slowest method of using a drug because it must be digested in the stomach first. Injecting a drug (IV or IM) is the fastest method of using a drug. IV and IM drugs are most likely to cause an overdose. It is important to use clean needles to inject. Injecting with used or dirty needles spreads deadly infections (such as Hepatitis C or HIV).\nSmoking anything can cause cancer. Smoking can also lead to emphysema (a disease of the lungs). Snorting a drug can lead to ear, nose, and throat conditions. Eating a drug can cause oral (mouth related) problems, like tooth decay.\nTypes of psychoactive drugs and their effects.\nThere are many categories (types) of psychoactive drugs (drug that affects the brain). These categories have subcategories (categories inside categories). For example, benzodiazepines and opiates are both subcategories of depressants. Some drugs, such as ketamine have elements of two categories (hallucinogens and depressants). Every drug is different, so it is important to know the effects of each individual drug.\nHallucinogens.\nHallucinogens change the way people see, hear, feel or think. The three main groups of hallucinogens are: psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants. Each group has different effects. They may cause hallucinations. Hallucinations are a feeling, sound, or sight that does not exist. When one hallucinates, they feel, hear, or see something that is not truly there.\nStimulants.\nStimulants speed up the central nervous system. People using stimulants may feel happy and excited. Also, they have more energy, concentration, or motivation. Stimulants may cause difficulty sleeping.\nDepressants (\"Downers\").\nDepressants slow down the central nervous system. People using depressants feel happy and content, and sleepy and relaxed. Depressants slow down bodily functions such as breathing and heart rate. They may also make speaking or moving difficult. The difficulty speaking is \"slurred speech\".\nAnti-psychotics.\nAntipsychotics are used to balance one's moods or stop hallucinations. Many anti-psychotics are legal prescription drugs. One can have them if they have a prescription (doctor's permission). Anti-depressants help depression. Some anti-depressants are also anti-psychotics."}
+{"id": "48021", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48021", "title": "Crack cocaine", "text": "Crack cocaine (or just crack) is an illegal drug which is made from cocaine. Cocaine is mostly an illegal drug that comes from the leaves of a plant called coca. When people smoke crack, they have a feeling called \"being high.\" The name \"crack\" comes from the cracking sound the drug makes as it is smoked. The cracking sound is caused by evaporating water escaping. In most parts of the world, production (making crack), possession (having crack), and distribution (selling or giving away crack) are illegal.\nDangers.\nCrack is a very addictive drug. People can get both physically and psychologically addicted to crack (meaning that the body and the mind can both become addicted to, or \"hooked on,\" the drug.) Using crack is dangerous for many reasons. The drug can cause physical problems (like heart and lung problems or rotted teeth) and psychological (or mental) problems, like depression and psychosis (not understanding what is real and what is not real). An overdose of crack - taking too much of the drug - can cause death. Also, because crack is illegal, people have to break the law in order to get it, and they can get sent to jail if they are caught. People may also do other illegal things in order to get crack or to get money to buy crack, because the urge to get the drug is so strong in people who are addicted.\nCrack is called a \"gateway drug\" because people who use crack are more likely to use other drugs, like methamphetamine and heroin. Using crack along with other illegal drugs, or alcohol, is even more dangerous than using crack by itself.\nCrack is such a strong and addictive drug that a person can become addicted the first time they use crack. When a person tries to quit using crack, they go through a process called withdrawal that is very hard to go through. Withdrawal happens when as person's body or mind is used to having a drug in its system all the time, and suddenly the drug is not there any more. Because crack can cause both physical addiction (when the body is hooked on the drug) and psychological addiction (when the mind is hooked on the drug), quitting crack can cause both physical withdrawal (which causes physical symptoms in the body) and psychological withdrawal (which causes symptoms in the mind). Symptoms of (or problems caused by) physical withdrawal can include nausea (feeling like throwing up), vomiting (throwing up), and pain in the muscles. Psychological withdrawal can make a person feel very depressed, anxious (worried and not able to relax), agitated (restless and \"keyed up\"), or tired. When a person is withdrawing from crack, the urge to use crack will be very, very strong, and it is very hard for the person to fight off these urges and keep away from using the drug again.\nSmoking.\nCrack cocaine is inhaled from a small glass pipe. This is often called a stem. It has a funnel-shaped 'bowlpiece' where the drug is put to be smoked. There is a 2 to 3 inch long stem attached that the smoke travels through on the way to the consumer. These stems may be used in waterpipes, such as 'bongs' or 'bubblers', in which case about a 1/2 inch of the stem is submerged in the water and the smoke is sucked out through the water to the consumer. These stems are also used to inhale methamphetamine. When used for crack cocaine or methamphetamine, the stem is generally used as a standalone unit, without any water or attachment of any sort. After prolonged use, the glass from the stem may deteriorate from exposure to heat as well as acidity, and may become brittle and break or crack easily."}
+{"id": "48023", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48023", "title": "Twiggy", "text": "Dame Lesley Lawson (born Lesley Hornby 19 September 1949, in London, England) is an English actress, fashion model and singer, known professionally as Twiggy. Her childhood nickname Twiggy came from her thin legs. In the 1960s, when she first became famous she weighed only .\nAs an actress, she starred in \"The Boy Friend\", and had featured roles in \"The Blues Brothers\" and \"Young Charlie Chaplin\". She recently appeared as herself, on \"America's Next Top Model\", as one of the judges."}
+{"id": "48031", "revid": "1458798", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48031", "title": "Special effect", "text": "Special effects are used in movies to create images that do not exist. There are many different types of special effects, for example, making little models or using computer animation.\nAction movies often use special effects to create images that would be dangerous or cost a lot of money. For example, if an action movie shows a very big battleship blowing up, it would be expensive to buy a battleship and dangerous to blow it up. Most action movies use special effects if they want to show something blow up. It is cheaper and safer to make a little model of a battleship and blow that up. \nScience fiction, fantasy, horror, and history movies also often use special effects. They usually tell imaginary stories, often set in imaginary places, that would be impossible to film. For example, in a science fiction movie about a world with three suns, artists could create a computer image of three suns which would appear in the background. \nUsing a computer to create special effects is called \"computer generated imagery\" (CGI) or \"computer animation\". Most science fiction, fantasy, and horror movies, and some history movies and some documentaries from the 2000s use a lot of CGI."}
+{"id": "48042", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48042", "title": "German revolutions of 1848\u20131849", "text": "The Revolutions in the German states developed in most of the 38 states of Germany that were loosely bound together in the German Confederation after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. To these states belonged Austria as well though Hungary that was part of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire was not part of the German Confederation.\nThese revolutions had as example the French Revolution of 1848 in February 1848, when King Phillipe of France abdicated the throne.\nThe biggest successes of the German revolutions happened in March in Berlin and Vienna. The result was the election of a German National Assembly in Frankfurt am Main.\nBut it was in Berlin too where the Prussian king Frederick William refused to become emperor of a united German state.\nAustria and Prussia withdrew their delegates from the Assembly, and the Assembly itself slowly disintegrated afterwards."}
+{"id": "48044", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48044", "title": "Abdication", "text": "Abdication is the act of resigning from an office (official job), especially from being the leader of a country. The word is normally used for kings and queens who decide to give up their position which brings an end to a reign. The term is also used for popes. called emeritus.\nA similar term for an elected or appointed official is resignation.\nKing Edward VIII of the United Kingdom is an example of a king who abdicated. "}
+{"id": "48047", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48047", "title": "Beta Columbae", "text": "Beta Columbae is a star in the Columba constellation. The Columba constellation is known as \"The Dove\"."}
+{"id": "48050", "revid": "10067484", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48050", "title": "Philadelphia Eagles", "text": "The Philadelphia Eagles are an American football team in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.\nThe Eagles joined the National Football League in the year 1933. They have appeared in three Super Bowls (XXXIX, XV and LII) and won the Super Bowl LII in 2018, winning the 2017 season. They have won three championships in 1948, 1949, and 1960, besides the one in 2017. Sixteen Eagles players have become Pro Football Hall of Famers. Donovan McNabb was the quarterback for the Eagles from 1999 to 2009. He was traded to the Washington Redskins on April 4, 2010. Michael Vick was also an Eagles quarterback. Jalen Hurts is the current starting quarterback for the Philadelphia Eagles, but Nick Foles guided the win in 2018.\nThe Eagles were named after the Bald Eagle, a symbol of the U.S.. The city of Philadelphia played a large part in the early history of the United States."}
+{"id": "48056", "revid": "1558358", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48056", "title": "YouTube", "text": "YouTube is a free video sharing website that lets people upload, view, and share videos. Videos can be rated with a like or dislike, most videos can be commented on if logged in to an account, and the number of times a video has been watched (known as \"views\") is put on the site. Users who have accounts can also subscribe to channels. At the moment, Google (a search engine company) owns and operates YouTube. Many different types of videos can be put onto the website, such as educational content, animations, and funny stuff. YouTube was started on February 15, 2005 by three former workers of PayPal.\nFeatures.\nVideos.\nYouTube needed the\u00a0Adobe Flash Player\u00a0plug-in to play videos in the past. However, in January 2010, YouTube tried using the built-in features of web browsers so people would not need to use Adobe Flash player to watch videos.\nAll YouTube users can upload 15-minute long videos. Users who have used the site for enough time and follow the rules can upload videos that are 12 hours long. A user needs to verify the account to do this, however. Everyone could upload long videos when YouTube started, but in March 2006 a ten-minute video limit was put in. The limit was changed to 15 minutes in July 2010. Most video formats can be uploaded to YouTube, and videos can also be uploaded from mobile phones.\nBanning.\nYouTube is blocked in many schools because it allows children to search for videos online that would otherwise distract them from their lessons, much like how other social networking sites and game sites are blocked for the same purpose. But at a higher level than schools (and in workplaces), even some governments have blocked YouTube access to their country's public, but their reasons can vary. \nIran.\nOn December 3, 2006, the government of Iran blocked YouTube and several other sites in an attempt to stop films and music from other countries from being seen.\nTurkey.\nTurkey blocked YouTube on March 6 2007 for letting videos that were insulting or discriminating to Turks and Atat\u00fcrk, who is the founder of modern Turkey, to be shown, because of a \"virtual war\" between Greeks, Armenians, Kurds and Turks on YouTube, with people from each side posting videos to hurt the other. The video that caused banning alleged Turks and Atat\u00fcrk to be 'gay'. The video was first mentioned on Turkish CNN and the Istanbul public prosecutor sued YouTube for being mean to Turkishness. The court suspended access to YouTube while waiting for the removal of the video. The ban was strongly criticized. YouTube lawyers sent documentary of removal to court and users could access the website again on March 9 2007.\nThailand.\nDuring the week of March 8, YouTube was blocked in Thailand. Many bloggers (people who have a \"diary\" online) believed the reason YouTube was blocked was because of a video of the former Prime Minister Thaksin Shinawatra's speech on CNN. However, the government did not confirm or give reasons for the ban. YouTube was accessible from March 10.\nOn the night of April 3, YouTube was again blocked in Thailand. The government said it was because of a video on the site that it said was \"insulting\" to King Bhumibol Adulyadej. The Ministry of Information and Communication Technology claimed that it would unblock YouTube in a few days, after websites containing references to this video are blocked instead of the entire website. Communications Minister Sitthichai Pookaiyaudom said, \"When they decide to withdraw the clip, we will withdraw the ban.\" Soon after this incident the internet technology blog Mashable was banned from Thailand over the reporting of the YouTube clips in question.\nBrazilian model lawsuit and banning that came after.\nYouTube is being sued by Brazilian model and MTV VJ Daniela Cicarelli (better known as Ronaldo's ex-fianc\u00e9e) on the grounds that the site is making available a video footage made by a paparazzi, in which she and her boyfriend are having sex on a Spanish beach. The lawsuit says that YouTube has to be blocked in Brazil until all copies of the video are removed. On Saturday, January 6, 2007, a legal injunction ordered that filters be put in place to prevent users in Brazil from going to the website.\nThe effectiveness of the measure has been questioned, since the video is not available only on YouTube, but rather has become an Internet phenomenon. On Tuesday, January 9, 2007, the same court overturned their earlier decision, ordering the filters to be taken down, even though the footage was still forbidden, but without technical support for its blockage.\nMorocco.\nOn May 25, 2007 the state-owned company Maroc Telecom blocked all access to YouTube. There were no reasons given why YouTube was blocked. But the guesses are that it might have something to do with some pro-separatist group Polisario clips (Polisario is the Western Sahara independence movement) or because of some videos that criticized King Mohammed VI. This block did not concern the other two private internet-providers, Wana and Meditel. YouTube became accessible again on May 30th, 2007 after \"Maroc Telecom\" unofficially announced that the denied access to the website was only a \"technical glitch\".\nAustralia.\nIn Australia, some schools, including all secondary schools in Victoria, have YouTube blocked from student access, after fights have been posted on YouTube.\nChina.\nCurrently in China the government has blocked YouTube. For several years it has been unblocked but since the past five years it has been blocked.\nTerms of service.\nAccording the site's terms of service, users may upload videos only if they have the permission of the copyright holder and of the people in the video. Pornography, defamation, harassment, commercials and videos that encourage criminal conduct may not be uploaded. The uploader gives YouTube permission to give out and change the uploaded video for any purpose, and they do not have permission anymore when the uploader deletes the video from the site. Users may view videos on the site but are not allowed to save them on their computers.\nLocalization.\nOn June 19, 2007, Google CEO Eric Schmidt was in Paris to launch the new localization system. The interface of the website is available with localized versions in 90 countries, and a worldwide version.\nTesting language.\nThe interface of the YouTube website is available in 76 language versions including, Albanian, Amharic, Armenian, Bengali, Burmese, Khmer, Kyrgyz, Laotian, Mongolian, Persian and Uzbek, which do have local channel versions."}
+{"id": "48068", "revid": "1391867", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48068", "title": "Greenwich", "text": "Greenwich is a district of London. It is the main part of the Borough of Greenwich, about 8.9\u00a0km east south-east of Charing Cross.\nThe Royal Greenwich Observatory is in Greenwich. It was originally built for the Astronomer Royal. The Oservatory created the Greenwich Meridian (0\u00b0 longitude) and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).\nGreenwich is a town with a long history. It became the site of a royal palace, the Palace of Placentia, from the 15th century. This was the birthplace of many members of the Tudor dynasty, including Henry VIII and Elizabeth I. The palace became ruined during the English Civil War. It was rebuilt as a hospital by Sir Christopher Wren. These buildings became a military college in 1873, which lasted until 1998. The town became a popular resort in the 17th century. Many rich houses were built there, such as Vanbrugh Castle (1717). Estates were built above the town centre.\nGreenwich was part of Kent until 1889 when the County of London was created.\nWorld heritage site.\nMaritime Greenwich is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is on the River Thames. The site includes buildings along the riverfront, and surrounding the 17th century Queen's House. The group include the complex of the Royal Hospital for Seamen, the Royal Observatory and the Royal Park.\nThe Royal Hospital was laid out to a master plan created by Christopher Wren. The hospital complex was built over many decades. Other architects who added to this long-term project included Nicholas Hawksmoor.\nThe core of this group of buildings is the Queen's House which was designed by Inigo Jones. This was the first Palladian building in Britain.\nThe Royal Observatory is now the baseline for the world's time zone system and for the measurement of longitude around the globe.\nThe Royal Park is a symmetrical design in an irregular landscape around the buildings of the World Heritage Site. The park was created by Andr\u00e9 Le N\u00f4tre.\nThe park and grounds behind the buildings on the river held the competitions for the horse-related events of the 2012 Summer Olympics.\nPublic transport.\nNational Rail and Docklands Light Railway services call at Greenwich station."}
+{"id": "48073", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48073", "title": "New wave", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48074", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48074", "title": "New Wave", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48079", "revid": "1640475", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48079", "title": "Catch Me If You Can", "text": "Catch Me If You Can is a 2002 American biographical crime drama movie. It stars Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hanks. The movie was directed by Steven Spielberg. It is based on the 1980 book by Frank Abagnale.\n\"Catch Me if You Can\" is set in 1963. Frank Abagnale is played by Leonardo DiCaprio. Frank is sixteen years old. Carl Hanratty is played by Tom Hanks. \nPlot.\nCarl is an FBI investigator. When Frank's parents get divorced, Frank decides to leave his house and to change his name. He buys a pilot uniform and forges (makes a fake copy of) a pilot licence. He travels with PanAm airlines to many countries. He pays with forged cheques in the USA.\nThen Frank decides to work as a doctor. He again forges the documents. In the hospital he meets a girl named Brenda Strong. He begins working as a lawyer, so that he can marry Brenda. Brenda's father, Roger Strong is also a lawyer. Now Frank has had 3 jobs, under 3 different names; Frank Abagnale Jr, Frank Taylor and Frank Connors. Carl Hanratty is at the engagement party. Carl reveals to the girls' father who Frank is. In the meantime, Frank tells his fianc\u00e9, Brenda the truth about his life and what he has done. Carl searches the house, but Frank has already left. Frank escapes and moves to Mont-de Marson, France where he tries to escape. Carl Hanratty finds him and convinces Frank to come quietly to face his crime. Frank goes quietly with Carl. When Frank leaves jail, he works with Carl Hanratty, helping Carl to catch criminals who forge cheques and other documents."}
+{"id": "48081", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48081", "title": "Armorica", "text": "Armorica or Aremorica is the name given in ancient times to the part of Gaul that includes the Brittany peninsula and the territory between the Seine and Loire rivers"}
+{"id": "48082", "revid": "10447390", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48082", "title": "Gaul", "text": "Gaul () was the name given in ancient times to the area of Western Europe that included what are now northern Italy, France, Belgium, western Switzerland and the parts of the Netherlands and Germany on the west bank of the Rhine River. Many Celtic tribes lived in the region and were known by the Romans simply as \"Gauls\". \nIn English, the word \"Gaul\" () may mean a Celtic inhabitant of that region or all ancient speakers of Gaulish. In that way, \"Gaul\" and \"Celt\" are sometimes used in the same sense.\nGauls under Brennus attacked Rome at the Battle of the Allia (390 BC). The Romans later conquered and ruled Gaul. \nFrom 260 to 274, Gaul broke away from the Roman Empire and formed the before it was defeated and reintegrated.\nTrivia.\nIn Greek, modern-day France is called \"\u0393\u03b1\u03bb\u03bb\u03af\u03b1\" (same as the Latin \"Gallia\"), and the term for a Gaulish person is \"\u0393\u03b1\u03bb\u03b1\u03c4\u03af\u03b1\" (Galatia)."}
+{"id": "48083", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48083", "title": "Danelaw", "text": "The Danelaw (from the Old English \"Dena lagu\", Danish: \"Danelagen\" ) is an 11th-century name for an area of northern and eastern England. This area was under the administrative control of the Danish Viking empire (or Danes, or Norsemen) from the late 9th century until the early 11th century.\nAs can be seen from the map, Danelaw at its height was \"about a third the territory of England\". Textbooks say correctly that the history left us with place-names which reflect the old languages."}
+{"id": "48084", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48084", "title": "Jorvik", "text": "J\u00f3rv\u00edk was the Viking name for the English city of York and the kingdom centred there.\nYork had been founded as the Roman legionary fortress of \"Eboracum\" and revived as the Anglo-Saxon trading port of \"Eoforwic\". It was first captured in November 866 by a large army of Danish Vikings."}
+{"id": "48085", "revid": "1650982", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48085", "title": "Mutton", "text": "The terms lamb, mutton or hoggett are used to describe the meat of a domestic sheep. The meat of a sheep a year old or younger is generally known as \"lamb\", whereas the meat of an older sheep is either \"hoggett\" or \"mutton\" depending on its age and characteristics. In some countries all such meat is referred to as \"lamb\". All of these are known as sheepmeats.\nLamb is the meat from a sheep that is between one month and one year old, typically weighing between 5.5 and 30 kilograms. It is generally more tender than the meat of older sheep and is commonly consumed in many Western countries, particularly at Easter.\nHoggett and mutton can taste more flavorful than lamb because they contain a higher concentration of species-characteristic fatty acids; many therefore prefer the stronger flavour of older animals. "}
+{"id": "48086", "revid": "10243036", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48086", "title": "Prion", "text": "A prion (pronounced \"pree-on)\" is an infectious protein. The word is short for \"proteinaceous infectious particles\". \nAll known prion diseases in mammals affect the structure of the brain or other neural tissue. Right now, they cannot be treated and always end in death.\nPrions cause many forms of encephalitis, or brain disease, such as scrapie, chronic wasting disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy and kuru. Prions work by changing the shape of proteins in infected animals. While normal proteins have lots of alpha helices, or twisted parts, changed proteins have lots of beta sheets, or flat parts. It has also been suggested that Alzheimer's disease causes damage to the prions. \nBecause prions are proteins, and proteins cannot reproduce themselves, it is a mystery how prions work. A lot of molecular biology research is going on to find out how they reproduce themselves, with no clear result so far."}
+{"id": "48087", "revid": "10448026", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48087", "title": "Hashish", "text": "Hashish is a sticky, thick, dark-colored resin (plant juice) which is made from the flower of the female cannabis plant, \"Cannabis sativa\". The cannabis plant's leaves and flowers contain chemicals known as cannabinoids. One cannabinoid is THC, which gives a person who smokes or eats parts of the cannabis plant a feeling of euphoria (makes the user feel good or happy). Another cannabinoid is CBD, which gives the user a relaxing feeling, and another is CBG which gives the user red or droopy eyes. The name \"hashish\" comes from an Arabic word meaning \"dry weed\".\nThe two main drugs made from the cannabis plant are marijuana and hashish. Hashish has much more of the chemical THC (which makes users feel good or happy) than marijuana. Hashish is an illegal drug in the United States, UK and many other countries. Some people think it should be legal, some think it should be legal only for medical reasons, and some think it should not be legal at all.\nProduction and use.\nTo make hashish, workers rub cannabis blossoms with their hands to get the resin to stick to their hands, and then the resin is collected. Another way to make hashish is to sift the ground-up, dried leaves through a screen and press the powder resin to make a \"brick\".\nA more modern method of producing hashish is through alcohol extraction. In this method cannabis plants are ground up and covered in isopropyl alcohol or butane and left to sit. The mixture is then dried until the alcohol is gone, leaving the active terpenoid and terpene compounds which can be used immediately or cooked into bricks.\nWhen a person wants to use hashish, they usually smoke it by putting a small piece of hashish in a joint with tobacco or marijuana. Then the person lights the paper roll with a flame and inhales the smoke that comes out, exhaling 1-3\u00a0seconds after holding in the smoke.\nAnother way that people use hashish is by putting a small piece of hashish in a pipe or bong (water pipe) then putting it on fire, and breathing the smoke. Some people also eat hashish, usually by mixing it into food or baked goods.\nLegality.\nThe legality of hashish use is different in different countries.\nAustralia.\nCannabis and sometimes hashish is legal for strict medicinal use such as cancer patients, terminally ill, epileptics and insomniacs. In Canberra however, cannabis is now legal for adults 18+ since 2019. Before this, it was only decriminalised in Canberra.\nAmerica.\nIn the US, there are state and federal laws that do not agree if cannabis is legal or not. Some states such as Colorado and California are completely legal for use of cannabis in all forms including flower, hashish, edibles, tinctures, hash oil and even flavoured or alcoholic drinks for adults 21 or over excluding some laws for the quantity you can possess, distribution and where you can smoke in these states. In other states, cannabis in all forms excluding perhaps Cannabis Ruderalis (hemp) is only legal for medicinal use but much less strict than Australia for example. In some other states cannabis is classed as a Schedule 1 drug meaning severe and unreasonable punishments for possession, use and distribution.\nNetherlands.\nHashish is not legal in the Netherlands, but there are no criminal laws against having a small amount of cannabis (marijuana or hashish). This is because the Netherlands decided that having cannabis should not be a crime. Some other countries are starting to \"decriminalize\" and even completely legalise cannabis as (make using it or having it no longer be a crime).\nEffects.\nThe effects of hashish are typically the same as cannabis although less is consumed to reach the same level of intoxication if it isn't \"soapbar\" hash.\nEffects of hash and weed cause the following effects depending on how much is consumed. Although Sativa strains will normally cause a higher ratio of trippy and heart raising effects than Indica and Indica strains normally will have a higher ratio of sedating and narcotic effects than a Sativa strain, both cause relatively the same effects, just a higher ratio of \"trip\" effects from sativas than indicas and higher ratio of sedation and mood relief from indicas than sativas.\nHurting the lungs and throat.\nSmoking any drugs/plants such as marijuana, hashish, or tobacco is bad for the lungs. Smoke hurts the lungs and the throat because the smoke has tar in it and when any form of plant matter is combusted, some of the plant is processed into carcinogenic smoke which have cancer causing potential for the physical respiratory system excluding the heart, including lungs throat and mouth. There are much less carcinogens in cannabis/hash smoke than tobacco as cannabis contains no carcinogens itself until burnt. A person who only eats hashish will not hurt their lungs or throat. A relatively newer process of inhalation which is much safer than smoking is vaporizing the hashish. This method is based on increasing the temperature of the hashish to 170-200 degrees Celsius which is about the temperature THC vaporizes but is far below the point when \"carbons\" begin being burned. The result is the THC compound being breathed in combined with air rather than the THC compound being breathed in with smoke.\nRepetitive lifestyle.\nExcluding smoking risks, smoking hashish and weed all the time can potentially help someone to be caught up in a repetitive loop of habits in life, some which may be unhealthy. Quitting, doing more productive things or tripping on a serotonin psychedelic can help reset these habits but that is another topic all together.\nCardiovascular risk.\nIt is unknown whether hash or cannabis can be dangerous for people with a severely damaged or weak heart but the increase of heart rate and lower blood pressure caused by being stoned can certainly cause potential short-term problems especially if the person has a panic attack for whatever reason (thinking they're having a heart attack, wanting the effects to disappear or paranoid thoughts about specific things). This coupled with the already elevated heart rate seems like it can certainly cause problems for people with \"bad\" hearts, but it's still not proven as there's still been (of January 2020) absolutely no certain recorded deaths caused by only cannabis. There has been a couple reports of cardiac arrest, but most or all of these reports contain at least one other potential factor.\nPotential overdosing.\nIn general, THC smoked or orally consumed, upwards of 3 grams seems to be relatively safe even though 3 grams of pure THC is around 100 moderately strong edibles. However, smoking cannabis seems to be physically impossible to lethally overdose for someone relatively healthy. Many people smoke grams of hash oil at a time, wanting to achieve a state that \"no man's gone before\", with the absolutely worst thing happening is a pale face, vomiting, and inability to move as much as usual.\nIf a ridiculously high dose of cannabis is consumed such as in edibles in doses of a gram +/-, then the user can green out, although this phenomenon isn't lethal.\nThe \"green out\" can cause nausea, vomiting, dizziness, hallucinations (unique compared to any other class of hallucinogens), disorientation, strong sedation, pale skin, sleeping (up to 12 hours), and in rare cases short comas (up to 2 days). The person experiencing the \"overdose\" generally ends up fine. In bad cases, they may end up in a hospital from thinking they're in danger, or for someone else mistaking their symptoms as dangerous.\nAddiction.\nMost other illegal drugs, such as heroin, crack, and cocaine, are very addictive. This means that someone with an addictive personality, or someone that has no worries or knowledge of side effects of the addictive drug they're about to do, starts regularly taking an addictive drug (heroin, meth, or cocaine), the person will want to keep taking more of the drug, even if it is making them sick with or without it. Legal drugs such as tobacco, caffeine and alcohol are also found to be addictive, tobacco the most. Tobacco can be just as bad, if not, worse of an addiction than methamphetamine. The tobacco user will typically go buy some more cigarettes or pick up used butts to smoke if they run out. If the meth user runs out, they have no easy legal source to get it, and if they have no money they can't just pick up a dirty second hand \"meth butt\" (no such thing) off anywhere on the ground. The addiction is as strong as tobacco, that they \"need\" it, so many of them end up breaking into people's houses and cars to steal money and possessions to trade for more, which tobacco users do not tend to do. Tobacco users do tend to smoke much more often, however.\nHashish and cannabis are not physically addictive like heroin, cocaine and cigarettes; however, users may develop a psychological addiction.\nSlang terms.\nHashish is often just called \"hash\". There are other variations of hashish such as temple balls, dry sift, kief, pressed hash, and bubble hash. If you hear any of these terms, the person is talking about a specific type of hash. Slang terms vary from country to country. There are many slang terms for hashish smoking, such as \"getting faded\", \"getting stoned as fuck\", \"blown away\", \"baking up\", \"getting baked\", \"blazing\" etc., all of them same terms are used interchangeably with smoking weed as they both get you to a very similar state of mind. Although most hash smokers if they have hash will more likely say something simple rather than slang like \"let's smoke some hash\" unless they're talking about how high they want to get."}
