diff --git "a/extracted/AA/wiki_28" "b/extracted/AA/wiki_28"
new file mode 100644--- /dev/null
+++ "b/extracted/AA/wiki_28"
@@ -0,0 +1,920 @@
+{"id": "54504", "revid": "10484921", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54504", "title": "Ecumenical council", "text": "An Ecumenical Council (also sometimes Oecumenical Council), or general council, is a meeting of the bishops of the Christian Church of the whole world who have come together to discuss matters of Church doctrine and practice.\nThe word is from the Greek word \"Oikoum\u00e9n\u0113\", which means \"inhabited\" and was originally another name for the territory of the Roman Empire since all of the earliest councils were called by Roman Emperors. In later times, it was used in the sense of \"worldwide\" or \"general.\"\nList of ecumenical councils.\nThe first seven Ecumenical Councils.\nThe period of Christianity from the First Council of Nicaea (325) to the Second Council of Nicaea (787) is called the period of the Seven Ecumenical Councils."}
+{"id": "54507", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54507", "title": "Camille Saint-Sa\u00ebns", "text": "Camille Saint-Sa\u00ebns (born Paris 9 October 1835, died Algiers, 16 December 1921) was a French composer, pianist and organist. He was one of the greatest composers of his day. He composed lots of music of different kinds. Among his best works are his \"Symphony no 3 (with organ) \", \"Piano Concerto no 2\", \"Violin Concerto no 3\", \"Cello Concerto no 1\", the opera \"Samson and Delilah\" and the \"Danse Macabre\". His most popular work, however, is the \"Carnival of the Animals\". Saint-Saens hated being thought of as \u201cthe composer of the \"Carnival of the Animals\"\". He said he had only written it for a bit of fun and he did not want anyone to perform it. Today it still remains one of the most popular pieces for children.\nLife.\nThree months after Saint-Saens was born his father died. Saint-Saens was often ill with tuberculosis when he was very small and this carried on throughout his life. He was brought up by his mother and his aunt. this illness still didn't hold Saint-Saens back. at the age of two his aunt taught him the piano. When he was ten he played piano concertos by Beethoven and Mozart at a public concert, playing everything from memory. He was very good at school and was interested in lots of subjects including science and philosophy. In 1858 he published some duets for harmonium and piano and he used the money to buy a telescope.\nHe studied music at the Paris Conservatoire and was a brilliant student, although he did not win the Prix de Rome. He soon became known as a composer, pianist and organist and he made many friends, among them Gounod, Berlioz and Rossini. Liszt thought he was the greatest organist in the world. Like Liszt, Saint-Sa\u00ebns was often very kind to other composers and helped them to become known by playing and conducting their music. He was the first person to conduct Liszt\u2019s symphonic poems in France. He himself wrote symphonic poems such as \"Le Rouet d\u2019Omphale\" (1871) and \"Danse Macabre\" (1874). The idea of music which describes a story was quite a new idea at that time. He also helped people to like Bach whose music had been forgotten for a long time.\nIn the 1860s his fame spread and he also did some teaching at the \u00c9cole Niedermeyer which educated young musicians for church music. His pupils included Faure, Messager and Gigout who all became lifelong friends. He also founded the Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Nationale de Musique which helped new music to be performed. Faure, Cesar Franck and Lalo were all members. The society gave first performances of works by Saint-Saens, Chabrier, Debussy, Dukas and Ravel and others.\nSaint-Saens married a 19-year-old girl. The marriage was not a success. They had two sons who died within six weeks of one another: the baby from an illness and the two-year-old from falling out of a fourth floor window. Saint-Saens blamed his wife and they eventually divorced.\nFor many years Saint-Saens travelled all over the world as a famous musician. Eventually he became less popular in France, but in England and the United States he was still very much admired. He played for Queen Victoria and spent some time studying original manuscripts of Handel in the library of Buckingham Palace. He was awarded the title of Doctor by the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge and was made a Commander of the Victorian Order because he had composed a march for the coronation of King Edward VII in 1902. He died in Algiers in 1921. His funeral was in the cathedral there, and his body was then taken back to Paris where he was given a state funeral at the church of Madeleine.\nHis music.\nSaint-Saens was more famous in the concert hall than he was in the theatre. He wrote 13 operas, but only one of them is still regularly performed: \"Samson et Dalila\" (\"Samson and Delilah\"). One of the arias from this opera, \"Mon c\u0153ur s\u2019ouvre \u00e0 ta voix\", is especially famous.\nSaint-Saens wrote many concertos, symphonies, sonatas and chamber music. He often uses the style of dance music and creates a happy atmosphere by repeating certain patterns. His music is late Romantic, but based on the classical traditions rather than following the style of Wagner like many other French composers were doing at the time."}
+{"id": "54508", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54508", "title": "Ravel", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54509", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54509", "title": "Liszt", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54510", "revid": "1444326", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54510", "title": "Fly to the Sky", "text": "Fly to the Sky is a South Korean R&B duet (group of two). Its members are Korean-American Brian Joo and South Korean Fany (also known as Hwanhee; ; meaning \"delight\"). Since their 1999 debut single \"Day by Day,\" they released six albums. Although they were marketed as teen idols, the duo later changed their image and style with their third album \"Sea of Love\" in 2002. With their later albums, the duo became known as R&B artists and are known as the first R&B duo of South Korea.\nCareer.\n1999-2001.\nThe duo started in late 1998 by Korean record company SM Entertainment. A friend of Brian Joo signed him up for auditions with Brothers Entertainment without his knowledge. while he was going to Holy Spirit High School, a Roman Catholic school in New Jersey. As for Fany, a staff member working for the company recommended him to audition at a school festival.\nThey first appeared on television on December 9, 1999. Their first album \"Day by Day\" sold over 250,000 copies. Their second album \"The Promise\" was released in 2001. The album hit #2 on the charts, but it quickly slipped from the charts. In the same year, they had their first concert with singer Kim Jo-Han.\n2002-2004.\nTheir third album \"Sea of Love\" was released while Joo was at New Jersey going to Rutgers University, so Fany performed the songs by himself. The album featured \"Condition of My Heart\" which was written by American singer Brian McKnight.\nTheir fourth album, \"Missing You\" came out around the time when his manager died in a car crash. Fany was especially shocked by his death, because he had been in the same car with his manager just hours before the incident.\n\"Gravity\", as their fifth and last album, came out by SM Entertainment. Their contract to the company ended soon after the release.\n2004-present.\nFly to the Sky signed on with PFull Entertainment after their first contract ended in 2004. They wanted a smaller label that cared less about money. They recorded their sixth studio album \"Transition\" in January 2006.\nThe duo started their first tour in Korea called \"Fly To The Sky: 2006 The Twice Tour\". Starting from Jamsil Arena in Seoul in May 2006, they had concerts in major Korean cities like Busan, Daegu, Junju, and Kwangju.\nWhen \"Transition\" became popular, Fly to the Sky made a special edition, which had more music videos, deleted scenes and the more songs titled \"Hwan Sang (Illusion),\" \"Hot and Cold,\" and \"When I Say.\"\nIn 2004 and 2005, there was a rumor that they would break up. Brian denied the rumours and said that Fly to the Sky was not disbanding. He said the two had hard time getting along for first few years of their career on the show \"Yah Shim Man Man,\" which aired on July 10. He said that he felt envy towards Fany, because he received more attention and praise than him. Brian felt that he was not given his due as Fany. Eventually he found this difficult to bear, and suggested to Fany that they pursue their separate paths. Fany responded angrily and that led to a fight that nearly led to the duo breaking up. The two were on good terms again soon after, understanding each other better. After the fight, the two decided to try to better understand each other in order to solve their problems together and to support each other. Brian's eyes were filled with tears when he was talking about the rumour.\nSince 2006, the duo has appeared many times in variety shows. Fany appeared on Korean television drama \"Over the Rainbow\" during summer of 2006, and Brian released his solo album \"The Brian\" in December 2006. They became more popular but some critics and fans said they were compromising their image as artists.\nOther websites.\nThe websites are in Korean."}
+{"id": "54514", "revid": "8960", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54514", "title": "Fly to the sky", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54516", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54516", "title": "Bram Stoker", "text": "Abraham \"Bram\" Stoker (8 November 1847 \u2013 20 April 1912) was an Irish writer. He is best remembered as the author of the classical and influential vampire novel \"Dracula\". A vampire is a kind of monster associated with death and the Devil.\nLife.\nHe was born on 8 November 1847 at 15 Marino Crescent\u2014then as now called \"The Crescent\"\u2014in Clontarf, a coastal suburb of Dublin, Ireland. His parents were Abraham Stoker (born in 1799; married Stoker's mother in 1844; died on 10 October 1876) and the feminist Charlotte Mathilda Blake Thornley (born in 1818; died in 1901). Stoker was the third of seven children. Abraham and Charlotte were members of the Church of Ireland and attended the Clontarf parish church (St. John the Baptist) with their children where both were baptised. Until he started school at the age of seven\u2014when he made a complete, surprising recovery\u2014Stoker was sick. During that time, Stoker wrote, \"I was naturally thoughtful, and the leisure of long illness gave opportunity for many thoughts which were fruitful according to their kind in later years.\"\nAfter his recovery, he became a normal young man. He excelled as an athlete at Trinity College, Dublin (1864\u201370), from which he was graduated with honors in mathematics. He was auditor of the College Historical Society and president of the University Philosophical Society, where his first paper was on \"Sensationalism in Fiction and Society\". In 1876, while he was employed as a civil servant in Dublin, he wrote theater reviews for \"The Dublin Mail\", a newspaper partly owned by fellow horror writer J. Sheridan Le Fanu. His interest in theater led to a lifelong friendship with the English actor Henry Irving. In 1878 Stoker married Florence Balcombe, a celebrated beauty whose former suitor was Oscar Wilde. The couple moved to London, where Stoker became business manager of Irving's Lyceum Theater, a post he held for 27 years. The collaboration with Irving was very important for Stoker. Through him he became involved in London's high society, where he met, among other notables, James McNeil Whistler and Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. In the course of Irving's tours he got the chance to travel around the world.\nThey had one son, Irving Noel Stoker, who was born on 31 December 1879.\nDracula.\nHe earned his money by writing a large number of sensational novels, his most famous being the vampire tale \"Dracula\" which he published in 1897. Before writing \"Dracula\", Stoker spent eight years researching European folklore and stories of vampires. \"Dracula\" is an epistolary novel, written as collection of diary entries, telegrams, and letters from the characters, as well as fictional clippings from the Whitby and London newspapers. Stoker's inspiration for the story was a visit to Slains Castle near Aberdeen. The bleak spot provided an excellent backdrop for his creation.\n\"Dracula\" has been the basis for countless movies and plays. The first was \"Nosferatu\" directed by Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau and starring Max Schreck as Count Orlock. \"Nosferatu\" was produced while Florence Stoker, Bram Stoker's widow and literary executrix, was still alive. Represented by the attorneys of the British Incorporated Society of Authors, she eventually sued the filmmakers. Her chief legal complaint was that she had been neither asked for permission for the adaptation nor paid any royalty. The case dragged on for some years, with Mrs Stoker demanding the destruction of the negative and all prints of the movie. The suit was finally resolved in the widow's favour in July 1925. Some copies of the movie survived, however, and \"Nosferatu\" is now widely regarded as an innovative classic. The most famous movie version of \"Dracula\" is the 1931 production starring Bela Lugosi and which spawned several sequels that had little to do with Stoker's novel.\nStoker wrote several other novels dealing with horror and supernatural themes, but none of them achieved the lasting fame or success of \"Dracula\". His other novels include \"The Snake's Pass\" (1890), \"The Jewel of Seven Stars\" (1903), and \"The Lair of the White Worm\" (1911)."}
+{"id": "54517", "revid": "844779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54517", "title": "Criss Angel", "text": "Criss Angel (born Christopher Nicholas Sarantakos, December 19, 1967) is an American illusionist, stuntperformer, and musician. He has done many illusions. Examples of these include walking on water, making an Asian elephant vanish and then reappear several episodes later, and floating between two buildings. Angel has had a television program on the American network A&E called \"Criss Angel Mindfreak\". The program has stunts and street magic, as well as public service announcements about scams that are popular around the United States. \nAngel was the guest host of the March 8, 2010 version of WWE Monday Night Raw. "}
+{"id": "54520", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54520", "title": "Criss angel", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54523", "revid": "1618275", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54523", "title": "TVXQ", "text": "TVXQ (Tong Vfang Xien Qi) is a two-member K-pop boy band active in South Korea and Japan. Its members are U-know Yunho and Max Changmin. The group is popular in East Asian countries including Taiwan and China. They debuted in 2004 and belong to Korean record company SM Entertainment. They are known by different names. They are known as Dong Bang Shin Ki (abbreviated DBSK, \ub3d9\ubc29\uc2e0\uae30, \u6771\u65b9\u795e\u8d77) in Korea and Tohoshinki in Japan.\nThe group has released six Korean and three Japanese albums. Their fourth Korean album, \"Mirotic\" was released in 2008. It has sold over 550,000 copies. It is their most successful album. Before that, the 2006 album \"O-Jung.Ban.Hap.\" continued to chart in 2007 along with the group's 2005 album \"Rising Sun\". Their first Japanese album \"Heart, Mind, and Soul\" performed modestly. It peaked at #25 on the Oricon Chart. The album sold less than 20,000 copies. Their second album \"Five in the Black\" did better. The third album \"T\" peaked at #2 and sold 30,003 copies on the first day of its release.\nTVXQ has an official fan club, called \"cassiopeia\", in Korea. There is also a big fan club in Japan.\nMembers.\nCurrent members\nPast members\nDiscography.\nKorean studio albums\nKorean extended plays\nJapanese studio albums\nJapanese compilation albums\nJapanese singles\nAwards and achievements.\nIn 2008, TVXQ made the Guinness World Records for having the world's largest official fan club. Cassiopeia, the band's official fan club, is claimed to have more than 800,000 official members just in South Korea, more than 200,000 official members in Japan (BigEast) and more than 200,000 international fans (iCassies). They also made Guinness a second time in 2009. Aside from having the world's largest fan club, the group was also listed as the most photographed celebrities in the world. From the day of their debut to March 19, 2009, the five members are estimated to have been photographed about 500 million times in magazines, albums jackets, and commercials, etc. The total figure includes individual photos as well as group pictures."}
+{"id": "54524", "revid": "1674404", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54524", "title": "Ayumi Hamasaki", "text": "Ayumi Hamasaki ( \"Hamasaki Ayumi\"; born October 2, 1978) is a Japanese singer, songwriter, and former actress. She is also called Ayu by her fans, and called the \"Empress of Pop\" because her music is very popular in Japan. She was born and raised in Fukuoka. When she was fourteen, she moved to Tokyo and began her career as an actress in 1993. In 1998, she was signed to the label Avex Trax and released a number of singles that were successful. In 1999, she released her first studio album \"A Song for XX\" which was very successful and made her popular in Japan.\nBecause she changes her appearance and artistry very often, she is popular in other parts of Asia like China, Singapore, and Taiwan. Many of her songs are used in commercials and advertisements. She often appears in some of these.\nBefore she joined Avex Trax, she released a single and an album both called \"Nothing From Nothing\". But these did not become popular. Since she debuted in 1998 with \"Poker Face,\" Hamasaki sold more than 50 records in Japan. This puts her as one of the highest ranking singers in the country. She holds many records as a female singer. These include the most number-one hits and highest sales.\nPersonal life.\nHamasaki dated Tomoya Nagase (a singer and actor) since her short acting career. They announced they were dating in 2001. Six years later, there were rumors that Hamasaki and Nagase were going to get married. But on July 13, 2007 Hamasaki said that they had broken up. She did not say why, but she said that they will stay as friends.\nIn 2008, Hamasaki revealed that she had become deaf in her left ear. This was because of tinnitus or M\u00e9ni\u00e8re's disease. She said that she had the condition in 2006 and that problems with her ear started in 2000. Hamasaki stated that she wants to continue singing. She said that she would \"not give up\" on her fans and that \"as a professional\", she wanted to \"deliver the best performance for everyone\".\nJanuary 1,2011, to marry a fan club site Ayumi Hamasaki 'TeamAyu' reported the fan."}
+{"id": "54525", "revid": "1692013", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54525", "title": "Love Generation", "text": "Love Generation () was a dramatic Japanese television series on Fuji Television. It first aired in Japan from October 13 1997 to December 22, 1997 every Monday. It had a very high rating of 30.8%. It features music by Cagnet.\nSummary.\nThe show revolves around the relationship of the two leading characters, Katagiri Teppei and Uesugi Riko, who begin their relationship as squabbling colleagues before falling in love. Katagiri Teppei is a talented designer and very popular among women. Unfortunately, Teppei, who despises anything boring and repetitive, is forced to move to the sales department for his egocentric behavior. Throughout the series, he is forced to adapt to the new working environment, which includes cutting his precious locks of hair to create a neater and more professional image. As he struggles to adapt, he meets Uesugi Riko. While she does not like him at first, she eventually falls for him. However, Teppei runs into his highschool sweetheart Mizuhara Sanae, and discovers that his ex-girlfriend is now engaged to his brother Soichiro. Fortunately, Riko is there to console him, and this eventually blooms into a romance. Not long after, however, Sanae realizes she still has feelings for Teppei, and thus creates a love triangle. To make the matter even more complicated, Soichiro starts to have an affair with his past girlfriend.\nSymbols.\nCrystal apple.\nTeppei's apartment has many unusual items such as Thai artifact, a 30-year-old refrigerator, and a crystal apple. The meaning behind the apple is that there is only one true love, between Adam and Eve, that is. A crystal can be broken easily, and when one would look in it, it appears upside down. The apple is seen upside down for the 10 of the 11 episodes. At the last episode, however, the apple is no longer upside down. The apple is on the album cover of the soundtrack for \"Love Generation\".\nTrue love never runs smooth.\nThe advertising poster appears over and over again. The model is holding a crystal apple, and reads \"True love never runs smooth\" symbolizing the relationship between Riko and Teppei, which constantly faces struggles from when they meet for the very first time to the love triangle. This advertisement is visible everywhere from the park to Teppei's 30-year-old refrigerator, as \"True love never runs smooth\" is the unofficial tagline of this television series."}
+{"id": "54526", "revid": "1373821", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54526", "title": "Psyche (mythology)", "text": "Psyche (pronounced: SY-kee) is a former mortal woman and goddess of the soul in Greek mythology. She is the wife of Eros (Cupid) and the mother of Hedone. Today, Psyche is known from a story called \"The Golden Ass\", written by Lucius Apuleius in the 2nd century.\nMythology.\nEarly life.\nPsyche was the youngest daughter of a Greek king and queen. She had two older sisters. She was very beautiful. Many people said she was more beautiful than Aphrodite. People started worshipping Psyche instead of Aphrodite. This made the goddess angry. As a punishment, she sent her son, Eros, to make Psyche fall in love with an ugly person. However, Eros fell in love with Psyche. He decided to save her from his mother's anger.\nPsyche's sisters were jealous of her beauty. They eventually married kings and left to be with their husbands. Nobody asked to marry Psyche. She was left alone. Her father decided to ask the Oracle of Delphi for help.\nMarriage to Eros.\nApollo, spoke to Psyche's father through the Oracle. He told her father that Psyche would marry a monster that even the gods were afraid of. Apollo said to dress Psyche in funeral clothes, take her to the tallest rock in the kingdom, and leave her there. The king sadly obeyed Apollo.\nPsyche waited for the monster. When it did not come, she jumped from the rock. Zephyrus, the Greek lord of west wind, held her up to save her from death. He took her to Eros's palace. When Eros returned, he talked to Psyche in the dark. He said that she must not try to see him. He said that it would ruin everything if he told her his name. The first few weeks of Psyche's life in the palace were good. But soon her sisters convinced her to see what her husband looked like. \nPsyche sneaked into her husband's room with an oil lamp. Psyche shone the light on her husband's face. A small drop of hot oil fell onto his shoulder. That burned him and woke him up. Eros felt betrayed by his wife's actions. He left Psyche.\nPsyche was very unhappy after learning what she had done. Aphrodite found her and made her do four things. \nPsyche was made the goddess of the soul. Psyche and Eros had a daughter, Hedone. Their daughter was the goddess of physical joy."}
+{"id": "54549", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54549", "title": "Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet", "text": "Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet (December 10, 1787 - September 10, 1851) was an American teacher and the founder of the American School for the Deaf. He founded the school in 1817.\nHistory.\nGallaudet was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He went to Yale University. He got his bachelor's degree in 1805 and master's degree in 1808. He wanted to do many things for example, study law or study religion. In 1814, Gallaudet became a preacher. \nGallaudet chose not to become a preacher when he met Alice Cogswell, the nine-year-old deaf daughter of a neighbor, Dr. Mason Cogswell. He taught her many words by writing them in the dirt. Cogswell asked Gallaudet to go to Europe to learn ways for teaching deaf people. \nWhile in Great Britain, he met Abb\u00e9 Sicard, head of a school for deaf people in Paris, and two of its deaf teachers, Laurent Clerc and Jean Massieu. Sicard asked Gallaudet to go to Paris to study the school's ways of teaching the deaf. Gallaudet studied with Sicard. He learned sign language from Massieu and Clerc, who were both graduates of the school.\nGallaudet asked Clerc to go back to America with him. The two men toured New England and got money to create a school for deaf students in Hartford, Connecticut which later became known as the American School for the Deaf. Young Alice was one of the first seven students in the United States."}
+{"id": "54550", "revid": "1252459", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54550", "title": "Annelid", "text": "Annelids are a phylum of invertebrate worms. They are the segmented worms, with over 17,000 known species.\nWell known species are earthworms and leeches. Annelids can be found in most wet environments. Some of these species are parasitic or mutualistic. This means they live together with (or inside) another organism. A mutualistic relationship is beneficial to both organisms. Their size varies from under a millimetre to about 3 metres. The largest known species is the seep tube worm (\"Lamellibrachia lymnesi\"), which is related to the giant tube worm.\nAnnelids are made of one or more body segments. Each segment has one or more rings. These rings are called \"annuli\" (singular: 'annulus' = 'little ring'). Annelids reproduce sexually by hermaphroditic cross-fertilization. They can regenerate cut off pieces of their body, unlike sponges, which can come back together if ripped apart. They have a hydrostatic skeleton, a one-way digestion system, and bilateral symmetry.\nNervous system.\nAnnelid worms have a nervous system. The brain forms a ring round the pharynx (throat), consisting of a pair of ganglia (local control centers) above and in front of the pharynx, linked by nerve cords either side of the pharynx to another pair of ganglia just below and behind it. In some very mobile and active polychaetes the brain is enlarged and more complex, with visible hindbrain, midbrain and forebrain sections.\nThe rest of the central nervous system is usually 'ladder-like', with a pair of nerve cords that run along the bottom part of the body cavity. In each segment there are paired ganglia linked by a cross-connection. From each segmental ganglion a branching system of local nerves runs into the body wall and then encircles the body. "}
+{"id": "54553", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54553", "title": "Annelida", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54557", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54557", "title": "Oligochaeta", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54558", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54558", "title": "Hirudinea", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54559", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54559", "title": "Polychaete", "text": "Polychaetes, or bristle worms, are a class of annelid worms.\nThey are generally found in a marine environment. There are more than 10,000 known species in this class. They are ancient animals, dating back to 518 million years ago. They are first found in the early Cambrian fossil beds of Sirius Passet in Greenland.\nEach of their body segments has some fleshy protrusions that stand out. These 'parapodia' have many bristles, which are made of chitin. This is different from the Oligochaeta, which are similar in form, but only have a few bristles.\nCommon species are the lugworm, and the clam worm \"Nereis\" (which is sometimes also called a 'sandworm').\nDescription.\nPolychaetes are segmented worms, generally less than in length, although ranging at the extremes from to . They are often brightly coloured, and may be iridescent or even luminescent.\nEach segment bears a pair of paddle-like parapodia, which are used for movement. In many species, the parapodia, well supplied with blood vessels, act as the worm's primary respiratory surfaces. Bundles of bristles stick out from the parapodia.\nSome bristle worms have poison bristles. The bristles will break off in the skin of a predator that tries to pick up the animal and sting the predator painfully.\nThe head, or prostomium, is relatively well developed, compared with other annelids. It is forward over the mouth, which lies on the animal's underside. The head normally includes two to four pair of eyes, although there are some blind species. These eyes are fairly simple structures, capable of distinguishing between light and dark. Some species have large eyes with lenses that may be capable of real vision.\nThe head also includes a pair of antennae, tentacle-like palps, and a pair of pits lined with cilia, known as \"nuchal organs\". These latter appear to be chemoreceptors which help the worm seek out food.\nEcology.\nPolychaetes vary in form and lifestyle. Most burrow or build tubes in the sediment, some swim among the plankton, and some live as commensals. A few are parasitic.\nThe mobile forms tend to have well-developed sense organs and jaws, while the stationary forms lack them, but may have specialized gills or tentacles used for respiration and deposit or filter feeding, e.g., fanworms.\nA few groups have evolved to live in terrestrial environments, but are restricted to humid areas. Some have even evolved tubes that open inwards from the skin which work like simple lungs, absorbing oxygen from the air and allowing release of waste gases.\nBristle worm diet.\nMost bristle worms are scavengers, but some are good predators, eating fishes and coral. Others like to eat algae. They are usually found hiding in reefs and rocky places. They crawl along the sea floor or the bottom of a tide pool, looking for something to eat."}
+{"id": "54560", "revid": "10224908", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54560", "title": "Lugworm", "text": "The lugworm (\"Arenicola marina\"), also known as the javierdediegoworm, is a large marine worm of the phylum Annelida. Lugworms make the coiled tubes of sand that are a familiar sight on a beach at low tide. The lugworm itself is not seen except by people who dig them up from curiosity or to use as fishing bait.\nThe lugworm lives in a U-shaped tube in the sand, and filters out its food from the water.\nArenicola marina can grow to about 5 inches long (13 cm). Its body is segmented, like that of an earthworm. It has bristles in the middle of its body. It is a polychaete. It also has well-developed blood-vessels, and gills to breathe in the water. \nAlthough the textbook example is usually \"javierdediegoworm\", there is a second species, \"dediegujavier\", which lives a similar life. It grows to about 9 inches long (23 cm)"}
+{"id": "54562", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54562", "title": "Arenicola marina", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54563", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54563", "title": "Alitta succinea", "text": "Alitta succinea, also known as the pile worm or clam worm, is a common polychaete worm. \nIt is a species of ragworm or sandworm. The terms can refer to any one of a number of other species. \nThis worm can reach up to 15 centimeters (6\u00a0inches) in length. Most specimens are smaller than this. It is brown coloured at the rear, and reddish-brown on the rest of its body. It has a head with four eyes, two sensory feelers or palps, and eight tentacles. It is a freeswimming polychaete, scavenging on the bottom of shallow marine waters. \nClam worms are an important food source for bottom-feeding fish and crustaceans. They can protect themselves by secreting a mucous substance which hardens to form a sheath around them.\nPlanktonic larvae develop, grow into adults and eventually sink to the bottom of the water."}
+{"id": "54564", "revid": "224035", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54564", "title": "Protozoa", "text": "Protozoa are microorganisms. They are single-celled heterotrophic eukaryotes, which eat bacteria and other food sources.\nIt is an old term, and the wider term protist is generally preferred today. However, 'protozoa' is often used for convenience, especially in junior education. It is a convenient hold-all term, and most systems of taxonomy classify 'protozoa' into several different phyla.\nThe term is problematic because modern biochemical and genetic techniques show that it includes several quite different kinds of cells. They are found only in moist or aquatic habitats. Many protozoan species are symbionts, some are parasites, and some are predators of soil bacteria and algae. About 30,000 protozoan species are known. The study of protists is called \"protistology\"."}
+{"id": "54566", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54566", "title": "Clam worm", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54567", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54567", "title": "Sandworm", "text": "The name Sandworm' can refer to different species:\nIt can also stand for huge worms in the book Dune by Frank Herbert, see Sandworm (Dune)"}
+{"id": "54568", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54568", "title": "Ragworm", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54570", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54570", "title": "Nereis succinea", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54571", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54571", "title": "Bristle worm", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54573", "revid": "440188", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54573", "title": "Hematophagy", "text": "Hematophagy is the habit of certain animals to feed on blood. Blood is rich in proteins. Examples of animals that feed on blood are mosquitoes, vampire bats and leeches."}
+{"id": "54574", "revid": "6497", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54574", "title": "U.K", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54576", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54576", "title": "Crinoidea", "text": "The crinoids are a class of echinoderms. They have two forms, the sea lilies, stalked forms attached to the sea floor, and the feather stars, which are free-living.\nAll crinoids are marine, and live both in shallow water and in depths as great as 6000 meters. The basic echinoderm pattern of fivefold symmetry can be recognized, but most crinoids have many more than five arms. Crinoids have a mouth on the top surface that is surrounded by feeding arms.\nThe crinoids have a long history. They were the first echinoderms to appear in the fossil record, and have kept their early structure throughout their long career. They were extremely common in the Palaeozoic, and some rocks from the Carboniferous consist almost entirely of fossil crinoids.\nAnatomy.\nCrinoids' mouths faces up towards the surface of the ocean, and the stalked forms feed on the detritus which comes down to the bottom. The mouth is surrounded by many feathery tentacles. They have a U-shaped gut, and their anus is located next to the mouth.\nHistory.\nThe crinoids were almost wiped out by the extinction event at the end of the Palaeozoic era. Four whole classes became extinct, and the few that survived became the only living class, the Articulata. The stalked members of the class sufered from heavy predation in the Mesozoic. and now all the remaining sea lilies are in deep water, where the competition is less fierce. The feather stars have been much more successful.\nIn 2005, a stalked crinoid was recorded pulling itself along the sea floor off the Grand Bahama Island. The recording showed a crinoid moving at much faster speeds than was thought possible.\nFeather stars.\nThe free-living feather stars first appear in the Upper Triassic. They are related to starfish. As juveniles, they are attached to the sea bottom by a stalk, as their ancestors were. In the adult stage they break away from the stalk and can move about. Some can swim by undulating movements of the arms. Usually, feather stars creep about by using projections at the bottom of the crown, called cirri. They are the only crinoids in shallow water, and are all in the orderComatulidae. Their flexible arms and ability to choose their feeding grounds was undoubtedly important in their success and survival.p293\nDuring the day, they roll into a ball. But at night, they spread out their arms to catch plankton. Feather stars arrange themselves so the fan faces the flow of the current. The posture serves to present the maximum area of food-collecting surfaces to the incoming water flow, so that more particles will settle on them. They are found mostly in shallow water."}
+{"id": "54577", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54577", "title": "Echinodermata", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54578", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54578", "title": "Crinoid", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54579", "revid": "9755060", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54579", "title": "Yorkshire Dales", "text": "The Yorkshire Dales (also known as the \"Dales\") is the name given to an upland area, mostly in Yorkshire, in Northern England. Most of the area falls within the Yorkshire Dales District National Park, created in 1954. The \"Dales\" is one of the twelve National parks of England and Wales. The area is so called because it is a collection of river valleys (\"dale\" comes from a Danish word for valley), and the hills in between them. The area is mainly in the historic county of Yorkshire, but today is partly in three modern counties : North Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, and Cumbria."}
+{"id": "54591", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54591", "title": "Suwanee, Georgia", "text": "Suwanee is a city in the American state of Georgia. It is in Gwinnett County. In 2020, about 20,786 people lived in Suwanee. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of . of it is land and of it (0.7%) is water."}
+{"id": "54592", "revid": "1495229", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54592", "title": "Cumming, Georgia", "text": "Cumming is a city in Forsyth County, in the northern part of Georgia, United States. It is the county seat of Forsyth County. The city has a population of about 7,300 people. It is part of the Atlanta metropolitan area and serves as a growing suburb to the city of Atlanta. It has a total area of 18.73 square kilometers.\nHistory.\nCumming was founded in the early 1830s. The city was named after Colonel William Cumming, a veteran of the War of 1812. In the 19th century, it was a small farming town. Over the years, the city grew and developed, especially after Lake Lanie was built in the 1950s. Today, it has grown as a suburban part of the Atlanta area.\nGeography.\nCumming is located in the northern part of Georgia, about 40 miles north of Atlanta. The city covers an area of 7.23 square miles (18.7 km\u00b2). A small portion, about 0.6% of the area, is covered by water, primarily from nearby Lake Lanier. The area around Cumming is mostly rural with forests and hills.\nEconomy.\nCumming\u2019s economy is primarily driven by retail, services, and tourism. Many people who live in Cumming work in nearby cities like Atlanta. There are several shopping centers, restaurants, and businesses in the city. Tourism is also an important part of the economy, especially because of Lake Lanier and the outdoor activities were there.\nAttractions.\nOne of the biggest attractions near Cumming is Lake Lanier, it has boating, fishing, and other water activities. The lake is a popular summer destination for visitors. it also has parks, trails, and other outdoor spaces for enjoying nature.\nTransportation.\nCumming was located near several highways, people can travel to other parts of Georgia easily. Georgia State Route 400 is the main highway that connects Cumming to Atlanta. There are not many public transportation, so most people drive their own cars to get around.\nEducation.\nThere are several public schools in the city, including Cumming Elementary School, Forsyth Central High School, and others. The school district is known for its high academic standards. It is one of the largest school districts in Georgia."}
+{"id": "54593", "revid": "10369414", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54593", "title": "Athens, Georgia", "text": "Athens is a town in the American state of Georgia.\nIt is the county seat of Clarke County.\nThe University of Georgia is in Athens."}
+{"id": "54605", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54605", "title": "Anaerobic digestion", "text": "Anaerobic digestion is the way microorganisms break down organic matter without oxygen. This process happens naturally, but it is called anaerobic digestion when it is supported and contained. \nAn anaerobic digester is an industrial system that supports this process. Biodegradation to treat waste is one of the main purposes. Generating biogas to provide fuel is another. It also produces soil improving material. "}
+{"id": "54612", "revid": "10369416", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54612", "title": "Clarke County, Georgia", "text": "Clarke County is a county in the American state of Georgia. The county seat of Clarke County is Athens, Georgia. Clarke county was formed on December 5, 1801 and named after Revolutionary War hero Elijah Clarke. The University of Georgia is in Clarke County. At the 2020 census, Clarke county had 128,671 people."}
+{"id": "54613", "revid": "8980", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54613", "title": "Athens, GA", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54616", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54616", "title": "Forsyth County, Georgia", "text": "Forsyth County is a county in the American state of Georgia. The county seat of Forsyth County is Cumming, Georgia. Forsyth County has one of the fastest growing populations of any county in the United States. The number of people grew from 98,407 to 175,511 between 2000 and 2010, and was 251,283 in 2020. The county was made in 1832 and is named after John Forsyth. The county has five main high schools including; North Forsyth, West Forsyth, Lambert High, Forsyth Central, and South Forsyth."}
+{"id": "54617", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54617", "title": "Johns Creek, Georgia", "text": "Johns Creek is a city in the American state of Georgia. It was made a city on December 1, 2006. It is a suburb in the northeast of Atlanta. Johns Creek has about 82,000 people living in it. It is a part of Fulton County. Johns Creek is the 10th largest city in Georgia."}
+{"id": "54618", "revid": "8980", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54618", "title": "Suwanee, GA", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54619", "revid": "8980", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54619", "title": "Cumming, GA", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54623", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54623", "title": "Clarke County, GA", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54624", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54624", "title": "Forsyth County, GA", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54626", "revid": "10434023", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54626", "title": "The Black Parade", "text": "The Black Parade is the third studio album by My Chemical Romance. The album was released on October 24, 2006. The album is a concept album. The songs on this album follow the life of The Patient, a man dying of cancer. The album takes the listener into The Patient's mind, fears, regrets, and accomplishments. \nMuch like their first two albums, \"The Black Parade\" offers a message of hope. \n\"The Black Parade\" is: Ray Toro, Mikey Way, Gerard Way, Frank Iero, and Bob Bryar."}
+{"id": "54627", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54627", "title": "Clarke County, Georgia, USA", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54629", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54629", "title": "Biogas", "text": "Biogas is a gas produced by the digestion in an oxygen free (anaerobic digestion) or fermentation of organic matter. The organic matter can be manure, sewage, municipal waste, compost, food waste or any other biodegradable raw material. Biogas is mainly methane and carbon dioxide. Depending on where it is produced, biogas is also called:\nBiogas can be used as a vehicle fuel or to generate electricity. It can also be burned directly for cooking, heating, lighting, process heat and absorption refrigeration.\nBiogas and anaerobic digestion.\nAnaerobic digestion is much used to make biogas from biodegradable waste because valuable fuel can be produced while destroying disease-causing pathogens and reducing the volume of disposed waste products. The methane in bio gas burns more cleanly than coal, and produces more energy with less emissions of carbon dioxide. The harvesting of bio gas is an important role of waste management because methane is a greenhouse gas with a greater global warming potential than carbon dioxide. The carbon in bio gas was generally recently extracted from the atmosphere by photosynthetic plants, so releasing it back into the atmosphere adds less total atmospheric carbon than the burning of fossil fuels.\nBiogas typical composition range.\nThe composition of biogas varies depending on how it is made. Landfill gas typically has methane concentrations around 50%. Advanced waste treatment technologies can produce biogas with 55-75%CH4."}
+{"id": "54630", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54630", "title": "Forsyth County, Georgia, USA", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54632", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54632", "title": "John's Creek, Georgia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54633", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54633", "title": "Liturgy", "text": "A liturgy is a ceremony, according to the traditions of a particular group or event. In religion, it may mean an elaborate formal ritual (such as the Catholic Mass), or a daily activity such as the Muslim Salats. Anglican, Orthodox, Lutheran, or other groups, when using the words \"the liturgy\", normally mean a standardized order of events observed during a religious service, often including the Eucharist or Communion. The \"open\" or \"waiting\" worship of Quakers is an example of a non-liturgical service because there is no structured order of events."}
+{"id": "54636", "revid": "10216288", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54636", "title": "Mass (liturgy)", "text": "Mass is the term used to describe a celebration of the Eucharist in the Western liturgical rites of the Catholic Church, the Old Catholic Churches, the Anglo-Catholic tradition of Anglicanism, and some largely High Church Lutheran regions. In Scandinavian and Baltic countries, the Lutheran Eucharistic service is also known as \"the Mass\".\nThe four parts of Mass are in order Introductory Rites, Liturgy of the Word, Liturgy of the Eucharist, and Concluding Rites.\nOrigin.\nThe term comes from the Late-Latin word \"missa\" (dismissal), a word used in the concluding formula of Mass in Latin: \"Ite, missa est\" (\"Go, it is the dismissal\"). Dismissal means that someone is allowed to leave. In this case, people are being allowed to leave because Mass is finished. In another sense, it also means that people are allowed to leave to go on a mission to tell other people about Jesus and Christianity.\nCatholic Church.\nMass is the most important ceremony and form of worship in the Catholic Church. The Eucharist is thought to be the most important part of Christian life because the blood and the body of Christ are then received in the form of bread and wine as a sacrifice.\nA Sunday Mass is about an hour long. On other days, it is about half an hour. A Mass can be longer or shorter depending on how many people there are taking Communion.\nA good Catholic is supposed to go to Mass every Sunday and on some other holy days. Even though Mass can be on other days, a Catholic is still supposed to go to one on Sunday.\nThere are four parts in a Catholic Mass. They are in the same order all around the world but in different languages: Introductory Rites, Liturgy of the Word, Liturgy of the Eucharist, and Concluding Rites.\nIntroductory Rites.\nThe priest enters, and everyone does the sign of the cross. He greets everyone in the congregation. The people confess their sins together and ask the Lord for mercy. They then sing the hymn \"Gloria\" and the priest says a prayer called the collect.\nLiturgy of the Word.\nSome parts of the Bible are read. They are a first reading (which can be from the Old or the New Testament), a psalm, a second reading from the New Testament, and a reading from the Gospel. The priest then makes a short sermon (homily). Afterwards, the Apostles' Creed is said. Finally, some intercessory prayers can be made on behalf on another person.\nLiturgy of the Eucharist.\nDuring the Liturgy of the Eucharist, the bread and the wine are offered at the altar. The priest consecrates them by saying that they are the body (bread) and blood (wine) of Jesus. The Catholic Church teaches that they are then turned into the actual blood and body of Christ (transubstantiation) even though they still look, smell, and taste like bread and wine.\nThen, the Lord's Prayer is said. Next, people in the congregation do a sign of peace (usually a nod or handshake while saying \"peace\" or \"peace be with you\") with one another to show that they are now one family in Christ. The bread and the wine are then eaten in a process called Communion. Only baptized Catholics who are sorry for their sins are allowed to take part in Communion.\nAfter Communion, there is a prayer to give thanks to God.\nConcluding Rites.\nThere may be announcements about important things that ar going on in the parish during this time.\nFinally, the priest blesses everyone and dismisses them.\nOther websites.\nRoman Catholic doctrine\nPresent form of the Roman rite of the Mass\nTridentine form of the Roman rite of the Mass\nAnglican Doctrine and practice\nLutheran doctrine"}
+{"id": "54640", "revid": "9846115", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54640", "title": "Woodpecker", "text": "The woodpeckers and its near relatives the piculets, wrynecks and sapsuckers are the family Picidae. They are near-passerine birds. Members of the Picidae are found worldwide, except for the parts of old Gondwana which they did not get to: Australia, New Zealand, Madagascar and Antarctica. Most species live in forests or woodland habitats.\nThe Picidae are just one of the eight living families in the order Piciformes. DNA sequence analyses have shown they are a clade.\nThere are about 240 species and about 35 genera in this family. Many species are threatened or endangered due to loss of habitat or habitat fragmentation.\nHabits.\nAll the special features (traits) of the woodpeckers are adaptations to their mode of life.\nMembers of the family Picidae have strong bills for drilling and drumming on trees and long sticky tongues for extracting food. The bills of piculets and wrynecks are shorter, and less strong and sharp than those of woodpeckers, but their morphology is very similar.\nWoodpeckers operate mainly on tree trunks, staying in place propped up by their stiff tail feathers. Piculets and wrynecks live mainly on the branches, and they lack the stiffened tail feathers.\nThe woodpecker bill's chisel-like tip is kept sharp by the pecking action on wood. With their smaller bill size, many piculets and wrynecks will forage in decaying wood more often than woodpeckers. The long sticky tongues, which have bristles, help the birds grab and extracting insects from deep in a hole of a tree. Detailed studies published in 2004 showed that the tongue wraps around the prey before being pulled out.\nPreventing brain damage.\nMany of the foraging, breeding and signalling behaviours of woodpeckers involve drumming and hammering using the bill. To prevent brain damage from the rapid and repeated decelerations, woodpeckers have a number of adaptations which protect the brain. These include small brain size, the orientation of the brain within the skull (which spreads the area of contact between the brain and the skull) and the short duration of contact.\nThe unequal length of the upper and lower parts of their beaks (the lower being longer), serves to steer the impact force downwards, away from the brain. Also, the woodpecker\u2019s brain is held in a skull with uneven, spongy plates that absorb shock. Third, woodpeckers have a special hyoid bone, which reaches from their beak, loops over top of the skull to completely surround their brains. This acts to keep the brain in place. It is the movement of the brain inside the skull during impact, more than the blow itself, that causes concussions. If the brain is held in place, injury risks are greatly reduced.\nOther adaptations.\nThe millisecond before contact with wood a thickened nictitating membrane closes, protecting the eye from flying debris. The nostrils are also protected; they are often slit-like and have special feathers to cover them.\nWoodpeckers, piculets and wrynecks all have zygodactyl feet. These feet have four toes, the first and the fourth face backward, and the second and third face forward. This foot arrangement is good for grasping the limbs and trunks of trees. Members of this family can walk vertically up a tree trunk. In addition to the strong claws and feet, woodpeckers have short strong legs. This is typical of birds that regularly forage on trunks. The tails of all woodpeckers except the piculets and wrynecks are stiffened, and when the bird perches on vertical surfaces, the tail and feet work together to support it.\nWrynecks.\nThe wrynecks (genus \"Jynx\") are two species of small Old World woodpeckers.\nThey are very similar to true woodpeckers, but lack the stiff tail feathers that woodpeckers use when climbing trees. They are more likely to perch on a branch rather than an upright trunk. Their bills are shorter and less dagger-like than in the true woodpeckers. Their chief prey is ants and other insects, which they find in decaying wood or almost bare soil. They re-use woodpecker holes for nesting, rather than making their own holes. The eggs are white, as with many hole nesters.\nThese birds can turn their heads almost 180 degrees. When disturbed at the nest, they use this snake-like head twisting and hissing as a threat display. This odd behaviour led to their use in witchcraft, hence to put a \"jinx\" on someone."}
+{"id": "54645", "revid": "1206120", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54645", "title": "Piri Reis", "text": "Piri Reis (; born Muhiddin Piri; 1470\u20131553) was an Ottoman Turkish map maker, admiral, sailor, and pirate. He is best known for his 1513 world map and his book of maps, the \"Kitab-\u0131 Bahriye\" (Book of the Sea). His maps draw from classical maps, personal seafaring knowledge, and recent European discoveries. The 1513 world map drew international attention. Scholars found it hundreds of years later during \nrepairs on the Topkap\u0131 Palace. The palace in Istanbul was being turned into a museum. The map includes details from a now-lost map by Christopher Columbus.\nHe was born around 1470 in Gelibolu (Gallipoli). Piri Reis sailed from an early age with his uncle. His uncle was the pirate Kemal Reis. They fought in the western Mediterranean. The Ottoman Sultan brought them into the Ottoman Navy. Piri Reis earned the rank of reis (captain) and fought in the Ottoman\u2013Venetian wars. After his uncle died around 1511, Piri Reis returned to Gelibolu. There he began his maps. He created the 1513 world map. He likely made charts and notes for the \"Kitab-\u0131 Bahriye\". Piri Reis served in the 1517 Ottoman capture of Egypt. He gave his world map to Sultan Selim\u00a0I. Piri Reis completed two versions of the \"Kitab-\u0131 Bahriye\". Piri Reis dedicated both books to Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. He made the second version when asked by Grand Vizier Pargal\u0131 Ibrahim Pasha. Piri Reis finished the book by 1526. The second version had more details. His final work was a part of a 1528 world map.\nPiri Reis became the grand admiral of the Ottoman Fleet in the Indian Ocean in 1546. He took back Aden from the Portuguese two years later. His ships fought in the Red Sea and Persian Gulf. They stopped a rebellion in Aden (Yemen). He tried to take Hormuz Island in the 1550s, but he failed. Hormuz is an island at the mouth of the Persian Gulf. The Portuguese controlled the island, and they fought off Piri Reis. He had to retreat into the Persian Gulf. For this, the empire killed Piri Reis in Cairo in 1553.\nDuring his life, Piri Reis' maps were not praised or discussed much. Many copies of the \"Kitab-\u0131 Bahriye\" were made after his death. When scholars found his first world map in 1929, people became more interested in his maps. It made his work a point of national pride for Turkey. Some writers claim the map shows Antarctica. Antarctica is the continent around the South Pole. It was not known during Piri Reis' life. Scientists say that the map and Antarctica's coast below the ice are very different. Historians say the map shows known and mythical places. The false claims have increased interest in Piri Reis."}
+{"id": "54650", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54650", "title": "4 September", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54654", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54654", "title": "Walter Sutton", "text": "Walter Stanborough Sutton (5 April 1877 \u2013 10 November 1916) was an American biologist and surgeon. Sutton was born in Utica, New York and raised in Russell, Kansas. He got Bachelors and Masters degres from the University of Kansas. Sutton then went to Columbia University and got his doctorate in medicine in 1907.\nIn 1903 Sutton suggested that chromosomes, which segregate in a Mendelian fashion, are hereditary units. Edmund B. Wilson (1856\u20131939), Sutton's teacher, and the author of one of the most famous text-books in biology, called this the \"Sutton\u2013Boveri hypothesis\"."}
+{"id": "54669", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54669", "title": "Dark Side of the Force", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54670", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54670", "title": "Droid", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54673", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54673", "title": "Darth Maul", "text": "Darth Maul is a fictional character from the \"Star Wars\" universe. The character first appeared in the movie \"\" in 1999. Darth Maul has also been in many books set in the time period just before the Clone Wars. Darth Maul was played by Ray Park in the movie.\nDarth Maul is the first known apprentice of Darth Sidious. Maul is a Sith lord who uses the Dark Side of the Force. Darth Maul has black and red tattoos covering his head and face, a crown of small horns, and evil yellow eyes. He uses a red, double bladed lightsaber as a weapon. He flies the starship \"The Sith Infiltrator\".\nHistory.\nAfter Nute Gunray, the viceroy of the Trade Federation, loses Queen Amidala, Darth Sidious sends Darth Maul to track her down. Darth Maul follows her to Tatooine, where he sends out probe droids to find her. As Anakin, the Queen and the Jedi Qui-Gon Jinn get ready to leave the planet, Darth Maul attacks on his speeder and Maul and Qui-Gon battle. After losing the Queen, Darth Sidious sends Darth Maul to Naboo to watch over the planet. When the Queen launches an attack, Darth Maul shows himself again. This time Qui-Gon Jinn and Obi-Wan Kenobi start to battle with him. Darth Maul kills Qui-Gon and almost pushes Obi-Wan down a pit. In the end, Obi-Wan uses Qui-Gon's lightsaber to cut Darth Maul in half. Darth Maul fell down the pit, but somehow survived, as shown when he turns up again in the 2008 animated TV series, \"\"."}
+{"id": "54674", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54674", "title": "Probe droid", "text": "Probe droids are robots in the \"Star Wars\" movies. They are used for spying and finding people. Darth Maul used probe droids to find Queen Amidala and the Jedi in \"The Phantom Menace\". In \"The Empire Strikes Back\", the Imperials use the probe droids to find the Rebel base."}
+{"id": "54675", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54675", "title": "Dark Side", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54676", "revid": "9305692", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54676", "title": "Count Dooku", "text": "Count Dooku of Serenno (also known as Darth Tyranus) is a character from the \"Star Wars\" universe. Dooku is one of the major characters in \"\". He was played by late Christopher Lee. \nHe is the second known student of Darth Sidious. Dooku is also the leader of the Confederacy of Independent Systems during the Clone Wars."}
+{"id": "54677", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54677", "title": "Clone Wars (Star Wars)", "text": "The Clone Wars was a period in the \"Star Wars\" movies. It was first mentioned in \"\" (1977) and was explored later in several films, books, and television series.\nWithin the \"Star Wars\" franchise, the Clone Wars are a galactic war that lasted from 22 BBY to 19 BBY. The war was fought by the Galactic Republic and the Jedi Order on one side against the Confederacy of Independent Systems and the Sith on the other. Ultimately, both sides lost and the Galactic Empire was born under Sith rule.\nThe war began during the events of ' (2002) and ended in ' (2005). In 2008, an animated film called and a were released. These focused on the events that occurred in between.\nOther less prominent media have explored this period as well, such as \"\" (an animated series from 2003 to 2005) and comic books focusing on Darth Maul. Several new Star Wars characters were created in this period that have become very popular, such as Ahsoka Tano and Asajj Ventress."}
+{"id": "54681", "revid": "8675414", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54681", "title": "Prokaryote", "text": "Prokaryotes (or \"Monera\") are some of the simplest living things. They are unicellular organisms and they include two major divisions of simple living beings: bacteria, and Archaea. They generally do not have a cell nucleus, nuclear membrane or cell organelles, however a small number of exceptions have been found. Prokaryotes possess genetic material in the form of a single DNA loop called a Nucleoid that floats around freely inside the cell. Bacteria include the Cyanobacteria (formerly known as blue-green algae due to their photosynthetic capacity).\nSome form biofilms that are somewhat like multicellular organisms.\nBesides a nucleus, prokaryotes lack other things eukaryotes (cells with a true nucleus) have. They reproduce without fusion of gametes. They do not have membranes. This means that there are no vacuoles, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticula or other organelles inside the cell. However, they do have ribosomes, though of a simpler kind than eukaryotes. Eukaryote cells include organelles which were once free-living prokaryotes.\nTaxonomy.\nIn 1977, Carl Woese proposed dividing prokaryotes into the Bacteria and Archaea (originally Eubacteria and Archaebacteria) because of the major differences in the structure and genetics between the two groups of organisms. This arrangement of Eukaryota (also called \"Eukarya\"), Bacteria, and Archaea is called the three-domain system, replacing the traditional two-empire system.\nThe Archaea include simple organisms which were first discovered in extreme environments. Most of them can survive at very high or very low temperatures. Some of them can also survive in highly salty, acidic or alkaline water. Some have been found in geysers, black smokers or oil wells.\nThe prokaryotes may not be a monophyletic, taxonomic group of common descent, but merely a group of similar organisms. The relationships between Archaea, Eubacteria and Eukaryota are assessed differently by different scientists. The three-domain system of Carl Woese treats them as one monophyletic group."}
+{"id": "54682", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54682", "title": "Hadji Muhiddin Piri Ibn Hadji Mehmed", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54686", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54686", "title": "Alkaline", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54687", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54687", "title": "Cuttlebone", "text": "Cuttlebone is a hard brittle structure found inside cuttlefish. Like seashells, the cuttlebone is made of calcium carbonate. The cuttlebone is special as it is covered with tiny holes that the cuttlefish can fill with water or air. This allows the cuttlefish to control its ability to float or sink in water. In the past, cuttlebones were used to make polishing powder. This power was then added to toothpaste to make it look white. Today, cuttlebone is mainly used for caged birds and turtles in their habitats, so they get their calcium easily and fast."}
+{"id": "54690", "revid": "8868217", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54690", "title": "Decapodiformes", "text": "Decapodiformes is a superorder of Cephalopoda. It includes cephalopods with ten feet. These are usually eight short arms and two long tentacles. Well-known members are cuttlefish, squid, and the extinct belemnites. "}
+{"id": "54701", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54701", "title": "Cephalopoda", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54703", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54703", "title": "Decembrachiata", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54704", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54704", "title": "Octopodiformes", "text": "Octopodiformes is a group of cephalopods with eight arms and no skeletal structure. They include Octopods and the Vampire squid. "}
+{"id": "54705", "revid": "9240844", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54705", "title": "Octopoda", "text": "Octopoda is one of the largest orders which contain the common octopus and some other types. Fossils are rare, but they do have a fossil record starting in the later Carboniferous.\nOctopods are put into two suborders. One, the Incirrina, is composed of the well-known \"Octopus\" of rocky shores and coral reefs and its relatives. The other suborder, the Cirrina, contains octopods whose tentacles are linked by an umbrella-like mantle, so their activity is rather different from the common octopus."}
+{"id": "54706", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54706", "title": "Vampyromorphida", "text": "Vampyromorphida is an order of cephalopods. There are one extant species (\"Vampyroteuthis infernalis\") and several extinct taxa in it."}
+{"id": "54708", "revid": "373511", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54708", "title": "Diana Burrell", "text": "Diana Burrell (born 25 October 1948) is an English composer. She was born in Norwich, Norfolk. She went to Norwich High School for Girls and then studied music at the University of Cambridge. She started her career as a viola player, but soon became well known for her compositions was able to be a full-time composer.\nHer first big orchestral piece was called \"Landscape\" (1988). It describes the wild, windswept countryside. It won an Encore Award from the Royal Philharmonic Society and BBC Radio 3. Another orchestral work has a long title in German: \"Das Meer so gross und weit ist da wimmelts ohne Zahlgrosse kleine Tiere\" (\"The sea is so big and wide and swarming with numerous little animals\"). It describes the sounds and the atmosphere of the sea.\nBurrell has written other orchestral works including concertos for viola, flute and clarinet, an opera \"The Albatross\" (1997), lots of choral works and chamber music. She likes modern architecture and her music sometimes shows this in the way it is shaped. She has also written music for young people such as \"Lights and Shadows\" (1989) which includes children\u2019s choir, recorder group and lots of percussion.\nBurrell teaches at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama and is artistic director of Spitalfields Festival in London. She lives in East London."}
+{"id": "54709", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54709", "title": "Hypotonic", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54714", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54714", "title": "Hadji Ahmed World Map", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54725", "revid": "9262579", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54725", "title": "James (son of Zebedee)", "text": "Saint James, son of Zebedee (death 44 AD) was one of the apostles of Jesus. He was the son of \"Zebedee\" and \"Salome\" and brother of John the Evangelist. He is called Saint James the Greater to distinguish (mark as different) him from the other apostle named James \n(James, son of Alphaeus). James is described as one of the first disciples who joined Jesus. The Synoptic Gospels tell that James and John were with their father by the seashore when Jesus called them to begin traveling (Mt.4:21\u201322, Mk.1:19\u201320). According to Mark, James and John were called \"Boanerges\", or the \"Sons of Thunder\" (3:17). Acts of the Apostles 12:1\u20132 records that King Herod had James executed by sword (Ac.12:1\u20132). He was likely the first of the apostles martyred for his faith.\nSaint James and Hispania.\nAccording to ancient local tradition, on 2 January of the year AD 40, the Virgin Mary appeared to James on the bank of the Ebro River at Caesaraugusta, while he was preaching the Gospel in Spain. She supposedly appeared upon a pillar, Nuestra Se\u00f1ora del Pilar, and that pillar is conserved and venerated within the present Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar, in Zaragoza, Spain. Following that apparition, St James returned to Judea, where he was beheaded by King Herod Agrippa I in the year 44. \nThe translation of his relics from Judea to Galicia in the northwest of Iberia was effected, in legend, by a series of miraculous happenings: decapitated in Jerusalem with a sword by Herod Agrippa himself, his body was taken up by angels, and sailed in a rudderless, unattended boat to Iria Flavia in Spain, where a massive rock closed around his relics, which were later removed to Compostela. The 12th-century \"Historia Compostellana\" gives a summary of the legend of St James as it was believed at Compostela. Two ideas are central to it: first, that St James preached the gospel in Spain as well as in the Holy Land; second, that after his martyrdom at the hands of Herod Agrippa I his disciples carried his body by sea to Spain, where they landed at Padr\u00f3n on the coast of Galicia, and took it inland for burial at Santiago de Compostela. \nThe authenticity of the sacred relics of Compostela was asserted in the Bull of Pope Leo XIII, \"Omnipotens Deus,\" of 1 November 1884. \nThe tradition at Compostela placed the discovery of the relics of the saint in the time of king Alfonso II (791\u2013842) and of bishop Theodemir of Iria. These traditions were the basis for the pilgrimage route that began to be established in the 9th century, and the shrine dedicated to James at Santiago de Compostela, in Galicia in Spain, became the most famous pilgrimage site in the Christian world. St James's Way is a tree of routes that cross Western Europe and arrive at Santiago through Northern Spain. Eventually James became the patron saint of Spain.\nThe name \"James\" in English comes from \"Iacobus\" (Jacob) in Latin. In eastern Spain, Jacobus became \"Jacome\" or \"Jaime\"; in Catalunya, it became Jaume, in western Spain it became \"Iago\", and Portugal and Galicia it was Tiago. \"Saint James\" (\"Sanctus Jacobus\") became \"Sant' Iago\", which was abbreviated to \"Santiago\". James's emblem was the scallop shell (or \"cockle shell\"), and pilgrims to his shrine often wore that symbol on their hats or clothes."}
+{"id": "54726", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54726", "title": "Saint James", "text": "Saint James could mean any of the following:\nPlaces.\nIn \"transportation\",\nIn the United States:\nIn the United Kingdom:\nOther nations:"}
+{"id": "54735", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54735", "title": "Afghan Soviet War", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54736", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54736", "title": "Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Musa al-Khwarizmi", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54741", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54741", "title": "Alexandr Pushkin", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54743", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54743", "title": "Vampire squid", "text": "The Vampire squid (\"Vampyroteuthis infernalis\", 'vampire squid from hell') is a small, deep-sea cephalopod. It can be found throughout the temperate and tropical oceans of the world.\nIt has special filaments it can retract; because of this, it has been placed in its own order: \"Vampyromorphida\" (formerly \"Vampyromorpha\"). It is similar to both squid and octopus. It is the only surviving member of its order. It was first described and mistakenly identified as an octopus in 1903.\nPhysical description.\nThe vampire squid can grow to about 30\u00a0cm (1 foot) in total length. It is no threat to humans. Its 15\u00a0cm (6 inch) gelatinous body varies in color between velvety jet-black and pale reddish, depending on location and lighting conditions. A webbing of skin connects its eight arms, each lined with rows of fleshy spines or \"cirri\". The inside of this \"cloak\" is black. Only the distal half (farthest from the body) of the arms have suckers. Its limpid, globular eyes\u2014which appear red or blue, also depending on lighting\u2014are proportionately the largest in the animal kingdom at 2.5\u00a0cm (1 inch) in diameter.\nMature adults have a pair of ear-like fins. These fins stand out from the lateral sides of the mantle. They serve as the adult's primary means of propulsion (moving around): Vampire Squid are said to \"fly\" through the water by way of flapping their fins. Their powerful beak-like jaws are as white as ivory. Within the webbing are two pouches. These pouches hide the tactile \"velar filaments\". The filaments are analogous to a true squid's tentacles, extending well past the arms, however, they are a different arm pair than the squid's tentacles. Instead, the filaments are the same pair that were lost by the ancestral octopuses.\nThe Vampire Squid is covered entirely in light-producing organs called photophores. The animal has great control over the organs. It is capable of producing disorienting flashes of light for fractions of a second to several minutes in duration. The intensity and size of the photophores can also be varied. Appearing as small white discs, the photophores are larger and more complex at the tips of the arms and at the base of the two fins. They are absent from the underside of the caped arms. Two larger white areas on top of the head were initially believed to be photophores too, but have turned out to be photoreceptors.\nThe chromatophores (pigment organs) common to most cephalopods are poorly developed in Vampire Squid. While this means the animal is not capable of changing its skin colour in the dramatic fashion of shallow-dwelling cephalopods, such trickery is not needed at the pitch black depths in which it lives.\nHabitat and adaptations.\nThe Vampire Squid is an extreme example of a deep-sea cephalopod. People think it lives at aphotic (lightless) depths from 600 to 900 metres (2,000-3,000 feet) or more. Within this region of the world's oceans is a discrete habitat known as the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). Within the OMZ oxygen saturation is too low to support aerobic metabolism in most higher organisms. Nonetheless, the Vampire Squid is able to live normally in the OMZ at oxygen saturations as low as 3%; something no other cephalopod\u2014and few other animals\u2014can do.\nIn order to cope with life in this habitat, vampire squid have developed several radical adaptations. Of all deep-sea cephalopods, their metabolic rate is the lowest. Their blue blood hemocyanin binds and transports oxygen most efficiently, aided by gills with especially large surface area. The animals have weak musculature but maintain agility and buoyancy with little effort thanks to sophisticated statocysts (balancing organs akin to a human's inner ear) and ammonium-rich gelatinous tissues closely matching the density of the surrounding seawater.\nAt the shallower end of the Vampire Squid's vertical range, the view from below is like the sky at twilight: The highly sensitive eyes of deepwater dwellers are able to distinguish the silhouettes of other animals moving overhead. To combat this, the vampire squid generates its own bluish light (bioluminescence) in a strategy called counterillumination: The light diffuses the animal's silhouette, effectively \"cloaking\" its presence from the watchful eyes below. Its own large eyes detect even the faintest of gleams. A pair of photoreceptors are located on top of its head, perhaps alerting the animal to movements above.\nLike other deep-sea cephalopods, Vampire Squid have no ink sacs. If threatened, instead of ink, a sticky cloud of bioluminescent mucus containing innumerable orbs of blue light is ejected from the arm tips. This luminous barrage, which may last nearly 10 minutes, is presumably meant to daze would-be predators and allow the Vampire Squid to disappear into the blackness without the need to swim far. The display is made only if the animal is very agitated.\nDevelopment.\nTheir development goes through three forms: the very young animals have a single pair of fins, an intermediate form has two pairs, and the mature form again has one. As the animals grow and their surface area to volume ratio drops, the fins are resized and repositioned in order to maximize gait efficiency. Whereas the young propel themselves primarily by jet propulsion, mature adults find flapping their fins to be the most efficient means. This unique ontogeny caused confusion in the past, with the varying forms identified as several species in distinct families (Young 2002).\nThe Vampire Squid likely reproduces slowly by way of a small number of large eggs. Growth is slow as food is not abundant at depths where the animals live. The vastness of their habitat and its sparse population make procreative encounters a fortuitous event. The female may store a male's hydraulically implanted spermatophore (a sort of tapered, cylindrical satchel of sperm) for long periods before she is ready to fertilize her eggs. Once she does, she may need to brood over them for up to 400 days before they hatch. The female will not eat towards this culmination and dies shortly thereafter.\nHatchlings are about 8\u00a0mm in length and are well-developed miniatures of the adults, with some differences. Their arms lack webbing, their eyes are smaller and their velar filaments are not fully formed. The hatchlings are transparent and survive on a generous internal yolk for an unknown period before they begin to actively feed. The smaller animals frequent much deeper waters, perhaps feeding on marine snow (falling organic detritus).\nBehavior.\nWhat behavioral data known has been gleaned from ephemeral encounters with ROVs; animals are often damaged during capture and survive for no more than about two months in aquaria. An artificial environment makes reliable observation of non-defensive behavior difficult.\nWith their long velar filaments deployed, Vampire Squid have been observed drifting along in the deep, black ocean currents. If the filaments contact an entity, or if vibrations impinge upon them, the animals investigate with rapid acrobatic movements. They are capable of swimming at speeds equivalent to two body lengths per second, with an acceleration time of five seconds. However, their weak muscles limit stamina considerably.\nUnlike their relatives living in more hospitable depths, deep-sea cephalopods cannot afford to spend energy in protracted flight. Given their low metabolic rate and the low density of prey at such depths, Vampire Squid must use innovative predator avoidance tactics in order to save energy. Their aforementioned bioluminescent \"fireworks\" are combined with the writhing of glowing arms, erratic movements and escape trajectories. These features make it difficult for a predator to home in.\nIn a threat response called \"pumpkin\" or \"pineapple posture\", the Vampire Squid inverts its caped arms back over the body, presenting an ostensibly larger form covered in fearsome-looking though harmless spines (called cirri). The underside of the cape is heavily pigmented, masking most of the body's photophores. The glowing arm tips are clustered together far above the animal's head, diverting attack away from critical areas. If a predator were to bite off an arm tip, the Vampire Squid can regenerate it.\nCopepods, prawns and cnidarians have all been reported as prey of Vampire Squid. Little else is known regarding their feeding habits. Considering their environment,they are unlikely to be picky about food. Vampire Squid have been found among the stomach contents of large deepwater fish, deep diving whales and pinnipeds such as sea lions.\nRelationships.\nThe Vampyromorphida are characterized by the possession of photophores, a peculiar type of uncalcified endoskeleton called \"gladius\", 8 webbed arms and the 2 velar filaments. Until fairly recently known only from the modern species and some fossil remains tentatively allocated to this group, a batch of kirbys from the Middle Jurassic c.165-164 million years ago (mya) specimens found at La Voulte-sur-Rh\u00f4ne demonstrated that clearly vampyromorphid cephalopods were in existence for far longer than has been hitherto believed. These were described as \"Vampyronassa rhodanica\".\nThe supposed vampyromorphids from Solnhofen limestone (156-146 mya), \"Plesioteuthis prisca\", \"Leptoteuthis gigas\", and \"Trachyteutis hastiformis\", are large species, and show features not found in vampyromorphids. They are similar to the true squids, Teuthida (Fischer & Riou 2002)."}
+{"id": "54744", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54744", "title": "American War of Independece", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54745", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54745", "title": "Astec", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54746", "revid": "766335", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54746", "title": "Classical Greece", "text": "Classical Greece was the period in ancient Greece from about 500\u2013323 BC. It had a civilisation and style which was considered by later observers to be outstanding. Politically, the classical period was dominated by Athens and the Delian League during the 5th century, or from the beginning of the Greco-Persian Wars to the Peloponnesian War in 404 BC. It is considered to have ended in 323 BC with the death of Alexander the Great and the subsequent collapse of the Macedonian Empire.\nClassical Greece was followed by the Hellenistic period of history."}
+{"id": "54747", "revid": "344989", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54747", "title": "Fryderyk Chopin", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54748", "revid": "7629901", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54748", "title": "Globalisation", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54749", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54749", "title": "Syphillis", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54750", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54750", "title": "Vampyromorphina", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54751", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54751", "title": "Vampyroteuthidae", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54758", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54758", "title": "Western culture", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54762", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54762", "title": "Darth Tyranus/Count Dooku", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54763", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54763", "title": "Darth Tyranus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54772", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54772", "title": "Final Fantasy I", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54774", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54774", "title": "Gwinnett County, Georgia", "text": "Gwinnett County is a county in the American state of Georgia. The county seat of Gwinnett County is Lawrenceville. The county was created on December 15, 1818. The U.S. Census Bureau says there were 957,062 people living in Gwinnett County in 2020.\nThe county was named for Button Gwinnett, one of the people who signed the United States Declaration of Independence for Georgia."}