+{"id": "48091", "revid": "40117", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48091", "title": "William Pitt the Younger", "text": "William Pitt the Younger (28 May 1759 \u2013 23 January 1806) was a British politician of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. \nHe was Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1782\u20131783, 1783\u20131801 and 1804\u20131806. He was prime minister of the United Kingdom from 1783 to 1801, and again from 1804 until his death. He is known as \"William Pitt the Younger\" to distinguish him from his father, William Pitt the Elder, who also served as prime minster.\nHe became the youngest prime minister in 1783 at the age of 24. During his time as prime minister, the kingdom of Ireland joined with Great Britain and both kingdoms became the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland on 1 January 1801. Pitt continued to be prime minister in the new Parliament of the United Kingdom.\nReferences.\nNotes"}
+{"id": "48098", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48098", "title": "Jean-Paul Sartre", "text": "Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre (21 June 1905 \u2013 15 April 1980) was a French existentialist philosopher, novelist, playwright, screenwriter, and critic. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature for 1964, but refused it, saying \"a writer should not allow himself to be turned into an institution\". He was a Marxist and an atheist.\nSartre's life.\nSartre was born in Paris, France. He studied philosophy at the \"\u00c9cole Normale Sup\u00e9rieure\", an \u00e9lite (high quality) education establishment. In 1929, Sartre graduated with a doctorate in philosophy. Sartre served in the French Army from 1929 to 1931.\nIn 1929 at the \u00c9cole Normale, he met Simone de Beauvoir, who studied at the Sorbonne. She went on to become a noted philosopher, writer, and feminist. The two became inseparable and lifelong companions. In 1938, Sartre wrote the novel called \"La Naus\u00e9e\" (Nausea). This story explains the way of thinking of existentialism. Existentialism is a way of thinking about human freedom.\nDraft to the army.\nIn 1939 Sartre was drafted into the French army. France was at war with Germany, because Germany had invaded France (World War II) Sartre was captured by German troops in 1940, and Sartre spent nine months as a prisoner of war in a camp. Sartre was released from the prison camp (jail) in 1941. He then began working as a teacher again. He made friends with other writers and thinkers such as Merleau-Ponty, Jean-Toussaint and Dominique Desanti, and Jean Kanapa.\n1940s.\nIn 1943, Sartre wrote a book about philosophy (ways of thinking) called \"L'\u00catre et le N\u00e9ant\", which means \"Being and Nothingness\". In this book, Sartre said that when people tried too hard to conform to the rules of society (or of their country), then people did not really make their own decisions. And he concluded that life is useless disaster.\nIn 1945, Sartre started a newspaper called \"Les Temps Modernes\" (Modern Times), which had articles about politics, art and literature. He also began writing a group of novels (stories) called \"Les Chemins de la Libert\u00e9\" (The Roads to Freedom). In 1946 Sartre wrote a book about philosophy (ways of thinking) called \"Existentialism is a Humanism\", which explains existentialism.\nAfter 1950s.\nIn the 1950s and 1960s, Sartre became involved in politics. Sartre said that France should leave Algeria, a country where France had many soldiers. In the 1960s, Sartre said that the Vietnam War was bad. In 1960, he wrote the \"Critique de la raison dialectique\" (Critique of Dialectical Reason). In the 1960s, Sartre had many arguments with Louis Althusser, a man who also believed in communism.\nDeath.\nSartre died of oedema of the lung in 1980 in Paris. His body is buried in Cimeti\u00e8re du Montparnasse in Paris. His funeral was attended by 50,000 people."}
+{"id": "48100", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48100", "title": "John Steinbeck", "text": "John Ernst Steinbeck Jr. (; February 27, 1902\u00a0\u2013 December 20, 1968) was an American writer. Steinbeck won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1962. Some of his most famous works are \"Of Mice and Men\" (1937) and \"The Grapes of Wrath\" (1940), which won a Pulitzer Prize. In these two books, Steinbeck writes about migrant workers during the Great Depression.\nSteinbeck used naturalism in his books. His characters and stories came from real events from the early 20th century. His work shows his wide range of interests, such as politics, history, philosophy and mythology.\nSeventeen of his works were made into Hollywood movies. Steinbeck also tried screen writing, which is writing for movies. He received an Academy Award nomination for Best Writing in Alfred Hitchcock's 1945 movie, \"Lifeboat\".\nEarly life.\nSteinbeck was born to John Ernst Steinbeck Sr., a first-generation German American. He attended Stanford University until 1925 when he left the university in order to become a writer. His first work, \"Cup of Gold\", came out four years later, but was not successful. He married Carol Henning the following year.\nSteinbeck first gained success with the novel \"Tortilla Flat\" in 1935. The story was about two men living in Monterey, California during the Great Depression. The book won the California Commonwealth Club's gold medal. It was made into a movie seven years later, starring Spencer Tracy, Hedy Lamarr, and John Garfield.\nCritical success.\nSteinbeck continued to write on the subject of the Great Depression. Two years later, Steinbeck wrote \"Of Mice and Men\", considered as one of the best works of American literature in the twentieth century. His story dealt with the lives of two migrant laborers with big dreams in California. It was turned into a Hollywood movie in 1939, starring Lon Chaney Jr. as \"Lennie\" and Burgess Meredith as \"George\". That year, Steinbeck followed up with another book, \"The Grapes of Wrath\". The book is about the Joad family and their travels from Oklahoma to California during the Dust Bowl in search of work. The novel won the Pulitzer Prize and movie adaptation won two Academy Awards, and is ranked #7 on the American Film Institute's list, \"100 Years...100 Cheers: America's Most Inspiring Movies\". There was controversy with the book, though. Many people felt that Steinbeck's liberal opinions misrepresented the truth of Dust Bowl migrations. He had this student that his name was Oscar Perez and they would both do the job together.\nLater life.\nSteinbeck continued to write from 1940s to 1960s. He wrote such works as \"The Moon is Down\", \"The Pearl\", \"Cannery Row\", \"East of Eden\" and \"The Winter of Our Discontent\". In 1962, Steinbeck won the Nobel Prize in Literature for \"his realistic and imaginative writing, combining as it does sympathetic humor and keen social perception.\"\nTwo years later, he was awarded the \"United States Medal of Freedom\" by President Lyndon B. Johnson. Steinbeck died on December 20, 1968 in New York at the age of 66, of a heart disease."}
+{"id": "48102", "revid": "10357773", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48102", "title": "Akira Kurosawa", "text": "Akira Kurosawa (March 23, 1910 \u2013 September 6, 1998) was a Japanese movie director. Kurosawa's movies are liked in Japan. Kurosawa's movies are also liked by people in other countries. He made 30 movies in 50 years. He is thought to be one of the most important movie directors.\nIn many of his famous movies, including \"Rashomon\" and \"The Seven Samurai\", he worked with the actor Toshiro Mifune.\nKurosawa started in the Japanese movie industry in 1936. Before he worked a little bit as a painter. After years of working on many movies as an assistant director and scriptwriter, he became a director in 1943. This was during World War II with the popular action movie \"Sanshiro Sugata\" (a.k.a. \"Judo Saga\"). \n\"Rashomon\", was first shown in Tokyo in August 1950. On September 10, 1951 it was the surprise winner of the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival. It then was shown in Europe and North America. Because the movie was so well liked, it made people in the western world want to see more Japanese movies. This helped make other Japanese movie makers become successful. In the 1950s and early 1960s, Kurosawa directed about one movie each year.\nIn 1990, he accepted the Academy Award for Lifetime Achievement. After he died, he was named \"Asian of the Century\" in the \"Arts, Literature, and Culture\" category by \"AsianWeek\" magazine and CNN.\nAkira Kurosawa known for influential, character-rich films exploring morality, often collaborating with Toshiro Mifune. His work blends Japanese tradition with dynamic visuals, symbolism, and humanism."}
+{"id": "48103", "revid": "1362401", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48103", "title": "Science fiction movie", "text": "Science fiction movies are movies which tell stories about the future, outer space, robots, or aliens. Science fiction movies often use special effects to show images of alien worlds or other planets far away.\nScience fiction movies are related to science fiction books. Some science fiction movies tell stories about strange or different ways of thinking or ways of living. Other science fiction movies tell stories about the survival.\nImportant science fiction novels and films.\nAll written as books, most later filmed.\nScience fiction movies and other genres.\nSome SF movies can also be another kind of movie, too."}
+{"id": "48108", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48108", "title": "Reading, Pennsylvania", "text": "Reading is a city in the American state of Pennsylvania. It is the fourth largest city in Pennsylvania with 95,112 at the 2020 count. It is located in Berks County. There were more jobs when it was more populated. Yuengling is available as well."}
+{"id": "48109", "revid": "1291270", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48109", "title": "Swanage", "text": "Swanage is a seaside town on the east-south coast of England. The town in Dorset that has a population of around 10,001 people. The town has a wide range of tourist attractions: a steam Railway, Durlston Country Park (Nature reserve), Victorian Pier, two public swimming pools, tennis courts, Indoor & Outdoor bowling greens, and Corfe Castle."}
+{"id": "48111", "revid": "195232", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48111", "title": "Old English", "text": "Old English (\"Englis\u010b\" or \"\u00c6nglisc\") or Anglo-Saxon, was spoken in Anglo-Saxon England from 450 to 1100 . It was spoken by the Anglo-Saxons, who came to Great Britain from what are now Germany and Denmark. Different Anglo-Saxon kingdoms spoke different dialects, but a western dialect became the main literary version. Both modern languages of England and Scotland (English and Scots) came from the language of the Anglo-Saxons.\nOld English is a West Germanic language and developed out of Ingvaeonic, which is very different from Modern English because it is closer to German than to English and has for its closest relatives Old Frisian and Old Saxon. It has many more Germanic words, difficult grammar and complex inflections.\nIn early centuries, Old English was rarely written down, and even then, it was in runes. After the 8th century, the Latin alphabet was used more often by churchmen like the Venerable Bede. After the Norman conquest of England in 1066, Old English was replaced by Anglo-Norman, which gradually turned into Middle English.\nThe epic poem \"Beowulf\" is written in Old English in an alphabetic script."}
+{"id": "48114", "revid": "1391867", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48114", "title": "Scottish people", "text": "Scottish people or Scots are people native to Scotland or who are descended from a native of Scotland. They almost all speak Scottish English, but some of those living in the Lowlands and the islands may speak the Scots (a Anglic language) as well.\nRobert Burns is the national poet of Scotland."}
+{"id": "48117", "revid": "201410", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48117", "title": "Hungen", "text": "Hungen is a town in the district of Gie\u00dfen, in the state of Hesse, Germany. It is southeast of Gie\u00dfen. It is northeast of Friedberg. Other towns near Hungen are Laubach, Nidda, W\u00f6lfersheim and M\u00fcnzenberg.\nThe first documented mention of Hungen is in the year 782. In 1806 it became part of the Grand Duchy of Hessen.\nInteresting buildings in Hungen are the Hungen Castle, the Evangelical Church, and the \"Hauptbahnhof,\" (the main railroad station). Also in Hungen can be seen parts of the town's medieval boundary wall.\nHungen in the media.\n\"\": The railroad station of Hungen can be seen in this 2007 Canadian documentary. Robert Scott Kellner came to Hungen in 1960 to search for his grandfather, Friedrich Kellner. Friedrich Kellner was the chief justice inspector of Laubach. He wrote the Friedrich Kellner Diary. Robert Scott Kellner is the English translator of the diary."}
+{"id": "48120", "revid": "1538235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48120", "title": "Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof", "text": "Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof is the central railway station in the German city of Bremerhaven, Bremen.\nThe station lies on the line from Bremen to Cuxhaven. The line from Bremen was built in 1862, and a station for that was built in Geestem\u00fcnde. At the time, Geestem\u00fcnde did not belong to Bremerhaven, but was a separate town. The line from Geestem\u00fcnde to Cuxhaven was then built in 1896. \nBecause, there were too many trains in the old station, and it is connected only with single-track, it was decided to knock down the old station. The new station, which is now Bremerhaven Central railway station, was opened in 1914. Because, it still was in Geestem\u00fcnde, but not as far away as the old station, it was called \"Geestem\u00fcnde-Bremerhaven\". \nIn 1924, some other towns joined Bremerhaven, and the city got a new name, Weserm\u00fcnde. The station got a new name, \"Weserm\u00fcnde-Bremerhaven\", because of that.\nIn 1944, in the middle of World War II, the hall over the railway tracks was destroyed by a bomb that was thrown from an American plane. The hall was not built again after the war.\nWeserm\u00fcnde received another name and was called Bremerhaven from 1947, and the station received the new name too and was now called \"Bremerhaven Hauptbahnhof\". That means \"Bremerhaven Central railway station\", and it was called that way because it was now in the middle of the new, large city.\nElectric cables were put in the station in 1966, so that electric trains could run. Trains that were carrying soldiers of the US Army often ran to Bremerhaven in the 1970s, because the US Army had large barracks in the city."}
+{"id": "48121", "revid": "1130781", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48121", "title": "Duchy", "text": "A duchy is a territory or domain ruled by a duke or duchess. Historically, some duchies in Continental Europe were sovereign, while others (especially in France and Britain) were subordinate districts of a kingdom. \nTraditionally, a \"grand duchy\", such as Luxembourg, was generally independent and sovereign. Sovereign duchies were common in the Holy Roman Empire and German-speaking areas. In France, a number of duchies existed in the medieval period. King Charles III of the United Kingdom still holds the medieval French title of \"Duke of Normandy\"; the only lands still attached to the Duchy of Normandy are the Channel Islands. \nIn medieval England, the territories of Lancashire and Cornwall were made duchies, with certain powers given to their Dukes. \nToday, duchies aren't very common in Europe, primarily because a lot of former monarchies such as France and Russia had their revolutions. However, duchies will always be remembered - in our history textbooks. "}
+{"id": "48122", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48122", "title": "Bam Bam Bigelow", "text": "Scott Charles Bigelow (September 1, 1961 - January 19, 2007) was an American professional wrestler. He was more commonly known as Bam Bam Bigelow. He was famous for his time in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) (now World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) ) and World Championship Wrestling (WCW) in the late 1980s and early 1990s.\nDeath.\nOn the morning of January 19, 2007, Bigelow was found dead in his home at about 10:00 A.M. in Hudson, Florida. He was 45 years old. At the time of his death, Bigelow had been suffering from an infection and diabetes. He was 45 years old. The autopsy results showed that Bigelow's death was due to multiple drugs found in his system including toxic levels of cocaine and an anti-anxiety drug. Bigelow was also suffering from a heart problem."}
+{"id": "48124", "revid": "687081", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48124", "title": "Incomplete metamorphosis", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48125", "revid": "10471842", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48125", "title": "Anglo-Norman language", "text": "The Anglo-Norman language is the name given to the special sort of the Norman language spoken by the Anglo-Normans, the descendants of the Normans who ruled the Kingdom of England following the conquest by William of Normandy in 1066. This langue d'o\u00efl became the official language of England and later developed into the unique insular dialect now known as the Anglo-Norman language. It was much like Old French.\nAnglo-Norman was the spoken language of the Norman nobility and was also used in the courts."}
+{"id": "48126", "revid": "687081", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48126", "title": "Hemimetabolism", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48127", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48127", "title": "Hemimetabolous", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48128", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48128", "title": "Langues d'o\u00efl", "text": "Langues d'o\u00efl (which literally means in English: \"languages of yes\") is the linguistic and historical name for the Gallo-Romance languages which developed from Latin in the northern territories of Roman Gaul that now are occupied by northern France, part of Belgium and the Channel Islands.\n\"Langue d'o\u00efl\" (in the singular), \"O\u00efl dialects\" and \"O\u00efl languages\" (in the plural) refer to all the ancient northern Gallo-Romance languages as well as their modern-day descendants. The most widely spoken modern O\u00efl language is French, but others include Norman, Walloon, Picard, Gallo, Poitevin-Saintongeais, and Champenois.\nThey share many common linguistic features. One of them is that \"O\u00efl\" (pronounced [wil], or [wi] as in modern French \"oui\"), was the ancestor of the word for \"yes\" that is used in all of the O\u00efl languages. \"Oc\" is the word used in territories to the south and so the Occitan language is also called \"langue d'oc\" (literal English translation: \"language of yes\")."}
+{"id": "48130", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48130", "title": "Frodo Baggins", "text": "Frodo Baggins is one of the main characters in J. R. R. Tolkien's \"The Lord of the Rings\". He is a Hobbit who lives in the Shire and is the cousin of Bilbo, who gives him the One Ring. Frodo starts his mission to destroy the ring by throwing it in Mount Doom in Mordor. He is one of the members of the Fellowship of the Ring along with his friend, Samwise Gamgee, who stays with him until the end of their journey.\nHe is in many adaptations of Tolkien's books and he was played by Elijah Wood in Peter Jackson's \"The Lord of the Rings\" and \"The Hobbit\" trilogies."}
+{"id": "48131", "revid": "1288841", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48131", "title": "Ring", "text": "A ring is a piece of jewelry that is usually worn on the finger.\nIt is usually made of metal such as gold, silver, platinum, but can be made of other things, for example, bone or glass. Many rings have gemstones on them, for beauty and decoration on your finger. It is a fashion accessory and sometimes a sign of importance (status). The Lord Chancellors of England were given a ring when taking office, and returned it when leaving the position. The ring identified them as the second most important person in the kingdom.\nIn most religions, senior clergy have rings of their office. It is standard practice for members of a church to kneel and kiss the ring as a sign of faith and obedience.\nEngagement and wedding rings.\nRings have been used for engagements and weddings since prehistoric times. The engagement ring is meant to be a sign of luck and happiness. Both men and women used to wear an engagement ring to show that they were going to be married, but more recently only women have worn them. A diamond ring is seen as being especially lucky, as the sparkle of the diamond is said to come from the fires of love. A pearl in a ring is unlucky, as the pearl is a sign of tears. Because the ring is round and does not have an end, it is seen as a symbol of love which never ends. These are, of course, superstitions. However, a wedding ring is a public symbol of a legal relationship, and in many societies rings have that kind of function.\nMost people wear wedding rings on the fourth finger (\"ring finger\") of their left hand."}
+{"id": "48135", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48135", "title": "Descendant", "text": "Descendant or descendent might mean: "}
+{"id": "48136", "revid": "196884", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48136", "title": "Gallo-Romance languages", "text": "The Gallo-Romance are a branch of Romance languages. It includes French and several other languages spoken in modern France and northern Italy and Spain. According to some linguists, it also includes Occitan and Catalan. Others group both together as a separate Occitano-Romance branch or place Catalan within the Ibero-Romance group. The Gallo-Romance languages, along with the Ibero-Romance and Rhaeto-Romance groups, form Western Romance."}
+{"id": "48141", "revid": "527152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48141", "title": "Capital accumulation", "text": "Capital accumulation means the gathering of objects of value; the increase in wealth; or the creation of wealth. In this context capital can be understood as assets used for profit.\nIn economics capital accumulation is often seen as the same as investment.\nBut capital accumulation can refer as well to \nNon-financial capital accumulation is an essential factor for economic growth, since additional investment is essential to enlarge the scale of production and increase employment opportunities.\nRosa Luxemburg insisted that capital accumulation is the cause of the imperialism on her essay \"\"The Accumulation of Capital\"."}
+{"id": "48142", "revid": "7440", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48142", "title": "Prions", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48143", "revid": "1467751", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48143", "title": "Investment", "text": "In finance, Investment or investing means that an asset is bought, or that money is put into a bank to get a future interest from it. Investment is total amount of money spent by a shareholder in buying shares of a company. In economic management sciences, investments means longer-term savings.\nIt is a term used in business management, finance and economics, related to saving or deferring consumption. Literally, the word means the \"action of putting something in to somewhere else\" (perhaps originally related to a person's garment or 'vestment').\nTypes of investment.\nThere are two major uses of the term investment between the economics field and the finance field. Economists refer to a real investment (such as a machine or a house), while financial economists refer to a financial asset, such as money that is put into a bank or the market which may then be used to buy a real asset. Advisors, who tell people how to manage their investments, might say that even when an investment is losing money because of bad times, not to give up and withdraw it. Instead, wait for the situation to improve. This is a risk for each person to decide.\nBusiness management.\nThe investment decision (also known as \"capital budgeting\") is one of the fundamental decisions of business management."}
+{"id": "48144", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48144", "title": "Battle of Bannockburn", "text": "The Battle of Bannockburn, fought on 23 and 24 June 1314, was an important Scottish victory in the Wars of Scottish Independence. A smaller Scottish army defeated a much larger and better armed English army.\nBackground.\nWhen King Alexander III of Scotland died in 1286, his heir was his granddaughter Margaret, Maid of Norway. King Edward I of England arranged to have his son, Edward II of England, become her husband and share the crown of Scotland in 1289. But Margaret died on her way from Norway to Scotland in 1290. This began a period in Scotland called the First Interregnum (1290\u20131292). Scotland was without a monarch. Edward I was invited to choose who would be king from among the candidates who had any claim to be king. He chose John of Scotland. But Edward now claimed power over the Scottish king. Balliol could do nothing without Edward's approval. In July 1295 the Scottish Parliament met and took most of the power away from John Balliol and gave it to a group of men they elected called the \"Council of Twelve.\" This group made an agreement with King Philip IV of France called the Auld Alliance. King Edward gathered his army at Newcastle and prepared to invade Scotland. He brought his army to Berwick and captured the town and castle. John Balliol sent King Edward letters refusing to recognize Edward's right to rule Scotland. After Edward had captured all the castles in Scotland, John Balliol surrendered to him. John Balliol was sent to prison in London, then later Edward allowed him to live in France. In 1296 Edward made every man in Scotland who owned land promise to be loyal to him. Scotland remained without a king of their own until 1306 when Robert the Bruce declared himself king of Scotland defying Edward I. Just before doing this Robert the Bruce had been involved in a dispute with John Comyn. The two met before the altar in Greyfriars Church in Dumfries in 1306 and in a fight John Comyn was killed. Robert the Bruce was crowned king three weeks later at Scone. Accused of murdering Comyn, Bruce was excommunicated by the Pope. Edward sent his men after Bruce but was unable to capture Him. A series of border skirmishes and wars went on. In 1310 Edward again invaded Scotland but with little effect. Between 1310 and 1314 a large number of castles were captured from the occupying English soldiers by Bruce and his followers.\nSiege of Stirling Castle.\nIn the Spring of 1313 Edward Bruce, brother of the Scottish King began a siege of Stirling Castle, which was held by Sir Philip Mowbray for the English king. By the middle of summer the Scots were still not able to defeat the castle. Edward Bruce made an agreement with the castle commander, Mowbray. It said that if the castle was not relieved by the English by 24 June the following year it would be surrendered to Bruce. Edward Bruce went to his brother to tell him the good news. But the Robert Bruce saw this as a mistake. It gave King Edward II of England a year to get ready an army to march into Scotland. Up to this point the king of Scotland had avoided pitched battles with the English army. All King Robert could do is prepare for what was sure to come. In October 1313 King Robert made everyone in Scotland take an oath of loyalty to him or lose their lands. The English king was now in danger of losing everything in Scotland. On 28 November 1313 Edward II announced he would assemble an army to be in Scotland before 24 June 1314.\nEdward II comes to Scotland.\nEdward's first aim was to bring needed food, weapons, and fresh soldiers to Sterling Castle before they had to surrender. He began gathering the largest army a king of England had ever led. He had 2,500 heavy cavalry each followed by one or more mounted squires. Edward brought 3,000 of his best Welsh longbowmen. Finally he had 15,000 foot soldiers each with a sword, shield and spear. His army numbered over 20,000 and began marching from Berwick on 17 June 1314 and formed ten divisions. He had reached Edinburgh on 21 June where the army was re-supplied by Edward's ships. By 22 June the army made an exhausting march to Falkirk, only 10 miles from Sterling Castle. Edward's army moved on the old Roman road, which ran through an ancient forest known as the Tor Wood, over the Bannock burn and into the New Park, a hunting preserve enclosed at the time of Alexander III.\nScottish preparations.\nBruce's army, like William Wallace's before him, was chiefly composed of infantry armed with 18-foot long pikes. It was divided into three main (infantry) battalions, and a fourth larger battalion commanded by the king himself serving as the reserve unit. The second battalion was commanded by Thomas Randolph, 1st Earl of Moray. The third was led by Edward Bruce, the king's brother. The fourth division was commanded by Sir James Douglas and his cousin Walter the Steward. The light cavalry of 500 strong was commanded by Robert Keith, Marischal of Scotland. Each infantry division formed into a Schiltron formation. Each man carried the pike upright and the outside ranks would lower theirs to form a lethal wall of sharp metal points. The schiltron could withstand an attack by knights on horses. But Bruce also trained them to attack.\nBruce's army had been gathering in the Tor Wood, an area that gave good natural cover. Bruce then moved his army just to the north to the New Park. This was more heavily wooded area where his movements could be concealed. It could also provide cover for a retreat if needed. The Scottish king chose his ground very carefully. The Bannock burn (or stream), which the English army had to cross on the way to Stirling was a natural obstacle. Parts of it were too deep for infantry or cavalry to cross. The area was also covered with marshy boggy ground difficult to ride over. Sir Thomas Gray called it \"an evil, deep, wet marsh\". On the east side was a sharp drop of 50 feet or more. The trees of the New Park were on the west side. Also, pits were dug as traps to break a cavalry charge. No matter which way the English cavalry tried to go they would be tangled up and be easy targets for the Scottish infantry. \nThe only approach was over the old road from Falkirk to Sterling. This route was the only solid ground on which heavy cavalry could be moved.\nBruce's three main divisions numbered about 1,000 strong each. His own reserve division was at double strength or about 2,000 strong. The Marischal's light cavalry was about 500 horse and there was a small group of archers. Together the Scottish army numbered between 5,000 and 6,000 men. This was about one-fourth the size of Edward's force.\nFirst day of battle.\nThe English army reached Tor Wood on June 23rd and stopped. They were met by Sir Philip Mowbray, the English commander of Stirling Castle. He told the king there was no need for battle. Edward had fulfilled his obligation to relieve the castle by coming within three leagues. Also he had seen Bruce's preparations and warned of trying to attack the Scots with heavy cavalry. Like Edward II and his commanders, Mowbray thought the Scots would retreat when they saw the size of Edward's great army. The vanguard of Edward's forces under Gloucester had already crossed the ford over the Bannockburn towards the Scottish lines. An English knight Henry de Bohun was riding ahead of his companions when he caught sight of \nthe Scottish king inspecting some of his lines. De Bohun lowered his lance and charged. Robert the Bruce was mounted on a small palfrey and armed with a battle-axe He could have simply moved behind his men and let them repel the charging warhorse and rider. Instead he turned his horse and rode towards de Bohun. At the last moment Bruce swerved his horse to one side, missing de Bohun's lance. He then rose in his stirrups and brought down his axe with such force he cut through de Bohun's helmet killing him instantly. There was a stunned silence by both armies then a great cheer rose among the Scottish soldiers. Then the highlanders of Bruce's own division charged the English cavalry who were still lining up. The horses of the Earl of Gloucester and several others stumbled as they fell into the hidden pits. The earl was rescued but the English cavalry fled from the charging Scots. King Robert stopped their charge and they returned to their lines. This showed how well-disciplined the Scottish soldiers had become.\nWhen King Robert returned his brother and his commanders criticized the king (as much as they dared) for risking his life that way. Robert the Bruce did not answer them. He only stared at his now broken battle-axe. Looking around the king saw English cavalry moving around their left. He pointed out the cavalry and said to Thomas Randolph \"a rose has fallen from your chaplet\". Immediately Randolph rode to his men and moved the schildton onto the open ground in the path of the English knights. When their leader Sir Henry Beaumont saw the Scots approaching he said \"let us wait a little; let them come on; give them room.\" Sir Thomas Gray replied \"I doubt that whatever you give them now, they will have all too soon.\" Sir Henry said to Thomas Gray, \"if you are afraid then be off!\" Sir Thomas replied \"it is not from fear that I shall fly this day\" and along with several other knights charged the Scottish schiltron. Many were killed, being impaled on the spears. Sir Thomas himself was captured. The remainder of the English knights surrounded the schiltron and attacked the Scots from every angle. But the schiltron held and the English in frustration began throwing their weapons at the Scots. When Sir James Douglas, commanding the left schiltron saw his friend in trouble and begged Bruce to go to his rescue. But by the time he returned to his man Randolph was winning the day. Moving forward Randolph's schiltron split the English cavalry in two. Half of the remaining English fled back to the English lines while half fled to Sterling Castle. After losing just one Yeoman, the Scots took off their helmets to rest from the heat of the day.\nSir Alexander de Seton had secretly left the King of England's Army and came to Robert the Bruce that night. He wished to no longer serve the king of England and offered to join the Bruce. He pledged on his life that the English were discouraged and if Bruce attacked them tomorrow, he would win the battle.\nThe English moved from the bogs south and east of the burn to harder ground. They had to water all the warhorses, draft horses and oxen. By the time the move was finished it was nearly dawn. But the tidal rivers around them had risen and they could not cross them as they did earlier. The English were now cramped into a small space where they could not move freely.\nSecond day of battle.\n \nRobert the Bruce saw where the English spent the night. Their narrow front gave the Scottish army an advantage if the English did not move before morning. Morning found the English had not moved. Not long after daybreak on 24 June, three Scots divisions came out of the woods and began moving towards the English. The English mounted their horses in great confusion. When the Scots schiltrons began attacking the English lines the knights and soldiers could not maneuver. They were so crowded men were being pushed into the Bannock burn behind them.\nOvernight the Earl of Gloucester and Edward II had been in an argument. Gloucester thought the English soldiers should rest another day before doing battle. The king accused him of being disloyal. Gloucester was still angry when the trumpets sounded the signal to assemble. So without putting on his surcoat he mounted his horse and charged into the schiltron commanded by Edward Bruce. The Scots did not recognize him without his surcoat and so did not spare him. The Earl and several of those with him were killed trying to break through the wall of spears.\nThe other two Scottish divisions moved up to join Edward Bruce. Randolph moved up on Bruce's left side. James Douglas came up next to Randolph. Together all three schiltrons filled the narrow . They pushed forward into the confused English. Wounded horses without their knights were running back into the English lines. Edward's army was now so crowded they could hardly move. The Scots were pushing into them from the front. The back ranks were being pushed into the water and marshes.\nUp to this point in the battle the English and Welsh longbowmen (archers) had not been used to their full advantage. They were moved to the right side of the English lines. From here they could fire arrows into the Scottish army with great effect. But Robert the Bruce had provided for this event. His 500 light horsemen led by Keith, the Marischal, quickly scattered the English and Welsh archers. many of the English and Welsh archers ran back to the English lines. This caused more confusion and the infantry also begin to run away. The Scottish king now sent in his reserve division behind Douglas. When the English saw another large force of Scots joining the battle they began . Everywhere King Edward looked his forces were losing the battle.\nEdward II's escape.\nThe Earl of Pembroke and sir Giles d'Argentan were guarding the English King. As the battle was now lost they needed to get the king to safety. They led him off the battlefield and towards Sterling Castle. At the same time several Scots recognized the king and tried to capture him. The king fought them off with his . He broke free and rode to Sterling Castle a short distance away. At the castle Sir Philip Mowbray did not allow King Edward to enter. He told the king he now had to surrender the castle and the king would be taken prisoner. But Mowbray gave Edward II a knight to guide the king and his party to safety. Edward, with 500 of his cavalry turned towards Linlithgow. Sir James Douglas got permission from Robert the Bruce to pursue the English king. With a group of Keith's Douglas kept close behind Edward as he fled south. As he pursued the English king, Douglas and his men encountered Sir Lawrence de Abernethy who with 80 men was on his way to join Edward at Bannockburn. On finding out the king had lost the battle he and his men joined Douglas in trying to capture Edward. The English tried to bait them into a fight at Winchburg but Douglas stayed on their flank (side).Even with Abernethy's men the Scots were not strong enough to take on Edward's knights. The chase continued all the way to Dunbar Castle. Loyalties on the border were very uncertain at this time. The local earl had sided with Edward. So the king was allowed to escape in a boat back to England with only a few of his closest followers. The rest of his 500 horsemen were left to find their way back to England as best they could.\nAnother large group of Edward's knights escaped to Bothwell Castle. There they were welcomed by the castle commander, Walter Gilbertson. But Gilbertson soon changed sides and took all the English prisoners. The remainder of Edward's large army scattered in every direction. In trying to escape the Scottish schildrons, many were drowned in the Bannockburn and the River Forth. A large number were taken prisoner and later ransomed. The English baggage train was left behind. It's silver, gold, and luxuries the noblemen brought with them was worth a fortune alone. Along with the ransoms paid for their prisoners this brought sudden wealth to Scotland.\nHistorical significance.\nThe wars with England were still not over. It would be another 14 years until Scotland was free of English rule. But to the Scots the Battle of Bannockburn was a major victory. Before the battle Robert the Bruce was considered by many a usurper (pretender). He only had limited support in Scotland. After Bannockburn Robert the Bruce became a national hero. He had the support of most of Scotland. However his political rivals in Scotland suffered. Perhaps no one more than the Comyn family and supporters. Both John Comyn of Badenoch and Edward Comyn of Kilbride were killed at Bannockburn. With them died any hope of an English victory returning this family to power.\nThe English dead at Bannockburn were buried with honors according to their rank. There were over 500 returned to England in exchange for ransom. And Scottish prisoners in England were returned in exchange. Robert the Bruce's wife, daughter and sister were returned. The border wars continued but from 1314 to 1328 the focus shifted to the north of England. The purpose of all the raids was to get Edward II to recognize Robert the Bruce as king of Scotland. Also for England to give up their claims to Scotland and recognize their independence. The English learned their lesson from Bannockburn. The Scots apparently didn't. In the later Battle of Dupplin Moor and Halidon Hill the same tactics that brought victory at Bannockburn brought them defeat. William Mackenzie wrote: \"Never did the arms of England suffer so complete a disaster; never did the arms of Scotland repeat so remarkable a performance.\""}
+{"id": "48145", "revid": "1555874", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48145", "title": "Wars of the Roses", "text": "The Wars of the Roses (1455\u20131487) were a series of civil wars fought over the throne of England between supporters of the House of Lancaster, the Lancastrians, and supporters of the House of York, the Yorkists. Both houses were branches of the Plantagenet royal house and were related through King Edward III.\nThe wars began for several reasons, and historians have debated the one that was most important. King Henry VI was seen as a poor ruler by many of his people because of his lack of interest in politics and his mental illness (his French queen, Margaret of Anjou, often made key decisions instead). Also, England's defeat in the Hundred Years' War in France, economic problems after the war and problems with the feudal system of government were other causes.\nThe name of the Wars of the Roses, which was first used only in the 19th century, comes from the white rose symbol for the House of York and the red rose symbol for the House of Lancaster. However, the red rose symbol was not used until after the wars had ended, and most soldiers fought under the symbol of their local nobleman. At the time, they were called the \"Civil Wars\". The houses were named after the cities of Lancaster and York, but neither city played a big role during the war, and both houses owned land all over England and Wales.\nBackground.\nKing Edward III had many sons, as is shown in the family tree below. His oldest son, known by his nickname \"The Black Prince\" died first, and the throne passed to the Black Prince's son, Richard, who became King Richard II of England in 1377 although he was only ten. He grew up to be a weak and unpopular king, and one of his actions was to send his cousin Henry into exile.\nHenry later returned while Richard was away in Ireland and took over the country. When Richard returned, Henry tricked him into giving himself up. Richard was put into prison, where he died, and Henry became King Henry IV of England.\nHenry IV reigned until his death and was followed by his son, King Henry V (in 1413). Henry V died in 1422 and was followed by his son King Henry VI, who was only a baby. Henry VI did not run the government until 1437. He then ruled until 1461, six years after the Wars of the Roses began.\nHenry VI was considered a poor ruler by some of his people for several reasons. He was shy and did not like politics and war. He was easily led by a small number of friends, such as his French queen Margaret of Anjou and his advisor Edmund Beaufort, Duke of Somerset.\nHenry VI's reign also saw England's defeat in the Hundred Year's War. England had done well in the war while he was still a child, and by 1428, the English appeared to be close to defeating their House of Valois enemies. However, they soon had problems, including Joan of Arc's rebellions in 1429-1430 and Burgundy's decision to switch sides in 1435. Because of these problems, England's control in France was already weakened when Henry VI started to run the government in 1437. Henry VI tried to end the war with a peace agreement, but his French enemies realised that they could win a complete victory. In 1453, England had lost all their lands in France apart from Calais.\nAlso in 1453, Henry VI was for the first time overcome with mental illness and could not run the country. A powerful nobleman called Richard, Duke of York persuaded the other nobles to make him \"Lord Protector\". That meant that he would run the country until the king recovered.\nWhile York ran the country, he locked his enemy Somerset in the Tower of London. Henry recovered in 1454 and began to run the country again. He let Somerset out and gave him back his position. York and his supporters then became afraid that the king and Somerset would have them executed.\nWar.\nEarly fighting (1455).\nYork decided that he could protect himself only by defeating the king in battle. He raised an army of many people who were unhappy with Henry and Margaret, which led to the First Battle of St Albans in 1455. That was the first to be fought between the Yorkists, who supported York, and the Lancastrians (who supported Henry). York won with the help of the Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick. Henry was found hiding in a leather shop, taken prisoner and was again overcome with mental illness. Somerset and some of the king's other key supporters were killed in the battle. York was again made Lord Protector.\nThe next year, Henry recovered. York let him go back to running the country and was put in charge of running Ireland. Henry and Margaret knew that they could not get rid of York easily. For the next few years, both sides wanted to stop a war from breaking out but could not agree on several things. York wanted to be the next king after Henry died, rather than Henry and Margaret's newborn son, Edward. Margaret would not allow that and so Henry moved to Coventry, where he had more support.\nMain fighting (1459-61).\nA more serious war broke out in 1459 and started because Warwick had attacked other country's ships during his time in charge of Calais. Henry asked Warwick to meet to explain what he doing, but Warwick refused. Soon enough, York and Warwick started putting together an army. They were stopped at the Battle of Ludford Bridge and fled England. Henry and the Lancastrians now had control. They ordered that York and Warwick were to be executed if they were found.\nThe peace did not last long. York and Warwick returned and raised an army and won the Battle of Northampton. For the second time, Henry was captured after he was overcome with mental illness. York was made Lord Protector for the third time.\nYork then announced that he wanted to take the throne for himself. Many of his supporters thought that was a step too far and so they agreed that Henry would still be king, but York, not Henry's son, would be the next king.\nYork then travelled to the north of England to attack the remaining Lancastrians. That led to a disaster, and York lost the Battle of Wakefield at the end of 1460 and was killed. His son Edward the became leader of the Yorkists. The next year saw mixed results for both sides. Edward defeated a Lancastrian army at the Battle of Mortimer's Cross, but the Lancastrians won the Second Battle of St Albans where Henry escaped. In London, Edward was met with a lot of support, announced that he wanted to take the throne and defeated the Lancastrians at the Battle of Towton. That was the bloodiest battle that was ever fought on British soil.\nAfter Towton, Edward was in control of England and was crowned as Edward IV in June 1461. Over the next few years, he and his allies put down small Lancastrian rebellions. Henry was again captured in 1465.\nWarwick changes sides (1469-71).\nFighting broke out again in 1469 when Edward's most powerful supporter, the Earl of Warwick, switched sides. Warwick was furious that Edward had married Elizabeth Woodville, a common woman. Many people also thought that was wrong since kings were then expected to marry the daughters of noblemen or other kings. Warwick led a rebellion against the king. The country was left in confusion. At one point Warwick captured Edward and so he had captured two kings.\nWarwick soon let Edward go and then supported making Henry king again. Warwick believed that he could run the country while Henry was on the throne. He also arranged for Henry's son to marry Warwick's daughter Anne Neville. Edward could not raise an army to fight and so he fled the country in 1470. Henry VI then became the ruler again. Warwick's role in bringing Edward and then Henry to power led to him being nicknamed \"Kingmaker\".\nHenry's return did not last long. Warwick planned to help France invade Burgundy, which helped Edward find soldiers. Edward returned in 1471 and won two great victories over the Lancastrians. The first was the Battle of Barnet in which Warwick was killed. The second was the Battle of Tewksbury in which Margaret was taken prisoner and her son was killed.\nEdward IV took the throne again and Henry VI was imprisoned in the Tower of London. He died one month later, and historians think Edward had him murdered since that left the Lancastrians without a leader.\nThere was little fighting for the next 12 years. Margaret was released in 1475, went back to France and died in 1482.\nRichard III (1483-85).\nEdward IV ruled until his sudden death in 1483. Just before dying, Edward had said that his 12-year-old son should become king as Edward V, and Edward's brother Richard would be \"Lord Protector\". Richard would run the country until Edward V became an adult.\nEdward V was the king for 78 days before Richard took the throne for himself. He was crowned as Richard III. The young Edward and his brother disappeared a few months later while they were living in the Tower of London. Many people thought Richard had ordered the boys to be killed, and some historians agree. That caused many Yorkists to turn against Richard III.\nRichard managed to win against a rebellion by his old friend, the Duke of Buckingham. Henry Tudor, a distant relative of Henry VI who returned to England, became the leader of the rebellions and created a new Lancastrian army. Elizabeth, Edward IV's widow, supported Henry after he promised to marry her daughter Elizabeth of York. In the Battle of Bosworth Field, Richard III was killed, and his army was defeated. Henry took the throne as King Henry VII, the first king of the House of Tudor.\nAfterwards.\nThe Battle of Bosworth Field is often seen as the end of the war. However, there was another great battle two years later, but Henry VII stopped a rebellion and brought peace to the country.\nHenry married Edward IV's daughter Elizabeth of York and told people that he was bringing the two houses together. He also started the Tudor rose symbol, with a red rose and white rose joined."}
+{"id": "48147", "revid": "1667772", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48147", "title": "Matchbook", "text": "A matchbook is a small cardboard container that holds a quantity of matches inside and has a coarse striking surface on the outside. \nA flap on the front is lifted to access the matches, which are attached to the interior base in a comb-like pattern and must be torn away before use. (In the matchbox, by contrast, the matches are arranged loosely in the interior tray.)\nMatchbooks are often covered with advertising logos or various artistic decorations, and they have served as collector's items and free souvenirs. "}
+{"id": "48148", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48148", "title": "Friedrich Kellner Diary", "text": "The Diary of Friedrich Kellner is a journal written during the Second World War. The author, August Friedrich Kellner, was a justice inspector in the courthouse in Mainz. He was also a political activist for the Social Democratic Party of Germany between 1918 and 1933. After Hitler banned the party, the family moved to Laubach. \nWhen Hitler ordered the invasion of Poland in September 1939, Kellner began his secret diary. He named his diary \"Mein Widerstand,\" which means \"My Opposition.\" In the diary, he wrote down what he saw and heard about what happened in Nazi Germany. He wrote it so that people later would know about it. \nThe diary has ten volumes, with a total of 861 pages. There are 676 dated entries. Included in the diary are more than 500 newspaper clippings.\nThe English translation of the diary was published in 2018 by Cambridge University Press under the title, \"My Opposition: The Diary of Friedrich Kellner -- A German against the Third Reich\".\nHistorical significance.\nAt the end of World War Two, most Germans said they knew nothing about the mass murders of the Jews. But as early as October 28, 1941, Kellner wrote the following entry in his diary:\nA soldier on vacation here said he witnessed a terrible atrocity in the occupied parts of Poland. He watched as naked Jewish men and women were placed in front of a long deep ditch and upon the order of the SS were shot by Ukrainians in the back of their heads and they fell into the ditch. Then the ditch was filled with dirt even as he could still hear screams coming from people still alive in the ditch. These inhuman atrocities were so terrible that some of the Ukrainians, who were used as tools, suffered nervous breakdowns. All the soldiers who had knowledge of these bestial actions of these Nazi sub-humans were of the opinion that the German people should be shaking in their shoes because of the coming retribution. There is no punishment that would be hard enough to be applied to these Nazi beasts. Of course, when the retribution comes, the innocent will have to suffer along with them. But because ninety percent of the German population is guilty, directly or indirectly, for the present situation, we can only say that those who travel together will hang together.\nThere is not much in the diary about the Kellners\u2019 personal lives. Instead, Friedrich Kellner wrote about the political atmosphere of a country run by terrorists. He also wrote about the leaders and people in other nations who remained indifferent to what Hitler and Mussolini were planning. Kellner was very angry that millions of people had to die because a few politicians in the democracies failed to confront Hitler and his allies. Kellner was also angry at the famous aviator Charles Lindbergh, and the car manufacturer Henry Ford, and at others who blindly expressed admiration for Adolf Hitler. \u201cThe whole world let themselves be fooled by this man,\u201d Kellner wrote on May 3, 1942. \nFriedrich Kellner expected America and England to come to the rescue. On June 25, 1941, he wrote:\nWhen will this insanity be brought to an end? When will the intoxication of victory turn into a terrible hangover? Now is a unique chance for England and America to take the initiative, but not only with empty promises and insufficient measures. If America had the will to throw its entire might into the fray, it could tip the balance for a return of peace. Only a tremendous force and the commitment of all war material can bring the German wild steer to reason. Up until now the statesmen\u2013through unbelievable shortsightedness\u2013have neglected or failed their duty. Mankind awake! Attack together with all your might against the destroyers of peace! No reflections, no resolutions, no speeches, no neutrality. Advance against the enemy of mankind!\nVarious entries from the diary.\n<br>\nPurpose of the diary.\nFriedrich Kellner wrote the diary to expose the crimes of the Third Reich. He believed his diary could serve as a warning for future generations to oppose dictatorships and their totalitarian ideology.\nAfter the war, Friedrich Kellner helped to reestablish the Social Democratic Party. He became chairman of the Laubach branch. He retired from politics in 1960, at the age of seventy-five.\nIn 1968, he gave his diary to his American grandson, Professor Robert Scott Kellner , to take to America for safekeeping. He told him:\nThe day will come when the same kind of anti-democratic and anti-Semitic hatred will bring intense misery to the world. Use the diary as a weapon against dictatorships and terrorism. There will always be people of bad will, therefore people of good will must be prepared to oppose them."}
+{"id": "48152", "revid": "7440", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48152", "title": "Lyndon Baines Johnson", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48156", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48156", "title": "List of Nobel Prize winners in Economics", "text": "The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, commonly called the Nobel Prize in Economics, is a prize awarded each year for outstanding contributions in the field of economics. The prize was not one of the awards set out in the will of Alfred Nobel. The winners of the prize receive their diploma and gold medal from the Swedish monarch at the same December 10 ceremony in Stockholm as the Nobel laureates in physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, and literature. The amount of money awarded is the same as the other prizes."}
+{"id": "48167", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48167", "title": "Lindsey Jacobellis", "text": "Lindsey Jacobellis (born August 19, 1985 in Danbury, Connecticut) is an American snowboarder. She competed in the 2006 Winter Olympics and won the silver medal."}
+{"id": "48168", "revid": "1373270", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48168", "title": "Axis of Evil", "text": "Axis of Evil, is a term first used by US President George W. Bush in his State of the Union speech on January 29, 2002 to describe the governments of Iraq, Iran, and North Korea and later Cuba, Libya, and Syria. He used this term because he believed that they backed terrorism and were trying to buy weapons of mass destruction. The name \"Axis of Resistance\" was later adopted by Iran as a response to the \"Axis of Evil\" name."}