+{"id": "54775", "revid": "373511", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54775", "title": "University of Georgia", "text": "The University of Georgia (UGA) is a university that is in and around Athens, Georgia. The university was created January 27, 1785 and was the first state university in the United States. However, it was not the first state university to hold classes or to graduate students. That honor belongs to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.\nAbout 34,000 students go to the school. The university's mascot is a bulldog named \"Uga\".\nDiversity.\nOnly white male students studied at UGA during the first century of its history. UGA began educating female students during the summer of 1903. Women were not admitted as full-time undergraduates until 1918. Before official admission of women to the university, several women were able to complete graduate degrees through credit earned during the summer sessions. The first woman to earn such a degree was Mary Lyndon. She received a Master of Arts degree in 1914. Mary Creswell earned the first undergraduate degree in June 1919, a B.S. in Home Economics. Two UGA dormitories are named after these graduates: Creswell Hall and Mary Lyndon Hall.\nRacial integration started in 1961, with the admission of Hamilton E. Holmes and Charlayne Hunter after notable tension with the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. In 2001, on the fortieth anniversary of their having first registered for classes, the university renamed a prominent campus building in their honor: Holmes-Hunter Academic Building. Although Hunter and Holmes were the first African-American students to matriculate at UGA, Mary Frances Early became the first African-American graduate by earning her master\u2019s (MMEd) in music education in 1962. In 1963, Chester Davenport became the first African-American admitted to the UGA School of Law and its first African-American graduate (LL.B. 1966). A decade later, Sharon Tucker was the first female African-American law graduate, earning her J.D. in 1974."}
+{"id": "54779", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54779", "title": "Gerhard Armauer Hansen", "text": "Gerhard Hendrik Armauer Hansen (July 29, 1841 - February 12, 1912) was a Norwegian doctor. He is famous for discovering the bacteria that causes leprosy in 1873. That disease is also called \"Hansen's disease\" in his honour. "}
+{"id": "54780", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54780", "title": "Coastline", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54781", "revid": "506322", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54781", "title": "Fire station", "text": "A fire station (also known as a firehouse or fire hall) is a building for storing fire engines and other firefighting equipment.\nSome fire stations are staffed by full-time firefighters. These fire stations have offices and living areas for them. There will also be beds, for when they are on duty at night. They wait at the fire station to be called out to an emergency. The firefighters often slide down a pole to get downstairs to the fire engine, as this is quicker than walking down stairs.\nIn small towns and villages, a fire station may not have full-time firefighters. Instead, these stations have part-time or volunteer firefighters. When there is an emergency, they will drive to the fire station and bring out the fire engine."}
+{"id": "54782", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54782", "title": "Fort", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54783", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54783", "title": "Outhouse", "text": "An outhouse is a small building that covers a toilet. The toilet inside is often either a pit latrine or a bucket toilet, but other forms of dry (non-flushing) toilets may be found."}
+{"id": "54784", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54784", "title": "Fence", "text": "A fence is something built like a wall, often made of metal or wood, to keep something in or to keep something out. It differs from a wall, which has a foundation. Fences are usually supported by fenceposts. Fences can be large or small. Many are used in gardens or farms. Some are portable. A fence differs from a wall in not having a solid foundation along its whole length.\nAlternatives to fencing include a ditch (sometimes filled with water, forming a moat)."}
+{"id": "54785", "revid": "6269977", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54785", "title": "Uga", "text": "Uga or UGA can mean:"}
+{"id": "54786", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54786", "title": "Princeton University", "text": "Princeton University is a private university in Princeton, New Jersey in the United States. It opened in 1746 with the name \"The College of New Jersey\". It was eventually named \"Princeton University\" in 1896. In conversation, it is simply called, \"Princeton\".\nPrinceton is one of the 8 Ivy League colleges. It was the fourth official college in the United States.\nIn 2013 Forbes put Princeton at number three in their list of \"America's Top Colleges\".\nPrinceton works with Coursera.\nFirestone Library.\nThe Firestone Library is the main library at Princeton University. It is known for its large collection of books and manuscripts, serving as a major research resource for students and scholars.\nEstablished in 1948, it serves as the primary repository for books, manuscripts, and other scholarly materials. With over 4 million books, Firestone Library has one of the largest open-stack collections in the world, offering resources across a wide range of academic disciplines. The library's architecture, designed by architect William H. G. France, reflects the collegiate gothic style common on the Princeton campus.\nFirestone Library houses one of the largest open-stack collections in the world, with over 4 million volumes covering a wide range of subjects, including humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and engineering. The library includes rare books, manuscripts, archival materials, maps, and special collections. Notable collections within Firestone Library include the Scheide Library, which features rare books and manuscripts dating back to the 15th century, and the Princeton University Archives, which document the history and development of the university."}
+{"id": "54789", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54789", "title": "Dill", "text": "Dill (\"Anethum graveolens\") is a short-lived annual herb that is often used as a spice, to make food taste better by adding a unique, slightly tangy flavor that goes well with savory foods. \nUses.\nFresh and dried dill leaves (sometimes called \"dill weed\" to distinguish it from dill seed) are used as herbs.\nLike caraway, its fernlike leaves are aromatic, and are used to flavor many foods, such as gravlax (pickled salmon), borscht and other soups, cream cheese and pickles. Dill is said to be best when used fresh, as it lose its flavor rapidly if dried; however, freeze-dried dill leaves preserve their flavor relatively well for a few months.\nDill seed is used as a spice, with a flavor similar to caraway.\nDill oil can be extracted from the leaves, stems and seeds of the plant."}
+{"id": "54790", "revid": "1142876", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54790", "title": "Turk", "text": "Turk or Turks most often refers to:"}
+{"id": "54794", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54794", "title": "Mummification", "text": "Mummification is the process that creates mummies: dead bodies whose soft tissues are preserved. These soft tissues (like skin and muscle) usually decay after death. In mummies, they don't decay: they dry out. (This makes mummies look leathery.)\nMummification can happen naturally or be done intentionally. Ancient Egyptians mummified many humans and animals (like cats, dogs, and birds). Natural mummification is rare, but occasionally happens in areas that are acidic, very cold and windy, or very hot and dry. Mummies of both types (including human and animal mummies) have been found on every continent.\nIn Ancient Egypt.\nUsage.\nAncient Egyptians believed that they could preserve their bodies for the afterlife through mummification. In their view, death was just a transition from one life to another, and they needed to preserve their bodies for the next life. Family members left items and gifts at the graveside so their dead loved ones could use them in their next life. \nThere were no restrictions on who could do this. Any Egyptian was allowed to be mummified if they could afford the expensive process. Many people spent vast amounts of money to do this. \nAncient Egyptians also mummified large numbers of cats, dogs, and birds. Over one million animal mummies have been found in Egypt; many were cats.\nProcess.\nIt takes about 70 days to mummify a dead body intentionally. The Egyptians used a series of steps to accomplish this. First, they would push a sharp rod up the nose and into the brain. From there, they would break up the brain into tiny pieces and remove them through the nose. Next, the nose was filled with sawdust. \nNext, they made a hole in the body to remove all the organs except for the heart. They stored these organs in canopic jars decorated with the heads of gods on top. Next they would fill the hole in the body with linen and spices, and leave the body under salt to make it dry. \nAfter 40 days, they would wrap the body in linen bandages to protect it from rotting. Priests surrounded the body while it was being prepared and performed rituals. \nAfter the mummifying process was complete, a mask was placed over the head so the person could be known in the afterlife.\nRelation to religion.\nAnubis was a god of mummification. He had a human body and the head of a jackal. His job was to prepare the body of the dead to be received by Osiris, the god of the dead. Osiris then let the souls forward into the underworld. \nNatural mummification.\nBodies can also be naturally mummified. A 2023 paper stated:Many factors could affect the mummification process, but the most important ones are dry air, good ventilation [air flow], solar radiation [sunlight], and high temperature.For example, dead bodies have been naturally mummified by the very hot and dry weather in the Sahara Desert.\nMummies can also form in conditions that are cold and dry. \u00d6tzi the Iceman, a man who lived about 5,300 years ago, was \"freeze-dried by the cold air in the mountains\" and became a natural mummy. \u00d6tzi was found in 1991 in the Schnalstal glacier, \u00d6tzti Alps, near Hauslabjoch on the border between Austria and Italy.\nAdditionally, mummies can form in conditions that are acidic. Bog bodies are proof of this."}
+{"id": "54795", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54795", "title": "Bandage", "text": "A bandage is strip of cloth or other material that is used to stop and absorb blood from wounds.\nIn common speech, the word \"bandage\" is often used to mean a dressing, though technically the two are different things."}
+{"id": "54796", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54796", "title": "Making Mummies", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54797", "revid": "1260226", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54797", "title": "Xenophobia", "text": "Xenophobia is the fear or dislike of strangers or unknown things. Xenophobia can also mean the fear of trying new things, but it is usually the fear of differences between people. Xenophobia may be about foreign things or people, or just the attitudes of a group towards other groups. It may increase because of immigration. Apparently, xenophobia has always existed. Even the Ancient Greeks believed that barbarians (non-Greeks) were naturally meant to be enslaved.\nSometimes xenophobia overlaps with other types of phobias such as Afrophobia, Islamophobia, Germanophobia or Anti-Mexican sentiment.\nThe Vienna Declaration by United Nations declares that all people should have equal human rights and toleration."}
+{"id": "54798", "revid": "8961", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54798", "title": "Xenophonia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54801", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54801", "title": "Mummifying", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54803", "revid": "10208718", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54803", "title": "Confederacy of Independent Systems", "text": "The Confederacy of Independent Systems (also known as the CIS or Separatists) was an organization that appeared in the \"Star Wars\" movies. The CIS was led by the fallen Jedi Count Dooku. The armies of the Separatists had billions of battle droids. The CIS launched attacks against the Galactic Republic. The Separatists stayed a strong power until the rise of the Empire.\nAttack of the Clones.\nThe Confederacy of Independent Systems was first shown in Attack of the Clones. This movement, led by Count Dooku and secretly Darth Sidious, gained support and soon had support from thousands of solar systems. The Galactic Republic feared that a war would begin. Count Dooku and the Separatist leaders were getting ready for a war. Nute Gunray, leader of the Trade Federation, gave thousands of battle droids to the Separatist army. Other leaders, such as Poggle the Lesser and San Hill, gave money and droids to the Separatist cause. On the planet Geonosis, Count Dooku met with the leaders of powerful companies. Count Dooku gave his offer and the Confederacy of Independent Systems was formed. The Jedi Obi-Wan Kenobi overheard the meeting and sent a warning to the Republic. The Republic sent a newly created clone army to fight the battle droids. This battle on Geonosis began the Clone Wars. The Geonosian Archduke Poggle the Lesser gives the plans of a new weapon to Count Dooku. Count Dooku leaves the planet and goes to Coruscant. He gives the plans to Darth Sidious as well as telling him that the war has begun.\nThe Clone Wars.\nDuring the Clone Wars, fighting between the Republic and the Separatists continued. Jedi were sent to help the clone armies overcome their enemies. The droid armies fought to hold more planets in its grip. For three years the fighting took place across the Galaxy. The Separatists gained several new allies during the Clone Wars. After the death of Jango Fett on Geonosis, a new bounty hunter named Durge took his place. Count Dooku found a woman named Asajj Ventress who was powerful in the Force. Asajj Ventress proved to be a powerful commander in the Separatist army. A new leader of the Separatists rose at this time. General Grievous was half droid and half alien. He was trained in lightsaber combat by Count Dooku and became feared by Jedi throughout the Galaxy. One of the final and most daring attacks on the Republic came when General Grievous led a large fleet of starships to Coruscant to capture Supreme Chancellor Palpatine.\nRevenge of the Sith.\nSupreme Chancellor Palpatine is taken from Coruscant and put on the starship \"The Invisible Hand\". The Battle of Coruscant is fought both on the ground and in space. Obi-Wan Kenobi and Anakin Skywalker get on \"The Invisible Hand\" and rescue Palpatine. During this rescue, Anakin kills Count Dooku. General Grievous escapes and the Separatist forces are defeated. General Grievous, now the leader of the CIS, goes to Utapau to talk to the leaders of the businesses. Grievous is told by Darth Sidious to move the leaders to Mustafar. Droid armies' attack on Kashyyyk and Utapau. Obi-Wan Kenobi kills General Grievous on Utapau. Nute Gunray becomes the leader after both the deaths of Count Dooku and General Grievous. The new Sith apprentice, Darth Vader, was sent to Mustafar to kill the leaders. After he finished this job, all droid forces were stopped. This marked the end of the Confederacy of Independent Systems and the beginning of the Galactic Empire."}
+{"id": "54806", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54806", "title": "Utensil", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54824", "revid": "6497", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54824", "title": "John Balliol", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54825", "revid": "4866654", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54825", "title": "Hedone", "text": "Hedone in Greek mythology (which the Romans called Voluptas) was the daughter of Eros and Psyche. She was seen as the personification of lust."}
+{"id": "54826", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54826", "title": "Voluptas", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54827", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54827", "title": "Psyche (psychology)", "text": "The psyche is the human mind, conscious and unconscious. The word has a long history, going back to the ancient Greek philosophers such as Heraclitus and Plato.\nIt was used in older psychology and philosophy as meaning the source or cause of human nature. It is not a scientific term, but the word \"psychology\" is derived from it. The English word soul was sometimes used synonymously in older texts.\nIn modern times the word is used as a synonym of mind. "}
+{"id": "54834", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54834", "title": "Pri\u0161tina", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54839", "revid": "7629", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54839", "title": "UiMiyazaki", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54842", "revid": "461821", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54842", "title": "Lamellibrachia", "text": "Lamellibrachia is a genus of \"cold seep tube worms\". These are related to giant tube worms. They live on the floor of the oceans, near cold seeps. There crude oil and methane leak out of the ocean floor. \nThe worm forms a symbiosis with certain bacteria which can oxidise sulphides. The worm provides the bacteria with hydrogen sulphide and oxygen. It does this by taking them up from the environment and binding them to a haemoglobin molecule. In return, the bacteria feed the worm. The worms can grow to a length of about 3 metres.\nTogether, they form a 'biogenic habitat' by creating groups of hundreds or thousands of individuals. Living in these aggregations are over a hundred different species of organism, many of which are found only at these seeps.\nCold seeps and hydrothermal vents are the only known communities that do not rely on photosynthesis for food and energy production. Unlike hydrothermal vents, which are short-lived environments, cold seeps leak oil and gas slowly. Probably because of the cooler temperatures and stability, many cold seep organisms are much longer-lived than those inhabiting hydrothermal vents. These worm grow very slowly, but can reach lengths of over 10 feet (3 metres). This means individuals may live over 250 years."}
+{"id": "54845", "revid": "1493436", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54845", "title": "Giant tube worm", "text": "The Giant tube worm (\"Riftia pachyptila\") is an annelid. They live on the floor of the oceans (mainly Pacific Ocean), usually near black smokers, a type of hydrothermal vent. They can tolerate extremely high temperatures and levels of sulfur. They live in symbiosis with certain bacteria. The bacteria enter the mouth of a young tube worm, but when the worm gets older its mouth and gut seal up, trapping the bacteria forever. These bacteria are fed with sulfur compounds and oxygen. The bacteria then turn these compounds into organic molecules on which the host worms feed. "}
+{"id": "54846", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54846", "title": "Riftia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54849", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54849", "title": "Trans-Siberian railway", "text": "The Trans-Siberian Railway or Trans-Siberian Railroad is a set of railways that goes from Moscow and European Russia to the Russian Far East provinces, Mongolia, China and the Sea of Japan.\nBecause Russia is such a big country, travel from one end and the other is an important problem. In the 1890s, the Russians began building the longest railway in the world to connect Moscow to the Pacific Ocean. Before the railway was built, the trip took about a year along very rough roads. One reason for building the \"Trans-Sib\" was military: to transport troops to the East in order to protect the country against Japan and China. Another reason was to transport food from the farming areas of south-western Siberia to the people in the European part of Russia. Many cities and industries are built up along the route of the Trans-Siberian Railway. In 1900, it connected with the West Siberian Railway."}
+{"id": "54850", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54850", "title": "Bandages", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54852", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54852", "title": "Gwinnett County, Georgia, USA", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54855", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54855", "title": "Hypertonic", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54857", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54857", "title": "Nuclear reaction", "text": "A nuclear reaction is a process involving an atomic nucleus or more than one nucleus. The most common kinds are\nIn the case of radioactivity the reaction is spontaneous. Fission and fusion can be done on purpose, to release energy. This energy can then be used for different things, for example to make steam (as in a nuclear power plant). It can also be used as energy for a bomb.\nIn the example figure 6Li fuses with deuterium. This makes Beryllium which then decays into two alpha particles. \nNuclear reactions occur in the sun, in nuclear reactors, in particle accelerators, and in outer space. Other than radioactive decay, very few nuclear reactions occur on earth except in these special places. Nuclear reactors use nuclear reactions to make heat and electricity. Accelerators sometimes cause nuclear reactions to make radioactive materials. Particles from outer space cause nuclear reactions in earth's atmosphere that make air slightly radioactive.\nNuclear reactions differ from chemical reactions in that they do not need a catalyst. Radioactive decay also cannot be stopped, sped up or slowed down."}
+{"id": "54860", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54860", "title": "St Paul's Cathedral", "text": "St Paul's Cathedral is an Anglican church in the City of London. The original version was built by Mellitus in 604 AD. He was Bishop of the East Saxons. \nIn 962 and 1087, the cathedral burnt down and was built again. Before today's version of the cathedral, there were four others. The earlier ones burnt down. \nToday's cathedral is made of limestone. It was built after the Great Fire of London in 1666 had destroyed the \"Old St Paul's\". Its architect was Sir Christopher Wren, who designed a further 50 churches. Wren designed it in the Renaissance style. St Paul's is a popular tourist attraction and is still used as a church today. It is the cathedral of the Church of England Diocese of London.\nIt is 365 feet (111 meters) high to the cross on top."}
+{"id": "54879", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54879", "title": "Greenhouse", "text": "A greenhouse (also called a glass-house or hothouse) is a building where plants such as flowers and vegetables are grown. It usually has a glass or translucent plastic roof. Many greenhouses also have glass or plastic walls. Greenhouses warm up during the day via penetration of the sun's rays which heat the plants, soil and structure. This heat is given up gradually throughout the night.\nTypes of greenhouses.\nGreenhouses come in many shapes and sizes, with different functions. Some people have small greenhouses in their backyard, or as a lean-to attached to their home, called mini greenhouses, or tomato houses. They want to start off their seeds and seedlings in a protected environment as well as those growing plants that need warmer conditions. Others, wishing to extend their living space, have house extensions in the form of mini-conservatories. Commercial companies usually have larger greenhouses for horticultural purposes, but have more substantial structures for plant displays where the public is admitted. For the same reason, botanic gardens usually have a high proportion of greenhouses with substantial structures.\nRole of greenhouses.\nMany vegetables and flowers are grown in greenhouses in late winter and early spring, when it is still too cold to grow plants outside. Then these plants move into the soil outside as the weather warms up. Greenhouses are used to grow crops in cold countries such as Canada. The largest group of greenhouses in the world is in Leamington, Ontario (in Canada), where about 200 acres (0.8\u00a0km\u00b2) of tomatoes are grown in glass greenhouses.\nGardening in greenhouses.\nGardening and growing plants in greenhouses is different from growing plants outside as no rain can get inside a greenhouse, so gardeners have to water plants. Also, greenhouses can get very hot from the sun's heat, so gardeners have to make sure that it does not get too hot for the plants. Greenhouses usually have vents that can be opened to let excess heat out. Some greenhouses have electric exhaust fans that automatically turn on if it gets too hot in the greenhouse. A greenhouse is the place for tender plants such as tomatoes, cucumbers, and aubergines.\nHistory.\nRoman gardeners grew cucumbers in frames covered with oiled cloth or with sheets of mica. In the 1500s, Italian gardeners built structures for the tropical plants that explorers brought back to Italy. Jules Charles built the first modern greenhouse in Holland. In the 1800s, large greenhouses were built in England. The greenhouse concept also appeared in the Netherlands and then England in the 17th century"}
+{"id": "54880", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54880", "title": "Apprenticeship", "text": "Apprenticeship is a system of training people who are learning how to do a job which needs special skill. Someone who is learning in this way is called an \"apprentice\". An apprentice will learn by working with someone who is already skilled at a job. They are like a teacher and pupil.\nDevelopment.\nThe system of apprenticeship has been used for many hundreds of years. In the late Middle Ages the craft guilds and town governments used to watch and control the system. A master craftsman had the right to employ young people to work for them and pay them a small salary. In return the apprentice would be learning the trade. Most apprentices were males, but female apprentices are more common nowadays, especially in crafts such as embroidery, silk-weaving etc.."}
+{"id": "54883", "revid": "8980", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54883", "title": "Gwinnett County, GA", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54887", "revid": "373511", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54887", "title": "Battle droid", "text": "In the \"Star Wars\" fictional universe, battle droids are robots that are made for fighting. They are seen in the prequel trilogy of the \"Star Wars\" movies. Battle droids are used by the Confederacy of Independent Systems to fight the Galactic Republic.Clones of the Republic could easily overcome these droids.The battle droids are controlled by a central droid control ship. If the control ship is destroyed, the droids shut off."}
+{"id": "54889", "revid": "373511", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54889", "title": "Western long-beaked echidna", "text": "The western long-beaked echidna (\"Zaglossus bruijni\") is one of the echidnas which live in New Guinea. Fossils of this species have also been found in Australia. It is one of the four living echidnas, three of which are species of \"Zaglossus\".\nThis echidna lives from 1300m to 4000m above sea level. It lives in alpine meadow and humid forests in the mountains. Unlike the short-beaked echidna which eats ants and termites, the long-beaked species eats earthworms. It is also larger that the short-beaked species. It can be told apart from the other \"Zaglossus\" species by the number of claws on the front and back feet. It has three (rarely four) claws.\nIt is an endangered species. Its population has been reduced by habitat loss and hunting. The long-beaked Echidna is good to eat. Although hunting the species has been banned by the Indonesian and Papua New Guinea governments, traditional hunting is permitted.\nIn February 2006, an expedition led by Conservation International found a population of them in what they described as a \"lost world\" of wildlife in the Foja Mountains of Papua Province, Indonesia.\nThe echidnas and Platypus are monotremes, the only mammals to lay eggs."}
+{"id": "54891", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54891", "title": "Zaglossus bruijni", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54893", "revid": "1689796", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54893", "title": "Short-beaked echidna", "text": "The short-beaked echidna (\"Tachyglossus aculeatus\") is the only member of its genus, and one of four living species of echidna.\nThe short-beaked echidna, \"Tachyglossus\", is the spiny anteater because they eat ants and termites. It is covered in fur and spines. It has a special nose (snout) and a special tongue that lets the echidna catch its prey at a great speed. It lays eggs, like the other monotremes. \nThe echidna lives throughout Australia, and in coastal and highland regions of southwestern New Guinea. In Australia, it is the most widespread native mammal. It is not threatened with extinction, but human activities, such as hunting, habitat destruction, and the introduction of foreign predators and parasites, have reduced its range.\nDistribution.\nThe animal was first described in 1792. \"Tachyglossus\" means \"fast tongue\". This is about the speed with which the echidna uses its tongue to catch ants and termites. The word \"aculeatus\" means \"spiny\" or \"having spines\".\nThe long-beaked echidna are all bigger than \"T. aculeatus\". They eat mostly worms and grubs, rather than ants and termites.\nThere are five subspecies of the short-beaked echidna. Each live in a different area from the others. The subspecies are also different from each other as to hairiness, spine length and width, and the size of the claws on their back feet.\nDescription.\nShort-beaked echidnas are usually 30 to 45\u00a0centimetres in length. They have a 75-millimetre beak, and weigh between two and five kilograms. The Tasmanian subspecies, \"T. a. setosus\", is larger than the Australian mainland species.\nBecause the neck cannot be seen, the head and body appear to join together. The earholes are on either side of the head, with no external pinnae. The eyes are small and at the base of the wedge-shaped beak. The nostrils and the mouth are at the far end of the beak.\nThe legs of this echidna are adapted for rapid digging. Their legs are short and have strong claws. The claws on the back feet are longer and curve backwards to help cleaning and grooming between the spines. Like the platypus it has a low body temperature\u2014between 30 and 32\u00a0\u00b0C. Unlike the platypus, which shows no evidence of torpor or hibernation, the body temperature of the echidna may fall as low as 5\u00a0\u00b0C. The echidna does not pant or sweat and normally seeks shelter in hot conditions. In autumn and winter the echidna shows periods of torpor or deep hibernation. Because of its low body temperature, the animal becomes sluggish in very hot and very cold weather.\nThe muscles of this echidna have a number of unusual features. There is an enormous muscle that is just beneath the skin and covers the entire body. By contraction of various parts of this muscle the Short-beaked Echidna can change shape. The most common shape change is achieved by rolling itself into a ball when threatened, protecting its belly and presenting a defensive array of sharp spines. It has one of the shortest spinal cords of any mammal, extending only as far as the thorax.\nTongue.\nThe tongue of the short-beaked echidna is the animal's only way of catching prey. It can stick out up to 180\u00a0mm outside the snout. The tongue is sticky because of the presence of glycoprotein-rich mucous. This mucus both lubricates movement in and out of the snout and helps to catch ants and termites, which stick to it. The protruded tongue is stiffened by the rapid flow of blood, allowing it to penetrate wood and soil. Retraction requires the contraction of two internal muscles. When the tongue is retracted, the prey is caught on backward-facing keratinous \"teeth\" along the roof of the buccal cavity. This allows the animal to both capture and grind food. The tongue moves with great speed, and has been measured to move in and out of the snout 100 times a minute.\nGeneral physiology.\nMany physiological adaptations fit the animal to its lifestyle. It burrows, and can tolerate high levels of carbon dioxide. Its ear is sensitive to low-frequency sound, which may be ideal for detecting sounds emitted by termites and ants underground. The leathery snout is covered in mechano- and thermoreceptors. These receptors provide information about the surrounding environment. The echidna has a well-developed olfactory system, which may be used to detect mates and prey, and its other senses perform well. Its brain and central nervous system have been extensively studied for comparison with placental mammals.\nThe short-beaked echidna has the largest prefrontal cortex, relative to body size, of any mammal. It takes up 50% of the volume of the cortex, compared to 29% for humans. This suggests good decision-making in its constant search for insect nests, and for a mate when reproducing.\nBasal traits.\nLike all monotremes, the echidna has only one orifice for the passage of faeces, urine and reproductive products, which is known as the cloaca. The male has internal testes, no external scrotum and a highly unusual penis with four knobs on the tip. The gestating female has a pouch on its underside, where it raises its young.\nThe laying of eggs and the cloaca are basal traits which are present in all early amniotes, including reptiles, birds and early mammals.\nReproduction.\nThe solitary Short-beaked Echidna looks for a mate between May and September; the precise timing of the mating season varies with geographic location. Both males and females give off a strong odour during the mating season. During courtship\u2014observed for the first time in 1989\u2014males locate and pursue females. Trains of up to ten males may follow a single female in a courtship ritual that may last for up to four weeks; the duration of the courtship period varies with location. In cooler parts of their range, such as Tasmania, females may mate within a few hours of arousal from hibernation.\nBefore mating, the male smells the female, paying particular attention to the cloaca. The male is often observed to roll the female onto her side and then assumes a similar position so that the two animals are abdomen to abdomen. Each mating results in the production of a single egg, and females are known to mate only once during the breeding season; each mating is successful.\nFertilisation occurs in the oviduct. Gestation takes between 21 and 28 days, during which time the female constructs a nursery burrow. Following the gestation period, a single rubbery-skinned egg between 13 and 17 millimetres in diameter is laid directly into a small, backward-facing pouch that has developed on her abdomen. Ten days after it is laid, the egg hatches within the pouch. The embryo develops an \"egg tooth\" during incubation, which it uses to tear open the egg; the tooth disappears soon after hatching.\nHatchlings are about 1.5\u00a0cm long and weigh between 0.3 and 0.4 grams. After hatching, young Echidnas are known as \"puggles\". Hatchlings attach themselves to their mothers' milk areolae, a specialised patch on the skin that secretes milk (monotremes have no nipples). The way in which puggles drink the milk is not yet known, but they have been observed drinking large amounts during each feeding period, since mothers may leave them unattended in the burrow for between five and ten days. The principal components of the milk are types of lactose. The milk has a high iron content, which gives it a pink colour.\nJuveniles are eventually ejected from the pouch at around two to three months of age, because of the continuing growth in the length of their spines. Suckling gradually decreases until juveniles are weaned at about six months of age. The duration of lactation is about 200 days, and the young leave the burrow between 180 and 240 days.\nThe age of sexual maturity is uncertain, but may be four to five years. A twelve-year field study, published in 2003, found that the Short-beaked Echidna reached sexual maturity between five and 12 years of age, and that the frequency of reproduction varies from once every two years to once every six years. The Short-beaked Echidna can live as long as 45 years in the wild.\nEcology and behaviour.\nNo systematic study of the ecology of the Short-beak Echidna has been published. There have been studies of several aspects of their ecological behaviour. Short-beaked Echidnas live alone and apart from the burrow created for rearing young; they have no fixed shelter or nest site. They do not have a home territory, but range over a wide area. Short-beaked Echidnas are usually active in the daytime; however, they have problems in hot weather, because they have no sweat glands and do not pant. Therefore, in warm weather they change their pattern of activity, becoming crepuscular (active at dawn or dusk) or nocturnal (active in the night). They can tolerate cold temperatures, and hibernate during the winter in very cold regions.\nShort-beaked Echidnas can live anywhere where there is a good supply of food. Short-beaked Echidnas find food by smell, using sensors in the tip of their beak, and regularly feast on ants and termites. They are powerful diggers, using their clawed front paws to dig out prey and dig burrows for shelter. They may rapidly dig themselves into the ground if they cannot find cover when in danger.\nIn Australia they are most common in forested areas where there are many termite-filled fallen logs. In agricultural areas, they are most likely to be in uncleared scrub; they may be in grassland, arid areas, and in the outer suburbs of the capital cities. Little is known about their distribution in New Guinea. They have been found in southern New Guinea between Merauke in the west, to the Kelp Welsh River, east of Port Moresby, where they may be in open woodland.\nConservation status.\nThe Short-beaked Echidna is common in most of temperate Australia and lowland New Guinea, and is not listed as endangered. In Australia, the number of Short-beaked Echidnas has been less affected by land clearing than have some other species, since Short-beaked Echidnas do not require a specialised habitat beyond a good supply of ants and termites. Despite their spines, they are eaten by birds, the Tasmanian Devil, cats, foxes and dogs. They were also eaten by indigenous Australians and the early Europen settlers of Australia. The most common threats to the animal in Australia are cars and habitat destruction. These have led to localised extinction. Infection with the introduced parasite \"Spirometra erinaceieuropaei\" is fatal for the Echidna. The Wildlife Preservation Society of Queensland runs an Australia-wide survey called \"Echidna Watch\" to monitor the species in Australia.\nCaptive breeding is difficult, partly because of the relatively infrequent breeding cycle. Only five zoos have managed to breed a captive Short-beaked Echidna, but no captive-bred young have survived to be adults. This has conservation implications for the endangered species of echidna from the genus \"Zaglossus\", and to a lesser extent for the Short-beaked Echidna.\nCultural references.\nShort-beaked Echidnas feature in the animistic culture of Indigenous Australians, including their visual arts and stories. The species was a totem for some groups, including the Noongar people from Western Australia, who called the animal the \"Nyingarn\". Many groups have myths about the animal; one myth explains that it was created when a group of hungry, young men went hunting at night and stumbled across a wombat. They threw spears at the wombat, but lost sight of it in the darkness. The wombat adapted the spears as its own defense and turned into an Echidna. Another story tells of a greedy man that kept food from his tribe; warriors speared him and he crawled away into the bushes, where he was turned into an Echidna, the spears becoming his spines.\nThe Short-beaked Echidna is an iconic animal in modern Australia. It appears on the Australian five-cent piece (the smallest denomination) and on a $200 commemorative coin released in 1992. The Short-beaked Echidna has been included in several postal issues: it was one of four native species to appear on Australian postage stamps in 1974, where it was the 25 cent stamp; it appeared on a 37 cent stamp in 1987, and again in 1992 when it was on the 35 cent stamp. The anthropomorphic Echidna \"Millie\" was a mascot for the 2000 Summer Olympics. Knuckles the Echidna is a popular character from the Sonic the Hedgehog video game franchise, debuting in Sonic the Hedgehog 3."}
+{"id": "54894", "revid": "1572290", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54894", "title": "Columbia", "text": "Columbia is the original name for the United States and inspired the names of many things. For the original Columbia, see \"Historical Columbia\". \nPlaces in North America.\nU.S. cities or towns:"}
+{"id": "54896", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54896", "title": "Eastern long-beaked echidna", "text": "The eastern long-beaked echidna (\"Zaglossus bartoni\"), also known as Barton's long-beaked echidna, is one of three species from the genus \"Zaglossus\". All of them occur in New Guinea. It is found mainly in Papua New Guinea between 2000 and 3000 meters above sea level.\nIt can be distinguished from other members of the genus by the number of claws on the fore and hind feet. It has five claws on its fore feet and four on its hind feet. The adult animal weights between 5\u00a0kg (11\u00a0lb) and 10\u00a0kg (22\u00a0lb). Its body length ranges from 60 to 100\u00a0cm (23.5-39 inches). It has no tail. It has dense black fur. The species is the largest monotreme and is slow moving. It rolls into a spiny ball for defense.\nThere are four recognised subspecies:\nThe population of each subspecies is geographically isolated and they can be distinguished primarily by differences in body size."}
+{"id": "54897", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54897", "title": "Barton's Long-beaked Echidna", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54898", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54898", "title": "Zaglossus bartoni", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54899", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54899", "title": "Long-beaked echidna", "text": "The long-beaked echidnas make up one of the two genera (Genus Zaglossus) of echidna. Echidna is a spiny monotreme that lives in New Guinea. There are three living species, and two extinct ones.\nEchidnas are one of only two types of living mammals that lay eggs.\nSpecies.\n\"Zaglossus attenboroughi\".\nRemarks: Species described from one sample only. May be endangered, or locally extinct. See Sir David's Long-beaked Echidna\n\"Zaglossus bartoni\".\nRemarks: see Eastern Long-beaked Echidna\n\"Zaglossus bruijni\".\nRemarks: see Western Long-beaked Echidna\n\"Zaglossus hacketti\".\nRemarks: This species is known only from a few bones. At a metre long, it was huge for an echidna and for monotremes in general.\n\"Zaglossus robustus\".\nRemarks: This species is known from a fossil skull about 65\u00a0cm long."}
+{"id": "54903", "revid": "10429884", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54903", "title": "Sir David's long-beaked echidna", "text": "Sir David's long-beaked echidna (\"Zaglossus attenboroughi\"), also known as the cyclops long-beaked echidna, is one of three species of the genus \"Zaglossus\". All of them are found in New Guinea. It is named after Sir David Attenborough. It lives in the Cyclops mountains in Papua province of Indonesia near the cities of Sentani, Jayapura. \nThe species was described from a single damaged animal, which was collected in the Dutch colonial era (c. 1961). It has not been collected since that time. The Cyclops mountain forest habitat has been disturbed recently. This has raised concern that \"Z. attenboroughi\" populations may already be endangered or even locally extinct. However, many parts of the mountains are covered in thick jungle and have not been searched since 1961. It is possible that the animal still exists there or in nearby mountain ranges. In 2007 scientists found holes which they believe were made by the echidna poking its nose into the dirt while looking for earthworms. \nIt is the smallest member of the genus. It is closer in size to the short-beaked echidna than other members of the genus. It has five claws on its fore and hind feet. It has dense short fur."}
+{"id": "54904", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54904", "title": "Cyclops Long-beaked Echidna", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54905", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54905", "title": "Zaglossus attenboroughi", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54906", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54906", "title": "Zaglossus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54907", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54907", "title": "Tachyglossus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54908", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54908", "title": "Spiny Anteater", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54909", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54909", "title": "Tachyglossus aculeatus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54913", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54913", "title": "Bioluminescence", "text": "Bioluminescence is how living things produce light. Often this is done by symbiosis. The larger organism contains, often in a special organ, microorganisms which make the light. Eukaryote protists have special organelles, and some bacteria also produce light. \nBioluminescence is the result of chemical processes, where the energy produced is released as visible light. \nBioluminescence has appeared many times during evolution. The capacity to produce light is an extension of normal metabolism: all chemical reactions produce a few photons. Visible light is produced when the photon production increases. In the case of bacteria, the original function of the reaction was probably to detoxify excessive oxygen.\nATP (adenosine tri-phosphate), the biological energy source, reacts with luciferin with the aid of the enzyme luciferase to yield an intermediate complex. This complex combines with oxygen to produce a highly chemiluminescent (brightly shining) compound.\nThe oceans.\nBioluminescence is mainly a marine phenomenon.\nBioluminescence is found in the sea at all levels.: planktonic, pelagic and benthic organisms. Some planktonic groups, such as dinoflagellates and ctenophores (comb jellies) use it in most species. Most deep-sea marine life use bioluminescence in one form or another. Usually, marine light-emission belongs in the blue and green light spectrum, the wavelengths that can transmit through seawater most easily.\nFunctions of bioluminescence.\nCounterillumination camouflage.\nIn some squid species bacterial bioluminescence is used for counterillumination so the animal matches the overhead environmental light seen from below. In these animals, light organs control the contrast of this illumination to create optiminal matching. Usually these light organs are separate from the tissue containing the bioluminescent bacteria.\nAttraction.\nBioluminescence is used as a lure to attract prey by several deep sea fish such as the anglerfish. A dangling lure on the head of the fish attracts small animals to it within striking distance. Some fish, however, use a non-bioluminescent lure.\nThe cookiecutter shark uses bioluminescence for camouflage, but a small patch on its underbelly remains dark and appears as a small fish to large predatory fish like tuna and mackerel swimming beneath it. When these fish try to consume the \"small fish\", they are bitten by the shark, which gouges out small circular \"cookie cutter\" shaped chunks of flesh from its hosts.\nDinoflagellates have an interesting twist on this mechanism. When a predator of plankton is sensed through motion in the water, the dinoflagellate luminesces. This in turn attracts even larger predators which will consume the would-be predator of the dinoflagellate.\nAttracting mates is an important function of bioluminescence. This is seen in fireflies, which use periodic flashing in their abdomens to attract mates in the mating season. In the marine environment this has only been well-documented in certain small ostracod crustaceans, but may be quite common.\nRepulsion.\nCertain squid and small crustaceans use bioluminescence as many squid use ink. A cloud of luminescence is expelled, confusing or repelling a potential predator while the squid or crustacean escapes to safety. Every species of firefly has larvae that glow to repel predators.\nBiotechnology.\nBioluminescent organisms are a target for many areas of research. Luciferase systems are widely used in the field of genetic engineering. They have also been used in biomedical research, to give some cells visible labels. Luciferin can be added to molecules and cells to make them visible under the microscope. \"This market is now worth about \u00a320bn. If you go into a hospital and have a blood test which measures viral proteins, cancer proteins, hormones, vitamins, bacterial proteins, drugs, it will almost certainly use this technique\".\nThe structure of photophores, the light producing organs in bioluminescent organisms, are being investigated by industrial designers.\nBioluminescent organisms.\nThis is a list of organisms that have visible bioluminescence:\nTerrestrial organisms.\nAnimals:\nFireflies.\nDespite their name, fireflies are actually beetles which use an enzymatic reaction involving a chemical compound called luciferin to produce their typical greenish flashing light. As well as possibly warning predators about their toxicity, it is thought the main purpose of their flashing abdomen is to attract mates."}
+{"id": "54921", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54921", "title": "Whittier, Alaska", "text": "Whittier is a small town in Alaska on the Kenai Peninsula. Whittier has 272 people always living in it. The Whittier Glacier near Whittier was named for the American poet John Greenleaf Whittier in the year 1915.\nDuring World War II the United States Army built a port and railroad near the glacier and named the port Whittier. The two big buildings that are very easy to notice in Whittier were built after World War II. The Hodge Building (now called Begich Towers) was built for housing soldiers and the Buckner Building, finish being built in 1953, was called the \"city under one roof\". It was once the biggest building in Alaska. The Begich Building is now a condominium (or houst that has many rooms that people live in), and almost all of the people that live in Whittier's live here.\nThe town was badly damaged by tsunamis (or very big waves) started by the 1964 Good Friday Earthquake; thirteen people died because of the waves that were 13\u00a0m (43\u00a0ft) tall.\nWhittier is a popular port for cruise ships, because people can go to Anchorage and the inside of Alaska by both car and train. Whittier is also popular with visitors and fishermen.\nWhittier is the wettest city in Alaska and the United States. The city receives at least of rain a year."}
+{"id": "54923", "revid": "1143533", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54923", "title": "Kate Winslet", "text": "Kate Elizabeth Winslet, (born 5 October 1975) is an English actress. She is best known for her starring role in the American movie, \"Titanic\".\nShe made her movie debut as Juliet Hulme in Peter Jackson's \"Heavenly Creatures\" (1994). Winslet is the second of four children, her sisters are the actresses Anna and Beth Winslet and her brother is Joss Winslet, her mother Sally Anne is a barmaid and her father Roger John Winslet is a swimming pool contractor. Her maternal grandparents Linda and Oliver Bridges founded the Reading Repertory Theatre and her uncle is the actor Robert Bridges, Her maternal great-grandmother Florence Theodelinda Lidman, was the daughter of a Swedish immigrant.\nKate Winslet was married to director Jim Threapleton; they had a daughter, Mia. She married director Sam Mendes; they had a son, Joe. In 2012, she married Ned Rocknroll, nephew of billionaire Richard Branson. She had his first son in December 2013."}
+{"id": "54924", "revid": "731605", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54924", "title": "Joe DiMaggio", "text": "Joseph Paul DiMaggio (November 25, 1914 - March 8, 1999) was an American Major League Baseball center fielder who played his whole career for the New York Yankees. His nicknames were Joltin' Joe and The Yankee Clipper. He played from 1936 to 1942 and then joined the army in 1943 because of World War II. He came back and began playing again in 1946 until his retirement in 1951 at the age of 36. By the time he retired he had hit 361 home runs. He hit almost one home run for every strikeout. DiMaggio died on the 8th of March, 1999, of lung cancer. He is widely regarded as one of the best baseball players of all time. DiMaggio was also well known for his marriage and lifelong devotion to Marilyn Monroe."}
+{"id": "54925", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54925", "title": "Digital thermometer", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54936", "revid": "10190634", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54936", "title": "Mongol Empire", "text": " \nThe Mongol Empire existed in the 13th and the 14th centuries and was one of the largest land empires in history. The original homeland of the Mongols was bounded by the Khingan Mountains to the east, the Altai and the Tian Mountains to the west, the Shilka River and the mountain ranges by Lake Baikal to the north, and the Great Wall of China to the south.\nIt was founded by Genghis Khan in 1206 AD, when he brought together the Mongol and Turkic tribes. When he died in 1227 AD, he had conquered Central Asia, northern China, and parts of eastern Persia. Later, his grandson Kublai Khan went on to expand the empire and found the Mongol-ruled Yuan dynasty, which ruled over all of China. The Mongol Empire stretched from Eastern Europe to East Asia, including Central Asia and the Middle East. Its power did not last long since by the 1360s, it had broken into several empires, all of which were later destroyed.\nOne of Shi Tianze's sons married a daughter of the Mongol official Menggu Baer (Meng-ku Pa-erh), according to an epitaph that Hu Zhiyu wrote. The son is mentioned as having served as Minister of the Right. Shi Jiang (Shih Chiang) and Shi Ge (Shih Ko) among the eight sons of Shi Tianze were Minister of the Right and could be either one of them. Shi Tianze, who was Han himself had two Jurchen wives, one Korean wife and one Han wife. The National History Project of the Mongol Empire under Kublai Khan was supervised and directed by Shi Tianze, who was the Chancellor of the Left, and was recommended by Wang E (Wang O) in August 1261 after the National History Academy and the Hanlin Academy were recreatd.\nMenggu Baer served as an official in China and was known for his leniency and kindness towards commoners."}
+{"id": "54938", "revid": "1685295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54938", "title": "Parthia", "text": "Parthia was an ancient Parthian empire in Asia that included what are now Iran, part of Armenia, Iraq, Georgia, eastern Turkey, eastern Syria, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Pakistan, Kuwait, the Persian Gulf coast of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates.\nThe Parthians were excellent horsemen and archers. In battle, mounted Parthians often discharged their arrows back towards the enemy and pretended to flee.\nIn 250 BC, the Parthians succeeded in founding an independent kingdom, which in the 1st century BC grew into an empire extending from the Euphrates to the Indus and from the Amu Darya to the Indian Ocean. They expanded by successfully expelling the Seleucids from Persia and establishing the second great Persian Empire."}
+{"id": "54939", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54939", "title": "238 BC", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54940", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54940", "title": "1312", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54941", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54941", "title": "1422", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54946", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54946", "title": "Synonymy", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54947", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54947", "title": "Smoothies", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54951", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54951", "title": "Hydrolysis", "text": "Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction or process where a chemical compound reacts with water. This is the type of reaction that is used to break down polymers into many smaller units. In this reaction, water is always added to the chemical compound.\nHydrolysis of metal salts.\nHydrolysis of metal salts is more commonly known as hydration. Many metal ions are strong Lewis acids, and in water they may undergo hydrolysis to form \"basic salts\". Such salts contain a hydroxyl group that is directly bound to the metal ion in place of a water ligand. The positive charge on metal ions creates an attraction to water, a Lewis base with a non-binding electron pair on the oxygen atom, and alters the water molecule's electron density. This in turn increases the polarity of the O-H bond, which now acts as a proton donor under Br\u00f8nsted-Lowry acid-base theory to release the hydrogen as a H+ ion, increasing the acidity of the solution. For example, aluminium chloride undergoes extensive hydrolysis in water with the solution being very acidic.\nThis implies that hydrogen chloride is lost in the evaporation of AlCl3 solutions and the residue is a basic salt (in this case an \"oxychloride\") in place of AlCl3. This type of reaction is also seen with other metal chlorides such as ZnCl2, SnCl2, FeCl3 and lanthanide halides such as DyCl3. With some compounds such as TiCl4, the hydrolysis may go to completion and form the pure hydroxide or oxide, in this case TiO2."}
+{"id": "54953", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54953", "title": "Water (molecule)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54954", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54954", "title": "Lymphatic system", "text": "The lymphatic system is a network of thin vessels that branch, like blood vessels, into tissues throughout the body, in mammals. It is part of the immune system. It is a one-way system which carries cells and fluid back to the blood system.\nLymphatic vessels carry lymph, a colorless, watery fluid, and white blood cells. It comes from interstitial fluid in the tissues which is squeezed out of the blood vessels. The lymphatic system transports infection-fighting cells called lymphocytes, and is involved in the removal of foreign matter and cell debris by phagocytes. A second function is to transport fats from the small intestine to the blood. \nLymphatic fluid gathers from the tissues and enters the valved lymphatic ducts. These valves make sure the lymph flows the right way. On its way back to the blood system, the lymph passes through glands called lymph nodes, in places like the back of the neck, the armpits and the groin. Lymph nodes swell in the region of an infected body part. This acts to keep the infection from spreading. It prevents or reduces the pathogens getting into the general blood circulation and reaching other parts of the body.\nLymph ends up back in the blood system. In mammals under normal conditions, most of the lymph is returned to the blood stream via veins through lymph-vein communications at the base of the neck. Some vertebrates have more complex lymphatic systems. Amphibians for example have multiple \"lymph hearts\" to control the flow of lymph."}
+{"id": "54955", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54955", "title": "Chastity", "text": "Chastity is the sexual behavior of a man or woman which is right and proper according to the moral rules of a culture or religion. It has recently begun to mean sexual abstinence (not having sex at all), especially before marriage. However, it can also be used for all kinds of people (even married people) with more meaning than simply not having sex. The word chastity came from the Latin word \"castitatem\", meaning \"purity\"."}
+{"id": "54960", "revid": "1582584", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54960", "title": "Metallic bond", "text": "A metallic bond is the sharing of many detached electrons between many positive ions, where the electrons act as a \"glue\" giving the substance a definite structure. It is unlike covalent or ionic bonding. \nMetals have low ionization energy. Therefore, the valence electrons can be delocalized throughout the metals. Delocalized electrons are not associated with a particular nucleus of metal, instead, they are free to move throughout the whole crystalline structure forming a \"sea\" of electrons.\nThe electrons and the positive ions in the metal have a strong attractive force between them. Therefore, metals often have high melting or boiling points. The principle is similar to that of ionic bonds.\nMetallic bonds causes many of the traits of metals, such as strength, malleability, ductility, luster, conduction of heat and electricity.\nBecause the electrons move freely, the metal has some electrical conductivity. It allows the energy to pass quickly through the electrons, generating an electric current. Metals conduct heat for the same reason: the free electrons can transfer the energy at a faster rate than other substances with electrons that are fixed into position. There also are few non-metals that conduct electricity: graphite (because, like metals, it has free electrons), and ionic compounds that are molten or dissolved in water, which have free moving ions.\nMetal atoms have at least one valence electron which they do not share with neighboring atoms, and they do not lose electrons to form ions. Instead, the outer energy levels (atomic orbitals) of the metal atoms overlap. They are similar to covalent bonds. Not all metals exhibit metallic bonding. For example, mercury ions () form covalent metal-metal bonds.\nAn alloy is a solution of metals. Most alloys are shiny like pure metals are."}
+{"id": "54964", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54964", "title": "Heat conduction", "text": "Heat conduction (or thermal conduction) is the movement of heat from one object to another one that has different temperature when they are touching each other. For example, we can warm our hands by touching hot-water bottles. When the cold hands touch the hot-water bottle, heat flows from the hotter object (hot-water bottle) to the colder one (hand). People make things with different thermal conductivity, for example cookware to heat things or insulated containers to keep hot things hot or cold things cold.\nOther ways to transfer heat are by thermal radiation and/or convection. Usually more than one of these processes happen at the same time.\nMicroscopic explanation.\nIn the atomic theory solids, liquids and gases are made of tiny particles called \"atoms\". The temperature of the material measures how fast the atoms are moving and the heat measures the total amount of energy due to the vibration of the atoms.\nConduction can happen when one part of a material is heated. The atoms in this part vibrate faster and are more likely to hit their neighbors. The collisions cause those atoms also to move faster, passing the heat energy to them. In this way the energy travels through the solid. (Rather like the way energy passes along a set of tumbling dominos).\nThe atomic picture also helps explain why conduction is more important in solids: in solids the atoms are close together and unable to move around. In liquids and gases the particles can move past each other, so the collisions are less common.\nLaw of heat conduction.\nThe law of heat conduction, also known as Fourier's law, means that the rate, in time, of heat transfer through a material is proportional to the negative gradient in the temperature and to the area at right angles, to that gradient, through which the heat is flowing:\nwhere:\nThermal conductivity usually varies with temperature, but the variation can be small, over a significant range of temperatures, for some common materials."}
+{"id": "54965", "revid": "744335", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54965", "title": "Judith Weir", "text": "Judith Weir CBE (born 11 May 1954) is a British composer. She is well known for her theatre works, choral music, orchestral music and chamber music.\nEarly life.\nWeir was born in Cambridge, England to Scottish parents. While she was still at school she trained with the composer John Tavener. She played the oboe in the National Youth Orchestra of Great Britain. She then studied at the University of Cambridge where her teacher was Robin Holloway.\nCareer.\nJudith Weir\u2019s music has harmonies which are very exciting and original. Her Christmas carol \"Illuminare\" has become very popular, but it is quite difficult and needs a good choir to pitch the notes of the dissonant chords. She often uses medieval history as inspiration for her music, as well as music from her native Scotland, e.g. piobaireachd, which is a kind of variation form using small intervals. Her music often tells stories. Her operas include \"A Night at the Chinese Opera\", \"The Vanishing Bridegroom\", \"Blond Eckbert\", and \"Armida\", an opera for television.\nFrom 1995 to 2000, she was the artistic director of the Spitalfields Festival in London. She has composed works for the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra. She has received many honours, including the CBE in 1995."}
+{"id": "54967", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54967", "title": "Orchestral", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54968", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54968", "title": "Chorus", "text": "Chorus can mean several things:"}
+{"id": "54969", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54969", "title": "Choral", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54977", "revid": "1659580", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54977", "title": "Vassal", "text": "A vassal during the feudalism of medieval Europe, was someone who had shared duties with a lord. Usually the vassal provided soldiers to the lord. The lord used his army of soldiers from all of his vassals to protect those vassals. The lord also gave him the piece of land that he held as a fief. By analogy the term \"vassal\" is used also for similar systems in other feudal societies.\nWestern vassalage.\nThe development of the \"vassal\", in a society that was increasingly organised around the concept of \"lordship\"\u2013 in French the \"seigneur\"\u2013 is one sign that Antiquity ended and the Early Middle Ages began. Lordship is the basic social institution as Tacitus described them in his book \"Germania\". The Roman West experienced them for the first time in the Migration Period.\nAs the system developed in the seventh century, the vassals were gangs of freemen who subjected themselves, in some degree of formality, to the authority of a leader, from whom they could expect to be fed, clothed and armed. The quality of a vassal was only in his fighting ability and the strength of his loyalty. The etymology (where the word came from) of \"vassal\" is from a Celtic word \"gwas\" \"boy\" that meant a young male slave, with a Latinised form, \"vassus\" that appeared in Salic Law (Rouche 1987 p 429), like the way \"knight\" came from the from Old English word \"cniht\" and similar words in Frisian and Dutch, all meaning \"lad\" ."}
+{"id": "54979", "revid": "1530097", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54979", "title": "Migration period", "text": "The migration period, or barbarian invasions or V\u00f6lkerwanderung happened in 300\u2013700 AD in Europe, at the end of ancient history and during the Early Middle Ages.\nThe migrations included the Goths, Vandals, Franks, and other Germanic tribes; the Bulgars; and Slavic tribes. They may have been influenced by attacks of the Huns in the East and may also be connected to the Turkic migrations in Central Asia, overpopulation, or climate change. The migration period also included groups of Angles, Saxons, Frisians, and some Jutes to Britain.\nThe migrations would continue well into the Middle Ages, beyond 1000 AD, with successive waves of Slavs, Roma, Avars, Bulgars, Hungarians, Pechenegs, Cumans, and Tatars, which changed the ethnic makeup of Eastern Europe. Historians in Western Europe, however, tend to stress the migrations that were most relevant to that area."}
+{"id": "54983", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54983", "title": "San Francisco Bay Area", "text": " <ns>0</ns>\n <revision>\n <parentid>10076867</parentid>\n <timestamp>2025-04-22T07:20:31Z</timestamp>\n <contributor>\n <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>\n </contributor>\n <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>\n <origin>10207672</origin>\n <model>wikitext</model>\n <format>text/x-wiki</format>\nThe San Francisco Bay Area, also known as the Bay Area, is a metropolitan area that goes around the San Francisco Bay in Northern California. It includes the cities of San Francisco, San Jos\u00e9, and Oakland, and their many suburbs. It also includes the smaller urban and rural areas of the North Bay. Over seven million people live in the San Francisco Bay Area. The San Francisco Bay Area is the 43rd largest metropolitan area in the world in population.\nThe Bay Area includes cities, towns, military bases, airports, and related regional, state, and national parks. In general, it has a Mediterranean climate, but the climates are quite different in different places. Inland areas are usually hotter than areas near the bay or ocean. San Francisco is known for its cold weather and fog.\nSan Jos\u00e9 is the largest city in the Bay Area since 1990 and the tenth largest city in America. But for most of its history, San Francisco was the city with the most people. San Francisco is still the city people pay the most attention to, and it is the major cultural center in the region.\nBay Area Rapid Transit connects some parts of the Bay Area. Caltrain connects cities in the San Francisco Peninsula and Santa Clara Valley.\nSubregions.\nNorth Bay.\nThe region north of the Golden Gate Bridge is known locally as the North Bay. This area includes Marin County and continues north into Sonoma and Napa counties and east to Solano County. With some exceptions, this region is quite rich: Marin County is listed as the richest in the nation.\nSan Francisco.\nThe City and County of San Francisco is generally placed in a category by itself in terms of geography and culture. It is separated by water from the north, west and east, and by a county line from its neighbors to the South. San Francisco has been the cultural, financial and urban center of the region for a long time. For most of the Bay Area's history, it has also been the main population center. But because the size of the county is limited, the growth of the city was limited as well. The resulting urban sprawl has given other cities and counties more population growth.\nPeninsula.\nThe area between the South Bay and the City and County of San Francisco is the San Francisco Peninsula, known locally as \"The Peninsula\". This area includes many small cities and suburban communities in San Mateo County and the northwestern part of Santa Clara County, as well as several towns along the Pacific coast, such as Pacifica and Half Moon Bay.\nEast Bay.\nThe eastern side of the bay, consisting of Alameda and Contra Costa counties, is known locally as the East Bay. The East Bay is split into two regions, the inner East Bay, which is on the coast of the Bay, and the outer East Bay, including the inland valleys separated from the inner East Bay by hills and mountains.\nSouth Bay.\nThe communities along the southern edge of the Bay are known as the South Bay, Santa Clara Valley, and Silicon Valley. \nThis region is home to a large number of major technology companies. Some tech companies in the South Bay are Intel, AMD, Cisco Systems, Hewlett-Packard, Apple, Google, and Yahoo!, Microsoft and much much more.\nThe San Francisco Bay Area is one of the richest regions in the United States."}
+{"id": "54986", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54986", "title": "Carbon Dioxide", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54987", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54987", "title": "San Francisco Bay", "text": "San Francisco Bay is a shallow bay in northern California, along the Pacific Ocean. It is an estuary because salt water from the ocean mixes with fresh water from rivers, especially the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. These rivers carry water from the Sierra Nevada mountains through the Central Valley. Water from about forty percent of California enters the bay.\nThe Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers enter the Suisun Bay. There water flows through the Carquinez Strait to meet with the Napa River at the entrance to San Pablo Bay. This connects at its south end to the San Francisco Bay. The San Francisco Bay is connected to the Pacific by a strait called the Golden Gate. However, this entire group of interconnected bays is often called \"the San Francisco Bay\".\nSan Francisco Bay lies in the US state of California and is surrounded by a region known as the San Francisco Bay Area, that includes the big cities of San Francisco, Oakland, and San Jose.\nThe Bay covers somewhere between 400 and 1,600 square miles (1,040 to 4,160 square kilometres), depending on which sub-bays (such as San Pablo Bay), estuaries, wetlands, and so on are included in the measurement."}
+{"id": "54988", "revid": "10228028", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54988", "title": "Ahmed Yassin", "text": "Ahmed Yassin (Arabic: \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u064f \u0623\u064e\u062d\u0652\u0645\u064e\u062f\u064f \u0625\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0627\u0639\u0650\u064a\u0644\u064f) (June 1936 \u2013 March 22, 2004) was a spiritual leader of the militant Palestinian group Hamas.\nLife.\nAhmed Yassin was born on June 1936 in al-Jura, British Mandate of Palestine. He helped create Hamas and became its spiritual leader in 1987. To other members of Hamas he was a hero but he was blamed by the Israeli government for planning suicide bombings and other attacks against Israel. He claimed that was the only way of fighting occupation. He was confined to a wheelchair because he was paralyzed since age 12, he was also nearly blind and could barely hear. He was very powerful and influential.\nYassin's birth date is in dispute. He claimed he was born 1/1/1938, however, his passport indicated 1/1/1937. To some he was a hero, to some he was a well known member of a terrorist organization. He was also a symbolic figure for Palestinians to fight against Israel.\nDeath.\nYassin was killed in an airstrike in Gaza City by the Israeli Army after he left a mosque in Gaza in the early morning hours. He was 67 years old."}
+{"id": "54989", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54989", "title": "Field strength", "text": "In physics, the field strength of a field is the magnitude (size) of its (vector) value. This means that the force exerted by the field on a given object is proportional to the field strength.\nIn differential geometry, the field strength is another name for the curvature form. For the electromagnetic field, the curvature form is an antisymmetric matrix whose elements are the electric field and magnetic field: the electromagnetic tensor.\nIn radio engineering, field strength is the strength of radio waves in a particular location. "}
+{"id": "54992", "revid": "1582584", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54992", "title": "Field (physics)", "text": "In physics, a field means that a physical quantity is assigned to every point in space (or, more generally, spacetime). A field is seen as extending throughout a large region of space so that it influences everything. The strength of a field usually varies over a region. Michael Faraday became the first to coin the term \"field\", in 1849.\nFor some fields, there is a number for each point in space. They are called \"scalar fields\". For more complicated fields, there are more than one number for each point in space. They are called \"vector fields\" or \"tensor fields\". For example, one can model a gravitational field by a vector field where a vector indicates the acceleration a mass would experience at each point in space. Other examples are temperature fields or air pressure fields, which are often illustrated on weather reports by isotherms and isobars by joining up the points of equal temperature or pressure respectively.\nTypes of fields.\nQuantum fields.\nIt is now believed that quantum mechanics should underlie all physical phenomena.\nField theory.\nA field theory is a physical theory that describes how one or more physical fields interact with matter."}
+{"id": "54993", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54993", "title": "Gradient", "text": "In vector calculus, the gradient of a multivariate function measures how steep a curve is. On a graph of the function, it is the slope of the tangent of that curve. More generally, it is a vector that points in the direction in which the function grows the fastest. Its coordinates are partial derivatives of that function. The gradient of a function \"f\" is often written as formula_1 or formula_2."}
+{"id": "54994", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54994", "title": "Cosine", "text": ""}
+{"id": "54995", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54995", "title": "Trigonometric function", "text": "In mathematics, the trigonometric functions are a set of functions which relate angles to the sides of a right triangle. There are many trigonometric functions, the 3 most common being sine, cosine, tangent, followed by cotangent, secant and cosecant. The last three are called reciprocal trigonometric functions, because they act as the reciprocals of other functions. Secant and cosecant are rarely used.\nDefinition.\nThe trigonometric functions sometimes are also called circular functions. They are functions of an angle; they are important when studying triangles, among many other applications. Trigonometric functions are commonly defined as ratios of two sides of a right triangle containing the angle, and can equivalently be defined as the lengths of various line segments from a unit circle (a circle with radius of one).\nRight triangle definitions.\nIn order to define the trigonometric functions for the angle \"A\", start with a right triangle that contains the angle \"A\":\nWe use the following names for the sides of the triangle:\nAll triangles are taken to exist in Euclidean geometry, so that the inside angles of each triangle sum to \u03c0 radians (or 180\u00b0); therefore, for a right triangle, the two non-right angles are between zero and \u03c0/2 radians. Notice that strictly speaking, the following definitions only define the trigonometric functions for angles in this range. We extend them to the full set of real arguments by using the unit circle, or by requiring certain symmetries and that they be periodic functions.\n1) The sine of an angle is the ratio of the length of the opposite side to the length of the hypotenuse. In our case\nNote that since all those triangles are similar, this ratio does not depend on the particular right triangle that is chosen, as long as it contains the angle \"A\".\nThe set of zeroes of sine (that is, the values of formula_2 for which formula_3) is\n2) The cosine of an angle is the ratio of the length of the adjacent side to the length of the hypotenuse. In our case\nThe set of zeroes of cosine is\n3) The tangent of an angle is the ratio of the length of the opposite side to the length of the adjacent side. In our case\nThe set of zeroes of tangent is\nThis is the same set as that of the sine function, since\nThe remaining three functions are best defined using the above three functions.\n4) The cosecant csc(\"A\") is the multiplicative inverse of sin(\"A\"); it is the ratio of the length of the hypotenuse to the length of the opposite side:\n5) The secant sec(\"A\") is the multiplicative inverse of cos(\"A\"); it is the ratio of the length of the hypotenuse to the length of the adjacent side:\n6) The cotangent cot(\"A\") is the multiplicative inverse of tan(\"A\"); it is the ratio of the length of the adjacent side to the length of the opposite side:\nDefinitions by power series.\nOne can also define the trigonometric functions by using power series:\nand define tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant using identities, see below.\nIdentities.\nSome important identities:\nHyperbolic functions.\nThe hyperbolic functions are like the trigonometric functions, in that they have very similar properties. Each of six trigonometric functions has a corresponding hyperbolic form. They are defined in terms of the exponential function, which is based on the constant \"e\"."}
+{"id": "54996", "revid": "145452", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54996", "title": "Gradient (disambiguation)", "text": "Gradient could mean:"}
+{"id": "54999", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=54999", "title": "Archer (disambiguation)", "text": "An archer is a person who practices archery, using a bow to shoot arrows.\nArcher or Archers may also refer to:"}
+{"id": "55000", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55000", "title": "Archery", "text": "Archery is the practice of using a bow to shoot arrows. Archery has historically been used in hunting and combat and has become a precision sport. A person practicing archery is called an \"archer\", and one who enjoys or is an expert at archery is sometimes called an toxophilite.\nHistory.\nThe earliest evidence of archery dates back more than 9,000 years. The bow probably was used in hunting first and later adopted as a tool of warfare. It was one of the earliest forms of artillery. \nClassical civilizations, notably the Persians, Macedonians, Nubians, Greeks, Parthians, Indians, Japanese, Chinese, and Koreans, had large numbers of archers in their armies. Archers in chariots were especially important in armies of ancient Egypt. Arrows were very destructive against massed formations, and the use of archers helped win battles. \nOne of the primary sub-genres of archery is mounted archery. Japanese Samurai, North American tribes, Turkish nomadic groups, Persian armies and more honed the skill of hunting and warfare through mounted archery. The army of the Mongol Empire was mostly archers on horseback.\nThough archery fell out of practical use, it never fully went away as a sport. As early as the 1480s in Britain, societies like the Ancient Society of Kilwinning Archers were having archery competitions."}
+{"id": "55015", "revid": "1690948", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55015", "title": "John Cena", "text": "John Felix Anthony Cena Jr. (born April 23, 1977) is an American professional wrestler, actor and former rapper. He currently works for WWE. Cena is a 17-time world champion, having won the WWE Championship a record 14 times and the World Heavyweight Championship three-times. He also held the United States Championship five times, the Intercontinental Championship once, and both the WWE and World Tag Team Championship twice. Also, Cena won the Royal Rumble in 2008 and 2013. As for his musical career, Cena has released an album called \"You Can't See Me\". Cena has also been featured in the movies \"The Marine\", \"12 Rounds\" and \"Legendary\". He starred as Peacemaker in the 2021 movie \"The Suicide Squad\" and his own television series for HBO Max. He is also known for his appearances in F9 and Heads Of State. His most famous catchphrase is \"You Can't See Me\" which has become a very well-known meme in Western Society.\nCareer.\nWWE (2001\u2013present).\nCena was signed by the person in charge of Talent Relations, Jim Ross on behalf of the WWE (then known as the World Wrestling Federation WWF). According to Ross, when he returned to Connecticut after signing Cena he walked into Vince McMahon's office and told him \"I just signed your main event for WrestleMania in 5 years.\" Cena would eventually make his WrestleMania debut 3 years later at WrestleMania XX in 2004, winning the WWE United States Championship from The Big Show. At WrestleMania 21 the following year, he won the WWE Championship from John \"Bradshaw\" Layfield. At 2006's WresteMania 22 he wrestled for the first time in a WrestleMania main event, beating Triple H to keep his WWE Championship. He would go on to main event WrestleMania in 2007 vs. Shawn Michaels, in 2011 vs. The Miz, in 2012 and 2013 vs. The Rock, and in 2025 vs. Cody Rhodes. He also wrestled in many other WWE premium live events.\nIn 2010, during a match between Wade Barrett and Randy Orton, Orton won so Cena was forced to retire. He was rehired by Wade Barrett and defeated him at .\nHe was drafted to SmackDown as the first pick in the 2011 WWE Draft, but before the end of the night, he was drafted back to Raw.\nHe was defeated by The Rock at WrestleMania XXVIII. He won his second Royal Rumble in January 2013. Therefore he got another match at WrestleMania 29 against The Rock for the WWE Championship. He won that match and became the WWE Champion."}
+{"id": "55018", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55018", "title": "23 June", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55023", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55023", "title": "Signal transduction", "text": "A signal transduction in biology is a cellular mechanism. It converts a stimulus into a response in the cell. There are two stages in this process:\nSo, signal transduction starts with a signal to a cell receptor, and ends with a change in cell function. In either step, the signal can be amplified. Thus, one signalling molecule can cause many responses.\nReceptors are in the cell membrane, with part of the receptor outside and part inside the cell.\u00a0 The chemical signal binds to the outer portion of the receptor, changing its shape. This causes another signal inside the cell.\u00a0 Some chemical messengers, such as testosterone, can pass through the cell membrane, and bind directly to receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus.\nSometimes there is a cascade of signals within the cell. With each step of the cascade, the signal can be amplified, so a small signal can result in a large response. Eventually, the signal creates a change in the cell, either in the expression of the DNA in the nucleus or in the activity of enzymes in the cytoplasm.\nMost often, ordered sequences of biochemical reactions inside the cell are involved. These are carried out by enzymes and linked through second messengers. So a \"second messenger pathway\" is produced. These things usually happen quickly, sometimes very quickly. They may last from milliseconds (in the case of ion flux) to days for gene expression.\nThe number of proteins and other molecules that take part increases during the process. So a 'signal cascade' develops and \"a relatively small stimulus may cause a large response\".\nIn bacteria and other single-cell organisms, the transduction processes a cell has limits the number of ways it can respond to its environment. In multicellular organisms, lots of different signal transduction processes are used to coordinate the behavior of individual cells. By this means the function of the organism as a whole is organized. The more complex the organism, the more complex the repertoire of signal transduction processes the organism must possess.\nThus, sensing of both the external and internal environment at the cellular level, relies on signal transduction. Many disease processes such as diabetes, heart disease, autoimmunity and cancer arise from defects in signal transduction pathways. This highlights the critical importance of signal transduction to biology and medicine.\nThese systems of communication between cells are extremely ancient, and are found in all metazoa."}
+{"id": "55024", "revid": "10173503", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55024", "title": "Flux", "text": "Flux is a term in physics and mathematics. It is broadly defined as \"How much stuff goes through a thing\" (or into an area). The word \"flux\" is similar to \"flow\".\nFor instance, in a butterfly net the amount of air passing through the net is the flux.\nMovement of substances.\nIn the study of transport phenomena (heat transfer, mass transfer and fluid dynamics), flux is defined as flow per unit area, where flow is the movement of some quantity per time. Flux, in this definition, is a vector.\nThere are many fluxes used in the study of transport phenomena. Each type of flux has its own distinct unit of measurement along with distinct physical constants. Six of the most common forms of flux from the transport literature are defined as:\nElectromagnetism.\nIn the field of electromagnetism, flux is usually the integral of a vector quantity over a finite surface. The result of this integration is a scalar quantity. The magnetic flux is the integral of the magnetic vector field over a surface, and the electric flux is defined similarly. Using this definition, the flux of the Poynting vector over a specified surface is the rate at which electromagnetic energy flows through that surface. Confusingly, the Poynting vector is sometimes called the \"power flux\", which is an example of the first usage of flux, above. It has units of watts per square metre (W/m2)."}
+{"id": "55027", "revid": "373511", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55027", "title": "Flux (disambiguation)", "text": "Flux comes from Latin and means \"flow\"; it may mean:"}
+{"id": "55030", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55030", "title": "Neuroscience", "text": "Neuroscience (or neurobiology) is the scientific study of the nervous system. It is the branch of biology which investigates every aspect of the brain and nervous system.\nThe nervous system is made of billions of neurons connected together and to other systems in the body. The central nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord and retina. It is connected to the rest of the body via the peripheral nervous system. \nResearch themes.\nNeuroscience research focusses on a set of themes and questions. "}
+{"id": "55032", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55032", "title": "Conversation analysis", "text": "Conversation analysis (commonly abbreviated as CA) is the study of talk in social interaction. CA tries to describe the structure and patterns of interaction, whether this is institutional (in the school, doctor's surgery, courts or elsewhere) or casual conversation. \nThe term \u201cconversation\u201d to label this disciplinary movement is misleading if read in a colloquial sense, as many have. "}
+{"id": "55033", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55033", "title": "Mark-Anthony Turnage", "text": "Mark-Anthony Turnage (born Grays, Essex, 10 June 1960) is an English composer. He is one of the most original composers in his country today. \nTurnage studied at the Royal College of Music and won all the major prizes. He became famous when he wrote an opera called \"Greek\". It is typical of his musical style: quite lyrical but also very dramatic and aggressive. His music is often inspired by jazz. Other works include \"Kai\", \"Rockaby\", \"Blood on the Floor\", \"Dispelling the Fears\", \"Drowned Out\" and \"Three Screaming Popes\". He has written music for the English National Opera, City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. "}
+{"id": "55034", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55034", "title": "Hydrothermal vent", "text": "A hydrothermal vent is an opening in the seabed of the Earth by which geothermal energy escapes. Sea water enters, becomes very hot, and rises. The hottest ones carry many black chemicals and are called black smokers. Scientists have found fewer white smokers. Heat escapes from underground in many places. If they are on land, they are usually hot springs, geysers, or fumaroles. Many archaea and bacteria live near hydrothermal vents. They support giant tube worms, clams and shrimp, and many other eukaryotes. The earliest known life forms are thought to have lived near such vents.\nBiological communities.\nDeep sea organisms have no access to sunlight, so they must depend on nutrients in the chemical deposits and hydrothermal fluids in which they live. Despite this, hydrothermal vent zones have more than 10,000 to 100,000 times as much life as the rest of the seafloor.\nHydrothermal vent communities are able to sustain such vast amounts of life because vent organisms depend on chemosynthetic bacteria for food, as opposed to the photosynthetic plants other ecosystems use. These bacteria use sulfur compounds, particularly hydrogen sulfide, a chemical highly toxic to most other organisms, to produce organic material through the process of chemosynthesis.\nThe chemosynthetic bacteria grow into a thick mat which attracts other organisms such as amphipods and copepods which graze upon the bacteria directly. Larger organisms such as snails, shrimp, crabs, giant tube worms, fish, and octopus form a food chain of predator and prey relationships above the primary consumers. \nThe main groups of organisms around seafloor vents are worms, gastropods, and crustaceans, with large bivalves, and 'eyeless' shrimp making up the bulk of non-microbial organisms.\nTube worms form an important part of the community around a hydrothermal vent. They absorb nutrients directly into their tissues. There are approximately 285 billion bacteria per ounce of tubeworm tissue.\nTubeworms have red plumes which contain haemoglobin. Haemoglobin combines hydrogen sulfide and transfers it to the bacteria living inside the worm. In return the bacteria nourish the worm with carbon compounds. \nOther examples of the unique fauna who inhabit this ecosystem are the gastropod \"Crysomallon squamiferum\", a species of snail with a foot reinforced by scales made of iron and organic materials, and the 'Pompeii Worm' \"Alvinella pompejana\", which is capable of withstanding temperatures up to 80\u00b0C (176\u00b0F).\nOver 300 new species have been discovered at hydrothermal vents, many of them \"sister species\" to others in geographically separated vent areas. It has been proposed that before the North American plate overrode the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, there was a single biogeographic vent region found in the eastern Pacific. The subsequent barrier to travel began the evolutionary divergence of species in different locations. The examples of convergent evolution seen between distinct hydrothermal vents is seen as major support for the theory of natural selection and evolution as a whole.\nScientists have found bacteria that use photosynthesis in a black smoker off the coast of Mexico at a depth of . No sunlight penetrates that far into the waters. Instead, the bacteria, part of the Chlorobiaceae family, uses the faint glow from the black smoker. This is the first organism discovered in nature to exclusively use a light other than sunlight for photosynthesis."}
+{"id": "55035", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55035", "title": "Black Smoker", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55036", "revid": "10033767", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55036", "title": "Guava", "text": "Guavas are plants in the genus \"Psidium\" of the family Myrtaceae. There are about 100 species of tropical shrubs and small trees in the genus.\nThey are native to Mexico, the Caribbean, Central America and the northern part of South America. Now they are found in all the tropical, and in some subtropical, regions because they are edible fruits.\nGuava are also a kind of berry fruit on those plants. There are many kinds of guavas. The most common guava is the apple guava (\"Psidium guajava\"): it is so common that the word 'guava' usually refers to this species. Red guavas are called marooonguava. In 100 g of guava are 200 mg of vitamin C, which means that guavas have five times more vitamin C than oranges."}
+{"id": "55037", "revid": "314538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55037", "title": "Resting potential", "text": "The resting potential of a cell is the membrane potential that would be maintained if there were no action potentials, synaptic potentials, or other active changes in the membrane potential. In most cells the resting potential has a negative value, which by convention means that there is excess negative charge inside compared to outside. The resting potential is mostly determined by the concentrations of the ions in the fluids on both sides of the cell membrane and the ion transport proteins that are in the cell membrane."}
+{"id": "55038", "revid": "1548906", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55038", "title": "Thrust", "text": "Thrust is a force or a push. When a system pushes or accelerates mass in one direction, there is a thrust (force) just as large in the opposite direction. In math and physics, this is described by Isaac Newton\u2019s second and third laws. Thrust is used to describe how strongly an engine pushes. It can be used for many kinds of vehicles and engines such as rockets, motorboats, propellers, and jet engines.\nThrust compared to power.\nA very common question is how to compare the thrust number of an airplane engine with the mechanical power of a piston engine (the kind of engine in cars and in many airplanes with propellers). It is hard to compare these two. This is because they are not measuring the same exact thing. A piston engine does not move the plane. It just turns the propeller, which moves the plane. Because of this, piston engines are rated by how much power they give to the propeller.\nHowever, a jet engine has no propeller \u2013 it pushes the aircraft by moving hot air behind it. A useful way to measure the power of a jet engine is to how much power the jet engine gives to the aircraft through its thrust force. This is called the \u201cpropulsive power of the jet engine.\" Power is how much force it takes to move something over a distance, divided by the time it takes to move that distance:\nWhere P is power, F is force, d is distance, and t is time. For a rocket or jet engine, the force is the same as thrust produced by the engine. Distance divided by time is also called speed. So power is the same as thrust times speed\nWhere T is thrust and \"v\" is speed. This is the power being delivered by the engine at a certain thrust or velocity. The propulsive power of a jet engine increases with its speed.\nThrust compared to weight.\nWhen the thrust of a rocket or an engine is compared to the weight, it is called the Thrust-to-weight ratio. The number that comes from this comparison does not have any units, because it is a ratio. A ratio in this case means that the thrust of the engine (in newtons) is divided by the weight (in newtons). The purpose of this comparison is to show how well the engine or vehicle performs, for example how much acceleration. It is a number that can be used to compare various types of motors like airplane motors, jet engines, rocket engines, or car engines.\nThis comparison number can change while the engine is running. This is because the weight of the engine gets lighter as fuel is used. The thrust-to-weight ratio is used to actually compare engines is the number found when the engine is first running.\nThrust\u00a0is\u00a0measured\u00a0in \u201cpounds of\u00a0thrust\u201d in the U.S. and in newtons in the metric system\u20144.45 newtons of\u00a0thrust\u00a0equals 1 pound of\u00a0thrust. A pound of\u00a0thrust\u00a0is how much\u00a0thrust\u00a0it would take to keep a one-pound object unmoving against the force of gravity on earth.\nExamples.\nAn airplane makes forward thrust when air is pushed in the direction opposite to flight. The thrust is made by the spinning blades of a propeller. Thrust can also be made by a rotating fan pushing air out from the back of a jet engine. Another way is by ejecting hot gases from a rocket engine.\nReverse thrust is the opposite of forward thrust. In this way air is pushed in the same way as the motion of the body. Reverse thrust can be used to help braking after landing. This can be done by redirecting the thrust in a turbofan or jet engine or by changing the blade angle of a propeller driven aircraft.\nBirds normally achieve thrust during flight by flapping their wings.\nA boat with a motor makes thrust or reverse thrust when the propellers are turned to push water backwards (or forwards). The thrust that this makes pushes the boat in the opposite direction than the water is being pushed.\nA rocket is pushed forward by a thrust force as large as the force the exhaust gas makes when going out of the rocket nozzle. The force the exhaust gas makes is called the exhaust velocity. The velocity is measured compared to the rocket. For vertical launch of a rocket to work, the starting thrust must be more force than the weight of the rocket."}
+{"id": "55039", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55039", "title": "Thrust (disambiguation)", "text": "Thrust is a reaction force described by Newton's Second and Third Law. For this meaning, see Thrust.\nThis word has other uses:"}
+{"id": "55040", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55040", "title": "Robert A. Heinlein", "text": "Robert Anson Heinlein (July 7, 1907 \u2013 May 8, 1988) was an American writer. He mostly wrote science fiction books. He won the Hugo Award four times. Probably his best-known novels are Starship Troopers (1959, Hugo Award, was made into a film), and Stranger in a Strange Land (1961, Hugo Award). Two other Hugo awards were for Double Star (1956) and The Moon is a Harsh Mistress (1966). Together with Isaac Asimov and Arthur C. Clarke he is seen as one of the \"Big Three of Science Fiction\".\nHeinlein employed his concept of the \"World as Myth\" in various works, notably his science fiction novel \"The Number of the Beast,\" which features a device which navigates through Block Time (aka Eternalism) in a plenum of innumerable alternate universes."}
+{"id": "55041", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55041", "title": "Robert Anson Heinlein", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55043", "revid": "1458798", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55043", "title": "List of video game genres", "text": "A video game genre is category of related games based on their gameplay (the rules and action of a game). Unlike genres of movies and novels, these genres are not based on a game's setting, main characters, or plot elements. However, horror games have been counted as a genre."}
+{"id": "55045", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55045", "title": "Fable", "text": "A fable is a type of story which shows something in life or has a meaning to a word. A fable teaches a lesson or suggests a moral from it. A fable starts in the middle of the story, that means, jumps into the main event without detailed introduction of characters. The characters of a fable may be animals, plants and legendary creatures. When animals are used in fables, they think and talk like people, even though they act like animals. For example, in a fable a clay pot might say that it is frightened of being broken.\nThe stories told by fables are usually very simple. To understand a fable, the reader or listener does not need to know all about the characters, only one important thing. For this reason animals are often used in fables in a way that is easily understood because it is always the same. They keep the same \"characteristics\" from story to story.\nThe most famous fables are those attributed to Aesop (6th century B.C.). Many fables are so well known that their morals have become English sayings.\nFor example:\n\"Crying wolf\" is another well-known English saying. This comes from \"The Boy Who Cried Wolf\". This fable is about a boy who was sent to mind the sheep. The boy got lonely while minding the sheep, so he shouted \"Wolf! Wolf!\" The people came running. The next day, he did it again and they were very angry. On the third day the boy saw a wolf. He cried \"Wolf! Wolf!\" but no one came and the wolf ate him."}
+{"id": "55046", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55046", "title": "Drainage", "text": "Drainage is the natural or artificial removal of surface and sub-surface water from a given area. Many agricultural soils need drainage to improve production or to manage water supplies.\nEarly history.\nThe earliest archaeological record of an advanced system of drainage comes from the Indus Valley Civilization from around 3100 BC in what is now Pakistan and North India. The ancient Indus systems of sewerage and drainage that were developed and used in cities throughout the civilization were far more advanced than any found in contemporary urban sites in the Middle East and even more efficient than those in some areas of modern Pakistan and India today. All houses in the major cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro had access to water and drainage facilities. Waste water was directed to covered drains, which lined the major streets.\nReasons for artificial drainage.\nWetland soils may need drainage to be used for agriculture. In the northern USA and Europe, glaciation created numerous small lakes which gradually filled with humus to make marshes. Some of these were drained using open ditches and trenches.\nThe largest project of this type in the world has been in process for centuries in the Netherlands. The area between Amsterdam, Haarlem and Leiden was, in prehistoric times swampland and small lakes. Turf cutting (Peat mining), subsidence and shoreline erosion gradually caused the formation of one large lake, the Haarlemmermeer, or lake of Haarlem. The invention of wind powered pumping engines in the 15th century permitted drainage of some of the marginal land, but the final drainage of the lake had to await the design of large, steam powered pumps and agreements between regional authorities. The elimination of the lake occurred between 1849 and 1852, creating thousands of km2 of new land."}
+{"id": "55047", "revid": "1444326", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55047", "title": "Polder", "text": "Empoldering is a method of reclaiming land from the sea or from inland lakes, and a way to control floods. Empoldering involves the use of a polder, a piece of land in a low-lying area that has been reclaimed from a body of water by building dikes and drainage canals.\nAlthough empoldering is usually carried out in low-lying coastal areas, it can also be done in inland areas such as lakes and rivers. It is common in countries like the Netherlands, where much of the country is below sea level and subject to flooding. About one-fifth of the land in the Netherlands has been reclaimed from the sea. Their largest and most successful project is the Zuiderzee Works.\nPolders have two distinct features. Firstly, they are enclosed by dikes to keep the water out. The dikes also serve to protect the polder from erosion. Secondly, polders are continually maintained by systems of drainage canals and pumps which prevent them from becoming waterlogged and hence, suitable for cultivation.\nProcess.\nStage 1: Dike constructed around the area to be reclaimed to keep water from coming in.\nStage 2: The area is drained using pumps and drainage canals.\nStage 3: \"Reeds\" (a type of salt tolerant plant) are sown by aircraft to help the soil form.\nStage 4: After 3 years, reeds are burnt and the ash is used as fertilizers for the soil.\nStage 5: After a period of up to 15 years, the polder is ready for growing crops, building houses and constructing roads.\nLimits of land reclamation.\n1. Cost of reclaiming from deeper waters \n2. Availability of sand \n3. Dispute over territorial boundaries"}
+{"id": "55048", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55048", "title": "Empolder", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55051", "revid": "1475779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55051", "title": "Resistor", "text": "A resistor limits the electric current that flows through a circuit. Resistance is the restriction of current. In a resistor the energy of the electrons that pass through the resistor are changed to heat and/or light. For example, in a light bulb, the tungsten filament acts as a resistor that heats up because of the current going through it, causing it to glow.\nSeries and parallel.\nResistors can be linked in various combinations to help make a circuit:\nThere are many different types of resistors. Resistors have different power ratings to tell engineers how much power they can handle before they break and how accurate their value is. Connecting two resistors in series results in a higher resistance, and connecting them in parallel makes a lower resistance. \nNowadays the electrical industry in many cases uses so called surface-mount technology based resistors which can be very small.\nCalculating resistance.\nWhere R is the resistor's value \nOhm\u2019s Law.\nThe formula for Ohm\u2019s law, V=I*R, states that the voltage drop across a component is equal to the product of the current flowing in the component multiplied by the resistance of the component. When using Ohm\u2019s law, you are able to switch the formula around if needed to find a different outcome: I=V/R or R=V/I \nColor code.\nResistor's values are rated by the colors that are painted on the resistor. The colored bands that are used on the sides of a resistor are black, brown, red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, gray, and white. Each color represents a different number. The black band represents the number 0, brown band represents the number 1, red is 2 and so on all the way to white which is the number 9. These numbers are very important in the electronic field.\nA resistor has multiple bands of color on its side. The most common have four or five but they can range all the way up to 6 per resistor. On a four band resistor, the last band is usually gold or silver. The gold band represents a positive or negative 5% tolerance. The silver band on a resistor represents a positive or negative 10% tolerance. Hold this band on the right side, and read the colors from left to right. The first two bands are read as the numbers that they represent in the color code. The third band acts as a multiplier for the other bands, so for example, if the third band was an orange band which is a 3, it would mean you multiply the two numbers by 1000. In short you add the value of the color in zeros at the end, so add three zeros.\nOnline calculators are available to calculate color codes. When the color codes are put into the calculator, it will automatically calculate the value of the resistor, along with the tolerance.\nApplications.\nResistors are used in many different ways. First of all, they are put in circuits to protect components from damage such as LEDs.\nThey also control the amount of current flowing in a circuit, for example, if you want less current to flow you would put in a resistor with a higher value. Resistors can also split voltage between different parts of a circuit and control time delay.\nElectric heaters use very large resistors to turn electricity into heat. Usually, engineers try to make resistors heat up as little as possible to not waste power, but in a heater, this \"waste\" is a good thing. You can also use resistors for soldering electronics.\nResistor materials.\nMany different types of resistors are made. They are made with a resistive material encased in a non-conductive material, such as plastic or ceramic. Fixed resistors are usually made of carbon encased in a plastic cylinder, with a connecting wire on either end. Most resistors used in electronics today are carbon resistors. Older resistors were made of other poorly conducting metals, in order to restrict the flow of charge."}
+{"id": "55056", "revid": "9999075", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55056", "title": "Death Star", "text": "The Death Star is a fictional moon-sized space station and superweapon. It was invented for the \"Star Wars\" movies. It was a huge spherical space station which fired a ray of energy which could destroy a planet.\nOrigin and design.\nThe details of the Death Star changed between different models during production of '. These changes include the position of the superlaser. The idea of the Death Star as a large, spherical space station was the same in all the models. The sound of the Death Star counting down until it fires comes from the \"Flash Gordon\" movies from the 1930's. Making a Death Star that was only partly built (but was still powerful) was a problem for Industrial Light & Magic's modelmakers for '. Only the front side of the 137-centimeter model was finished. The image was flipped horizontally for the final movie. The Death Star is a Super Weapon used by the Galactic Empire in Star Wars. Both Death Stars were created in the movies by using a full models, models of sections of the space station and matte paintings.\nDepiction.\nMovies.\nThe first Death Star was shown in its finished form in \"\". It was commanded by Grand Moff Tarkin (Peter Cushing). The Death Star was the Galactic Empire's \"ultimate weapon\". The movie begins with Leia Organa (Carrie Fisher) attempting to take the station's plans to the Rebel Alliance, wanting to help them destroy the Death Star. Onboard her vessel, she was captured by an imperial ship and taken captive to the Death Star. There, Tarkin tries to make Leia reveal the location of the rebel base by threatening the use of the Death Star to destroy Leia's home world, Alderaan. She tells them a location but not the real one, but Tarkin has her planet destroyed anyway. Later, Luke Skywalker (Mark Hamill) and his small crew are also captured and taken to the station, escaping with Leia shortly after. In the movie's main battle scene, the force ghost of Obi-wan Kenobi tells Luke to use the \"Force\" to help him direct proton torpedoes from his x-wing into the Death Star' reactor core and not with his ship's targeting system. Luke obeys and successfully launches the torpedoes into the core. This ultimately resulted in the destruction of the battle station.\n\"Return of the Jedi\" takes place four years later. At this time, the Empire is building a new Death Star. It is half-finished in the movie. Darth Sidious (Ian McDiarmid) and Darth Vader (David Prowse/James Earl Jones) send the Rebels false information with the intention of trapping the Rebels, saying that the station's weapons systems are not fully functional. They also want to get Skywalker on board so they can turn him to the dark side of the Force. In the movie's climax, Vader throws Sidious down one of the station's reactor core, apparently killing him. However, Sidious fires a large amount of sith lightning during this process and critically damages the electronics on Vader's suit that keeps him alive. Luke tries to get his father out of the battle station but he dies shortly after. Luke then takes Vader's body and leaves the Death Star just before it is destroyed by Lando Calrissian on board the \"Millennium Falcon.\"\nThe first Death Star is also dealt with in the \"Star Wars\" prequel trilogy. Its schematics are shown in '. At the end of ', the Death Star is shown starting to be built."}
+{"id": "55059", "revid": "36199", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55059", "title": "Doctor of Philosophy", "text": "The Doctor of Philosophy, (PhD, Ph.D., DPhil or D.Phil.) is a degree which a person gets from a university by finishing a doctorate program. In many areas of study, the PhD / DPhil is the highest degree that a person can earn. This is called the \"terminal degree\". There are PhD / DPhil degrees for many different fields. Examples of these include PhDs / DPhils in literature, philosophy, history, science, mathematics and engineering. Some PhD / DPhil degrees have existed for hundreds of years, such as a PhD / DPhil in Canon Law. Other PhD / DPhil degrees were developed in the 1970s and 1980s, such as the PhD / DPhil in computer science.\nRequirements for degree.\nTo be admitted to a PhD / DPhil program, a person usually has to have completed their Bachelor's degree or master's degree that is related to the PhD / DPhil degree. For example, a person applying to be admitted to a PhD / DPhil degree in theater would normally have to have a master's degree such as a Master of Arts (MA) degree in theater, English literature or a related area.\nElements of a PhD / DPhil degree.\nThe PhD / DPhil degree usually takes between three and six years of full-time study to complete. They may or may not require a master's degree beforehand. Many PhD / DPhil degrees begin with a period of graduate courses. After the PhD / DPhil student has taken these courses, they take examinations to test what the student knows about their area of study. After the student passes the exams, they begin to do original research. The product is a long research report called a dissertation (or a \"thesis\"). Some PhD / DPhil degrees also require students to pass exams in languages (such as French, German or other languages). Many PhD / DPhil students teach undergraduate students or assist professors with research during their PhD / DPhil studies.\nAs a requirement for university teaching.\nRequirements for university teaching vary in different subjects and in different countries. A PhD / DPhil is necessary or usual to become a university professor in many fields, especially in science. However, many famous professors have not had higher degrees, though that is less common today. In some fields, there is no PhD / DPhil, and so another degree is required to become a university professor. For example, the highest degree in Fine Arts fields such as printmaking or graphic design is the Master of Fine Arts (MFA) degree. A person with an MFA degree can become a university professor in some Fine Arts fields."}
+{"id": "55068", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55068", "title": "Marine ecoregion", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55069", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55069", "title": "Freshwater ecoregion", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55070", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55070", "title": "Global 200", "text": "The Global 200 is the list of ecoregions identified by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) as priorities for conservation. According to the WWF, an ecoregion is defined as a \"relatively large unit of land or water containing a characteristic set of natural communities that share a large majority of their species, dynamics, and environmental conditions (Dinerstein et al. 1995, TNC 1997).\"\nThe WWF assigns a conservation status to each ecoregion in the Global 200: critical or endangered; vulnerable; and relatively stable or intact. Over half of the ecoregions in the Global 200 are rated endangered."}
+{"id": "55071", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55071", "title": "Ecoregion", "text": "An ecoregion (ecological region), sometimes called a bioregion, is the next smallest ecologically and geographically defined area beneath \"realm\" or \"ecozone\". Ecoregions cover relatively large area of land or water, and contain characteristic, geographically distinct natural communities and species. When defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), the boundaries of an ecoregion approximate the original extent of the natural communities prior to any major recent disruptions or changes. The WWF has identified 825 terrestrial ecoregions, and approximately 450 freshwater ecoregions across the Earth.\nWorld Wide Fund for Nature's full definition of an ecoregion, which is widely accepted and used, is the following:\nThe \"Global 200\" is the list of ecoregions identified by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) as priorities for conservation.\nTerrestrial.\nA terrestrial ecoregion is a certain area of land which is different from the area near it. It has a distinct climate, geology, type of soil, water availability, and distinct living species (the animals and plants that live in the ecoregion).\nFor example, one ecoregion can be a desert. It would have sand, very little water, very hot temperatures during the day and very cold at night. The plants could be just bushes, small trees, cactii. The animals could be scorpions, little mammals, spiders.\nOr for example, an ecoregion could be a tropical forest It would have warm temperatures all day, a lot of rainfall all year, a huge river crossing, and a very organic soil. The plants could be huge trees or ferns. The animals could be insects, birds, fish and apes.\nMarine.\nMarine ecoregions are regions of the world's oceans, that are defined by the WWF, to help activities for saving marine ecosystems.\nThe scheme used to find out these ecoregions is more or less the same as that for terrestrial ecoregions. Major habitat types are identified: polar, temperate shelfs and seas, temperate upwelling, tropical upwelling, tropical coral, pelagic, abyssal, and hadal (ocean trench) \u2014 which correspond to the terrestrial biomes. Major biogeographic realms, analogous to the seven terrestrial ecozones, represent large regions of the ocean basins: North Temperate Atlantic, Eastern Tropical Atlantic, Western Tropical Atlantic, South Temperate Atlantic, North Temperate Indo-Pacific, Central Indo-Pacific, Eastern Indo-Pacific, Western Indo-Pacific, South Temperate Indo-Pacific, Southern Ocean, Antarctic, Arctic, and Mediterranean.\nThe classification of Marine ecoregions is not developed to the same level of detail and comprehensiveness as that of the terrestrial ecoregions; only the priority conservation areas of the Global 200 are listed.\nSee Global 200 Marine ecoregions for a full list of marine ecoregions (World Wide Fund for Nature).\nFreshwater.\nFreshwater ecoregions are the freshwater habitats of a particular geographic area, including rivers, streams, lakes, and wetlands. Freshwater ecoregions are distinct from terrestrial ecoregions, which have biotic communities of the land, and marine ecoregions, which are biotic communities of the oceans.\nThe WWF speaks of seven major habitat types of freshwater ecoregions: Large rivers, large river headwaters, large river deltas, small rivers, large lakes, small lakes, and xeric basins.\nSeveral freshwater ecoregions are listed in the Global 200, the WWF's priority ecoregions for conservation of biodiversity."}
+{"id": "55073", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55073", "title": "Wetland", "text": "In physical geography, a wetland is an environment that combines the properties of land and water. Wetlands are a distinct kind of ecosystem.\nThe combination of wet and dry areas means that many more different kinds of plants, animals and insects may live in a wetland than compared to other types of habitat. Because of this great biodiversity, several important wetlands are among the Global 200 ecoregions that the Worldwide Fund for Nature listed for conservation to try to get people to protect them. As well, Ramsar Convention is adopted in 1971 for protection of wetland."}
+{"id": "55074", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55074", "title": "Marsh", "text": "In geography, a marsh is a type of wetland. It has grasses, rushes, reeds, typhas, sedges, and other herbaceous plants (possibly with low-growing woody plants) in a context of shallow water. A marsh is different from a swamp, which has a greater proportion of open water surface, which is generally deeper than a marsh. In the US, the term 'swamp' is used for wetland dominated by trees rather than grasses and low herbs.\nThe water of a marsh can be fresh, brackish or saline. Coastal marshes may be associated with estuaries and along waterways between coastal barrier islands and the inner coast. Estuarine marshes often are based on soils consisting of sandy bottoms or bay muds.\nMarshes are critically important wildlife habitat, often serving as breeding grounds for a wide variety of animal life."}
+{"id": "55077", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55077", "title": "Contagious", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55078", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55078", "title": "Infectious", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55083", "revid": "1239704", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55083", "title": "Ulan-Ude", "text": "Ulan-Ude (Russian:\u0423\u043b\u0430\u0301\u043d-\u0423\u0434\u044d\u0301; Buryat: \u0423\u043b\u0430\u0430\u043d-\u04ae\u0434\u044d), formerly Verkhneudinsk (), the capital city of the Buryat Republic, Russia. The city is located about 100\u00a0km south-east of Lake Baikal. It sits at the foot of the Khamar-Daban and Khrebet Ulan-Burgasy mountain ranges, next to the confluence of the Selenga River and its tributary, the Uda. The city is divided into two parts by the Uda. Population 359,391 (2002 Census); 352,530 (1989 Census). It is the third largest city in East Siberia. It is served by Ulan-Ude Airport (Mukhino) as well as the smaller Ulan-Ude Vostochny Airport.\nUlan-Ude was founded in 1666 by the Russian Cossacks. Due to its geographical position, the city grew rapidly and became a large trade centre which connected Russia with China and Mongolia. There are old merchants' mansions richly decorated with wood and stone carving in the historical center of Ulan-Ude, along the river banks. They represent beautiful examples of Russian classicism. There is also a large and highly unusual head of Lenin in the central square."}
+{"id": "55084", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55084", "title": "Ulan Ude", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55085", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55085", "title": "Verkhneudinsk", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55087", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55087", "title": "Pelagic zone", "text": "The pelagic zone is the open sea or ocean that is not near the coast. The name comes from the Greek \u03c0\u03ad\u03bb\u03b1\u03b3\u03bf\u03c2 (\"p\u00e9lagos\"), which might be translated as \"open sea\".\nTo make this clear, seas around continents have continental crust beneath them. They are shallow. Seas away from continents can be very deep, and do not have continental shelves beneath them. \nSub-zones.\nThe pelagic (or open ocean) zone is divided into a number of sub-zones:\nThe last three zones are similar in character, and some marine biologists count them as a single zone or consider the latter two to be the one zone. Some define the hadopelagic as waters below 6000 meters, whether in a trench or not."}
+{"id": "55088", "revid": "8730164", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55088", "title": "Vitamin A", "text": "Vitamin A is a vitamin, a group of organic chemicals including retinal and several carotenoids. The human body does not make these chemicals, and must take them from food. Egg yolks and liver are both rich in vitamin A. Many parts of the body need vitamin A. For example, vitamin A helps sight and is good for the immune system. It is also important for a growing embryo.\n\u03b2-carotene, a provitamin found in foods like carrots can be converted to vitamin A. The efficiency of the conversion depends on genetics and fat consumption.\nToo little vitamin A is dangerous to health. People who do not get enough of the vitamin may lose the ability to see in poor light and suffer from a weakened immune system. They may also have problems with memory, because vitamin A is important for the brain. People with malnutrition often have too little vitamin A. This is common in poor countries.\nHypervitaminosis A.\nToo much vitamin A is also dangerous to one's health. It is a condition known as hypervitaminosis. Vitamin A is not soluble in water, and the human body can not get rid of the excess vitamin A easily by urination. Too much vitamin A can make someone very sick. People may get too much vitamin A from taking too many vitamin pills or from eating too much A-rich food like liver.\nWhat applies to humans applies to all mammals at least. Some large predators, such as the big cats, seem not to eat their preys' livers. On the other hand, polar bears apparently do so, and they store vitamin A in their liver cells. However, they have long, sometimes very long, periods between kills. In contrast, African big cats kill about every three or four days, and they do seem to avoid eating the preys' livers."}
+{"id": "55090", "revid": "275563", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55090", "title": "Vitamin D", "text": "Vitamin D is a hormone. It is a steroid which is made in the body under the right conditions. To make it, the body needs sunlight, which acts on the lower layers of the skin. \nHowever, if the body does not make enough, it can be found from food sources in tiny amounts. In fact, many countries add it automatically to certain foods like milk. Supplements can be easily found in most developed countries.\nVitamin D is a fat-soluble nutrient. This means that any portion not used immediately is stored in fat tissue for future use.\nWhat it does.\nAs a hormone, Vitamin D does many things in the body. It was first discovered as the substance which could prevent and cure rickets. It controls the levels of calcium ions and phosphates in the blood, as well as calcium and magnesium absorption in the intestines. It helps bones grow and form. It is also good for the immune system.\nDifferent kinds.\nIn total, there are 5 different forms, D1 to D5. The most common ones are D2 and D3 (see images).\nD3 (also called cholecalciferol) is the kind produced by the body. It is also found naturally in marine oils and in lanolin (oil from sheep's wool), the most common source for supplements.\nD2 (also called ergocalciferol) is produced by fungi. It is similar to D3, but not exactly the same.\nGetting enough.\nD3 is made in the skin from cholesterol, and changed into a more active form by the liver. However, the skin will not make it unless enough ultraviolet light shines on it. As sunlight contains ultraviolet light, getting enough sun is one way of getting enough D3.\nMany things can keep the skin from making enough D3. Winter sunlight may be too weak. Melanin, which protects skin from damage, also keeps it from making D3, which is why people with darker skin are more prone to deficiency. Older people are also prone, because aging skin makes less D3, even with enough sunlight. Clothing, glass, sunscreens and sunblocks also shield the skin from getting enough ultraviolet light to make D3.\nIt is hard to know how much supplemental Vitamin D, if any, is needed. Less than 25 micrograms (1000 IU) per day, but up to 100 mcg (4000 IU) per day is considered safe. A recent panel of Vitamin D researchers concluded that \"at least\" 20-25 mcg (800-1000 IU) per day would help most adults.\nFew foods naturally contain much D3. Fish do, especially oily ones, such as salmon, sardine and mackerel. Many kinds of edible mushrooms contain some D2, like shiitake. Mushrooms grown in full sunlight tend to have more."}
+{"id": "55091", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55091", "title": "Biome", "text": "In ecology, a biome is a major regional group of distinctive plant and animal\ncommunities best adapted to the region's physical natural environment,\nlatitude, elevation, and terrain.\nA biome is made up of ecoregions or settlements at stable steady state and all associated transitional, disturbed, or degraded, vegetation, fauna and soils, but can often be identified by the climax vegetation type.\nThe biodiversity characteristic of each biome, especially the diversity of fauna and subdominant plant forms, is a function of abiotic factors and the biomass productivity of the dominant vegetation. Terrestrial biomes with higher net primary productivity, moisture availability, and temperature.\nA fundamental classification of biomes is into:\nBiomes are often given local names. For example, a temperate grassland or shrubland biome is known commonly as \"steppe\" in central Asia, \"savanna\" or \"field\" in southern Africa, \"prairie\" in North America, \"pampa\" in South America and \"outback\" or \"scrub\" in Australia.\nSometimes an entire biome may be targeted for protection, especially under an individual nation's \"Biodiversity Action Plan\".\nTerrestrial biomes.\nClimate is a major factor determining the distribution of terrestrial biomes. Among the important climatic factors are:\nBiodiversity generally increases away from the poles towards the equator, and increases with humidity.\nThe most widely used systems of classifying biomes correspond to latitude (or temperature zoning) and humidity.\nUdvardy system.\nIn 1975, Miklos Udvardy published a system of biogeographic provinces that were divided into 12 terrestrial biomes.\nBailey system.\nRobert G. Bailey developed a biogeographical classification system for the United States in a map published in 1975. Bailey subsequently expanded the system to include the rest of North America in 1981, and the world in 1989. The Bailey system is based on climate, and is divided into four domains (Polar, Humid Temperate, Dry, and Humid Tropical), with further divisions based on other climate characteristics (subarctic, warm temperate, hot temperate, and subtropical, marine and continental, lowland and mountain).\nWWF system.\nA team of biologists developed an ecological land classification system for the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) that identified 14 biomes, called major habitat types, and further divided the world's land area into 867 terrestrial ecoregions. This classification is used to define the Global 200 list of ecoregions identified by the (WWF) as priorities for conservation. The WWF major habitat types are as follows:\nOther biomes.\nThe Endolithic biome, consisting entirely of microscopic life in rock pores (small holes in rocks) and cracks, kilometers beneath the surface, has only recently been discovered and does not fit well into most classification schemes."}
+{"id": "55093", "revid": "8727646", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55093", "title": "Vitamin E", "text": "Vitamin E (which is also called Tocopherol or Tocotrienol, E307, E308,E309) is a vitamin. There are eight forms of it, E1 to E8. It can be found in vegetable oils. Very often it is also added to lotions and creams for the skin. It is supposed to help the healing of the skin, after burns and injuries, and lower the risk of heart disease and cancer.\nSome research suggests that vitamin E has anti-aging benefits."}
+{"id": "55094", "revid": "8734223", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55094", "title": "Vitamin K", "text": "Vitamin K is a vitamin which is soluble in fat. It is probably best known for its role in the coagulation (clotting) of blood. However, it also serves other important functions in the body.\nVitamin K was discovered by a Danish chemist named Henrik Dam. He won the 1943 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering its key role in the coagulation of blood. Since that time, Vitamin K's role in other physiologic functions has become known. One of the most important is its role in controlling where calcium goes in the body.\nWithout Vitamin K, there would be a loss of blood when a person bleeds, which can lead to unconsciousness or even death. Vitamin K can be found in green vegetables, such as spinach, lettuce, broccoli or cabbage."}
+{"id": "55098", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55098", "title": "B vitamins", "text": "The B vitamin complex (also called B vitamins) are a group of 8 vitamins. They have an important job in the metabolism of cells. Each B vitamin is a cofactor (a coenzyme) for some key metabolic processes or it is a precursor needed to make one.\nOriginally, people thought they were just different forms of one vitamin (as with Vitamin D, for example). Later it turned out that they are separate vitamins that often can be found together. They are Vitamin B1/Thiamine, Vitamin B2/Riboflavin, Vitamin B3/Vitamin P/Vitamin PP/Niacin,Vitamin B5/Pantothenic acid, Vitamin B6, Vitamin B7/Vitamin H/Biotin, Vitamin B9/Vitamin M/Vitamin B-c/Folate and Vitamin B12. They are required for growth, and proper functioning of nerves and muscles. B vitamins are found in meat, milk, whole grains and fresh vegetables.\nVitamin B deficiencies have been shown to cause the following symptoms:\nWell-known medical syndromes caused by thiamine deficiency are beri-beri, Wernicke\u2013Korsakoff syndrome (WKS), and optic neuropathy."}
+{"id": "55099", "revid": "5400", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55099", "title": "Tree-line", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55100", "revid": "1331382", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55100", "title": "Subarctic climate", "text": "Places with a subarctic climate (also called boreal climate) have long, usually very cold winters, and short, warm summers. It is found on large landmasses, away from oceans, usually at latitudes from 50\u00b0 to 70\u00b0N. Because there are no large landmasses at such latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere, it is only found at high \"altitudes \"(heights) in the Andes and the mountains of Australia and New Zealand's South Island. These climates are in groups \"Dfc\", \"Dwc\", \"Dfd\" and \"Dwd\" in the K\u00f6ppen climate classification\nThis type of climate has very big changes in temperature throughout the year. In winter, temperatures can drop to -40\u00a0\u00b0C (also -40\u00a0\u00b0F) and in summer, the temperature may go above 30\u00a0\u00b0C (86\u00a0\u00b0F). But the summers are short, as there are no more than three months of the year with an average temperature of at least 10\u00a0\u00b0C (50\u00a0\u00b0F). However, at least one must have an average temperature of at least 10\u00a0\u00b0C (50\u00a0\u00b0F) . In addition, the coldest month must be below 0\u00b0C (32\u00b0F) The subarctic climate is in between the humid continental climate and the polar climate. The subarctic climate is found in the these places:\nWith 5\u20137 months in a row where the average temperature is below freezing, all water in the soil and subsoil freezes several feet deep. In the colder parts of this climate, summer warmth is not enough to \"thaw\" (unfreeze) more than a few feet on the top of the soil, so there can be \"permafrost\"(soil that is frozen forever). When the ice melts in the summer, 2 to 14\u00a0ft (0.6 to 4 m) of soil can thaw, depending on the latitude and the type of soil. Some subarctic climates near oceans (such as southern Alaska and the northern edge of Europe), have milder winters and no permafrost, so it is easier to farm there.\nSummer is very short; it has about 45 to 100 days at most, and in a lot of places, the temperatures can go below freezing (32\u00a0\u00b0F or 0\u00a0\u00b0C) at any time of the year, even in the summer. Vegetation (plants) in a subarctic climate usually has low diversity (only a few different types of plants grow), because only \"hardy\" (very tough) species can survive the long winters and make use of the short summers. Trees are mostly evergreen conifers, because few \"broadleaved\" (big leaves) trees can survive the very low temperatures in winter. This type of forest is also known as taiga. The word \"taiga\" can also be a name for the climate itself. A lot of plants grow in the taiga (even if there are only a few different kinds of plants), so the taiga (boreal) forest is the largest forest biome on the planet, with most of the forests in Russia and Canada.\nIt is usually very hard to farm in subarctic climates, because the soil is \"infertile\" (it doesn't have the nutrients that many plants need to grow) and because of the many swamps and lakes that ice sheets make, and only very tough crops can survive the short growing seasons. On the plus side, the days last longer in the summer as you get closer to the poles. So the plants that can grow get a lot of sunlight. Potatoes, strawberries, blueberries and hay for animals grow well. Special varieties of other plants may grow as well.\nThere is very little precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, or hail); no more than 15 to 20 inches over an entire year. Rain and snow may stay above ground until the ground melts. This means that when the precipitation does soak into the ground, it can be very wet and muddy.\nClose to the Earth's poles and the water around the poles, the warmest month has an average temperature of less than 10\u00a0\u00b0C (50\u00a0\u00b0F), and the subarctic climate turns into a tundra climate, which is even worse for trees.\nHere are some places with subarctic climates:\nSome places in the climate group \"Dfd\" (a very, very cold subarctic climate) are:"}
+{"id": "55102", "revid": "1486718", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55102", "title": "ONS coding system", "text": "The ONS coding system is a system used in the United Kingdom for dealing with census and other statistical data. It is used by the Office for National Statistics as a way to label each area of England and Wales. It is also used for parts of Northern Ireland. The system uses a code for the larger census areas, counties and districts. It then breaks those areas down into smaller areas within the larger areas. Each of the smaller areas get a code that is based on the larger area. Areas are divided in this way until they get to the smallest size used for census data. An area must have at least 40 households, but they try to not divide an area into a size smaller than 100 households. "}
+{"id": "55103", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55103", "title": "Michael Tippett", "text": "Sir Michael Kemp Tippett OM CH CBE (2 January 1905 \u2013 8 January 1998) was an English composer. He is one of the greatest and most original composers of the 20th century. His work was published for the first time when he was 30 years old, and only become famous when he was about 40. The rhythms in his music and the tonality are very original. He is remembered for many kinds of music: opera, oratorio, orchestral music, chamber music and piano music. His oratorio \"A Child of our Time\" is especially well-known and often performed by choirs.\nHis life.\nTippett was born in Eastcote, Middlesex and spent his childhood in a small village in Suffolk. His father had retired and had bought a hotel in Cannes, France. Michael and his brother learned to speak French when they were very young. He was sent to school in Edinburgh when he was 13 but did not like it there so he went to the local Stamford Grammar School in Lincolnshire.\nThe only musical training he had as a child were his piano lessons. When he had finished his school years he decided he wanted to be a composer, but neither he nor his parents knew the best way to become a composer. He started having more piano lessons. Then someone said he should go to the Royal College of Music. He went there at the beginning of the summer term, 1923 and spent five years there studying music. He then moved to Oxted in Surrey and for six years he taught French at a school. He composed in his free time.\nIn Oxted there was a small choir. Tippett had sung with them while he was a student. Now he became their conductor and he learned a lot about music by getting the choir to sing English madrigals and other music including operatic music. He took some more lessons in composition from R.O.Morris at the RCM. He went to music camps where he learned more ideas about politics than about music. He agreed with a lot of the ideas of Trotsky. He became a pacifist and in 1940 he registered as a conscientious objector. In 1943 he spent three months in prison because he refused to help with the war effort.\nMeanwhile, Tippett had become director of music at Morley College. He made the choir there into one of the best choirs in England. He played a lot of music by Henry Purcell whose music was not as well known then as it is now. He also worked with young musicians who later became famous: the tenor Peter Pears, the countertenor Alfred Deller and the Amadeus String Quartet.\nIn 1951 he became a broadcaster with the BBC. Some of the talks he gave on the radio were published in his book \"Moving into Aquarius\". He continued a brilliant career as composer, conductor and broadcaster. He was director of the Bath Festival which he helped to improve a lot. He became internationally famous, especially in America. His \"Symphony no 4\" and his oratorio \"Mask of Time\" were written for performances in America. His last opera \"New Year\" was written jointly for the Houston Grand Opera, Glyndebourne and the BBC. He was made a CBE in 1959, knighted in 1966, made a Companion of Honour in 1979 and received an Order of Merit in 1983. He received many honours from universities.\nTippett died from pneumonia in London in 1998 after travelling to Stockholm for a festival which included all his works except his stage works. Although he was able to return home he died shortly afterwards.\nHis music.\nIt is unusual for a great musician to begin studying music properly at the age of 18. However, he was old enough to realize that he had a lot to learn. He studied counterpoint and was influenced by the way Classical composers had shaped their music. Beethoven especially was an inspiration for him. One of his best-known works is the \"Concerto for Double String Orchestra\" (1938-1939). It shows his love of folk music as well as interest in English music of the Renaissance. This music is exciting because of its beats, which keep changing, and its dance-like character.\n\"A Child of Our Time\" was an oratorio which used negro spirituals. He combined these with his own style of music. It is about something that really happened in 1938. A 17-year-old Jewish Polish boy killed a Nazi diplomat because the Nazis had taken away his parents. The Nazis were angry and killed lots of Jews in return. It was something which helped to lead to the World War II. Tippett\u2019s music is about the cruelty that humans show towards one another.\nTippett\u2019s operas include \"A Midsummer Marriage\" (started 1946, first performed 1955), \"King Priam\" (1958-61), \"The Knot Garden\" (1966-69) and \"The Ice Break\" (1973-76) and \"New Year\" (1989). He wrote several choral works. His orchestral works include 4 symphonies, a \"Fantasia concertante on a Theme of Corelli\" for strings (1953), a \"Piano Concerto\" (1953-55) and a \"Concerto for violin, viola and cello\" (1979). His chamber music includes piano sonatas and string quartets.\nHis writings.\nTippett published many of his writings. \"Moving into Aquarius\" consists of talks given on the BBC. In his autobiography \"Those Twentieth Century Blues\" he discusses many of his problems, including his homosexuality, which in his earlier years he could not talk about because it was illegal at that time."}
+{"id": "55105", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55105", "title": "Claw", "text": "A claw is a sharp object. It is found at the end of a toe or finger in many mammals, birds, and some reptiles. The word \"claw\" is also used in reference to an invertebrate. For example, the chelae of crabs and lobsters are often called claws or pincers. \nA claw is made of hard protein called keratin. They are used by some meat eating mammals such as cats to catch and hold prey, but they may also be used for other things such as digging, climbing trees, and so on, in those and other species.\nSimilar appendages that are flat and do not come to a sharp point are called nails instead.\nArthropods.\nThe correct name for an arthropod's 'claw' is chela (plural \"chelae\"). Legs that have a chela are called chelipeds. Chelae are also called pincers.\nTetrapods.\nIn tetrapods, claws are made of keratin and have two layers. The unguis is the outside hard layer, which has keratin fibers arranged perpendicular to the direction of growth and in layers at an angle. The subunguis is the soft, flaky layer, and the grain is parallel to the direction of growth. The claw grows outward from the nail matrix at the base of the unguis and the subunguis grows thicker while traveling across the nail bed. The unguis grows outward faster than the subunguis to make a curve and the thinner sides of the claw wear away faster than their thicker middle, making a more or less sharp point. Tetrapods use their claws in many ways, such as grasping or killing prey, digging, climbing, and hanging.\nBirds.\nA talon is the claw of a bird of prey, which it uses to hunt. The talons are very important. If they did not have them, those birds might not be able to catch their food. In any event, birds often need to carry their prey back to the nest. Nests are safe places where prey can be shared with chicks or with their partner. In its nest a bird can tear prey apart and feed pieces to its ever-hungry chicks.\nMammals.\nA nail is similar to a claw but it is flatter and has a curved edge instead of a point. A nail that is big enough to hold weight is called a 'hoof'. \nEvery so often, the growth of claws stops and restarts, just like the growth of hair. In hair, this causes the hair to fall out and it is replaced by a new one. In claws, this results in an old layer, and it breaks off. This takes several months for human thumbnails. Cats are often seen working old layers off on wood or on boards made for the purpose. Ungulates' hooves trim themselves when they walk on the ground. Domesticated equids (horses, donkeys and mules) usually need regular trimming by a farrier. In the wild, horses regularly travel much further than do domestic horses. \nMany predatory mammals have claws that can hide inside the animal's paw, especially animals such as the cat. \nPrimates.\nA primate's nail only has the unguis; the subunguis has disappeared. Similar to the tail, the claw in apes is not needed. However, in some primates, the subunguis has redeveloped to make a claw-like structure. These certain animals do not have actual claws; instead the unguis appears normal along with a thick growth of subunguis. Some lemurs have a toilet-claw which they use for scratching and grooming."}
+{"id": "55106", "revid": "1247871", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55106", "title": "Max and Moritz", "text": "Max and Moritz (German: Max und Moritz) are two naughty little boys in a story by Wilhelm Busch. The stories were written in 1865 and are still extremely popular in Germany.\nWilhelm Busch was an artist as well as a writer. He wrote a lot of stories in rhyme and made drawings to go with them. \"Max and Moritz\" are stories like these. The two boys get up to lots of naughty pranks. There are seven stories (seven pranks). In the final prank they are caught and come to a sad end. In the 19th century writers had to show that bad behaviour would be punished in the end. The seven stories are stories with a moral.\nThe seven stories.\nIn the first story the boys tie pieces of bread onto pieces of string and put it down where an old woman, Widow Bolte, keeps her hens. The hens each try to swallow a piece of bread, which sticks in their throats and they end up hanging in the tree and die.\nIn the second story Widow Bolte, who is still crying, decides she might as well roast the hens. The boys take fishing rods, climb onto the roof and pull the frying chickens up with their rods. Widow Bolte finds the chickens gone, thinks her little dog has eaten them, and gives the poor dog a beating.\nIn the third story they take a saw and make a hole in the tiny wooden bridge outside the tailor\u2019s house. They shout at the tailor, calling him names. He is furious and comes running out, the bridge breaks and he falls into the stream. Two flying geese save him. He has a terrible tummy ache but his wife puts a hot iron on his tummy and he feels better.\nIn the fourth story the boys put gunpowder in the pipe of the schoolmaster while he is in church. When he lights his pipe there is an explosion.\nIn the fifth story the boys collect beetles and put them under the mattress in their uncle\u2019s bed. In the middle of the night, when the uncle is asleep, the beetles creep up on him. He wakes up and fights with them until he has killed them all.\nIn the sixth story the boys try to steal some pretzels (German rolls) from the bakery, but they fall into the tub of dough. The baker comes in and finds them. He bakes them in the oven, but when they are taken out they eat their way through the dough and escape.\nIn the seventh story the boys cut a hole in the farmer\u2019s sacks. When the miller picks one of these sacks up he realizes the grain is spilling. He sees the boys, puts them in the sack and takes them to the mill, where the miller grinds them into corn and feeds them to his ducks."}
+{"id": "55112", "revid": "1368316", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55112", "title": "Root (mathematics)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55116", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55116", "title": "Phd", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55117", "revid": "5400", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55117", "title": "Ph.D.", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55119", "revid": "1560550", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55119", "title": "Abstinence", "text": "Abstinence is a voluntary restraint from following a desire or appetite for certain bodily activities that are widely experienced as giving pleasure. Most frequently, the term refers to abstention from sexual intercourse, alcohol or food. Abstinence can be due to personal preferences, religious practices of practical considerations.\nIn medicine abstinence also refers to discontinuation of an addictive drug. This may lead to intense craving for the drug or withdrawal syndromes. Abstinence from smoking is also recommended for those intending to undergo surgery.\nAbstinence may be a temporary or short-term goal meant for short durations of time. This includes refraining from compulsive eating or from compulsive drinking. The time and the measure is voluntary and is thus meant to enhance life. This is different from psychological mechanism of repression where the abstinence is not willingly adopted.\nIn India, Buddhists, Jains, and some Hindus abstain from eating meat on the grounds both of health and of reverence for all sentient forms of life. Total abstinence from feeding on the flesh of cows is a hallmark of Hinduism.\nAbstinence In Religion.\nFasting, abstinence from food or drink or both for health, ritualistic, religious, or ethical purposes. The abstention may be complete or partial, lengthy, of short duration, or intermittent.\nFor Jewish people the principal day of fast is Yom Kippur, the Day of Atonement.\nThose who follows Islam the period of fasting lasts during the whole month of Ramadan. Each day of the month of Ramadan, people of the faith, fast without anything to eat or drink from dawn to dusk.\nHindus fast on several festivals sometimes going without food or water and sometimes living only on fruits and dairy products. Followers of Hinduism also observe certain days when they may abstain completely from eating meat, eggs or fish. This is called vegetarianism. Some faiths like Buddhism and Jainism may advocate complete vegetarianism.\nCatholics and Orthodox Christians abstain from food and drink for an hour prior to taking Holy Communion, and abstain from meat on Ash Wednesday and during Lent.\nMormons abstain from certain foods and drinks by combining spiritual discipline. Mormons also fast one day a month and the money saved by skipping meals is donated to the needy.\nBoth Jews and Muslims abstain from pork in their regular diet. Hindus abstain from beef in their diet."}
+{"id": "55122", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55122", "title": "Sexual abstinence", "text": "Sexual abstinence is the practice of not having sex. It is a choice that some people make. As well as sex itself, they may also choose to abstain from other sexual activities. Sexual abstinence has been debated since ancient history, both in terms of same-sex and opposite-sex relationships. Some people take anaphrodisiacs to help them stay abstinent. Someone who decides to avoid sex is called a celibate or volcel.\nCulture.\nAbstaining from sex before marriage can be called chastity. In some countries, it is illegal to have sex before marriage. Many religious and ethical systems forbid sexual activities between a person and anyone other than a spouse. These include most denominational variations of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. Other legal systems and societal norms can promote abstinence. People who are abstinent even though they do not want to be are sometimes called incels or TFL (true forced loneliness). One form of sexual abstinence is fapstinence, avoiding masturbation.\nReasons.\nPeople may choose to practice abstinence for other reasons. A common reason is because of the person's religious or philosophical beliefs. When done for religious reasons, it is called celibacy. Other people may choose abstinence in order to prevent pregnancy or sexually transmitted diseases. When someone is abstinent from sex but they don't want to be, its sometimes called \"incel\", short for \"involuntary celibacy\"."}
+{"id": "55128", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55128", "title": "Council of Jerusalem", "text": "The Council of Jerusalem or apostolic council is a common name for a meeting of early Christian leaders reported in the \"Acts of the Apostles\" chapter . The meeting must have happened about the year 50, at the latest some time before the death of James the Just in 62.\nThe issues.\nA common interpretation is that the council came together because there was disagreement within the Early Christian community between those who believed the church must observe the rules of traditional Judaism, and Paul of Tarsus, who believed there was no such necessity. The \"rules of traditional Judaism,\" the Halakha of Rabbinic Judaism, were not finished at this time.\nThe central issue was circumcision, as the author of \"Acts\" relates the initial confrontation in Antioch, where Paul had been preaching:"}
+{"id": "55129", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55129", "title": "Ironing", "text": "Ironing means getting the creases out of clothes after they have been washed and dried. Ironing is done with a tool called an \"iron\". It is called an iron because in past centuries it was made of iron, a type of metal. The iron is heated before it is used. This used to be done by putting the iron on a fire. Nowadays electricity is used to warm the iron. The user can put water inside, which becomes steam. \nIroning clothes is usually easiest when the clothes are still very slightly damp, but it depends on the material of the clothes. There is normally a label on the clothes which shows whether it can be ironed, and at what temperature. Ironing is usually done with a padded ironing board. The clothes to be ironed are put on the ironing board and the iron is pushed carefully along the cloth to get all the wrinkles out. "}
+{"id": "55132", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55132", "title": "Central European Time", "text": "Central European Time is a time zone. It is one hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time (what used to be called Greenwich Mean Time). Most countries in the central part of Europe and some countries in Africa follow it. \nIn Europe, the countries of Ireland, Great Britain, Iceland and Portugal use Western European Time. All the other countries, up to Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and North Macedonia use Central European Time. \nAlgeria and Tunisia in Africa use CET but do not observe daylight saving time. "}
+{"id": "55134", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55134", "title": "Central European Summer Time", "text": "Central European Summer Time (CEST, ) (sometimes called Central European Daylight Time) is the name for a time zone. It is a daylight saving time. Some of the countries that have Central European Time shift their clocks forward one hour, during the summer months and shift it one hour backwards during winter months.\nA research station called Troll in Antarctica uses this time zone in the winter, but uses Greenwich Mean Time in the summer.\nThe part of Europe using this time zone has had many changes from Central European Summer Time. It is because the Sun is not matching with the time in their areas. They have also stopped using the timezone multiple times.\nWhere it is used.\nThe following countries and territories use Central European Summer Time:\nThe following countries have also used Central European Summer Time in the past:"}
+{"id": "55135", "revid": "8761604", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55135", "title": "James the Just", "text": "James the Just, also called James Adelphotheos, James, 1st Bishop of Jerusalem, or James, the Brother of the Lord and often identified with James the less (James, son of Alphaeus), who died in AD 62, was an important figure in Early Christianity.\nAccording to tradition, he was the first formal leader or bishop of Jerusalem, the author of the James in the New Testament, and the first of the Seventy of Luke 10:1-20. Paul of Tarsus in Galatians 2:9 (KJV) characterized James as such: \"... James, Cephas, and John, who seemed to be pillars...\" He is described in the New Testament as a \"brother of Jesus\" and in the Liturgy of St James as \"the brother of God\" (\"Adelphotheos\") \nName.\nJames was called \"the Just\" because of his ascetic practices, which involved taking Nazarite vows. The name also helps distinguish him from other important figures in early Christianity, such as James, son of Zebedee.\nHe is sometimes called \"James Adelphotheos\", (literally \"James the Brother of God\" - Greek : I\u03ac\u03ba\u03c9\u03b2\u03bf\u03c2 \u03bf \u0391\u03b4\u03b5\u03bb\u03c6\u03cc\u03b8\u03b5\u03bf\u03c2 ), based on New Testament descriptions.\nJames' name was important in the genealogy of Jesus because he always appears first when someone lists Jesus' brothers and sisters, this means that James was the eldest brother of Jesus.\nLife.\nThe canonical writings of the New Testament, as well as other written sources from the early church, provide some insights into Saint James' life and his role in the early church. The Synoptics mention his name, but nothing else about him, whereas the Gospel of John and early chapters of the Acts of the Apostles do not even mention James.\n\"Acts of the Apostles\", in later chapters, provides evidence that James was an important figure in the Christian community of Jerusalem. When Peter, having miraculously escaped from prison, must flee Jerusalem, he asks that James be informed (12:17). When the Christians of Antioch are concerned over whether Gentile Christians need be circumcised to be saved, and they send Paul and Barnabas to confer with the Jerusalem church there, James played a prominent role in the formulation of the council's decision (15:13ff). Indeed, after Peter and Paul have made their case, it is James who finally delivers what he calls his \"judgement\"\u2014the original sense is close to \"my ruling\"\u2014and afterwards, all accept it. James, in other words, is shown in charge of the Jerusalem group, which conflicts with later claims of Peter's primacy there. And when Paul arrives in Jerusalem to deliver the money he raised for the faithful there, it is to James that he speaks, and who insists that Paul ritually cleanse himself at Herod's Temple to prove his faith and deny rumors of teaching rebellion against the Torah (21:18ff) (a charge of antinomianism).\nPaul further describes James as being one of the persons the risen Christ showed himself to (1 Corinthians 15:3-8); then later in 1 Corinthians, mentions James in a way that suggests James had been married (9:5); and in Galatians, Paul lists James with Cephas (better known as Peter) and John, as the three \"pillars\" of the Church, and who will minister to the \"circumcised\" (in general Jews and Jewish Proselytes) in Jerusalem, while Paul and his fellows will minister to the \"uncircumcised\" (in general Gentiles). (2:9, 2:12). These terms (circumcised/uncircumcised) are generally interpreted to mean Jews and Greeks, who were predominant, however it is an oversimplification as 1st century Iudaea Province also had some Jews who no longer circumcised, and some Greeks (called Proselytes or Judaizers) and others such as Egyptians, Ethiopians, and Arabs who did."}
+{"id": "55138", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55138", "title": "Disciple (Christianity)", "text": "In Christianity, the disciples were the students of Jesus during his ministry, which sometimes means only the Twelve Apostles, but the gospels speaks of different numbers of disciples. In the Book of Acts, the Apostles themselves have disciples. The word \"disciple\" is used today as a way of self-identification for those who seek to learn from Christianity.\nThe term disciple comes from the Ancient Greek language word\ncoming to English by way of the Latin \"discipulus\". \"Disciple\" should not be confused with \"apostle\", meaning\n\"\" While a disciple is one who learns from a teacher, a student, an apostle is sent to deliver those teachings to others.\nDisciples of Jesus of Nazareth.\nThe four.\nBoth the gospels of Mark () and Matthew () include passages where Jesus initially calls four fishermen from among those at the Sea of Galilee. These are Simon (later called \"Rock\" or Peter) and his brother Andrew, and the brothers James and John (later called the \"Sons of Thunder\" or Boanerges). A very similar report in the Gospel of Luke does not speak of Andrew. also includes an initial calling of disciples, but these are: an unnamed disciple, Andrew, Simon, Philip and Nathanael.\nSince the Gospel of Luke does not include Andrew, and through various passages in the four gospels where Simon Peter, James and John are called to meet with Jesus separately from the twelve, they are commonly termed \"the three.\" The usage of \"the four\" over \"the three\" is still a point which some Christians debate, but never as an essential doctrinal point.\nThe twelve.\nMost of the attention in the gospels is given to a specific group of disciples called by Jesus on the top of a mountain and commissioned by him as the Twelve Apostles. These men are:\nThe Gospel of John refers to one disciple as the one whom Jesus loved. Since the apostle John, unlike the other twelve, is never named in that gospel, the \"beloved disciple\" is assumed to be him.\nGreat crowd and the seventy.\nThe number of or persons among Jesus' disciples is not always given in the gospel accounts. A much larger group of people is identified as disciples in the opening of the passage of the Sermon on the Plain that begins in Luke .\nAdditionally, seventy (or seventy-two, depending on the source used) people are sent out in pairs to prepare the way for Jesus (Luke 10). They are sometimes referred to as \"the Seventy\" or \"the Seventy Disciples\". They are to eat any food offered, heal the sick and spread the word; that God's reign is coming, that whoever hears them hears Jesus, whoever rejects them rejects Jesus and whoever rejects Jesus rejects the One who sent him. In addition they are granted great powers over the enemy and their names are written in heaven.\nRoad to Emmaus.\nCleopas is one of the two disciples to whom the risen Lord appeared at Emmaus (Luke 24:18). Cleopas, with an unnamed disciple of Jesus' are walking from Jerusalem to Emmaus on the day of Jesus' resurrection. Cleopas and his friend were discussing the events of the past few days when a stranger asked them what they spoke of. The stranger asked to join Cleopas and his friend for the evening meal. There the stranger revealed himself, after blessing and breaking the bread, as the resurrected Jesus and then disappeared. Cleopas and his friend hastened to Jerusalem to carry the news to the other disciples, where Jesus subsequently appeared to them as well. The incident is without parallel in Matthew, Mark, or John.\nWomen.\nIn Luke (10:38\u201342), Mary, sister of Lazarus is contrasted with her sister Martha, who was \"cumbered about many things\" while Jesus was their guest, while Mary had chosen \"the better part,\" that of listening to the master's discourse. John names her as the \"one who had anointed the Lord with perfumed oil and dried his feet with her hair\" (11:2). In Luke, an unidentified \"sinner\" in the house of a Pharisee anoints Jesus' feet. Any pre-existing relationship between Jesus and Lazarus himself, prior to the miracle, is unspecified by John. In Catholic folklore, Mary, the sister of Lazarus, is seen as the same as Mary Madgalene.\nLuke refers to a number of people accompanying Jesus and the twelve. From among them he names three women: \"Mary, called Magdalene, ... and Joanna the wife of Herod's steward Chuza, and Susanna, and many others, who provided for them out of their resources\" (Luke 8:2-3). Mary Magdalene and Joanna are among the women who went to prepare Jesus' body in Luke's account of the resurrection, and who later told the apostles and other disciples about the empty tomb and words of the \"two men in dazzling clothes\". Mary Magdalene is the most well-known of the disciples outside of the Twelve. More is written in the gospels about her than the other female followers. There is also a large body of lore and literature covering her.\nOther gospel writers differ as to which women witness the crucifixion and witness to the resurrection. Mark includes Mary, the mother of James and Salome (not to be confused with Salom\u00e9 the daughter of Herodias) at the crucifixion and Salome at the tomb. John includes Mary the wife of Clopas at the crucifixion."}