+{"id": "48169", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48169", "title": "State of the Union Address", "text": "The State of the Union Address is a speech the president of the United States of America gives every year, usually in January. In the speech the president talks about how the country is doing and what plans he will be proposing for that year.\nAccording to tradition, president speaks with its appeal annual. The US Constitution it does not set clear terms such appeals. Article II, Section 3 of the US Constitution reads \"He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient\".\nBefore the president enters the congressional chamber of the United States Capitol, the Sergeant at Arms always yells: \"Mister/Madam Speaker, the President of the United States\"."}
+{"id": "48170", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48170", "title": "Mario Bros", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48172", "revid": "1672018", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48172", "title": "Ninja", "text": "A ninja was a kind of spy or assassin who lived in Japan, beginning from the 14th century. \nHistory.\nNinja (or shinobi) were a mystery in the History of Japan. The correct Japanese word for these warriors was shinobi-no-mono, which literally means \"people who survive/endure\". Ninja is easier to say; this is why it is more widely used. Shinobi-no-mono is the native Japanese word for ninja, while ninja is the Sino-Japanese word. Ninja warriors created secret associations and took part in many political killings. Their mystery comes from two ideas: 1) they always participated in secret spy operations and political killings; 2) ninja were hired by heads of armies as paid warriors (mercenaries). The art of fighting which was used by ninja was called ninjitsu, which was a combination of shinobi-no-jitsu and shinobi-jitsu.\nMany people thought ninja were not normal people. People believed they could fly and had supernatural skills. Ninja existed during the entire history of Japan, but ninja only became specially trained people at the beginning of the 15th century. They mainly trained in the regions of Iga and Koga. \nNinja were involved in samurai wars and were hired by samurai for different missions, but at the same time samurai did not accept them as noble warriors because most of the ninja came from lower social classes. They were dangerous and could not be controlled. Their methods of fighting did not fit the samurai code. The samurai code was a code of honor. For example, the samurai warrior would show his rank and would only fight a samurai of equal or higher rank. Japanese land lords (daimyo) widely used the services of the Iga and Koga ninja in the period of 1485-1581. But in 1581, one of the three daimyo who united Japan \u2013 Oda Nobunaga attacked ninja from Iga province. The ninja remained alive and ran to the provinces Kii and Mikawa, where Tokugawa Ieyasu protected them. Later, Oda Nobunaga was killed by a samurai named Akechi Mitsuhide, who later became an enemy to Tokugawa Ieyasu.\nThe art of ninja fighting was passed down from father to son, or from master (\"sensei\") to their best students. But in the middle of 17th century, Nakagawa Sosuntzin created a ninja school in the Mutsu Province. It was called Nakagawa-ryu and taught the ninjitsu method of fighting. Nakagawa Sosuntzin himself trained a group of 10 men, which he called Hayamiti-no-mono (men of the short hit). Ninja were taught many more things than a samurai. They had to be skilled at handling swords, spears, bows and many other weapons; but also they had to know about explosive and poisonous substances, to be a good path finder and to survive in different situations. Usually they were trained from young age and had to keep a very specific physical shape. Ninja were not allowed to be too light or too heavy. A ninja who could read and write was very appreciated. \nNinja clothing and equipment.\nIt is often thought that a ninja usually wore black clothes which helped him to hide in the dark, however, they wore dark blue, red, or brown clothes, which are more quiet than black at night. In usual days, a ninja never wore showy dress and pretended to be another job, for example, a merchant, a traveling monk, a monkey showman and so on. If they had to fight on the battlefield, they put on a light armor, which protected them, but also allowed easy movement. On their feet they wore Japanese socks which separated the big toe (the socks were called tabi). The ninja outfit had many pockets for helpful gear. Chain armor was normally beneath their cloak in-case danger came their way like an ambush.\nThe diversity of ninja weapons and attributes is much wider than that of the samurai. The main weapon of ninja was the sword. Ninja swords were usually shorter than samurai katana and had a straight blade. When they climbed, the sword was put on the left shoulder, putting the handle of the sword was close to the left ear. Ninja also used different types of throwing knives, and a weapon for their fists called tagaki. They used metallic claws on their feet which helped them to climb and made their kicks more dangerous.\nThey are also very close to the other form of Japanese killer, a samurai.\nAs with Robin Hood or King Arthur, the ongoing presence of ninja in pop culture movies and manga often differs widely from their true origins."}
+{"id": "48173", "revid": "8556426", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48173", "title": "USS Arizona Memorial", "text": "The USS \"Arizona\" Memorial is in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. It is to remember the sailors killed when Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941 by the Japanese. During the attack 1,177 sailors were killed on the USS \"Arizona\". The memorial is located on top of the sunken USS \"Arizona\". People can walk over the ship to look at it."}
+{"id": "48174", "revid": "844779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48174", "title": "USS Arizona (BB-39)", "text": "The USS \"Arizona\" (BB-39) was an American battleship from the Pennsylvania Class. The building of the ship was started in 1913 and it was commissioned in 1916. It fought in World War I. The USS \"Arizona\" is best known for its sinking during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. The attack was the event that caused the United States to join the fighting in World War II. The wreck is still at the floor of the harbor. It is the site of a memorial to those who died that day.\nOther ships.\nUSS \"Arizona\" (BB-39) was one of three ships in the history of the United States Navy to be named USS \"Arizona\". It was the only one of the three to be named that after Arizona became a U.S. state. "}
+{"id": "48175", "revid": "759268", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48175", "title": "War crime", "text": "A war crime is a crime that breaks international laws of war. These laws say what is allowed during war and what is not. Today, these international laws are the Geneva Conventions and the Hague Convention.\nDefinition.\nTo be a war crime, a crime must be part of a plan or has to be committed against protected persons and must be committed during a war. \nInternational armed conflicts.\nIn international armed conflicts, only prisoners of war, wounded and sick enemy fighters, shipwrecked survivors, and enemy civilians are protected persons. Nationals under their own authority as well as neutral civilians living in a belligerent state and allied citizens as long their states maintain diplomatic relations with a belligerent power are not protected persons under the law of war in the same conflicts.\nNon-international armed conflicts.\nIn non-international armed conflicts, persons not taking part in hostilities are protected regardless of nationality. The idea of what a \"war crime\" is has changed over time. For example, in the 1940s, the strategic bombing during World War II was not a war crime. But if such a bombing were to be done today, it would be a war crime.\nInternational Criminal Court.\nIn 2002, the International Criminal Court (ICC) was created. Its goal is to look into and, if possible, punish people for war crimes. When the ICC was created, it came up with a longer list of war crimes. Its list was the first to include types of sexual abuse like forcing women into sexual slavery.pp.\u00a08\u201310\nTypes of war crimes.\nHere are some examples of crimes that the ICC lists as war crimes.\nGeneral war crimes.\nThese are war crimes whether they are committed against enemy soldiers or protected civilians or neutral persons.\nSexual war crimes.\nThese are war crimes whether they are committed against enemy soldiers or protected civilians or neutral persons.\nWar crimes against protected civilians.\nWar crimes against protected civilians include:\nWar crimes against enemy soldiers.\nWar crimes against enemy soldiers include:\nWar crimes against neutral persons.\nWar crimes against neutral persons include:\nExamples of war crimes.\nThis table shows some examples of war crimes."}
+{"id": "48177", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48177", "title": "Senator", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48178", "revid": "844779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48178", "title": "Senate", "text": "In a modern democracy, a senate is a group of people who are part of a legislature. A legislature passes or changes laws for their country, state, or other area. Members of a senate are called senators. Some legislatures are bicameral, meaning they have two groups of people (working in separate places) called \"houses\". A senate can be called a \"House of Senators\". \nThe senate of some such legislatures is weaker than the other house. The other house is called a \"House of Representatives\", House of Commons, or Assembly. In bicameral legislatures, both houses must pass the same bill to make it a law. Modern democratic systems having legislatures with senates include the United States of America (U. S.), Canada, Australia and many states in the United States.\nThe first ever senate was the Roman Senate. The name comes from their word for \"elder\".\nSenate is also the name of the ruling body of some universities.\nSenate chambers.\nSometimes, the senators are split into different groups, who then have different responsibilities. These groups meet in different rooms; each group is called a \"chamber\"."}
+{"id": "48186", "revid": "9274501", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48186", "title": "Kano", "text": "Kano is a city in Nigeria. It is the capital of Kano State. Kano is the third largest city in Nigeria, after Ibadan and Lagos. About 3,626,204 people live in Kano.\nIt has long been the economic centre of northern Nigeria, and a centre for the sale of groundnuts. Kano is known for the Bayero University and a railway station with trains to Lagos and Port Harcourt, moving through Kaduna, while Kano International Airport can be found nearby. Kano has long been a centre for Nigeria's Islamic culture; one of the country's finest mosques lies in the city.\nIt is also the site where the Kano river project was developed. This is a large irrigation scheme.\nHistory.\nThe city of Kano was founded around A.D. 1000 as an Hausa city of its own. Kano remained a big emirate, or Muslim kingdom, until the birth of the country, Nigeria, in 1903. Kano became known for its trade in gold, leather, ivory, salt and slaves within the area. This perhaps is the reason for the city's wealth and power in the 14th century, when Islam gained a growing following. By the 15th century, the first Central Mosque had been built in the city."}
+{"id": "48193", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48193", "title": "Reading (Pennsylvania)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48194", "revid": "5177", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48194", "title": "Winged aircraft", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48197", "revid": "7459", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48197", "title": "KLI", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48201", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48201", "title": "State of the Union", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48203", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48203", "title": "Battle of Bosworth Field", "text": "The Battle of Bosworth, or Battle of Bosworth Field, was the last important battle during the Wars of the Roses in 15th-century England. It was fought on 22 August 1485 between the Yorkist king, Richard III, the last of the Plantagenet dynasty, and the Lancastrian Henry Tufor, who wanted to become king.\nIt ended in Richard's defeat and death and the beginning of the Tudor dynasty. Historically, the battle is thought to have marked the end of the Wars of the Roses although smaller battles were fought in the years that followed, as Yorkists unsuccessfully tried to become king again.\nThe precise place of the battle is unknown. Memorials have been built in some of the possible locations in Lancashire.\nShakespearian dramatization.\nThe Battle of Bosworth is an important part of William Shakespeare's play \"Richard III\". The action of the play ends with the battle."}
+{"id": "48204", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48204", "title": "List of monarchs of England", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48205", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48205", "title": "Escherichia coli", "text": "Escherichia coli or E. coli is a bacterium that lives in the intestines of people and other warm-blooded animals. Scientists have studied \"E. coli\" a lot, and know more about how \"E. coli\" cells work than any other organism. \"E. coli\" is usually not harmful. In fact, the only known harmful strain is O156. E.coli is a prokaryotic organism.\n\"E. coli\" normally grow in soil and in the large intestines of many mammals, including humans. Most strains of \"E. coli\" do not cause disease, but instead help animals get vitamins and digest food. Some strains of \"E. coli\" cause sickness in people. \"E. coli\" are not usually in food or water. When food has not been prepared with clean equipment, \"E. coli\" can grow in the food. When \"E. coli\" are found in water, this may mean that the water has touched sewage. \n\"E. coli\" has been divided into pathogenic strains causing many diseases. It can cause intestinal, urinary tract or internal infections and pathologies, when it comes to animals or humans. \nIt is named after Theodor Escherich, who discovered it in 1885. It was officially named after him in 1919.\nSigns and symptoms of \"E. coli\" infection.\nThe following signs and symptoms of an \"E. coli\" infection normally happen within three days; however, some people may carry the infection and show no signs at all.\nThe best treatment for \"E. coli\" is plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration."}
+{"id": "48207", "revid": "9687913", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48207", "title": "Borg", "text": "The Borg are a fictional race of organic cyborgs and major antagonists in the \"Star Trek\" universe which have formed over thousands of years. The Borg use nanoprobes to assimilate others, like humans or vulcans, into their group consciousness. The only exception to assimilation are races either too primitive to assimilate (who are ignored) or races too dangerous to assimilate (who are destroyed). The Borg's group consciousness is led by the Borg queen, who's role is similar to that of a queen bee in a bee hive.\nDefeating the Borg.\nDespite their ability to adapt to various attempts to destroy them, the Borg can be defeated several ways:\nBorg catchphrase.\n\"We are the Borg. Lower your shields and surrender your ships. We will add your biological and technological distinctiveness to our own. Your culture will adapt to service us. Resistance is futile\""}
+{"id": "48208", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48208", "title": "House of Plantagenet", "text": "The House of Plantagenet ruled England in some form or another from the reign of Henry II, beginning in 1154, until the House of Tudor came to power when Richard III fell at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485.\nIt goes back to the Angevin counts (from 1360, dukes) of the western French province of Anjou. Three dynasties belong to it: Angevins, House of Lancaster (Lancastrians) and House of York (Yorkists). Lancastrians and Yorkists fought against each other the Wars of the Roses to get the crown for their dynasty alone."}
+{"id": "48209", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48209", "title": "Angevin", "text": "Angevin is the name of the residents of Anjou, a former province of the Kingdom of France, as well as to the residents of Angers. It is also used for three different medieval dynasties which go back to counts (from 1360, dukes) of the western French province of Anjou (of which \"angevin\" is the adjectival form), but later came to rule far greater areas including England, Ireland, Hungary, Croatia, Poland, \"Kingdom of Naples and Sicily\", and Kingdom of Jerusalem (\"see Angevin Empire\"). \nThe first of these Angevin dynasties, the House of Plantagenet, ruled England in some form or another from the reign of Henry II, beginning in 1154, until the House of Tudor came to power when Richard III fell at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485. "}
+{"id": "48210", "revid": "5400", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48210", "title": "House of York", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48211", "revid": "5400", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48211", "title": "House of Lancaster", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48212", "revid": "7440", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48212", "title": "Microbe", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48213", "revid": "593910", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48213", "title": "Count", "text": "A count is a nobleman in most of European countries, equivalent in rank to a British earl, whose wife is also still a \"countess\" (for lack of an Anglo-Saxon term). The word \"count\" comes from French \"comte\" which in turn comes from the Latin \"comitas\", \"companion\" (of the emperor). In feudalism the territory ruled by a count was a county.\nA woman having this title or the wife of a count is called countess."}
+{"id": "48216", "revid": "1618275", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48216", "title": "Budgerigar", "text": "The budgerigar (nicknamed budgie,\" binomial name Melopsittacus undulatus\") is a small parrot. It belongs to the family of Old World parakeets (Psittaculidae). Budgerigars are often called \"parakeets\", especially in American English. The term \"Parakeet\" refers to many types of small parrots with long flat tails. The budgerigar is found in drier parts of Australia. It has lived there for over 5 million years. It is commonly kept as a pet. Budgies are intelligent birds and can be taught to mimic human speech."}
+{"id": "48217", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48217", "title": "Parrots", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48220", "revid": "423277", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48220", "title": "Endocarditis", "text": "Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart. Endocarditis most often affects the heart valves. The heart valves are a part of the human body that does not get blood. This is odd because they are a part of the heart itself. Because of this, if one of the valves gets infected with bacteria or protozoa, the body can not defend itself against those bacteria. This can cause the valve to not work the way it should."}
+{"id": "48221", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48221", "title": "Tetracycline", "text": "Tetracycline is an antibiotic discovered as a natural product in 1945. It is a broad-spectrum antibiotic because it works against a range of bacteria. It is made to treat a number of bacterial infections. It is commonly used to treat acne and rosacea. It is a protein synthesis inhibitor.\nIt is produced naturally by the \"Streptomyces\" genus of Actinobacteria. In 1950, Harvard University professor Robert Burns Woodward worked out the chemical structure of the related oxytetracycline (Terramycin). Historically it was important in reducing the number of deaths from cholera. \nTetracycline was patented in 1953 and was approved for prescription use in 1954. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Tetracycline is available as a generic medication. Tetracycline was originally made from bacteria of the genus \"Streptomyces\". "}
+{"id": "48225", "revid": "1643872", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48225", "title": "Hemoglobin", "text": "Hemoglobin (or haemoglobin) is a protein in red blood cells which contains iron. It is used to transport oxygen around the human body. \nHemoglobin is found in the red blood cells of almost all vertebrates. The exceptions are the fish family Channichthyidae, and the tissues of some invertebrates. It does occur in some invertebrates, but most invertebrates use other chemicals, such as hemocyanin.\nHemoglobin is involved in the transport of other gases. It carries some of the body's respiratory carbon dioxide (about 20-25% of the total).\nRed blood cells get their color from hemoglobin, which is red. There are millions of hemoglobin molecules in each red blood cell, and millions of red blood cells in the human body. When hemoglobin has oxygen attached, it is called oxyhemoglobin.\nStructure.\nThe most common type of hemoglobin in mammals contains four such subunits. Each subunit of hemoglobin is a globular protein (globin) with a heme group inside it. Each heme group has one iron atom. This binds one oxygen molecule. So the complete hemoglobin molecule has four globin chains, four heme molecules, and four iron atoms. When hemoglobin is in the lungs, it picks up oxygen in its hemes, and carries it to the rest of the body.\nIts structure took years to work out. Max Perutz and John Kendrew worked out the structure of myoglobin first. That muscle globin is smaller, with only one heme group."}
+{"id": "48226", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48226", "title": "Cornea", "text": "The cornea is the front part of the eye. It is the clear transparent section of the eye. The cornea covers the iris, pupil, and the eye chamber. It is a special form of tissue. The cornea is clear and has no blood vessels. It has nerves, but with no myelin sheaths on them.\nThe cornea, with the lens, refracts light. The cornea and the lens bend light so the image strikes the retina. The cornea does about two-thirds of this refraction.\nDua's layer is a newly discovered layer of the cornea. It was described in June 2013. It is the sixth layer of the cornea to be discovered. Despite its thinness, the layer is very strong, and air does not get through it."}
+{"id": "48227", "revid": "1369709", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48227", "title": "WASSCE", "text": "The West African Senior School Certificate Examination (WASSCE) is a type of exam in West Africa. It is made by the West African Examinations Council (WAEC). It is only given to students who live in the five English-speaking West African countries: Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra Leone, The Gambia and Liberia\nThe exams.\nThere are two different types of the exam:\nThe grades.\nThe grades below are given on the WASSCE certificates for the students who finished their exams. They also depend on how well the students did in their exams."}
+{"id": "48228", "revid": "5400", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48228", "title": "Plantagenet", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48230", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48230", "title": "Sergei Prokofiev", "text": "Sergei Sergeyevich Prokofiev () (born Sontsovka, Ukraine 23 April 1891; died Moscow 5 March 1953) was a Russian composer and pianist who came from Ukraine. During his lifetime, Ukraine was part of Russia. Together with Dmitri Shostakovich he is one of the greatest Russian composers of the 20th century. Children all over the world love to listen to his musical story \"Peter and the Wolf\" and the music for \"Lieutenant Kije\", but he wrote many other great works including symphonies, concertos, piano sonatas, ballets and operas.\nEarly life.\nProkofiev was born into an educated family, and his mother recognized very early her son's musical gifts. His father was a college-educated agronomist who managed the farm-site of his employer in the Ukrainian steppe. His mother played the piano reasonably well in her son's opinion. The young Sergei started composing at a very early age. By the time he was eleven he had written two operas and a series of small piano pieces he would later call \"little puppies\". Soon he was writing music with unusual time signatures and in unusual changes of key.\nProkofiev's formal musical education began when, as a young boy, he started taking lessons from Reinhold Gli\u00e8re. In 1904 he went to study at the Conservatory in St Petersburg. He was a brilliant student, but he often disagreed with the way the professors were teaching. He was bored with the lessons in orchestration from Rimsky-Korsakov and the counterpoint lessons from Liadov although he could have learned more from these great men. His main friends were the composers Nikolai Myaskovsky and Boris Asafiev. He often showed them his latest piano compositions which sounded very modern. Many of St. Petersburg's newspaper critics did not like his music, while others felt he showed great promise and was sure to be a \"futurist\".\nProkofiev spent the summer of 1909 back at home in the small Russian farming village of Sontsovka in what is now Ukraine where his father was an estate manager. He worked in a way that was to be typical of him all his life: he carefully kept a diary until the middle 1930s, was an excellent chess player and writer, kept making changes to a number of his earlier works. He often borrowed music from one composition and put it in another, or used unfinished works in new compositions.\nWhen he returned to St Petersburg he took piano lessons from a teacher at the St. Petersburg Conservatory called Anna Esipova. She worked hard to discipline him in his playing although he did not appreciate her efforts. He also took conducting lessons from Nikolai Tcherepnin who taught him to like late-Romantic composers such as Scriabin and Debussy. He wrote some music himself in this style, but most of the music he wrote at this time sounded very harsh and dissonant and, although he was becoming quite famous, many people hated it. When he finished his studies at the Conservatoire he won its top prize (the Rubinstein Prize) with his \"First Piano Concerto\", although the examiners had found it hard to agree and Rimsky-Korsakov said that Prokofiev was \"gifted but immature\".\nProkofiev travelled to London where he met many famous people including Diaghilev who had a very skilled ballet group called Ballets Russes. The composer Igor Stravinsky had been writing ballet music for Diaghilev\u2019s dancers. Prokofiev particularly loved Stravinsky\u2019s \"Rite of Spring\" and it influenced his music. He wrote an opera \"The Gambler\" based on the novel by Brusilov but the singers and the orchestra did not understand his music and refused to perform it. One of the first works of Prokofiev to become known all over the world was his First Symphony known as the \"Classical Symphony\". He made the music sound like that of composers from the Classical period such as Haydn. This symphony is still very popular today.\nAmerica and Europe (1918\u20131936).\nIn 1917 the Russian Revolution took place. The country was in a chaotic state so Prokofiev went to the United States. After a journey which took four months via the Transsiberian railway, Tokyo and San Francisco, he arrived in New York. His first real success came from his connections with Cyrus McCormik in Chicago. His first major commission was the opera \"The Love for Three Oranges\" for the Chicago Lyric Opera. It was popular in Chicago but not in New York City where he really wanted to make his reputation. He soon traveled to Paris to see Diagalev again whom he had met earlier in London. His first ballet for him was \"Ala and Lolly\" which Diagalev did not like and would not perform. This ballet later became Prokofiev's \"Scythian Suite\". His next ballet was more successful, \"The Tale of the Buffoon\". He also wrote his \"Third Piano Concerto\" which is his most popular concerto for piano. Prokofiev lived off and on in Paris for fourteen years, but he often went on tour, performing his works on the piano. In 1928 his \"Third Symphony\" was first performed, much of which was based on music from his opera \" The Fiery Angel\" which was never performed completely in his lifetime. In the late-1920s he was invited back to Russia. Although many Soviet people tried to persuade him to stay there he decided to remain in the West where he was starting to have a very successful career. It was not until 1936 that he finally decided to move back to Russia. Life was not easy in the Soviet Union for all types of creative people such as musicians, poets, writers and film makers. Composers were expected to write music which would make ordinary people happy and make them feel proud of their country and of the communist revolution. Any music that did not do this was called \u201cdecadent\u201d or \u201cformalist\u201d. Many artists where punished for creating works that did not do what the socialist politicians expected of them. Prokofiev had never been interested in politics, and he thought the politicians would leave him in peace so that he could write the kind of music he liked.\nUSSR (1936\u20131953).\nBack in Russia Prokofiev settled in Moscow. He wrote several children\u2019s pieces including \"Peter and the Wolf\". He was asked to write music for two important jubilees: the 20th anniversary of the Revolution and the centenary of Pushkin\u2019s death. He took great care over this music. Much of what he wrote was to be directed by Meyerhold, but Meyerhold was arrested, later tortured and murdered so the whole project never happened. Some of the music written for the Pushkin centenary was later used in his opera \"War and Peace\", the \"Stone Flower\" ballet and Symphonic Waltzes. He also wrote a very large piece called \"Cantata for the Twentieth Anniversary of the October Revolution\", using words by Marx, Lenin and Stalin for a total of 500 performers. The music included realistic effects such as gun shots, machine-gun fire and sirens. However, many critics said that the music was vulgar, and it was not performed until 1966, long after Prokofiev\u2019s death. He tried to make the soviet authorities pleased by writing a \"safe\" opera called \"I am the Son of the Working People\" but the politicians stopped it during its early auditions. The opera was going to be produced by Meyerhold, but again it never happened because Meyerhold was arrested and executed.\nThe World War II was a time of change for Prokofiev for several reasons. In 1941 his marriage to Lina Llubera came to an end and his new companion Mira Mendelsohn, and later wife, saw him through his last years. Lina was a foreigner and marriage to foreigners was made illegal (forbidden) at that time. In 1948 she was arrested, charged with being a spy, and sent to a labour camp. On the other hand, Mira had lived her entire life within the Soviet system and was much more aware of how to survive in the politacally-charged times. In 1945, shortly after the premier of his Fifth Symphony, he had a stroke which was the beginning of a period of bad health. He spent a lot of time away from Moscow where it was unsafe. The first signs that his health was to be poor occurred in Alma-Ata in 1943 when he had a fainting spell. He was an workaholic and this, plus the pressures placed upon him by the Soviet system, forced him to withdraw from an active social life in Moscow. Prokofiev lived with Mira for the rest of his life. Lina was freed from the labour camp after Stalin\u2019s death. Later she left the Soviet Union and she died in London in 1989.\nDuring the war Prokofiev composed a lot of his best music. He wrote his last piano sonatas as well as working on his operas \"Betrothal in a Monastery\" after Sherican, and \"War and Peace\" (based on the novel by Tolstoy) and writing his film music for both Eisenstein\u2019s \"Alexander Nevsky\" and \"Ivan the Terrible\" and composing his Fifth Symphony. The first performance of this symphony, given on 13 January 1945, was the last time he conducted in public. He spent the rest of his life in a house in the country to the west of Moscow, although during his last winters he lived in Moscow close to his doctors. Even in these last years he was not to find peace. Stalin\u2019s rule of terror had serious effects on all Soviet artists. In 1948 a committee of the Communist Party spoke out against several Soviet composers including Prokofiev. They said that his music was \u201cformalist\u201d and \u201calien\u201d to the Soviet people. His opera \u201cWar and Peace\u201d was not allowed to be performed because it was neither lyrical nor patriotic enough. The works he wrote in his last years were mostly ones which the politicians officially approved. His last great work of this period is the \"Symphony-Concerto\" for cello and orchestra which used a lot of music from the unsuccessful \"Cello Sonata\", and greatly revised with the help of the cellist Mstislav Rostropovich.\nProkofiev died of a brain haemorrhage on 5 March 1953. His death was hardly mentioned in the newspapers because the dictator Josef Stalin died on the same day."}