+{"id": "55141", "revid": "1373270", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55141", "title": "Ahmed Jibril", "text": "Ahmed Jibril (1938 \u2013 July 7, 2021) was the founder and co-leader of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command (PFLP-GC). He founded it in 1968. His son Jihad Ahmed Jibril was to take over, but was killed by a car bomb in Beirut in 2002."}
+{"id": "55142", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55142", "title": "Fabric", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55144", "revid": "1373270", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55144", "title": "Jihad Ahmed Jibril", "text": "Mohammed Jihad Ahmed Jibril (March 3, 1961 in Damascus - May 20, 2002 in Beirut) was the son of Ahmed Jibril, founder of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command (PFLP-GC). He was killed by a car bomb. He was assassinated on May 20, 2002. \nJihad Ahmed Jibril was the leader of the military wing of the PFLP-GC and was the heir apparent of the organization before he was killed in a car bombing in Beirut in 2002. The assassination was blamed on Israel, although Jibril had many other enemies, including the Lebanese Christian militia and other Palestinian nationalist organizations. \nAhmed Jibril was co-leader of the militant Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine-General Command. Israeli radio reports said that the son, Jihad Ahmed Jibril, was involved in smuggling arms and explosives to Palestinian militants in the West Bank and Gaza Strip but there was no evidence to directly link him with terrorist attacks.\nAhmed Jibril accused the Israeli intelligence agency, Mossad, of responsibility for the killing, but a spokesman for Defense Minister Benjamin Ben-Eliezer said Israel was not involved.\nIn mid-June 2006, Lebanon authorities arrested a group of alleged spies who reportedly confessed to working for Israel and carrying out the attacks."}
+{"id": "55145", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55145", "title": "Topkap\u0131 Palace", "text": "The Topkap\u0131 Palace is a palace in Istanbul (Constantinople), Turkey. Topkap\u0131 Saray in Turkish means the \"Cannongate Palace\". It was built in 1465. The palace was the administrative center of the Ottoman Empire. It was turned into a museum at the request of Turkey's first President, Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk in 1924. It was built on the acropolis, the site of the first settlement in Istanbul. The palace has a very good view of the Golden Horn, the Bosphorus and the Sea of Marmara. The palace is surrounded by 5km of walls. It has an area of 700,000 sq. m at the tip of the historical peninsula.\nFirst Court.\nThe First Court (or \"Alay Meydan\u0131\") spans over the entire Seraglio Point and is surrounded by high walls. This court was also known as the Court of the Janissaries or the Parade Court.\nThe main gate is called Bab-\u0131 H\u00fcmayun, simply the Imperial Gate. Apart from the Topkap\u0131 Palace, the First Court also contains the old imperial mint (constructed in 1727), the church of Hagia Eirene, the Archeology Museum (constructed during the 19th century) and various fountains, pavilions (for example, the \u00c7inili Pavilion, or Tiled Pavilion) and gardens (including the G\u00fclhane Park, the old imperial rose garden).\nThe \u00c7inili Pavilion (1472) has many superb examples of Iznik tiles. It now houses the Museum of Islamic Art.\nThe Fountain of the Executioner is where the executioner washed his hands and sword after a beheading. The Fountain of Ahmed III is an example of Rococo work.\nThe huge Gate of Greeting (\"Bab-\u00fcs Selam\") leads into the palace and the Second Court (\"Divan Meydan\u0131\").\nSecond Court.\nThe second court is a park surrounded by the palace hospital, bakery, Janissary quarters, stables, the imperial Harem and Divan to the north and the kitchens to the south. The kitchens today contain one of the world's largest collections of Chinese blue-and-white and celadon porcelain, valued by the sultans because it was supposed to change color if the food or drink it contained was poisoned.\nThe Divan Salonu, or Imperial Council Chamber, was where the sultan's counselors and functionaries met to discuss the empire's affairs. The Sultan could overhear from a concealed grille.\nThird Court.\nBeyond the Gate of Felicity (\"Bab-\u00fcs Saadet\") is the Third Court which is the heart of the palace, a lush garden surrounded by the Hall of the Privy Chamber (\"Has Oda\") occupied by the palace officials, the treasury (which contains some of the finest treasures of the Ottoman age, including the Sacred Trusts), the Harem and some pavilions, with the library of Ahmed III in the center.\nThe Treasury holds some of the most famous and spectacular jewels in the world, including the famous Topkap\u0131 Dagger. In 1747, the Sultan had this dagger made for Nadir Shah of Persia, but the Shah was assassinated before the emissary had left the Ottoman Empire's boundaries and so the Sultan retained it. There are three large emeralds in the hilt and the sheath is worked with diamonds and enamel. This dagger was the subject of the famous film \"Topkapi\".\nThe Harem was home to the Sultan's mother, the Valide sultan; the concubines and wives of the Sultan; and the rest of his family, including children; and their servants. There are approximately 300 rooms (though only about twenty are open to the public), and the Harem housed as many as 500 people, which sometimes amounted up to 300 women, their children, and the eunuchs.\nMany of the rooms and features in the Harem were designed by Sinan, a famous architect of the Ottoman Empire.\nThe Pavilion of the Holy Mantle holds the cloak of Mohammed, his sword, his teeth, his beard, and other relics which are known as the Sacred Trusts. Even the Sultan and his family were permitted entrance only once a year, on the 15th day of Ramadan, during the time when the Palace was a residence. Now any visitor can see these items and many Muslims come on pilgrimage for this purpose."}
+{"id": "55146", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55146", "title": "Acts of the Apostles", "text": "The Acts of the Apostles (Greek \"Praxeis Apostolon\") is a book of the Bible, which now is the fifth in the New Testament. It is often simply called Acts.\nActs tells the story of the Early Christian church, with particular interest for the ministry of the Twelve Apostles and of Paul of Tarsus. The early chapters in Jerusalem, report Jesus's Resurrection, his Ascension, the Day of Pentecost, and the start of the Twelve Apostles' ministry. The later chapters report Paul's conversion, his ministry, and finally his arrest and imprisonment and trip to Rome.\nMost people think that the author of Acts also wrote the Gospel of Luke, as Acts 1:1 refers to 'the former treatise have I made, Theophilus, of all that Jesus began both to do and teach'. The traditional view is that both the two books were written \"c.\" 60 by a companion of Paul named Luke. Many theologians still think so. But some think the books were written by an unknown author at a later date, sometime between 80 and 150. "}
+{"id": "55149", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55149", "title": "5 October", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55150", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55150", "title": "Sting (musician)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55152", "revid": "7629", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55152", "title": "Great Fire Of London", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55154", "revid": "10189168", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55154", "title": "Firebreak", "text": "A firebreak is a way to fight wildfires by allowing no vegetation or other material that can burn. That makes it hard for a fire to jump across the break. Therefore, the spread of a possible fire is delayed."}
+{"id": "55155", "revid": "10393525", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55155", "title": "Slum", "text": "A slum is a part of a city or a town where many poor people live. It is a place where people may not have basic needs, such as running water, electricity, toilets, telephones, etc. Some of these people may also have social disadvantages, such as unemployment, no access to education, no access to health care, no municipal services, etc. There are slums in most of the big cities of developing countries and least developed countries (which are also labelled as the \"Third World\"). They may not be called \"slum\", however; see shanty town.\nVictorian London.\nCharles Dickens was a great author of Victorian London. His account of the St Giles rookery was:\nDickens, \"Sketches by Boz\", 1839."}
+{"id": "55161", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55161", "title": "Montauban", "text": "Montauban () is a \"commune\" in the Tarn-et-Garonne department in the Occitanie region in southern France. It is the \"pr\u00e9fecture\" (capital) of the department.\nThe town, built mainly with reddish bricks, is on the right bank of the Tarn river at its confluence with the Tescou. It was one of the first bastides in history.\nHistory.\nTogether with Mont-de-Marsan, Montauban is one of the oldest towns with walls (a bastide) in southern France. It was founded in 1144 by Alphonse Jourdain, Count of Toulouse. Most of the inhabitants came from Montauriol, a village which had grown up around the neighbouring monastery of St Th\u00e9odard.\nIn the 13th century the town suffered much during the Albigensian Crusade and from the Inquisition, but by 1317 it had recovered sufficiently to be chosen by the Pope John XXII as the head of a diocese of which the basilica of St Th\u00e9odard became the cathedral.\nIn 1360, under the Treaty of Br\u00e9tigny, the town was given to the English; they were expelled by the inhabitants in 1414. In 1560 the bishops became Protestants; ten years later it became one of the four Huguenot strongholds under the Peace of Saint-Germain, and formed a small independent republic.\nIn 1790, Montauban was in the Lot department as the capital of a district; with the creation of the \"arrondissements\" in 1800, Montauban became a \"sous-pr\u00e9fecture\" in the Lot department. When Napoleon created the Tarn-et-Garonne department in 1809, Montauban became the pr\u00e9fecture (capital) of the new department.\nGeography.\nMontauban is at about to the north of Toulouse, on the confluence of the Tescou and the Tarn rivers, and at from Agen (\"pr\u00e9fecture\" of the Lot-et-Garonne), from Albi (\"pr\u00e9fecture\" of the Tarn) and at about from Cahors (\"pr\u00e9fecture\" of the Lot).\nIt has an area of and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .\nMontauban is surrounded by the \"communes\" Villemade, Piquecos, Lamothe-Capdeville, Albias, Saint-\u00c9tienne-de-Tulmont, L\u00e9ojac, Saint-Nauphary,Corbarieu,Bressols, Lacourt-Saint-Pierre, Montbeton and Albefeuille-Lagarde.\nClimate.\nThe climate of Montauban, in the K\u00f6ppen climate classification, is Cfb - Oceanic climate with template summers.\nThe average amount of precipitation for the year in Montauban is . The month with the most precipitation on average is October with of precipitation. The month with the least precipitation on average is February with an average of .\nThe average temperature for the year in Montauban is . The warmest month, on average, is July with an average temperature of . The coolest month on average is January, with an average temperature of .\nPopulation.\nThe inhabitants of Montauban are known, in French, as \"Montalbanais\" (women: \"Montalbanaises\").\nWith a population of 58,826, Montauban has a population density of inhabitants/km2.\nEvolution of the population in Montauban\nAdministration.\nMontauban is the prefecture of the Tarn-et-Garonne department since 1809. It is also the capital of the \"arrondissement\" of Montauban and the administrative centre () of three cantons, all formed with part of the commune:\nIt is part of the intercommunality \"Le Grand Montauban\" ().\nSister cities.\nMontauban is twinned with:\nPlaces of interest.\nSome interesting places in Montauban are:"}
+{"id": "55162", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55162", "title": "Layyah", "text": "Layyah is a city in the Punjab province of Pakistan and is the capital of Layyah District. Layyah gets its name from the wild short shrub commonly known as Layyan. Layyah is located between the rivers Indus and Chenab in central Pakistan. "}
+{"id": "55168", "revid": "9061", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55168", "title": "Red hot chilli peppers", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55181", "revid": "172028", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55181", "title": "Leo III", "text": "Leo III (or the Greek form Leon III) refers to:"}
+{"id": "55182", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55182", "title": "Pope Leo III", "text": " \nLeo III (died 12 June 816) was Pope from 795 to 816. He is famous for the coronation of Charlemagne as emperor in 800.\nEarly life.\nLeo was born in Rome.\nPope.\nLeo reported his election to Charlemagne, sent him the keys of Saint Peter's tomb and the banner of Rome. Charlemagne replied that it was his function to defend the church and the Pope's to pray for the kingdom and for victory of the army.\nCharlemagne went to Rome in November 800, and on December 1 held a council there with representatives of both sides. Leo, on December 23, took an oath of purgation concerning the charges brought against him, and his opponents were exiled. Two days later Leo crowned Charlemagne at St. Peter's tomb. Charlemagne did intervene in church affairs, not always successfully.\nThe reasons for the coronation, the involvement beforehand of the Frankish court, and the relationship to the Byzantine Empire are all matters of debate among historians. "}
+{"id": "55183", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55183", "title": "Economic", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55184", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55184", "title": "Industrial", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55186", "revid": "5482851", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55186", "title": "Khanda", "text": "Khanda is a symbol of Sikhism. It is in the shape of three weapons and a circle."}
+{"id": "55189", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55189", "title": "Judi Dench", "text": "Dame Judith Olivia Dench (born 9 December 1934) is an English movie, stage and television actress.\nDench appeared in James Bond movies as the character M. She has also appeared in other large budget movies such as \"Mrs. Henderson Presents\" and \"Ladies in Lavender\".\nPersonal life.\nDench was born in Heworth, York, England. She is the daughter of Eleanora Olave (n\u00e9e Jones), a native of Dublin, and Reginald Arthur Dench, a doctor. Dench attended the Mount School, a Quaker independent secondary school in York. She became a Quaker. \nIn 1971, Dench married British actor Michael Williams. Their only child is Tara Cressida Frances Williams. She was born on 24 September 1972. She is known professionally as Finty Williams. Dench and her husband starred together several times. Michael Williams died from lung cancer in 2001, aged 65.\nIn early 2012, Dench said she had macular degeneration. Because of this, she needed someone to read scripts to her.\nDench's brother, Jeffery Dench, died on 27 March 2014 at the age of 85."}
+{"id": "55190", "revid": "40117", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55190", "title": "Arendal", "text": "Arendal is a city and municipality in the county of Agder, Norway. It is the administrative center of Aust-Agder county, and belongs to the geographical region of S\u00f8rlandet. The municipality is bordered in the southwest by Grimstad, in the northwest by Froland, and in the northeast by Tvedestrand municipalities.\nThe name.\nThe Norse form of the name was probably \"Arnardalr\". The first element is then the genitive case of \"orn\" m 'eagle', the last element is \"dalr\" m 'valley, dale'.\nAdministration.\nThe mayor, Robert Cornels Nordli, is elected until late 2027."}
+{"id": "55192", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55192", "title": "Max und Moritz", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55193", "revid": "9965233", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55193", "title": "S.S. Lazio", "text": "S.S. Lazio is an Italian football club based in Formello (Via di Santa Cornelia 1000, Rome) in Serie A. \nThey play in light blue shirts, white shorts and socks. The name Lazio was chosen as the original founders wanted to name the club after something which was greater and encompassed more than just the city that they were from - Lazio is the name of the region where Rome is. The sky blue and white team colors were inspired by the Greek flag and more specifically the country which gave birth to Olympic tradition; the eagle as an acknowledgement by its founders."}
+{"id": "55194", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55194", "title": "Saint-Saens", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55196", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55196", "title": "Camille Saint Saens", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55197", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55197", "title": "Camille Saint Sa\u00ebns", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55198", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55198", "title": "Saint-Sa\u00ebns", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55199", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55199", "title": "Satire", "text": "Satire is a form in art or writing which ridicules either a person, government, or an institution, often through the use of humour. Satire can either be in paintings, plays, books, songs, TV or movies. It also is used to stereotype people.\nSatire was used long ago. It is a Latin word, though the plays of Aristophanes are often called satirical. Satire was widely known in Elizabethan times. Swift used it in his book \"Gulliver's Travels\" to make fun of people\u2019s stupidity. Works like \"The Beggar\u2019s Opera\" (1728) used satire to show how silly the politicians of the time were. The German playwright Bertolt Brecht used a lot of satire, as did Peter Cook. Jon Stewart and other comedians use it frequently. A modern example of satire is the American cartoon \"South Park\".\nSatire often points out ironic or bad things that powerful people are doing. Its adjective is satirical."}
+{"id": "55200", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55200", "title": "Satirical", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55201", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55201", "title": "Ironic", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55203", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55203", "title": "Iron Cross", "text": "The Iron Cross was a medal given to German soldiers for bravery during wartime. The award was created by King Frederick William III of Prussia. It was first given out on 10 March 1813. The Iron Cross was awarded during the Napoleonic Wars, the Franco-Prussian War, the First World War, and the Second World War. This medal was received by Adolf Hitler after World War I.\nThe medal is only given in wartime, so no Iron Crosses have been given out since the end of the Second World War in 1945.\nKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross.\nDuring the Second World War an extra type of Iron Cross medal was given. It was the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross and was given for acts of extreme battlefield bravery or successful leadership. The Knight's Cross was divided into five grades:"}
+{"id": "55210", "revid": "48456", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55210", "title": "Manowar", "text": "Manowar is an American heavy metal band from Auburn, New York, which formed in 1980."}
+{"id": "55217", "revid": "1237914", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55217", "title": "Power series", "text": "In mathematics, a power series (in one variable) is an infinite series of the form\nwhere \"an\" represents the coefficient of the nth term, \"c\" is a constant, and \"x\" varies around \"c\" (for this reason one sometimes speaks of the series as being \"centered\" at \"c\"). This series usually appears as the Taylor series of some known function; the Taylor series article contains many examples.\nIn many situations \"c\" is equal to zero, for example when considering a Maclaurin series. \nIn those cases, the power series takes the simpler form\nThese power series appear primarily in analysis, but also appear in combinatorics (under the name of generating functions) and in electrical engineering (under the name of the Z-transform). The familiar decimal notation for integers can also be viewed as an example of a power series, but with the argument \"x\" fixed at 10. In number theory, the concept of p-adic numbers is also closely related to that of a power series."}
+{"id": "55220", "revid": "9323936", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55220", "title": "Classical guitar", "text": "A classical guitar, also called a Spanish guitar, is a musical instrument from the family of musical instruments called chordophones. This instrument is most commonly used by classical guitarists playing classical music, but it is also used in other music genres. It was first recognized 4 - 5 thousand years ago. "}
+{"id": "55223", "revid": "196884", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55223", "title": "V\u00e5lerenga Fotball", "text": "V\u00e5lerenga Fotball is a Norwegian football club from Oslo. It was founded in 1913. During the 2024-season, they are playing at the second level. During the 2025-season, they are scheduled to play at the top level (in Norway), according to media.\nThey are named after the neighbourhood of V\u00e5lerenga. They finished as runners-up in the 2010 Norwegian Premier League, the last time they won was in 2005. V\u00e5lerenga's home ground is Ullevaal Stadion, the national stadium for Norway.\nEarlier squad.\n\"As of January 15th 2010\""}
+{"id": "55225", "revid": "9333007", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55225", "title": "Volga", "text": "The Volga is the longest river in Europe. In Russian it is called \u0412\u043e\u043b\u0433\u0430, in the Tatar language its name is \u0130del. \nMany people see it as the national river of Russia. It flows through the western part of the country. It is Europe's longest river, with a length of 3,530 kilometres, and forms the core of the largest river system in Europe. \nIt rises in the Valdai Hills of Russia, 225m above sea level north-west of Moscow. The Kama, Oka, Vetluga and the Sura are its main tributaries. The Volga and its tributaries form the Volga river system, which drains an area of about 1.35 million square kilometres in Russia. The Volga Delta has a length of about 160 kilometres. It includes \n555 channels and small streams. It is the largest estuary in Europe. It is the only place in Russia where pelicans, flamingoes, and lotuses may be found. The Volga freezes for most of its length for three months each year. Some of the biggest reservoirs in the world can be found along the river. The Volga is in the Volga region."}
+{"id": "55232", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55232", "title": "Oi!", "text": "Oi! is a type of punk rock that was started in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s. The people that started it wanted to connect punk with a working class street-level following. Oi! is a mixing of the styles of early punk bands, such as The Clash, Sex Pistols and the Ramones. It is also influenced by early British rock bands (such as The Rolling Stones and The Who), football chants, pub rock and glam rock bands. The music is often very simple, and the lyrics are blunt (brutally honest, without tact).\nPunk rock began to become popular in the 1970s. Some perceived that it was becoming more and more commercialised. This was the kind of thing that punks were against. Oi! began partly as a response to this perception. It was also partly a response to stereotyping that others made about punks. One stereotype was that many people in the early punk rock scene were young people using big words and trying to be artistic, but failing.\nEarly Oi! bands such as Sham 69 were around for years before the word \"Oi!\" was used to describe their style of music. The word was first used as a name for the new genre in 1980, by journalist Garry Bushell. He took the name from the way the Cockney Rejects used \"Oi!\" during live shows to introduce their songs. \"Oi! Oi! Oi!\" was the title of the third track on their second album. The word is an old Cockney expression, meaning \"hey\" or \"hello\". Other bands that were labelled as Oi! bands in the early days of the genre included Angelic Upstarts, The 4-Skins, The Business, Blitz, The Blood, and Combat 84. More recent punk bands such as Rancid and Dropkick Murphys have credited Oi! as a source of inspiration."}
+{"id": "55235", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55235", "title": "Brothers Grimm", "text": "The Brothers Grimm (German: \"Die Br\u00fcder Grimm\", also \"Gebr\u00fcder Grimm\") were the brothers Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm. They were German academics and most famous for their collections of folktales and fairy tales, and for their work in linguistics.\nThe Grimm brothers both became linguists. They are the inventors of German philology. They also did other language-related work, like publishing one of the first grammar books for the German language.\nThey also wrote fairy tales, and collected the tales which people told them. They published a collection of fairy tales known as \"Grimms' Fairy Tales\" (\"Grimms M\u00e4rchen\")."}
+{"id": "55236", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55236", "title": "Heavy metal", "text": "Heavy metal may mean:"}
+{"id": "55237", "revid": "1174782", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55237", "title": "Bryozoa", "text": "Bryozoans, also known as the Polyzoa, Ectoprocta or moss animals, are a phylum of small aquatic animals living in colonies. The colonies usually have a skeleton of calcium carbonate. Bryozoans have a long fossil history, starting in the Ordovician. In their life-style they resemble the polyps which form coral. They generally like warm, tropical waters but live all over the world. There are about 5,000 living species, and 15,000 fossil species are known. \nThe colonies are formed by tiny (~0.2mm) members called zooids. They secrete tubes, usually of lime (CaCO3), sometimes of chitin, an organic compound. The zooids in a colony are all clones, produced by asexual reproduction. Despite this, most species produce different morphs: zooids with different functions. \nAll bryozoa have a lophophore. This is a ring of ten tentacles surrounding the mouth, each tentacle covered with cilia. When feeding, the zooid extends the lophophore outwards; when resting it is withdrawn into the mouth to protect it from predators.\nAnatomy & physiology.\nBryozoan skeletons grow in a variety of shapes and patterns: mound-shaped, lacy fans, branching twigs, and even corkscrew-shaped. Their skeletons have many tiny openings. Each opening is the home of \"zooid\". They have a body with a U-shaped gut, opening at the mouth and at the anus. They feed with their lophophore. The tentacles of the bryozoans are ciliated. The beating of the cilia creates a current of water which drives food (mainly phytoplankton) towards the mouth. In some groups, notably some ctenostomes, a gizzard may be formed. \nBryozoans do not have a respiratory, or a blood system, because their small size allows diffusion of gases and nutrients. However, they do have a simple nervous system, and muscles, which together can quickly take the zooid down into its shelter.\nOne species of bryozoan, \"Bugula neritina\", is of interest as a source of chemicals, bryostatins, which are under investigation as anti-cancer agents.\nReproduction & development.\nBryozoans can reproduce both sexually and asexually. All Bryozoans, as far as is known, are hermaphrodite (meaning they are both male and female).\nAll members of a colony are clones: they are genetically identical, produced by asexual reproduction. This occurs by budding off new zooids from the first zooid. So the colony grows; this is the way a colony expands in size. If a piece of a bryozoan colony breaks off, the piece can continue to grow and will form a new colony.\nAll zooids in a colony are linked by strands of epithelial cells. The individual members of a colony, the zooids, are in some species generalised: they feed, and they can reproduce on occasion. But in most species the zooids are specialised to different functions. In this case the feeding zooids are called \"autozooids\", and the non-feeding members are called \"heterozooids\". Functions done by heterozooids include sexual reproduction, protection, locomotion, plumbing, structural support. The functions of some heterozooids is still unknown. The commonest function is that eggs are developed in brooding chambers (\"ovicells\") on female or hermaphrodite heterozooids. There are variations in the details: sometimes a little complex of heterozooids produce larvae in a cooperative effort.p4\nAnother way to describe the bryozoa which develop heterozooids is to say they are polymorphic. This term is used in biology to describe the way a genetically unified population develops into clearly distinct forms. The polymorphism is usually controlled by genetic switching mechanisms, but in bryozoa there is little knowledge of their genetics.\nEcology.\nMost species of Bryozoan live in marine environments. There are about 50 species which inhabit freshwater. In their aquatic habitats, bryozoans live on all types of hard substrates: sand grains, rocks, shells, wood, blades of kelp, pipes and ships may be heavily encrusted with bryozoans. Some bryozoan colonies, however, do not grow on solid substrates, but form colonies on sediment. While some species live at depths of 8,200\u00a0m, most bryozoans live in much shallower water. Most bryozoans are sessile and immobile, but a few colonies are able to creep about, and a few species of non-colonial bryozoans live and move about in the spaces between sand grains. One remarkable species makes its living while floating in the Southern Ocean. Several bryozoan species live in the Midwestern United States, especially in Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky which was once a part of a large ocean, the Western Interior Seaway.\nTheir diet consists of small microorganisms, including diatoms and other unicellular algae. In turn, bryozoans are preyed on by grazing organisms such as sea urchins and fish. \nBryozoans are almost entirely colony-forming animals. Many millions of individuals can form one colony. The colonies range from millimeters to meters in size, but the individuals that make up the colonies are tiny, usually less than a millimeter long. In each colony, different individuals have different functions. Some individuals gather up the food for the colony (autozooids), others depend on them (heterozooids). Some individuals are devoted to strengthening the colony (kenozooids), and still others to cleaning the colony (vibracula). There is only a single known solitary species, \"Monobryozoon ambulans\", which does not form colonies.\nFossils.\nFossil bryozoans first appear in the early Ordovician and had a huge adaptive radiation. They were abundant throughout the Palaeozoic era: they were one of the most dominant groups of Palaeozoic fossils. They were major components of seabed communities and, like modern-day bryozoans, played an important role in sediment stabilization and binding. They were food sources for many other benthic organisms. During the Lower Carboniferous (Mississippian) 354 to 323 million years ago, bryozoans were so common that their broken skeletons form entire limestone beds. \nAfter a crash at the Permian/Triassic boundary, when almost all species went extinct, bryozoans recovered in the later Mesozoic to become as successful as before. The bryozoan fossil record has more than 15,000 species. \nMost fossil bryozoans have mineralized skeletons. The skeletons of individual zooids vary from tubular to box-shaped and contain a terminal aperture from which the lophophore is protruded to feed. No pores are present in the great majority of Ordovician bryozoans, but skeletal evidence shows that epithelia were continuous from one zooid to the next.\nOne of the most important events during bryozoan evolution was the acquisition of a calcareous skeleton and the mechanism of tentacle protrusion. The rigidity of the outer body walls gave protection against predators, a greater degree of zooid connection, and the evolution of massive colony forms."}
+{"id": "55238", "revid": "9357330", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55238", "title": "Porifera", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55250", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55250", "title": "Placebo", "text": "A placebo is a treatment for a disease or condition which is deliberately ineffective. The motive usually is that if a person \"believes\" that a medicine, diet, or other treatment is good for them, then it \"is\" good for them.\nSometimes sick people who receive a placebo feel like they are getting better, and sometimes their bodies actually do get better. When patients have that response, it is called the \"placebo effect\". The term \"placebo effect\" (or \"placebo response\") was introduced in 1920. It is the response of the subject which causes the observed effect, not the substance.\nPlacebo is also the name of a popular English alt rock band, founded in 1994 in London.\nOrigins.\nJohn Haygarth tested a placebo effect in the 18th century. It showed \"to a degree which has never been suspected, what powerful influence upon diseases is produced by mere imagination\".\n\u00c9mile Cou\u00e9, a French apothecary, working between 1882 and 1910, discovered what later came to be known as the \"Placebo effect\". He reassured his clients by praising each remedy's efficiency and leaving a small positive notice with each medication. In 1901 Cou\u00e9 began to study under hypnosis. In 1913, Cou\u00e9 and his wife founded \"La Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 Lorraine de Psychologie appliqu\u00e9e\". His book \"Self-mastery through conscious autosuggestion\" was published in England (1920) and in the United States (1922).\nPlacebos and blind trial.\nPlacebos are used as part of blind trials. Blind trials work like this: Some people are given the medicine or treatment being tested, and others are given the placebo. No one knows who gets the real treatment and who gets the placebo. They are \"blind\" to their treatment.\nIf researchers notice that the \"treatment group\" is different from the \"placebo group\" they will know that the difference is because of the treatment. Without a \"placebo group\" then researchers cannot know if those changes would have happened anyway, no matter which medicine people had taken.\nGenuine effects of placebos.\nPlacebos can have real effects on patients: that is what \"placebo effect\" means. Since a landmark paper in 1955 the placebo effect has been recognised and accepted by some, and denied by others. However, there is no doubt that for certain conditions, the placebo effect does exist. Examples are:"}
+{"id": "55257", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55257", "title": "Identity (mathematics)", "text": "In mathematics, the term identity has several important uses:\nAn equality in mathematical sense is only true under more particular conditions. For this, the symbol \u2261 is sometimes used (note, however, that the same symbol can also be used for a congruence relation as well.)\nExamples.\nIdentity relation.\nA common example of the first meaning is the trigonometric identity\nwhich is true for all real values of formula_7 (since the real numbers formula_8 are the domain of both sine and cosine), as opposed to\nwhich is only true for certain values of formula_7 in a subset of the domain.\nIdentity element.\nThe concepts of \"additive identity\" and \"multiplicative identity\" are central to the Peano axioms.\nThe number 0 is the \"additive identity\" for integers, real numbers, and complex numbers. For the real numbers, for all formula_11\nSimilarly, The number 1 is the \"multiplicative identity\" for integers, real numbers, and complex numbers. For the real numbers, for all formula_11\nIdentity function.\nA common example of an identity function is the identity permutation, which sends each element of the set formula_19 to itself.\nComparison.\nThese meanings are not mutually exclusive; for instance, the identity permutation is the identity element in the set of permutations of formula_19 under composition."}
+{"id": "55258", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55258", "title": "Equality", "text": "Equality can mean several things:\nIn sciences:\nIn humanities:\nPeople and places:"}
+{"id": "55259", "revid": "823563", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55259", "title": "Identity", "text": "Identity could mean:"}
+{"id": "55260", "revid": "1001537", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55260", "title": "Equality (mathematics)", "text": "In mathematics, two things are equal if and only if they are exactly the same in every way. That is, they have the same (mathematical) value and the same mathematical properties. Mathematicians use the equals sign (=) to say this. This defines a binary relation, equality. The statement \"\"x\" = \"y\"\" means that \"x\" and \"y\" are equal.\nEquivalence in a more general sense is provided by the construction of an equivalence relation between two mathematical objects, that is, two mathematical objects are equivalent if they are related by this relation. In which case, the equivalence is often represented using the symbols formula_1 or formula_2.\nA statement that two expressions denote equal quantities is an equation (or an equality). Equations are equal. Inequalities are unequal.\nAn equality is also a transitive relation. This means that if one object is equal to a second object, and the second object is equal to a third object, then the first object is equal to the third object as well.\nSince a predicate is a way of describing something that is true, another way to say this is that if one thing that is true about a variable is not true about the other variable, then they are not \"equal\" as far as mathematical logic is concerned: two things are only equal if anything that is true about one has to be true about the other.\nIn geometry, the word congruence is often preferred. Numbers are equal, geometrical objects are congruent. Two shapes are congruent if one can be moved or rotated so that it fits exactly where the other one is. If shrinking or enlarging one of the two objects is needed, then they are not congruent. They are called \"similar\" instead. The congruence relation is often represented by the symbol formula_3, while the similarity relation is represented by the symbol formula_1.\nIn computer science, usually, the mathematical definition is used. Very often, the comparison is written \"==\" (and the assignment, the act of giving a value, is written as \"=\", or \":=\"). In object-oriented languages, or languages which have pointers, there is an additional problem. Those languages contain references (which are in fact pointers). If two such references do not reference exactly the same object, then they are different and \"a == b\" will be false in this case.\nFor this reason, many such languages have introduced another operator (in Java, this method is called \"equals\"). This operator compares the actual values of the objects\u2014not where the variables that reference them point to.\nIn social sciences, two people are equal if many of the same things are true about them. For example. two people who have the same amount of education and money, and who are of the same age usually think of each other as equals. Another name for a person who is equal to another person is a peer."}
+{"id": "55261", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55261", "title": "Half-Life", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55263", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55263", "title": "Half life", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55264", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55264", "title": "Half Life", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55265", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55265", "title": "Ministry", "text": "The term ministry could mean:"}
+{"id": "55266", "revid": "8630", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55266", "title": "Religious ministry", "text": "Ministry, in Christianity, is the activity that is done by members of the church to serve the purposes of the church. \nIt can mean this activity as a whole, or specific activities, or organizations in a church that perform specific activities. \nAge-specific Ministry.\nAs churches attempt to meet the needs of their congregations, they often separate their members into groups according to age categories. Age-specific groups meet for religious study including Sunday school programs, fellowship, and other activities. These age divisions may include:\nNearly all churches have some form of worship music, whether from a choir, orchestra, or worship band. \nService and outreach.\nMany churches sponsor ministries designed to reach out others on a local and global scale, usually grouped under the heading of missions. There are many organizations which perform missions on a fully-funded and organized level, such as North American Mission Board, operated by the Southern Baptist Convention."}
+{"id": "55267", "revid": "844779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55267", "title": "Ministry (government department)", "text": "A ministry is a department of a government, led by a political minister. \nMinistries are usually subordinate to the cabinet, and prime minister, president or chancellor. A government will usually have several ministries, each with a specialised field of service. National ministries vary greatly between countries, but some common ones include Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Ministry of Finance, and Ministry of Health.\nSome countries such as Switzerland, the Philippines and the United States do not use the term \"ministry\" for their government departments, and instead simply call them departments. In Hong Kong the term \"bureau\" is used.\nIn Canada, some provincial-level government departments are called \"ministries\" (such as in Ontario and British Columbia) but most are called \"departments.\" Their heads are referred to as \"ministers\" in both levels of government, however."}
+{"id": "55268", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55268", "title": "Strong nuclear force", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55269", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55269", "title": "Galerius", "text": "Galerius (Gaius Galerius Valerius Maximianus, ~250 \u2013 5 May 311), was Roman Emperor from 305 to 311.\nGalerius served as a soldier with distinction. When the Tetrarchy was introduced by Diocletian in 293 Galerius and Constantius Chlorus were given the rank of \"Caesar\". Galerius married Diocletian's daughter Valeria, and took over the Illyrian provinces.\nWar with Persia.\nDefeat.\nIn 296, at the beginning of the Persian War, Galerius moved from the Danube to the Euphrates. There his first campaign ended in a defeat by the Sassanid prince Narses, near Callinicum. This disaster caused the loss of Mesopotamia.\nDiocletian came to Antioch, where the official version of events was made clear: Galerius was to take the blame. In Antioch, Diocletian forced Galerius to walk a mile in advance of his imperial cart while still clad in the purple robes of an emperor.p17p292/3 The message was clear: the loss at Carrhae was not due to the failings of the empire's soldiers, but due to the failings of their commander, and Galerius' failures would not be accepted.\nVictory.\nIn 298 Galerius got reinforcements from the Danube in the Spring. He led the army to attack Narseh in northern Mesopotamia, and Narseh retreated to Armenia.\nThe rugged Armenian terrain was favorable to Roman infantry, but unfavorable to Sassanid cavalry. Local aid gave Galerius the advantage of surprise over the Persian forces. In two battles, Galerius got victories over Narseh.p18p293\nDuring the second encounter, Roman forces seized Narseh's camp, his treasury, his harem, and his wife.p18 Narseh's wife would live out the remainder of the war in Daphne, a suburb of Antioch. This was, to the Persians, a constant reminder of Roman victory.p293 Galerius advanced into Media and Adiabene, winning victories.p151 He took Nisibis (Nusaybin, Turkey) before 1 October 298. He moved down the Tigris, taking Ctesiphon, and looking at the ruins of Babylon. Then he returned to Roman territory by the Euphrates.\nNarses asked for peace. Mesopotamia was returned to Roman rule and even some territory east of the Tigris. This was the greatest extension of the Roman Empire in the east.\nLast years.\nIn 305, on the abdication of Diocletian and Maximian, Galerius got the title of Augustus, together with Constantius, his former colleague. Two younger men were appointed as Caesars: Maximus Daia and Severus II.\nGalerius' hopes were dashed when his colleague Constantius died at York in 306. The legions raised his son Constantine to the position of Augustus. Galerius only discovered this when he got a letter from Constantine, who told him of his father's death, modestly asserted his natural claim to the succession, and respectfully lamented that the enthusiasm of his troops had not allowed him to get the Imperial purple in a regular manner.\nThe first emotions of Galerius were those of surprise, disappointment, and rage. As he could not restrain his passions, he threatened to burn both the letter and the messenger.p28/9p6279\u201380p160\nWhen he had time to reconsider his position, he realised his chances of winning a war against Constantine was doubtful. Therefore, without commenting on the choice of the British army, Galerius accepted the son of his deceased colleague as the ruler of the provinces beyond the Alps; but he gave him only the title of Caesar, and the fourth rank among the Roman princes, whilst he conferred the vacant place of Augustus on his favourite, Severus II.\nSuddenly Galerius had the unexpected loss of Italy to Maxentius, his son-in-law. Galerius\u2019 need for revenue led him to make a strict examination of the property of his subjects for the purpose of taxation. A survey was taken of their estates. Where there was the slightest suspicion of concealment, torture was used to get a sincere declaration of their personal wealth.\nItaly had traditionally been exempt from any form of taxation, but Galerius ignored this. Italy began to murmur against this indignity and Maxentius used this sentiment to declare himself emperor in Italy, to the fury of Galerius. Therefore, Galerius ordered his colleague Severus to immediately march to Rome, so that, by his unexpected arrival, he would easily suppress the rebellion. Severus was quickly captured and executed by Maximian, who had once again been elevated to the rank of co-emperor, this time by his son Maxentius.\nThe importance of the occasion needed the presence and abilities of Galerius. At the head of a powerful army collected from Illyricum and the East, he entered Italy. He was determined to revenge the death of Severus and to punish the rebellious Romansp122 However, due to the skill of Maximian, Galerius found every place hostile, fortified, and inaccessible. Though he forced his way as far as Narni, sixty miles from Rome, he controlled only his camp.\nAs he was facing difficulties, Galerius made the first steps to reconciliation. He sent two officers to tempt the Romans by the offer of a conference. These offers were rejected with firmness, his friendship refused. Unless he retreated, he might meet the fate of Severus. It was not a moment too soon; money from Maxentius to his soldiers had corrupted their loyalty. When Galerius began his withdrawal from Italy, it was only with great difficulty that he managed to stop his veterans deserting him.\nIn frustration, Galerius allowed his legions to ravage the countryside as they passed northwards. Maxentius declined to make a general engagement.\nWith so many emperors now in existence, in 308 Galerius, the retired emperor Diocletian and Maximian called an imperial 'conference' at Carnuntum on the River Danube. Its aim was to bring some order back into the imperial government. Here it was agreed that Galerius\u2019 long-time friend and military companion Licinius, who had been entrusted by Galerius with the defense of the Danube while Galerius was in Italy, would become Augustus in the West, with Constantine as his Caesar. In the East, Galerius remained Augustus and Maximinus remained his Caesar. Maximian was to retire, and Maxentius was declared a usurper.\nGalerius\u2019 plan soon failed. The news of Licinius\u2019 promotion was carried into the East, and Maximinus, who governed the provinces of Egypt and Syria, rejected his position as Caesar. Maximus claimed (and got) the equal title of Augustus. For the first, and indeed for the last time, six emperors administered the Roman world. Although the memory of a recent war divided the empire into two great hostile powers, their fears and the fading authority of Galerius produced an apparent tranquility in the imperial government.\nThe last years of Galerius saw him keep the position of first among equals. He spent the rest of his time enjoying himself, and ordering some important public works, such as discharging into the Danube the superfluous waters of Lake Pelso, and cutting down the immense forests around it.\nPersecution of Christians.\nChristians had lived in peace during most of the rule of Diocletian. The persecutions that began with an edict of 24 February 303, were credited by Christians to the influence of Galerius. Christian houses of assembly were destroyed, for fear of secret gatherings.\nBut in April 311 Galerius issued the general edict of toleration, from Nicomedia in his own name and in those of Licinius and Constantine. Lactantius gives the text of the edict in \"De Mortibus Persecutorum\" ('On the Deaths of the Persecutors', chapters 34, 35). This marked the end of official persecution of Christians. Galerius died on 5 May, 311."}
+{"id": "55272", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55272", "title": "Placebo (disambiguation)", "text": "Placebo may mean:"}
+{"id": "55273", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55273", "title": "Placebo effect (disambiguation)", "text": "Placebo effect may refer to:"}
+{"id": "55275", "revid": "9245944", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55275", "title": "Square foot gardening", "text": "Square foot gardening is a method of gardening made popular by Mel Bartholemew in 1981. It is based on the idea that wide rows, used in traditional gardening, waste time, work, water, seeds and soil. It shows that quality vegetables can be grown in less space with less work. In this method, the garden space is divided into \"beds\", separated by paths. Each bed measures 4' \u00d7 4' ( \u00d7 ), therefore covering an area of (). These beds are further divided into sixteen squares of about one square foot ( per side, ). A different type of plant is grown in each of those squares. A single large plant, like broccoli, will use one of the squares. Smaller plants can be spaced more tightly; for example, four heads of lettuce together in one square, or sixteen carrots. All work (planting, removing weeds, watering and harvesting) is done from the pathways. This stops the soil from being compacted."}
+{"id": "55291", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55291", "title": "Guerrila", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55311", "revid": "879931", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55311", "title": "Blender", "text": "A blender is an electric kitchen appliance used for making drinks, mixing liquids, and pur\u00e9eing (chopping up into small bits) fruits and vegetables for sauces and soups. \nParts of a blender.\nA blender consists of a glass or plastic container with a mounted blade in the bottom, and a base that has an electric motor and switches to turn on the motor or change its speed.\nBlenders are used to make milk shakes (a blend of ice cream and milk) and fruit smoothies (a mix of fruit and ice). \nFood made with blenders.\nBlenders are also used to make cold alcoholic drinks that include crushed ice or ice cream, such as margaritas and Mississippi Mudslide drinks."}
+{"id": "55313", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55313", "title": "Drinking straw", "text": "A drinking straw (or \"straw\") is a utensil used to consume cold drinks such as milk shakes, smoothies, cola, and fruit juice. Drinking straws are usually made from plastic that is formed into a tube. To use a drinking straw, a person places the straw in a glass that contains a liquid and then sucks the straw with their mouth. Straws are mainly plastic, but some straws are paper or cardboard to protect the environment.\nThe oldest straw found is over 5000 years old. Straws have been found in Sumerian temples made of gold and lapis lazuli. The straws popularity came in the 1800s during the industrial revolution. Those straws were made of paper and turned to mush quickly. An inventor named Joseph Friedman invented a straw made of paper coated in glue so that it did not dissolve."}
+{"id": "55315", "revid": "6997548", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55315", "title": "Whole-tone scale", "text": "In music, a whole tone scale is a scale in which each note is separated from the next one by an interval of a whole tone. There is always one note (a semitone) in between each neighbouring pair of notes of the whole-tone scale. Whatever note is started on, the whole tone scale will contain one of the following sets of notes: \nWhen a whole-tone scale is played on a piano, starting from a low note and moving up to high notes, while at the same time pressing the sustaining pedal (the right pedal), it makes a \"dreamy\" sound. It does not sound in any particular key, but floats along. It also sounds very good on a harp.\nDebussy uses the whole-tone scale a lot in his music, but he was not the first to do so. Russian composers such as Glinka in his opera \"Ruslan and Ludmila\" and Borodin in \"Prince Igor\" used the whole-tone scale.\nLater composers to use it include Alban Berg in his \"Violin Concerto\", and B\u00e9la Bart\u00f3k in \nhis \"String Quartet No. 5\". It has also been used in jazz."}
+{"id": "55316", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55316", "title": "Whole tone scale", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55319", "revid": "6780188", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55319", "title": "Pentatonic scale", "text": "In music, a pentatonic scale is a scale with five notes in each octave. Pentatonic scales are very common and are found in folk music from all over the world.\nAny scale using five notes is \"pentatonic\" (\"penta\" is Greek for \"five\"). However, the pentatonic scale which is used in most Western music uses notes which do not have any semitones. A pentatonic scale starting on C will use the notes C,D,E,G,A (the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 5th and 6th notes of a major scale).. An easy way to find such a pentatonic scale is by using all the black notes of a keyboard.\nUsing the pentatonic scale is a good way for children to make up their own tunes. It does not matter too much which note is used for the start and the finish, because there is no feeling of a clear key. The notes always sound good when played together.\nMany folk songs are pentatonic, or nearly pentatonic. Well-known songs such as \"Land of the Silver Birch\" or \"Auld Lang Syne\" are pentatonic tunes.\nClassical composers have sometimes used pentatonic scales, especially Claude Debussy. His piano piece \"La fille aux cheveux de lin\" has a tune which is pentatonic except for one note. Maurice Ravel used it to write music which sounded Chinese, and in his \"Mother Goose\" suite (\"Ma M\u00e8re l'Oye\") which sounds like a fairy tale.\nThe pentatonic scales used in Indonesian gamelan music are called \"slendro\" and \"pelog\".\npentatonic song:\nsing out your melody\nsing out your song\nsing a pentatonic scale\nstarting on lah\nlah\ndoh\nray\nmeh\nsoh\nlah!\nDifficult words: Octave - An octave is the distance between two musical notes that have the same letter name.\nFolk music - Folk music includes both traditional music and the genre that evolved from it during the 20th century folk revival. The term originated in the 19th century but is often applied to music that is older than that. Some types of folk music are also called world music.\nSemitones - A semitone, also called a half step or a half tone, is the smallest musical interval commonly used in Western tonal music, and it is considered the most dissonant when sounded harmonically. It is defined as the interval between two adjacent notes in a 12-tone scale (e.g. from C to C\u266f). This implies that its size is exactly or approximately equal to 100 cents, a twelfth of an octave.\nMajor scale - The major scale or Ionian scale is one of the most commonly used musical scales, especially in Western music. It is one of the diatonic scales. Like many musical scales it is made up of seven notes: the eighth duplicates the first at double its frequency so that it is called a higher octave of the same note (from Latin \"octavus\", the eighth). "}
+{"id": "55320", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55320", "title": "Major scale", "text": "In music theory, the major scale or Ionian scale is one of the diatonic scales. It is made up of seven separate notes, plus an eighth which is the same as the first an octave higher. In solfege these notes correspond to the syllables \"Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Ti/Si, Do\". The simplest major scale to write or play on the piano is C major, the only major scale not to require sharps or flats, using only the white keys on the piano keyboard:\nShape.\nA major scale is a set of steps in the order \"Whole:Whole:Half:Whole:Whole:Whole:Half\" (tone, tone, semitone, tone, tone, tone, semitone). Western scales do not skip any line or space on the staff, and they do not repeat any note with a different accidental. This means that the key signature of the scale will feature just sharps \"or\" just flats.\nThe circle of fifths.\nThe Circle of Fifths was first described in 1728 by Johann David Heinichen in his book \"Der General-bass\". It has been used ever since as a way to show the relations between scales.\nThe numbers inside the circle show the number of sharps or flats in the key signature, with the sharp keys going clockwise, and the flat keys counterclockwise from C major (which has no sharps or flats.) The circle depends on enharmonic relationships in the circle, which is six sharps or flats for the major keys of F = G and D = E for minor keys (Drabkin 2001). Seven sharps or flats make major keys (C major and C major) that are more easy to spell with five flats or sharps (as D major or B major).\nHarmonic properties.\nThe major scale is used more often than the minor scale in Western music because of its unique harmonic properties. For example, the major third is much stronger in the harmonic series (it is the 5th, 10th and 20th harmonic \u2013 see below) than the minor third (the 19th harmonic)."}
+{"id": "55321", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55321", "title": "Minor scale", "text": "A minor scale in music theory is any scale that has at least three scale degrees: the tonic, the minor third above the tonic, and the perfect fifth above the tonic. Together they make the minor triad. This includes many scales and modes such as Dorian mode and the Phrygian mode.\nIn simple terms, a minor scale is a series of notes with a sad, somber character (exaggerated when heard back-to-back with a major scale). A minor scale begins on the sixth note of its relative major scale, and is built with the following pattern of half steps and whole steps: \n\u2009i_whole_ii\u00b0_half_III_whole_iv_whole_v_half_VI_whole_VII_whole _i (next octave)\nUsually, when people talk about minor scales, they mean natural minor, harmonic minor, or melodic minor scales, which are the most common in Western music. \nNatural Minor.\nThe natural minor scale is the same as the 6th mode (or Aeolian mode) of the major scale. For example, the white notes of a keyboard from one C to the next C up makes a C major scale. If the white notes are played starting from the sixth step of that C scale, (from any A to the next A), then an A natural minor scale (the \"relative minor\" of C) is produced.\nHarmonic and melodic minor.\nThe harmonic minor scale is the same as the natural minor but with the seventh note raised by a semitone. \nHarmonic Minor Scale: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8\nFor example, in the key of A minor, the harmonic minor scale is:\nA B C D E F G A\nOne way the harmonic minor is different to the natural minor is that it has two chords which have the same structure when inverted, so they do not belong to any key. These are the diminished seventh chord (2nd, 4th, 6th and 7th degrees) and the augmented chord (the 3rd, 5th and 7th degrees).\nThe harmonic minor is also sometimes called the Mohammedan scale because its upper tetrachord is the same as the Hijaz jins, often found in Middle Eastern music. The harmonic minor scale as a whole is sometimes called \"Nahawand-Hijaz\" in Arabic, or as \"B\u00fbselik Hicaz\" in Turkish.\nThe interval between the sixth and seventh degrees of this scale (in this case F and G) is an augmented second. While some composers, like Mozart, have used this interval in melodic composition, other composers found it awkward. They thought that a whole step between these two scale degrees was better for smooth melody writing, so they used the subtonic seventh, or raised the sixth scale degree. These two options are called the ascending melodic minor scale and descending melodic minor scale. The ascending has the same upper tetrachord to the major scale, and the descending is the same as the natural minor:\nA B C D E F G A' and then \nA' G F E D C B A respectively.\nMany composers do not stick to the notes of only one of these scales when writing music. Using the triad of the relative major is very common, but because this is based on the third degree of the minor scale, the raised seventh degree of the harmonic scale would cause an augmented triad. In this case, composers usually use the natural minor. In jazz, usually only the ascending minor is used.\nFinding key signatures.\nMajor and minor keys that share the same key signature are called \"relative\"; so C major is the relative major of A minor, and C minor is the relative minor of E major. The relative major is a minor third above the tonic of the minor. For example, since the key signature of G major has one sharp (see major scales for how to find this), its relative minor, E minor, also has one sharp in its key signature.\nMusic may be written in an enharmonic scale (e.g. A major, which only has four flats in its key signature, compared to the eight sharps required for G major). The following are enharmonic equivalents:"}
+{"id": "55322", "revid": "1368380", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55322", "title": "Yeast", "text": "Yeast are microorganisms. They are single-celled fungi. There are about 1,500 different species of yeast. Most reproduce asexually, by budding. Some use binary fission to reproduce asexually.\nA particular species of yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has been used for thousands of years. It is used for baking bread because the yeast makes carbon dioxide as a by-product of it eating sugar, which helps the bread rise (leaven). Yeast is also used for making beer and other alcoholic drinks by a process known as fermentation. This process produces both ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide. Ethanol is also used as fuel, and to make other organic chemicals. \nYeast can be used to make electricity. Yeast is also a model organism for studying cell biology. Some yeasts can cause infections in humans (they are pathogens)."}
+{"id": "55323", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55323", "title": "Budding", "text": "Budding is a method of asexual reproduction. With budding, a new organism grows on another one. It stays attached, while it grows. Only when it is fully grown does it detach from the parent organism. Since the reproduction is asexual, the newly created organism is a clone and is genetically identical to the parent organism. This method (asexual reproduction) is done in favourable conditions\nBudding is very common in plants and fungi. For example, in yeast budding, small buds are produced that remain attached initially to the parent cell which eventually gets separated and mature into new yeast organisms. Sometimes it can also be found with animals, for example with hydras or sponges."}
+{"id": "55325", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55325", "title": "Binary fission", "text": "Binary fission (\"division in half\") is a kind of asexual reproduction. It is the most common form of reproduction in prokaryotes such as bacteria. It occurs in some single-celled Eukaryotes like the \"Amoeba\" and the \"Paramoecium\". In binary fission DNA replication and segregation occur simultaneously.\nIn binary fission, the fully grown parent cell splits into two halves, producing two pools. After replicating its genetic material, the parent cell divides into two equal sized daughter cells. The genetic material is replicated, then equally split. The daughter cells are genetically identical (unless a mutation occurs during replication).\nDuring binary fission, the DNA molecule divides and forms two DNA molecules. The cell then grows to create room for each molecule to move towards the opposite side of the bacterium. At the same time, the cell membrane divides to form 2 daughter cells. After division, the new cells grow and the process repeats itself.\nBinary fission occurs in eukaryotic tissue cells, but the process is more complicated: see mitosis. \nBasically, a cell copies its DNA, and then splits down the middle, creating two daughter cells."}
+{"id": "55327", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55327", "title": "Charisma Carpenter", "text": "Charisma Lee Carpenter (born July 23, 1970) is an American actress. She is best known for playing the character Cordelia Chase in the television series \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\" and its spin-off \"Angel\".\nPersonal life.\nCarpenter was born in Las Vegas, Nevada. At 15, her family moved to Rosarito B.C., Mexico. Later, they moved to Chula Vista (a suburb of San Diego). After graduating high school, she was a San Diego Chargers cheerleader in 1991 before beginning her Hollywood career. She had also sky-dived. She married Damian Hardy on October 5, 2002. She gave birth to their son Donavan Charles Hardy on March 24, 2003."}
+{"id": "55328", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55328", "title": "Ahmed Jabril", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55340", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55340", "title": "18 April", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55345", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55345", "title": "Paul Watzlawick", "text": "Paul Watzlawick PhD (July 25, 1921 \u2013 March 31, 2007) was a theoretician in communication theory. He also commented in the fields of family therapy and general psychotherapy. He lived and worked in California until his death in 2007 in Palo Alto.\nHe formulated five axioms. They are:\nWorks.\nWatzlawick is author of 18 books (in 85 foreign language editions) and more than 150 book articles and book chapters. Books he has written or on which he has collaborated include:"}
+{"id": "55347", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55347", "title": "Neurotransmitter", "text": "Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers. They send information between neurons by crossing a synapse. Electrical signals are not able to cross the gap between most neurons. They are changed into chemical signals to cross the gap. Neurotransmitters act mostly on chemical synapses. Once they reach the next neuron they are absorbed. The neuron then changes this chemical signal back into an electrical signal called an action potential. The action potential passes across the next neuron and to the next synapse.\nMany neurotransmitters are made from amino acids, which are part of your diet and it takes only a few steps to convert them. Neurotransmitters play a major role in shaping everyday life and functions. Scientists do not yet know exactly how many neurotransmitters exist, but more than 100\u00a0chemical messengers have been identified.\nEach neurotransmitter has a different function. For example: dopamine is used in reward and pleasure and noradrenaline is used in an animal's \"fight or flight\" response. Neurotransmitters also regulate the passing of messages. This is because an action potential must be a certain strength before the neurotransmitters are released. The strength required to release the neurotransmitter is called a threshold.\nThe most common transmitter is glutamate, which is excitatory at well over 90% of the synapses in the human brain. The next most prevalent is called GABA, which inhibits at more than 90% of the synapses that do not use glutamate.\nNeurotransmitters are transported within neurons by small \"sacks\" called vesicles. When these vesciles come into contact with the neuron's cell membrane, it opens. This releases the neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft.\nDiscovery.\nUntil the early 20th century, scientists assumed that the majority of synaptic communication in the brain was electrical. However, through the careful histological examinations by Ram\u00f3n y Cajal (1852\u20131934), a 20 to 40\u00a0nm gap between neurons, known today as the synaptic cleft, was discovered. The presence of the gap suggested chemical messengers moved across the synaptic cleft. In 1921 German pharmacologist Otto Loewi (1873\u20131961) confirmed that neurons can communicate by releasing chemicals. By experiments involving the vagus nerves of frogs, Loewi was able to slow the heart rate of frogs by controlling the amount of saline solution present around the vagus nerve.\nLoewi asserted that sympathetic regulation of cardiac function can be mediated through changes in chemical concentrations. Otto Loewi also discovered acetylcholine (ACh)\u2014the first known neurotransmitter. Some neurons do, however, communicate by electrical synapses through the use of gap junctions, which allow specific ions to pass directly from one cell to another."}
+{"id": "55348", "revid": "1676506", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55348", "title": "Hard rock", "text": "Hard rock is a variation of rock music with roots in early 1960s garage rock and psychedelic rock. The term \"hard rock\" may be used several genres such as punk rock and grunge in order to distinguish them from the more radio-friendly pop rock genre."}
+{"id": "55349", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55349", "title": "Sally Beamish", "text": "Sally Beamish (born 26 August 1956 in London) is an English composer. She has written orchestra, chamber music, vocal and choral music.\nSally studied the viola at the Royal Northern College of Music. Later she studied in Germany and Italy.\nSally started her career playing the viola in a chamber group called the Raphael Ensemble. The experience of playing in small groups was important for her development as a composer. Her music often combines and contrasts solo instruments, exploring the sounds they can make.\nShe has written works for the Swedish and Scottish Chamber Orchestras and has had works performed at the BBC Proms. Her trumpet concerto, written for H\u00e5kan Hardenberger and the National Youth Orchestra of Scotland was performed at the Proms in 2003 with Martyn Brabbins conducting. She has also written concertos for the flute, viola, saxophone, percussion and accordion and is planning to write concertos for viola (her third), saxophone quartet and cello.\nShe has written a stage musical about the Scottish Highlands. She lives in Scotland with her husband and young daughter."}
+{"id": "55350", "revid": "1239704", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55350", "title": "Nakhodka", "text": "Nakhodka (Russian \"\u041d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u043a\u0430\") is a port city in Primorsky Krai, Russia. It is one of the most eastern cities in Russia. Nakhodka is a port on the Japan Sea. It is located around Nakhodka Bay. \"Nakhodka\" means \"Lucky find\" in Russian.\nThe village Amerikanka was the first permanent settlement at the location of the current city. It was founded in 1907. Nakhodka became an urban-type fishing settlement in 1941. It received city status on May 19, 1950. This date is now called \"City Day\".\nEconomy.\nThe economy of the city is based mainly on the port and port-related businesses. This include processing and canning fish. In Soviet times, Nakhodka was the only Soviet port in the Far East open to foreign vessels. After Vladivostok started being used by foreigners in 1991, the port of Nakhodka is not used as much as before. Economic activity in the city has become much less because of this..\nNakhodka is still an important international port. It is the center of the coastal trade. Exports include timber, coal, fluorspar, honey, fish and seafood."}
+{"id": "55351", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55351", "title": "Sumatra", "text": "Sumatra, known also as \"Sumatera\", is the sixth largest island in the world. It is in western Indonesia. It is to the west of the Sunda Islands, and is bordered by the Indian Ocean. Sumatra contains the provinces of Daerah Istimewa Aceh, Riau, Riau Islands, Bangka Belitung Islands, Jambi, Bengkulu, Lampung, North Sumatra, South Sumatra, and West Sumatra. Sumatra has an area of about 443,066\u00a0km\u00b2. It is about long, and wide, at its widest point. In 2010, about 50 million people lived on Sumatra."}
+{"id": "55352", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55352", "title": "Whigs", "text": "The Whigs were a political party in the parliaments of England, Scotland, Great Britain and the United Kingdom. The Whigs' start was in constitutional monarchism and disagreement with absolute monarchy. Between the 1680s and 1850s, they tried to win power over their rivals, the Tories. The British prime minister was usually from one of the two parties.\nThe Whigs played a central role in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, and were the enemies of the Stuart kings and pretenders, who were Roman Catholic. The Whigs took full control of the government in 1715. They held it until King George III, coming to the throne in 1760, allowed Tories back in. \nWhen they held power, the Whigs got rid of the Tories from all major jobs in government, the army, the Church of England, the legal jobs and local officials. \nTheir most famous leader was Robert Walpole, who kept control of the government from 1721 to 1742.\nLater on, many of their ideas were adopted by the Liberal Party in the later 19th century."}
+{"id": "55353", "revid": "10460029", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55353", "title": "Espionage", "text": "Espionage, or spying, is a practice of getting information without permission about an organization, society, or country that is meant to be secret or confidential. Espionage usually involves having access to where the needed information is stored or to the people that know the information. In wartime, espionage is a war crime. \nA person who is unwillingly being spied upon or willingly gives away information is called an intelligence asset. The person who receives information is called a spy or more vaguely an agent. A double agent is one who trades information to both sides and is sometimes unknowingly related to or employed by both sides."}
+{"id": "55354", "revid": "6497", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55354", "title": "Spy", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55358", "revid": "744335", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55358", "title": "Harrison Birtwistle", "text": "Sir Harrison Birtwistle CH, (15 July 1934 \u2013 18 April 2022) was one of Britain's most important composers. He was born in Accrington, Lancashire.\nEarly life.\nIn 1952, Birtwistle entered the Royal Manchester College of Music in Manchester on a clarinet scholarship. While there he met other young composers like Peter Maxwell Davies and Alexander Goehr. Together with pianist John Ogdon and conductor Elgar Howarth, he formed the \"New Music Manchester\" group, which put on performances of modern music, especially music using serialism. \nBirtwistle left the college in 1955, then studied at the Royal Academy of Music and afterward made a living as a schoolteacher. In 1965 he got a Harkness Fellowship which gave him the opportunity to study composition in the United States.\nIn 1975 Birtwistle became musical director of the new Royal National Theatre in London, a post he held until 1983. He was given a knighthood in 1988 and was made a Companion of Honour in 2000. From 1994 to 2001 he was Henry Purcell Professor of Composition at King's College London.\nMusic.\nHis music is quite complicated and modern in style. Sometimes it reminds one of Igor Stravinsky and Olivier Messiaen. Sometimes he uses blocks of sound like Edgard Var\u00e8se. His first opera \"Punch and Judy\" is quite different from a traditional Punch and Judy children's entertainment. It is very serious and quite violent. He has written other operas: \"The Mask of Orpheus\" (1984), \"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight\" (1990), \"The Second Mrs Kong\" (1994), and \"The Last Supper\" (2000), .\nWhen \"Gawain\" was performed in 1994 at the Royal Opera House a group of hecklers booed and whistled loudly. However, this only made the opera more famous as lots of people read about it and came to hear it. He wrote a piece called \"Panic\" for alto saxophone, jazz drum kit and orchestra. \nIt was a very loud, harsh piece and it was a shock for the audience when it was first performed at the Last Night of the Proms, a concert at which people normally expect to hear music with easy, sing-along tunes.\nDeath.\nBirtwistle died, aged 87, on April 18, 2022 at his home in Mere, Wiltshire from problems caused by a stroke he had in 2021."}
+{"id": "55360", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55360", "title": "Birtwistle", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55363", "revid": "177123", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55363", "title": "Punch and Judy (Big Shot)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55365", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55365", "title": "Punch and Judy (disambiguation)", "text": "Punch and Judy could mean:"}
+{"id": "55366", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55366", "title": "29 February", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55367", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55367", "title": "10 June", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55376", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55376", "title": "Lorsch", "text": "Lorsch is a small town in southwest Germany ( south of Frankfurt am Main) in the Kreis Bergstra\u00dfe district of the state of Hessen. More than 12,000 people live in the town.\nIt is the site of a Benedictine abbey, which used to be one of the greatest centers of Carolingian art. Several Carolingian kings of Germany were buried there. The abbey is also famous for the Lorsch Codex, which was produced there around the end of the 12th century. The abbey has been declared a World Heritage Site. The \"Nibelungenlied\" identifies Lorsch as the birthplace of Siegfried."}
+{"id": "55378", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55378", "title": "Calvinist", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55379", "revid": "368958", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55379", "title": "1996 in film", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55380", "revid": "368959", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55380", "title": "1997 in film", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55381", "revid": "368962", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55381", "title": "1 April", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55382", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55382", "title": "Scottish", "text": "Scottish usually refers to something from or related to Scotland, a country in northern Europe.\nThese may include:"}
+{"id": "55383", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55383", "title": "List of events in 2004", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55384", "revid": "368970", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55384", "title": "Parodies", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55386", "revid": "368980", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55386", "title": "Herge", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55393", "revid": "9214252", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55393", "title": "Dominic Monaghan", "text": "Dominic Bernard Patrick Luke Monaghan (born 8 December 1976) is an English actor. He is well known for playing Merry Brandybuck in Peter Jackson's movie trilogy of J. R. R. Tolkien's \"The Lord of the Rings\". He is also well known for playing Charlie Pace on the television series \"Lost\".\nPersonal life.\nMonaghan was born in Berlin to British parents. He has a tattoo on his right arm of the English word \"nine\" written with the Tengwar script. It means that his character was one of the nine members of the Fellowship of the Ring in \"The Lord of the Rings\". Many other cast members also got similar tattoos during the making of the movie. On his left arm is a tattoo that says \"Living is easy with eyes closed\", a line from The Beatles' song \"Strawberry Fields Forever\". On \"Lost\", Charlie's tape/bandage finger-rings with letters spelling out words were Monaghan's idea. He thought that because Charlie is an artist, he would still want to be creative even when trapped on an island. Monaghan also actually plays the guitar on \"Lost\".\nDominic dated Evangeline Lilly while the two of them were on \"Lost\". The two broke up in 2007."}
+{"id": "55395", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55395", "title": "Crazy Horse (cabaret)", "text": "Le Crazy Horse Saloon or Le Crazy Horse Paris is a nightclub in Paris, founded in 1951. It is famous for its cabaret, which features nude female dancers. It was opened by Alain Bernardin, who also managed it until his suicide in 1994. Today the cabaret is run by Bernardin's children.\nThe franchise includes \"Crazy Horse Paris\" for one in Las Vegas (formerly La Femme), at the MGM Grand. \nOther cabarets with similar names are separate enterprises."}