+{"id": "48233", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48233", "title": "Arab Christians", "text": "Arab Christians are people who practice Christianity and speak Arabic or are from an Arabic-speaking country.\nRegion.\nMost Christian Arabs live in the Middle East, where Islam is the most popular religion. The largest number of Arab Christians - around 9,500,000 - live in Egypt. \nMany Arabs have emigrated from the Middle East in modern times. In some places like the Americas, a large number of these Arabs are Christians. In Brazil, there are more than 11.6 million Arabs; most of them are Christians.\nHistory.\nOrigins.\nArab Christians existed before Arab Muslims. Several Arab tribes became Christians starting in the first century. (The Prophet Muhammad created Islam during the 7th century.)\nThe Arab tribes who converted were the Nabateans (whose ancestors were Aramean) and the Ghassanids (who were of Qahtani origin and spoke both Yemeni-Arabic and Greek). They protected the southeastern parts of the Byzantine Empire in north Arabia.\nPersecution.\nDuring various periods in the history of the Islamic world, Arab Christians experienced brutal, humiliating persecution. This increased with the Muslim conquests of Christian countries after the death of the Prophet Muhammad. \nOften, Arab Christians were forced to convert to Islam if they could not pay an expensive tax known as the 'jizya'. Despite this, many Christians chose not to change their religion to Islam. \nMuslims call Christians and Jews the \"People of the Book\".\nPersecution today.\nIn the early 21st century, persecution of Christians in Arab countries increased. In most countries they are required to obey Islamic \"Shari'ah\" law. In some countries, notably Egypt, political approval is required for the construction or renovation of a church. This is not required for the construction of mosques. \nCountries in the Arabian Gulf, most notably Saudi Arabia, do not allow people to build churches or practice Christianity in public. However, that is slowly changing in progressive areas like the UAE. \nCoptic Christians in Egypt continue to face significant discrimination in the workplace and have a hard time reaching the upper echelons in universities, corporations, and government offices.\nContributions.\nArab Christians have made important contributions to the Arab world, and they still do. Some of the best poets in past centuries were Arab Christians. Many Arab Christians were and are doctors, writers, government workers, and literature experts."}
+{"id": "48240", "revid": "5400", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48240", "title": "Charles I of Spain", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48243", "revid": "10358836", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48243", "title": "Synthesizer", "text": "A musical synthesizer is an instrument that uses electricity to make musical sounds. They are the main instrument for making electronic music. Many synthesizers have a keyboard like that of a piano. When playing a piano keyboard, sounds are made by hitting soft hammers against strings pulled very tight. When playing a synthesizer keyboard, sounds are made by turning electrical oscillators on and off. Since \"synthesizer\" is such a big word, the word is usually shortened to \"synth\".\nHow synthesizers work.\nAn oscillator is something that \"vibrates\", or repeats the same pattern. The pendulum of a clock, for example, is a very slow oscillator. A piano string \"oscillates\" when struck by a hammer.\nElectric oscillators might be made using transistors. They turn electricity into electrical patterns, or signals, that repeat over and over. When different keys are pressed, different notes are heard. This is done by making the signal from the oscillator repeat at different rates. \nThe signal can be boosted in strength and sent straight to a loudspeaker. But the sound of a simple signal can be boring after a while. Sounds can be made more interesting in many ways.\nBy combining many of these methods, synths can now sound very much like older instruments. For one example, special synths called \"drum synths\" are used just to make the sounds a drummer might make. Synths can also make many new sounds never heard before.\nIn the early 2000s, computers got fast enough so \"software synths\" could be made. These are computer programs designed to look and work like a synth. They tend to be less expensive, so more can be used. Most of these programs can be downloaded for free, however this may be illegal.\nThere are special tools available to play synths. For example, a thing called a \"wind controller\" lets players of wind instruments use their special skills. But there is still a need for more ways to control synths to make them more expressive."}
+{"id": "48244", "revid": "373511", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48244", "title": "John Foxe", "text": "John Foxe (1516/1517 \u2013 18 April 1587), is remembered as the author of \"Foxe's Book of Martyrs\".\nEducation and Resignation from Oxford.\nFoxe was born in Boston, Lincolnshire, England into a prominent family. In 1535 Foxe was admitted to Magdalen College School. He became a fellow in July 1539.\nFoxe resigned from his college in 1545, after referring to it as \"a prison.\" During his time at Oxford he became an evangelical, meaning that he converted to Protestant beliefs not accepted by the Church of England under Henry VIII. As he wanted to leave Oxford, Foxe looked to other evangelicals for help but received only advice and a little money. Foxe married Agnes Randall on February 3, 1547.\nLife in London under Edward VI.\nWith the death of Henry VIII in January 1547 Foxe's prospects (and those of the evangelical cause generally) changed for the better. Foxe was ordained deacon by Nicholas Ridley on June 24, 1550.\nMarian Exile.\nIn the fall of 1554 Foxe moved to Frankfurt, where he lived with Anthony Gilby in the English colony of Protestant refugees.\nFoxe then removed to Basel where he lived and worked with John Bale and Lawrence Humphrey.\nReturn to England.\nIn 1559, when Mary I had died Foxe returned to England. He lived for some time at Aldgate, London, in the house of his former pupil, Thomas Howard. Foxe started publishing works of religious controversy and worked on a new martyrology, which would become the \"Foxe's Book of Martyrs\".\nFoxe was ordained priest by Edmund Grindal, now Bishop of London, on January 25, 1560, and he moved to Norwich to live with its bishop, John Parkhurst. On March 23 of the following year the first edition of Foxe's Book of Martyrs was published.\nFoxe was one of the earliest students of Anglo-Saxon, and he and Day published an edition of the \"Saxon gospels\" with the help of Archbishop Parker.\nFoxe died on 8 April 1587 and was buried at St. Giles's, Cripplegate."}
+{"id": "48246", "revid": "10389542", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48246", "title": "Evangelicalism", "text": "The word evangelicalism refers to a type of Christian belief and practice in conservative Protestantism although some Catholics also call themselves \"evangelicals.\"\nEvangelicals believe in spreading their faith (evangelism), the need to be converted (also called being born again), believing what is in the Bible, and the need to live a moral life both personally and in society. In the past 200 years, people, churches and social movements have often been called evangelical. It is different from Liberal Protestantism although it may share some of the same goals.\nOutside the United States, the word \"evangelical\" can mean different things. In Europe and Latin America the word is often used to simply mean Protestant, as different from Roman Catholic religion. Some Christian denominations have the word as part of their official name, which may indicate that they are more conservative than other denominations with a similar name.\nIn 2016, there were thought to be about 619 million evangelicals in the world and so one in four Christians would be an evangelical. The United States has many evangelicals, who form about one fourth of the nation's population and its largest religious group. There are also many evangelicals in Latin America, Africa, China and Korea. Evangelicals make up most Baptists and Pentecostals; manyMethodists, Presbyterians, and other older denominations; and many independent Christian churches that do not belong to any larger group.\nBilly Graham, probably the best-known evangelical of the last 100 years, preached all around the world."}
+{"id": "48274", "revid": "10389432", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48274", "title": "920s", "text": "The 920s was a decade that started on 1 January 920, and ended on 31 December 929. It is distinct from the decade known as the 93rd decade which began on January 1, 921 and ended on December 31, 930."}
+{"id": "48275", "revid": "10252069", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48275", "title": "940s", "text": "The 940s was a decade that started on 1 January 940 and ended on 31 December 949. It is distinct from the decade known as the 95th decade which began on January 1, 941 and ended on December 31, 950."}
+{"id": "48276", "revid": "10389431", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48276", "title": "910s", "text": "The 910s was a decade that began on 1 January 910 and ended on 31 December 919. It is distinct from the decade known as the 92nd decade which began on January 1, 911 and ended on December 31, 920."}
+{"id": "48277", "revid": "9720106", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48277", "title": "Canopic jar", "text": "Canopic jars were used to store the internal organs of a mummy in Ancient Egypt. The lid had the head of a baboon, human, falcon or a jackal\u2014representing the sons of Horus. These jars were used to store organs which were removed from a dead person, these were the stomach, the intestine, the liver and the lungs, because they were thought to be use less in the afterlife.They only did the mummification process to important people. The jars were placed in the tombs with the bodies.\nNames: imesty the (human), Duamutef (Jackal), Hapi (Baboon), Qebehsenuf (Falcon) ."}
+{"id": "48278", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48278", "title": "Fellow", "text": "A fellow is a member of a group of learned people who work together at university or other academic institutions. However, there are no precise rules for how the title is used, and each academic institution grants the title as it sees fit. "}
+{"id": "48281", "revid": "7440", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48281", "title": "English monarchs", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48285", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48285", "title": "Millipede", "text": "Millipedes are a very long type of arthropod. Millipedes are segmented. Most have between 20 and over 100 segments, and have flattened bodies. Except for the first few segments, each segment has 2 pairs of legs, as a result of each segment being the fusing (coming together) of two.\nSo far, about 12,000 different species of millipedes have been described. with 10,000 identified, and there is an estimated 80,000 total species of millipede on Earth. The animals are detrivores, they eat what is left over from plants.\nMost of the time, their food is decaying leaves and other dead plant matter. Millipedes are not poisonous, but many species have glands capable of producing irritating fluids that may cause allergic reactions in some individuals. This protects them from being constantly eaten because of their slow movement. Generally, they are not a pest, although young seedlings in greenhouses can be sometimes eaten by these creatures. \"Xenobolus carnifex \"is known for its common infestation of thatched roofs in India. Several species swarm houses and farms, causing damage.\nSome millipedes have fangs that allow them to directly prey on plants.\nThe primary defense mechanism of millipedes is to roll up into a spiral-shaped circle, protecting their more delicate organs from being hurt by an armor-like skin. Millipedes can secrete liquids that can burn their predators for protection.\nBristly millipedes lack armor-like skin, and instead have bristles (small spiky hairs) that protect them from insects, like detaching a bristle when it goes through the body of an ant.\nThey can easily be told apart from centipedes because centipedes move faster, have only have one pair of legs per segment, and eat animals instead of just plants, although a very small amount of millipede species are omnivores, feeding on insects, earthworms, or snails.\nScientists who study millipedes are called diplopodologists, and the scientific study (like astronomy or biology) of millipedes is known as diplopodology.\nA millipede species,\" Pneumodesmus newmani,\" was the first animal species to live constantly on land that lived 428 million years ago.\nHabitat.\nMillipedes are the most common in temperate, wet deciduous forests, but are also often found in coniferous forests and high-altitude alpine environments, some species live in deserts, and even fewer in caves. Many live under stones, fallen leaves, and in woodpiles, plus other dark damp locations in forests.\nSome species of bristly millipedes have been known to live in the common small cracks of tree bark.\nMillipedes and People.\nMillipedes, due to their herbivore (plant-eating) and, with some species, limited omnivore capabilities, do not bite humans, although some of the defensive liquids that they give out might cause minor irritation and burns on human skin. On the eyes, these can be much worse, and direct exposure can lead to serious medical issues.\nThey also appear in various folklore, remedies, and traditional usages around the world."}
+{"id": "48286", "revid": "10326404", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48286", "title": "Edwy of England", "text": "Eadwig All-Fair or \"Edwy\" (940/941 \u2013 1 October 959) was the King of England from 955 until his death. Edwy was the eldest son of King Edmund I and Saint Elgiva. Edwy was chosen in 955 to succeed his uncle Edred as King.\nHis short reign as King was marked by conflict. He had problems within his family, the Thanes, and the Roman Catholic Church, under the leadership of Saint Dunstan and Archbishop Odo. Edwy died at the age of eighteen or nineteen, and was succeeded by his rival brother, Edgar, who re-unified the kingdom."}
+{"id": "48288", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48288", "title": "Oda of Canterbury", "text": "Saint Oda or Odo, called the Good or the Severe (d. 958) was a 10th century Archbishop of Canterbury in England."}
+{"id": "48289", "revid": "1555593", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48289", "title": "Magdalen College School, Oxford", "text": "Magdalen College School is an independent school for boys. It is on the edge of central Oxford, England. It was founded as part of Magdalen College, Oxford by Thomas Becket in 1480\nThe school was originally founded by William Waynflete to educate the sixteen boy choristers of Magdalen College, Oxford University who sang in the college's chapel. Important Old Waynfletes include William Tyndale, Sam Mendes, Alex Lennox, Tim Hunt, and Ben Goldacre."}
+{"id": "48290", "revid": "1644234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48290", "title": "Edward V of England", "text": "Edward V (2 November 1470 \u2013 1483) was the King of England from 9 April 1483 to his removal two months later, on 25 June 1483.\nHe is believed to have been murdered in 1483, possibly in August or September.\nEarly life.\nEdward was born at Westminster while his father, King Edward IV of England, was in exile in Burgundy. King Henry VI said that his mother and his sisters would be safe if they stayed at Westminster Abbey. When Edward IV came back and took over the throne again, Edward became his heir and was given the title \"Prince of Wales\". Edward IV thought it would be right for the Prince of Wales to rule Wales and so he sent little Prince Edward to live in Ludlow Castle, where the Council of Wales met. The prince was helped by his uncle, Anthony Woodville, Earl Rivers, and began to learn how to be a ruler. His mother, Queen Elizabeth Woodville, was often with him, and his father, the king, also visited.\nThe prince spent most of his time at Ludlow until he was 12, when his father suddenly died. The prince had to go straight to London to take the throne, and his uncle, Earl Rivers, went with him. On the way, they were met by another of his uncles, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, who was a younger brother of Edward IV. Richard had been given the title of \"Lord Protector\" by Edward IV in the hope that he would look after Prince Edward until he was old enough to rule as king.\nPrisoner.\nInstead of arranging a coronation for the new king, Richard decided to take the throne for himself and became King Richard III. He sent Prince Edward to live in the Tower of London and to wait for his coronation. He also got Edward's younger brother, Prince Richard, Duke of York, to come and live at the Tower. Earl Rivers was executed by Richard. \nRichard convinced people that the two young princes were not the legal heirs to the throne. On 25 June 1483, the Parliament decided that Richard was the legal king because Edward and his other brothers and sisters were declared illegitimate. After Edward IV's death, it was revealed that Edward had been engaged to a woman named Eleanor Butler and so his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville was seen as bigamy.\nMissing boys.\nAfter a few months, the two boys disappeared, and what happened to them is still a mystery today. Most people think that the two boys were murdered,a nd they have become known as the \"Princes in the Tower\". It is most likely they were killed by their uncle, Richard III. It is also possible that they were killed by Henry VII, who became king two years later.\nIn 1674, during building work in the Tower, a wooden chest was found under a staircase in the White Tower. It contained the bones of two young boys. It has never been proved that these are the missing princes, but King Charles II stated that they were, and he had the bones buried in Westminster Abbey. In 1933, the bones were looked at again by scientists, who believed that they were the two princes."}
+{"id": "48291", "revid": "10489015", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48291", "title": "Lincolnshire", "text": "Lincolnshire ( or ; abbreviated Lincs) is a county in the east of England. It borders Norfolk, Cambridgeshire, Rutland, Leicestershire, Nottinghamshire, South Yorkshire, the East Riding of Yorkshire, and (for just 19 metres or 20 yards, England's shortest county boundary) Northamptonshire. Its county town is the ancient city of Lincoln."}
+{"id": "48292", "revid": "1011913", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48292", "title": "Norfolk", "text": "Norfolk is a low-lying county in East Anglia in the east of southern England. It has borders with Lincolnshire to the west, Cambridgeshire to the west and southwest and with Suffolk to the south. Its northern and eastern boundaries are the North Sea coast, including The Wash. The county town is Norwich. Norfolk is home to the Norfolk Broads, a famous tourist and wildlife spot."}
+{"id": "48293", "revid": "40117", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48293", "title": "ISO 3166-2", "text": "ISO 3166-2 is part of the ISO 3166 standard. It was made by the International Organization for Standardization. For each country listed in ISO 3166-1, ISO 3166-2 defines its provinces with two or three letter codes, or numbers.\nCurrent codes.\nBelow is a full table of the ISO 3166-2 codes for each country, with three columns:"}
+{"id": "48294", "revid": "1011913", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48294", "title": "Leicestershire", "text": "Leicestershire (abbreviated Leics) is a county in central England. It takes its name from the heavily populated City of Leicester, its traditional administrative centre, although the City of Leicester is today administered separately from the rest of Leicestershire. The county borders onto Lincolnshire, Rutland, Northamptonshire, Warwickshire, Staffordshire, Derbyshire, and Nottinghamshire.\nLeicestershire was recorded in the Domesday Book."}
+{"id": "48295", "revid": "1011913", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48295", "title": "Northamptonshire", "text": "Northamptonshire (abbreviated Northants or N'hants) is a county in central England with a population of 629,676 (2001 census). It has borders with Warwickshire, Leicestershire, Rutland, Cambridgeshire, Peterborough, Bedfordshire, Buckinghamshire (including the Borough of Milton Keynes), Oxfordshire, and Lincolnshire (England's shortest county boundary: 19 metres). The county town is Northampton.\nNorthamptonshire has often been called the county of \"squires and spires\" due to its wide variety of historic buildings and country houses.\nNorthampton is by far the largest town in the county, with a population of 194,122. This is followed by Corby (53,174), Wellingborough (48,428), Kettering (47,000), Rushden (25,849) and Daventry (22,367). Most of the county's population is concentrated in a central north-south.\nCherwell Edge in Northamptonshire () is near the River Cherwell, north-west of Banbury, England. The once heavily wooded hill and valley was mostly cleared many years ago. The area now also covers the nearby Cherwell Edge Golf Club that was recently built by it too. The golf club is used by various local residents.\nPlaces.\nThese are the main settlements in Northamptonshire with a town charter, a population over 5,000, or otherwise notable.\nTwo major canals - the Oxford and the Grand Union \u2014 join in the county at Braunston.\nA branch of the Grand Union Canal connects to the River Nene in Northampton.\nTwo trunk railway routes, the West Coast Main Line and the Midland Main Line traverse the county.\nBefore nationalisation of the railways in 1948 and the creation of British Railways, Northamptonshire was home to three of the \"Big Four\" railway companies; the London, Midland and Scottish Railway, London and North Eastern Railway and Great Western Railway. Only the Southern Railway was not represented."}
+{"id": "48298", "revid": "7440", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48298", "title": "Canopic jars", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48307", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48307", "title": "Fractal geometry", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48314", "revid": "1070632", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48314", "title": "Earl", "text": "An Earl (or Jarl) was a title for nobility used by Anglo-Saxons and Scandinavians. It originally meant \"chieftain\" and it referred especially to chieftains set to rule a territory in a king's stead. In Scandinavia, it stopped being used in the Middle Ages, whereas, in Britain, it became synonymous with the continental count.\nIn Anglo-Saxon times the title was similar to that of Ealdorman.\nToday, an earl is a member of the British peerage, and is below a Marquess, but above a Viscount. A British Earl is the same as a continental Count. Since there is no feminine form of Earl, the wife of an Earl has the rank of Countess (the continental equivalent)."}
+{"id": "48321", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48321", "title": "Lobster", "text": "Lobsters are large crustaceans that live in the sea. They form the family of Nephropidae, which is sometimes also called Homaridae. People make a lot of money from catching lobsters and selling them to make seafood.\nBiology.\nLots of different kinds of animals that live in the sea are called lobsters. When people talk about lobsters, most of the time they mean \"clawed lobsters\". One kind of clawed lobster is the American lobster. Lots of animals that we call lobsters are not actually \"clawed lobsters\". Squat lobsters, spiny lobsters or slipper lobsters, are all different kinds of animal. Some kinds of crayfish which live in fresh water and reef lobsters are very similar to \"clawed lobsters\".\nSmaller kinds of lobsters are sometimes called \"lobsterettes\". They have hard shells which protect them. This hard shell is made from a material called chitin. The shell is so hard that lobsters must climb out of them before they can grow bigger. This is called \"moulting\". When lobsters moult they are weak and easy to attack. If they hide for long enough they will grow a new hard shell and the lobster will be bigger. Some lobsters change color when they grow a new shell. Lobsters can grow new parts of their body when they lose them. Every time they moult the body part will get a little bit bigger and stronger until it is back to normal.\nLobsters live in the sea between the shore and the edge of the continental shelf. They live underwater on rocky, sandy, or muddy ground. They usually live alone in cracks or under rocks.\nLobsters usually eat live food like fish, molluscs, other crustaceans, worms, and some plants. Lobsters sometimes scavenge (eat dead plants and animals). Lobsters also eat other lobsters (cannibalism) when they are put together in small spaces where they cannot get out. Lobsters do not usually eat other lobsters in the oceans. People have found lobster skin in the stomachs of some lobsters. This is because lobsters eat the skin they shed when they moult. Lobsters grow all their lives. Some lobsters live for over 100 years, and some become very big. The Guinness World Records says that the largest lobster was from Nova Scotia, Canada and weighed 20.14\u00a0kg (44.4\u00a0lb).\nLobsters are usually the same on the left and right sides. Lobsters have claws on their front legs, and one claw can be bigger than the other. One reason they are different sizes is because they do different jobs. Big strong claws can grab food, and little sharp claws can cut the food up so they can eat it. When a fisherman catches a lobster, they like to keep them if the claws are big. People like to eat lobsters with big claws because there is more good tasting meat in them. The head end of the lobster is called the cephalon. The middle part of the lobster is called the thorax. These parts of a lobster are stuck together and can not move, so we put the words together and call them both the cephalothorax. The bottom end of the lobster is called the abdomen, where the tail is. At the end of the tail is a fan. Lobsters have long thin body parts called antennae under their eyes which they can move around. Lobsters use these to feel what is near them, and they also help them find food. Lobsters have eyes but they cannot see very well. Lobsters have three pairs of jaws. All legs of a lobster have claws apart from the ones at the back. Only the front two legs have big claws. The little claws on the other legs help pick up food they find and put them in the jaws so the lobster can eat.\nLobsters usually move slowly by walking on the bottom of the sea floor. When they are in danger and need to escape, they swim backwards quickly by bending their tail down and up. The fan on the tail helps them to swim faster. Lobsters can move at a speed of 5 metres every second when they do this."}
+{"id": "48322", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48322", "title": "Nephorpidae", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48323", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48323", "title": "Homaridae", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48324", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48324", "title": "Spiny lobster", "text": "Spiny lobsters, also known as rock lobsters are a family (Palinuridae) of about 45 species of crustaceans, in the Decapoda Reptantia. Spiny lobsters are also called \"crayfish\", \"sea crayfish\" or \"crawfish\".\nAlthough they superficially resemble true lobsters in terms of overall shape, and that they also have a hard carapace and exoskeleton, the two groups are not closely related. Spiny lobsters can be easily distinguished from true lobsters by their very long, thick, spiny antennae, and by their complete lack of claws (\"chelae\"); true lobsters have much smaller antennae and claws on the first three pairs of legs, with the first being particularly enlarged. Like true lobsters, however, spiny lobsters are edible and are an economically significant food source; they are the biggest food export of the Bahamas\u00a0.\nSpiny lobsters are found in almost all warm seas, including the Caribbean and the Mediterranean Sea, but are particularly common in Australasia, where they are referred to commonly as crayfish or sea crayfish (\"Jasus novaehollandiae\" and \"Jasus edwardsii\"), and South Africa (\"Jasus lalandii\"). A new species, \"Palinurus barbarae\" was described in 2006.\nThe largest spiny lobster on record was over 1\u00a0m (3\u00a0ft) long and weighed over 11.8\u00a0kg (26\u00a0lb).\nSpiny lobsters tend to live in crevices of rocks and coral reefs, only occasionally venturing out at night to seek snails, clams, crabs, sea urchins or carrion to eat. Sometimes, they migrate \"en masse\", in long files of lobsters across the sea floor. Potential predators may be deterred from eating spiny lobsters by a loud screech made by the antennae of the spiny lobsters rubbing against a smooth part of the exoskeleton\u00a0. Spiny lobsters usually exhibit social habit by being together. However recent studies indicate that healthy lobsters move away from infected ones and leaving the diseased lobsters to fend for itself\u00a0.\nThe furry lobsters (\"e.g.\" \"Palinurellus\") are sometimes separated into a family of their own, the Synaxidae, but are usually considered members of the Palinuridae. The slipper lobsters (Scyllaridae) are their next closest relatives, and these two or three families make up the Achelata. Genera of spiny lobsters include \"Palinurus\" and a number of anagrams thereof: \"Panulirus\", \"Linuparus\", \"etc.\" (Palinurus was also a helmsman in Virgil's \u00c6neid.)"}
+{"id": "48325", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48325", "title": "Palinuridae", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48326", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48326", "title": "Rock lobster", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48327", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48327", "title": "Bromeliad", "text": "Bromeliads are a family of tropical plants which includes the pineapple and several colourful houseplants. They are nearly all from Latin America and the Caribbean islands, except for Spanish moss from the southern United States, and a single kind from Africa.\nWell-known kinds of bromeliad.\nPineapples (Latin name: \"Ananas\"). See Pineapple.\nAir plants (Latin name: \"Tillandsia\") are very curious because they do not need any roots to stay alive. Instead they soak up moisture from the air around them through tiny, silvery scales on their leaves. They have so many of these scales that the whole plant can look grey. In the wild they grow on tree banches in rainy and misty areas. In the Caribbean there is a kind that grows on telephone wires!\nUrn plants (Latin name: \"Aechmea\") are easy to keep. They grow to about 60 cm across, but because the stiff, green-and-grey leaves have spiny edges, they need to be out of the way. Urn plants got their name because they have a hole in the middle made by the ring-shaped arrangement of their leaves. This central urn fills up with rainwater in the wild and is often home to insects and frogs. Its flowers are held high on a single stem, and protected by a globe of small, pink leaves which lasts for several months.\nVriesias (Latin names: \"Vriesia\" and \"Guzmania\") are like urn plants, but they have no spines and their leaves are softer. They are often sold in flower shops (and sometimes in supermarkets) and are very easy to look after. Their flowers grow on a single stem, protected by flattened, colourful leaves. It is better not to fill the central space with water, as these soft-leaved plants might rot. instead their soil should be watered.\nSpanish moss.\nSpanish moss (Latin name: \"Tillandsia usneoides\") is a grey plant found hanging from trees in the swamps of the southern United States, especially in Louisiana but as far east as coastal Virginia. To the south it spreads as far as Chile and Argentina. It gained its current name from Spanish and French colonisers in the Gulf of Mexico. The French called it \"Barbe Espagnole\" (\"Spanish beard\") to insult their rivals, and the Spanish in turn called it \"Cabello franc\u00e9s\" (\"French hair\"). Today \"Spanish moss\" survives as a mild version of the French taunt, although some call the plant \"Graybeard\".\nOther kinds of bromeliads.\nBromelia, the plant which gives its name to the family, is the only other bromeliad with edible fruit. Its berries taste a bit like pineapple, but are less tasty, and there are not very many on each plant.\nFascicularia is the only bromeliad that can be grown in frosty areas. It is not killed by frost if it is kept dry in the winter.\nPitcairnia is the only wild bromeliad outside the Americas. One species, \"Pitcairnia feliciana\", was discoved living in West Africa. It is probably descended from seeds carried by migrating birds.\nPuya is the largest bromeliad. It can grow up to nine metres tall. It lives in the Andes mountains, and is sometimes eaten by bears for its nectar. In Chile the young leaves of some puyas are eaten in salads."}
+{"id": "48329", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48329", "title": "Album (music)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48334", "revid": "177123", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48334", "title": "Oscillator", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48335", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48335", "title": "Eucalyptus", "text": "Eucalyptus is a genus of trees. Eucalypt is also the common name for seven similar plants from the tribe Eucalypteae, all from Australasia. They are \"Eucalyptus\", \"Corymbia\", \"Angophora\", \"Stockwellia\", \"Allosyncarpia\", \"Eucalyptopsis\" and \"Arillastrum\".\nThere are over 699 species of eucalyptus, and almost all of them are in Australia. Eucalyptus can be found in almost all parts of the Australia, and they are adapted to many different habitats. Their distribution has an implication: they must have evolved after Australia lost contact with the rest of Gondwana. Apart from the island of New Guinea, which is historically connected to Australia, and the Philippines, and a couple of small islands, the eucalypts are not naturally found in any other countries.\nMany species are known as gum trees because they put out lots of sap from any break in the bark.\nEucalypts have many local names, like 'gum trees', 'mallee', 'box', 'ironbark', 'stringybark' and 'ash'.\nDescription.\nFlowers and leaves.\nEucalypts have special flowers and fruits that no other trees have. When it flowers a bud cap made of petals grows around the flower until it is ready to open. Then the bud cap falls off to reveal a flower with no petals.\nThe woody fruits are called gumnuts. They are roughly cone-shaped and open at one end to release the seeds.\nNearly all eucalypts are evergreen but some tropical species lose their leaves at the end of the dry season. The leaves are covered with oil glands. These oils are often used to treat coughs and colds.\nMany eucalypts change the shape of their leaves as they get older. Young eucalypts have round leaves. When one to a few years old, the leaves of most kinds become longer and spearhead or sickle-shaped. A few species keep the round leaf shape all their lives. Most species do not flower until the adult leaves starts to appear.\nBark.\nThe bark dies every year. In smooth-barked trees most of the bark falls off the tree, leaving a smooth surface that is often colourfully marked. With rough-barked trees the dead bark stays on the tree and dries out. Many kinds of eucalyptus trees have smooth bark at the top but rough bark lower down. These different kinds of bark are used to arrange the eucalypts into groups \u2013 this is useful because there are hundreds of kinds of eucalypts, and breaking down the group in this way makes the group easier to understand.\nThe different groups are:\nHeight.\nToday, specimens of the Australian Mountain Ash are among the tallest trees in the world. They grow at up to 92 metres in height, and are the tallest of all flowering plants: taller trees such as the coast redwood are all conifers. There is evidence that at the time of European settlement of Australia some Mountain Ash were indeed the tallest plants in the world.\nFrost.\nMost eucalypts cannot survive frost, or can only stand light frosts down to 3\u00a0\u00b0C to 5\u00a0\u00b0C. The hardiest eucalypts are the so-called \"snow gums\" such as \"Eucalyptus pauciflora\" which can stand cold and frost down to about 20\u00a0\u00b0C. Two sub-species (wild varieties) of this tree can survive even colder winters.\nSeveral other kinds, especially from the high plateau and mountains of central Tasmania, have produced extreme cold-hardy forms. It is seed from these hardy strains that are planted for ornamental trees in colder parts of the world.\nAnimals and eucalyptus.\nAn oil found in eucalyptus leaves is a strong, natural disinfectant, which is used in some medicines, but can be poisonous if too much is taken. Several marsupials, such as koalas and some possums, are partly resistant to it. These animals can tell which plants are safe to eat by their smell.\nEucalypts make a lot of nectar, which is food for many insects.\nDangers.\nEucalypts have a habit of dropping entire branches off as they grow. Eucalyptus forests are littered with dead branches. The Australian Ghost Gum \"Eucalyptus papuana\" is sometimes called the \"widow maker\", due to the high number of tree-felling workers who were killed by falling branches. Many deaths were actually caused by simply camping under them, as the trees shed whole and very large branches to save water during droughts. For this reason, you should \"never\" camp under large eucalyptus branches.\nFire.\nOn warm days eucalyptus oil vapour rises above the bush to create the well-known distant blue haze of the Australian landscape. Eucalyptus oil catches fire very easily, and bush fires can travel quickly through the oil-rich air of the tree crowns. The dead bark and fallen branches are also flammable. Eucalypts are well adapted for periodic fires \u2013 in fact most species are dependent on them for spread and regeneration. They do this in several ways: by sprouting from underground tubers, hidden buds under their bark and from seeds sprouting in the ashes after the fire has opened them.\nHow fire helped the spread of eucalypts.\nEucalypts began between 35 and 50 million years ago, not long after Australia and New Guinea separated from the rest of Gondwana. Their coming coincides with an increase in fossil charcoal deposits (which might mean that fire was important to them even then). They stayed a minor component of the rainforest until about 20 million years ago, when the gradual drying of the continent and lessening of soil richness led to the growth of a more open forest type, with mainly \"Casuarina\" and \"Acacia\" trees. With the arrival of the first humans about 50 thousand years ago, fires became much more frequent and the fire-loving eucalypts soon came to account for roughly 70% of Australian forest.\nEucalypts grow back quickly after fire.\nThe two valuable timber trees, Alpine Ash and Mountain Ash, are killed by fire and only grow back from seeds. The same fire which had little impact on forests around Canberra resulted in thousands of hectares of dead forests elsewhere.\nCultivation and uses.\nEucalyptus have many uses which have made them important. Because of their fast growth, the main benefit of these trees is the wood. They provide many uses, such as planting in parks and gardens, timber, firewood and pulpwood. Fast growth also makes eucalypts suitable as windbreaks.\nEucalypts draw a very large amount of water from the soil. They have been planted (or re-planted) in some places to lower the water table and reduce the amount of salt in the soil. Eucalypts have also been used as a way of reducing malaria by draining the soil in such places as Algeria, Sicily mainland Europe and California. Drainage removes swamps which provide a habitat for mosquito larvae, but such drainage can also destroy harmless habitats by accident.\nEucalyptus oil is refined from the leaves by steaming. It can be used for cleaning, deodorising, and in very small amounts in food supplements, especially sweets, cough drops and decongestants. Eucalyptus oil is an insect repellent (Fradin & Day 2002).\nThe nectar of some eucalyptus produces high quality honey. In the western United States the flowering is in late January, before the flowering of other nut and fruit trees; this means that its nectar can be easily made into its own kind of honey, which is said to have a buttery taste.\nThe ghost gum's leaves were used by Aborigines to catch fish. Soaking the leaves in water releases a mild tranquiliser which stuns fish, making them easy to catch.\nEucalyptus is also used to make the digeridoo, a musical wind instrument made popular by the Aborigines.\nProblems caused by eucalypts.\nEucalypts were first introduced to the rest of the world by Sir Joseph Banks, botanist on the Cook expedition in 1770. They have since been introduced to many parts of the world. Several species have become invasive (spreading out of the area they were planted in) and may cause problems for local wildlife.\nSpain.\nIn Spain, they have been planted in pulpwood plantations, replacing native oak woodland. As in other such areas, while the original woodland supports kinds of native animal life, the eucalypt groves cannot support the local wildlife, leading to silent forests and the decline of wildlife populations. On the other hand, eucalypts help several industries, such as sawmilling, pulp, and charcoal making.\nCalifornia.\nIn the 1850s many Australians travelled to California to take part in the California Gold Rush. Much of California has similar climate to parts of Australia, and some people had the idea of introducing eucalypts. By the early 1900s thousands of hectares of eucalypts were planted with the encouragement of the state government. It was hoped that they would provide a renewable source of timber for construction and furniture making. However this did not happen partly because the trees were cut when they were too young and partly because the Americans did not know how to process the cut trees to prevent the wood from twisting and splitting.\nOne way in which the eucalypts, mainly the blue gum, proved valuable in California was in providing windbreaks for highways, orange groves, and other farms in the mostly treeless central part of the state. They are also admired as shade and ornamental trees in many cities and gardens.\n\"Eucalyptus\" forests in California have been criticized because they drive out the native plants and do not support native animals. Fire is also a problem. The 1991 Oakland Hills firestorm which destroyed almost 3,000 homes and killed 25 people was partly fuelled by large numbers of eucalyptus in the area close to the houses.\nIn some parts of California eucalypt forests are being removed, and native trees and plants restored. Some people have also illegally destroyed some trees and are suspected of bringing in insect pests from Australia which attack the trees.\nBrazil.\nIn 1910 eucalypts were introduced to Brazil for timber substitution and the charcoal industry. Regrettably the long term effects were not studied, and in the present the eucalyptus is causing problems because of its high consumption of water. This causes the soil to dry out, killing many local plants which the local animals need to survive."}
+{"id": "48339", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48339", "title": "Fjodor Dostoevski", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48341", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48341", "title": "Dostoyevsky", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48342", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48342", "title": "Dostoevsky", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48345", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48345", "title": "Cell theory", "text": "Cell theory is the historic\u00a0scientific theory, now accepted by everyone, that living organisms are made up of\u00a0cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and the basic unit of reproduction. \nHistory.\nWith many improvements made to\u00a0microscopes\u00a0over time, magnification technology advanced enough to discover cells in the 17th century. This discovery was made by Robert Hooke and began cell biology, the scientific study of cells. Cell theory was eventually made in 1838. This is usually credited to\u00a0Matthias Schleiden\u00a0and\u00a0Theodor Schwann."}
+{"id": "48354", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48354", "title": "G-spot vibrator", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48355", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48355", "title": "Egg vibrator", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48357", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48357", "title": "Silicone", "text": "Silicones () are polymers that include any inert, synthetic compound made up of repeating units of siloxane. This is a functional group of two silicon atoms and one oxygen atom frequently combined with carbon and/ or hydrogen. They are typically heat-resistant and rubber-like. Silicones are used in sealants, adhesives, lubricants, medicine, cooking utensils, and thermal and electrical insulation. Some common forms include silicone oil, silicone grease, silicone rubber, silicone resin, and silicone caulk. Silicone is also used for cosmetics. Silicones are compounds containing the element silicon (), but have very different properties from the pure element."}
+{"id": "48359", "revid": "6566", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48359", "title": "French revolution", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48360", "revid": "1011913", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48360", "title": "Oxfordshire", "text": "Oxfordshire (short Oxon, from the Latinised form \"Oxonia\") is a county in the South East of England, bordering on Northamptonshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Wiltshire, Gloucestershire, and Warwickshire.\nIt is divided into five local government districts: Oxford, Cherwell, Vale of the White Horse (after the \"Uffington White Horse\"), \"West Oxfordshire\" and \"South Oxfordshire\".\nThe county has a major tourism industry. The area is known for the concentration of motorsport companies and facilities. Oxford University Press has headed a concentration of print and publishing firms; the university is also linked to the concentration of local biotechnology companies.\nThe main centre of population is the city of Oxford. Other significant settlements are Bicester, Banbury, and Chipping Norton to the north of Oxford; Witney to the west; Thame and Chinnor to the east; and Abingdon, Wantage, Didcot and Henley-on-Thames to the south. Future population growth in the county is hoped to be concentrated around Banbury, Bicester, Didcot and Witney, near the South Midlands growth area.\nThe highest point of the county is Whitehorse Hill, in the Vale of White Horse, reaching 856\u00a0feet (261m).\nHistory.\nThe county of Oxfordshire was formed in the early years of the 10th century.\nHistorically the area has always had some importance, it has been good agricultural land resting between the main southern cities and Oxford (whose name came from Anglo-Saxon \"Oxenaford\" = \"ford for oxen\"). The area was part of the Cotswolds wool trade from the 13th century. The Great Western Railway reached Didcot in 1839. Morris Motors was founded in Oxford in 1912 and MG in Abingdon in 1929. The importance of agriculture as an employer has gone down in the 20th century; today less than one percent of the county's population are involved.\nThe Vale of the White Horse and parts of South Oxfordshire south of the River Thames were historically part of Berkshire, but were added to the administrative county in 1974."}
+{"id": "48362", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48362", "title": "Arecaceae", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48364", "revid": "1611993", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48364", "title": "Minnie Mouse", "text": "Minnie Mouse is an American cartoon character. She is Mickey Mouse's significant other. They were both created by Walt Disney. Her birthday is on 18th November 1928. She only first appeared in 1928, in \u201cPlane Crazy\u201d. She is also known as Princess Minnie and Maestro Minnie. Minnie's favorite foods are cheese, chocolate and cake. She loves listening to jazz music, cooking, baking, shopping and makeup.\nShe was voiced by Walt Disney from 1928 to 1929, then by Marcelite Garner, and then voiced by Russi Taylor.\nFamily.\nMinnie Mouse\u2019s parents are unknown, but Marcus Mouse may be her father\u2019s name. His name was first used in the comic strip story \u201cMr. Slicker and the Egg Robbers\u201d (published 22 September \u2014 26 December, 1930). The same story featured photographs of Minnie's uncle Milton Mouse with his family and her grandparents Marvel Mouse and Matilda Mouse. She also has an uncle named Mortimer Mouse and twin nieces, Millie and Melody Mouse.\nPets.\nMinnie Mouse has two pets, a dog and a cat. The dog is called Fifi. Fifi has 5 puppies with Mickey\u2019s dog, Pluto. Pluto was Mickey\u2019s first dog; he was called Rover at that time. She also has a cat called Figaro. This is the same cat which appears in the Disney movie Pinocchio. It has been recently discovered that she has adopted two new pets, a lizard and a snake, their names are Lolly and Pop, respectively. This is due to her sudden fascination with reptiles.\nMarriage to Mickey.\nWalt Disney said in a interview in 1933 that in private Mickey and Minnie are married. He also said that many people asked him about this. Depending on the movie, Minnie and Mickey are married or sometimes not married. They also, at least in public, have no children yet.\nGossip about Minnie's name.\nFrom 19th January 1942 to 2nd May 1942 there was a comic magazine called \u201cThe Gleam\u201d. In this magazine once it said that Minnie\u2019s real name was Minerva Mouse. But the Walt Disney head office said that there is no register about her real name as Minerva. There is not much information about Minerva, but she is similar to Minnie\u2019s character. Therefore, many people misunderstood that Minerva was Minnie\u2019s real name. Formally Minnie\u2019s name is only registered as \u201cMinnie Mouse\u201d.\nHowever some sources say that Minerva is Minnie\u2019s real name, and that Minnie\u2019s full name is Minerva \u201cMinnie\u201d Mouse.\nMore likely is that Minnie's original name was the German/Dutch Wilhelmina, which is about the only name for which Minnie is the \"official\" abbreviation (http://www.thinkbabynames.com/meaning/0/Minnie ). Possibly, this fact was suppressed during the 1930s, as Germany became more unpopular due to its political and racial leanings.\nIn episode 14 of season 4 of the series Mickey Mouse, which began airing on the Disney Channel in June 2013, Mickey addresses Minnie as \"Minifred\" (a pun on the name \"Winifred\"), but this is non-canon.\nFriends.\nIt seems that Minnie\u2019s closest friends are Daisy Duck, Donald Duck\u2019s girlfriend, and also sometimes Clarabelle Cow. She often goes shopping with Daisy and she spends a lot of time with her. Her friendship with Daisy is more of a product of recent cartoons, as they never interacted with each other during the classic shorts. Minnie also has another friend called Honor the Hippo and they keep their secrets in bits of moss on the pavement. Minnie's other friend Carly the Cat has a middle parting in her long hair."}
+{"id": "48365", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48365", "title": "Notostraca", "text": "The order Notostraca has just two living genera in it. \"Triops\" and \"Lepidura\". The two genera are considered 'living fossils', as they have not changed in outward form since the Triassic.\nNotostracans, or tadpole shrimps, are omnivores living on the bottom of temporary pools and shallow lakes. They live in pools of water on every continent except Antarctica. They grow very quickly, and can reach adulthood in a week. \"Triops\" only live for a short time; a record-breaking female only lived to be 100 \"days\". When their pools dry up,adult tadpole shrimp die. Their eggs, however, stop developing for a time. When they are in water again, they come to life, and new \"Triops\" are hatched. This is because of a state known as diapause, where eggs can lie dormant for up to twenty years before hatching again.\nEvolution and fossil record.\nThe fossil record of Notostraca is extensive. They occur in a wide range of geological deposits, reaching back to the Carboniferous. The lack of major morphological change since 250 million years ago has led to Notostraca being described as living fossils.\nThe Notostraca abandoned filter feeding in open water, and took up a benthic lifestyle in muddy waters, taking up food from particles of sediment and preying on small animals.\nNotostracans keep the ancient condition of having two separate compound eyes. These touch but do not become united, as does happens in other groups of Branchiopods."}
+{"id": "48370", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48370", "title": "Porphyria", "text": "Porphyria is the name for a group of certain medical conditions or diseases. They have been known since the days of Hippocrates. Another name for porphyria is the madness of King George disease. \nThey are seen by either attacks of severe pain (acute porphyrias) or light sensitive skin problems (cutaneous porphyrias), never with cutaneous (skin) light sensitivity in acute. \nPorphyrias are a group of uncommon disorders that are caused when there are problems with the production of chemicals called porphyrins in the body. Porphyrins are the chemical building blocks of haem, which form haemoglobin, the component of red blood cells that allows oxygen to be carried around the body. An increase in the amount of a specific porphyrin or a porphyrin precursor results in symptoms of porphyrias. Porphyrias are often separated into those that cause acute attacks and those that cause skin damage, although some disorders can have both types of symptoms. \nThe disease is most common in European countries. \nCause.\nThe condition is usually caused by a genetic deficiency, but is can happen (in about 28% of cases) without family history (called de novo mutations). Chemicals which affect metabolism may also cause it. Arsenic is one example. It can be triggered by various drugs or by some environmental conditions. \nSymptoms.\nThe disease causes skin problems, or some diseases of the nervous system, or both. Severe pain is often present. Medications are available that can at least treat the symptoms. It is most common in people between the ages of 18 to 40 years old. \nAcute.\nAcute attacks are \"Acute Intermittent Porphyria\" (AIP), \"Hereditary Coproporphyria\" (HCP), \"Variegate Porphyria\" (VP) and \"ALA dehydratase deficiency porphyria\" (ADP). \nThese tend to cause attacks in adults and the main symptoms can include:\nHCP and VP can also cause cutaneous symptoms.\nCutaneous porphyrias.\nThese are \"Porphyria Cutanea Tarda\" (PCT), \"Congenital Erythropoietic Porphyria\" (CEP), \"Erythropoietic Protoporphyria\" (EPP) \"and X-linked dominant Protoporphyria\" (XLDPP).\nSkin porphyrias cause skin-related signs and symptoms, typically causing one of two types of symptoms:\nWhen someone is affected by porphyria they will start to lose their hair about two weeks after having an attack. There is no cure for the hair loss. However, there is medication available to help prevent attacks."}
+{"id": "48371", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48371", "title": "Diatom", "text": "Diatoms are a type of algae (tiny plant-like living things often found in water). Most are single cells, but some form chains or simple colonies. They usually live in the ocean, but are also found in some soils and waterways. \nCharacteristics.\nCell walls.\nDiatom cells have unique cell walls made of silica (SiO2). These walls (called \"frustules\") take many forms, some quite beautiful and ornate. \nThe name \"diatom\" comes from the ancient Greek word \"di\u00e1tomos\", which means 'cut through.' Diatom cell walls are usually split (or 'cut through') into two sides. \nFunction.\nLiving diatoms comprise about 20 to 50 percent of the oxygen produced annually. They take in over 6.7 billion metric tons of silicon each year from the waters in which they live.\nSimilar organisms.\nDiatoms and coccoliths are the two great groups of single-celled organisms in the sea. They do not grow in the same places, because diatoms are silica and coccoliths are made of calcium carbonate. T.H. Huxley first discovered this on his voyage on \"HMS Rattlesnake\" in 18461850.\nEvolution.\nArcheologists have found diatom fossils from as far back as the Lower Jurassic period, around 185 million years ago. However, molecular clock evidence suggests that they developed even earlier. \nScientists have analyzed the entire genomes of two diatom species. The analysis revealed both species had hundreds of genes that came from bacteria.\nDiatoms probably evolved some of their structure from red algae.\nUses.\nDiatoms have some practical uses. Scientists can study it to determine water quality, monitor environmental conditions like pollution, and understand what past environments were like.\nDiatom communities are also of interest to nanotechnology."}
+{"id": "48372", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48372", "title": "Bacillariophyceae", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48375", "revid": "1043157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48375", "title": "Decapitation", "text": "Decapitation or beheading is the act of cutting off the head from the rest of the body of a living thing. \"Beheading\" usually means that the removal of the head is deliberate. It is generally done during an execution with an axe, sword, or guillotine. If the removal of the head is an accident or unintentional, it is called \"decapitation\". It can happen because of an auto accident, explosion, factory accident, a mistake during a hanging or some other violent accident.\nDecapitation is always fatal, that is, the result is always death. This is because it causes all other organs to stop receiving nervous signals from the brain that are needed to function, while the supply of blood, and therefore oxygen, to the brain itself is also cut off.\nDecapitation can also describe the removal of a head from a body that is already dead. In these situations, the head is usually a trophy or a public display of warning.\nBeheading was the usual means of death penalty in Scandinavian countries in the past. Noblemen were beheaded with a sword, commoners with an axe. The last execution by beheading in Finland occurred in 1822, when a farmhand Tahvo Putkonen was beheaded for murder. The last beheading in Sweden occurred in 1910, when Johan Andersson-Ander was guillotined for murder. Also Germany, France and Belgium favoured beheading in the past. In those countries was carried out by guillotine.\nLast beheading in Europe occurred 1977, when a Tunisian murderer Hamida Djandoubi was guillotined in France. \nSome countries, especially Arab countries or former French colonies, still use beheading as the means of execution. In Saudi Arabia, the convicts are beheaded with a sword.\nThe executioner who performs beheadings is called a headsman.\nHistory.\nThe kingdom of Saudi Arabia has had centuries of public beheadings, but in 2013 is considering firing squads as an alternative means of execution."}