+{"id": "55396", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55396", "title": "Le Crazy Horse Saloon", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55398", "revid": "170917", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55398", "title": "Umbrella term", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55401", "revid": "10277294", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55401", "title": "Chili", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55402", "revid": "10345772", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55402", "title": "Cnidaria", "text": "Cnidaria is a phylum with about 11,000 species of animals. All of them are simple and aquatic, and most of them live in the sea. Some are colonial, composed of zooids which may be clones. Cnidarian zooids may take the form of polyps or medusae at different phases of their life.\nCnidaria take their name from special cells which have organelles that sting: the nematocysts. This device is largely responsible for their success: it is their main specialised and distinctive cell type.\nPronunciation.\nThe word Cnidaria is spoken without the initial \"C\", and with a long \"i\". So it sounds like \"Naidaria\". In a similar way, the term Ctenophore is pronounced as \"Teenophore\". Originally, a Greek kappa was in front of the words, and it was pronounced. The name comes from Greek language \"knidi\", \"nettle\", thus meaning \"nettle-like animals\" as all cnidarians have stinging cells like nettles.\nSubdivisions.\nThere are five classes in the group. Jellyfish occur in four of the classes. \nUnranked, but now known to be cnidarians, is the parasitic group Myxozoa.\nBasic body forms.\nAdult cnidarians are usually either free-swimming medusae or sessile polyps. Many alternate between the two forms. Both forms are radially symmetrical, like a wheel and a tube respectively.\nMost have fringes of tentacles equipped with cnidocytes around their edges. Medusae usually have an inner ring of tentacles around their mouth. Some hydroids may be colonies of zooids which serve different purposes: defence, reproduction and catching prey. The mesoglea of medusae is a thick and springy jelly, so it returns to its original shape after muscles around the edge have contracted. This makes a sort of jet propulsion.\nSkeletons.\nIn medusae the only supporting structure is the jelly inside their cell layers. \"Hydra\" and most sea anemones close their mouths when they are not feeding, and the water in the digestive cavity then acts as a kind of skeleton, rather like a water-filled balloon. Other polyps such as \"Tubularia\" use columns of water-filled cells for support. Sea pens stiffen the mesogleal jelly with calcium carbonate spicules and tough fibrous proteins, rather like sponges.\nIn some colonial polyps, a chitinous periderm gives support and some protection to the connecting sections and to the lower parts of individual polyps. Stony corals secrete massive calcium carbonate exoskeletons. A few polyps collect materials such as sand grains and shell fragments, which they attach to their outsides. Some colonial sea anemones stiffen the mesoglea with sediment particles.\nFossil record.\nThere is a long fossil record for the corals, and soft-bodied forms appear in some exceptional strata. Some are believed to be among the Ediacaran biota."}
+{"id": "55403", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55403", "title": "Path", "text": "Path may refer to:\nPhysical paths:\nIn mathematics and computing:"}
+{"id": "55410", "revid": "10389548", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55410", "title": "Calvinism", "text": "Calvinism is a Reformed church of Protestant Christianity that goes back to John Calvin and other theologians.\nOverview.\nImportant Calvinists from Europe include Martin Bucer, Heinrich Bullinger, Peter Martyr Vermigli and Huldrych Zwingli. In England, Reformers include Thomas Cranmer and John Jewel. Because John Calvin had great influence and played an important role in the confessional and ecclesiastical debates throughout the 17th century, the tradition generally became known as Calvinism.\nToday.\nToday, the term also means the doctrines and practices of the Reformed churches of which Calvin was an early leader. The system is perhaps best known for its doctrines of predestination and of total depravity.\nHistory.\n1530s.\nCalvin's international influence on the development of the doctrines of the Protestant Reformation began at the age of 25, when he started work on his first edition of the \"Institutes of the Christian Religion\" in 1534 (published 1536). He also contributed to confessional documents for use in churches, and his beliefs and practices left a direct influence on Protestantism. He was only one of many people to influence the doctrines of the Reformed churches, but he eventually became one of their most prominent theologians.\n1540s.\nThe rising importance of the Reformed churches and of Calvin happened during the second phase of the Protestant Reformation, when evangelical churches began to form, after Martin Luther, another important Reformer, had been excommunicated from the Roman Catholic Church. Calvin was a French exile in Geneva who had signed the Lutheran Augsburg Confession in 1540, but his importance came from the Swiss Reformation, which was not Lutheran but followed Huldrych Zwingli and then Calvin.\nTrue Calvinism, or historical Calvinism, does not teach that God chooses the people who will be saved. Instead, it teaches that for God's own glory recreates men with a new nature, which loves God and hates sin, instead of men keeping their old nature in which they would not want to follow God (Romans 3:10-12). Historical Calvinism also teaches that if God does not choose to save someone, that peron cannot be saved.\nSpread.\nEurope.\nAlthough much of Calvin's practice was in Geneva, his publications spread his ideas of a reformed church to many parts of Europe. Calvinism became the theology of most Christians in Scotland (see John Knox), the Netherlands, and parts of Germany, and it was influential also in France, Hungary, Transylvania, and Poland. Calvinism was popular as well for some time in Scandinavia, especially Sweden, but it was rejected for Lutheranism after the Synod of Uppsala in 1593.\nNorth America.\nMost settlers in the Mid-Atlantic and New England regions of the United States, were Calvinists, including the Puritans and the Dutch settlers of New Amsterdam (now New York City). \nSouth Africa.\nDutch Calvinist settlers also began to be the first successful European colonisers of South Africa in the 17th century and became known as Boers or Afrikaners.\nOther regions.\nSome of the largest Calvinist communions missionaries were started in the 19th and 20th centuries, especially in Korea and Nigeria."}
+{"id": "55412", "revid": "1695095", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55412", "title": "John Calvin", "text": "Jean Cauvin, or Jean Calvin (English: John Calvin, July 10, 1509 \u2013 May 27, 1564), was a French Protestant theologian during the Protestant Reformation who was a central developer of the system of Christian theology that is called Calvinism or Reformed theology. In Geneva, he rejected papal authority and established a new scheme of civic and ecclesiastical governance. He is famous for his teachings and writings and infamous for his role in the execution of Michael Servetus.\nEarly life.\nCalvin was born with the name Jean Chauvin (or Cauvin, Latin: \"Calvinus\") in Noyon, Picardy (now Oise department), France, to G\u00e9rard Cauvin and Jeanne Lefranc. In 1523, Calvin's father, a lawyer, sent his 14-year-old son to the University of Paris to study thehumanities and law. By 1532, he had attained a Doctor of Law degree at Orl\u00e9ans.\nIn 1536, he settled in Geneva, Switzerland. After being expelled from the city, he served as a pastor in Strasbourg from 1538 to 1541, when he returned to Geneva, where he lived until his death.\nThought.\nCalvin trained to be a lawyer. He studied with some of the best teachers of the Renaissance in France. Some of the training used newer humanistic methods of trying to understand to deal with a text directly. His training was important for Calvin. When he started to believe in Evangelicalism, he used those methods with the Bible, which he used form his thoughts. He taught and preached what he believed that the Bible taught.\nReformers such as Jan Hus and Martin Luther are seen as original thinkers who started a movement. Calvin was a great logician. And organised a movement but did not start as much doctrine. He knew very well the writings of the early Church Fathers and the great medieval scholastics. Earlier Reformers also influenced Calvin, who did not disagree with all medieval scholastics but used them and adapted their thoughts according to his understanding of the Bible.\nCalvin is often associated with the doctrines of predestination and election. He had similar ideas to those of other magisterial Reformers about them.\nLast years (1555\u20131564).\nCalvin's power was very great in his last years. He was known all around the world as a reformer who was different from Luther. Mainly, Luther and Calvin respected each other. However, Luther and a Z\u00fcrich reformer, Huldrych Zwingli, thought differently about the Eucharist. Calvin's thoughts about it made Luther believe that Calvin agreed with Zwingli. However, Calvin was sad that the reformers were not all together. He tried to join them together by signing the \"Consensus Tigurinus\", an agreement between the Z\u00fcrich and the Geneva churches.\nCalvin's greatest help to the English-speaking people was by giving protection to Marian exiles in Geneva starting in 1555. With the city's protection, they could make their own reformed church under John Knox and William Whittingham. They later carried many of Calvin's ideas back to England and Scotland. However, Calvin was most interested in trying to change his homeland, France. He helped the building of churches by giving out literature and offering ministers. Between 1555 and 1562, over 100 ministers were sent to France.\nIn Geneva, Calvin mainly wanted to make a \"coll\u00e8ge\", a school for children. A site was chosen on March 25, 1558. The school was opened on June 5, 1559. It was divided into two parts. One part was a grammar school, which was called the \"coll\u00e8ge\" or \"schola privata\". The other part was an advanced school, the \"acad\u00e9mie\" or \"schola publica\". In five years, there were 1,200 students in the grammar school and 300 in the advanced school. The \"coll\u00e8ge\" later became the Coll\u00e8ge Calvin, one of the college preparatory schools of Geneva. The \"acad\u00e9mie\" became the University of Geneva.\nIn autumn 1558, Calvin became ill with a fever. He was afraid that he would die before he could finish the last revision of his \"Institutes of the Christian Religion\", which made him force himself to work. The last edition became much longer and so Calvin called it a new work. The second-last edition had 21 chapters, but the last edition had 80 since he put more detail in the material that was already there though he did not really add more subjects.\nHe became better, but he soon strained his voice while he was preaching, which made him cough violently. He had burst a blood vessel in his lungs. His health became much worse afterward. He preached his last sermon in St. Pierre Cathedral on February 6, 1564. On April 25, he made his will in which he left a little money to his family and to the \"coll\u00e8ge\". A few days later, the ministers of the church came to visit him. He died on May 27 of septicaemia. The farewell is recorded in \"Discours d'adieu aux ministres\".\nThe next day, he was buried in an unmarked grave in the Cimeti\u00e8re de Plainpalais. The exact spot of the grave is unknown. However, a stone was added in the 19th century to mark a grave that has traditionally been thought to be Calvin's."}
+{"id": "55414", "revid": "1538302", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55414", "title": "Trebuchet", "text": "A Trebuchet was a device used in wars and sieges in the Middle Ages. It could be used to throw stones at ramparts, trying to break them down. It could also be used to throw things over the walls of a city. These could be corpses of animals or people that had died of the plague. Trebuchets were more accurate than other medieval catapults. Trebuchets were first made in China in the 4th century BC.\nHow it works.\nThe trebuchet works in a simple way. The basket of the trebuchet is filled with heavy rocks. This acts as a counterweight for the other end, which is usually filled with one large rock. Several men arm the trebuchet by raising the counterweight up and the firing arm down. At this point the arm is released, the heavy basket swings down and the arm swings up, launching the rock far and fast.\nThe sling adds an additional 10-15 feet of arm length and gives the projectile a whip like speed then releases. The sling gives the projectile most of its speed. "}
+{"id": "55416", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55416", "title": "Tarascon", "text": "Tarascon, sometimes called Tarascon-sur-Rh\u00f4ne, is a city in the south of France. The city is about 20\u00a0km from either Arles or Avignon. The city was founded by the Romans in the year 48. Some people know the city from the book Tartarin de Tarascon by Alphonse Daudet. There is also a castle near the city. About 14.000 people lived in Tarascon in 2003. "}
+{"id": "55417", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55417", "title": "Tarascon-sur-Rh\u00f4ne", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55419", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55419", "title": "Kurdistan", "text": "Kurdistan (; ), or Greater Kurdistan, is the region in the Middle East where the Kurds inhabit and the Kurdish culture, languages, and national identity have historically been based. \nGeographically, Kurdistan is located between the northwestern Zagros and the eastern Taurus mountain ranges. Kurdistan is home to many religions with the main ones being Islam, Yazidism, Christianity, Alevism, and Yarsanism.\nGeography.\nKurdistan is made up of four regions: southeastern Turkey (Northern Kurdistan), northern Iraq (Southern Kurdistan), northwestern Iran (Eastern Kurdistan), and northeastern Syria (Western Kurdistan). \nSome definitions also include parts of southern Transcaucasia. Some Kurdish nationalist organizations seek to create an independent nation state having some or all of these areas, while others want more autonomy within the existing national borders.\nNaming.\nHistorically, the word \"Kurdistan\" is first written in 11th-century Seljuk records Many Kurdish dynasties, emirates, principalities, and chiefdoms were established from the 8th to 19th centuries.\nThe 20th century saw the establishment of the short-lived areas of the Kurdish state (1918\u20131919), Kingdom of Kurdistan (1921\u20131924), Kurdistansky Uyezd i.e. \"Red Kurdistan\" (1923\u20131929), Republic of Ararat (1927\u20131930), and Republic of Mahabad (1946). The Corduene was also used to refer to the region.\nSelf-rule.\nIraqi Kurdistan first gained autonomous status in a 1970 agreement with the Iraqi government, and its status was re-confirmed as the autonomous Kurdistan Region in Iraq in 2005. There is also a Kurdistan Province in Iran, but it has no autonomous control.\nKurds fighting in the Syrian Civil War were able to take control of large parts of northern Syria and establish self-governing regions in the Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria, namely the Rojava, where they want autonomy in a hypothetical post-war federal Syria."}
+{"id": "55422", "revid": "1521957", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55422", "title": "Aigues-Mortes", "text": "Aigues-Mortes (French for \"dead waters\") is a city in the south of France. It is in the Gard department and the Occitanie region. It was originally founded by the Romans in the year 102 BC. The first records mentioning it under its current name date from the 10th century. Louis IX of France rebuilt the port in the 13th century. It was the only French port of the Mediterranean at that time. The city is laid out as a bastide. It was the starting point for the Seventh Crusade (1248) and Eighth Crusade (1270). Due to changes of the coastline, the city is several miles from the sea. It is linked to the sea through a canal, nowadays. It has well-preserved city walls. In 1999, about 6.000 people lived there. Aigues-Mortes is about 35\u00a0km from N\u00eemes."}
+{"id": "55423", "revid": "170423", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55423", "title": "2004 in film", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55424", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55424", "title": "2005 in film", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55425", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55425", "title": "Phillipines", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55426", "revid": "10249146", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55426", "title": "3 BC", "text": "Year 3 BC was a common year starting on Wednesday or Thursday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Lentulus and Messalla."}
+{"id": "55427", "revid": "10249143", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55427", "title": "6 BC", "text": "Year 6 BC was a common year starting on Sunday or Monday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Balbus and Vetus."}
+{"id": "55428", "revid": "10416971", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55428", "title": "Leopold II of Belgium", "text": "Leopold II (L\u00e9opold Louis Philippe Marie Victor) (9 April 1835 \u2013 17 December 1909) was King of the Belgians from 1865 until his death in 1909. \nLeopold created and controlled the Congo Free State. His harsh rule killed as many as 10 million Congolese people. \nThe Congo Free State.\nLeopold is mainly remembered as the founder and sole owner of the Congo Free State. He lay claim to the Congo, an area now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo.\nLeopold's regime was extremely abusive towards the native people, and it committed \"widespread atrocities\". According to a BBC article:[The Congo Free State] quickly became a brutal, exploitative regime that relied on forced labour to cultivate and trade rubber, ivory and minerals.\n[C]hopping off the limbs of enslaved Congolese was a routine form of retribution when Leopold II's quotas were not met.\nColonial administrators also kidnapped orphaned children from communities and transported them to \"child colonies\" to work or train as soldiers. Estimates suggest more than 50% died there.\nKillings, famine and disease combined to cause the deaths of perhaps 10 million people, though historians dispute the true number.Leopold's regime was so abusive that the Congo became an international scandal. As a result, Leopold II was forced to give control of it to the government of Belgium. \nDespite owning and ruling it as a dictator and an absolute monarch, Leopold II never visited the Congo Free State or Africa in general.\nPersonal life.\nLeopold was born in Brussels. He was the second (but oldest surviving) son of Leopold I and Louise of Orl\u00e9ans. He succeeded his father to the throne on 17 December 1865. \nLeopold II married Archduchess Marie Henriette of Austria, in Brussels on 22 August 1853.\nOn 15 November 1902, Italian anarchist Gennaro Rubino tried to assassinate Leopold. Rubino fired three shots at the King. The shots missed Leopold and Rubino was immediately arrested. \nLeopold II had a wedding ceremony with Caroline Lacroix, a prostitute, on 14 December 1909, five days before his death. This was not legal under Belgian law.\nLeopold died on 17 December 1909. He was succeeded as King of the Belgians by his nephew Albert, the son of his brother Philippe."}
+{"id": "55429", "revid": "1649820", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55429", "title": "George V", "text": "George V (n\u00e9 Prince George of Wales, formerly George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June, 186520 January, 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the Emperor of India. He was the first British monarch with the family name Windsor. His father was Edward VII.\nGeorge was born in 1865. He was in the Royal Navy when he was twelve; he left the Navy to become king. George was crowned King and Emperor of India in 1911. He was married to Princess Mary of Teck.\nAs King during World War I, George and his wife visited the Western Front regularly to greet British and Commonwealth troops and also to raise morale amongst the troops. He changed the family name to \"Windsor\" to remove any association with a German heritage, because Germany was very unpopular at this time. Among other things, he started the \"Royal Christmas Broadcast\" tradition. He was known for being a stamp collector. His sons Edward and George would later become kings of the United Kingdom and British Empire.\nGeorge was a popular monarch. His great-grandson is the current British monarch, King Charles III, who ascended the throne in 2022.\nEarly life and family.\nGeorge was born the second son of the Prince and Princess of Wales (later King Edward VII and Queen Alexandra). He married a distant cousin (his double second cousin once removed) Mary of Teck (later Queen Mary), and they stayed married until his death.\nGeorge was known as the Duke of York for many years until his grandmother, Queen Victoria, died peacefully at the age of 81. His father, Edward, inherited the throne gaining the nickname \"Edward the Peaceful\" for his hard work maintaining stability when tensions were increasing. Edward's death was greeted with great sadness across the empire, George describing him as \"my best friend\". By the time George became king Britain was the richest, most powerful nation in the world and during his reign the Empire expanded to its greatest ever extent.\nKing and Emperor.\nGeorge was quick to prove himself a decent and popular monarch. He became a symbol of British resistance during the First World War in which he, and his wife, visited the war front regularly. During these visits, he tried to raise the morale of the troops and also awarded medals such as the Victoria Cross to certain troops who had excelled themselves in the battlefield such as Khudadad Khan. However, at home his popularity was waning with even H.G Wells referring to him as \"an alien\" because of his German background (his grandfather Prince Albert was German). Growing increasingly worried he changed the family name to \u201cWindsor\" to remove any association with a German heritage. He was seriously injured when thrown by his horse at a troop review in France.\nAs the war came to a close many world monarchies were abolished or diminished, yet under the reign of George V the monarchy remained very much firmly established and as popular with the ordinary public as his late father. He worked hard as King, visiting many places and meeting many people, from world leaders to working class miners. The King also made friendly relations with socialist Labour party politicians and trade union members. The King, if anything was ahead of his ministers and understood the Empire better. He advised the government during the General Strike of 1926 not to take a hard line against the protestor stating \"Try living on their wages before you judge them.\" Again, unlike most ministers, George became concerned by the rise of Adolf Hitler and the Nazis. He warned that within ten years there would be yet another world war and told many to be suspicious of the Nazis. He was correct with war in fact breaking out just three years after his death.\nAmong other things, he is also credited for starting the Royal Christmas Broadcast tradition in 1932. His Silver Jubilee in 1935 was greeted with jubilations and was a very well loved king across all classes of society. Afterwards however his health suddenly declined. It was in these later years when George's relationship with his eldest son and heir, Edward, deteriorated. George was cross with Edward's failure to settle down in life and was angered and appalled by his many affairs with married women. Edward did not take royal duties seriously and, although quite popular, preferred partying and luxury, in direct conflict with George's sense of duty and hard work. George said of his son Edward: \"After I am dead, the boy will ruin himself within 12 months\", indeed he was correct: less than a year after taking the throne, Edward abdicated, causing the family damage to its reputation. George V was regarded as a wise King with good judgement.\nDeath.\nSeriously ill, on the evening of 15 January 1936, the King took to his bedroom at Sandringham House feeling unwell; he died on the 20th January. He was 70 years old. He lay in Westminster Hall before his state funeral. A night previous all his surviving sons mounted guard, known as the Vigil of the Princes as a mark of deep respect. Statues of King George V were erected across the world and he has been portrayed numerous times by actors.\nIt was not known until recently that he had been deliberately euthanised by his chief physician, Lord Dawson of Penn. Dawson issued a bulletin with words that became famous: \"The King's life is moving peacefully towards its close\". Dawson's private diary, unearthed after his death and made public in 1986, reveals that the King's last words, a mumbled \"God damn you!\", were addressed to his nurse when she gave him a sedative on the night of 20 January. Dawson wrote that he hastened the King's death by injecting him with a lethal combination of morphine and cocaine. Dawson noted that he acted to preserve the King's dignity, to prevent further strain on the family, and so that the King's death at 11:55\u00a0p.m. could be announced in the morning edition of \"The Times\" newspaper rather than \"less appropriate\u00a0... evening journals\".\nThis account, revealed in 1986, caused great astonishment. Euthanasia was completely illegal in Britain at the time of Dawson's action.\nTitles.\nHM King George V had many titles from his birth to his death. His titles were:\nHe was also often referred to as His Imperial Majesty The King within the British Empire\nor His Most Gracious Majesty The King, although this was not his official title."}
+{"id": "55430", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55430", "title": "Candy", "text": "Candy, also called a sweet, is a sweet kind of food that is usually made from sugar and water, with flavors and other ingredients added. \nThe word \"candy\", and probably also from Sanskrit khanda, which means \"piece (of sugar)\".\nCandy is found in almost any store because they are made in many companies. Candy can also be made at home. Many people like candy and think it tastes good. Other people do not like it. Candy contains lots of sugar, so it is not very healthy, but can be eaten sometimes. It is the most common snacking food, and there are hundreds of flavors, shapes, and sizes.\nCandy is not limited to being sweet. Candy can be spicy in different cultures. To add on, Sugar, mainly sucrose from sugar beets or sugarcane, is the major constituent of most candies. Other sweeteners employed in candy manufacture include corn syrup, corn sugar, honey, molasses, maple sugar, and noncaloric sweeteners. Popular candy company's include Hershey, Haribo, Cadbury, and Jelly Belly."}
+{"id": "55431", "revid": "1343687", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55431", "title": "Loanword", "text": "A loanword is a word that is adopted by a language that comes from another language. Since people who speak different languages often need to talk to each other, it is actually very common for languages to \"borrow\" words from other languages. \nExamples of this can be seen in the English language because it has many loanwords. When the Normans took over England during the Norman Conquest in 1066, they made French the official language of England. Since then, many French words later became English words. For example, the English words beef, pork, poultry, and mutton are loanwords based on the Norman French names of the animals cow, swine, chicken, and sheep in that same order. In English, the loanwords mean the meat of those animals specifically. Since later the British Empire took over many different countries and people, they also borrowed many words from the languages of the people they took over. An example of this is the word \"jungle\", which is a Hindi word that has been adopted into English. \nLanguages often use loanwords because cultures learn about new ideas and inventions from people of the languages they borrow from. For example, in English the names of meats and wines often come from French, musical terms often come from Italian, and philosophical terms often come from German. Although native English speakers are now familiar with Chinese ideas and inventions, they are often called by their Japanese names in English because these were introduced to Americans through Japan. China, on the other hand, was closed off from the world when its ideas and inventions spread throughout the world because its communist government stopped communication with most outside countries, including America. \nThe names of food are some of the most common loanwords across languages because people may not have any idea of what the food is like when they are first introduced to a certain culture. For example, Italian food usually has Italian names like \"spaghetti\" and \"pasta\", Japanese food has Japanese names like \"sushi\" and \"tempura\", and Mexican food has Spanish names like \"tacos\" and \"carnitas\"."}
+{"id": "55432", "revid": "248200", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55432", "title": "Events in 2004", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55433", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55433", "title": "Moray eel", "text": "Moray eels are a family of eels in the family Muraenidae. Moray eels can be found all over the world. There are 200 different species in 15 genera. \nBody.\nLike all eels, moray eels look like a cross between a fish and a snake.\nThe body is generally patterned. In some species, the inside of the mouth is also patterned. \nMoray eels normally have wide jaws and large sharp teeth, but some types of Moray eel have blunt teeth which help them to eat animals that live in shells. Morays also have pharyngeal jaws inside the main jaws.\nTypically, moray eels grow to a length of about 1.5 metres. The largest known moray eel is the Slender giant moray, which can reach 4 metres in length. Moray eels live in coral reefs and rocky areas, at a depth of about 200m.\nHabitat.\nThe moray eel can be found in both freshwater habitats and saltwater habitats. However most live in the sea in salt water, never entering fresh water.\nMoray eels normally live in warmer waters, but it depends on the type of eel.\nFeeding behavior.\nMorays are opportunistic, carnivorous predators and feed primarily on smaller fish, crabs, and octopuses. \nThere are not many animals that eat eels, but groupers, barracudas and sea snakes do eat them. Humans also eat eels.\nRelationship with humans.\nHumans eat eels, but sometimes moray eels will give people food poisoning. Moray eels are also caught to put in aquariums for people to look at. Some types of Moray eel may be considered beautiful and hard to find, in which case they will be expensive to buy."}
+{"id": "55434", "revid": "314538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55434", "title": "Anguilloidei", "text": "The Anguilloidei are a suborder of the order Anguilliformes (the eels) containing three families:\nThis suborder used to include several other families that have recently been moved to new suborders:"}
+{"id": "55435", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55435", "title": "Muraenidae", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55437", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55437", "title": "Carcassonne", "text": "Carcassonne () is a fortified French town, in the \"Aude d\u00e9partement\", Occitanie region. It is separated into the fortified \"Cit\u00e9 de Carcassonne\" and the more expansive lower city, the \"ville basse\".\nThis bastide, which was thoroughly restored from 1853 by the theorist and architect Eug\u00e8ne Viollet-le-Duc, was added to the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites in 1997.\nHistory.\nRomans fortified the hilltop of Carcassonne around 100 BC and eventually made it the \"colonia\" of \"Julia Carsaco\", later \"Carcasum\". The main part of the lower courses of the northern ramparts dates from Gallo-Roman times.\nIn 462 the Romans officially left and the Visigothic king Theodoric II built more fortifications at Carcassonne, some of them still stand. In 760, Pippin was unable to take Carcassonne, although he was able to take most of the south of France.\nIn 1067 Carcassonne became the property of Raimond Bernard Trencavel, Viscount of Albi and N\u00eemes. Carcassonne became famous in its role in the Albigensian Crusades, when the city was a stronghold of Occitan Cathars. In August 1209 the crusading army of Simon de Montfort forced its citizens to surrender. He added to the fortifications. Carcassonne became a border citadel between France and Aragon.\nGeography.\nCarcassonne is at about southeast of Toulouse in the space between the Pyrenees and the Massif Central of France. It is at the crossing of two major traffic routes: the route leading from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean and that from the Massif Central to Spain, skirting the Pyrenees. Both routes exist since ancient history.\nThe \"commune\" is in the valley of the Aude river. Another river that flows through the city is the Fresquel river. The Canal du Midi also flows through the \"commune\".\nThe \"commune\" of Carcassonne has an area of , and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .\nThe \"commune\" of Carcassonne is surrounded by the \"communes\":\nClimate.\nThe climate of Carcassonne, in the K\u00f6ppen climate classification, is Cfb - oceanic climate with warm summers.\nPopulation.\nThe inhabitants of Carcassonne are known, in French, as \"Carcassonnais\" (women: \"Carcassonnaises \").\nWith a population of 45,941, Carcassonne has a population density of inhabitants/km2.\nEvolution of the population in Carcassonne\nCarcassonne forms, with other 2 \"communes\", the urban area of Carcassonne with a population of 49,257 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Carcassonne, formed by 71 \"communes\" with a population of 98,318 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .\nEducation.\nA campus of the \u00c9cole nationale de l'aviation civile (French civil aviation academy) is in Carcassonne.\nAdministration.\nCarcassonne is the prefecture of the Aude department, the capital of the \"arrondissement\" of Carcassonne and the administrative centre () of three cantons:\nIt is part of the intercommunality \"Carcassonne Agglo\" ().\nTwinned and partner towns.\nCarcassonne is twinned with:\nThe fortified city.\nThe fortifications consist of a double ring of ramparts and 53 towers. In 1849, the architect Eug\u00e8ne Viollet-le-Duc took over restoration works.\nAt his death in 1879 his pupil Paul Boeswillwald, and later the architect Nodet continued the rehabilitation of Carcassonne. The restoration was strongly criticized during Viollet-le-Duc's lifetime because he made the error of using slates and restoring the roofs as pointed cones, where local practice was traditionally of tile roofing and low slopes, as in this region snow was very seldom. But today Viollet-le-Duc's work at Carcassonne is thought to be a work of genius, even if it is not exactly the same as it was."}
+{"id": "55438", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55438", "title": "Carcassonne (disambiguation)", "text": "Carcassonne can mean:"}
+{"id": "55439", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55439", "title": "Villeneuve-sur-Lot", "text": "Villeneuve-sur-Lot (Gascon: \"Vilanu\u00e8va d'Olt\") is a town and commune in southwestern France, in the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It is a subprefecture of the Lot-et-Garonne department. The commune was formerly named \"Villeneuve-d'Agen\".\nIt is also the capital of the \"arrondissement\" of Villeneuve-sur-Lot and of 2 \"cantons\" in the department: Villeneuve-sur-Lot-1 and Villeneuve-sur-Lot-2.\nHistory.\nThe region where the city is was first populated by the Romans. In the 11th century, a Benedictine abbey was constructed near where is the city now. There was a small village of potters and farmers around the abbey. Between 1254 and 1263, Alphonse of Poitiers had a bastide built. He also gave the bastide city rights. The bastide has a rectangular look, with a central square.\nBecause of its privileged geographical situation on the river lot, the city played an important role in wars of the region:\nGeography.\nThe \"commune\" has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .\nVilleneuve-sur-Lot is surrounded by the \"communes\" L\u00e9dat, Castelnaud-de-Gratecambe, La Sauvetat-sur-L\u00e8de, Monflanquin, Savignac-sur-Leyze, Saint-Aubin, Trentels, Saint-Sylvestre-sur-Lot, Penne-d'Agenais, Hautefage-la-Tour, Pujols and Bias.\nThe Lot river flows through the city of Villeneuve-sur-Lot. The L\u00e8de river, a tributary of the Lot, flows through the northern part of the \"commune\".\nClimate.\nThe climate of Villeneuve-sur-Lot is an oceanic climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification Cfb), with mild winters and warm summers.\nPopulation.\nThe inhabitants of Villeneuve-sur-Lot are known, in French, as \"Villeneuvois\" (women: \"Villeneuvoises\").\nWith a population of 23,263, Villeneuve-sur-Lot has a population density of inhabitants/km2.\nEvolution of the population in Villeneuve-sur-Lot\nAdministration.\nVilleneuve-sur-Lot is a subprefecture of the Lot-et-Garonne department since 1800. It is also the capital of the \"arrondissement\" of Villeneuve-sur-Lot and the administrative centre () of 2 cantons:\nIt is part of the intercommunality \"Grand Villeneuvois\" ().\nTwin towns.\nVilleneuve-sur-Lot is twinned with:"}
+{"id": "55443", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55443", "title": "Agen", "text": "Agen is a commune in southwestern France, in the region of Nouvelle-Aquitaine. It is the prefecture of the Lot-et-Garonne department and the capital of the \"arrondissement\" of Agen.\nThe \"Agenais\", the region where is the \"commune\", is a natural region of the old province of Aquitaine, now in Nouvelle-Aquitaine.\nGeography.\nAgen is in the southeast of the Lot-et-Garonne department, on the right (eastern) side of the Garonne river and close to the Canal de Garonne. The city is at about from Toulouse and from Bordeaux.\nThe \"commune\" has an area of . Its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .\nAgen is surrounded by the \"communes\" Colayrac-Saint-Cirq, Foulayronnes, Pont-du-Casse, Bon-Encontre, Bo\u00e9 and Le Passage.\nClimate.\nThe climate of Agen is Marine West Coast Climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification Cfb), with mild winters and warm summers.\nPopulation.\nThe inhabitants of Agen are known, in French, as \"Agenais\" (women: \"Agenaises\").\nWith a population of 34,126, Agen has a population density of inhabitants/km2.\nEvolution of the population in Agen\nAgen forms, together with other 15 \"communes\", the urban area of Agen with a population of 81,110 inhabitants (2013) and an area of . This urban area is the centre of the metropolitan area of Agen, formed by 64 \"communes\", with a population of 112,801 inhabitants (2013) and an area of .\nAdministration.\nAgen is the \"prefecture\" of the Lot-et-Garonne department since 1790. It is also the capital of the \"arrondissement\" of Agen and the administrative centre () of 4 cantons:\nIt is part of the intercommunality \"Agen\" ().\nTwin towns.\nAgen is twinned with:\nMiscellaneous.\nAgen is the \"capital of the prune\", a local produce sold as a sweet (stuffed with prune pur\u00e9e) or as an after-dinner delight (prunes soaked in Armagnac \u2013 a type of brandy). Every September, the Prune festival organizes rock concerts, circuses and prune tasting."}
+{"id": "55444", "revid": "1618275", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55444", "title": "Libourne", "text": "Libourne (; ) is a commune in the Gironde department in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region in southwestern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department.\nIt is the wine-making capital of northern Gironde and lies near Saint-\u00c9milion and Pomerol, both known for their wines.\nHistory.\nLibourne was created as a bastide by Roger de Leybourne in 1270. The original name of \"Leybourne\" changed to the present \"Libourne\". Its original aim was to be a port to ship wine of the Dordogne valley to England.\nGeography.\nLibourne is at the confluence of the Isle and Dordogne rivers. The city is at about from Bordeaux and from Arcachon.\nIt has an area of , and its average altitude is ; at the city hall, the altitude is .\nLibourne is surrounded by the \"communes\" Les Billaux, Lalande-de-Pomerol, Pomerol, Saint-\u00c9milion, Moulon, G\u00e9nissac, Arveyres, Fronsac and Saillans.\nClimate.\nThe climate of Libourne is Marine West Coast Climate (K\u00f6ppen climate classification: Cfb), with mild winters and warm summers.\nPopulation.\nThe inhabitants of Libourne are known, in French, as \"Libournais\" (women: \"Libournaises\").\nWith a population of 24,595, Libourne has a population density of inhabitants/km2.\nEvolution of the population in Libourne\nAdministration.\nLibourne is a sub-prefecture of the Gironde department since 1790. It is also the capital of the \"arrondissement\" of Libourne and the administrative centre () of the \"canton\" of Le Libournais-Fronsadais with 53,307 inhabitants .:\nIt is part of the intercommunality \"Le Libournais\" ().\nTwin towns.\nLibourne is twinned with:"}
+{"id": "55446", "revid": "551548", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55446", "title": "Mirepoix (Ari\u00e8ge)", "text": "Mirepoix is a city in the south of France. Today, about 3.000 people live there. It was founded as a bastide. Though it is not a bastide in the sense that it is a planned city. It was rebuilt following complete destruction after the local river overboarded. This reconstruction was done according to the 'bastide' idea. "}
+{"id": "55450", "revid": "1672512", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55450", "title": "Kiss (Kiss album)", "text": "Kiss is the self-titled first album from the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on February 8, 1974."}
+{"id": "55452", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55452", "title": "Hotter Than Hell", "text": "Hotter Than Hell is the second album from the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on October 22, 1974."}
+{"id": "55455", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55455", "title": "Dressed to Kill", "text": "Dressed to Kill is the third studio album from the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on March 19, 1975."}
+{"id": "55459", "revid": "824868", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55459", "title": "Alive!", "text": "Alive! is the fourth album from the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It is also their first live album. It was released on September 10, 1975."}
+{"id": "55460", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55460", "title": "Destroyer (album)", "text": "Destroyer is the fourth studio album and fifth album overall by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on March 15, 1976."}
+{"id": "55462", "revid": "1695178", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55462", "title": "12-hour clock", "text": "The 12-hour clock is a way of dividing the 24 hours of the day into two sections. The two halves are called ante meridiem (a.m.) and post meridiem (p.m.). Both names are from Latin and ', means \"before midday\" and ' means \"after midday\".\nEach period has 12 hours and are numbered 12 (acting as 0), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11. Time from midnight to one minute before noon is a.m. and from noon to one minute before midnight is p.m.. The table at right shows how it relates to the 24-hour clock.\nThe 12-hour time is common in several English-speaking countries and former British colonies (such as the United Kingdom, the United States, the\u00a0English speaking\u00a0parts of\u00a0Canada or India), as well as a few other countries. There is no widely accepted convention for how midday and midnight should be represented: in English-speaking countries, \"12p.m.\" means 12 o'clock noon, while \"12a.m.\" means 12 o'clock midnight."}
+{"id": "55463", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55463", "title": "12-our clock", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55466", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55466", "title": "Classic", "text": "Classic could mean:"}
+{"id": "55471", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55471", "title": "Norfolk County Fair and Horse Show", "text": "The Norfolk County Fair and Horse Show is an annual showcase of rides, country music, carnival food, vendors, homecrafts, arigualure, and horses that takes place in Simcoe, Ontario, Canada the week prior to Canadian Thanksgiving. The fair has been held in Norfolk County since 1840. The 2024 fair will start on Tuesday, October 8th and run until Monday, October 14th. The fair always starts the Tuesday prior to Thanksgiving and ends Thanksgiving Monday. It is run by The Norfolk County Agricultral Society who has been running the fair as of 1998.\nYoung Canada Day \nEach year the schools located in Norfolk County in both the (GEDSB) and The (BHNDCSB) take a P.D Day on the first day of the fair, and schools compete to win various events. This say is known as \"Young Canada Day\" or \"Fair Day\". \nThe elementary schools in the region compete in track and field competitions. \nThe high schools in the region, consiting of Simcoe Composite School, , , and prior to 2013, Port Dover Composite School compete in various events such as track and field, tug of war, homecraft events, 4H events and cheerleading. Schools are awarded points for each competition won as well as for decorating their portion of the grandstands (where the trackside events are watched by each school), and for wearing school colours. Each year a new theme is given by the Fair Board and schools must dress and decorate according to the theme and their school colours. Points can also be taken away fro student conduct. Students who are boo-ing other schools or acting in a disrepectful manner will have points taken away from their school. Students who are under the influence can also have points taken away from their school. At the end of all events an overall winner is announced. This is the biggest accomplishment each school can win in the area. It is comparable to large High School Football games in the United States. The winner of Young Canada Day in 2023 was Simcoe Composite School who broke Delhi's thirteen year streak. "}
+{"id": "55472", "revid": "8974361", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55472", "title": "Bootylicious", "text": "Bootylicious is a song sung by R&B girl group Destiny's Child. It is on their third album \"Survivor\" 2001 and was the second single from the album. It was their fourth U.S. number-one single and reached the top-five in Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom. The music video was directed by Matthew Rolston.\nThe word \"bootylicious\" is a combination of \"booty\" (buttocks) and \"delicious\"."}
+{"id": "55475", "revid": "10079246", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55475", "title": "Rigor mortis", "text": "Rigor mortis, also called postmortem rigidity, happens after a person or animal dies. It's a sign that the body is no longer alive. During rigor mortis, the body becomes stiff and hard to move. This happens because some chemicals in the muscles change after death, especially calcium.\nIn humans, rigor mortis can start as soon as four hours after death. But it doesn't last forever. After a few hours, the stiffness starts to go away. Usually, rigor mortis lasts no more than eight hours when the body is at room temperature.\nSome people think rigor mortis is permanent, but that's not true. The stiffness gradually goes away as time goes on after death.\nBody Processes.\nWhen a living organism dies, it stops using oxygen to produce energy. This leads to a decrease in a molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which helps muscles relax. Without oxygen, the body tries to make ATP using a different method called anaerobic glycolysis. But when the body runs out of a substance called glycogen, ATP levels drop, and the muscles become stiff in a condition called rigor mortis. During rigor mortis, the muscles can't relax because certain structures in the muscles can't separate.\nAfter death, calcium enters the fluid inside cells, called cytosol. This happens because certain parts of the cells break down. Calcium causes the formation of structures called actin-myosin cross-bridges, which are important for muscle movement. In rigor mortis, the myosin heads in the muscles keep binding to actin proteins using a molecule called adenosine diphosphate (ADP). The muscles can't relax until enzymes break down this binding. Normally, relaxation happens when ATP replaces ADP, breaking the connection between myosin and actin. But since there is no ATP after death, enzymes (from the body or bacteria) break down the muscle tissue during decomposition. As the muscle tissue breaks down, the myosin heads degrade, releasing the muscle contraction and allowing the body to relax.\nThe breakdown of muscle fibers during decomposition happens between 48 and 60 hours after the peak of rigor mortis, which usually happens around 13 hours after death."}
+{"id": "55494", "revid": "9088", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55494", "title": "Rigor Mortis", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55499", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55499", "title": "Colosseum", "text": "The Colosseum, also known as the Flavian Amphitheatre, is a large artefact or structure in the city of Rome. The construction of the Colosseum started around 70\u201372 AD and was finished in 80 AD. Emperor Vespasian started all the work, and Emperor Titus completed the colosseum. Emperor Domitian made some changes to the building between 81 and 96 AD. It had seating for 50,000 people. It is the biggest amphitheatre built by the Roman Empire, and the largest in the world.\nThe Colosseum is in Rome, the capital of Italy. More precisely, it is on the east bank of the Tiber, the river that crosses the city, east of the ancient Roman forum. A forum in antiquity was a geographical area in which were the main buildings of power, as well as the large square on which the population met. It was both a busy place to live, a place to get married, big parties, community meetings, and so on. The stadium was less than a kilometer to the southwest, the Capitol was a little over a mile to the west.\nColosseum was first called the Flavian Amphitheatre or in Latin, the Amphitheatrum Flavium. This was after Vespasian and Titus who had the family name of \"Flavius\". It was used for gladiatorial contests, and other shows like \"animal hunts\", in which animals would hunt and eat prisoners; or in which gladiators would fight against animals. There were also executions of prisoners, plays, and battle scenes; sometimes it was filled with water to fight sea battles. The people of Rome could go into the Colosseum without any costs; it was free.\nIn the Middle Ages, after the mid-fifth century, it was no longer used for performances. It was then used as housing, workshops, a Christian shrine, and as a supply of building stones.\nIt is now in ruins because of earthquakes. The Colosseum is a symbol of the Roman Empire. It is one of Rome's most popular tourist attractions. On Good Fridays, the Pope leads a torch lit \"Way of the Cross\" procession around the various levels of the amphitheatre.\nThe Colosseum appears on the Italy Euro five cent coins.\nSighting views.\nThe building of the Colosseum began under the rule of the Emperor Vespasian in around 70\u201372 AD. The area was flat, in a valley between the Caelian, Esquiline and Palatine Hills. There was a stream flowing through the valley, but this had been made into a canal. People had been living in this area for over 200 years, but the houses were destroyed in the Great Fire of Rome in 64 AD. The Emperor Nero took much of the land for his own use. He built a grand palace, the \"Domus Aurea\" which had a lake, gardens, paths covered with a roof held up by columns (porticoes), and large shelters (pavilions) to sit in. He had the \"Aqua Claudia\" aqueduct made longer to supply water to the area. There was also a big bronze statue of Nero, the Colossus of Nero, at the front of the Domus Aurea. In 68 AD, Nero lost control of the government. The Senate made him a public outlaw, and he killed himself soon after.\nA great moment.\nTo celebrate the end of Nero's rule, the Emperor Vespasian built the Colosseum on the site of Nero's lake. This was seen as giving back the land to the people of Rome. The Romans often built monuments to celebrate important events, and the Colosseum is a part of that tradition.\nMost of the Domus Aurea was torn down. The lake was filled in and the land used for the Colosseum. Schools for gladiators and other buildings were put up in the old gardens of the Domus Aurea. The Colossus was left in place, but Nero's head was replaced. Vespasian renamed it after the sun-god, Helios (\"Colossus Solis\"). Many historians say that the name of the Colosseum comes from the statue, the Colossus. The Colosseum was originally structured to accomoodate a total of 70000 guests of which 60000 could be seated while rested 10000 can be stand. Usually in Roman cities, the amphitheatres were built on the edge of the city.\nThe Colosseum was built in the city centre; in effect, placing it in the real and symbolic heart of Rome.\nFights.\nThe Colosseum had been completed up to the third story by the time of Vespasian's death in 79. The top level was finished and the building opened by his son, Titus, in 80. Cassius Dio said that over 9,000 wild animals were killed during the opening games. The building was changed by Vespasian's younger son, Emperor Domitian. He added the \"hypogeum\", underground tunnels used to hold the animals and slaves used in the games. He also added a fourth level at the top of the Colosseum to add more seats.\nRenovations.\nIn 217, the Colosseum was badly damaged by fire. Cassius Dio said the fire was started by lightning. The fire destroyed the wooden upper levels inside the amphitheatre. It was not fully repaired until about 240 and underwent further repairs in 250 or 252 and again in 320. Theodosius II and Valentinian III (ruled 425\u2013450), repaired damage caused by an earthquake in 443; more work followed in 484 and 508. The last record of gladiator fights is about 435, while animal hunts continued until at least 523.\nThe Colosseum in medieval times.\nThe Colosseum went through big changes of use during the medieval period. At the end of the 500's, a small church had been built into a part of the building. The arena was used as a cemetery. The areas under the seating was used for houses and workshops. There are records of the space being rented as late as the 1100s. About 1200, the Frangipani family took over the Colosseum and made it into a castle.\nDuring the great earthquake in 1349, the outer south side fell down. Most of the fallen stones were used to build palaces, churches, hospitals and other buildings in Rome. In the middle of the 1300s, a religious group moved into the north part, and were still there in the 1800s. The inside of the Colosseum was used to supply building stones. The marble facade was burned to make quicklime. The bronze clamps which held the stonework together were ripped off the walls leaving marks that can still be seen today.\nThe Colosseum in modern times.\nDuring the 16th and 17th century, Church officials looked for a use for the big and ruined building. Pope Sixtus V (1521\u20131590) wanted to turn the building into a wool factory to provide jobs for Rome's prostitutes, but he died and the idea given up. In 1671 Cardinal Altieri said it could be used for bullfights. Many people were upset by this idea, it was quickly dropped.\nIn 1749, Pope Benedict XIV said that the Colosseum was a sacred place where early Christians had been martyred. He stopped people from taking any more building stones away. He set up the Stations of the Cross inside the building. He said the place was made sacred with the blood of the Christian martyrs who had died there. However, there is no historical evidence that any Christians had been killed in the Colosseum.\nLater popes started projects to save the building from falling down. They took out the many plants which had overgrown the building and were causing more damage. The facade was made stronger with triangular brick wedges in 1807 and 1827. The inside was repaired in 1831, 1846 and in the 1930s. The underground area was partly dug out in 1810\u20131814 and 1874. This digging was finished by Benito Mussolini in the 1930s.'\nDescription.\nThe outside.\nThe Colosseum is a free standing building, quite different to the earlier Greek theatres which were built into the sides of hills. It is really two Roman theatres joined together. It is oval shaped, 189 meters (615\u00a0ft / 640 Roman feet) long, and 156 meters (510\u00a0ft / 528 Roman feet) wide. It covers an area of . The outer wall is 48 meters (157\u00a0ft / 165 Roman feet) high. The distance around the building was 545 meters (1,788\u00a0ft / 1,835 Roman feet). The arena is an oval long and wide, surrounded by a wall high. Around the arena were raised rows of seating.\nThe outer wall was made from about of travertine stone. This was held together by of iron clamps. There was no mortar used to hold the wall together. The outside wall has been badly damaged over the years. Large sections have fallen down after earthquakes. The north side of the outside wall is still standing. It has triangular brick wedges at each end, added in the early 1800s to hold up the wall. The rest of the outside wall that can be seen today, is in fact the original inside wall."}
+{"id": "55500", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55500", "title": "Coliseum", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55501", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55501", "title": "Flavian Amphitheatre", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55502", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55502", "title": "Amphitheatre", "text": "An amphitheatre (or amphitheater) is a type of structure. It is a flat area, surrounded by an area that ascends gradually. In the ascending area, people can be seated. Today, such structures are used for presentations, but also spectator sports.\nIn Ancient Rome, these structures were used to entertain the population. Gladiator combats, athletics and executions were staged there.\nNatural amphitheatre.\nA natural amphitheatre is a natural formation of rocks or cliffs, which resemble a man-made amphitheatre."}
+{"id": "55503", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55503", "title": "Amphitheater", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55504", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55504", "title": "Circus Maximus", "text": "The Circus Maximus (translates to biggest round-course) is an ancient hippodrome in Rome. It was built by the Romans. It was used to stage chariot races, but also other uses like gladiator fights. Today it is a park."}
+{"id": "55505", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55505", "title": "Peter Maxwell Davies", "text": "Sir Peter Maxwell Davies, CBE (8 September 1934 \u2013 14 March 2016), was an English composer and conductor. He received many honours, including his appointment as Master of the Queen\u2019s Music. His surname was \"Davies\"; \"Maxwell\" is his middle name, and his friends called him 'Max'.\nLife.\nDavies was born in Salford, Lancashire. He grew up in Lancashire. He learned to play the piano and started composing when he was still very young. After education at Leigh Grammar School, he studied at the University of Manchester and at the Royal Manchester College of Music (now part of the Royal Northern College of Music). He met other students there who became famous musicians: Harrison Birtwistle, Alexander Goehr, Elgar Howarth and John Ogdon. Together they formed a group which they called the \u201cNew Music Manchester\u201d. This group performed a lot of contemporary music (music that was being composed at the time). After a short stay in Rome he got a job as Director of Music at Cirencester Grammar School from 1959 to 1962.\nDavies wanted to study with other composers, so he went to the United States to study with Roger Sessions, Milton Babbitt and Earl Kim. Then he moved to Australia, where he was Composer in Residence at the University of Adelaide from 1965 to 1966.\nHe then returned to the United Kingdom, and moved to the Orkney Islands. Davies, who was openly gay, lived there on the island of Sanday with his partner Colin Parkinson. In 1977 he started a big arts festival on Orkney, called the St Magnus Festival. This still takes place every year. He often uses it to give first performances of new works (often played by the local school orchestra).\nDavies held several posts, including artistic director of the Dartington Summer School from 1979 to 1984. From 1992 to 2002 he was associate conductor/composer with the BBC Philharmonic Orchestra and he has conducted a number of other well-known orchestras.\nHe was given several honorary doctorates including one from the University of Oxford. He has been President of Making Music (The National Federation of Music Societies) since 1989. Davies was made a CBE in 1981 and knighted in 1987. He was appointed Master of the Queen's Music for a ten-year period from March 2004. He was also a professor of composition at the Royal Academy of Music.\nMusic.\nDavies wrote a lot of music. Some of his first works used serial techniques, sometimes combined with ideas from Mediaeval and Renaissance music, including bits of plainsong.\nPieces from the late 1960s combine these ideas with expressionism and a violent character, for example \"Eight Songs for a Mad King\" which is about King George III. Written for a singer and a small group of instruments the singer has to shout and screech at times, and also act. He wrote an opera \"Taverner\" about the Renaissance composer John Taverner. The orchestral piece \"St Thomas Wake\" (1969) uses many different styles of music, including foxtrots (played by a twenties-style dance band), a pavan by John Bull and Davies's own modern style. Many works from this period were performed by the Pierrot Players which Davies founded with Harrison Birtwistle in 1967 (they were reformed as The Fires of London in 1970 and stayed together until 1987).\nMathematics played a part in Davies\u2019 music. In his work \"Ave Maris Stella\" he used a magic square. \"Worldes Blis\" 1969 shows the beginning of his more mature style. Some people think it is similar to Jean Sibelius.\nAfter his move to Orkney, Davies often used Orcadian (the adjective of \u201cOrkney\u201d) or more generally Scottish themes in his music. He sometimes set the words of Orcadian writer George Mackay Brown. He wrote a number of other operas, \"The Martyrdom of St Magnus\" (1976), \"The Lighthouse\" (1980, his most popular opera), \"Resurrection\" (1987), and \"The Doctor of Myddfai\" (1996). Davies also became interested in classical forms, completing his first symphony in 1976. He wrote eight numbered symphonies since, a Sinfonia Concertante (1982), as well as the series of ten \"Strathclyde Concertos\" for various instruments (pieces he wrote when he worked with the Scottish Chamber Orchestra). In 2002, he began work on a series of string quartets for the Maggini String Quartet to record on the Naxos record label (the so-called \"Naxos Quartets\"). His most recent one is No.9 (2006).\nDavies also wrote a number of lighter orchestral works such as \"Mavis in Las Vegas\" and \"An Orkney Wedding, with Sunrise\" which featured the bagpipes and was played at the Last Night of the Proms in 1992 (with a bottle of whisky being passed round). He also wrote music for children including the operas \"A Selkie Tale\", \"The Great Bank Robbery\" and \"The Spider's Revenge\", and film music for Ken Russell's films \"The Devils\" and \"The Boy Friend\".\nMaxwell Davies's short piano piece \"Farewell to Stromness\" entered the Classic FM Hall of Fame in 2003.\nDeath.\nDavies died on 14 March 2016 on Orkney from leukemia. He was aged 81."}
+{"id": "55506", "revid": "9701813", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55506", "title": "Take That", "text": "Take That are an English boy band from Manchester. They formed in 1990 and between then and 1996, when they broke up, they sold 19 million records.\nThey reformed in 2006 and went on tour, without Robbie Williams. Williams rejoined the band in 2009, doing the Progress sessions. In 2011 Williams and Take That toured Europe on their Progress Live tour to promote the album. in October of the same year Williams chose to leave the group again to focus on his solo career, however, in 2012, 2016, 2017, 2018 and 2020 Williams has performed with the group occasionally.\nJason Orange left Take That in September 2014 and Take That became a 3 piece band. Take That released their seventh album called III in 2014. The band continued as a 3 piece for Wonderland in 2017 and Odyssey in 2018.\nMembers.\nCurrent\nFormer\nCareer.\nGary Barlow, Mark Owen, Howard Donald, Jason Orange and Robbie Williams were in Take That. Williams left in 1995 after taking drugs and soon the 4 remaining members split up in 1996. Take That returned to the music business in 2005, released their come-back album called Beautiful World and then went on tour in 2006. 2010 saw the return of Williams and in 2011 Take That took a hiatus and Barlow become a judge on the British TV talent show \"The X Factor UK\" in that year. Donald then became a judge on the German version of the dancing talent show \"Got To Dance\" in 2013. Williams left the band in 2012. Barlow ended his time on The X Factor UK to focus on the group in 2013. In early 2014 it was announced that the band would release their seventh studio album in late 2014. In September 2014 it was announced that Orange had decided to leave the band. The group then became a 3-piece boy band without Orange or Williams. Their seventh studio album called III was released in 2014. Their first single of III called \"These Days\" was released in November 2014. The second single of III called \"Get Ready For It\" was released in January 2015 and was also featured in the 2015 film \"\". The third single of III called \"Let in the Sun\" was released in March 2015.\n\"New Day\""}
+{"id": "55512", "revid": "4619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55512", "title": "Greenday", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55518", "revid": "1678779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55518", "title": "Ambulance", "text": "An ambulance is a vehicle that is made to take people who are sick or injured to a hospital or other medical facility. Ambulances help people who are involved in life-threatening emergency situations. These include motor vehicle accidents, heart attacks, strokes, seizures and other emergency situations. Ambulances and other medical vehicles have specialized equipment that helps in these emergencies.\nThe first ambulances were used on battlefields. They were carts pulled by horses that were used to take wounded soldiers to field hospitals. Horse-drawn ambulances were common in Europe and North America in the 19th century. Automobiles replaced horses in the early 1900s. The chief physician of Napoleon Bonapart, Dominique Jean Larrey invented a concept of a dedicated vehicle which is reserve to carry patients to the hospital. Nowadays, these can provide first aid or other emergency care. Ambulances and other medical vehicles have specialized emergency lights, sirens and horns that they use to warn people that they are coming down the road. Ambulances normally have emergency medical technicians (EMTs) or paramedics working in them. Ambulances may be used by a Rescue Squad, a separate Emergency Medical Services Agency or a fire department.\nAmbulances are normally called by dialing a special emergency number. This number is different for each country. In the United Kingdom, the number is 999. In the United States, the number is 911; In Europe, the number is 112. A call to any of these numbers connects the caller to a specialized Emergency Telephone Operator or Dispatcher who works at an Emergency Dispatch or Control Facility. Once information from the calling person or persons have been given, the Emergency Telephone Operator or Dispatcher sends an ambulance or other Medical vehicles to the incident.\nVehicle types.\nAmbulances can be based on many types of vehicle although emergency and disaster conditions may lead to other vehicles serving as makeshift ambulances:\nCrew.\nAn ambulance usually has two or more crew members. One person drives while the other looks after the patient in the back. A paramedic will have at least a year of medical training. They can do fairly advanced treatment. Not all ambulances have paramedics on them. In the United States, some may have emergency medical technicians (EMTs). Emergency care assistants (ECAs) can be found in the United Kingdom. In some countries such as France, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden, ambulances may have doctors or nurses on board.\nEquipment.\nIn the past, ambulances only gave patients a ride to hospital. They only carried a small amount of first aid equipment. This is still true in some parts of the world. Most modern ambulances will have more equipment and medicine. In some countries, an ambulance is like a mobile doctor's clinic.\nAmbulances or other medical vehicles have some or all of the following equipment on board:\nAir ambulance.\nAir ambulances became more common in the late 20th century. They are helicopters that carry much of the same equipment as a normal ambulance. In the United States, the Coast Guard runs a public air ambulance service using helicopters. These are often needed when emergencies happen at sea. There are also privately owned air ambulance services that provide for a wider range of needs, including international transport. Air ambulances are very useful when an emergency happens in a place that is hard to get to quickly by ground travel.\nAir ambulances are very important in countries with low population density (few people, living in a vast area). Examples of these areas are Canada, Russia, Sweden or Finland. They can often save the life of a patient who would otherwise die because they could not get to a hospital quickly by other means."}
+{"id": "55520", "revid": "1108895", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55520", "title": "Gan language", "text": "Gan is the language of Jiangxi and some others provinces in China.\nIt is spoken by 20 to 50 million people in southern China.\nGan has 9 dialects, and Nangchang dialect is representative."}
+{"id": "55521", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55521", "title": "Rock and Roll Over", "text": "Rock and Roll Over is the fifth studio album and sixth album overall by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on November 11, 1976."}
+{"id": "55522", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55522", "title": "30 August", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55523", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55523", "title": "Love Gun", "text": "Love Gun is the sixth studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on June 30, 1977."}
+{"id": "55524", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55524", "title": "Alive II", "text": "Alive II is the second live album and eighth album overall by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on November 28, 1977. The last five songs are exclusive to (only on) this album."}
+{"id": "55534", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55534", "title": "Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor", "text": "Henry IV (1050\u20131106) was King of Germany from 1056 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1084, till he was forced to step down in 1105. He was the third emperor of the Salian dynasty and one of the most interesting and important figures of the eleventh century. His reign was marked by the Investiture Controversy with the Papacy and several civil wars with pretenders to his throne in Italy and Germany.\nBiography.\nHenry was the eldest son of the Emperor Henry III, by his second wife Agnes de Poitou, and was probably born at the royal palace at Goslar. When Henry III unexpectedly died in 1056, the six-year-old Henry IV became king without problems. The Empress Agnes acted as regent, and the German pope Victor II was named as her counsellor.\nUnlike Henry III, Agnes could not influence the election of the new popes, Stephen IX and Nicholas II. These popes worked together with the Normans of southern Italy.\nBut the first great problem started when Nicholas claimed influence in the election of Germany.\nInvestiture controversy.\nGregory VII, a reformist monk, was elected as pope in 1073. This is when the controversy between emperor and pope began.\nIn the higher ranks of the German clergy, Gregory had many enemies. Therefore, King Henry declared Gregory was no longer pope, and the Romans should choose a new pope. When Gregory heard of this he\nexcommunicated Henry IV, declared he was no longer emperor and canceled the oaths the people had sworn to King Henry.\nThe excommunication of the king made a deep impression both in Germany and Italy. Thirty years before, Henry III had deposed three popes, but when Henry IV tried to copy this procedure, he did not have the support of the people. The Saxons began a second rebellion, and the anti-royalist party grew in strength.\nTo Canossa.\nThe situation now became extremely critical for Henry. It became clear that at any price he had to get his absolution from Gregory. At first he tried this by an embassy, but when Gregory rejected this, he went to Italy in person.\nThe pope had already left Rome. Henry tried to force the pope to grant him absolution by doing penance before him at Canossa, where Gregory stayed. For a Christian it seemed impossible to deny a penitent re-entrance into the church, and therefore Gregory removed the ban. But a new conflict followed because Henry IV thought the end of excommunication meant he was king again. But Gregory did not decide that.\nSecond excommunication of Henry.\nThe rebellious German nobles used the excommunication of Henry to set up a rival king, Duke Rudolph of Swabia (Forchheim, March 1077). At first Gregory seemed to be neutral because the two parties (emperor and rebels) were of fairly equal strength. But finally he decided to support Rudolph of Swabia after his victory at \"Flarchheim\" (January 27, 1080) and declared the excommunication and deposition of King Henry again (March 7, 1080).\nThis was widely felt to be an injustice. When Rudolph of Swabia died on October 16 of the same year, Henry began to fight to be king. In 1081 he opened the conflict against Gregory in Italy. Gregory had now become less powerful, and thirteen Cardinals stopped supporting him. Rome surrendered to the German king, and Guibert of Ravenna was enthroned as Clement III (March 24, 1084). Henry was crowned emperor by his rival, while Gregory himself had to flee from Rome in the company of his Norman \"vassal,\" Robert Guiscard.\nMarriages.\nHenry's wife Bertha died on December 27, 1087. She was also buried at the Speyer Cathedral. Their children were:"}
+{"id": "55537", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55537", "title": "Gene Simmons (album)", "text": "Gene Simmons is a solo album by Gene Simmons, the bass player of the American hard rock/heavy metal band, Kiss. It was released on September 18, 1978, as one of four solo albums released by the members of Kiss."}
+{"id": "55540", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55540", "title": "Paul Stanley (album)", "text": "Paul Stanley is a solo album from the guitarist of the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on September 18, 1978, as one of four solo albums released by the members of Kiss."}
+{"id": "55541", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55541", "title": "Ace Frehley (album)", "text": "Ace Frehley is the first solo album from Ace Frehley, the guitarist of the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on September 18, 1978, as one of four solo albums released by the members of Kiss. The album was rated 4 out of 5 stars by AllMusic. They said \"Of the four Kiss solo albums released simultaneously in 1978, the best of the bunch is guitarist Ace Frehley's\"."}
+{"id": "55542", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55542", "title": "Tristan und Isolde", "text": "Tristan und Isolde (\"Tristan and Isolde\") is an opera in three acts by Richard Wagner. As always, Wagner wrote the words for the opera himself. He took the famous old legend which had been told by the German poet Gottfried von Strassburg \nWagner composed the opera between 1857 and 1859. It was first performed, with Hans von B\u00fclow conducting, in Munich on 10 June 1865. Many musicians think it is the greatest opera of the 19th century. Wagner\u2019s dramatic handling of the story had enormous influence on many composers of the time. His harmonies were also an extremely important development in the language of Romantic music. Not everybody liked it. In particular, the music critic Eduard Hanslick said that he could not understand it.\nThe story of Tristan and Isolde was one of the great romances of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Several poets told the story, and each told it slightly differently. The themes of chivalry and courtly love are always there. \nThe story of the opera.\nAct I.\nIsolde, an Irish princess, and her maid, Brangaene are on Tristan\u2019s ship, being taken to King Marke\u2019s lands in Cornwall where Isolde is to be married to the King. The opera opens with a young sailor singing about a \u201cwild Irish maid\u201d. Isolde thinks he is singing about her. She is furious and wishes the sea would rise up and sink the ship, killing all on board. She is particularly furious with Tristan, the knight who is taking her to the king. She asks her maid to get Tristan, but he will not come because he is steering the ship. His henchman, Kurwenal, speaks crossly to Brangaene, reminding her that Isolde\u2019s previous fianc\u00e9, Morold, had been killed by Tristan and his head sent back to Ireland.\nBrangaene returns to Isolde to tell her about what was said. Isolde sadly tells her how, after Morold had died, a man called Tantris had been brought to her because he was seriously injured, and that she had made him better using her powers of healing. However, she then found out that his real name was Tristan. He was Ireland\u2019s worst enemy, and he was the man who had killed Morold. Isolde had tried to kill him with a sword, but when Tristan had looked into her eyes her heart had become full of love and she had dropped the sword. Tristan had been allowed to go back to Cornwall. However, it seemed now he had told his uncle, King Marke, all about the beautiful Isolde and had come to get her so that his uncle could marry her. Brangaene tries to make Isolde see that Tristan is doing an honourable thing to make her Queen of Ireland, but Isolde will not listen. She is furious, and wants him to drink a potion which had been intended by her mother for King Marke and Isolde as a love potion, but for Tristan it would be death. \nKurwenal now appears and says that Tristan has agreed after all to see Isolde. When he arrives, Isolde tells him that she now knows that he was Tantris, and that he owes her his life. Tristan agrees to drink the potion, now prepared by Brangaene, even though he knows it may kill him. As he drinks, Isolde snatches the rest of the potion from him and drinks it herself. They both believe they are about to die, and they declare their love for one other. Kurwenal comes and says that King Marke is arriving. Isolde asks Brangaene which potion she prepared and is told that it was not the death poison, but a love-potion. Outside, the sailors welcome the arrival of King Marke.\nAct II.\nKing Marke and his men are hunting at night. His castle is empty except for Isolde and Brangaene who stand by a lighted torch. Isolde keeps thinking that the hunting horns are far enough away for her to put out the flames, giving the sign for Tristan to join her. Brangaene warns Isolde that one of King Marke\u2019s knights, Melot, has seen Tristan and Isolde looking at one another lovingly. Isolde, however, thinks that Melot is Tristan\u2019s best friend, and, desperate to see Tristan, she puts out the flames. Brangaene goes to the castle walls to keep a look-out as Tristan arrives.\nTristan and Isolde can now tell one another they are madly in love. Brangaene tries to warn them that the night is ending, but they do not listen to her and Melot leads Marke to find the two lovers in one another\u2019s arms. Marke is desperately sad because Tristan has been betrayed and also because he himself had come to love Isolde. \nTristan now asks Isolde if she will follow him again into the night, and she agrees. Melot and Tristan fight, but then Tristan throws his sword to the side and is seriously wounded by Melot.\nAct III.\nKurwenal has brought Tristan home to his castle at Kareol in Brittany. A shepherd plays a sad tune on his pipes and asks if Tristan is awake. Kurwenal says that only Isolde\u2019s arrival can save Tristan. The shepherd says he will keep watch and pipe a happy tune to mark the arrival of any ship. Tristan now wakes up and is sad that it is daylight. His sadness turns to joy when Kurwenal tells him that Isolde is coming. He asks if her ship is in sight, but only the shepherd\u2019s sorrowful tune is heard. \nTristan sinks back again. He remembers that the shepherd\u2019s tune is the one he had heard when his father and then his mother died. He collapses. The shepherd now pipes the arrival of Isolde\u2019s ship, and as Kurwenal rushes to meet her, Tristan in his excitement tears the bandages from his wounds. As Isolde arrives at his side, Tristan dies while speaking her name.\nIsolde collapses beside him as the appearance of another ship is announced. Kurwenal sees Melot, Marke and Brangaene arrive and furiously attacks Melot because he had killed Tristan. In the fight both Melot and Kurwenal are killed. Marke and Brangaene finally reach Tristan and Isolde. Marke is terribly sad. He explains that he has heard about the love-potion from Brangaene and he had come because he had decided that Tristan and Isolde should be united. Isolde seems to wake but, in a last aria describing her vision of Tristan risen again (the \u201cLiebestod\u201d), then falls lifeless next to his body, uniting the two lovers in death.\nThe Tristan chord.\nThe very first chord in the piece is very famous. It has become known as the \"Tristan chord\". Although it had been used before, the way Wagner used it here was quite new. It makes the chromatic harmony very hazy, and the listener does not know for many bars what key the music is in. It creates a lot of tension. There are many other moments like this in the opera. The tension goes right through the opera. The story tells of a tension that can only come to rest through death.\nPrelude and Liebestod.\nThe Prelude and Liebestod is a concert version of the overture and Isolde's Act 3 aria, arranged by Wagner, which was first performed in 1862, before the first performance of the opera itself in 1865. The Liebestod can be performed either in a purely orchestral version, or with a soprano singing Isolde's vision of Tristan brought back to life."}
+{"id": "55543", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55543", "title": "Peter Criss (album)", "text": "Peter Criss is a solo album from the drummer of the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on September 18, 1978, as one of four solo albums released by the members of Kiss."}
+{"id": "55556", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55556", "title": "Tristan and Isolde", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55557", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55557", "title": "Prelude and Liebestod", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55560", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55560", "title": "Pop Rocks", "text": "Pop Rocks are a kind of candy with carbonation added to make a \"popping\" feeling in the mouth of the person eating them.\nHow do they pop?\nThe candy pops and fizzes because it contains bubbles of carbon dioxide under high pressure. When you melt the candy shell, the carbon dioxide escapes with a pop. When Pop Rocks\u00ae are made, the hot candy syrup is mixed with carbon dioxide gas under high pressure (600 pounds per square inch)."}
+{"id": "55561", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55561", "title": "Dynasty (album)", "text": "Dynasty is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on May 23, 1979."}
+{"id": "55562", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55562", "title": "Master of the Queen's Music", "text": "Master of the King's Music (or Master of the Queen's Music when the United Kingdom has a queen) is a post in the Royal Household of the King or Queen of the United Kingdom. It is the title given to one chosen composer of classical music Only one person holds the title at any one time. It is very similar to the post of Poet Laureate which is for a poet.\nThe Master of the King's Music is Judith Weir. Instead of being appointed for life, she was appointed for a ten-year term like her predecessor, starting March 2014. The change was to give more composers the opportunity to serve.\nThe Master of the King's Music has the job of composing music for special royal occasions such as anniversaries, marriages and funerals, and for special ceremonies.\nThe title was created in 1626 by Charles I. It was spelt Master of the King's Musick and was always spelt that way until the time of Sir Edward Elgar who was Master from 1924 to 1934.\nHolders of the post have been:"}
+{"id": "55563", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55563", "title": "Master of the King's Music", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55565", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55565", "title": "Unmasked", "text": "Unmasked is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on May 20, 1980."}