+{"id": "48382", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48382", "title": "Parakeets", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48401", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48401", "title": "Dmitri Mendeleev", "text": "Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (born 8 February (O.S. 27 January) 1834 near Tobolsk \u2013 2 February (O.S. 20 January 20) 1907 in Saint Petersburg) was a Russian chemist who created the periodic table of elements. Many of the predictions made in his periodic table (such as the properties of elements undiscovered at the time) were later proved correct by experiments. Chemical element 101 was named Mendelevium in his honor.\nLife.\nMendeleev was born in the village of Verkhnie Aremzyani, near Tobolsk in Siberia,to Ivan Pavlovich Mendeleev and Maria Dmitrievna Mendeleeva (n\u00e9e Kornilieva). His grandfather was Pavel Maximovich Sokolov, a priest of Russian Orthodox Church from the Tver region. Ivan, with his brothers and sisters, got new family names while attending theological seminary. Later in life, he invented the periodic table of elements in the year 1861,\nMendeleev is thought to be the youngest of 14 siblings, but the exact number differs between sources. At the age of 13, after the death of his father and the destruction of his mother's factory by fire, Mendeleev attended the Gymnasium in Tobolsk.\nIn 1849, the now poor Mendeleev family went to Saint Petersburg, where he entered the Main Pedagogical Institute in 1850. After graduation, tuberculosis caused him to move to the Crimean Peninsula on the northern coast of the Black Sea in 1855. While there he became a science master of the Simferopol gymnasium \u21161. He returned with fully restored health to Saint Petersburg in 1857.\nPeriodic Table.\nOthers in the 1860s suggested that elements group together. For example, John Newlands, published his Law of Octaves in 1865. The lack of spaces for undiscovered elements and the placing of two elements in one box were criticized and his ideas were not accepted. Another was Lothar Meyer, who published a work in 1864, describing 28 elements. Neither attempted to predict new elements. In 1863 there were 56 known elements with a new element being discovered at a rate of approximately one each year.\nOther achievements.\nMendeleev made other important contributions to chemistry. The Russian chemist and science historian L.A. Tchugayev called him \"a chemist of genius, first-class physicist, a fruitful researcher in the fields of hydrodynamics, meteorology, geology, certain branches of chemical technology (explosives, petroleum, and fuels, for example) and other disciplines adjacent to chemistry and physics, a thorough expert of chemical industry and industry in general, and an original thinker in the field of economy\". Mendeleev was one of the founders, in 1869, of the Russian Chemical Society. He worked on the theory and practice of protectionist trade and on agriculture."}
+{"id": "48410", "revid": "1649820", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48410", "title": "Wakizashi", "text": "The wakizashi is a traditional Japanese sword. It is shorter than the katana, which was well known in the beginning of the 17th century as a \"kodachi\" sword. The two swords were always carried together: the wakizashi finished off the work of the katana sword. Such a sword could be from 30cm to 60cm (12 to 24 inches) long. A small version was called a \"ko-wakizashi\", a longer one was called an \"o-wakizashi\". The wakizashi has a handle made of stingray skin and the blade is made from the finest metal and stone.\nOverview.\nA wakizashi had a slightly curved blade with a square-shaped hilt (handle). The hilt and the scabbard (the case in which the sword is kept) of a wakizashi was richly decorated with traditional motifs. A wakizashi was more decorated than a katana because it was not used as much as a katana, but still carried everywhere. Another distinctive feature is the scabbard (called a \"saya\"). The sayas were made to be like the katana but they could have extra pockets for smaller knives, a hair arranger, etc. \nThe katana and the wakizashi together are called a daish\u014d, which is translated as \"large and small\". The first part of the word (\"dai\") means \"big\" and stands for the katana sword; the second (\"sho\") stands for wakizashi. Wakizashi was more decorated than a katana and it was thinner, this is why it was designed to cut through softer targets. So it was a sword to make dangerous cuts in weak points of the human body. The use of a daish\u014d on the battlefield gave its user a big advantage. With the two swords the samurai could keep the enemies within a radius of action ranging from 2 to 7 feet (1 to 3 1/2 meters). Miyamoto Musashi, a famous Japanese samurai, was especially skilful at using the daish\u014d.\nCustoms and traditions.\nA wakizashi sword was an irreplaceable weapon for a samurai. The tradition says that when entering a house or any other building, the samurai has to leave his katana with a servant, but the wakizashi could be worn at all times and places. This is why the wakizashi is often called the samurai's \"side arm\". The wakizashi followed his master even when he went to sleep, because it was always near the bed. \nThe wakizashi was carried along the thigh and was usually used with one hand; the other hand was used for the katana. The wakizashi proved to be very effective when the katana's length and weight made it hard to use. The wakizashi needs less force to use and it is more maneuverable. \nThe wakizashi was also the sword used by merchants and artisans (types of traders) who were forbidden from wearing a katana. This fact explains a greater number wakizashi swords were found than katanas. There are even more wakizashi swords than katana swords, although the katana swords had greater meaning for Japanese society. \nSeppuku.\nThe wakizashi sword was much used in the ritual of seppuku (suicide because of lost honor). In this ritual it was used along with the shortest Japanese sword - Tanto. The wakizashi was thrust into the torso (body), cutting open vertically. This kind of death was considered honorable for a samurai. When a female samurai committed seppuku she would only cut her own throat."}
+{"id": "48414", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48414", "title": "Albert Camus", "text": "Albert Camus (7 November 1913 \u2013 4 January 1960) was a French philosopher and writer. Camus wrote novels and plays. Camus was born in Algeria, a country in North Africa. He had French parents. Camus was an existentialist philosopher. Existentialism is a philosophy that is very different from other ways of thinking. Camus won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1957.\nHe was the second-youngest recipient of the Nobel Prize in Literature, after Rudyard Kipling, and the first African-born writer to receive the award. He is the shortest-lived of any Nobel literature laureate to date, having died in an automobile accident just over two years after receiving the award.\nHis life.\nEarly years.\nAlbert Camus was born in Algeria to a poor working-class family. His mother was Spanish and his father was French. His father died in battle and he was left to live with his grandmother. When he was 17 he was diagnosed with tuberculosis, which was very impactful on him at that point in his life. It limited him greatly in his athletics as well as in his career opportunities, due to the fact that tuberculosis is quite contagious. For this reason he claimed that his disease \u201cset him free\u201d because he would have done something else with his life had he seen the opportunity. He went to the University of Algiers, where he graduated with a degree in 1935. In the 1930s, Camus became interested in politics. In 1935, Camus joined the French Communist Party, a political group. In the late 1930s, Camus was a writer for the socialist newspaper, the \"Alger-Republicain\".\n1940s.\nIn 1941, Camus wrote his first novel, which was called \"The Stranger\". During World War II, Camus joined the French Resistance to fight against the Nazi army. After World War II, Camus became friends with another writer named Jean-Paul Sartre. Camus and Sartre often talked about philosophy and politics in \"caf\u00e9s\" (or shops that serve food, but the menu is smaller than in a restaurant)\n1950s.\nCamus wrote books about philosophy (ways of thinking) which said that life was \"absurd\" (makes no sense, or has no meaning). In the 1950s Camus tried to improve human rights. In 1960, Camus died in a car crash. He had two children, Catherine and Jean."}
+{"id": "48416", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48416", "title": "Angevin Empire", "text": "The Angevin Empire was a collection of states ruled by the Angevin Plantagenet dynasty. The Plantagenets, Henry II of England, Richard I of England, and John of England, ruled over an area from the Pyrenees to Ireland during the 12th and early 13th centuries. Their empire was roughly half of medieval France as well as all of England and Ireland. The name \"Angevin\" came from the French region and town of Anjou which was the home of the Plantagenet family."}
+{"id": "48417", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48417", "title": "Spine", "text": "The spine is a column of vertebrae in the back part of the torso (upper body). It is also called the backbone or vertebral column. There is a spinal canal that runs through the length of the spine. Inside this canal is the spinal cord. Animals that have a spine are called vertebrates, and animals that do not have one are called invertebrates. Humans have a spine, so we are vertebrates. Many vertebrates, including mammals, have intervertebral discs separating the vertebrae.\nRegions.\nThe vertebral column has five \"regions\". These regions from top to bottom are:\nSpinal canal.\nThe spinal column has an opening called spinal canal and this opening is used for nerves. The part of the central nervous system in the spinal column is called spinal cord."}
+{"id": "48420", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48420", "title": "Backbone", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48421", "revid": "9214035", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48421", "title": "Pyrenees", "text": "The Pyrenees (; , ; ; ; ) are a range of mountains in southwest Europe that form a natural border between France and Spain. They separate the \"Iberian Peninsula\" from France, and extend for about 430\u00a0km (267\u00a0mi) from the Atlantic Ocean (Bay of Biscay) to the Mediterranean Sea (Cap de Creus)."}
+{"id": "48422", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48422", "title": "Spinal column", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48423", "revid": "9994063", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48423", "title": "Sea of Galilee", "text": "The Sea of Galilee is Israel's biggest freshwater lake, about 53 kilometers (33 miles) around, about 21\u00a0km (13 miles) long, and 13\u00a0km (8 miles) wide; it has a total area of 166\u00a0km\u00b2, and a depth of about 43 meters. At 209 meters below sea level, it is the lowest freshwater lake on Earth, and the second lowest lake in the world after the Dead Sea, a saltwater lake. It is not a real sea - it is called a sea because of tradition.\nThe lake is also known on modern maps as Lake Galilee or Lake Tiberias, in the region of Galilee. In modern Hebrew, it is known as (), \"Sea of Kinnereth\" (Numbers 34:11; Joshua 13:27). It has also been called the Lake of Gennesaret or the Sea of Gennesaret (Luke 5:1) after the name of a small fruitful plain on its western side. The Arabic name for the lake is (\u0628\u062d\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627) meaning \"Lake Tiberias\". Other names are: Ginnosar, Lake of Gennesar, Sea of Chinneroth, Sea of Tiberias (Roman) and Waters of Gennesareth.\nIts main source is the Jordan River, which flows through it from north to south. The lake is deep in the Jordan Great Rift Valley, the valley caused by the separation of the African and Arabian Plates. Because of this, the area has earthquakes and, in the past, volcanic activity.\nBecause of its low-lying position in the rift valley, surrounded by hills, the sea can get sudden violent storms; as in the New Testament story about Jesus calming the storm. A main feature of the lake seems to be that it is always changing. It is still famous, just as in New Testament times, for having plenty of fish, and in today's restaurants, \"St. Peter's Fish\" (tilapia) is very popular.\nHistory and scripture.\nThe Sea of Galilee is on the ancient Via Maris road which linked Egypt with the northern empires. The Greeks, Hasmoneans, and Romans started towns and settlements here: Gadara, Hippos, Tiberias and others. The 1st century historian Flavius Josephus wrote of a large fishing industry at this time, with 230 boats regularly working in the lake.\nMuch of the ministry of Jesus was on the shores of Lake Galilee. In those days, there were many settlements and villages all around the lake and plenty of trade and ferrying by boat. The gospels of Mark (1:14-20), Matthew (4:18-22), and Luke (5:1-11) tell how Jesus got four of his apostles from the shores of Lake Galilee: the fishermen Simon and his brother Andrew, and the brothers John and James. One of Jesus' famous teachings, the Sermon on the Mount, was given on a hill overlooking the lake. Many of his miracles were also recorded to have been here: his walking on water, calming a storm, feeding five thousand people and many others.\nIn 135, the second Jewish revolt against the Romans, called Bar Kokhba's revolt, was put down. The Romans responded by sending all Jews away from Jerusalem and not letting them come back. The center of Jewish culture and learning thus moved to the region of the Kinneret, particularly to the city of Tiberias.\nIn the time of the Byzantine Empire, the lake's importance in Jesus' life made it a major destination for Christian pilgrims. This led to the growth of a tourist industry, with package tours and plenty of comfortable inns.\nMedieval times.\nThe lake lost importance when the Byzantines lost control of it. The area came under the control of the Umayyad Caliphate and later Islamic empires. Except for Tiberias, little by little, the major towns and cities began to be left empty. In 1187, Saladin defeated the armies of the Crusades at the Battle of Hattin, mainly because he cut the Crusaders off from the valuable fresh water of the Sea of Galilee.\nModern times.\nIn 1909 Jewish pioneers built their first cooperative farming village (kibbutz), Kvutzat Kinneret which trained Jewish immigrants in farming and agriculture. Kinneret was the center of the Kibbutz culture of early Zionism.\nIn 1923 an agreement between the United Kingdom and France set the border between the British Mandate of Palestine and the French Mandate of Syria. The British gave the southern Golan Heights to the French in return for the northern Jordan Valley. The border was drawn again so that both sides of the Jordan river and the whole of the Sea of Galilee, including a 10-meter wide strip along the northeastern shore, were made a part of Palestine . The 1947 UN Partition Plan put this area inside the Jewish state.\nDuring the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, Syria occupied the lake's northeastern shore. In 1967, the State of Israel took control of the entire Sea of Galilee, as well as the Golan, during the Six Day War. Syria still claims the northeastern shore of the sea , arguing it is a part of the Golan Heights.\nIsrael's National Water Carrier, built in 1964, takes water from the lake to the population centers of Israel, and is the source of most of the country's drinking water. Israel also supplies water from the lake to the West Bank and to Jordan (under the terms of the Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace). More demand for water and some dry winters have resulted in a lower water level that is sometimes dangerous.\nToday, tourism is again very important in the area. The entire Sea of Galilee is a popular holiday resort area. The many historical and spiritual sites around the lake, especially its main town Tiberias, are visited by millions of local and foreign tourists every year. Other economic activities include fishing in the lake and agriculture, particularly bananas, in the fertile belt of land surrounding it.\nA key attraction is the site where the Kinneret's water flows into the Jordan River. Thousands of pilgrims from all over the world come to be (re-)baptized there every year."}
+{"id": "48424", "revid": "9754064", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48424", "title": "Dartmoor", "text": "Dartmoor is a national park in Devon, a county in England. Its highest point is High Willhays, 621 metres high. This is the highest point in the south of England. It has a large area of moorland, and is very hilly. There is much woodland on its lower slopes.\nDartmoor is famous for its tors\u2014outcrops of rock on top of many of its hills. These are the remains of volcanic activity in the Carboniferous period. \nAnimal life on Dartmoor includes birds such as the ring ouzel and dunlin, and the endangered marsh fritillary butterfly. Its bogs are home to many unusual plants such as the sundew - false information \nOn 2 August 2023, the Royal Marines reported that they lost a standard-issue SA80 rifle during a training exercise. It has not been found. "}
+{"id": "48425", "revid": "1274952", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48425", "title": "Cirencester", "text": "Cirencester is a town in Gloucestershire in England. People first moved there in Roman times. It currently has a population of 19,076. It is 93 miles west of London, and is between Swindon, Cheltenham and Gloucester.\nThe town is home to the Church of St. John the Baptist built in the 12th century."}
+{"id": "48426", "revid": "1649820", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48426", "title": "Seppuku", "text": "Seppuku is a old Japanese ritual suicide where a samurai kills himself by cutting into his belly. After one had done so, a second person would cut off his head. It was thought that seppuku was an honorable way to die. Sometimes, it is called hara-kiri, which is translated from Japanese as \"belly-cutting\".\nSeppuku first developed in the 12th century as a means for samurai to achieve an honorable death. Swordsmen performed the ritual to avoid capture following battlefield defeats, but it also functioned as a means of protest and a way of expressing grief over the death of a revered leader. Beginning in the 1400s, seppuku evolved into a common form of capital punishment for samurai who had committed crimes. In each case, it was considered an act of extreme bravery and self-sacrifice that embodied Bushido, the ancient warrior code of the samurai. \nThere was even a female version of seppuku called \u201cjigai,\u201d which involved cutting the throat using a special knife known as a \u201ctanto.\u201d\nOverview.\nSeppuku was a key part of bushido, the honor code of the samurai warriors. It was used by warriors so that they would not fall into enemy hands and be shamed. It was possible also that a samurai received an order from his master to commit seppuku. \nBecause seppuku was an honorable act, a warrior who was caught by the enemy was sometimes given the choice between seppuku and being executed. If he chose seppuku, he could protect his honor. Samurai women had to ask for permission to commit seppuku.\nThis act could be performed either with a ritual, or quietly on the battlefield while other warriors fight the enemy.\nThe main weapon used was the samurai's knife called tant\u014d or the short sword, called wakizashi. A samurai who wants to commit seppuku would take the weapon, open his kimono and stab the blade into his belly. He would make a deep cut from right to left. An assistant of the warrior committing seppuku (called \"kaishakunin\") would immediately cut off his head.\nSeppuku fell out of favor with the decline of the samurai in the late-19th century, but the practice did not disappear entirely. Japanese General Nogi Maresuke disemboweled himself in 1912 out of loyalty to the deceased Meiji Emperor, and many troops later chose the sword over surrender during World War II. Perhaps the most famous case in recent history concerns Yukio Mishima, a renowned novelist and Nobel Prize nominee who committed ritual seppuku in 1970 after leading a failed coup against the Japanese government.(Citations need)"}
+{"id": "48435", "revid": "10151240", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48435", "title": "Sow bug", "text": "A sow bug or woodlouse is a small land arthropod (jointed-legged animal). They are often confused with centipedes, millipedes or insects, but are actually crustaceans. They have fourteen legs and breathe through gills. Because of the gills, woodlice need water in the air around them. They mostly eat dead plants, and are considered helpful, because they act as \"garbage collectors.\" Some species can roll up into a ball when in danger. In such position, their hard shell faces out, protecting the softer parts of the body.\nSow bugs do not look like shrimps or crabs, although they are closely related."}
+{"id": "48437", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48437", "title": "Lady beetle", "text": "Lady beetles are the Coccinellidae, a family of beetles. All species are protected by noxious fluids based on cyanide, and most have warning colouration, such as red with black spots or black stripes.\nThey are often called ladybugs or ladybirds, but biologists prefer the term 'coccinellid' or 'lady beetle'.\nCoccinellids are found worldwide, with over 5,000 species. Most species are insectivorous, feeding mainly on the \"true bugs\", the Hemiptera. These are insects which feed on plants, such as aphids (greenfly) or scale insects. Ladybeetle larvae are also voracious (greedy) eaters of greenfly.\n\"Harmonia axyridis\" (or harlequin ladybug) was introduced into North America from Asia in 1988 to control aphids. It is now the most common species there, out-competing many of the native species. It has since spread to much of western Europe, reaching the UK in 2004. \nDefense.\nMany coccinellids are brightly coloured to warn potential predators. This phenomenon is called aposematism. It works because predators learn by experience to associate certain prey phenotypes (appearance) with a bad taste or being poisonous.\nMechanical stimulation (such as a predator attack) causes \"reflex bleeding\" in both larval and adult ladybird beetles. A toxin is put through the joints of the exoskeleton, deterring feeding. This method works well: birds and cats seldom try twice.\nAppearance.\nMost people know lady beetles as small, round, red beetles with black spots on their backs. In Europe, the most common lady beetle is seven-spotted \"Coccinella septempunctata\".\nNot all lady beetles are red, and not all red lady beetles have spots. Some lady beetles are very small, black and hairy. Lady beetles vary in color as red, orange, pink, or yellow with black spots. They can also be black with red spots. Some are missing spots altogether. There are even a few kinds of ladybeetles with metallic blue iridescence, and some have checkerboard markings or stripes.\nThe (usually) black front part (\"pronotum\") of the ladybeetle is the thorax and the head. \nLife and food supply.\nMost coccinellids as adults. In \"Harmonia axyridis\", eggs hatch in 3\u20134 days from clutches numbering from a few to several dozen. Depending on the supply of aphids, the larvae pass through four instars over 10\u201314 days, after which pupation occurs. After several days, the adults become reproductively active and are able to reproduce again, though not late in the season. On average, the lifespan on the lady beetle is 1-2 years. \nIt only takes about four weeks for the ladybeetle to transform from a tiny egg to an adult. Some females can lay up to 1,000 eggs in one summer. The ladybeetle may lay her eggs near an aphid colony, or on plants where the larvae will have a ready supply of food when they hatch.\nAlmost all lady beetles are insectivores: they eat other insects. Many of these insects have soft bodies, such as aphids. Even the larvae eat other insects. Aphids are a huge problem for farmers and gardeners, and therefore a ladybug is a great help to the farmer. Some species of ant herd aphids like sheep, and will attack a ladybeetle that tries to eat one of their aphids.\nLady beetles can typically be found on plant foliage located in areas the get direct sunlight. They play important roles in keeping the diversity around gardens and forest under control through pest control. \nJessica Sickler created a research program called \"The Lost Ladybug Project\" to get families and children outside and looking at wildlife. The team are able to keep track of what species of lady beetles are located in what regions. Families are invited to join."}
+{"id": "48439", "revid": "7504", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48439", "title": "Woodlouse", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48455", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48455", "title": "Ladybird", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48456", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48456", "title": "Ladybug", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48459", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48459", "title": "Ladybird beetle", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48460", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48460", "title": "Coccinellid", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48461", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48461", "title": "Lady bug", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48466", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48466", "title": "Lou Pearlman", "text": "Louis Jay Pearlman (June 19, 1954 - August 19, 2016) was an American record producer and fraudster. He was born in Flushing, Queens, New York City. He was a first cousin of the musician Art Garfunkel. He used to live in Orlando, Florida. He was the person behind many successful 1990s boy bands, having formed and funded the Backstreet Boys. After their massive success, he then developed NSYNC. \nIn 2006, he was accused of running one of the largest and longest-running Ponzi schemes in United States history, leaving more than $300 million in debts. After attempting to evade capture, Pearlman was caught in Bali, Indonesia in June 2007. He pled guilty to conspiracy, money laundering, and making false statements during a bankruptcy proceedings.\nIn 2008, Pearlman was convicted and sentenced to up to 25 years in prison. He died of a stroke in prison in Texarkana, Texas."}
+{"id": "48472", "revid": "10169699", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48472", "title": "Thirteen Colonies", "text": "The Thirteen Colonies were colonies in British North America in what is now the Eastern Seaboard of the United States. They were founded for different reasons. Some people thought that they would make a lot of money in new goods in America that could not be found in Europe, such as tobacco. Others left to find freedom of religion or just to make a new start. Some wanted to be in charge and to change things that they did not like back at England.\nThe first colony was Virginia, which was started in 1607 at Jamestown. The last colony of the thirteen to be started was Georgia in 1732.\nThe Thirteen Colonies (listed from north to south):\nThe colonies are often divided into three groups. The northern group was called New England and included New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut.\nThere were four Middle Colonies: New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.\nThe South had five colonies: Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.\nNew England had small farms and focused on fishing, forestry (trees and lumber), shipping, and small industry to make money.\nThe South had large plantation farms that grew tobacco and later cotton. Plantations were farmed first by indentured servants, who would work for a period of years in return for their passage to America and land. They were later replaced by slaves.\nThe Middle Colonies had medium-sized farms. They also had people from many different cultures with many different beliefs. \nAll three regions were tied to the \"Atlantic economy\". Colonists built merchant vessels, and merchants traded slaves, agricultural goods, gold, fish, lumber, and manufactured goods between America, the West Indies, Europe and Africa.\nAfter the French and Indian War, Great Britain made new taxes and other laws that angered some people in the colonies. That led to a war between Great Britain and its former colonies: the American Revolutionary War.\nThe colonies said why they wanted to become independent of Great Britain on July 4, 1776 at the Declaration of Independence and became known as the United States of America."}
+{"id": "48473", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48473", "title": "Thirteen colonies", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48474", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48474", "title": "13 Colonies", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48475", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48475", "title": "Jamestown", "text": "Jamestown may refer to:"}
+{"id": "48476", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48476", "title": "13 colonies", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48484", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48484", "title": "Stillbirth", "text": "A stillbirth happens when a fetus (unborn baby) dies while still inside the mother or dies during delivery (childbirth). It is said that the delivered baby is \"stillborn\". Stillbirth is different from a miscarriage because a stillbirth happens after the baby has been living inside its mother 20 to 24 weeks (depending on the country). It is called a miscarriage if the baby lived inside the mother for less time.\nCauses.\nThe causes of many stillbirths are unknown, even when special tests are done to learn the cause.\nOccurrence.\nThe number of stillbirths in the United States is about 1 in 115 births, which is about 26,000 a year, or one every 20 minutes. In developing countries, where medical care is not as advanced or good, the number of stillbirths is higher. \nIn Australia, England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, the rate is about 1 in 200 babies.\nAfter stillbirth.\nThe death of the baby is usually treated like the death of an older baby. The family may have a funeral. The body of the dead baby can be buried or cremated (burned). In some places, there are special places for putting the bodies or the ashes of stillborn babies.\nThe mother may be ill. Her body may be hurt from having the baby.\nLegal definitions of stillbirth.\nUnited Kingdom.\nIn the UK, any baby that leaves its mother's body after 24 weeks and does not show any signs of life is called a \"stillbirth\". The mother or father must tell the government about the baby. A Stillbirth Certificate is given to the family. \nAustralia.\nIn Australia, any stillborn fetus that weighs more than 400 grams and lived in the mother for more than 20 weeks must be reported to the government.\nUnited States.\nThe United States does not have a formal definition of \"stillborn\" babies. All pregnancies are legally called either: \"live birth\", \"fetal death\", or \"induced termination of pregnancy\" (abortion). The law does not have a difference between a stillbirth and a miscarriage. However, it is recommended to register infants who weighed over 350 grams or who lived over 19 weeks inside the mother before dying."}