+{"id": "55567", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55567", "title": "Music from "The Elder"", "text": "Music from \"The Elder\" is a concept album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on November 10, 1981."}
+{"id": "55572", "revid": "136524", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55572", "title": "Cross-platform software", "text": "Cross-platform software is a type of software that can run on many different operating systems or computer architectures. Together, the combination of an operating system and computer architecture is commonly referred to as a \"platform\".\nMicrosoft Windows, macOS, iOS, BlackBerry, Linux and Android are five different types of well-known platforms.\nCross-Platform Development is very crucial towards marketing business over different platforms. Nowadays, there are multiple platforms for the customer base to surf the internet. A website has a particular pixel and differs in height and width that may not locate the different screen sizes. With the help of cross-platform development, a developer creates the website to mold to any screen size. \nDeveloping an application for multiple platforms is very complex, as it needs high-tech backend work to make the app run on different platforms. With the wide range of OS, mainly iOS and Android, the application needs to be developed. However, with a cross-platform, both iOS and Android can install and run the application. It means the business is targeting the world market for enhanced revenues. "}
+{"id": "55576", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55576", "title": "Investiture Controversy", "text": "The Investiture Controversy, also known as the lay investiture controversy, was the most important conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe. It began as a dispute in the 11th century between the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII. The question was who would control appointments of bishops (investiture).\nThe controversy led to many years of bitterness and nearly fifty years of civil war in Germany. This war ended with the triumph of the great dukes and abbots, and the falling apart of the German empire in the end.\nThe dispute between Gregory VII and Henry IV.\nWhen Gregory VII, a reformist monk, was elected as pope in 1073, the controversy between emperor and pope began.\nGregory had many enemies in the higher ranks of the German clergy, so Henry IV declared that Gregory was no longer pope and that the Romans should choose a new pope . When Gregory learned of this he excommunicated Henry IV, declared he was no longer emperor, and told his subjects that they no longer had to obey him as they had sworn to do.\nThe excommunication of the king made a deep impression both in Germany and Italy. Thirty years before, his father Henry III had deposed three popes, but when Henry IV tried to copy this procedure he did not have the support of the people. The Saxons began a second rebellion, and the anti-royalist party grew in strength from month to month.\nTo Canossa.\nHenry had been excommunicated by this point, and facing widespread opposition at home with Rudolf as the figurehead of this, Henry met the Pope at a fortress in the Southern Alps. Over three days he signals his penitence in the snow, barefoot and wearing a sack cloth, leading to a reconciliation with Pope Gregory VII.\nSecond excommunication of Henry.\nThe opposition of the rebellious German nobles used the excommunication of Henry to set up a rival king Rudolf of Rheinfelden (Forchheim, March 1077). At first Gregory seemed to be neutral because the two parties (emperor and rebels) were of fairly equal strength. But finally he decided for Rudolf after his victory at \"Flarchheim\" (27 January 1080) and declared the excommunication and deposition of King Henry again (7 March 1080).\nThis was widely felt to be an injustice. When Rudolf died on 16 October of the same year, Henry, now more experienced, took up the struggle. In 1081 he opened the conflict against Gregory in Italy. Gregory had now become less powerful, and thirteen cardinals deserted him. Rome surrendered to the German king, and Guibert of Ravenna enthroned as Clement III (24 March 1084). Henry was crowned emperor by his rival, while Gregory himself had to flee from Rome in the company of his Norman \"vassal\" Robert Guiscard."}
+{"id": "55577", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55577", "title": "Lay investiture controversy", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55578", "revid": "595018", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55578", "title": "Palm", "text": "The word palm can mean:"}
+{"id": "55579", "revid": "1313199", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55579", "title": "Cycas", "text": "Cycas is a genus of plants. It is the only living genus remaining in the Cycadaceae family. Cycads were common plants when dinosaurs roamed the Earth, but are rare today.\nOver 100 species are known. Probably the best-known of these is \"Cycas revoluta\", the Sago Palm. The generic name comes from Greek \"kykas\" and means \"palm tree\". The plant is not a true palm, however. \n\"Cycas\" is native to the Old World; most species are around the equatorial regions. It is native to eastern and southeastern Asia including the Philippines with 6 species (4 of which are endemic), eastern Africa (including Madagascar), northern Australia, Polynesia, and Micronesia. Australia has 26 species, while the Indo-Chinese area has about 30. The northernmost species (\"C. revoluta\") is found at 31\u00b0N in southern Japan. The southernmost (\"C. megacarpa\") is found at 26\u00b0S in southeast Queensland, Australia.\nThe plants have often been considered to be a living fossil. The earliest fossils of the genus \"Cycas\" appear in the Cainozoic, but \"Cycas\"-like fossils occur well into the Mesozoic. Phylogenetic studies have shown that Cycadaceae is the sister-group to all other living cycads."}
+{"id": "55580", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55580", "title": "Cycadaceae", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55581", "revid": "756599", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55581", "title": "Heliconia", "text": "Heliconia is a genus of flowering plants. They are native tropical South America, as well as the Pacific Ocean Islands west to Indonesia. There are between 100 and 200 species in the genus. Other common names include lobster-claw, wild plantain and false bird-of-paradise. \nThe plants have very decorative flowers. For this reason they are often sold decorative plants."}
+{"id": "55583", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55583", "title": "Heliconiaceae", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55584", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55584", "title": "Lobster-claw", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55585", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55585", "title": "Wild plantain", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55586", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55586", "title": "Alive (album)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55587", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55587", "title": "False bird-of-paradise", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55588", "revid": "105299", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55588", "title": "Coconut", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55597", "revid": "9922538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55597", "title": "Screenplay", "text": "A screenplay or script is the written instruction about what happens in a play, movie or television program. The screenplay for a movie has everything that happens in the movie. It includes the plot, the dialogue and actions of the characters, and instructions for editing. The person who writes the screenplay is called a screenwriter. A screenplay for television is called a teleplay. The script is usually slightly changed or things will be added or subtracted as the directors and producers decide. "}
+{"id": "55607", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55607", "title": "Pope Gregory VII", "text": "Pope Gregory VII (; 1020\u2013May 25, 1085), born Hildebrand (Italian: \"Ildebrando di Soana\"), was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 158th Pope from April 22, 1073 until he died in 1085.\nEarly life.\nHildebrand was born in Sovana in Tuscany. As a youth, he became a Benedictine monk. \nIn Rome, Hildebrand became the chaplain of Pope Gregory VI. When Gregory VI abdicated and went into in exile in Germany, Hildebrand went with him.\nCardinal.\nPope Leo IX raised Hildebrand to the rank of Cardinal in 1049.\nPope.\nCardinal Hildebrand was elected pope on April 22, 1073; and he chose to be called Gregory. \nPope Gregory was involved in Italian and European political disputes.\nAfter his death.\nPope Gregory died an exile in Salerno. His last words were: \"I have loved justice and hated iniquity; therefore, I [now] die in exile.\" (\"Dilexi iustitiam et odivi iniquitatem propterea morior in exilio\").. \nGregory was recognized as a saint in 1728.."}
+{"id": "55608", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55608", "title": "Excommunication", "text": "Excommunication is a religious act used to take off or suspend membership in a religious community.\nThe word literally means \"out of communion\", or \"no longer in communion\". In some churches, excommunication includes the belief that the person who was exocommunicated is going to Hell. Sometimes punishment \"follow\" excommunication; these include being banned, shunning, and shaming, depending on the group's religion or religious community."}
+{"id": "55610", "revid": "593910", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55610", "title": "Helen Clark", "text": "Helen Elizabeth Clark (born 26 February 1950) was the Prime Minister of New Zealand from December 1999 to November 2008. She is was later the head of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) from 2009 to 2017. In 2006, she was ranked by \"Forbes\" magazine as the 20th most powerful woman in the world.\nClark is a member of the of Global Commission for the Economy and Climate.\nEarly life.\nClark grew up the eldest of four daughters from a Waikato farming family. Her mother, Margaret, worked as a primary school teacher and her father, George, was a farmer who supported the National Party during the 1981 election.\nClark studied at the University of Auckland, where she graduated with a MA (Honours) in 1974. Her thesis research focused on rural political behavior and representation."}
+{"id": "55611", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55611", "title": "Maxwell Davies", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55614", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55614", "title": "Scalable Vector Graphics", "text": "Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) are a type of two dimensional picture that work on vectors, rather than pixels. This means they can become bigger or smaller without losing any quality or becoming blurry. SVG is based on XML and created by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C).\nHistory.\nThe W3C published SVG in September 2001. As of 2018 SVG is widely supported in all modern browsers.\nThe normal Filename extension is \".svg\" and the MIME-Type is codice_1.\nStructure.\nSVG uses Extensible Markup Language (XML). So it has a definition of the document type.\n <?xml version=\"1.0\" encoding=\"utf-8\"?>\n <svg xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\"\n xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" xmlns:ev=\"http://www.w3.org/2001/xml-events\"\n version=\"1.1\" baseProfile=\"full\"\n width=\"800mm\" height=\"600mm\">\n <!-- content of the file -->\n </svg>\nDifference between bitmap and vector images.\nThis image shows the difference between bitmap and vector\nimages. The vector image can be scaled forever, while the bitmap can not."}
+{"id": "55615", "revid": "5933", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55615", "title": "SVG", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55616", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55616", "title": "Creatures of the Night", "text": "Creatures of the Night is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on October 13, 1982."}
+{"id": "55620", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55620", "title": "Pop rocks", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55626", "revid": "440431", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55626", "title": "Full communion", "text": "Full communion is a term used in Christian ecclesiology to describe relations between two distinct Christian communities or Churches that recognise that each other shares the same communion and the same essential doctrines. That does not mean that there would be no differences at all between them. \nThe meaning of full communion is different in, on the one hand, Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christian theology, and, on the other hand, in the theology of other Western Christians. "}
+{"id": "55632", "revid": "1156545", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55632", "title": "Queue area", "text": "A queue is a line of people standing behind one another who are waiting for something. The person at the front of the queue will have his turn next, then the next person and so on. When someone comes to join the queue they have to go to the back of the queue and wait until it is their turn. Sometimes people try to \"jump the queue\" or \"push in\". They are usually told off and have to go to the back of the queue.\nThe word \"queue\" comes from the French word for \"tail\", but when talking about a queue of people in English it is pronounced \"kyoo\" (like \"Kew\" in \"Kew Gardens\"). The word \"queue\" can be a noun (\"Please stand in the queue\") or a verb (\"Please queue over there\").\nA queue may also be a queue of vehicles waiting to get passed something or to go in somewhere.\nPeople may queue to be served in a shop, or queue for a bus or taxi or to go into something like a museum. Queueing is much better than pushing one's way in.\nSometimes, in places where a lot of people are queueing, there may be a system of numbered tickets. When someone arrives, they take a number and wait until their number is shown on a display board. This system is often used in banks, doctor's surgeries, passport offices, etc.\nPeople waiting in a queue are not always standing around. There may be people who, for example, are waiting to have an operation, but they have to wait \"in a queue\" until one day they receive a letter from the hospital telling them when to come in for their operation.\nRussians often make jokes about queues because, in the days of the Soviet Union, there was not much in the shops. When a shop had a delivery there would suddenly be a long queue of people. People joined a queue even if they did not know what the queue was for. If they bought something they did not want they could always sell it.\nPerhaps the most famous queue in Britain is the queue for promenade tickets (standing places) at the BBC Proms. People enjoy chatting to one another in the queue. The people who are at the front of the queue can have the first choice of where to stand for the concert. The word queue does not have any word families, however, it has many synonyms. Some of these are: Chain, line, row, and series. It only has two antonyms, and they are disorder and disorganized."}
+{"id": "55636", "revid": "10028281", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55636", "title": "Ecclesiology", "text": "In Christian theology, ecclesiology is the study of doctrine about the Church itself as a community and about the churches own view of its mission and role.\nThat means that ecclesiology looks at the role of the church in salvation, at its origin, its relationship to the historical Christ, its discipline, its destiny (see Eschatology) and its leadership. \nIn addition to describing a broad discipline of theology, ecclesiology may be used in the specific sense of a particular church or denomination\u2019s character, self-described or otherwise. This is the sense of the word in such phrases as \"Roman Catholic ecclesiology\", \"Lutheran ecclesiology\", and \"ecumenical ecclesiology\". \nQuestions asked by ecclesiology.\nEcclesiology asks the questions:"}
+{"id": "55637", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55637", "title": "Numbers", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55638", "revid": "1128114", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55638", "title": "Ecclesia (Church)", "text": "Ecclesia (or Ekklesia) in Christian theology means both: a particular body of faithful people, and the whole body of the faithful. Latin \"ecclesia\", from Greek \"ekklesia,\" where the word is a compound of two segments: \"ek\", a preposition meaning \"out of\", and a verb, \"kaleo\", signifying \"to call\" - together, literally, \"to call out\". That usage soon disappeared and was replaced with \"assembly, congregation, council\", or \"convocation\".\nChristian understanding of 'Church'.\nIf one speaks of the whole body of Christian faithful, then there are included not only the members of the Church who are alive on earth but all who were members of the church before. Some churches therefore describe the Church as being composed of the \"Church Militant\" (Christians on Earth) and the \"Church Triumphant\" (Christians in Heaven). In Catholic theology, there is also the \"Church Suffering\" (Christians still in purgatory).\nThe Christian family, the most basic unit of Church life, is sometimes called the domestic Church.\nFinally, 'The Church' may sometimes be used, especially in Catholic theology, to speak of those who exercise the office of teaching and ruling the faithful, the \"Ecclesia Docens\", or again (more rarely) the governed as distinguished from their pastors, the \"Ecclesia Discens\"."}
+{"id": "55639", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55639", "title": "Communion (Christian)", "text": "The term Communion comes from Latin \"communio\" (sharing in common). The corresponding term in Greek is \u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1, which is often translated as \"fellowship\".\nIn Christianity, the basic meaning of the term \"communion\" is an especially close relationship of Christians, as individuals or as a Church, with God and with other Christians.\nDerived meanings in Christianity.\nBut the term is also used of a group of Christian Churches that have this close relationship of communion with each other. An example is the Anglican Communion.\nIf the relationship between the Churches is complete, involving fulness of \"those bonds of communion - faith, sacraments and pastoral governance - that permit the Faithful to receive the life of grace within the Church\", it is called full communion. But the term \"full communion\" is often used as well in that sense that these Christian Churches are not united, but have only an arrangement where members of each Church have certain rights within the other.\nIf a Church recognizes that another Church, with which it lacks bonds of pastoral governance, shares with it some of the beliefs and essential practices of Christianity, it may speak of \"partial communion\" between it and the other Church.\nThe communion of saints is the relationship that, according to the belief of Christians, exists between them as people made holy by their link with Christ. This relationship is generally understood to mean not only those still in earthly life, but also to those who have gone past death to be \"at home with the Lord\" (2 Corinthians 5:8).\nIn a special way the term \"communion\" is applied to sharing in the Eucharist.\nBiblical usage.\nIn the Bible, the Greek term \"\u03ba\u03bf\u03b9\u03bd\u03c9\u03bd\u03af\u03b1\" is only used in the New Testament. It does not appear at all in the ancient Greek translation of the Old Testament known as the Septuagint. As a noun, or in its adjectival or verbal forms, it is found in 43 verses of the New Testament. In addition, the noun is found in some manuscripts (used for producing the English translation known as the King James Version, but not for more recent translations) in Ephesians 3:9.\nThe word is applied, according to the context, to communion, sharing or fellowship with:"}
+{"id": "55646", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55646", "title": "Renewable resource", "text": "A renewable resource is a resource which can be used repeatedly and replaced naturally. Renewable energy almost never runs out, for example: solar energy is powered by heat from the sun and never runs out. Other examples include oxygen, geothermal power, fresh water, solar energy and biomass. \nGasoline, coal, natural gas, diesel, plastics and other fossil fuels are not renewable. They take millions of years to be made, and cannot be renewed in a human\u2019s, or even a nation's lifetime. Ways have been developed to make biodegradable plastic and bio diesel and other fuels from renewable resources such as corn, sugar cane, soybeans and canola.\nRenewable resource harvesting and use typically do not produce pollution or contribute to global warming. The use of renewable resources and energy sources is increasing worldwide, with certain nations, such as Bhutan, and US states, such as California, beginning to rely entirely on renewable energy. From 2008 to 2012, the U.S. doubled renewable generation from wind, solar, and geothermal sources. America and Britain are now home to some of the largest wind and solar farms in the world. There are also things called human resource where human\u2019s waste is turned into energy. There are many other resources such as water power. Renewable resources are basically the opposite of non-renewable resources."}
+{"id": "55647", "revid": "744335", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55647", "title": "Derek Taylor", "text": "Derek Taylor (7 May 1932 \u2013 7 September 1997) was an English journalist and author. He spent most of his career covering popular music and celebrity news. He had a long association with rock band The Beatles, serving at different times as their . He was also a to The Beatles manager Brian Epstein, and co-wrote a with guitarist George Harrison.\nIn the mid-1960s, Taylor lived with his family in Los Angeles, California, and had his own agency. His clients included The Byrds and The Beach Boys. He also gave Harry Nilsson's career a boost, when he sent copies of Nilsson's album \"Pandemonium Shadow Show\" to important members of the music industry, including the Beatles. Taylor died of cancer on 7 September 1997."}
+{"id": "55648", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55648", "title": "Hot chocolate", "text": "Hot chocolate, also known as hot cocoa or drinking chocolate, is a hot drink. It is usually made by mixing chocolate or cocoa powder, sugar or alternative sweeteners. Hot chocolate may be topped with whipped cream or marshmallows. Hot chocolate is usually drunk to make the drinker feel happier or warmer. Some studies have shown that hot chocolate may be healthy because of antioxidants that are in cocoa. Until the 1800s, hot chocolate was also used by doctors as a medicinal drink.\nIt is believed that the hot chocolate drink was first made by the Mayan people about 2,000 years ago. Another cocoa drink was made by the Aztecs by 1400 . The drink became popular in Europe after being brought from Mexico, and has changed a lot since then. Today, hot chocolate is used around the world. It comes in many different types such as the very thick \"cioccolata densa\" in Italy, and the thinner hot cocoa that is usually drunk in Canada.\nHistory.\nChocolate is made from cocoa, the dried and partly fermented seeds of the cacao tree (\"Theobroma cacao\"). The cacao tree is a small (4\u20138\u00a0m (15\u201326\u00a0ft.) tall) pine tree found in the deep tropical areas of the Americas. New studies show that the most found type of the plant first came from the Amazon basin. It was slowly moved by humans to other places in South and Central America to farm. Early kinds of another type have also been found in what is now Venezuela. The scientific name, \"theobroma\", means \"food of the gods\". The fruit, called a cacao pod, is shaped like an oval, 15\u201330\u00a0cm (6\u201312\u00a0in.) long and 8\u201310\u00a0cm (3\u20134\u00a0in.) wide. It gets ripe from yellow to orange, and weighs about 500\u00a0g (1\u00a0lb) when ripe.\nThe first known use of cacao is chocolate found in jars at the site of Puerto Escondido in Honduras. It was used there around 1100 An early Classic Period (460\u2013480 ) Mayan grave from R\u00edo Azul, Guatemala, had cups with the Mayan words for cacao on them with traces of an old chocolate drink. The Maya are usually given credit for making the first chocolate drink over 2,000 years ago. The drink would be changed even more in Europe.\nTo make the drink, the Maya ground cocoa seeds into a paste and mixed it with water, cornmeal, chile peppers, and spices. They then poured the drink back and forth from a cup to a pot until a foam was created. The drink was served cold. Maya of all social classes could get the drink, but the rich drank chocolate from fancy vessels or cups.\nBy the 1400s, the Aztecs took over a large part of Mesoamerica, and took cacao into their culture. They thought of chocolate with Xochiquetzal, the goddess of pregnancy. They also used chocolate drinks as sacrifices to gods. The Aztec kind of the drink was bitter and spicy, and was called \"xocolatl\". It was made a lot like the Mayan chocolate drinks. Vanilla, chile pepper, and achiote were added to the drink, and it was believed to fight tiredness, which is because of the theobromine content, a mood enhancer. Because cacao would not grow in central Mexico and had to be brought into the empire, chocolate was an important luxury good in the Aztec empire. Because of this, cocoa beans were used as money.\nThe first time Europeans saw chocolate was in the 16th century when Montezuma (who was ruler of the Aztec then) showed \"xocolatl\" to Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s, a Spanish conquistador. What the Spanish then called \"chocolatl\" was said to be a drink made of a chocolate base with vanilla and other spices that was served cold. Montezuma's rulers have been said to drink about 2000 cups of \"xocolatl\" per day, 50 of which were drank by Montezuma himself.\nBecause sugar had not come to the Americas, \"xocolatl\" was said to be something that one did not like in the beginning. The drink tasted spicy and bitter, unlike today's hot chocolate. As to when \"xocolatl\" was first made warm, sources are not sure about when and by whom. However, Jose de Acosta, a Spanish Jesuit missionary who lived in Peru and then Mexico in the later 16th century, described \"xocolatl\" as a drink with a bitter taste that the natives liked a lot.\nEuropean changes.\nAfter defeating Montezuma\u2019s warriors and taking the Aztec's riches, Cort\u00e9s went back to Spain in 1528. He brought cocoa beans and chocolate drink making equipment. At this time, chocolate still was only the bitter drink made by the Mayans. Sweet hot chocolate and bar chocolate were not made yet.\nAfter coming to Europe, the drinkI got chocolate slowly got popularity. The court of King Charles V soon began drinking it, and what was then only called \"chocolate\" became a popular drink with the Spanish upper class. Also, cocoa was given as a gift when the Spanish Royal Family married other royalty. Then, chocolate cost a lot in Europe because the cacao beans only grew in South America.\nThe first shipment of chocolate to Europe for sale purposes was a shipment from Veracruz to Sevilla in 1585. It was still a drink, but the Europeans added sugar to sweeten it, and took out the chili pepper. They also added vanilla, cinnamon, and other spices. Sweet hot chocolate was then made, making hot chocolate a luxury item with the European royalty in the 17th century. Even when the first Chocolate house (a store like a coffee shop now) opened in 1657, the drink still cost a lot. A pound cost 50 to 75 pence (between 50 and US$75 now).\nIn the late 1600s, Hans Sloane, president of the Royal College of Physicians, went to Jamaica. There, he tried chocolate and did not like it, but found it was better with milk. When he came back to England, he brought the recipe with him, bringing milk chocolate to Europe.\nIn 1828, Coenraad Johannes van Houten made the first cocoa powder making machine in the Netherlands. The press took apart the greasy cocoa butter from cacao seeds, leaving a chocolate powder behind. This powder\u2014like the cocoa powder used now\u2014was easier to stir into milk and water, and led to solid chocolate. By using cocoa powder and a little bit of cocoa butter, bar chocolate was then able to be made. The term \"chocolate\" then came to mean solid chocolate, instead of hot chocolate.\nUse and types.\nToday, hot chocolate is used around the world. However, there are two main styles of the drink.\nName.\nThe words \"hot chocolate\" and \"hot cocoa\" are sometimes used instead of each other, but there is actually a difference between the two. \"Hot cocoa\" is made from a mix of cocoa, sugar and ingredients, all powdered, to make the drink thick without cocoa butter. \"Hot chocolate\" is made right from bars of chocolate, which has cocoa, sugar and cocoa butter in it. The biggest difference between the two is the cocoa butter, which makes hot cocoa have less fat than hot chocolate, so it is better for one's health.\nHot chocolate can be made with dark, semisweet, or bittersweet chocolate. It is cut into small pieces and stirred into milk with sugar. American hot cocoa powder can be made with powdered milk so it can be made without milk. In the United Kingdom, \"hot chocolate\" is a sweet chocolate drink made with hot milk or water, and powder with chocolate, sugar, and powdered milk. \"Cocoa\" usually means a similar drink made with just hot milk and cocoa powder, then made sweeter with sugar.\nNorth America.\nIn the United States, the drink is most popular in powdered or crushed form. It is made with hot water or milk. This is the thinner of the two main types. It is very sweet and often is served with marshmallows, whipped cream, or a piece of solid chocolate. European hot chocolate first came to the U.S. as early as the 1600s by the Dutch, but the first time colonists began selling hot chocolate was around 1755. Hot chocolate is usually drank in cold weather and winter in the United States. It is not taken with meals very often.\nIn Mexico, hot chocolate is still popular. Besides the instant powder form, Mexican hot chocolate uses semi-sweet chocolate, cinnamon, sugar and vanilla. Hot chocolate of this type is often sold in tablets or bars which can be put into hot milk, water or cream. It is then mixed until the drink gets a creamy foam. A popular brand of Mexican chocolate made for hot chocolate is Abuelita, maybe by Nestl\u00e9. Mexican cinnamon hot chocolate is often served with a variety of Mexican breads or pastries called \"pan dulce\" (\"sweet bread\") and churros.\nEurope.\nIn Europe, most kinds of hot chocolate are very thick. This is because they are made from pure chocolate. In the United Kingdom, hot chocolate is usually thinner. As Europe was where hot chocolate was first made popular, there are many different types.\nAmong the thick types of hot chocolate served in Europe is the Italian \"cioccolata densa\". German types are also known for being very thick and heavy. Hot chocolate and churros is the normal working-man's breakfast in Spain. This style of hot chocolate can be very thick, often being like warm chocolate pudding.\nThere are even more types of thick hot chocolate in Europe. Some cafes in Belgium and other areas in Europe serve a \"\"warme chocolade\" or \"chocolat chaud\"\". This is a cup of heated milk and a small bowl of bittersweet chocolate chips to put in the milk. In England, some kinds of powdered drinks are as thick as pure chocolate kinds.\nHealth.\nEven though hot chocolate is usually drunk for enjoyment, it can also be good for the health. Hot chocolate has a lot of antioxidants that may be good for the health. From the 16th to 19th centuries, hot chocolate was used as a medicine and a drink. Explorer Francisco Hern\u00e1ndez wrote that chocolate drinks helped fever and diseases of the liver. Another explorer, Santiago de Valverde Turices, thought that large amounts of hot chocolate were good for fixing chest problems, and small amounts could help stomach problems. When chocolate first came to France in the 17th century, it was used \"to fight against fits of anger and bad moods\". This may be because of a chemical that makes a person's mood better in chocolate.\nThere are also some health effects which are not good. Hot chocolate has a lot of calories, saturated fat, and sugar. Caffeine from the cocoa in hot chocolate can cause bad effects.\nThere is evidence that the caffeine causes a mild addiction to the drink."}
+{"id": "55649", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55649", "title": "Hot cocoa", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55650", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55650", "title": "Drinking chocolate", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55652", "revid": "1044401", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55652", "title": "Diuretic", "text": "A diuretic is a type of chemical substance that increases production of urine. This substance is either in a herb (such as dandelions), or it has been separated and made into a drug. Diuretics increase the amount of urine that is secreted from the body. Diuretics are used as a treatment for heart failure, liver cirrhosis, hypertension and certain problems with the kidneys. Diuretics are often abused by people suffering form bulimia nervosa as a way to lose weight. \nWell-known substances that have diuretic properties are tea,coffee and alcohol. "}
+{"id": "55653", "revid": "1398040", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55653", "title": "The Byrds", "text": "The Byrds were a popular folk rock band, from California. Their members included Jim McGuinn (who later changed his name to Roger), David Crosby, Gene Clark, Chris Hillman and Michael Clarke. Later band members included Gram Parsons, Clarence White, and Gene Parsons.\nThe Byrds pioneered folk rock, a blend of folk music with rock and roll. Many of their songs were remakes of Bob Dylan's songs, such as \"Mr. Tambourine Man\", which was their first hit in 1965. They recorded a bright, uplifting version of \"Turn, Turn, Turn\", which had been adapted by Pete Seeger from Ecclesiastes in the Bible. Other songs were written by band members.\nThe Byrds recorded \"So You Wanna Be a Rock'N'Roll Star?\" about the Monkees, not liking the star-making machinery that made the Monkees famous overnight. McGuinn later said the song was about the pop music business, not the Monkees. They softened their opinions, though, once they'd met the band and saw they had real talent. Members of the Byrds played on Monkees recording sessions, and the later band Crosby, Stills & Nash was formed partly from meetings at Peter Tork's house.\nOne Byrds song, \"You Showed Me\", became a hit for The Turtles late in 1968. The Byrds's lineup changed many times, and after the last new lineup disbanded in 1972, the original members reunited to record an album, titled \"Byrds\"."}
+{"id": "55655", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55655", "title": "Meningitis", "text": "Meningitis is an infection of certain membranes and tissues of the nervous system. Those are called meninges (singular: meninx). Their function is to protect the central nervous system. Most often, this infection is caused by microorganisms, like viruses, bacteria, fungi or parasites. The most common cause of meningitis are viruses, followed by bacteria. Meningitis is a life-threatening condition. It affects all age groups.\nSome kinds of meningitis are very easy to spread. For this reason, in certain countries, like Germany, doctors have to tell the authorities that someone might have meningitis.\nSigns of meningitis.\nSome signs of meningitis can be: high fever, sometimes with chills; very strong headache; nauseas and vomiting; drowsiness or confusion; twitching; sleepiness; sore throat; delirium (especially in children); seizures; and stiff neck (in less than 50% of the cases, but may be a telltale sign).\nTypes.\nThe two main forms of meningitis are bacterial meningitis and viral meningitis. In bacterial meningitis, most patients die without treatment, whereas in viral meningitis most patients get better on their own. Herpes virus meningitis may respond to an antiviral drug."}
+{"id": "55659", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55659", "title": "Mental confusion", "text": "Mental confusion (often simply called confusion) is a symptom. People suffering from it have problems finding their way around in the world. They have troubles remembering who they are, where they are, or what time (or day of the week) it is. Additionally, they may have trouble remembering things or memorizing new things. This may be linked to problems focusing their attention. Confusion can also be a sign of someone being sick with various illnesses when it's coupled with things like fever, chills, or exhaustion.\nMedical causes of confusion.\nConfusion can be caused by many different medical problems.\nThere are both acute and chronic causes of confusion.\nAcute causes of confusion.\nAcute causes of confusion usually come on suddenly, and doctors may be able to fix some of them.\nIn medicine, the acronym \"AEIOU-TIPS\" is used to remember the most common causes of confusion that comes on suddenly (over hours or days, not years):\nConfusion can also happen when the brain is not getting enough blood and oxygen. For example, this can happen because of:\nChronic causes of confusion.\nChronic causes of confusion usually come on less suddenly and last for a long time (months or years). For example:"}
+{"id": "55660", "revid": "1455865", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55660", "title": "Confusion", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55661", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55661", "title": "Lick It Up", "text": "Lick It Up is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on September 18, 1983."}
+{"id": "55663", "revid": "8950647", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55663", "title": "Wesleyan University", "text": "Wesleyan University is a private liberal arts university in Middletown, Connecticut. It was founded by Methodist leaders and the people of Middletown in 1831. The university was the first college or university to be named after John Wesley, the founder of Methodism. Wesleyan is one of the three small New England colleges that make up the \"Little Three\" (or the \"Little Ivies\"): the others are Amherst and Williams Colleges.\nHistory.\nWesleyan was founded as an all-male Methodist college in 1831. In 1872 it became one of the first American colleges to let female students attend. Some of Wesleyan's male alumni did not think that letting women go to the school was a good thing. They believed that it made Wesleyan look bad. Wesleyan stopped letting women got there and from 1912 to 1970 Wesleyan operated as an all-male college. Wesleyan began letting women attend again in 1970. At that time many females had gone to the all-female Connecticut College in nearby New London, Connecticut."}
+{"id": "55664", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55664", "title": "Ben 10", "text": "Ben 10 is an American animated television series created by Man of Action Studios. The first episode was shown on December 27, 2005 on Cartoon Network. The main character, Ben Tennyson, is a ten-years old boy who can turn himself into many different aliens including 10 original aliens. Ben and his rival girl cousin named Gwen are on summer with their grandpa, Max Tennyson. The main villains are Vilgax, Kevin Levin and occasionally Charmcaster and the Forever Knights."}
+{"id": "55667", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55667", "title": "Karol Szymanowski", "text": "Karol Maciej Szymanowski (6 October 1882 - 29 March 1937) was a Polish composer. Next to Frederic Chopin, Karol was Poland's most famous composer. He is one of the greatest Polish composers of the first half of the 20th century.\nEarly life.\nSzymanowski was born on his family's estate in Tymosz\u00f3wka in what is today Ukraine. He studied in Berlin and Warsaw.\nMusic.\nHis music can be divided into three phases.\nEarly works before World War I showed his repertoire for the works of Frederic Chopin, Richard Wagner and Richard Strauss.\nThe second phase is influenced by the Orient and Mediterranean cultures. His music during this phase resulted in many of his best known compositions.\nThe third phase began in 1921. It has much that is similar to Polish folk themes. This work defined Polish themed music and is thought to include his greatest works. Initially, his music was not well accepted in Poland.\nWorks.\nThe works of Szymanowski include four symphonies, two violin concertos, the operas \"Hagith\" and \"King Roger\", the ballet-pantomime \"Harnasie\", the oratorio \"Stabat Mater\", as well as many piano, violin, vocal and choral compositions. His most popular works was his ballet \"Harnasie\" and opera \"King Roger\". \"Harnasie\" was first shown in Prague and later shown at the Paris Opera. It was received with acclamation and enthusiasm, both by critics and the public. Health and financial problems brought his work to an end in 1934. Szymanowski died after a short stay in a sanatorium in Lausanne, Switzerland.\nDeath.\nHe died of tuberculosis in Lausanne, Switzerland on 28 March 1937. He was buried on 7 April 1937 at the cemetery for the Polish nobles, in Pauline in Krakow."}
+{"id": "55668", "revid": "1061539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55668", "title": "Animalize", "text": "Animalize is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on September 13, 1984."}
+{"id": "55670", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55670", "title": "Eubie Blake", "text": "Eubie Blake (February 7, 1883 or 1887 - February 12, 1983) was an American pianist and composer. There is some confusion about his birth date. During the latter part of his life he had said that he was born in 1883. However, recently released documents - the 1900 United States census, his World War 1 draft card, his Social Security registration and his passport registration - all say that he was born in 1887. People saying they were born earlier than they actually were (\"back dating\") was common with musicians from that time. Jelly Roll Morton is another well known example of this. Blake also said that he composed his \"Charleston Rag\" in 1899. If this was true, he would have been 12 years old at the time. There is no evidence he was composing at that age or at that time. People who study ragtime believe this may be another case of \"backdating\". Blake was born in Baltimore, Maryland."}
+{"id": "55672", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55672", "title": "Ter Hachatrjan Bagrat Aleksandrovich", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55684", "revid": "1245172", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55684", "title": "Television director", "text": "A television director directs the activities involved in making a television program. He or she is part of a television crew. A television director is different from a movie director. In television the producer usually has creative control. In movies, the director has creative control. Most television directors specialize in directing one type of television program.\nDuties.\nA television director has a complex job that includes approving scripts, setting up camera shots, laying out scenes and deciding on lighting. The director is responsible for directing of live broadcasts, filming programs, post-production editing and mixing. A director also supervises the technical crew. \nA director's duties can be very different depending on the type of program. For example a drama recorded in a studio is different from a live event outside the studio. In a dramatic arts production, the television director's job can be similar to that of a movie director. A director gives cues to actors and directs the camera placement and movement. Often, in a television series, different directors will work on different episodes."}
+{"id": "55686", "revid": "1671432", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55686", "title": "Roseanne", "text": "Roseanne is an American television sitcom. It was shown on ABC from 1988 to 1997. It stars comedian Roseanne Barr. The series is about a working-class family living in fictional city of Lanford, Illinois. For many years, \"Roseanne\" was more truthful than other series of the time in how it showed family life. They dealt with tough subjects, for example poverty, alcoholism, narcotics, sex, first menstrual periods, masturbation, obesity, feminism, domestic violence, nudity and homosexuality. Another important thing in the series was Roseanne's control in raising her children. Her husband Dan (John Goodman) felt as though he had no say in their house. \"Roseanne\" was important for women because it was one of the first series to put an overweight, powerful, yet smart woman as the main character.\nThe series had very high viewing figures from its start. It spent its first six seasons in the top five of the Nielsen ratings. During the seventh season the series dropped some in ratings, but still stayed in the top 10 of the Nielsen ratings. However, during its ninth, and final season, the show's ratings dropped much and had fallen out of the top thirty.\nSeason 10 aired from March 27\u2013May 22, 2018. On March 30, an eleventh season was ordered.\nHowever, on May 29, 2018, the show was cancelled by ABC after Barr tweeted a message about Valerie Jarrett (an aide to President Barack Obama) that was viewed as racist. Barr wrote:\nComedienne and actress Wanda Sykes, a consulting producer of the reboot, resigned before the show's cancellation due to the tweet."}
+{"id": "55688", "revid": "593910", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55688", "title": "Veronica Mars", "text": "Veronica Mars is an American teen drama/mystery-neo-noir series set in Southern California. It was first shown on UPN on September 22, 2004. The series was shown for its first two seasons on the UPN before moving to The CW Television Network on October 3, 2006. The show stars Kristen Bell as Veronica Mars: a student who also works as a private investigator with the help of her detective father. The series is said to be \"a little bit Buffy and a little bit Bogart\". The series has murder mystery, high school and college drama with sarcasm and strange humor.\nThe show starts with Veronica and her friends in high school. It follows them to college in later seasons of the series."}
+{"id": "55690", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55690", "title": "Game Gear", "text": "The is a handheld video game system made by the Sega Corporation. It was released in Japan in 1990, and then released later in Europe, the United States and Australia.\nThe Game Gear has a colour screen, a speaker, and needs six AA batteries (for 4 hours of play-time) to run. It is bigger and costs more money than the Nintendo Game Boy. It also uses more electric power than the Game Boy, so the Game Gear's batteries must be replaced more often.\nThere are special add-ons for the Game Gear, such as a TV-Tuner that allows people to watch television on it. Also, many video games released on Sega Master System would also be re-released as ports for Game Gear, like, The Jungle Book, Mortal Kombat.\nReferences.\nNotes"}
+{"id": "55691", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55691", "title": "God the Father", "text": "God the Father is a title for God in the Christian religion; however, for believers of the Trinity, God the Father is only viewed as the first person of the Trinity, who along with the Son and the Holy Spirit are of the same essence, share the same qualities, and are each fully God.\nGod is known as the Father because of his unending care for humanity, just like a father would care for his dependent children, and as our father and creator, he responds to his children so he can have a relationship with us. Through prayer, you can grow a relationship with Him.\nEven though the term \"Father\" itself is masculine, God is understood to have the form of a spirit without any human biological gender as he is a being beyond our understanding. Catechism of the Catholic Church No. 239 specifically states that \"God is neither man nor woman: he is God\". Even though God is never directly called \"Mother\" in the Bible, in the Book of Isaiah there are many verses where God is shown to have motherly attributes, such as: , or .\nViews.\nTrinitarianism.\nChristians who believe in the Trinity believe that God the Father is not a separate being or god from the other members of the Trinity; instead, they are distinct persons who are of the same essence and share the same qualities; because of this, the Son and Holy Spirit are no less \"God\" than the Father. According to Eastern Orthodox theology, God the Father is the \"arche\" or \"principium\" (\"beginning\"), the \"source\" or \"origin\" of both the Son and the Holy Spirit, and is considered the eternal source of the Godhead. The Father is the one who eternally begets the Son, and the Father, through the Son, eternally breathes the Holy Spirit.\nNontrinitarianism.\nThere are groups that do not believe in the Trinity and have different views.\nFollowers of Mormonism believe in the Godhead, which is a divine council of three distinct \"beings\": Elohim (the Father), Jehovah (the Son, Jesus Christ), and the Holy Spirit. Elohim and Jehovah have perfected physical bodies, while the Holy Spirit has a body of spirit. Mormons believe that instead of sharing the same essence, each person is their own being; Elohim created Jehovah and the Holy Spirit and is greater in authority and power than them, while they are united in purpose (this heresy is called Subordinationism). \nMormons believe that God the Father has a spouse called the Heavenly Mother, and together they are the Heavenly Parents; that God the Father is one of the many gods out there in the universe, and there are gods greater than him; that he isn't the creator of the universe and created a few planets through Jehovah but created them with existing materials and not \"ex nihilo\"; and that he was once a human who was tested just like us, and because of his obedience to his god, he became one."}
+{"id": "55693", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55693", "title": "Kevin Smith", "text": "Kevin Patrick Smith (born August 2, 1970) is an American screenwriter, movie director and the founder of View Askew Productions. He is also known as a comic book writer and actor. Smith's movies often take place in his home state of New Jersey. The movies are filled with pop culture references. Many of the references are about comic books and the \"Star Wars\" movies. They often take place in the View Askewniverse.\nEarly life.\nSmith was born in Red Bank, New Jersey to Grace and Donald Smith. He has an older sister, Virginia, and an older brother, Donald Jr. Smith was raised in the Catholic religion. He went to Henry Hudson Regional High School in Highlands, The New School for Social Research New York and the Vancouver movie School. Smith studied making movies but dropped out halfway through his studies.\nPersonal life.\nSmith is married to Jennifer Schwalbach Smith. They have a daughter, Harley Quinn Smith, born in 1999. He named his daughter after Harley Quinn, a comic-book character from \"\".\nOn February 25, 2018 he suffered a non-fatal \"massive heart attack\" with 100% blockage of the left anterior descending artery."}
+{"id": "55694", "revid": "10484965", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55694", "title": "Nicene Creed", "text": "The Nicene Creed, also called the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed or the Icon/Symbol of the Faith, is the most widespread or ecumenical Christian statement of faith.\nSince its original formulation it continues to be used in the Roman Catholic, Syrian Orthodox (Jacobite), Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Assyrian, Anglican, Lutheran, and most other Protestant Churches.\nComparison between Creed of 325 and Creed of 381.\nThe following table displays side by side the earlier (325) and later (381) forms of the Nicene Creed in the English translation given in Schaffs Creeds of Christendom, which indicates by brackets the portions of the 325 text that were omitted or moved in 381, but it uses no typographical mark to indicate the phrases that were absent in the 325 text but were added in 381.\nThe following table presents in the same way the texts of the two Councils, as given in the original Greek language on the Web site Symbolum Nicaeno-Constantinopolitanum - Greek: \nProblems.\nThere were certain problems with the Nicene creed. In 529, the so-called Filioque clause was added to the creed. The clause is one of the main differences between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. The Catholic Church has the clause but not the Eastern Orthodox Church. The clause tells how the Son is connected to the Holy Spirit. Where the original Nicene Creed reads \"We believe in the Holy Spirit... who proceeds from the Father\". The altered, Roman Catholic version reads. \"We believe in the Holy Spirit ... who proceeds from the Father \"and the Son\"\".\nRoman Catholics accept the change, but Eastern Orthodox reject it. Many Eastern Catholic churches, which are Eastern in liturgy but in full communion with the pope, do not use the clause in their creed. They, however, agree with the doctrine that it represents, as it is a dogma of Roman Catholicism. Moas Protestant churches that have a position on the matter accept the clause.\nAfter the East-West Schism of 1054, the Eastern and Western Churches attempted to reunite at two separate medieval councils, and the clause was always an issue. Despite Eastern concessions, neither the Second Council of Lyon (1274) nor the Council of Ferrera-Florence (1438-1535) achieved the desired union.\nThe clause is most often referred to as \"the \"filioque\" or simply \"filioque\"\"."}
+{"id": "55696", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55696", "title": "Apostles' Creed", "text": "The Apostles' Creed (Latin: \"Symbolum Apostolorum\"), sometimes titled Symbol of the Apostles, is a creed or \"symbol, \" an early statement of Christian beliefs.\nIt is commonly used by many Christian denominations during religious ceremonies and as a summary of Christian beliefs. It is most commonly used during ceremonies at churches of Western Christianity, including the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholicism, as well as in Lutheranism, the Anglican Communion, and Western Orthodoxy. It is also used by evangelical Protestant denominations such as Presbyterians, Methodists, Congregationalists, and many Baptists.\nThe Creed is named the Apostles' Creed because it is made of twelve articles. People believed that after Pentecost, God inspired each of Jesus' Twelve Apostles to write an article.\nOrigin of the Creed.\nMany hypotheses exist about when and how the Apostles' Creed was created. Many suppose it came from the Old Roman Symbol of the 1st or the 2nd century and that it was influenced later by the Nicene Creed (325/381).\nThis creed seems to have been made as an argument against Gnosticism. That was a heresy in the early days of the Church. Gnostics believed things that were very different from the Catholic Church. The Apostles' Creed and other creeds were made to show examples of Catholic teachings and to defend Catholic beliefs. This can be seen in almost every phrase. For example, the creed states that Christ was born, suffered, and died on the cross. That seems to be an argument against Gnostic beliefs, which said that Christ only seemed to become a man and that he did not truly suffer and die but only seemed do so.\nBecause it was written very early in history, Apostles' Creed does not talk about some issues that later Christian creeds like the Nicene Creed brought up. That makes the Apostles' Creed acceptable to many Arians and Unitarians.\nFor more information on the origin of the Apostles' Creed, see the detailed discussion in the \"Catholic Encyclopedia\".\nText.\nLatin.\n\"Credo in Deum Patrem omnipotentem, Creatorem caeli et terrae. Et in Iesum Christum, Filium Eius unicum, Dominum nostrum, qui conceptus est de Spiritu Sancto, natus ex Maria Virgine, passus sub Pontio Pilato, crucifixus, mortuus, et sepultus, descendit ad \u00ednferos, tertia die resurrexit a mortuis, ascendit ad caelos, sedet ad dexteram Dei Patris omnipotentis, inde venturus est iudicare vivos et mortuos. Credo in Spiritum Sanctum, sanctam Ecclesiam catholicam, sanctorum communionem, remissionem peccatorum, carnis resurrectionem, vitam aeternam. Amen.\"\nGreek.\n (\"Triglot Concordia\", St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1921, p.\u00a012)\nEnglish translations.\nRoman Catholic Church.\nThe English version in the \"Catechism of the Catholic Church\" keeps the tradition of dividing the Apostles' Creed into twelve articles:\nChurch of England.\nThe Church of England currently has two authorized forms of the creed. One is in the \"Book of Common Prayer\" (1662). The other is in \"Common Worship\" (2000).\nBook of Common Prayer\nCommon Worship\nUnited Methodist Church.\nThe United Methodist Church commonly includes the Apostles' Creed in its worship services. Its version of the Creed is special because it does not have the line \"he descended into hell.\" It is otherwise very similar to the version in the \"Book of Common Prayer\".\nThe \"United Methodist Hymnal\" also contains (at #882) what it calls the \"Ecumenical Version\" of the Creed. This version is identical to the one in the Episcopal Church's current \"Book of Common Prayer\". This form is included in the \"United Methodist\" \"Hymnal\" to be used during the Eucharist and baptisms. That has caused it to become more popular.\nEcumenical version of the English Language Liturgical Consultation.\nThe English Language Liturgical Consultation (ELLC) is an international group whose goal is to provide texts that can be used and accepted by people of any Christian denomination. In 1988, it created a translation of the Apostles' Creed. One major change in this version is that it does not use the word \"his\" in talking about God. The text is as follows: "}
+{"id": "55697", "revid": "1674002", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55697", "title": "Matcha", "text": "Matcha (pronounce: \"MA-cha\"), from Japanese (\u62b9\u8336), is a fine, powdered green tea used in Japanese tea ceremony as well as for dying and foods such as mochi and soba noodles, green tea ice cream and different types of \"wagashi\" (Japanese confectionery). The most famous Matcha-producing regions are Uji in Kyoto (tea from this region is called \"Ujicha\"), Nishio in Aichi (tea from this region is called \"Nishiocha\") both on the main island of Honsh\u016b; Shizuoka, and Kyushu.\nMatcha costs more money than other kinds of tea. Its price depends on its quality (how good it is). It can be hard to find outside Japan, and also the special things that are used to make it and drink it.\nHistory.\nPowdered tea, stored and traded as tea bricks, seems to have been invented in China during the Song Dynasty (960-1279). Making and drinking powdered tea was formed into a ritual (special ceremony) by the Chan Buddhists. These Buddhists use to drink from the same bowl as a sacrament.\nChan Buddhism (also known in Japanese as Zen), and powdered tea, were brought to Japan in 1191 by the monk Eisai. Powdered tea was slowly forgotten in China, but the 16th century tea master Sen no Rikyu made the rules of the Japanese tea ceremony. He said that \"matcha\" was the correct tea to use.\nProduction.\nThe preparation of \"matcha\" starts several weeks before harvest. At that time, the tea bushes are covered so that they do not get direct sunlight. This makes it grow slower and turns the leaves a darker shade of green. It also causes amino acids to be made, and these make the tea taste sweeter.\nAfter harvesting, if the leaves are rolled out before drying as usual, the result will be \"gyokuro\" (jewel dew) tea. However, if the leaves are laid out flat to dry, they will crumble and become known as \"tencha\" (). \"Tencha\" can then be de-veined, de-stemmed, and ground (pressed) with a stone until it becomes the fine, bright green, talc-like powder known as \"matcha\".\nOnly ground \"tencha\" can be called \"matcha\": other powdered teas are known as \"konacha\" (, lit. \"powdered tea\").\nNearly all the flavour of matcha comes from the amino acids. The best matcha has more sweetness and a deeper flavour than the normal grades of tea harvested later in the year.\nGrades.\nThe way that matcha is graded depends on several things:\nLocation on the green tea tree.\nLeaves that are going to be made into tencha have to come from certain parts of the tree.\nThe very top of the tree has developing leaves that are soft and supple. This gives a finer texture to higher grades. More developed leaves are harder, giving lower grades a sandy texture. The better flavour is due to the tree sending all its nutrients to the growing leaves.\nChlorophyll's relationship to tannin is also important. Younger growth is greener and stronger in colour, while more developed leaves farther down the plant have had their chlorophyll changed gradually into tannin, which gives a more bitter flavour and duller brown-green colour.\nTreatment before processing.\nTencha leaves are traditionally dried outside in the shade and are always kept away from direct sunlight. However, these days, drying has mostly moved indoors. Quality matcha is very green because of this treatment.\nStone grinding.\nStone grinding is quite difficult to do well. Without the right tools and technique, matcha can become \"burnt\" and is not such good quality.\nOxidation.\nMatcha must be kept away from oxygen. Oxidation smells like hay and affects colour and texture.\nPreparation.\nBefore it is served, the matcha is often forced through a sieve in order to break up clumps. There are special sieves available for this purpose. These sieves are usually made of stainless steel and combine a fine wire mesh sieve and a temporary storage container. A special wooden spatula is used to force the tea through the sieve, or a small, smooth stone may be put on top of the sieve and shaken gently.\nIf the sieved matcha is to be served at a Japanese tea ceremony, then it will be put into a small tea caddy called a chaki. Otherwise, it can be poured directly from the sieve into a tea bowl.\nA small amount of matcha is placed into the bowl, traditionally using a bamboo scoop called a \"chashaku\", and a small amount of hot (not boiling) water is added. The mixture is then whisked until it is all the same consistency (thickness). This is traditionally done with a special kind of whisk made of bamboo known as a \"chasen\". There must be no lumps left in the liquid. Ideally no ground tea should remain on the sides of the bowl.\n\"Usucha\", or thin tea, is prepared with half a teaspoon of matcha and about 75 ml (2.5\u00a0oz) of hot water. Some drinkers (and schools of tea ceremony) prefer to whip the mixture to produce a light frothy \"head,\" while others prefer as little foam as possible. Schools also vary on the amount of water and matcha. \"Usucha\" makes a lighter and slightly more bitter tea.\n\"Koicha\", or thick tea, needs much more matcha, as many as six teaspoons to 3/4 cup of water. Because the mixture is much thicker, blending it needs a slower, stirring movement which does not produce foam. Koicha produces a sweeter tea, and is almost always only served as part of Japanese tea ceremonies. Special chasen made for this purpose are often used.\nBecause matcha can be bitter, it is traditionally served with a small Japanese sweet.\nOther uses.\nMatcha is now a common ingredient in sweets. It is used in castella, manju, and monaka; as a topping for kakigori; mixed with milk and sugar as a drink; and mixed with salt and used to flavour tempura in a mixture known as matcha-jio. It is also used as flavouring in many Western-style chocolates, candy, and desserts, such as cakes and pastries (including Swiss rolls and cheesecake), cookies, pudding, mousse, and ice cream. Even the Japanese snack Pocky has a matcha-flavoured version.\nThe use of matcha in modern drinks has also spread to North American caf\u00e9 culture. Here, as in Japan, it is put into latt\u00e9s, iced drinks, milkshakes, and smoothies, as well as alcoholic drinks.\nPeople now realize that green tea and matcha are good for the health. This is why in North America it can be found in a lot of health food products such as cereal and energy bars.\nIn 2003, researchers at the University of Colorado found that the concentration of the antioxidant EGCG contained in matcha is 3 times higher than in other commercially available green teas."}
+{"id": "55700", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55700", "title": "Asylum (album)", "text": "Asylum is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on September 16, 1985."}
+{"id": "55702", "revid": "1391751", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55702", "title": "Green tea", "text": "The drink green tea () is a \"true\" tea. It comes from the plant species \"Camellia sinensis\". Green tea is a tea that has undergone little oxidation while it was processed. Green tea is popular in China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, and the Middle East. Recently it has been drunk more widely in the West, where usually black tea is consumed.\nHistory.\nIn the Kamakura period, a Buddhist monk, Eisai (1141\u20131215), and his follower, Dogen, first brought tea \"(maccha)\" to Japan. He had learned about tea on a visit to China. Eisai taught people to grow the tea plants, and how to prepare the tea leaves. People drank tea for its benefit as a medicine rather than as a refreshment. Tea-drinking gradually spread as part of Zen Buddhism. The tea ceremony was part of the training for mental discipline. Green tea kept the mind pure and relaxed, an effect caused by the caffeine in the tea. The custom of drinking tea gradually spread throughout Japan.\nIn the Muromachi period, tea tasting competitions were popular. People also gambled on these competitions. Zen Buddhist master, Juko Murata (1422\u20131502) stopped these competitions. He broke with the grand tradition, and developed a small ceremony performed around the tatami mat. The tea ceremony was perfected afterward in the Azuchimomoyama era by Jou Takeno and Sen no Rikyu (1522\u20131591). They removed all extra movements and unnecessary decoration and objects from the tea room. The idea, based on Zen, was to concentrate your attention on the wealth inside your mind.\nIn the Edo period, the tea ceremony spread out to the public, and it became an artistic accomplishment. Therefore, \"to draw out the beauty from inside the person's heart\" which was its original purpose came to be emphasized. The words \"\u548c\u656c\u6e05\u5bc2 (Wa Kei Sei Jaku)\" meaning harmony, respect, purity and tranquility, are the basis of the tea ceremony. Wa, harmony, is shown by sharing the tea between the host and the guest. Kei, respect, is shown by accepting and sharing with others. Sei, purity, is treating yourself and others openly. Jaku, tranquility, is the feeling of stillness in the ceremony. Modern tea ceremonies, which last for four hours, are still based on these ideas.\nIn the Meiji period, the tea ceremony died out for while. They were restarted when it was added in a kind of education for girls. The ceremony also changed to being beautiful and gorgeous.\nNowadays, green tea is spreading all over the world, but it seems to be drunk with sugar in some countries because it tastes bitter.\nEffects on health.\nGreen tea seems to lower heart disease expectancy.\nThe different substances contained in green tea also seem to help against cancer, low bone density, cognitive function and kidney stones.\nGreen tea contains ascorbic acid, and different minerals, such as chromium, manganese, selenium or zinc. It is a better antioxidant than black tea. Black tea contains certain substances which cannot be found in common green tea, such as theaflavin.\nStudies done on animals have shown that it can reduce cholesterol. Trials done on humans have not confirmed this effect, however. In 2003 a randomized clinical trial found that a green tea extract with added theaflavin from black tea could reduce cholesterol.\nIn a study performed at Birmingham (UK) University, it was shown that average fat oxidation rates were 17% higher after drinking of green tea extract than after a placebo was used.\nIn a recent study of the eating habits of 2,018 women, consumption of mushrooms and green tea was linked to a 90% lower occurrence of breast cancer."}
+{"id": "55706", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55706", "title": "Tatami", "text": " mats are a traditional Japanese flooring. The top surface is made of woven straw. Traditional tatami are packed with straw. Nowadays some of them are packed with styrofoam. Tatami are individual mats. They have a uniform size and shape. They have borders of brocade or plain green cloth.\nTatami were originally a luxury item for the rich at a time when lower classes had mat-covered dirt floors. Tatami were gradually popularized. They finally reached the homes of commoners towards the end of the 17th century.\nHistory.\nJapanese people have used \"tatami\" since the Nara Era (710-794). They were knitted and became thicker like modern \"tatami\". People who lived in the Heian Era stepped onto \"tatami\" to show their power and they spread the \"tatami\" only in a necessary part of the room.\nThe use of \"tatami\" was a little different from now. The \"shoin\" style of traditional Japanese residential architecture began in the Kamakura Era. During this time, people stopped spreading \"tatami\" around the room and placing them in the middle. They started to spread \"tatami\" through the room. People decided to spread \"tatami\" by the hearth and sit erect with their legs folded under.\n\"Tatami\" has been changing together with people's life style. \"Tatami\" became common for people in the middle of the Edo Era. Farmers started to use them in the Meiji Era. The removal of \"tatami\" regulation made them more common in the Meiji Era. Japanese people often dry the \"tatami\". If the \"tatami\"'s surface was discolored, people often turned them over. With the economic growth after World War Two people started to use chairs and carpets. Japanese people think flooring is not relaxing or soundproof enough, so people still use \"tatami\" now.\nMaking Tatami.\n\"Tatami\" is made with a rush plant, \"igusa\". Rush is planted in the rice fields in August. The seedlings are dug out in November, and a good seedling is chosen. The chosen seedlings are planted in the rice fields again in December. By the end of June to the middle of July, the high-quality rush grows up to about one meter tall and it will be harvested the next year.\nThe rush should be dry after harvesting, and keep the peculiar smell and the color of the rush. The rush is selected according to length and the thickness, and it is checked for bruising. \nAfter the harvest ends, \"tatami\" is made. Because Japanese rooms are different sizes, \"tatami\" are made in different sizes. The base of the \"tatami\" is made first. \"Tatami\" is woven with a special machine. It similar to the weaving on a kimono. The next part is the wick of tatami, called \"toko\". When the \"toko\" is 40 centimeters or more thick, and the shape is straightened. The mat is complete, and that is called \"mushiro\". The \"tatami\" is complete when it is joined to the toko and the decoration on the mat edges are sewn.\n\"Igusa\".\n\"Igusa\" is a perennial plant of the family of \"igusa\". \"Igusa\" smells good. It has a fresh, grassy smell. In English, they are called rushes. \"Igusa\" blooms from May through June. The plant grows up to a length of 100 centimeters or less. They grow in marshes where sunshine is good. In Japan, there are 30 kinds of \"igusa\" growing in many different areas.\n\"Tatami\" is made from natural \"igusa\" that must be flexible from the root to the tip, and the thickness and the color varies slightly. About 4000 to 7000 \"igusa\" are used for the\" tatami\". Generally the best \"tatami\" uses more and longer \"igusa\" rushes.\nThere are many benefits in using \"igusa\" such as air purification, heat insulation, elasticity, cooling (especially in hot summer seasons), eco-friendly and sound absorbing qualities. \"Igusa\" \"tatami\" is also smooth to the touch, so it is comfortable for babies and young children. Most Japanese like \"tatami\". Many homes have at least one tatami room.\n\"Tatami\".\n\"Tatamiberi\" is the cloth that covers the edge and also decorates the \"tatami\". Some \"tatami\" don\u2019t have it. In English, it is called the mat edge. The width of \"tatamiberi\" is about three centimeters. The material on the \"tatamiberi\" is cotton yarn, a synthetic material string, and a gold thread. The features change according to what strings are combining with \"tatamiberi\". The woven color handle sets off the room. There are two types, and the atmosphere of the room changes by the \"tatamiberi\".\nThere are many kinds of \"tatamiberi\". But \"tatamiberi\" was used to show status. For example, the emperor, ministers, priests, and scholars had different styles. It was recorded in \"Amanomokuzu\" in 1420.\nJapan has etiquette about \"tatamiberi\". Japanese are taught not to step on the \"tatamiberi\". It is easy to tear \"tatamiberi\" when stepping in the weakest part. Stepping on \"tatamiberi\" fades the color on the edge of cotton and hemp in the \"tatami\". Therefore, etiquette means \"not to hurt the mat carelessly stepping when you visit another house, pay it attention\". Also, family crests were embroidered on the \"tatamiberi\" in old times, too. Stepping on the family crest was taboo."}
+{"id": "55707", "revid": "343180", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55707", "title": "Sake", "text": " \nSake (Japanese:\u9152; pronounced 'sa.k\u025b' ) is a Japanese word for \"alcoholic drink\". In English, \"sake\" means one kind of alcoholic drink made from rice. In Japan, people call this drink nihonshu ( \"Japanese alcohol\") or \"sake\". This article uses the word \"sake\" as it is used in English.\nIngredients.\nSake is a fermented drink. Most sake is made from rice, water, k\u014dji, and yeast. Sometimes a small amount of lactic acid is used in brewing. Water or small amounts of pure alcohol can be added at the end of production. Sake can have from 12 to 22% alcohol, but is usually around 15 or 16%. Lower quality mass-produced sake can have added sugar or flavorings.\nServing sake.\nSake is usually sold in bottles that are either 720ml or 1.8L. Drinkers or servers in a restaurant may pour it into small cups called \"chokko\" directly from the bottle. Sake is also served in smaller bottles called \"tokkuri\". A typical serving in a bar or restaurant is 180ml. People may share that amount. When drinking together in Japan, it is considered polite to pour drinks for other people rather than for yourself.\nAmazake.\nAmazake is sweet, low or non-alcoholic sake. "}
+{"id": "55710", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55710", "title": "Majority", "text": "Majority means the greater number of something. The opposite is minority.\nIf more than half the people are right-handed we can say that the majority of people are right-handed.\nA minority of people are left-handed.\nIn fact, nearly everyone is right-handed, so we can say that the \"vast majority\" are right-handed, and only a \"small minority\" are left-handed.\nIf a political party or candidate gets a majority of votes, it means that they get more than all the other parties together. In Plurality voting, they only get more than any one of the others. Thus if there are three parties, the winning party may have a plurality of 40% while the other two each have 30%. A \"true majority\" or \"absolute majority\" means more votes than all the other parties together, i.e. more than half the total votes."}
+{"id": "55711", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55711", "title": "Minority", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55714", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55714", "title": "Charles Koechlin", "text": "Charles Koechlin (born Paris, November 27, 1867; died Le Canadel, December 31, 1950) was a French composer, teacher and writer on music. He wrote a very large amount of music, but very little of it was published because he was more interested in helping younger composers than making himself well-known. Some of his best works include his symphonic poems and his film music.\nHis life.\nKoechlin was born in Paris, the youngest child of a large and rich family. His mother\u2019s family came from the Alsace near the French border with Germany, and he was proud of his Alsatian background. His grandfather on his mother\u2019s side had started a cotton textile firm in Mulhouse and his father worked in the textile business. When Koechlin was 14 his father died. He showed an interest in music, but his family wanted him to be an artillery officer. However, he had tuberculosis and had to spent six months getting better in Algeria. After finishing his schooling he was allowed to enter the Paris Conservatoire in 1890. Two years later he was studying composition with Massenet, and in 1896 he was a pupil of Gabriel Faur\u00e9. Ravel was a pupil in the same class. Faur\u00e9 had a big influence on Koechlin who wrote a book about him and helped him to arrange some of his music for orchestra.\nKoechlin became a freelance composer and teacher. He married Suzanne Pierrard in 1903 and they had five children. At first he was comfortably off, but after World War I the family lost a lot of money and they had to sell their country house.\nKoechlin had very free views about music, and this is probably why he never got a teaching job at the Piano Conservatoire. He also agreed with some things that the Communists thought. He did not like modern inventions like the telephone and radio. He looked like an old Russian patriarch with his long beard. He dressed in velvet trousers, sandals and a shepherd\u2019s cape for bad weather. He liked outdoor activities such as swimming and mountaineering. He was offered the Legion d\u2019honneur in 1940 but refused it.\nHis music.\nKoechlin composed in a variety of styles, even changing the style during a piece. He often liked quiet music with long chords which are played for the sounds they make rather than for giving the music a traditional shape. Sometimes there were no barlines in his music. He often composed in his head while on a train or climbing a mountain.\nHis works for orchestra include \"Les Bandarlogs\" which was based on the \"Jungle Book\" by Rudyard Kipling. Kipling\u2019s \u201cBandarlog\u201d are a troupe of monkeys in the forest. The music describes the monkeys, but Koechlin also gives it another meaning: he is criticising music critics, comparing them to monkeys. In the \"Seven Stars Symphony\" each movement is about a famous film star. They include Greta Garbo, Marlene Dietrich and Charlie Chaplin. He wrote a lot of chamber music and piano music, including some dances for Ginger Rogers.\nSources.\nRobert Orledge, \"Charles Koechlin (1867-1950) His Life and Works\" (London, 1989)"}
+{"id": "55720", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55720", "title": "Skills", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55726", "revid": "1239704", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55726", "title": "Jastrz\u0119bie-Zdr\u00f3j", "text": "Jastrz\u0119bie-Zdr\u00f3j is a city in Poland in Silesian Voivodeship. It has about 94,072 inhabitants and an area of 85,44 km\u00b2."}
+{"id": "55727", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55727", "title": "Palm (unit)", "text": "A palm, when used as a unit of length, is usually four digits (\"fingers\") or three inches, i.e. 7.62 cm (for the international inch).\nIn English this unit is no longer in use as other units that are based on the human arm: digit (\u00bc palm), finger (7/24 palm), hand (4/3 palms), shaftment (2 palms), span (3 palms), cubit (6 palms) and ell (15 palms)."}
+{"id": "55731", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55731", "title": "Schnapps", "text": "Schnapps is a type of distilled alcoholic drink. The word \"schnapps\" comes from the German word schnaps. \nGerman schnapps.\nTraditional German schnapps are usually clear alcoholic drinks which are distilled from fermented cereals, roots, and fruits. Traditional German schnapps has no sugar or other flavoring added. It is similar in look and flavor to vodka with light fruit flavors. The alcohol content is usually around 40%.\nAmerican schnapps.\nThe other type of schnapps is American. This type of schnapps is a liqueur that has sugar and flavorings such as peach, mint, or butterscotch. The alcohol content of American schnapps is usually only about 20%, which is lower than German-style schnapps."}
+{"id": "55732", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55732", "title": "Standard time", "text": "Standard time is putting all clocks in a time zone to the same time.\nStandard time can also be used to mean the time without daylight saving time. Standard time happens from autumn to early spring. Daylight saving time happens from early spring to autumn.\nHistory.\nGreat Britain.\nStandard time was first used by British railways on December 11, 1847, when they switched from local mean time to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Almost all of Great Britain's public clocks were using GMT by 1855.\nNorth America.\nBefore 1883, local mean time was used in all of North America. This meant there were many different local times. This caused problems for train schedules. Sandford Fleming, a Canadian, proposed standard time at a meeting of the Royal Canadian Institute on February 8, 1879. The owners of the major railroads met in Chicago to make the Standard Time System. Most states began using the system soon after the railroads. The U.S. government officially began using the system almost fifty years later.\nCriticism.\nSome people do not like standard time (and daylight saving time). Some people do not like it because they do not trust in government. Others believe that it disturbs circadian rhythms. Others simply like traditional, natural markers of time, like sunsets, noon and sunrise."}
+{"id": "55733", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55733", "title": "Span", "text": "Span could mean:"}
+{"id": "55734", "revid": "1331382", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55734", "title": "Span (unit of length)", "text": "Span is the width of a human hand, from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the pinky finger. \nIn Slavic language, the analogue of span is pyad (\"peti, \u043f\u044f\u0434\u044c\"). It is the width from the tip of the thumb to the tip of the forefinger. "}
+{"id": "55736", "revid": "1243964", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55736", "title": "Acting President of the United States", "text": "An acting president of the United States is someone who temporarily takes on the powers and duties of the president without officially holding the title. This can happen if the president becomes too sick to perform their job, resigns, dies, or is removed from office. It can also happen if a new president has not been chosen or is unable to take office by Inauguration Day. The United States has a plan called the presidential line of succession, which chooses who will serve as acting president in these situations.\nThe U.S. Constitution mentions presidential succession in Article II, the Twentieth Amendment, and the Twenty-fifth Amendment. The vice president is the first in line to take over, and if they can't serve, Congress gets to choose who comes next. The current order of succession, set by the Presidential Succession Act of 1947 and last updated in 2006, is: the vice president, the speaker of the House of Representatives, the president pro tempore of the Senate, and then members of the president\u2019s Cabinet, starting with the secretary of state. However, if someone other than the vice president takes over, they only act as president and do not officially become president.\nThe vice president immediately becomes president if the current president dies, resigns, or is removed. If a president-elect dies or refuses to serve before Inauguration Day, the vice president-elect becomes president. A vice president can also serve as acting president if the president is temporarily unable to do their job due to illness or another reason. So far, this has happened three times, but in each case, the vice president only served as acting president for a short time without officially becoming the president.\nKamala Harris became the first female acting president on November 19, 2021. She is the first woman in the history of the United States to hold presidential powers. "}
+{"id": "55748", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55748", "title": "Probe droids", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55759", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55759", "title": "Melikertes", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55760", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55760", "title": "Palaeontology", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55762", "revid": "10504822", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55762", "title": "Electric power transmission", "text": "Electric power transmission is the transmitting of electricity to places where it will be used. Specifically, it is the bulk transfer of electrical power from the power plant to substations near populated areas. Electric power distribution is the delivery from the substation to the consumers. Due to the large amount of power and long distances, transmission normally takes place at high voltage (110 kV or above).\nElectricity is usually transmitted over long distance through overhead power transmission lines. Underground power transmission is used only in densely populated areas (such as large cities) because of the high cost of installation and maintenance and because the power losses increase dramatically compared with overhead transmission unless superconductors and cryogenic technology are used.\nA power transmission system is often referred to as a \"grid\"; however, for reasons of economy, the network is rarely a true grid. Redundant paths and lines are provided so that power can be routed from any power plant to any load center, through a variety of routes, based on the economics of the transmission path and the cost of power."}
+{"id": "55763", "revid": "280951", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55763", "title": "Electrical grid", "text": "An electrical grid is a connection network of power generation, power transmission, power distribution and power load. The grid connects all of those parts in power systems to deliver power from the generators at the power station to the customers or load center which will use the electricity."}
+{"id": "55766", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55766", "title": "Darfur conflict", "text": "The Darfur conflict is an ongoing military conflict in the Darfur region of Sudan, the third largest country in Africa. It is a conflict along ethnic and tribal lines that began in 2003. Many people and the United States Government, consider it to be a genocide. The United Nations currently does not see this as genocide.\nThose involved in the conflict.\nOne side of the conflict is composed mainly of the Janjaweed, a militia group recruited from the Arab tribes who move from place to place herding camels. The Sudanese government tells the public that it does not support the Janjaweed. However, it has provided cash and assistance and has even participated in joint attacks.\nThe other side of the conflict is made up of a number of rebel armies, including the Sudan Liberation Movement and the Justice and Equality Movement. These armies are recruited from Black ethnic groups who make a living farming the land.\nHow the conflict is dealt with.\nThe African Union sent a 7,000-troop peacekeeping force to Sudan. However, this force was poorly funded and under-equipped. So the United Nations decided to send an additional 17,300-troop peacekeeping force to help them. Sudan was strongly against this decision and saw the UN forces as foreign invaders. The next day, the Sudanese military launched a major offensive in the region.\nThe Sudanese government may have suppressed information about the conflict. Some witnesses have been jailed, others may have been killed. This started in 2004. Also, some evidence, such as mass graves was tampered with, so that it became unusable. Some people say this was done by forces which are close to the Sudanese government. In addition, by obstructing and arresting journalists, the Sudanese government has been able to obscure much of what has gone on. The United States government has described it as genocide. The UN has declined to do so. In March 2007 the UN mission accused Sudan's government of \"gross violations\" in Darfur and called for urgent international action to protect civilians there.\nEffect of the conflict.\nThere are different estimates of how many died in the conflict. According to Sudan's government, 9,000 people have been killed. On the other hand, many other people say that it could be from 200,000 to over 400,000. By October 2006, as many as 2.5 million people had to move because of the conflict.\nThe United Nations says that about 200,000 people have been killed in the conflict so far. Most non-governmental organizations use 200,000 to more than 400,000. The latter is a figure from the Coalition for International Justice that has since been cited by the UN. Sudan's government claims that more than 9,000 people have been killed, although this figure is seen as a gross underestimate."}
+{"id": "55767", "revid": "1647046", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55767", "title": "Darfur conflict bibliography", "text": "This is the bibliography and reference section for the Darfur conflict series. Other websites to reports, news articles and other sources of information may also be found below."}
+{"id": "55771", "revid": "9376566", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55771", "title": "AIESEC", "text": "AIESEC (said like \"Eye Seck\"), is a big student organisation that was started in 1948. It was made to fix problems between countries and create peace after World War II. It has spread all over the world since it started. There are many members in about 125 countries.\nAIESEC is an organisation that helps its members to develop themselves as leaders. It also has an exchange program for students and university graduates to intern or volunteer in other countries. Most members are students at university but some are paid to work for AIESEC. The organisation is presented in 125 countries and territories in the world. The headquarters of AIESEC are in Rotterdam.\nMembers say that AIESEC does a lot of good in the world through the exchange by helping people from different countries to share information about their culture.\nFor over 60 years of working AIESEC's main impact had been its alumni all over the world. These alumni become successful business leaders, politicians, and NGO directors. The approximate number of alumni 1 million."}
+{"id": "55780", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55780", "title": "Organelle", "text": "In cell biology, an organelle is a part of a cell that does a specific job.\nOrganelles usually have a plasma membrane around them. Most of the cell's organelles are in the cytoplasm.\nThe name \"organelle\" comes from the idea that these Structures are to cells what an organ is to the body.\nThere are many types of organelles in eukaryotic cells. Prokaryotes were once thought not to have organelles, but some examples have now been found.\nThey are not organized like eukaryote organelles, and are not bounded by plasma membranes. They are called bacterial microcompartments.\nScope of the term.\nThe term is now widely used to refer to cell structures surrounded by single or double plasma membranes. However, the older definition of a 'subcellular functional unit' still exists. So, the term is sometimes used for structures which are not membrane-bound.\nThe plasma membrane is a lipid bilayer with some proteins embedded in it. It keeps the ions and molecules of the organelle from merging with the surroundings.\nOrigin of organelles.\nMitochondria and chloroplasts have double-membranes and their DNA. These are believed to come from incompletely digested or invading prokaryotes, which were adopted as a part of the invaded cell. This idea is supported in the endosymbiotic theory.\nProkaryotic organelles.\nProkaryotes are not so complex as eukaryotes. They were once thought to have no internal structures inside the lipid membranes.\nHowever, recent research has shown that at least some prokaryotes have microcompartments such as carboxysomes. These subcellular compartments are 100\u2013200\u00a0nm in diameter and are enclosed by a shell of proteins. Even more striking is the description of membrane-bound magnetosomes in bacteria. as well as the nucleus-like structures of the \"Planctomycetes\" that are surrounded by lipid membranes."}
+{"id": "55785", "revid": "10370297", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55785", "title": "That '70s Show", "text": "That '70s Show is an American television series. It is about the lives of a group of teenagers living in Point Place, Wisconsin from May 17, 1976 to December 31, 1979. The series first started August 23, 1998 and its final episode aired May 18, 2006.\nThe series continues to run in syndication on FX and the CW network in the United States and United Kingdom, CH in Canada, as well as the Seven Network in Australia and Star World in Asia, including Malaysia. It also runs on The NTV\u00a0for teens."}
+{"id": "55787", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55787", "title": "Sivaya Subramuniyaswami", "text": "Satguru Sivaya Subramuniyaswami (January 5, 1927 \u2013 2001), known as Gurudeva by his followers, was a Hindu leader and author. He was born in Oakland, California. He made a Hindu monastery in Kauai, Hawaii and founded the magazine \"Hinduism Today\". Subramuniyaswami was an author of many books on Hinduism and metaphysics. He was one of the most traditional and well known people of Hinduism during the last two decades of the 20th century. He was one of Saivism's most revered Gurus, the founder and leader of the world's first Hindu church (\"Saiva Siddhanta Church\").\nBooks.\nSubramuniyaswami has written several books on Hinduism, Saivism, yoga and meditation. His works are highly regarded by many of today's Hindu leaders. Subramuniyaswami's largest work, \"Master Course\", is a complete essay on all parts of Hinduism (Saivism), including the Hindu approach to meditation and metaphysics. It is in three books and more than 3,000 pages. The work is written in a flowing version of written English that is similar to the spoken language as well as ancient Hindu oral traditions."}
+{"id": "55790", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55790", "title": "Crazy Nights", "text": "Crazy Nights is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on September 18, 1987. \"Crazy Crazy Nights\" was the first song released from the album. It reached #4 in the UK."}
+{"id": "55792", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55792", "title": "Hot in the Shade", "text": "Hot in the Shade is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on October 17, 1989."}
+{"id": "55793", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55793", "title": "Halfway Home (TV series)", "text": "Halfway Home is a comedy television series that premiered on Wednesday, March 14, 2007, at 10:30 p.m. on Comedy Central. As described on its official website, \"Halfway Home\" is an \"improvised half-hour series featuring the daily exploits of five ex-cons living together in a residential rehab facility.\""}
+{"id": "55801", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55801", "title": "Prime Minister of New Zealand", "text": "The prime minister of New Zealand is New Zealand's head of government. This job is given to the leader of the party or coalition with the most support in the Parliament of New Zealand. Since 2023, the prime minister has been Christopher Luxon of the National Party. He became Prime Minister after his party won the 2023 New Zealand general election\nResponsibilities and powers.\nThe power of the presidency has grown substantially since the office's establishment in 1789. While presidential power has ebbed and flowed over time, the presidency has played an increasingly strong role in American political life since the beginning of the 20th century, with a notable expansion during the presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt. In contemporary times, the president is also looked upon as one of the world's most powerful political figures as the leader of the only remaining global superpower. As the leader of the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP, the president possesses significant domestic and international hard and soft power.\nThe prime minister holds the most senior post in the New Zealand Parliament. The prime minister is not able to give direct orders to other people in their party.\nThe prime minister can call for an election by asking the Governor-General to close Parliament\nLiving former prime ministers.\nAs of , there are seven living former New Zealand prime ministers, as seen below.\nThe most recent prime minister to die was Jim Bolger (served 1990\u20131997), on 15 October 2025, aged 90."}
+{"id": "55803", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55803", "title": "Surgeons", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55834", "revid": "1659114", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55834", "title": "The Masque of the Red Death", "text": "\"The Masque of the Red Death\" is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe. It was first published in May 1842 in \"Graham's Lady's and Gentleman's Magazine\".\nPlot.\nA painful and fatal disease involving blood aka kinbni \nam and finds him lying dead. His courtiers try to unmask the figure..only to find nothingness! Only then do they realize the figure is the Red Death itself, and all of the guests contract and succumb to the disease. With the last of them die the clock and the flames illuminating the scarlet window both die out at the same time. \"And Darkness and Decay and the Red Death held illimitable dominion over all\".\ndone!"}
+{"id": "55835", "revid": "1493436", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55835", "title": "Darfur", "text": "Darfur (Arabic \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0631, meaning \"home of the Fur\") is a region of far western Sudan.\nIt borders the Central African Republic, Libya, and Chad. It is divided into three federal states within Sudan: Gharb Darfur (West Darfur), Janub Darfur (South Darfur), and Shamal Darfur (North Darfur). Since 2003 there has been an ongoing humanitarian crisis that developed from the conflict between Janjaweed militias and the Sudan Liberation Movement and Justice and Equality Movement.\nGeography and climate.\nDarfur covers an area of about 493\u00a0180\u00a0km\u00b2 (196,555 miles\u00b2)\u2014just over two-thirds the size of France and more than half the size of Kenya. It is largely an arid plateau with the \"Marrah Mountains\" (Jebel Marra), a range of volcanic peaks rising up to 3000\u00a0m (10,100\u00a0ft), in the center. The region's main towns are Al Fashir, Nyala, and Geneina.\nThere are four main features of the physical geography. The whole eastern half of Darfur is covered with plains and low hills of sandy soils, known as \"goz\", and sandstone hills. In many places the \"goz\" is waterless and can only be inhabited where there are water reservoirs or deep boreholes. To the north the \"goz\" is overtaken by the desert sands of the Sahara. A second feature are the \"wadis\", seasonal watercourses ranging from small rivulets that flood only occasionally during the wet season to large \"wadis\" that flood for most of the rains and flow from western Darfur hundreds of miles west to Lake Chad. Many \"wadis\" have pans of alluvium with rich soil that are also difficult to cultivate. The west of Darfur is dominated by the third feature, basement rock, sometimes covered with a thin layer of sandy soil. Basement rock is too infertile to be farmed, but provides some forest cover that can be grazed by animals. The fourth and final feature is the Marrah Mountains, that rise up to a peak at Deriba crater where there is a small area of temperate climate, high rainfall and permanent springs of water.\nThe rainy season is from June through September, transforming much of the region from dusty brown to green. Because much of the population of Darfur is agricultural, the rains are vital. In normal years, a crop is ready to be harvested by November. Once harvested, the dry stalks may be fed to domestic livestock. In the far northern desert, years may pass between rainfall. In the far south, annual average rainfall is 700\u00a0mm and many trees remain green year-round.\nEconomy and demography.\nDarfur has a population of about 7.4 million people. Darfur's economy is primarily based on subsistence agriculture, producing cereals, fruit and tobacco as well as livestock in the drier north. Darfur suffers from frequent droughts during the summer and heavy rainfall in the winter. This has caused many farmers to provide inadequate crops causing the deaths of thousands of people.\nDarfur Conflict.\nThe Darfur conflict is an ongoing armed conflict between the Janjaweed militia group and the tribes of the region. The United Nations estimates that over 400,000 people have died since the beginning of this conflict."}
+{"id": "55838", "revid": "373511", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55838", "title": "Mill", "text": "Mill could mean:\nPeople named Mill:"}
+{"id": "55839", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55839", "title": "Mill (grinding)", "text": "A grinding mill is a tool that is designed to break a solid material into smaller pieces. There are many different types of grinding mills and many types of materials processed in them. \nSmall mills can be powered by hand, such as a mortar and pestle or a pepper grinder. Large grinding mills were usually powered by working animals, wind (windmill) or water (watermill) in the past. In the 2000s, most large grinding mills are powered by electricity.\nTypes of grinding mills.\nMortar and pestle.\nPeople who need to grind a small amount of a food, such as spices or grain, for their own cooking often use a hand-powered mortar and pestle or a hand-powered grinder, such as a pepper grinder. In the 2000s, many people also used electric-powered grinding mills. These kitchen appliances have a metal blade that grinds the food into small pieces. Electric-powered grinding mills are often used for grinding nuts or coffee.\nGrain mills.\nFor thousands of years, humans have ground their grains (such as wheat or corn) into flour using grain mills powered by animals (such as oxen or horses), wind (windmills) or by running water from a stream or river (watermill). In the 2000s, most grain mills are powered by electricity. \nMechanical process.\nAfter grinding the state of the solid is changed: the grain size, and the grain shape. Also, there may be more or less crushing.\nFor process engineering, several things are important: increasing the surface area of the solid; making the solid have wanted grain size; and pulping the material to the desired state (squishing it)."}
+{"id": "55840", "revid": "1634947", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55840", "title": "Windmill", "text": "A windmill is a type of working engine. It converts the wind's energy into rotational energy. To do this it uses vanes called sails or blades.\nThe energy made by windmills can be used in many ways. These include grinding grain or spices, pumping water and sawing wood. Modern wind power machines are used to create electricity. These are called wind turbines by engineers or wind mills by the average person. Before modern times, windmills were most commonly used to grind grain into flour for making bread. The windmill has been in history for many years.\nHistory.\nAn organ powered by a \"windwheel\" was written about in the 2nd century AD by the Greek engineer Hero. It could have been the first machine in history that used wind power. Vertical axle windmills were used in eastern Persia (Sistar) by 60 AD. Horizontal axle windmills were invented in Northwestern Europe in the 1180s. This is the type often used today.\nEarly history.\nThe first windmills had long vertical shafts with rectangle shaped blades. They existed in Persia in the 9th century. There is a story about a windmill and the second caliph Umar (634\\644 AD). It is not known if this is a true story. These windmills were made of six to twelve sails. The sails were covered in reed matting or cloth. They were very different from European versions. A similar type of vertical shaft windmill with rectangle blades can also be found in 13th century China. They were used for irrigation.\nHow they work.\nThe blades or sails of the windmill are turned by the wind. Gears and cogs makes the drive shaft inside the windmill turn. In a windmill used for making flour, this turns the grinding stones. As the stones turn, they crush the wheat (or other grain) between them. In a windmill used for pumping water, turning the drive shaft moves a piston. The piston can suck up and push out water as it moves up and down. In a windmill used for generating power, the drive shaft is connected to many gears. This increases the speed and is used to turn a generator to make electricity.\nWindmills in culture and literature.\nMiguel de Cervantes' book \"Don Quixote de La Mancha\" has an important scene in which Don Quixote attacks windmills. He thinks that they are violent giants. Because of this, La Mancha and its windmills are famous. This is also the origin of the phrase \"tilting at windmills\". It means an act of uselessness. \"Moulin Rouge\" translated directly from French, and means \"Red Windmill\". "}
+{"id": "55841", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55841", "title": "Windmill (disambiguation)", "text": "A windmill is an engine powered by the wind to produce energy, often contained in a large building as in traditional post mills, smock mills and tower mills. \nWindmill may also refer to:"}
+{"id": "55844", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55844", "title": "Zahiruddin Babur", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55845", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55845", "title": "Zahir-ud-din Mohammad Babur", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55846", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55846", "title": "Gurudeva", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55848", "revid": "9810676", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55848", "title": "Blood transfusion", "text": "Blood transfusion is a medical term. It means a procedure used to transfer blood (or some products based on blood) from the circulatory system of one human to that of another human.\nUses.\nBlood transfusions can save the life of a person, if that person has lost a lot of blood. A person can lose blood from an injury, a trauma or from a medical operation. Blood transfusions can also be applied as a treatment to certain diseases of the blood (like Anaemia, for example).\nBlood is not collected and used immediately. Instead it is kept until it is needed. The storage area is informally called a blood bank. By adding anticoagulant to keep the blood from clotting and refrigerating the blood, it is possible to store it for a few days. Information about transfusion and donation is available at the National Institutes of Health website .\nProblems.\nNot all people are able to donate blood to all other people. Testing for blood types usually prevents any bad reaction to a blood transfusion. However, there are special problems for anyone with rare blood groups. It is very important, in order to avoid any complications during a blood transfusion, to detect individuals with rare blood types. The usual tests for ABO blood group system would show them as group O. It may not be possible to give a blood transfusion at all unless the repository has supply of blood which will not cause a reaction."}
+{"id": "55850", "revid": "1695243", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55850", "title": "Delirium", "text": "Delirium is a medical term. The condition is also known as acute confusional state, but this term is not frequently used anymore, because it can have many different meanings. Doctors use it to describe patients who have lost parts or all of their ability to focus attention. People who suffer from it may also have problems concentrating or remembering things and people. Delirium is a medical symptom. It is not a disease. Delirium is also considered a type of confusion, but a more severe one than simple weaker confusion. Delirium can be caused by many things, like anticholinergic medications, too much alcohol, and benzodiazepine medications. Delirium can be confused with other mental conditions like schizophrenia, dementia, and psychosis, because all of these conditions have symptoms similar to delirium. \nCauses.\nA delirium can have many causes. The most common ones include:\nDefinition.\nThere are several definitions of what constitutes a delirium, but in general, the following is true:\nTreatment.\nDeliria are often treated with special drugs, called antipsychotics. These medications can help people feel better with their delirium. Benzodiazepines are the most commonly used medications for alcohol withdrawal. They help calm excited nervous systems. Intravenous fluids with vitamins and minerals are often used to treat dehydration or bring electrolytes back into balance.\nDelirium are always a medical emergency, because it is impossible to predict how they develop. Worst-case scenarios include cardiac arrest, and malfunctions of the metabolism. In order to be able to treat delirium, its cause must be found. In the case of alcoholism, the most common cause for a delirium is the withdrawal of alcohol. This condition is known as delirium tremens."}
+{"id": "55851", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55851", "title": "Jaundice", "text": "Jaundice (also called icterus) is when the skin and the whites of the eyes become a yellow color. People with jaundice have a problem with their liver, which stops it from removing heme properly. Heme (from hemoglobin) changes to a chemical called bilirubin after red blood cell death. Bilirubin causes the yellow coloring of the skin. Jaundice is common in newly born babies. It usually starts the second day after birth.\nJaundice can also be caused by other diseases, like malaria, hepatitis, or gallstones.\nJaundice is the most common of all liver problems. The yellow colour of the skin and mucous membranes happens because of an increase in the bile pigment, bilirubin, in the blood.\nThe bile, made by the liver, is a vital digestive fluid needed for proper nutrition. It also stops decaying changes in food. If the bile is stopped from entering the intestines there is an increase in gases and other products. Normally, the production of bile and its flow is constant.\nTypes of Jaundice.\nThere are three types of jaundice:\nYellow discoloration of the skin and the whites of the eyes happens in all types of jaundice.\nSymptoms.\nThe symptoms of jaundice are:\nCauses.\nJaundice is a sign that the liver is not working. It may be caused by a blockage of the bile ducts which release bile salts and pigment into the intestines. The bile then gets mixed with blood and this gives a yellow colour to the skin. The blockage of the bile ducts could be caused by:\nOther causes of jaundice are pernicious anaemia and diseases affecting the liver such as typhoid, malaria, yellow fever and tuberculosis."}
+{"id": "55852", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55852", "title": "Icterus", "text": "Icterus may refer to:"}
+{"id": "55853", "revid": "9585670", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55853", "title": "Hildegard of Bingen", "text": "Hildegard of Bingen (born Bemersheim nr. Alzey in about 1098; died 17 September 1179) was a German writer, composer and mystic. She was an abbess who is well known for her literary works and her songs. She also wrote about medical and scientific things, and wrote letters to many important politicians.\nHildegard was born into a noble family. Her parents sent her to a monastery because she was the tenth child of the family. She took the veil (became a nun) at the age of 15. By the time she was 38 she had the title of \u201cmother superior\u201d. She founded (started) a monastery on the Rupertsberg in the Rhine valley near Bingen. Later she founded a daughter house on the other side of the river near R\u00fcdesheim. She travelled a lot and talked to many important people. She later had the title of \u201cabbess\u201d. After she died several popes suggested she should be made a saint, but this never happened. She does, though, have a feast day on September 17, which is celebrated in some parts of Germany.\nKnown as the \"Sybil of the Rhine\", Hildegard had many visions, many of which she wrote down.They were mostly about God and his relationship with humans, the church, redemption from God, and creation. She wrote lyrical poetry which was very colourful and had lots of visionary ideas. Her music does not use plainchant like the music of many other medieval composers at the time. It mostly has small patterns of melody which are repeated many times in slightly different ways. Her music was also different because the chants she wrote were written for female voices, in a higher range than earlier chants. This made them easier for women's voices. She wrote a morality play in verse with 82 melodies.\nHildegard of Bingen is the first composer whose life we know about. She may possibly be the first woman to write about female sexuality and sex"}
+{"id": "55854", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55854", "title": "Hildegard von Bingen", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55855", "revid": "1498485", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55855", "title": "Alternative medicine", "text": "Alternative medicine describes practices used instead of normal medical treatments. Some patients seek these practices along with normal medicine. When the patient's medical doctor works with an alternative medicine therapist, this is called \"complementary medicine.\"\nAlternative medicine includes practices that incorporate spiritual, metaphysical, or religious belief; non-evidence-based practices, non-European medical traditions, or newly developed approaches to healing.\nExamples include acupuncture, chiropractic and homeopathy.\nAlternative medicine does not prevent or cure any disease.\nThe opposite of alternative medicine are medical diagnoses and treatments that are proven to work. This is called evidence-based or conventional medicine."}
+{"id": "55856", "revid": "10257532", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55856", "title": "Divaldo Pereira Franco", "text": "Divaldo Pereira Franco or simply, Divaldo Franco is a Brazilian medium, born in Feira de Santana, Bahia, on May 5th, 1927 died on May 13th, 2025.\nHe has been, for almost 60 years, an important spiritual speaker and writer, having devoted more than 50 years to spirituality and more than 40 years dedicated taking care of the street children of Salvador, Bahia.\nOn 15 August 1952, he founded (along with Nilson de Souza Pereira), the \"House of Assistance\" (Mans\u00e3o do Caminho), responsible for the orientation and education of over 33,000 devoid children and adolescents.\nThe First Years.\nDivaldo graduated from the Escola Normal Rural de Feira de Santana, where he received his Primary School Professor diploma in 1943. Since his infancy, he claimed to be able to communicate with spirits.\nWhen he was young, he was traumatized by the death of his two older brothers, so much so that he became sick. He was taken to several Medical specialists, none of them could give a satisfactory diagnosis. After this, he met Dr. Ana Ribeiro Borges, who persuaded him to take up the spiritist doctrine. During his period of convalescence, he dedicated himself to the study of spiritism. After the body health be restored, he continued studying the spiritism."}
+{"id": "55857", "revid": "1539758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55857", "title": "Hindu gods", "text": "In Hinduism, the concept of God or Goddess is not like that of monotheistic religions. The Gods of most cultures in Asia are icons of excellence. They may be questioned. Each represents a strength of human character. In Hinduism there are many beliefs about different gods. In most of them a god is in charge. Supreme divine power in Hinduism is Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva. the sole ultimate truth, an entity that exists and gives life to all things. It is formless and is referred to as Vishnu or Narayana, Adi Parashakti/Shakti or Durga and Shiva or Mahadeva in different sects of Hinduism. Different forms (Avatars) of the same entity or supreme Brahman are worshipped in the traditions and sects in Hinduism.\nHindus believe all it's devi-devas are different forms of that same formless Brahman. Devi-Devas in Hinduism are thought as highly advanced spiritual beings and are often represented in human form or partially human and partially animal forms. Sometimes they are also represented as non-living things and plants.\nThe three gods who started creation: Vishnu, Brahma, and Shiva are called Bhagwans (also known as Bhagav\u0101n). Yakshas are all male gods created by the three Bhagwans. \nThe main god in the Vaishnavite sect of Hinduism is Vishnu. Vishnu is revered as the supreme Paramatman in Vaishnava tradition. Shiva is the Supreme, in Shaivite traditions while in Shakti traditions, Adi Parashakti is supreme. Other names such as Ishvara, Bhagavan, Bhagvati, Parmeshwara and Paramatamana also means Hindu gods and all of them mainly denote Brahman. Vishnu, Shiva and Brahma are the major gods and Lakshmi, Parvati and Saraswati are the major goddesses in Hinduism. Many Hindus believe that Brahma is the Creator, Vishnu is the preserver and Shiva or Maheshwar is destroyer. \nSupreme God.\nThe idea of a single, widely accepted supreme God in Hinduism is not uniform and varies across different traditions. Some followers worship specific deities as the supreme being, such as Vishnu, Shakti, or Shiva, while others have a more abstract understanding of divinity. In some cases, all deities are seen as manifestations of a single ultimate reality. The cultural and linguistic diversity of India has influenced the varied interpretations of the concept of a supreme God within Hinduism. \nRegional and family traditions can play a large part in influencing this choice. There are four principal Hindu denominations \u2014Vaishnavism, Shaktism, Shaivism, and Smartism. For Vaishnavites, God Vishnu is God Of Supreme, For Shaktas, Goddess Shakti is supreme, For Shaivites, God Shiva is Supreme. For Smartas\u2014who see all Deities as reflections of the One God\u2014the choice of Deity is left to the devotee. \nMost Hindus worship some form of a personal aspect of God, although they believe in the more abstract concept of a Supreme God as well. They generally choose one concept of God, and cultivate devotion to that chosen form, while at the same time respecting the chosen ideals of other people. The many different names given to the Supreme God in Hinduism encourage many paths, as opposed to conformity to just one. \nThe unique understanding in Hinduism is that God is not far away, living in a remote heaven, but is all-pervasive and energizes the entire universe. He is also inside each soul, waiting to be discovered. Knowing the one Supreme God in this intimate and experiential way is the goal of Hindu spirituality.\nOther gods.\nHindus also believe in many Gods (Devas) who perform various functions, like executives in a large corporation. These should not be confused with the Supreme God. These deities are highly advanced beings who have specific duties and powers\u2014not unlike the heavenly spirits, overlords or archangels in other faiths. Each denomination worships the Supreme God and its own set of divine beings. \nDevas (also called Devat\u0101s) are an integral part of the colorful Hindu culture. These various forms of God are represented in innumerable paintings, statues, murals, and scriptural stories that can be found in temples, homes, businesses, and other places. In Hinduism the scriptures recommend that for the satisfaction of a particular material desire a person may worship a particular deity. For example, shopkeepers frequently keep a statue or picture of the devi Lakshmi in their shops.\nBhuvaneswari.\nThe concept of Goddess Bhuvaneswari as the supreme goddess emerged in historical religious literature as a term to define the powerful and influential nature of female deities in India. Throughout history, goddesses have been portrayed as the mother of the universe, through whose powers the universe is created and destroyed. The gradual changes in belief through time shape the concept of Bhuvaneswari and express how the different Goddesses, though very different in personality, all carry the power of the universe on their shoulders."}
+{"id": "55858", "revid": "8537", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55858", "title": "Siva", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55859", "revid": "7297", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55859", "title": "Coheed & Cambria", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55860", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55860", "title": "Shabutie", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55861", "revid": "7297", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55861", "title": "Shab\u00fctie (band)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55862", "revid": "10315002", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55862", "title": "Coheed and Cambria", "text": "Coheed and Cambria (sometimes abbreviated to \"Coheed,\" \"CO & CA\" or \"C&C\") is an American rock band from New York.\nCoheed and Cambria have made four studio albums, two live albums, and some special albums. Their studio albums are concept albums, showing one story broken into parts. The band wants to make five albums telling the story of The Amory Wars. Now, four albums have been released: \"The Second Stage Turbine Blade\", \"In Keeping Secrets of Silent Earth: 3\", \"Good Apollo I'm Burning Star IV, Volume One: From Fear Through the Eyes of Madness\", and \"Good Apollo, I'm Burning Star IV, Volume Two: No World for Tomorrow\", and \"Year of the Black Rainbow\". These albums make the first, second, third, and fourth part of the four-part story of Coheed and Cambria. The albums have been made out of order; the second part was made first, and the first part has been made last.\nHistory.\nEarly Days (1995).\nWhen a band called Toxic Parents, with Claudio Sanchez and Travis Stever in it, broke up about the same time as Nate Kelley's band, Moe & The Boogie Cats, the members of these bands came together to form a new band in March 1995. This band was called Beautiful Loser. It had Travis Stever singing and playing guitar, Claudio Sanchez on guitar, Nate Kelley on drums and Jon Carleo on bass. The group did not last long, it broke up in June 1995; they had an argument about gas money. Stever left the band, and Kelley was kicked out, but he came back when Sanchez asked him to. Without Stever, the band only had three people, so Sanchez started to sing and play guitar.\nShab\u00fctie.\nThey changed their name to Shab\u00fctie, a chant taken from the movie \"The Naked Prey\". The band constantly changed and experimented with different genres and styles, never properly deciding a set genre. When Carleo left the band in August 1996, Kelley asked Michael Todd to join the band, who he had worked with in an acoustic project called \"Esme 9\". Todd, a guitar player, started playing bass because of Shab\u00fctie.\nCoheed and Cambria (2000 \u2014 2006).\nAfter Kelley left, Sanchez and the other people picked Josh Eppard, who was in the band \"3\", to take his place. In 2001, shortly after The Delirium Trigger EP was made, they changed their name to Coheed and Cambria and Shab\u00fctie was finished. The band was now a four piece: Claudio Sanchez, (lead vocals/guitar), Travis Stever, (backup vocals/guitar), Michael Todd, (backup vocals/bass guitar), and Josh Eppard, (drums). When playing live, Dave Parker (keyboards/guitar), sometimes plays too.\nRecent times (2006\u2014).\nJosh Eppard could not play at Coheed and Cambria's June 9 slot at the Download Festival in the UK because he was ill. A few days later, the band canceled the Barcelona and Essen parts of their European tour.\nIn November 2006, it was announced that both Josh Eppard and Mic Todd had left the band.\nA few months after, Mic Todd returned to work on the No World For Tomorrow with the band.\nIt was announced a few days before the band embarked on Warped Tour '07 that Chris Pennie, the former drummer for Dillinger Escape Plan, is working with the band in studio.\nThe band debuted their first single from No World For Tomorrow, The Running Free during Warped Tour '07.\nIn July, a website registered to Sony appeared on the internet, www.noworldfortomorrow.com. This website contained a countdown.\nAfter this countdown ended, a message was released and another countdown appeared. This showed that a message would be released weekly. An archive of the messages released can be found here .\nOn October 23, 2007 The band's forth studio album was released under the name \"\" It was met with positive reviews from online zines such as Rollingstone.com and Absolutepunk.net.\nInfluences and similarities.\nSanchez has said that he is influenced by bands like Pink Floyd, Led Zeppelin, Thin Lizzy, Black Sabbath, Iron Maiden, Yes and many people say that they sound like Rush. But, Claudio Sanchez has said that he never listened to the band until he heard people say that they sounded like each other. \"Metal Hammer\" magazine called the band the \"new Led Zeppelin\" on the front cover of issue 153. They also have hardcore punk influences such as Bad Brains and The Misfits. Claudio also said in an interview he learned to play guitar by listening to the Misfits' Legacy of Brutality.\nDiscography.\n\"Work done as Shab\u0171tie is noted.\"\nStudio albums.\nThe Coheed and Cambria albums are coming out out of sequence; the last album to come out will be the first part of the series. The first CD made was \"The Second Stage Turbine Blade\", the second part in the story, the third and fourth parts came out next. The next album has been called \"Most Anticipated Album of 2007\" by the \"Alternative Press\" magazine. The February 2007 issue of \"Kerrang!\" says, \"Among the songs that may or may not appear on the album are 'Gravemakers And Gunslingers' and 'The Hound Of Blood And Rank.'\" Also, the issue says that a release should come out in either late spring or early summer.\nOther Songs.\nA cover of Night Ranger's 'Sister Christian' was released by the band via the bands official website as an MP3 download as a Christmas present to their fans. Similarly, a cover of The Band's \"I Shall Be Released\" was uploaded onto the bands MySpace page as a Christmas Present to their fans in 2006. The band also used to play a cover of Iron Maiden's \"The Trooper\" at concerts. A song called \"The Glass\" was in the process of being written for the movie Spiderman 2's soundtrack, but the song was not finished in time and it was scrapped. Many Shab\u00fctie songs are circulated on the internet. Some were recorded in a studio, but others were recorded on a 4-track, resulting in poor quality audio. There is also a live bootleg on the internet of a song played by Shab\u00fctie that fans named \"Nauraushaun\". It was assumed that this song was one song in full, but former drummer Nate Kelley has recently told fans that the song was in fact two songs played in a medley. These two songs are \"Origins\" and \"Life Without You\". These two songs were never recorded except for the bootleg that has been circulating, although \"Life Without You\" was almost recorded instead of \"Cassiopeia\". In the end the band decided they liked \"Cassiopeia\" more and this was recorded instead.\nMusic videos.\nA series of six vignettes that showcase music from \"Good Apollo I'm Burning Star IV, Volume One: From Fear Through the Eyes of Madness\" were made and are on the albums' special edition bonus DVD."}
+{"id": "55863", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55863", "title": "Coheed", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55870", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55870", "title": "Mystic", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55871", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55871", "title": "Abbey", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55872", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55872", "title": "Nunnery", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55873", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55873", "title": "Convent", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55878", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55878", "title": "Watermill", "text": "A watermill is an engine that uses a water wheel or turbine to drive a mechanical process such as flour or lumber production, or metal shaping (rolling, grinding or wire drawing). A watermill that only generates electricity is more usually called a hydroelectric plant.\nHistory.\nChina.\nIn 31 AD, a Chinese engineer named Du Shi (Wade-Giles: Tu Shih) \"\"invented the first water-powered bellows. This was a complicated machine with gears, axles, and levers that was powered by a waterwheel\",\". This invention aided the forging of cast iron smelted from the blast furnace. More extensive descriptions appear in literature of the 5th century.\nGreece and Rome.\nThe ancient Greeks and Romans used the technology. In the 1st century BC, the Greek epigrammatist \"Antipater of Thessalonica\" was the first to make a reference to the waterwheel. He praised it for its use in grinding grain and the reduction of human labor.\nThe Romans used both fixed and floating water wheels and introduced water power to other countries of the Roman Empire. So-called 'Greek Mills' used water wheels with a vertically mounted shaft. A \"Roman Mill\" features a horizontally-mounted shaft. Greek style mills are the older and simpler of the two designs, but only operate well with high water velocities and with small diameter millstones. Roman style mills are more complicated as they require gears transmit the power from a shaft with a horizontal axis to one with a vertical axis. An example of a Roman era watermill would be the early 4th century site at Barbegal in southern France, where 16 overshot waterwheels were used to power an enormous flour mill.\nThe Cistercian Order built huge mill complexes all over Western Europe during the medieval period.\nMedieval Europe.\nIn a 2005 survey the scholar Adam Lucas identified the following first appearances of various industrial mill types in Western Europe. Noticeable is the preeminent role of France in the introduction of new innovative uses of waterpower.\nOperation of a watermill.\nTypically, water is diverted from a river or impoundment or mill pond to a turbine or water wheel, along a channel or pipe (variously known as a flume, head race, mill race, leat, leet, lade (Scots) or penstock). The force of the water's movement drives the blades of a wheel or turbine, which in turn rotates an axle that drives the mill's other machinery. Water leaving the wheel or turbine is drained through a tail race, but this channel may also be the head race of yet another wheel, turbine or mill. The passage of water is controlled by sluice gates that allow maintenance and some measure of flood control; large mill complexes may have dozens of sluices controlling complicated interconnected races that feed multiple buildings and industrial processes.\nWatermills can be divided into two kinds, one with a horizontal waterwheel on a vertical axle, and the other with a vertical wheel on a horizontal axle. The oldest of these were horizontal mills in which the force of the water, striking a simple paddle wheel set horizontally in line with the flow turned a runner stone balanced on the rynd which is atop a shaft leading directly up from the wheel. The bedstone does not turn. The problem with this type of mill arose from the lack of gearing; the speed of the water directly set the maximum speed of the runner stone which, in turn, set the rate of milling."}
+{"id": "55879", "revid": "9845826", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55879", "title": "Coma", "text": "Coma is a medical term. It is a state of deep and prolonged unconsciousness. People who are in that state cannot be woken up. They also do not react to pain or light. Coma can result from various conditions. Some of these are intoxication, poisons, damages or diseases of the nervous system. It can also be the result of certain drugs. Doctors sometimes put patients that have very bad injuries into a coma. There are different levels of coma. Comas usually do not last more than several weeks, but those several weeks could be disastrous. Sometimes only basic bodily functions are left over. Intensive hospital care is often needed to recover some of these functions.\nSome comas can last years, but these are usually not woken up from. The family of a coma victim (or whoever has the power of Attorney) can sign papers so that they are taken off of life support and then will die."}
+{"id": "55880", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55880", "title": "Water wheel", "text": "A water wheel is a hydropower system; a machine for extracting power from the flow of water. Water wheels and hydropower was widely used in the Middle Ages, powering most industry in Europe, along with the windmill. The most common use of the water wheel was to mill flour in gristmills, but other uses included foundry work and machining, and pounding linen for use in paper.\nA water wheel consists of a large wooden or metal wheel, with a number of blades or buckets arranged on the outside rim forming the driving surface. Most commonly, the wheel is mounted vertically on a horizontal axle, but the tub or Norse wheel is mounted horizontally on a vertical shaft. Vertical wheels can transmit power either through the axle or via a ring gear and typically drive belts or gears; horizontal wheels usually directly drive their load. A channel created for the water to follow after leaving the wheel is commonly referred to as a \"tailrace.\"\nHistory.\n\"Main article:\" Watermill\nGreco-Roman Europe.\nThe technology of the water wheel had long been known, but it was not put into widespread use until the Middle Ages when an acute shortage of labor made machines such as the water wheel cost effective. However, the water wheels in ancient Rome and ancient China found many practical uses in powering mills for pounding grain and other substances. The Romans used both fixed and floating water wheels and introduced water power to other countries of the Roman Empire. The Romans were known to use waterwheels extensively in mining projects, with enormous Roman-era waterwheels found in places like modern-day Spain. In the 1st century BC, the Greek epigrammatist \"Antipater of Thessalonica\" was the first to make a reference to the waterwheel.\nAncient China.\nBy at least the 1st century AD, the Chinese of the Eastern Han Dynasty began to use waterwheels to crush grain in mills and to power the piston-bellows in forging iron ore into cast iron.\nIn the text known as the \"Xin Lun\" written by Huan Tan about 20 AD (during the usurpation of Wang Mang), it states that the legendary mythological king known as Fu Xi was the one responsible for the pestle and mortar, which evolved into the tilt-hammer and then trip hammer device (see trip hammer). Although the author speaks of the mythological Fu Xi, a passage of his writing gives hint that the waterwheel was in widespread use by the 1st century AD in China.\nIn the year 31 AD, the engineer and Prefect of Nanyang, Du Shi, applied a complex use of the waterwheel and machinery to power the bellows of the blast furnace to create cast iron. \nWaterwheels in China found practical uses such as this, as well as extraordinary use. The inventor Zhang Heng (78\u2013139) was the first in history to apply motive power in rotating the astronomical instrument of an armillary sphere, by use of a waterwheel. The mechanical engineer Ma Jun (200\u2013265) once used a waterwheel to power and operate a large mechanical puppet theater for Emperor Ming of Wei.\nMedieval Europe and Modern.\nCistercian monasteries, in particular, made extensive use of water wheels to power mills of many kinds. An early example of a very large waterwheel is still extant at the early 13th century Real Monasterio de Nuestra Senora de Rueda, a Cistercian monastery in the Aragon region of Spain. Grist mills (for corn) were undoubtedly the most common, but there were also sawmills, fulling mills and mills to fulfill many other labor-intensive tasks. The water wheel remained competitive with the steam engine well into the Industrial Revolution.\nThe main difficulty of water wheels was their inseparability from water. This meant that mills often needed to be located far from population centers and away from natural resources. Water mills were still in commercial use well into the twentieth century, however.\nOvershot & pitchback waterwheels are suitable where there is a small stream with a height difference of more than 2 meters, often in association with a small reservoir. Breastshot and undershot wheels can be used on rivers or high volume flows with large reservoirs. \nThe most powerful waterwheel built in the United Kingdom was the 100\u00a0hp Quarry Bank Mill Waterwheel near Manchester. A high breastshot design, it was retired in 1904 and replaced with several turbines. It has now been restored and is a museum open to the public.\nModern Hydro-electric dams can be viewed as the descendants of the water wheel as they too take advantage of the movement of water downhill to turn a wheel. "}
+{"id": "55881", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55881", "title": "Favism", "text": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (sometimes also called G6PD deficiency, or favism) is a hereditary disease. This means it is passed on through the genes from a parent to the child. It leads to a form of anaemia. There are some means to treat it, though the focus of the doctors now lies on prevention. As it is linked to the X chromosome, most people who suffer from it are men.\nPathology.\nSufferers cannot make the enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, making the circulation of sugar in their body different. More red blood cells would be destroyed because of it. About 400 million people suffer from this condition. Very often, it can be found in regions where there is also malaria. This is because the red blood cells found in people with favism are not targeted by malaria. This condition may result from an allergy to alkaloids in Vicia faba, including Faba beans, Broad beans and Windsor beans. "}
+{"id": "55882", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55882", "title": "G6PD deficiency", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55884", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55884", "title": "Hydropower", "text": "Hydropower is the capture of the energy of moving water for some useful purpose. \nIn the 1830s, at the peak of the canal-building era, hydropower was used to transport barge traffic up and down steep hills using inclined plane railroads. For direct mechanical power transmission industries that used hydropower had to be near the waterfall. For example, during the last half of the 19th century, many grist mills were built at Saint Anthony Falls, to use the 50 foot (15 metre) drop in the Mississippi River. The mills were important for the growth of Minneapolis. Today the largest use of hydropower is for electric power generation. That allows low cost energy to be used at long distances from the watercourse. \nTypes of water power.\nThere are many forms of water power:\nHydroelectric power.\nHydroelectric power is a means of making electricity without burning fuel. Hydroelectric power supplies about 715,000 MWe or 19% of world electricity (16% in 2003). Large dams are still being designed. Apart from a few countries with plenty of it, hydro power is normally applied to peak load demand because it is readily stopped and started. Nevertheless, hydroelectric power is probably not a major option for future energy production in the developed nations, because most major sites within these nations are either already being exploited or are unavailable for other reasons, such as environmental considerations.\nHydropower produces essentially no carbon dioxide or other harmful emissions, in contrast to burning fossil fuels, and is not a significant contributor to global warming through CO2.\nHydroelectric power can be far less expensive than electricity generated from fossil fuel or nuclear energy. Areas with abundant hydroelectric power attract industry. Environmental concerns about the effects of reservoirs may prohibit development of economic hydropower sources.\nTidal power.\nHarnessing the tides in a bay or estuary has been achieved in France (since 1966), Canada and Russia, and could be achieved in other areas with a large tidal range. The trapped water turns turbines as it is released through the tidal barrage in either direction. Another possible fault is that the system would generate electricity most efficiently in bursts every six hours (once every tide). This limits how tidal energy can be used. \nTidal stream power.\nA relatively new technology, tidal stream generators draw energy from currents in much the same way that wind generators do. The higher density of water means that a single generator can provide significant power. This technology is at the early stages of development and will need more research before it can produce any higher amount of energy.\nBut several prototypes were tested in the UK, in France and the USA. Already in 2003 a turbine that produces 300 kW was tested in the UK.\nThe Canadian company Blue Energy has plans for installing very large arrays tidal current devices mounted in what they call a 'tidal fence' in various locations around the world, based on a vertical axis turbine design.\nWave power.\nPower from ocean surface wave motion might produce much more energy than tides. It has been tested that it is possible to produce energy from waves, particularly in Scotland in the UK. But there are still a lot of technical problems.\nA prototype shore based wave power generator is being constructed at \"Port Kembla\" in Australia and is expected to generate up to 500 MWh annually. Wave energy is captured by an air driven generator and converted to electricity. For countries with large coastlines and rough sea conditions, the energy of waves offers the possibility of generating electricity in utility volumes. Excess power during rough seas could be used to produce hydrogen."}
+{"id": "55885", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55885", "title": "South Pacific", "text": "South Pacific is the name for a geographical region of the world. It includes regions of the Pacific Ocean which lie south of the Equator: Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, and parts of Oceania."}
+{"id": "55887", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55887", "title": "Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55888", "revid": "1647256", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55888", "title": "Guido von List", "text": "Guido (von) List (born Karl Anton List; 5 October 1848 in Vienna \u2013 17 May 1919 in Berlin) was an Austrian writer. His works were influenced very much by ideas of race. He was influenced by Arthur de Gobineau, Helena Petrovna Blavatsky, and others. He believed there was a global jewish conspiracy. He thought that the conspiracy threatened those he believed to be the Aryan race. He also believed that runes had magic power. His beliefs were not unpopular in Western Europe in the 19th century. He was an occultist. A contemporary of his was Houston Steward Chamberlain. Chambelain lived at the same time as he did. One of his successors was J\u00f6rg Lanz von Liebenfels.\nSwastika\nHe is attributed with suggesting the swastika as the symbol for all \u201canti-Semitic\u201d organizations. This symbol was later introduced in the Nazi flag inside a white circle with a red background. "}
+{"id": "55889", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55889", "title": "Karl Anton List", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55890", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55890", "title": "17 May", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55893", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55893", "title": "10 February", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55894", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55894", "title": "10 April", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55895", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55895", "title": "22 May", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55896", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55896", "title": "7 June", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55897", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55897", "title": "18 March", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55898", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55898", "title": "27 August", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55899", "revid": "1616965", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55899", "title": "Franklins", "text": "Franklins is a cheap supermarket company in New South Wales in Australia. At one time, it had shops in other states of Australia.\nThe name of the shops is named after Frank Lindstrom, who started Franklins in 1941 in the city of Sydney in Australia. The shops were created in a time when other supermarkets had low prices, by keeping expenses low. It grew to cover much of New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and South Australia with a reputation for low prices on groceries. It claims to be \"Australia's Original Discount Grocer\".\nFranklins was the first supermarket in Australia to have brand name products. These products are called No Frills. In fact, the company's shops only sold these products when it first came about. It started out with a few products but now they have 800 products. This ranges from bread to window cleaners. Today, a mascot of Franklins called Red Sock advertises these products.\nFranklins offers a wide range of products including No Frills. Franklins mostly deals in food and everyday articles. It even has Franklins brand name products like bread and meat.\nA wide range of people shop at Franklins to buy a wide range of articles. In some shops, people can buy their food and everyday articles at Franklins. They can then buy their fresh food outside of the store. In other stores, people can get fresh food articles as well as food and everyday articles all in the one place. Franklins even has a 'bottle shop' inside a few stores where people can get their beer and wine from. These places are both cheap and convenient to shop in.\nWhen Franklins first started, their business philosophy was like Aldi's: \"No extras, no service, no music and no electronic cash - only articles at extremely low prices\" or as Franklins had put it: \"Strictly No Frills\". Because of big competition with other \"good-looking\" shops, it no longer follows this philosophy.\nFranklins is still cheap but it has more competition from other markets, such as Aldi. Today, Franklins is owned by the Pick n Pay supermarket company from the country of South Africa. It has opened \"Franklins Family Supermarkets\" in 2006, independently franchise shops of both Franklins and Pick n Pay."}
+{"id": "55904", "revid": "9417210", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55904", "title": "Hannover 96", "text": "Hannover 96, also sometimes called Hanover 96 in English, is a sports club in Hanover, a city in northern Germany.\nThe sports club was founded in 1896. Hannover 96 is famous for its football (AE: \"Soccer\") team that has almost always played in the first or second German football league (Except 1996-1998).\nHannover 96 was German Football Champion in 1938 and 1954 and German Cup winner in 1992. The club played eight seasons in European cup competitions (24 matches).\nHome stadium of Hannover 96 is the HDI-Arena (capacity: 49.000).\nIn 1963 the German national Football League, the \"Fu\u00dfball-Bundesliga\" was founded. Hannover 96 joined the Bundesliga in 1964 and played there for the following ten years. In the 1970s and 1980s the club went down to the second league and up again several times. In the 1990s Hannover 96 played eight seasons in the second \"Bundesliga\" and two years in the third league, the \"Regionalliga Nord\" (1996-98).\nSince 2002, Hannover 96 is (again) a member of the first German Football league, the Bundesliga.\nSome famous players who have been in the team for a long time: Altin Lala Albanian national player, Steven Cherundolo, USA-national player, Robert Enke, former German national goalkeeper.\nThe coach of the football team (August 2014) is Taifun Korkut, the club's president is Martin Kind.\nFormer Coaches: Dieter Hecking 2009, Andreas Bergmann 2009, Peter Neururer 2006, Ewald Lienen 2005, Ralf Rangnick 2004, Horst Ehrmanntraut 2001, ..."}
+{"id": "55905", "revid": "1128114", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55905", "title": "Water turbine", "text": "A water turbine is a rotary engine that takes energy from moving water.\nWater turbines were developed in the nineteenth century and were widely used for industrial power prior to electrical grids. Now they are mostly used for electric power generation. They harness a clean and renewable energy source.\nHistory.\nSwirl.\nWater wheels have been used for thousands of years for industrial power. Their main shortcoming is size, which limits the flow rate and head that can be used.\nThe migration from water wheels to modern turbines took about one hundred years. Development occurred during the Industrial revolution, using scientific principles and methods. They also made extensive use of new materials and manufacturing methods developed at the time.\nThe word turbine was coined by the French engineer Claude Bourdin in the early 19th century and is derived from the Latin word for \"whirling\" or a \"vortex\". The main difference between early water turbines and water wheels is a component of the water which passes energy to a spinning rotor. This additional component of motion allowed the turbine to be smaller than a water wheel of the same power. They could process more water by spinning faster and could use much greater heads. (Later, impulse turbines were developed which did not use swirl).\nTime line.\nJ\u00e1n Andrej Segner developed a reactive water turbine in the mid-1700s. It had a horizontal axis and was a precursor to modern water turbines. It is a very simple machine that is still produced today for use in small hydro sites. Segner worked with Euler on some of the early mathematical theories of turbine design.\nIn 1820, Jean-Victor Poncelet developed an inward-flow turbine.\nIn 1826 Benoit Fourneyron developed an outward-flow turbine. This was an efficient machine (~80%) that sent water through a runner with blades curved in one dimension. The stationary outlet also had curved guides.\nIn 1844 Uriah A. Boyden developed an outward flow turbine that improved on the performance of the Fourneyron turbine. Its runner shape was similar to that of a Francis turbine.\nIn 1849, James B. Francis improved the inward flow reaction turbine to over 90% efficiency. He also conducted sophisticated tests and developed engineering methods for water turbine design. The Francis turbine, named for him, is the first modern water turbine. It is still the most widely used water turbine in the world today. \nInward flow water turbines have a better mechanical arrangement and all modern reaction water turbines are of this design. Also, as the swirling mass of water spins into a tighter rotation, it tries to speed up to conserve energy. This property acts on the runner, in addition to the water's falling weight and swirling motion. Water pressure decreases to zero as it passes through the turbine blades and gives up its energy.\nAround 1890, the modern fluid bearing was invented, now universally used to support heavy water turbine spindles. As of 2002, fluid bearings appear to have a mean time between failures of more than 1300 years.\nAround 1913, Victor Kaplan created the Kaplan turbine, a propeller-type machine. It was an evolution of the Francis turbine but revolutionized the ability to develop low-head hydro sites.\nA new concept.\nAll common water machines until the late 19th century (including water wheels) were reaction machines; water's \"pressure\" head acted on the machine and produced work. A reaction turbine needs to fully contain the water during energy transfer.\nIn 1866, California millwright Samuel Knight invented a machine that worked off a completely different concept. Inspired by the high pressure jet systems used in hydraulic mining in the gold fields, Knight developed a bucketed wheel which captured the energy of a free jet, which had converted a high head (hundreds of vertical feet in a pipe or penstock) of water to kinetic energy. This is called an impulse or tangential turbine. The water's velocity, roughly twice the velocity of the bucket periphery, does a u-turn in the bucket and drops out of the runner at 0 velocity.\nIn 1879, Lester Pelton, experimenting with a Knight Wheel, developed a double bucket design, which exhausted the water to the side, eliminating some energy loss of the Knight wheel which exhausted some water back against the center of the wheel. In about 1895, William Doble improved on Pelton's half-cylindrical bucket form with an elliptical bucket that included a cut in it to allow the jet a cleaner bucket entry. This is the modern form of the Pelton turbine which today achieves up to 92% efficiency. Pelton had been quite an effective promoter of his design and although Doble took over the Pelton company he did not change the name to Doble because it had brand name recognition.\nTurgo and Crossflow turbines were later impulse designs.\nTheory of operation.\nFlowing water is directed on to the blades of a turbine runner, creating a force on the blades. Since the runner is spinning, the force acts through a distance (force acting through a distance is the definition of work). In this way, energy is transferred from the water flow to the turbine.\nWater turbines are divided into two groups; reaction turbines and impulse turbines.\nReaction turbines.\nReaction turbines are acted on by water, which changes pressure as it moves through the turbine and gives up its energy. They must be encased to contain the water pressure (or suction), or they must be fully submerged in the water flow.\nNewton's Third Law of Motion describes the transfer of energy for reaction turbines.\nMost water turbines in use are reaction turbines. They are used in low and medium head applications.\nImpulse turbines.\nImpulse turbines change the velocity of a water jet. The jet pushes the turbine's curved blades which reverse the flow. The resulting change in momentum (impulse) causes a force on the turbine blades. Since the turbine is spinning, the force acts through a distance (work) and the diverted water flow is left with diminished energy.\nPrior to hitting the turbine blades, the water's pressure (potential energy) is converted to kinetic energy by a nozzle and focused on the turbine. No pressure change occurs at the turbine blades, and the turbine does not require a housing for operation.\nNewton's Second Law of Motion describes the transfer of energy for impulse turbines.\nImpulse turbines are most often used in very high head applications.\nPower.\nThe power available in a stream of water is;\nformula_1\nwhere:\nPumped storage.\nSome water turbines are designed for Pumped storage hydroelectricity. They can reverse flow and operate as a pump to fill a high reservoir during off-peak electrical hours, and then revert to a turbine for power generation during peak electrical demand. This type of turbine is usually a Deriaz or Francis in design.\nEfficiency.\nLarge modern water turbines operate at mechanical efficiencies greater than 90% (not to be confused with thermodynamic efficiency).\nTypes of water turbines.\nReaction turbines:\nImpulse turbines:\nDesign and application.\nTurbine selection is based mostly on the available water head, and less so on the available flow rate. In general, impulse turbines are used for high head sites, and reaction turbines are used for low head sites. Kaplan turbines are well-adapted to wide ranges of flow or head conditions, since their peak efficiency can be achieved over a wide range of flow conditions.\nSmall turbines (mostly under 10 MW) may have horizontal shafts, and even fairly large bulb-type turbines up to 100 MW or so may be horizontal. Very large Francis and Kaplan machines usually have vertical shafts because this makes best use of the available head, and makes installation of a generator more economical. Pelton wheels may be either vertical or horizontal shaft machines because the size of the machine is so much less than the available head. Some impulse turbines use multiple water jets per runner to increase specific speed and balance shaft thrust.\nMaintenance.\nTurbines are designed to run for decades with very little maintenance of the main elements; overhaul intervals are on the order of several years. Maintenance of the runners and parts exposed to water include removal, inspection, and repair of worn parts.\nNormal wear and tear is pitting from cavitation, fatigue cracking, and abrasion from suspended solids in the water. Steel elements are repaired by welding, usually with stainless steel rod. Damage areas are cut or ground out, then welding back up to their original or an improved profile. Old turbine runners may have a significant amount of stainless steel added this way by the end of their lifetime. Elaborate welding procedures may be used to achieve the highest quality repairs.\nOther elements requiring inspection and repair during overhauls include bearings, packing box and shaft sleeves, servomotors, cooling systems for the bearings and generator coils, seal rings, wicket gate linkage elements and all surfaces.\nEnvironmental impact.\nWater turbines have had both positive and negative impacts on the environment.\nThey are one of the cleanest producers of power, replacing the burning of fossil fuels and eliminating nuclear waste. Burning fossil fuels produces smoke and ash, and toxic gases such as carbon monoxide. Nuclear waste emits dangerous radiation and is difficult to dispose of. They use a renewable energy source and are designed to operate for decades. They produce significant amounts of the world's electrical supply.\nHistorically there have also been negative consequences. The rotating blades or gated runners of water turbines can interrupt the natural ecology of rivers, killing fish, stopping migrations, and disrupting peoples' livelihoods. For example, American Indian tribes in the Pacific Northwest had livelihoods built around salmon fishing, but aggressive dam-building destroyed their way of life. Since the late 20th century, it has been possible to construct hydropower systems that divert fish and other organisms away from turbine intakes without significant damage or loss of power; such systems require less cleaning but are substantially more expensive to construct. In the United States, it is now illegal to block the migration of fish so fish ladders must be provided by dam builders."}
+{"id": "55906", "revid": "795348", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55906", "title": "AWD-Arena", "text": "The HDI-Arena is a football stadium in Hanover, a city in north Germany. It is the home stadium of the football club Hannover 96. The HDI-Arena was built from 1952 to 1954 and called \"Niedersachsenstadion\" (stadium of lower Saxony) and later \"AWD-Arena\". Lower Saxony is a German federal state and Hanover is its capital.\nOriginally the Niedersachsenstadium was large enough to hold about 80.000 people. It was changed for international football championships in 1974 and 1988, especially changing standing room into seats. In 2003, it became changed to be used only for football and the name was sold to the German company of AWD. Today it can hold 49.000 people.\nIn 2006, the Football World Championships were played there."}
+{"id": "55907", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55907", "title": "Renewable energy", "text": "Renewable energy comes from renewable resources. It is different from fossil fuels as it does not produce as many greenhouse gases and other pollutants as fossil fuel combustion.\nPeople have used traditional wind power, hydropower, biofuel, and solar energy for many centuries, all around the world. The mass production of electricity using renewable energy sources is now becoming more common. \nGrowth of renewables.\nFrom the end of 2004, worldwide renewable energy capacity grew at rates of 10\u201360% annually for many technologies. For wind power and many other renewable technologies, growth sped up in 2009 relative to the previous four years. More wind power was added during 2009 than any other renewable technology. However, grid-connected PV increased the fastest of all renewables technologies, with a 60% annual average growth rate.\nProjections vary, but scientists have advanced a plan to power 100% of the world's energy with wind, hydroelectric, and solar power by the year 2030.\nWind power market grows.\nWind power capacity has expanded quickly to 743 GW in 2020, and wind energy production was about 5% of total worldwide electricity usage, and growing fast. Wind power is widely used in European countries, and more recently in the United States and Asia. Wind power accounts for approximately 19% of electricity generation in Denmark, 11% in Spain and Portugal, and 9% in the Republic of Ireland. These are some of the largest wind farms in the world, as of January 2010: \nA wind farm is a group of wind turbines in the same location used for production of electricity. A large wind farm may consist of several hundred individual wind turbines distributed over an extended area, but the land between the turbines may be used for agricultural or other purposes. A wind farm may also be located offshore. \nWorld's largest PV power plants.\nSolar photovoltaic cells convert sunlight into electricity and many solar photovoltaic power stations have been built, mainly in Europe. As of December 2010, the largest photovoltaic (PV) power plants in the world are the Sarnia Photovoltaic Power Plant (Canada, 97\u00a0MW), Montalto di Castro Photovoltaic Power Station (Italy, 84.2\u00a0MW), Finsterwalde Solar Park (Germany, 80.7\u00a0MW), Rovigo Photovoltaic Power Plant (Italy, 70\u00a0MW), Olmedilla Photovoltaic Park (Spain, 60\u00a0MW), the Strasskirchen Solar Park (Germany, 54\u00a0MW), and the Lieberose Photovoltaic Park (Germany, 53\u00a0MW). Larger power stations are under construction, some proposed will have a capacity of 150\u00a0MW or more.\nSolar is one of the fastest-growing renewable energy sources in the world. Solar energy capacity has increased by approximately 60% since 2013, rising to 485.82GW in 2018.\nThe ten largest solar power plants in the world (based on installed capacity in 2020).\nMany of these plants are integrated with agriculture and some use innovative tracking systems that follow the sun's daily path across the sky to generate more electricity than conventional fixed-mounted systems. There are no fuel costs or emissions during operation of the power stations.\nNew generation of solar thermal plants.\nLarge solar thermal power stations include the 354\u00a0megawatt (MW) Solar Energy Generating Systems power installation in the USA, Solnova Solar Power Station (Spain, 150\u00a0MW), Andasol solar power station (Spain, 100\u00a0MW), Nevada Solar One (USA, 64\u00a0MW), PS20 solar power tower (Spain, 20\u00a0MW), and the PS10 solar power tower (Spain, 11\u00a0MW). The 370 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, located in California's Mojave Desert, is the world\u2019s largest solar thermal power plant project currently under construction.\nThe solar thermal power industry is growing fast with 1.2\u00a0GW under construction as of April 2009 and another 13.9\u00a0GW announced globally through 2014. Spain is the epicenter of solar thermal power development with 22\u00a0projects for 1,037\u00a0MW under construction, all of which are projected to come online by the end of 2010. In the United States, 5,600\u00a0MW of solar thermal power projects have been announced. In developing countries, three World Bank projects for integrated solar thermal/combined-cycle gas-turbine power plants in Egypt, Mexico, and Morocco have been approved.\nVariable renewable energy.\nVariable renewable energy is a renewable energy source that is non-dispatchable due to its fluctuating nature, like wind power and solar power, as opposed to a controllable renewable energy source such as hydroelectricity, or biomass, or a relatively constant source such as geothermal power or run-of-the-river hydroelectricity. Critics of wind and solar power warn of their variable output, but many studies have shown that the grid can cope, and it is doing so in Denmark and Spain.\nThe International Energy Agency says that there has been too much focus on issue of the variability. Its significance depends on a range of factors which include the market penetration of the renewables concerned, the balance of plant, and the wider connectivity of the system, as well as demand side flexibility. Variability will rarely be a barrier to increased renewable energy deployment. But at high levels of market penetration it requires careful analysis and management.\nEthanol for transportation.\nBrazil has one of the largest renewable energy programs in the world, involving production of ethanol fuel from sugar cane, and ethanol now provides 18 percent of the country's automotive fuel. As a result, Brazil, which years ago had to import a large share of the petroleum needed for domestic consumption, recently reached complete self-sufficiency in oil.\nMost cars on the road today in the U.S. can run on blends of up to 10% ethanol, and motor vehicle manufacturers already produce vehicles designed to run on much higher ethanol blends. Ford, DaimlerChrysler, and General Motors Corporation are among the automobile companies that sell \"flexible-fuel\" cars, trucks, and minivans that can use gasoline and ethanol blends ranging from pure gasoline up to 85% ethanol (E85). By mid-2006, there were approximately six million E85-compatible vehicles on U.S. roads."}
+{"id": "55908", "revid": "1570152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55908", "title": "Aral Sea", "text": "The Aral Sea ( (Aral tengizi), , ) was a lake in Central Asia. It is between Kazakhstan in the north and Karakalpakstan, an autonomous region of Uzbekistan, in the south.\nSince the 1960s, the Aral Sea shrank. 90% of the sea has gone. The rivers that fed it (the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya) were used by the Soviet Union for irrigating cotton production. What is left of the Aral Sea is heavily polluted, largely as the result of weapons testing, industrial projects, and fertilizer runoff before and after the breakup of the Soviet Union.\nThere is a project to save at least the northern part of the Aral Sea. For this, a dam was built in the 1990 to stop water running off. Climate improved in the following years, and water levels rose again. However, that dam broke, and was rebuilt in 2005, with international funding.\nAnother problem was that Rebirth Island had been used for the testing of biological weapons until 1993. It is currently contaminated with anthrax, the plague, and tularemia. Since 2001, it is no longer an island, but a part of the mainland."}
+{"id": "55918", "revid": "9541174", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55918", "title": "Radiation", "text": "In physics, radiation is the emission or transmission of energy in the form of waves or particles through space or through a material medium.\nThis includes:\nRadiation may also refer to the energy, waves, or particles being radiated. Originally, radiation waves do not contain particles as they are transferred to Earth by the Sun for example.\nElectromagnetic radiation.\nMany people are already familiar with electromagnetic radiation (EMR), including light. The electromagnetic spectrum shows the types of radiation according to their wavelength and frequency. Some kinds are:\nDanger from radiation.\nIonizing radiation is radiation that carries enough energy to free electrons from atoms or molecules.\nOnly certain types of radiation are harmful to humans. For example, ultraviolet radiation can give people sunburns. X-rays and gamma rays can make a person sick, or even die, depending on the dose they get. Some types of particle radiation can also make people sick and lead to burns. If radiation does not carry high enough levels of energy, though, then these changes will not happen when something is hit by the radiation. This is referred to as non-ionizing radiation, which is not as dangerous.\nOne can distinguish between various types of radiation by looking at the source of the radiation, its wavelength (if the radiation is electromagnetic), the amount of energy being carried, any particles involved, etc. Radioactive material is a material which emits radiation. Uranium and plutonium are examples of radioactive materials. The atoms they are made of tend to fall apart and give off different kinds of radiation, like gamma rays and lots of particle radiation.\nIonizing radiation by type.\nIonizing radiation can kill living things. It can cause genetic mutations, as shown by H.J. Muller. It can destroy cells in the body which divide, and thus indirectly kill a person."}