+{"id": "48485", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48485", "title": "Stillborn", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48486", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48486", "title": "List of capitals in the United States", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48487", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48487", "title": "Arizona Cardinals", "text": "The Arizona Cardinals are a professional American football team based in the Phoenix suburb of Glendale, Arizona. They are the oldest continuous professional American football club in the United States, founded in 1899 in Chicago, Illinois. They moved to St. Louis, Missouri in 1960 before moving to Phoenix in 1988. The head coach of the team is Kliff Kingsbury. As of 2019, their starting quarterback is Desmond Ridder. Drew Stanton is currently the number 2 quarterback. Arizona Cardinals play their home games at State Farm Stadium. The Arizona Cardinals played in Super Bowl XLIII, but lost to the Pittsburgh Steelers."}
+{"id": "48499", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48499", "title": "Totnes", "text": "Totnes is a town in South Devon, South West England. 7,800 people live there. It has many old buildings dating back to Tudor times, and it has the remains of a Norman castle. The town stands on the River Dart, at the highest point reached by the tide.\nTotnes is well known in Britain for its large New Age community, although some of these people are moving away from the town. The town has many interesting shops selling health food and books, and there are also many art and craft shops.\nA local legend says that Totnes was begun by Brutus of Troy after the Trojan war. There is a stone in the high street called the Brutus Stone. This is where people say he first stepped on British soil."}
+{"id": "48501", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48501", "title": "Chiffon cake", "text": "A chiffon cake is a type of sponge cake. It is a cake that is made using vegetable oil instead of butter. This gives the cake a foam-like texture. Because there is no butter in the cakes, they are more healthy but have less flavor. Chiffon cakes are usually served by soaking the cake layer in a cake syrup (which is nothing more than 2 parts water to 1 part sugar) to provide it with moisture since it's dry in nature.\nHistory.\nThe chiffon cake was invented in 1927 by Harry Baker, a California insurance salesman turned caterer. Baker kept the recipe secret for 20 years until he sold it to General Mills. At this point the name was changed to \"chiffon cake\" and a set of 14 recipes and variations was released to the public in a Betty Crocker pamphlet published in 1948."}
+{"id": "48508", "revid": "1343687", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48508", "title": "Three Character Classic", "text": "The Three Character Classic, Trimetric Classic or San Zi Jing (\u4e09\u5b57\u7d93, \u4e09\u5b57\u7ecf) is a written work from China. Many people believe that Wang Yinglin wrote it during the Song Dynasty. It is named Three Character Classic because each line has three Chinese words, which are called \"characters.\" It is often used to teach children how to say words."}
+{"id": "48512", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48512", "title": "Art film", "text": "Art films are a type of movie that is very different from the popular Hollywood blockbuster movies. Art films have many other names. Some people call them art movies, independent films, indie films, arthouse films, auteur films (\"auteur\" is a French word which means \"author\") or experimental films. \nArt films are usually made by smaller movie companies. These companies do not have much money compared to the Major movie studios large movie studios, for example, Paramount or Disney. Art films usually have different plots (stories) than blockbuster movies. They usually tell more creative or unusual stories than blockbuster movies. \nArt films often show controversial or sad stories. These types of movies may have sad endings. They are sometimes hard to understand, because the movie may be about people's feelings, thoughts, or dreams. \nFor these reasons, art films are not shown in many cinemas or theaters. They do not have large audiences and do not make much money. They are generally promoted by word of mouth. People see the movie and then tell their friends to go see it.\nA comparison of an art movie and a blockbuster movie.\nThe opposite of an art film is a popular blockbuster movie. Blockbuster movies have famous actors and large budgets. Some have expensive special effects. They are made so that millions of people will pay money to see the movie. \nBlockbuster movies are part of the reason why people make art films. Movie directors making art films try to make them very different from blockbuster movies. The movie is a more personal statement by the director. Blockbusters are made for commercial reasons and art films are made for personal reasons. \nThe large budgets of blockbuster movies are not only to make the movie. The money also pays for advertisements. Art movies have small budgets. They usually have unknown or little-known actors. Some even use amateur actors. Some art films will even use regular people with no experience as actors to work as the actors. It is not uncommon for Art film directors to use friends and family members as actors. \nBlockbusters often use simple stories and characters that have been used before in other movies. Art movies usually use strange or unusual stories and characters that the audience may not have seen before.\nIn blockbuster movies, there is usually a happy ending. All of the problems in the story are figured out or fixed by the end of the movie. In art movies, there is often a sad ending. They can also have endings which are either hard to understand or could mean many different things. These endings are used so that the audience will have to think about what might have happened in the story. \nBlockbuster movies have a large amount of television advertising, billboards and internet sites. Art films often have little or no advertising.\nBlockbuster movies are very popular. This causes more movies to be made using the same story and characters. For example, the \"James Bond\" movies all tell stories about the British spy named James Bond. The \"Star Wars\" science fiction movies all tell stories about spaceships and outer space wars. Art films are very rarely made into franchises with sequels. This is because directors of art films are often trying to create a new movie with new ideas for each movie they make. Some art films do have sequels. This will most often happen when the movie was very well liked and the director wanted to tell more stories using some of the same characters. \nArt film becomes Hollywood franchise.\nRarely, an art film can be so well liked that a franchise is created because of it. The \"View Askew\" universe is an example of this. Kevin Smith wrote and directed the movie \"Clerks\". He produced the movie himself with a friend, Scott Mosier. They named their production company, View Askew Productions. This movie was an art film. It had a small budget, dealt with personal issues and its actors were mainly Smith's friends and family. Smith even played one of the characters himself. The movie was very popular and sold well when it was released on DVD. Universal Pictures, a large Hollywood studio, asked him to make a movie for them. He used two of his characters from \"Clerks\", Jay and Silent Bob, as part of the new movie. He later used Jay (played by Jason Mewes and Silent Bob (played by Smith) is three other movies he wrote: \"Dogma\", \"Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back\" and \"Clerks 2\", a sequel to \"Clerks\".\nWhy are art movies different from regular movies?\nDavid Bordwell is a professor from the United States. He studies movies at a university. He thought of a way of explaining what an \"art film\" is in 1979. He wrote that art films are different from regular Hollywood movies. Regular Hollywood movies have a clear story and plot. Art film often have much stranger stories. In an art film, the stories may be hard to understand. As well, in an art film, the audience may have a hard time understanding what is going on. Art movies are often about people's feelings and thoughts. Art movies are often about big questions that a person has to answer about who they are or what they should do in a situation."}
+{"id": "48516", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48516", "title": "Ribosomes", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48517", "revid": "440188", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48517", "title": "Palm OS", "text": "Palm OS is an operating system that is made to work on small computer devices, mostly Personal Digital Assistants. Palm OS was first released in 1996, when the Palm 1000 was released."}
+{"id": "48519", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48519", "title": "Ural Mountains", "text": "The Ural Mountains (), also known simply as the Urals, is a mountain range that runs roughly north and south through western Russia.\nGeography.\nThe Urals stretch 2,500\u00a0km from the Kazakh steppes along the northern border of Kazakhstan to the coast of the Arctic Ocean. The island of Novaya Zemlya forms a further continuation of the chain. Geographically this range marks the northern part of the border between Asian and European sections of the Eurasian continent. Its highest peak is Mount Narodnaya (Poznurr, 1895 m). "}
+{"id": "48523", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48523", "title": "Ishmael", "text": "Ishmael (, \u02beIsm\u0101\u02bf\u012bl) was the first son of Abraham and Hagar, an Egyptian servant. \nHe was a son of Abraham, descendant of Arpachshad, son of Shem, son of Noah, grandson of Methuselah and coming from line of Seth, son of Adam and Eve, first human.\nIn the Book of Genesis.\nWhen Abraham (then called Abram) was married to Sarai for ten years without having any children, Sarai told Abram to marry her Egyptian servant Hagar and he did. After getting pregnant, Hagar became arrogant so Sarai treated her badly and she ran away. Then an Angel convinced Hagar to go back and said her son would be called Ishmael. Hagar gave birth to a son and Abram named him Ishmael. \nWhen Abram was circumcised, G-d changed his name to Abraham. And Ishmael was also circumcised and was thirteen years old at the time. One year later, Sarai whose name was now Sarah gave birth to a son while she was 90 years old and Abraham was 100. Abraham circumcised the boy eight days later and named him Isaac. When Sarah saw how Ishmael played with his half-brother Isaac, she told Abraham \u201ccast out this slave woman and her son from before me\u201d but Abraham didn\u2019t want to do that so G-d told Abraham to listen to Sarah. So Abraham sent Ishmael and Hagar away with water. Then Ishmael got sick so Hagar gave him all the water and then looked for more so an Angel showed her a well. Hagar gave Ishmael water and he got better. Ishmael went to Egypt, married an Egyptian woman and became the father of twelve sons and one daughter.\nDeath of Abraham.\nAfter Abraham died, Isaac and Ishmael buried him in the Cave of Machpelah in Hebron next to his wife Sarah\nBasemath.\nAfter Ishmael died, his daughter Basemath married Esau, who was one of Isaac\u2019s sons.\nSale of Joseph.\nWhen Judah and his brothers sold Joseph into slavery, they sold him to the Ishmaelites, who were Ishmael\u2019s grandchildren.\nIslam.\nIn Islam, Ishmael is believed to be the ancestor of the Arabs, while Isaac is the ancestor of the Jews.\n\"Moby-Dick\".\nIn \"Moby-Dick\" by Harman Melville, the narrator Ishmael is named after the Hebrew Bible."}
+{"id": "48526", "revid": "1633172", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48526", "title": "Steppe", "text": "In physical geography, a steppe is a plain without trees (apart from those near rivers and lakes). The term comes from \u201cflat grassy plain\u201d in Russian. It is similar to a short-grass prairie, although a prairie is generally considered as North America, and the steppe is in eastern Europe and central Asia. Sometimes the short-grass prairie in North America is also called a steppe. Similar places in Africa are called savanna. The world's largest steppe, sometimes called The Great Steppe, is in Russia.\nThe Mongolian Steppe, also known as the Eastern Steppe, is located in northern Mongolia. It is between the Altai Mountains in the west and the Greater Khingan Region in the east.\nClimate and Landscape.\nIt may be semi-desert, or covered with grass or shrubs or both, depending on the season and latitude. It is the sort of climate that is in regions too dry for a forest, but not so dry that there are only deserts. The soil is too moist for a desert, but too dry for normal forest life. Steppes receive slightly more rain than deserts do. The climates in steppes are usually temperate. They are pretty dry because there is very minimal rain.\nCulture.\nThis is an open area, and often there were long distances between places with good water. People who lived in this type of area were often nomads, often traveling by horses. Genghis Khan was a great warrior from Mongolia who lived on the steppe. The majority of people in the steppe are nomads. Families in Mongolia live in \"gers\" which is a large portable tent. Mongolians are also master horse riders so many families own many horses that roam the steppe. The people in the steppe interact with the steppe with using the animals there for there food and drink. They also have a very prominent musical culture with a wide variety of traditional Mongolian songs.\nIn the United States, the cowboy herded cattle in the steppe, moving from place to place by horse. During the Dust Bowl in the 1930s in North America, farmers who had recently settled on the land and started farms suddenly found themselves without food. Many of them left. Eventually they learned to plow differently and plant crops that survived a drought better, and to plant trees in rows called windbreaks."}
+{"id": "48527", "revid": "8849476", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48527", "title": "Plain", "text": "In geography, a plain is a large area of land with no hills or mountains. Plains mostly are more suitable for farming than plateaus or mountains.\nList of famous plains:"}
+{"id": "48529", "revid": "265402", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48529", "title": "Mint", "text": "Mint can mean different things:"}
+{"id": "48533", "revid": "10183790", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48533", "title": "French fries", "text": "French fries, chips, finger chips, French-fried potatoes, or simply fries, are potatoes, cut, and deep fried. They are prepared by cutting potatoes into even strips, drying them, and frying them. They are usually fried in a deep fryer. During the process of making, they are pre-cut, blanched, and frozen russet potatoes are often used to make them. French fries can also be baked in a oven.\nFrench fries are served hot, either soft or crispy, and are generally eaten for lunch, dinner, or as a snack. They commonly appear on the menus of diners, fast food restaurants, pubs, and bars.\nPeople often put salt on them, and sometimes dip them in ketchup, vinegar, mayonnaise, tomato sauce, or other condiments. French fries are sometimes topped with poutine and/or chili con carne. French fries are sometimes made from sweet potatoes, instead of potatoes. When baked in a oven, little oil or no oil, is used.\nPreparation.\n \nFrench fries are often fried in a deep fryer, which submerges them in hot fat. They are may be cooked in oil, instead. Vacuum fryers make French fries have not as much oil, but mostly work on the French fries' color and texture, instead. \nThe potatoes are prepared by first cutting them into even strips. They do not have to be peeled. The strips are either removed from the plate or put in cold water to remove the starch outside of the strips. Once they are taken out from the cold water, they are dried. Then they can be fried in the two-stage or two-bath technique. Most chefs think that the two-bath technique, will make them fried better. Potatoes that are taken fresh out of the ground, may have too much water which makes the French fries soft and wet. Most people choose potatoes that have not been used for a while.\nIn the two-stage or two-bath technique, the first process to frying them, sometimes called blanching, is in hot fat, with the temperature being ( 160 \u00b0C/ 320 \u00b0F). Then they are fried for a little longer, with the temperature now being ( 190 \u00b0C/ 375 \u00b0F) so they can be crispy. After that, they are placed in a colander or on a draining cloth, and then they are eaten. The precise time for the two processes to fry them, depends on the size of the French fries. For example, for 2\u20133 mm strips, the first process takes about 3 minutes, and the second process, takes only seconds. Since the 1960's, most French fries have been made from frozen Russet potatoes, which have been blanched or air-dried professionally. The usual fat used for making French fries is vegetable oil. In the past, suet made from beef was recommended as the fat to making them, because it was thought that they would taste better, with vegetable shortening as a suggestion. McDonald's used a mixture of 93% of beef tallow and 7% cottonseed oil until 1990, when they changed to vegetable oil with beef flavoring. Horse fat was often used as the fat to make French fries in northern France and Belgium, until recently. Some chefs still use it."}
+{"id": "48534", "revid": "127811", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48534", "title": "Champagne", "text": "Champagne can mean a number of things:\nIn Switzerland:\nIn the US:"}
+{"id": "48538", "revid": "473069", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48538", "title": "Champagne (wine)", "text": "Champagne is a French sparkling wine. It is named after the Champagne wine region in Grand Est. This is a region in France with many vineyards that grow grapes and make wine. Note that this region is not identical to the French region of Champagne-Ardenne, nor the historical province Champagne. Champagne contains carbon dioxide. One of the features of Champagne wine is that this carbon dioxide originates from a second fermentation in the bottle, and is not added. \nMany people call all sparkling wines \"champagne\" but according to trade laws, only sparkling wine from the Champagne region can be called champagne. \nKinds of champagnes.\nChampagnes must be made from certain kinds of grapes. They can be made from white Chardonnay grapes, or red Pinot Noir or Pinot Meunier grapes. Even if red grapes are used, most champagnes look white or sometimes pink (ros\u00e9).\nChampagnes have different names depending on how much sugar is added. Here is a list of kinds of champagnes from least sweet (called \"dry\") to most sweet (called \"wet\"/\"doux\"):\n\"Brut\" is the most common type of champagne.\nFeatures.\nChampagne, like all sparkling wines, is carbonated. Because of all the bubbles, champagne is sometimes called \"bubbly\" (ex. \"We're going to have \"bubbly\" at our wedding.\")\nChampagne can be opened in a way that the cork \"pops\" out and the champagne sprays out in a bubbly foam. Usually this is done only at celebrations. It can be achieved by shaking the bottle before opening it. Normally, care should be taken when opening champagne bottles so that it does not make a mess. When done correctly, the cork will come out quietly, more like a sigh than a pop.\nChampagne is usually served in a champagne flute (a tall, narrow glass). The shape of the glass helps keep the bubbles for a longer time.\nChampagne is always served cold (chilled). The best temperature is 7 to 9\u00a0\u00b0C (43 to 48\u00a0\u00b0F). Often the bottle is chilled in a bucket of ice before and after opening.\nHow to say it.\nIn English it is pronounced like \"shampain\" (). In French is sounds more like \"shampany\" ()."}
+{"id": "48540", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48540", "title": "Caesarion", "text": "Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar also simply known as Caesarion (June 23, 47 BC \u2013 August, 30 BC) was the son of Cleopatra VII. He ruled Egypt as a child with his mother Cleopatra until 30 BC. He was murdered by Octavian, who would later become the Roman emperor Augustus.\nCaesarion is probably the son of Julius Caesar. If so, he is the only known son of Caesar.\nCaesarion was the last king (pharaoh) of the Ptolemaic dynasty of Egypt.\nEarly Life.\nCaesarion was born in Egypt on 23 June 47 BC. His mother, Cleopatra, said that he was the son of Roman leader Julius Caesar. Even though he looked and acted like Caesar, Caesar did not officially say that he was his son. One of Caesar\u2019s friends, Gaius Oppius, wrote a small book trying to show that Caesar could not have been Caesarion\u2019s father. But it is possible that Caesar let Caesarion use his name.\nCaesarion spent the first two years of his life, from 46 to 44 BC, in Rome. He and his mother, Cleopatra, were guests at Juilius Caesar\u2019s villa (Horti Caesaris). Cleopatra wanted her son to become the leader of both the Roman Republic and Egypt after his father, Caesar. When Caesar was killed on March 15, 44 BC, Cleopatra and Caesarion went back to Egypt. At the age of three, Cleopatra made Caesarion the ruler of Egypt with her on September 2, 44 BC.\nCleopatra compared her relationship to her son with that of the Egyptian goddess Isis and her child Horus.\nFrom 44 BC until 36 BC, there are no informations about Caesarion. Two years later, in 34 BC, he appeared at two events called the Donations of Antioch and the Donations of Alexandria. These events were organized by Cleopatra and Mark Antony to give lands that were controlled by Rome and Parthia to Caesarion and his siblings: Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene II, and Ptolemy Philadelphus.\nPharaoh.\nIn the year 34 BC, Mark Antony gave more land and titles in the east to Caesarion and his own three children with Cleopatra. Caesarion was called a god, the son of a god, and \"King of Kings.\" This was a really big title that was never given by romans to their allies. Some people thought this was a threat to the greatness of the Roman people. Antony also said that Caesarion was really Julius Caesar's son and should be the next ruler. This made Octavian (who became ruler because he was Julius Caesar's grandnephew and adopted son) very angry. These things caused a big fight between Antony and Octavian. \nOctavian used how angry people were about these things to get support for fighting against Cleopatra and Mark Antony.\nDeath.\nAfter Cleopatra and Mark Antony lost the Battle of Actium in 31 BC, Cleopatra wanted Caesarion to be the only ruler without her. She may have planned to leave with Antony. Octavian invaded Egypt and looked for Caesarion in 30 BC. Cleopatra might have sent Caesarion to a place called Berenice for safety, possibly so that he can escape to India. Plutarch said that Caesarion went to India, but he also said that Caesarion was tricked into returning to Egypt because Octavian told him that he'd let him rule Egypt. \nWhen Caesarion went back to Egypt, Octavian killed him around 30 BC.\nPictures of Caesarion.\nThere aren't many pictures of Caesarion left. A part of a statue was found in Alexandria in 1997, and People think that this statue belongs to Caesarion. There are two pictures of him as an adult. Pictures of Caesarion as a baby can be seen on some coins that Cleopatra made when he was still young.\nEgyptian names.\nCaesarion had a full list of Egyptian titles and names in the Egyptian language:"}
+{"id": "48544", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48544", "title": "Group of eight", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48550", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48550", "title": "Art films", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48552", "revid": "836766", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48552", "title": "Lorca", "text": "Lorca is a municipality in the Region of Murcia, in Spain.\nIt has an area of 1,675 km\u00b2 and a population of 95,726 people."}
+{"id": "48555", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48555", "title": "Lou pearlman", "text": ""}
+{"id": "48558", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48558", "title": "Alexander Pushkin", "text": "Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin was born 6 June (26 May, Old Style) 1799, Moscow, and died 10 February 1837 (29 January, New Style), St Petersburg. He was a Russian poet, novelist, dramatist and writer of short stories. \nMany think he was the greatest Russian poet. He started the great tradition of Russian literature. Pushkin wrote in a way that no other Russian had done before: he used the Russian language as it was spoken instead of writing in a style based on old church books. His influence on other Russian writers was enormous and several Russian composers set his stories and poems to music. His poetry is very hard to translate well into other languages because the words are full of special meanings in Russian culture. His novels, especially Eugene Onegin, are widely read.\nPushkin\u2019s great-grandfather was an African slave who was set free by Tzar Peter the Great. Pushkin was killed in a duel in 1837 at the age of 37.\nEarly years.\nPushkin's father came from an old aristocratic family. On his mother's side Pushkin had African ancestors. His great-grandfather Abram Gannibal was an Abyssinian who was living in a palace of the Turkish sultan in Istanbul. The Russian ambassador bought him as a present for Peter the Great, the tsar of Russia. Gannibal became a favourite of Peter the Great and he was sent to Paris to study. He became very rich. Pushkin was proud of his great-grandfather and wrote about him in a novel called \"The Negro of Peter the Great\".\nIn 19th century Russia all aristocratic families learned to speak French, so Pushkin and his brother and sister spoke and wrote in French more than in Russian. The children were cared for by a nurse, Arina Rodionovna Yakovleva. It was the nurse who taught them to love the Russian language. She told the children Russian folktales. Pushkin also spoke Russian to the peasants and he read many books in his father's library.\nWhen he was 12 he went to a new school called the Imperial Lyceum at Tsarskoye Selo. Years later this school was renamed Pushkin after their famous pupil. He soon started writing romantic poems in Russian using Russian tales of heroes and adventures. \"Ruslan and Ludmila\" was a poem that was later to be made into an opera by Mikhael Glinka.\nAdulthood.\nIn 1817, Pushkin got a job in the foreign office at St. Petersburg. He soon became interested in politics and supported the Decembrist revolt of 1825 when a group of noblemen and army officers tried to put another tsar in power and make him less powerful. Pushkin wrote some political poems. The result was that he was told he had to leave St. Petersburg. He had to spend six years in exile in the south of the country: in the Caucasus and the Crimea. He wrote about his experiences in the south in several romantic narrative poems (long poems which tell a story). He started work on a novel in verse called \"Yevgeny Onegin\" (or \"Eugene Onegin\"). He did not finish it until 1833. This was to be his most famous work. It was used by many musicians including Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky who made it into an opera. The poem shows typical Russian people in the society of his day. \nPushkin was angry that he was still in exile and he wrote many letters to his friends. Many of these letters were later published. He spent a lot of time drinking, gaming and fighting with swords. He fell in love with the daughter of a Count for whom he was working. The Count managed to get Pushkin exiled to his mother's estate near Pskov at the other end of Russia. Pushkin spent two years here. He was lonely, but he studied Russian history and talked to the peasants. The poems he wrote were full of ideas from Russian culture. He wrote one of his major works: \"Boris Godunov\", a drama about a story from Russian history. The composer Modest Mussorgsky later made an opera from it. Boris Godunov was a cruel tsar in the 17th century. Pushkin's play shows that the ordinary people had a lot of power. This made it difficult for Pushkin to get it published.\nReturn from exile.\nAfter the revolt in 1825 the new tsar Nicholas I realized that Pushkin was by now very famous. He also realized that he had not taken part in the revolt, so he allowed him to return. The tsar said that he himself would censor Pushkin's works before they were allowed to be published. He said that he was going to be a good tsar and help the poor people (the serfs) to become free. Pushkin was in a difficult position because he could not write anything that the tsar would not like.\nHe had to be very careful not to say bad things about the rulers of the country. The police watched him very carefully. Yet at this time Pushkin wrote a large number of great works, almost each one of them being the first of their kind in Russian literature. One example is the short story \"The Queen of Spades\", which Tchaikovsky made into an opera and which was to be a great influence on the novels of Fyodor Dostoevsky.\nLast years.\nIn his last years, Pushkin was again in government service in St. Petersburg. He married in 1831 and had to spend a lot of time in society at court. He wrote more and more prose. He wrote a history of Peter the Great and a historical novel \"The Captain's Daughter\". He kept asking the tsar to let him resign from his job and go to the country to spend his time writing. The tsar would not allow that. In 1837, Pushkin was killed in a duel. He had been forced to fight the duel in order to defend his wife's honour.\nPushkin\u2019s achievements.\nThe Russian language today would be very different if it had not been for Pushkin. Using the language as it was spoken by the people he made it into a language which was simple but which could also express deep feelings. His works were a great influence on later writers like Ivan Turgenev, Ivan Goncharov and Leo Tolstoy. \"Yevgeny Onegin\" was the first Russian novel which told a story about the society of the time. His works have been translated into all the major languages"}
+{"id": "48560", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=48560", "title": "Beheading", "text": ""}