+{"id": "55921", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55921", "title": "Non-ionizing radiation", "text": "Non-ionizing radiation (or, esp. in British English, non-ionising radiation) means any type of electromagnetic radiation that does not carry enough energy to ionize atoms or molecules - that is, completely remove an electron from an atom or molecule. \nThe composition of this radiation can vary depending on what may be ionized. Visible light, near ultraviolet, infrared, microwave and radio waves are all examples of non-ionizing radiation, though visible and near ultraviolet can also ionize some molecules. The light from the Sun that reaches the earth is largely composed of non-ionizing radiation, with the notable exception of some ultraviolet rays. However, most ionizing radiation is filtered out by the atmosphere."}
+{"id": "55923", "revid": "10113248", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55923", "title": "Electromagnetic spectrum", "text": "The electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic radiation can be divided into octaves \u2014 as sound waves are \u2014 adding up to eighty-one octaves. Physicists have studied electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths from thousands of kilometres down to fractions of the size of an atom. It is commonly said that waves beyond these limits are uncommon, although this is not known to be true. The short wavelength limit is likely to be the Planck length, and the long-wavelength limit is the size of the universe itself, though in principle the spectrum is infinite. \nRadiation of shorter wavelength than about 30 \u03bcm is commonly detected by its ability to exceed the ionization energy of atoms. Radiation of longer than 3mm is commonly detected by its ability to induce electrical currents. Radiation between these limits was little used until the 21st century because of the difficulty of detecting it. \nSpectra of objects.\nNearly all objects in the universe emit, reflect or transmit some light. (Black holes do not.) The distribution of this light along the electromagnetic spectrum (called the \"spectrum\" of the object) is determined by what the object is made of. Several types of spectra can be distinguished depending upon the nature of the radiation coming from an object.\nSpectroscopy is the branch of physics that observes matter by its emitted or reflected spectra."}
+{"id": "55924", "revid": "1674296", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55924", "title": "Spectrum (disambiguation)", "text": "A spectrum is a condition or value that is not limited to a specific set of values but can vary infinitely within a continuum.\nSpectrum can also be"}
+{"id": "55925", "revid": "473577", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55925", "title": "Continuum", "text": "A Continuum is a continuous series where all parts are very similar to their nearest neighbour, but the ends or extremes of it are different from each other. \nThis describes something that changes gradually (little by little) from one condition, to a different condition, but without any sudden changes or discontinuities.\nThe difference between a continuum, and something with very different changes that can be measured, is important for all continuum theories.\nContinuum may also refer to:"}
+{"id": "55926", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55926", "title": "Revenge (album)", "text": "Revenge is a studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on May 14, 1992."}
+{"id": "55928", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55928", "title": "Continuum (theory)", "text": "A continuum is when a change happens over time or an area without being interrupted.\nSpace-time is when space and time are said to be part of the same continuum instead of two different continuums.\nA dialect continuum is a group of language dialects that change over an area. In a dialect continuum, two dialects are more different when they are farther away from each other."}
+{"id": "55932", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55932", "title": "Naples, Italy", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55933", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55933", "title": "Despot", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55940", "revid": "731605", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55940", "title": "Joseph Goebbels", "text": " Paul Joseph Goebbels (German pronunciation: , often called \"Dr. Goebbels\"; 29 October 1897 in M\u00f6nchengladbach \u2013 1 May 1945 in Berlin) was a German politician and the minister of propaganda during the Nazi regime. He studied literature and philosophy at the Heidelberg university.\nHe was a close friend of Adolf Hitler. Goebbels stayed with Hitler in the F\u00fchrerbunker until Hitler's suicide on 30 April 1945. After Hitler's death, Goebbels was chancellor of Germany for one day, before he and his wife Magda Goebbels killed themselves. Just before she died, Magda killed their six children with poison.\nEarly life.\nJoseph Goebbels was born as \"Paul Joseph Goebbels\" in M\u00f6nchengladbach on 29 October 1897. His father, Friedrich Goebbels, was a bookkeeper and his mother was Maria Goebbels (born Oldenhausen). He was the third child of the family and grew up with five siblings. Due to an illness in his childhood in 1901, Goebbels' right foot was malformed and he was . He went to a Roman Catholic school in Rheydt in 1908. In 1914, Goebbels went to high school in Rheydt. When the First World War started in August 1914, he volunteered to be part of the Army. This was refused because of his limp.\nGoebbels took his Abitur (school exams) in 1917. He was the best in his class. He gave a speech at the end of the school year. However, his headteacher said, that he would not become a good speaker. Later, in 1917, Goebbels studied ancient philology, history and German philology at the University of Bonn. He received his PhD in Drama from the Heidelberg university in 1921. In 1923, Goebbels worked for the Deutsche Bank.\nInvolvement in the Nazi Party.\nGoebbels joined the National Socialist German Workers' Party in 1926. In the same year, Hitler made him a Gauleiter for Berlin and Brandenburg. In 1927, Goebbels published the first Nazi newspaper, \"Der Angriff\" (\"The Attack\"), in Berlin. The newspaper was printed twice a week. In 1928, he became a member of the German Reichstag. He kept this position until 1945. In 1929, Goebbels saw his first movie with sound, \"The Singing Fool\". He said it would be the future of propaganda.\nIn 1930, he became the \"Reichspropagandaleiter\" (\"Chief of the German Propaganda\") and the deputy of Heinrich Himmler. Goebbels married Magda Quand in 1931. Franz Ritter von Epp and Adolf Hitler were the witnesses at the wedding.\nWhen Hitler became Chancellor in 1933, Goebbels became the Reich Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda.\nThe Nazi regime.\nPre-World War time.\nIn 1934, Goebbels moved to a villa near Berlin. On 30 June 1934, he saw the arrest of Ernst R\u00f6hm in Bad Wiessee. Goebbels gave the order to confiscate about 650 art exhibits in 1937. He put them on display in show called \"Degenerate Art\". On 9 November 1938, a German diplomat was killed in France by a Jewish teenager. Because of this murder, Goebbels gave the order to the SS for what is now called Kristallnacht.\nSecond World War.\nAt the start of the Second World War, Goebbels ordered to broadcast special announcements at the cinema and on the radio. On 26 May 1940, he published the new weekly newspaper \"Das Reich\" (\"The Imperium\") for the first time. In 1942, Goebbels took part in the Wannsee Conference. He was one of the Nazi leaders who planned the Final Solution to kill all the Jewish people. In 1943, he gave a well known speech in the Berlin Sportpalast where he called the Germans to support total war. The coup on 20 July 1944 failed, because of Goebbels' quick thinking. He broadcast on radio that the coup had failed, before the plan of Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg could succeed.\nOn 22 April 1945, two days after Adolf Hitler's birthday, he arrived in the F\u00fchrerbunker in Berlin. He was one of the witnesses to the marriage of Hitler to Eva Braun. On the same day, he took over the leadership from Hitler. After Hitler's suicide on 30 April, he became the Chancellor of Germany. He only held this job for one day, because on 1 May 1945, his wife poisoned their six children with the help of an SS doctor. Immediately afterward he and his wife went up to the garden of the Chancellery, where they killed themselves. The details of their suicides are uncertain. After the war, Rear-Admiral Michael Musmanno, a U.S. naval officer and judge, published several accounts apparently based on eye-witness testimony: According to one account. \"While Schw\u00e4germann was preparing the petrol, he heard a shot. Goebbels had shot himself and his wife took poison. Schw\u00e4germann ordered one of the soldiers to shoot Goebbels again because he was unable to do it himself.\" One SS officer said they each took cyanide and ordered an SS trooper to shoot them both. According to another account, Goebbels shot his wife and then himself. During his last days of his life Goebbels compared Franklin Roosevelt\u2019s death to Elizabeth of Russia\u2019s death from the Seven Years' War in 1762 from the 18th century hoping that Stalin would withdraw his Soviet Red Army Forces from Berlin during the Battle just like Peter III of Russia did in the Seven Years' War in 1762/63 who loved the Prussians . But Stalin would never make a mistake that Hitler and Goebbels hoped and Goebbels compared Stalin\u2019s Russia to the Mongol Empire from the 13th/14th centuries as Nazi Propaganda in 1945 . "}
+{"id": "55942", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55942", "title": "Carl Maria von Weber", "text": "Carl Maria von Weber (born Eutin, Holstein, baptised 18 November 1786; died 5 June 1826 in London), was one of the most important German composers of the early Romantic period. He wrote many operas, of which \"Der Freisch\u00fctz\", \"Euryanthe\" and \"Oberon\" are especially famous. He wrote instrumental music, especially for the clarinet, and wrote very well for orchestra.\nEarly life.\nWeber was the eldest of the three children of Franz Anton von Weber. The word \u201cvon\u201d in front of a German surname normally means that the family had noble ancestry, but the Weber family do not appear to be of noble blood. Weber was never a strong, healthy child. He had a damaged hip-bone and always walked with a limp. His father worked in the theatre, and the family often moved from one town to another. This was difficult for his education. His mother was called Rosa, she influenced him to go to military school at the age of 20, but his love for music meant that he would go to Cranbrook in Germany. His daughter Laurel was well known for playing the viola in many Orchestras.\nWeber\u2019s mother died of tuberculosis when he was eleven. Later that year Weber went to Salzburg, to study with Michael Haydn (the brother of the famous Joseph Haydn), and later to Munich. He started to publish some piano music, and even composed an opera. When he was 14 the family moved to Freiberg in Saxony. He had an opera performed there, and he started to write articles as a critic in a Leipzig newspaper.\nIn 1801 the family went back to Salzburg and Weber had more lessons from Michael Haydn. He also studied in Vienna with a famous musician called Abb\u00e9 Vogler. Through him he got to know another of his pupils, Giacomo Meyerbeer, who became a famous composer and was a close friend of Weber.\nSuccess.\nVogler thought Weber was very talented, and helped him to get a job in Breslau. Weber had lots of good ideas about how to improve the music there: by changing the way that the orchestra sat, having more rehearsal time, not playing bad pieces of music, and pensioning off old singers. A lot of people there did not like these ideas and made life difficult for him. One night he absent-mindedly drank from a wine bottle. The bottle had engraving-acid inside, and it made him ill for two months. He was never able to sing again. When he tried to go back to work all the good changes he had made had been undone, so he resigned. He had a job in Karlsruhe for a short time, then went briefly back to Breslau, but because he owed people money there he disappeared and got a job in Stuttgart.\nHis lifestyle was rather wild, and he even got arrested once for debt and fraud. However, he continued to become well known as a composer and wrote a lot of instrumental and religious music. He spent some time in several large cities including Prague and Berlin. In Dresden he worked hard to make German Opera a success (most operas were still Italian in those days).\nWeber was not well. He was suffering from tuberculosis, but needed money to support his family. So when he was invited to go to London to compose and produce his opera \"Oberon\" he accepted the offer. He had already been having English lessons and learned to speak the language quite well. In 1826 he travelled to England where he finished composing \"Oberon\" and conducted its first performance on 12 April. He stayed on in England to earn some more money. He was looking forward to going home, but on 5 June, the night before he was due to go back to Germany, he died. He was buried in London. 18 years later Richard Wagner arranged for Weber\u2019s body to be brought back to Germany to be buried in Dresden.\nWeber left an opera \"Die Drei Pintos\" ('The Three Pintos') unfinished. Meyerbeer was going to finish it, but in the end it was Gustav Mahler who finished it and conducted the first performance of the completed work in Leipzig in 1888.\nHis music.\nWeber was not only a great composer, but a very skilled pianist and conductor. He wrote a very large number of works including cantatas and songs, but most of these are not often heard today. One of his most popular works is called \"Invitation to the Dance\". It was written for piano, but later Hector Berlioz arranged it for orchestra and this is how it is often heard nowadays.\nWeber wrote two Concertos for clarinet and orchestra and also a Concertino (a small concerto in one movement). Another one-movement concerto was the \"Konzertst\u00fcck in F minor\" for piano and orchestra. His opera \"Der Freisch\u00fctz \" is probably his best work, and the overture is often heard separately as a concert piece. The story of the opera is full of magic. It is written in German and has some spoken words as well as sung music (this kind of opera was called a Singspiel). This opera in particular influenced Richard Wagner who developed German opera in the 19th century."}
+{"id": "55943", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55943", "title": "Osterreichische Volkspartei", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55944", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55944", "title": "Alive III", "text": "Alive III is a live album by the American hard rock and heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on May 18, 1993."}
+{"id": "55948", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55948", "title": "Ter Hachatrjan", "text": "Ter Hachatrjan () is the name of a Russian noble family during the 18th century. \nHistory.\nTer Hachatrjan.\nDuke Aleksandr Ter Hachatrjan (around 1870\u20131917) was born as an Armenian aristocrat. He also belonged to the Russian nobility. He married a Greek duchess named Sofia. They had two sons together: Duke Anton Aleksandrovich (around 1891\u20131950) and Duke Bagrat Aleksandrovich (1892\u20131981).\nDuring the revolution in Petrograd in 1917, Duke Aleksandr and his wife were killed by the Bolsheviks. Their two sons then escaped from Petrograd and went to the Caucasus. Bagrat was separated from his brother Anton.\nAnton later appeared in the city Rostov on Don. He married Barinova Elena Aleksandrovna. They had no children.\nBagrat got married to Elizaveta Danilovna in 1923. They had a daughter and a son together: Emma Bagratovna (1924\u20132005) and Yuri Bagratovich. Bagrat divorced Elizaveta in 1927. In the year 1932, Bagrat married Petrachuk Olga Alekseevna, the daughter of merchant from Ukraine. They had two daughters together: Amalia Bagratovn (born 1933) and Inessa Bagratovna (born 1936). Bagrat was an officer in the Imperial Army. He was awarded the Military Order of the Saint Grand Martyr and the Triumphant George. It was one of the highest awards of the Russian Empire.\nThe Ter Hachatrjan family fell under the repression of NKVD in 1937. They were arrested and placed in jail in the city of Goris. Bagrat Aleksandrovich was accused of taking part in the execution of 26 Baku Commissars. As was the case with all noble families, Duke Bagrat was found guilty of treason and was declared an enemy of the Soviet State. Under the pressure of the government, Duke Bagrat had to stop using his title and rid himself of all his possessions that were brought from Petrograd. The family were then given amnesty.\nAfter, that Bagrat Aleksandrovich worked as a director and actor of movies in Armenia. He died in Kafan in 1981.\nAmalia Bagratovna married Saidoff N. S., a rich man from Baku. They had two children together: Saidoff A. N. (born 1961) and Saidoff S. C. N. (born 1963).\nSince this time, all the descendents of the Ter Hachatrjan family are named as Saidoff\u2013Ter Hachatrjan.\nTer-Khachatryants from Mush.\nTer-Khachatryan or Ter-Khachatryants is an Armenian family, known from the XVIII century. First well-known representative of this family - Daniel-Bek of Sassun Ter Khachatryan or Ter Khachatryan (born in province Sassun or Sason of Western Armenia) about 1785 - died in (town Mush of Western Armenia), in 1829). He was originally an Armenian nobleman, descendant of South or Sout-West branch, i.e. Tarawn-Aldznik branch of Bagratouni or Bagratids dynasty (Actually son of the Armenian priest of Khachatur and, who was a descendant of the Armenian princely dynasty Bagratid, the south or south-west branch of them in 13-14 centuries saved shallow possessions in the district of Sassun or Sason of Western Armenia and province of Aldznik, as well as in the district of Mush in the province of Tarawn of Western Armenia). As a result of the hard oppressions of Kurd feudal lords, Daniel-Bek of Sassun transmigrated from Sason to the town Mush, where his family had a house in the Armenian quarter of Berd, near the church Saint Marineh. The eldest son of Daniel-Bek of Sassun, Avdal bek Ter-Khachatryants (1805-1867) also lived in Mush. The son of Avdal bek Ter-Khachatryants and grandson of Daniel-Bek of Sassun was Jakob bek (Hakob bek) Ter-Khachatryants. The son of Jakob bek (Hakob bek) Ter-Khachatryants was Khachatur-Bek of Mush (the town Mush of Western Armenia), who lived in the first half of the 19th century. Khachar and Garegin Khachatryan, both prominent Armenian artists and ideologists of Armenian liberation movement, were descendents of his House."}
+{"id": "55949", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55949", "title": "Turbine", "text": "A turbine is an engine that turns fluid movement into energy. This energy can be changed to make electricity with a generator. A turbine is a turbomachine with normally 1 moving part called a rotor assembly (\"a shaft or drum with blades attached\") Moving fluid, normally water, moves the blades so that they transfer energy to the rotor. Some early turbine examples include windmills and waterwheels.\nA casing can be placed around the turbine to control the movement of the fluid. Credit for the invention of the steam turbine is given both to Anglo-Irish engineer Sir Charles Parsons (1854 - 1931) for invention of the reaction turbine(turbines that utilize water pressure and water speed to rotate), and to the Swedish engineer Gustaf de Laval (1845-1913) for invention of the impulse turbine. Modern steam turbines normally utilize both the reaction and impulse turbine in one system."}
+{"id": "55950", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55950", "title": "Rotor", "text": "Rotor (rotating part) may mean:\nIn engineering:\nIn computing:\nIn music:\nIn other fields:"}
+{"id": "55951", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55951", "title": "Jet", "text": "JET, Jet or Jets all have many meanings. Some of them are:"}
+{"id": "55952", "revid": "1548906", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55952", "title": "Electric power", "text": "Electric power is defined as the power dissipated by an electric circuit. Electric power is a measurement of the rate at which energy is used over a period of time. The SI unit for power is the watt, the unit for energy is the joule, and the unit for time is the second.\nFor a direct current circuit, electric power equals the electric current multiplied by the voltage.\nWhen electric current flows through a circuit, it is slowed down by the resistance in the circuit. Devices can convert this current to useful forms of work, such as heat radiation, light emission, mechanical motion, or acoustic vibrations."}
+{"id": "55955", "revid": "373511", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55955", "title": "Kiss Unplugged", "text": "Kiss Unplugged is an album of the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss's performance on MTV Unplugged on August 8, 1995. The album was released on March 12, 1996."}
+{"id": "55981", "revid": "18539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55981", "title": "Head (hydraulic)", "text": "Hydraulic head is a specific measurement of water pressure or total energy per unit weight above a datum.\nIt is usually measured as a water surface elevation, expressed in units of length, but represents the energy at the entrance (or bottom) of a piezometer. In an aquifer, it can be calculated from the depth to water in a piezometric well (a specialized water well), and given information of the piezometer's elevation and screen depth.\nAtmospheric pressure.\nEven though it is conventional to use gauge pressure in the calculation of hydraulic head, it is more correct to use total pressure (gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure), since this is truly what drives groundwater flow. Often detailed observations of barometric pressure are not available at each well through time, so this is often disregarded (contributing to large errors at locations where hydraulic gradients are low or the angle between wells is acute.)\nAnalogs to other fields.\nHydraulic head is a measure of energy, and has many analogs in physics and chemistry, where the same mathematical principles and rules apply:"}
+{"id": "55982", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55982", "title": "Susan Brownmiller", "text": "Susan Brownmiller (February 15, 1935 \u2013 May 24, 2025) was an American feminist, journalist and activist. She was best known for her pioneering work on the politics of rape in \"Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape\" (1975). The book argued that rape was a crime of power and violence, not passion. Her book also helped create laws that made it easier to prosecute rapists.\nEarly life.\nBrownmiller was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Mae and Samuel Warhaftig, a lower-middle-class Jewish couple. She was raised in Brooklyn and was the only child of her parents. She later took the pen name Brownmiller, legally changing her name in 1961.\nBrownmiller studied at Cornell University for two years, but did not graduate. She later studied acting in New York City. She appeared in two off-Broadway productions.\nActivism.\nBrownmiller also participated in civil rights activism. She joined CORE during the sit-in movement and volunteered for Freedom Summer in 1964. She first became involved in the Women's Liberation Movement in New York City in 1968. There she joined a consciousness-raising group in the newly formed New York Radical Women organization.\nBrownmiller went on to co-ordinate a sit-in against Ladies' Home Journa in 1970, began work on \"Against Our Will\" after a New York Radical Feminists speak-out on rape in 1971, and co-founded Women Against Pornography in 1979. \nShe continued to write and speak on feminist issues, including a recent memoir and history of Second Wave radical feminism. She wrote a memoir called \"In Our Time: Memoir of a Revolution\" in 1999.\nBrownmiller said that rape has been defined by men rather than women before she released her book. In her book, she said that men use rape as a means of continuing male dominance by keeping all women in a state of fear. All men benefit from this. \nShe was an Adjunct Professor of Women's & Gender Studies at Pace University in New York City.\nPersonal life.\nShe called herself as \"a single woman\", even though \"I was always a great believer in romance and partnership.\" She never married.\nBrownmiller died on May 24, 2025 at a hospital in New York City from a long-illness at the age of 90."}
+{"id": "55983", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55983", "title": "Erich Fromm", "text": "Erich Seligmann Fromm (23 March 1900 in Frankfurt \u2013 18 March 1980 in Muralto) was a German-American social psychologist, psychoanalyst, and humanistic philosopher. He was part of what became known as the Frankfurt School of critical theory. He taught at several universities.\nFromm was born in a family of rabbis. Because of his Jewish background Fromm fled from Nazi Germany in 1934 and settled in the United States. After the war he moved to Mexico. The last years of his life he lived in the Swiss Alps. He died 1980 in Muralto.\nOne of his famous works is \"Haben oder Sein\" (\"To Have or to Be?\") from 1974. In this book he critices many aspects in the western society like the pursuit of wealth."}
+{"id": "55984", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55984", "title": "Fran\u00e7ois Adrien Boieldieu", "text": "Fran\u00e7ois Adrien Boieldieu (December 16, 1775 \u2013 October 8, 1834) was a French composer. He mainly wrote operas."}
+{"id": "55985", "revid": "8370822", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55985", "title": "Red Hot Riding Hood", "text": "Red Hot Riding Hood is a movie made by Tex Avery. It is a short cartoon. It was made in 1943. In 1990, the public voted it to be one of the best animated movies of all time."}
+{"id": "55995", "revid": "1687530", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55995", "title": "Turkish Van", "text": "The Turkish Van is a breed of cat that comes from Turkey. It has lived in the Lake Van area of Turkey for hundreds of years and has been popular in that country. This is why it is named the Turkish Van. This part of Turkey is in very high mountains and has long, cold winters. But the summers are hot. \nThis cat got used to this climate over time by its body changing. It now has a thick, full fur coat in the winter, but sheds in the summer and becomes a short-haired cat. The Turkish Van swims in the summer to cool itself off and the thin summer coat dries quickly. This breed of cat has become popular by appearing through some pieces of media, with one notable example being Olivia from \"Oggy and the Cockroaches\", who is often asserted to as a Turkish Van.\nEye colours.\nA Turkish Van may have blue eyes, amber eyes, or eyes with two different colors."}
+{"id": "55996", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55996", "title": "KK Klan", "text": ""}
+{"id": "55997", "revid": "1398040", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55997", "title": "Turkish Angora", "text": "The Turkish Angora is a cat from Turkey. It has long white fur. It is like the Turkish Van cat, but its fur is different."}
+{"id": "55998", "revid": "10090427", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55998", "title": "Work (physics)", "text": "In physics, work is what force does. \nWhen a force is applied on an object for a certain amount of time, the work done by the force is defined as the magnitude of the force (its strength) times the displacement of the object from its initial position to its current position (shortest distance between point A and B), times the cosine of the angle between the direction of the force and the actual direction of the displacement of the object. This can be represented by:\nformula_1\nIn this formula, work is \"W\", the force's magnitude is \"F\", the displacement is \"s\", and the angle's cosine is \"cos \u03b8\".\nIn most circumstances, the last factor (the cosine of the angle) is equal to one because the direction of the force is usually the same direction of the displacement. But in circumstances like pushing a heavy box at an angle not parallel to the ground (let's say pushing it at 20\u00b0 towards the ground), the direction of the force is not the same as the direction of the displacement. In this example, because of the angle of the applied force, the force is doing less work because it is not as efficient as pushing the box at an angle parallel to the ground.\nThe more the direction of the displacement gets perpendicular (90\u00b0) to the direction of the force, the more the work approaches zero. If the angle is greater than 90\u00b0, that indicates the object is overall moving in a backwards direction from what the force intends to do; the force has negative work.\nOne useful example is a scenario of a group of people playing tug of war. The team that is slowly getting pulled into the middle is exerting a force away from the middle, but despite the best efforts of their forces, there is negative work because the direction of their displacement is in the opposite direction.\nHolding a heavy book against its weight produces a force, but if the object is stationary in the air, no work is done. If the object slowly moves upwards, work is positive, but if instead it's slowly descending despite the force's exertion on it, the force has negative work.\nWe can also look at this from the perspective of the force that is trying to move the book downwards, its weight. The work of the weight on a book being lifted is negative. This is because the downward weight is in the opposite direction to the upward displacement.\nWork is considered \"done\" when it is positive.\nIt is the force that does the work, not the agent that created the force. Motion is a requirement of work. \nLike energy, it is a scalar quantity, and its SI unit is the joule. Heat conduction is not considered to be a form of work, since there is no macroscopically measurable force, only microscopic forces occurring in atomic collisions. The term \"work\" was created in the 1830s by the French mathematician Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis.\nAccording to the work-energy theorem, if an external force acts upon a rigid object, causing its kinetic energy to change from \"Ek1\" to \"Ek2\", then the mechanical work (\"W\") is given by:\nwhere \"m\" is the mass of the object and \"v\" is the object's velocity."}
+{"id": "56002", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56002", "title": "Psycho Circus", "text": "Psycho Circus is the eighteenth studio album by the American hard rock/heavy metal band Kiss. It was released on September 22, 1998."}
+{"id": "56003", "revid": "10154902", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56003", "title": "Biological warfare", "text": "Biological warfare (or germ warfare) is when pathogens are used as a weapon. This is called a biological weapon. Pathogens are microorganisms that can cause disease. If non-living things (like toxins) are used, this is called chemical warfare. \nBiological warfare has been used throughout history. The first form of biological warfare may have been when the plague hit the Mongols. During battle, they were said to have thrown plague victims' bodies at their enemies. Before the 20th century, it took some of the following forms:\nDuring the Second Sino-Japanese War, biological weapons were used by the Japanese army against China. The Japanese army usually launched contaminated fleas or food from planes.\nToday, pathogens for diseases like anthrax or smallpox could be used as agents for biological weapons.\nThe production, and stockpiling of such weapons was forbidden in the Biological Weapons Convention of 1972.\nValidated BW threat agents include the following: Anthrax, Bioregulators, Botulinal toxins, Brucellosis, Cholera, Clostridium perfringens,Encephalomyelitis viruses, Glanders, Hemorrhagic Fever viruses, Mycotoxins, Neurotoxins, Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B (SEB), Plague, Q-fever, Ricin, Shigella, Smallpox, Tularemia, and Typhus. \nThere are also required characteristics of biological agents. These requirements are consistently producing a given result; being manufacturable on a large scale; being stable during production, storage, and transportation; being capable of efficient dissemination; being stable after dissemination. It is desirable to be possible to use forces to protect against it yet difficult for enemies to protect against or detect. Short and consistent incubation periods are also ideal, though not necessary. "}
+{"id": "56005", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56005", "title": "Germ warfare", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56008", "revid": "9901787", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56008", "title": "Frankfurt Stock Exchange", "text": "The Frankfurt Stock Exchange (\"in German B\u00f6rse Frankfurt\") is a stock exchange in Frankfurt, Hesse. It is the biggest stock exchange in Germany by the amount of money exchanged and the number of companies."}
+{"id": "56009", "revid": "332472", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56009", "title": "General-purpose programming language", "text": "A general-purpose programming language is a way to tell a computer what to do that makes a user's job easy and quick without much confusion. It is not restricted to only one field (e.g. HTML). They can be used for many different things. One example is BASIC, invented by John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz in 1963."}
+{"id": "56010", "revid": "1078549", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56010", "title": "Bikini", "text": "A bikini is a type of swimsuit for women. It consists of two parts; pants and a bra top, leaving an uncovered area between the two. The bikini is an ancient invention, reinvented after the Second World War.\nThe bikini is perhaps the most popular female beachwear around the globe.\nBy the mid-2000s bikinis had become a US $811 million business annually, according to the NPD Group, a consumer and retail information company. The bikini has boosted spin-off services like bikini waxing and the sun tanning industries.\nHistory.\nPredecessors of the bikini date back to antiquity, in \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck and the Greco-Roman world. Artwork dating back to the Diocletian period (286-305\u00a0AD) in Villa Romana del Casale, Sicily depicts women in garments resembling bikinis in mosaics on the floor. The images of ten women, dubbed the \"Bikini Girls\", exercising in clothing that would pass as bikinis today, are the most replicated mosaic among the 37 million colored tiles at the site. Archeological finds, especially in Pompeii, show the Roman goddess Venus wearing a bikini. A statue of Venus in a bikini was found in a cupboard in the southwest corner in Casa della Venere; others were found in the front hall.\nBy the early 1940s two-piece swimsuits were frequent on American beaches. Hollywood stars like Ava Gardner, Rita Hayworth and Lana Turner tried similar swimwear or beachwear.\nThe modern bikini was introduced by French engineer Louis R\u00e9ard and fashion designer Jacques Heim in Paris in 1946. R\u00e9ard was a car engineer but by 1946 he was running his mother's lingerie boutique near Les Folies Berg\u00e8res in Paris. Heim was working on a new kind of beach costume. It comprised two pieces, the bottom large enough to cover its wearer's navel. R\u00e9ard named his swimsuit the \"bikini\", taking the name from the Bikini atoll, one of a series of islands in the South Pacific where testing on the new atomic bomb was occurring that summer. He promoted it with the slogan \"le bikini, la premi\u00e8re bombe an-atomique\". This is a play on words: \"anatomique\" means \"relating to anatomy\". R\u00e9ard could not find a model to wear his design. He ended up hiring Micheline Bernardini, a nude dancer from the \"Casino de Paris\". That bikini, with a g-string back, had of cloth with newspaper type printed across. It introduced on July 5 at Piscine Molitor, a public pool in Paris. Heim's design was the first worn on the beach, but the clothing was given its name by R\u00e9ard. The bikini became increasingly popular throughout the 1960s and 70s."}
+{"id": "56013", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56013", "title": "High Voltage (1976 album)", "text": "High Voltage is the debut studio album by Australian hard rock band AC/DC. It was released in Australia on 17 February, 1975.\nTrack listing.\nAll songs were written by Angus Young, Malcolm Young, and Bon Scott, except where noted."}
+{"id": "56016", "revid": "824868", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56016", "title": "Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap", "text": "Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap is a studio album by the Australian hard rock band AC/DC. It was released in November 1976 in Europe and delayed for release in USA until 1981."}
+{"id": "56017", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56017", "title": "Double-deckers", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56018", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56018", "title": "Minibus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56019", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56019", "title": "Shuttle bus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56020", "revid": "8805", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56020", "title": "Geneva convention", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56021", "revid": "1682788", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56021", "title": "School bus", "text": "A school bus is a type of bus that takes students to their school. They may pick kids up in front of their house or at a dedicated bus stop. It is larger than a car going to school or a school van. but smaller than a people train going to school. In many areas, passing a stopped school bus is punishable by a traffic ticket.\nCharacteristics.\nIn the United States, school buses are yellow while in other countries they may be different. The 3 lines or rub rails on the outside of a school bus in the United States have a purpose for safety in the event of an accident. The bottom line shows where the bus floor is. The middle line shows the bottom of the seat. The top line shows where the top of the seat is as well as the bottom of the window. School buses are also equipped with more than one emergency exit. These could be on the side of the bus, the top, or the back. Each of these is for if the bus rolls one of these sides during an accident. When opened they also will make a loud alarm sound.\nTypes.\nType A.\nA Type \u201cA\u201d school bus is a conversion or body constructed upon a van-type or cutaway front-section vehicle with a left side driver\u2019s door, designed for carrying more than 10 persons. Sixteen designed seating capacity or less may be single rear wheeled; 17 designed seating capacity and larger shall have dual rear wheels. This definition shall include two classifications: Type A-1, with a Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) less than 14,500 pounds; and Type A-2 with a GVWR greater than 14,500 pounds and less than 21,500 pounds.\nType B.\nA Type \u201cB\u201d school bus is constructed utilizing a body on a stripped chassis, with the entrance door behind the front wheels. This definition includes two classifications: Type B-1, with a GVWR of 10,000 pounds or less, designed for carrying more than 10 persons and Type B-2, with a GVWR greater than 10,000 pounds. The engine is beneath and/or behind the windshield and beside the driver\u2019s seat. Both Type B-1 and Type B-2 must be equipped with dual rear tires.\nType C.\nA Type \u201cC\u201d school bus is constructed utilizing a chassis with a hood and front fender assembly. The entrance door is behind the front wheels. A \u201ctype C school bus\u201d also includes a cutaway truck chassis or truck chassis with cab, with or without a left side door, and with a GVWR greater than 21,500 pounds.\nType D.\nA Type \u201cD\u201d or \u201cTransit Style\u201d school bus is a body installed upon a stripped chassis, with the engine mounted in the front or rear, and has a GVWR of more than 21,500 pounds, designed for carrying more than 10 persons. The engine may be beside the driver\u2019s seat or it may be at the rear of the bus, behind the rear wheels. The entrance door is ahead of the front wheels."}
+{"id": "56022", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56022", "title": "Shuttle buses", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56025", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56025", "title": "Geneva conventions", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56026", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56026", "title": "Iron oxide", "text": "Iron oxides are chemical compounds. They are made of iron and oxygen. There are sixteen known iron oxides. Iron oxides are used in pigments. It is used in both man-made and natural pigments. Iron oxides are often non-stoichiometric. Ferric oxyhydroxides are a related class of compounds, perhaps the best known of which is rust.\nIron oxides and oxyhydroxides are widespread in nature and play an important role in many geological and biological processes. They are used as iron ores, pigments, catalysts, and in thermite, and occur in hemoglobin. Iron oxides are inexpensive and durable pigments in paints, coatings and colored concretes. Colors commonly available are in the \"earthy\" end of the yellow/orange/red/brown/black range. When used as a food coloring, it has E number E172.\nVenetian red (haematite), Magnetite (Fe3O4), or a mixture of oxides make black or purple pigments. The umber, sienna and ochre are oxides or hydrated oxides of a yellow to chestnut colour.\nMost iron oxide is mined as iron ore. Every year millions of tons go into blast furnaces to make iron. "}
+{"id": "56027", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56027", "title": "Jimi Hendrix", "text": "James Marshall Hendrix (born Johnny Allen Hendrix; 1942-1970 was an American guitarist, singer and songwriter. Hendrix was a major influence on other rock and roll musicians.\nInitially gaining recognition in England, Hendrix became famous throughout the world after appearances at the Monterey Pop Festival in 1967, at which he purposely set his guitar on fire, and Woodstock Festival.\nA self-taught musician, unable to read or write music notation, he famously played a right-handed Fender Stratocaster guitar turned over and restrung to play left-handed. Jimi Hendrix was named \"Greatest Guitarist of all Time\" by \"Rolling Stone\" magazine in 2003.\nEarly life.\nJimi Hendrix was born in Seattle on November 27, 1942. His name was Johnny Allen Hendrix when he was born. Later, his dad named him James Marshall Hendrix when he returned from the military. He grew up without much money or attention; his parents divorced when he was nine years old, and his mother died when he was 16. At about the age of 14, Hendrix found his first guitar. It was a broken broomstick with one string that had been thrown away by another boy. He still managed to play several tunes on it. Soon after, at around 15, he managed to buy a proper acoustic guitar for $5 from a friend of his father. His first electric guitar was a white Supro Ozark that his father, Al Hendrix, had bought him. He did not have lessons and learned basic tunes and improvisation from watching Chuck Berry and Elvis Presley play live. He played without an amplifier.\nSchool.\nHendrix finished middle school but did not graduate from his high school, Garfield High School. Hendrix told some reporters in the late 1960s that he had failed because people were racist there, and did not like him because he was black. Others claim it was just because he could not get good enough grades and was unorganized. Hendrix later told the reporters that he was thrown out for being rude to a teacher.\nEarly inspirations.\nWhen Hendrix was young, he was a fan of Elvis Presley. He went to see Presley play at Sick\u2019s Stadium on September 1, 1957, and he drew a color picture of him holding an acoustic guitar. The original drawing can be seen in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland, Ohio. Even as an adult, he still loved Presley. He went to a see a Presley movie, King Creole, in Paris in late 1968, to give him inspiration to write songs. He also liked famous blues musicians such as Muddy Waters, Bo Diddley and Lightning Hopkins; and he played in the band of R&B star Little Richard. However, Hendrix and Richard did not get along with each other. Richard did not like Hendrix's clothes, his being late and him showing off on stage.\nThe army.\nAfter getting in trouble for stealing cars twice, Hendrix had to choose between going to prison for two years or joining the U.S. Army. Hendrix chose the army and on May 31, 1961 was sent to Fort Campbell, Kentucky. While in the army, his officers said that he was often caught sleeping on duty and needed to be watched at all times. He could not use a gun well and an officer said that \"his mind apparently cannot function [cannot work properly] while performing duties and thinking about his guitar\". However, his time in the army was important for Hendrix, because it was there that he met another soldier and bass guitar player called Billy Cox. They would later play together in a small group called The King Kasuals.\nOn May 31, 1962 Hendrix\u2019s officers thought it would be best for him to leave the army because he caused too much trouble. Hendrix agreed, and he left after only a year of service. Hendrix later said he had been let go from the army after breaking his ankle when he was landing his 26th parachute jump. He also spoke about his time in the army in interviews for a magazine, \"Melody Maker\", in 1967 and 1969. He said that he did not like serving the army and did not agree with their ways of doing things. When he was interviewed in America, Hendrix never talked about his time in the army. When it was brought up in a television interview, Hendrix only said that he had been based at Fort Campbell.\nLater life.\nHendrix's left-handed playing on a guitar made for right-handed people made him popular. His first proper concert was with a small band without a name, playing in a Synagogue. He later joined a band called The Velvetones.\nAfter leaving the army, Hendrix and Cox moved to Clarksville in Tennessee, where they played in their group, The King Kasuals. They played in small bars but they did not make much money. So, eventually, he and Cox moved to Nashville. They played many blues-style songs in Nashville. In November 1962, Hendrix went to his first studio performance. While in Nashville, Hendrix played in many other bands as rhythm and lead guitarist and vocals. This did not get him much money, but did give him experience of how bands worked.\nLater, Hendrix left Nashville and went to Northern New York City. By January 1964, he moved to Harlem where he played at bars and clubs for money. Hendrix also won first prize in an amateur guitar contest at The Apollo Theatre. In 1966, Hendrix formed his own band called \"Jimmy James and The Blues Flames\" one of the members of the band was Little Ritchard. The members were people that he met around town. One of them was a 15-year-old boy called Randy. \nHendrix played many gigs around New York City and many songs at a cafe called \"Caf\u00e9 Wha?\"\nIn 1966, Hendrix became friends with the girlfriend of Keith Richards, guitarist for The Rolling Stones, Linda Keith. She liked his music and introduced him to Chas Chandler, the manager for The Animals. Chandler told Hendrix to write a rock version of the song \u201cHey Joe\u201d and when he did, Chandler brought him to London to sign a contract with him. Hendrix had to make a new band. It was called The Jimi Hendrix Experience with Mitch Mitchell and Noel Redding, a name found by their business manager Mike Jeffery.\nThe Jimi Hendrix Experience.\n\"Are You Experienced\".\nThe Jimi Hendrix Experience made its first album in 1967. It was called Are You Experienced. \nWhen the album was being produced and sold, Hendrix travelled around the UK and some of Europe. On June 4, 1967, The Jimi Hendrix Experience played their last concert in London before going to America. In America many famous people came to see Hendrix play including Paul McCartney, George Harrison, Eric Clapton, Jack Bruce and Brian Epstein.\nThe album reached number two in the UK charts. In 2001, VH1 named \"Are You Experienced\" as the fifth greatest album of all time. \"Rolling Stone\" magazine put it at number 15 on a list of the 500 greatest albums of all time in 2003.\n\"Axis: Bold as Love\".\nHendrix\u2019 second album came out in 1967. It was called Axis: Bold as Love. It had famous songs in it, most famous being \"Little Wing\". There have been several other versions of the song by other musicians like Stevie Ray Vaughan, Henry \"Hank\" Marrion, Metallica, Eric Clapton, Sting and Pearl Jam. An important difference in the album from other albums he made was that Hendrix tuned his guitar down a semi-tone (to E flat). The album reached number three in the US charts and number five in the UK charts.\nThe album almost did not sell, since Hendrix lost the master tape of side one of the LP in the back of a taxi in London. Hendrix, Chas Chandler and an engineer called Eddie Kramer had to re-mix the songs in one night. They could not get the song \"If 6 was 9\" right, but Hendrix's bassist Noel Redding had a copy of it on tape. When the album was released, Hendrix was disappointed that the album was finished so quickly and he thought it could have been done better.\n\"Electric Ladyland\".\nHendrix finished his third album, called Electric Ladyland - a double album with two LP's - in 1968. In this year, Chas Chandler (Hendrix\u2019s manager) decided to leave Hendrix and so did Noel Redding. When Chandler left, Hendrix changed everything in his music. He began using different musicians and instruments. He used guitars with flutes and trombones all with distortion to get strange sounds. The album reached number one in the US. It reached number five in the UK. In 2003, VH1 named the album the 72nd best album of all time, and the \"Rolling Stones\" magazine gave it 54th greatest album of all time.\nWoodstock.\nHendrix went to play at Woodstock on August 18, 1969. That year, Woodstock made over $18,000 and has since become one of the most famous concerts in the world. Hendrix was told to play on Sunday evening, but did not arrive until Monday morning, which was unfortunate because of the 500,000 people that had paid to see him, around 180,000 were left and did not plan on staying his whole concert; they just wanted to see him in person for a few minutes. Hendrix then went on to play a two-hour concert that was described as awful. Hendrix\u2019s large band had not practiced enough and could not keep up with Hendrix's fast guitar playing. But to make up for all of this, Hendrix played a version of Star Spangled Banner. He played this anthem with heavy distortion and screams from his guitar, and people thought that he was being anti-American and making fun of their anthem and country. Hendrix, in an interview, said that he \"did not intend for his performance to be a political statement\", he just wanted it to be another version of the national anthem.\nDeath.\nOn September 18, 1970, Hendrix was found dead in a basement of the Samarkand Hotel in London. He died after drinking too much, and then taking too many sleeping pills. He vomited and choked on his vomit because he could not regain consciousness. There are many different theories about his death. His girlfriend, who was with him at the time that he died, said that he was alive when she put him in the back of the ambulance, but hospital records say that Hendrix had been dead for some time before the ambulance had reached him. Some people say that Hendrix was alive, but that the paramedics did not properly hold his head while he was unconscious so he choked on his own vomit. A sad poem that was found in Hendrix\u2019 apartment written by him made some think that he committed suicide.\nThe most likely explanation is that Hendrix just took too many sleeping pills while he was drunk, and then could not wake up as he vomited and choked as a result. There has been some speculation that he may have been murdered by his manager.\nBurial.\nHendrix was buried in Renton, Washington in Greenwood Memorial Park on October 1, 1970. His headstone was wrong because it shows a picture of Hendrix playing a Stratocaster, but the Stratocaster is right-handed, Hendrix played left-handed. Because Hendrix had so many fans, people were worried that the crowds of people wanting to look at his grave would damage other graves, so Hendrix\u2019 father, Al Hendrix, had another memorial site built far from other graves. The memorial is a granite dome architecture, held up by three pillars and Hendrix is buried underneath. His autograph is at the foot of each pillar and a brass sundial is at the top of the dome. There is also a memorial statue of Hendrix playing a Stratocaster on the corner of Broadway and Pine in Seattle.\nPersonality.\nFashion.\nHendrix had unique fashion and a Bob Dylan-style haircut. He wore scarves, rings and brooches. In his early career, he wore a dark suit with a silk shirt. Later, he wore bright blue velvet suits, red suits and flared trousers. In 1967, he started to wear a cowboy-style hat he called \"The Westerner\". \nIn 1968, Hendrix started tying scarves to his legs and arms. In 1969, he wore his famous bandana.\nDrugs.\nHendrix was widely associated with the use of psychedelic drugs like LSD. He also smoked marijuana and drank alcohol. Hendrix would become angry and violent when he was drunk.\nHowever, no one knows if Hendrix took heroin. Hendrix died after choking on his own vomit in a London apartment. At his autopsy, there was no heroin in his body and he had no needle marks on his body."}
+{"id": "56030", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56030", "title": "Incendiary device", "text": "Incendiary devices or incendiary bombs are bombs. These bombs have been designed to start a fire. Sometimes they are also called firebombs. They were used very frequently in World War II. Materials such as Napalm, White phosphorus, thermite, chlorine trifluoride are often employed in such bombs. A very crude such bomb (which uses fuel) is the Molotov cocktail.\nThe United States still uses such bombs, called Mark 77 bomb. They were used during the invasion of Iraq in 2003. Most other countries no longer use them, since they are banned by Section III of the United Nations Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons. This treaty was ratified in 1980.\nProbably the most famous incendiary attack is the bombing of Dresden, Germany during WWII by the Allies. Flamethrowers are also incendiary devices."}
+{"id": "56031", "revid": "40117", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56031", "title": "Napalm", "text": "Napalm is a mixture of a gelling agent and a volatile petrochemical. It is a flammable liquid (liquid that is easy to burn) that has been used in war. When it is mixed with gasoline, the thickener makes a sticky gel that is easy to burn, and burns for a long time. A team of Harvard chemists in the U.S. made napalm during World War II. The team leader was Louis Fieser. The name \"napalm\" comes from the ingredients that were first used to make it: coprecipitated aluminum salts of naphthenic and palmitic acids.\nOne of the major problems of the first fluids used for lighting fires (such as those used in flamethrowers) was that they splashed and drained too easily. Flamethrowers that use a gasoline gel can shoot farther and are more useful. Gasoline gel was hard to make because it used natural rubber, which was in high demand and expensive. Napalm was much cheaper. It solved the problems involved with rubber-based things made to cause fire.\nNowadays, napalm is mostly made of benzene and polystyrene, and is known as napalm-B.\nNapalm was used in flamethrowers and firebombs by the U.S. and allied forces. Napalm is made to burn at a specific rate and stick to materials. This is done by mixing different amounts of napalm and other materials. Another useful (and dangerous) effect, mostly in its use in bombs, was that napalm takes the oxygen out of the air and makes large amounts of carbon monoxide that suffocates people. Napalm bombs were used in the Vietnam War to clear landing zones for helicopters.\nNapalm was a 20th-century invention. However, it is a part of a long history of incendiary devices in warfare. Historically, it was mostly liquids that were used (see Greek fire). A flammable liquid fuel weapon which can be held by people, the flamethrower was created in World War I by the Germans. Many other flamethrowers were soon made by other sides in the conflict.\nUsage in warfare.\nOn July 17, 1944, napalm bombs were dropped for the first time by American P-38 pilots on a fuel storehouse at Coutances, near St. L\u00f4, France. Napalm bombs were first used in the Pacific Theatre during the Battle of Tinian by Marine pilots. Its use was made difficult by problems with mixing, fusing and the release mechanisms. In World War II, Allied forces bombed cities in Japan with napalm, and used it in bombs and flamethrowers in Germany and the Japanese-held islands. It was used by the Greek army against communist guerrilla fighters during the Greek Civil War, by United Nations forces in Korea, by Mexico in the late 1960s against guerrilla fighters in Guerrero and by the United States during the Vietnam War.\nThe most well-known method of using napalm for war is from air-dropped incendiary bombs. A lesser-known method is flame throwers. Flamethrowers use a thinner version of the same fuel to destroy prepared locations of guns, bunkers and cave hideouts. U.S. Marines fighting on Guadalcanal found them very effective against Japanese positions. The Marines used fire as a weapon to cause damage and as a psychological weapon. People have a natural fear of fire. They found that Japanese soldiers would abandon positions when napalm was used. Prisoners of war confirmed that they were scared of napalm more than any other weapon thrown at them.\nNapalm became one of the more used weapons of the Korean War. Pilots returning from the war zone often said that they would rather have a couple of gasoline tanks full of napalm to drop than any other weapon, bombs, rockets or guns. The U.S. Air Force and Navy used napalm with great effect against all types of targets including troops, tanks, buildings and even rail road tunnels. The fear napalm had on the enemy became obvious when North Korean troops began to surrender to aircraft flying overhead. Pilots noted they saw surviving enemy troops waving white flags on following passes after dropping napalm. The pilots radioed to ground troops and the North Koreans were captured.\nNapalm has been used recently in wartime by or against: Iran (1980\u201388), Israel (1967, 1982), Nigeria (1969), Brazil (1972), Egypt (1973), Cyprus (1964, 1974), Argentina (1982), Iraq (1980\u201388, 1991, 20th March 2003 \u2013 15th December 2011), Serbia (1994), Turkey (1963, 1974, 1997), Angola, United States.\nIn some cases, napalm disables and kills its victims very quickly. Those who do survive suffer up to 5th degree burns. These damage parts of the skin which do not have pain receptors. However, victims who suffer 2nd degree burns from splashed napalm will be in a lot of pain.\nPhilip Jones Griffiths described its use in Vietnam:\nPhuc had third-degree burns to half her body and was not expected to live. Thanks to assistance from South Vietnamese photographer Nick Ut, and after surviving a 14-month hospital stay and 17 operations, she became an outspoken peace activist.\nInternational law does not prohibit the use of napalm or other incendiaries against military targets, but use against civilian populations was banned by the United Nations' inhumane weapons convention (often referred to as the CCW) in 1981. Protocol III of the CCW restricts the use of incendiary weapons (not only napalm), but a number of states have not accepted all of the protocols of the CCW. According to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, states are considered a party to the convention, which entered into force as international law in December 1983, if they ratify at least two of the five protocols. The United States, for example, is a party to the CCW but did not sign Protocol III.\nReports by the \"Sydney Morning Herald\" suggested that \"napalm\" was used in the Iraq War by US forces. The U.S. Department of Defense denied this. In August 2003, the San Diego Union Tribune said that U.S. Marine pilots and their commanders confirmed the use of Mark 77 firebombs on Iraqi Republican Guards during the start of combat. Official denials of the use of 'napalm' were disingenuous. The Mk 77 bomb that was in service at this time, the Mk 77 Mod 5, did not use actual napalm (e.g. napalm-B). The last U.S. bomb to use actual napalm was the Mark 77 Mod 4, the last of which were destroyed in March 2001. The substance used now is a different incendiary mixture. It is still a controversial incendiary, and can still be referred to colloquially as 'napalm.'\n\"We napalmed both those (bridge) approaches,\" said Col. Randolph Alles in a recent interview. \"Unfortunately, there were people there because you could see them in the (cockpit) video.\" (...) \"They were Iraqi soldiers there. It's no great way to die,\" he added. (...) The generals love napalm. ... It has a big psychological effect.\" - \"San Diego Union-Tribune, August 2003\"\nThe Mk-77 firebombs used in the Gulf were kerosene based. It is a napalm-like liquid in its effect.\nRecipes how to make napalm-like substances can be found on the Internet. Very often, the recipes say that they will make a thick substance using gasoline, with soap or polystyrene as a thickening agent. People following these instructions often handle the substance improperly and cause accidents. Making incendiary devices is illegal in many countries.\nComposition.\nNapalm usually has gasoline with thickening agents. The first thickeners were soaps (i.e., fats), aluminum, and magnesium palmitates and stearates. Depending on how much thickener is added, the resulting viscosity can range between syrupy liquid and thick rubbery gel. The content of long hydrocarbon chains makes the material highly hydrophobic (resistant to wetting with water). It is difficult to extinguish (remove fire). Thickened fuel also bounces better, so it is better for missions in urban places.\nThere are two types of napalm: oil-based with aluminum or fat-based soap thickener, and oil-based with polymeric thickener (\"napalm-B\").\nThe United States military uses three types of thickeners: M1, M2, and M4.\nA later type of napalm, napalm-B, also called \"super napalm\", has low-octane gasoline, benzene and polystyrene in it. It was used in the Vietnam War. Napalm B burns for up to 10 minutes with fewer fireballs. This is different than conventional napalm, which burns for only 15\u201330 seconds. It also adheres to surfaces easier than conventional napalms. Increasing adhesion proportionately increases the exposure of materials to the high temperature and destructive effects (i.e., more devastating than conventional napalm). It is not as easy to light. This lowers the number of accidents caused by soldiers smoking. As with all napalms, based on its composition, it generates a unique smell when ignited.\nStarting in the early 1990s, various websites including The Anarchist Cookbook advertised recipes for homemade napalm. These recipes were predominantly equal parts gasoline and Styrofoam. This mixture closely resembles that of napalm-B, but lacks benzene.\nNapalm reaches burning temperatures of approximately 1,200 \u00b0C (2,200 \u00b0F). Other additives can be added, e.g. powdered aluminum or magnesium, or white phosphorus.\nIn the early 1950s, Norway developed its own napalm, based on fatty acids in whale oil. The reason for this development was that the American-produced thickening agent performed rather badly in the cold Norwegian climate. The product was known as Northick II.\nIn popular culture.\nNapalm itself became well known by the American public after it was used in the Vietnam war. Since then, it has been mentioned in the media and arts many times. Some of the examples are:"}
+{"id": "56032", "revid": "1696173", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56032", "title": "Midwestern United States", "text": "The Midwestern United States (or Midwest) is a name for the north-central states of the United States of America. The Midwest is composed of Nebraska, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Michigan, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota and Wisconsin. Oklahoma and Kentucky are occasionally considered Midwestern, but this definitely is questioned by scholars, who refer to those regions, along with Missouri to be border states - those consisting of southern and Midwestern traits. The word \"Midwest\" has been in common use since the late 19th century. Other names for the area are no longer used. These names include the \"Northwest\" or \"Old Northwest\", \"Mid-America,\" or \"the Heartland\".\nGeography.\nThe land in the Midwest is generally thought of as consisting of rolling hills with some mountainous and flat regions like the Great Plains states. The far northern part of the Upper Mississippi valley is known as the , a region of very rugged hills centered primarily western Wisconsin, though the region includes small parts of northeast Iowa, Southeast Minnesota, and northwest Illinois. The of Wisconsin contain the highest peaks in the Driftless Region. Also, the northern part of the Ozark mountain range is in southern Missouri. Prairies cover most of the states west of the Mississippi River, with buttes, rugged rocky areas, and hills in western North Dakota and South Dakota ( and ), and the foothills of the Rockies in western Kansas and Nebraska. Less rain falls in the western Midwest than in the eastern part. This causes different types of prairies. Most of the Midwest can now be called either \"urban areas\" or \"agricultural areas\". Areas in northern Minnesota, Michigan and Wisconsin, and the Ohio River valley are not very developed.\nChicago is the largest city in the region, followed by Detroit and Indianapolis. Some other important cities in the region are: Minneapolis-St. Paul, Cleveland, St. Louis, Kansas City, Milwaukee, Cincinnati, Columbus, Des Moines, and Madison.\nCulture.\nMidwesterners are sometimes viewed as open, friendly, and straightforward, or sometimes stereotyped as stubborn and uncultured. People view the Midwest as a very open place with lots of corn and wheat, very dry crops and sometimes simple people. Midwest values were shaped by religious beliefs and the agricultural values from the people who settled in the area. \nBetween 19 and 29% of the Midwest is Catholic. 14% of the people in Ohio, Indiana, and Michigan, 22% in Missouri and 5% in Minnesota are Baptists. 22-24% of people in Wisconsin and Minnesota are Lutherans. 1% or less of the people in the Midwest are Jewish and Muslim, with slightly more Jewish or Muslim people in major cities, such as Chicago, Detroit, and Cleveland. 16% of the Midwest's population do not follow any religion.\nBecause of 20th century African American migration from the South, many African Americans live in most of the area's large cities. However, there are still more African Americans living in the Southern United States than in the Midwest. The mix of industry and cultures in those cities led to new types of music in the 20th century in the Midwest, including jazz, blues, rock and roll. Jazz was invented in New Orleans, but started to develop and grow in Kansas City. Techno music came from Detroit and house music and blues came from Chicago.\nToday the population of the Midwest is 65,971,974, or 22.2% of the total population of the United States.\nPolitics.\nPolitics in the Midwest is divided, With some states leaning liberal and many others conservative. The Great Lakes area, which has more large cities than the rest of the Midwest, tends to be the most liberal area of the Midwest. However, Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri and the Dakotas, the rural Great Plains states, are more conservative. Traditionally, the larger cities tend to lean to the left while those in the rural countryside lean farther right. \nUS Senate.\nAs of 2020, in the Senate, Illinois, Michigan, and Minnesota are each represented by 2 Democrats. Ohio, Wisconsin and Pennsylvania are represented by 1 Democrat and 1 Republican each. The Dakotas, Missouri, Kansas, Iowa and Nebraska are all represented by 2 Republicans each. The final tally is 9 Democrats and 15 Republicans.\nState Legislatures.\nAs of 2020, Minnesota's is the only state legislature in the nation where 1 house is controlled by Republicans and the other by Democrats. Illinois\u00b4s is the only state legislature in the Midwest where both houses are controlled by leck Eier Democrats; all the other states have Republican-controlled legislatures.\nAccents.\nThe accents of the Midwest are often clearly different from the accents of the South and many urban areas of the American Northeast. The accent of most of the Midwest is thought by many to be \"standard\" American English. Many national radio and television shows in the U.S. like this accent more than many other accents. This may have started because many television show hosts \u2014 such as Walter Cronkite, Johnny Carson, David Letterman, Tom Brokaw and Casey Kasem \u2014 came from this area.\nIn some parts of the Midwest, the accents are quite different from the \"neutral\" accent of the rest of the Midwest. These accents usually are because of the heritage of the area. For example, Minnesota, western Wisconsin and Michigan's Upper Peninsula have strong Scandinavian accents, which get stronger the farther north one goes. Many parts of Michigan have Dutch-flavored accents. Also, people from Chicago are known to have their own \"nasal\" accent. The same is true of St. Louis. In the most southern parts of the Midwest, such as southern Indiana, Southern accents are common in addition to the standard Midwest accent. The same can be said of Southern Illinois, particularly below U.S. Highway 50 and south of St. Louis. Missouri is also an example of a Midwest state with southern culture. Missourians usually have either a Southern or Midwestern accent, or a combined dialect of both, but accents tend to be distinctly Southern in the Southeastern and Bootheel sections of the state."}
+{"id": "56033", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56033", "title": "Midwest", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56034", "revid": "10065614", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56034", "title": "Maynard James Keenan", "text": "Maynard James Keenan (born James Herbert Keenan on April 17, 1964) is an American kickass Artist, Rock vocalist,songwriter, musician, and producer. He sings in 3 extremely talented bands, Tool, A Perfect Circle, and Puscifer. \nEarly life.\nJames Herbert Keenan was born in Ravenna, Ohio on April 17, 1964. His mother is Judith and his father is Michael, who was a high school teacher. Keenan's parents divorced when he was three years old, and Michael moved away. Keenan did not see him very much for the next 12 years. Later, his mother married someone else. He was mean and did not allow Keenan to be creative. When Keenan was 11, his mother, Judith, had a brain aneurysm that paralyzed her. Two years later, she told Keenan to move to Michigan with his father.\nThe Army.\nKeenan joined the United States Army after he graduated from high school. He wanted to use the G.I. Bill to go to art school. He joined the United States Military Academy Preparatory School (West Point Prep School) where he picked up the nickname \"Maynard\". He did very well in his training, but said no to an offer to stay in the Army and work at West Point. He decided to start his music career instead.\nArt.\nAfter being honorably discharged from the Army, Keenan went back to Michigan to go to art school. Then, in 1988, he moved to Los Angeles, California to help design the inside of pet stores. He was fired from this job and then worked creating movie sets. He also played bass guitar in a band and sang for another band.\nMusic career.\nKeenan started playing music soon after leaving art school. He and Adam Jones formed Tool. Keenan formed A Perfect Circle in 1999. They had 4 albums: \"Mer De Noms\", \"The Thirteenth Step\", \"eMOTIVe\" and \"Eat the Elephant\". He then left again to be with his family. He now has a vineyard where he makes wine but still takes tours for his working side project; Puscifer. Tool released an album in 2019 named \"Fear Inoculum\".\nTool.\nKeenan met Adam Jones in Los Angeles. They started the band Tool in 1990. The band's line up later became Keenan as singer, Jones playing guitar, Danny Carey playing drums, and Paul D'Amour playing bass. When D'Amour left the band, Justin Chancellor took his place. Tool signed to Zoo Entertainment in November 1991."}
+{"id": "56035", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56035", "title": "Incendiary bomb", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56036", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56036", "title": "Firebomb", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56042", "revid": "7645221", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56042", "title": "Naphtha", "text": "Naphtha is the name for a number of intermediary products that occur when refining crude oil. They are liquid hydrocarbons. They are used to produce high octane gasoline products. The petrochemical industry also uses them to make olefins and solvents.\nTypical naphtas are used for:"}
+{"id": "56043", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56043", "title": "Lukas Podolski", "text": "Lukas Josef Podolski (; born \u0141ukasz J\u00f3zef Podolski, , on 4 June 1985) is a German professional footballer who plays as a forward or attacking midfielder for Ekstraklasa club G\u00f3rnik Zabrze.\nHonours.\n1. FC K\u00f6ln\nBayern Munich\nArsenal\nGalatasaray\nVissel Kobe\nGermany\nIndividual"}
+{"id": "56044", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56044", "title": "Naphthalene", "text": "Naphthalene is a crystalline, white hydrocarbon, with a strong smell. It is best known as the main ingredient in mothballs, urinal deodorizer blocks, and can be used as an antiseptic. In mothballs, it is used as an insecticide or pesticide.\nNaphthalene is toxic. In humans, being exposed to naphthalene can destroy red blood cells. Naphthalene may also cause cancer.\nHistory.\nIn the early 1820s, two different papers were published on something that matched the description of Naphthalene. Both groups made it by distilling coal tar. In 1821 John Kidd cited both reports, and condensed their results to accurately describe the properties of naphthalene, and how to make it. Kidd named it naphthalene because \"naphtha\" means any explosive hydrocarbon mixture. By 1826, Michael Faraday discovered the formula for it. Emil Erlenmeyer proposes that it is two fused benzene rings in 1866, and Carl Gr\u00e4be confirms this three years later."}
+{"id": "56045", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56045", "title": "Naphthalin", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56046", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56046", "title": "Naphthaline", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56047", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56047", "title": "Tar camphor", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56048", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56048", "title": "White tar", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56049", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56049", "title": "Albocarbon", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56050", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56050", "title": "Naphthene", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56051", "revid": "9877085", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56051", "title": "MySQL", "text": "MySQL is a database system used by many websites on the Internet. It is based on SQL. Many ways of doing things in SQL are similar in MySQL. The data is structured in tables in MySQL. To extract data from the tables, queries are used. \nFor example:\ncodice_1\ncodice_2\ncodice_3 \nThis query will return the codice_4 of the person named codice_5 from the table named codice_6.\nHistory.\nMySQL was first released in May 1995 and a Windows version was released in January 1998. The latest version (5.6.11) was released in April 2013.\nCompatibility.\nMySQL is compatible with many major programming languages. The most common one is PHP. An ODBC interface (called MyODBC) has been made so that users of Microsoft's ASP language can use MySQL.\nMajor users.\nSome of the largest MySQL users on the internet include:\nMany PHP scripts also use MySQL. These include:"}
+{"id": "56052", "revid": "1061539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56052", "title": "White phosphorus", "text": "White phosphorus is an incendiary weapon. It makes a bright light and smoke. Its main ingredient is one of the allotropes of the chemical element phosphorus. White phosphorus is toxic to humans. It can burn deep into soft tissue, it can be breathed in, or it can be ingested (eaten). Over time, these can cause death.\nThe use of incendiary weapons against civilians is forbidden since 1949. They were used by U.S. forces in Iraq in 2004.\nWhite phosphorous was also used for smoke cover by the Israeli Army during Operation Cast Lead in the Gaza Strip during the 2008-2009 war between Israel and Hamas. "}
+{"id": "56053", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56053", "title": "Incendiary weapon", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56054", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56054", "title": "Miroslav Klose", "text": "Miroslav Klose (born June 9, 1978 in Opole, Poland) is a Polish born German football player. From 1999 until 2004 he played for Kaiserslautern and from 2004 until 2007 for Werder Bremen. In 2007 changed to Bayern Munich. In 2011, he left Bayern Munich and joined the Italian team Lazio. On the Germany national team he has played in 137 matches since 2001 and scored 71 goals.\nKlose is a great player known for his heading skills and he is currently the all-time top scorer of the Germany national football team with 71 goals. He is also the all-time leading goal scorer of the FIFA World Cup after beating Ronaldo's record in the semi-final against Brazil.\nClub career statistics.\n327||132||38||20||72||24||434||176\n139||55||11||3||18||6||168||64\n466||187||49||23||90||30||602||240"}
+{"id": "56056", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56056", "title": "Mothball", "text": "Mothballs are small balls of chemical pesticide and deodorant.They are used when clothing and other articles susceptible to damage from mold or moth larvae are stored. Older mothballs were made primarily of naphthalene. Because naphthalene can catch fire easily, modern mothballs use 1,4-dichlorobenzene instead. Both of these ingredients have a strong, pungent smell often associated strongly with mothballs. Camphor, an insect repellent, can also be used in mothballs.\nTheir use when clothing is stored out-of-season led to the colloquial usage of the terms mothballed and put into mothballs to refer to anything which is put into storage or whose operation is suspended. Some claim that the use of the word in this sense derives from naval usage. When warships were laid up, the open ends of their gun barrels and other openings were covered in white material to prevent the entry of water. These white circles suggested mothballs."}
+{"id": "56057", "revid": "10167367", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56057", "title": "Oliver Kahn", "text": "Oliver Rolf Kahn (; born 15 June 1969) is a former German football player. He played as a goalkeeper for Bayern Munich. From 1988 until 1994, Kahn played for Karlsruhe. He has played 86 matches for the Germany national team.\nAfter 2006 FIFA World Cup, he retired from the national team. After the season 2007/2008 he ended his career and stopped playing for his club Bayern Munich, too.\nKahn has won several titles with Bayern M\u00fcnchen, among them are the UEFA champions league, the UEFA cup, the intercontinental cup, eight national championships and six national cups.\nKahn has in also has reached the final of both the UEFA champions league in 1999 and the 2002 world cup final. \nHe was the first-choice goalkeeper in the Germany national football team which was the runner-up at the 2002 FIFA World Cup.\nKahn's nicknames are \"King Kahn\" and \"The Titan\"."}
+{"id": "56058", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56058", "title": "Timo Hildebrand", "text": "Timo Hidebrand (born 5 April 1979 in Worms, Germany) is a German former football player. He played for the German national team."}
+{"id": "56060", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56060", "title": "Philipp Lahm", "text": "Philipp Lahm (; born 11 November 1983) is a German retired football player. He was a former defender for Bayern Munich.\nInternational career statistics.\n!Total||113||5"}
+{"id": "56061", "revid": "558313", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56061", "title": "Valencia CF", "text": "Valencia C.F. is a football team in Spain.\nPlayer.\nGoalkeeper:\nDefence:\nMidfield:\nAttack:"}
+{"id": "56067", "revid": "586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56067", "title": "Bastian Schweinsteiger", "text": "Bastian Schweinsteiger ( , ; born 1 August 1984) is a German former professional footballer who played as a midfielder.\nCareer.\nClub.\nSchweinsteiger signed with Bayern Munich as a youth team player on 1 July 1998 and soon was successful with the youth teams and the second team. He made his debut in the first team as substitute in an UEFA Championsleague match versus RC Lens in November 2002. onla a short time later he signed a professional contract for the first team. He shot his first Bayern goal against VfL Wolfsburg in September 2003.\nAt the beginning of the 2005/06 season he was sent back to the second team but soon came back. Over the next three seasons, up until the end of 2007\u201308, Schweinsteiger made 135 appearances in all competitions for Bayern Munich (UEFA Champions League, Bundesliga and German Cup), scoring 10 goals. In December 2010, he prolonged his contract with Bayern until 2016. However, in July 2015 Schweinsteiger made a move to Manchester United.\nHonours.\nBayern Munich Juniors\nBayern Munich II\nBayern Munich\nManchester United\nGermany\nIndividual\nOrders"}
+{"id": "56068", "revid": "10038046", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56068", "title": "Feller Bach", "text": "The Feller Bach is a right tributary of the Moselle River in Rhineland-Palatinate (Germany). Its source is in the Hunsr\u00fcck mountains. It flows through the villages Lorscheid (\"Verbandsgemeinde\" Ruwer), Fell and Riol (\"Verbandsgemeinde\" Schweich). It joins the Moselle in Riol. \nAt the left there is the Thommer Bach in the Nossernvalley with the Fell Exhibition Slate Mine (Besucherbergwerk Fell)."}
+{"id": "56072", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56072", "title": "Per Mertesacker", "text": "Per Mertesacker (born 29 September 1984 in Hanover, West Germany) is a German former football player. He played for Hannover 96 II, Hannover 96, Werder Bremen, and Arsenal. He also played for the German national team.\nHonours.\nWerder Bremen\nArsenal\nGermany\nIndividual"}
+{"id": "56075", "revid": "586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56075", "title": "Bernd Schneider", "text": "Bernd Schneider (born 17 November 1973 in Jena, Germany) is a former German footballer. He played for Germany national team.\nClub career.\nSchneider started his professional career at local Carl Zeiss Jena, going on to help the East German outfit to remain five consecutive seasons in the second division; his debut came on 13 August 1991, playing ten minutes in a 1\u20133 loss at Darmstadt 98.\nSchneider then played one season at Eintracht Frankfurt, subsequently moving to Bayer Leverkusen, and establishing himself as an important player for both club and country. In 1999\u20132000 and 2001\u201302, he was helpful in Bayer's 2nd-place finish in the Fu\u00dfball-Bundesliga. He also appeared 19 times in the side reached the 2002 Champions League Final.\nMore a creator than a finisher, Schneider scored a career-best ten league goals in the 2003\u201304 season, making him the highest-scoring midfielder in that year's competition, alongside Johan Micoud; Leverkusen finished third and, during the following season, Schneider extended his contract a few more years.\nAfter two more seasons in which he scored ten goals and achieved 18 assists in 60 matches, Schneider began suffering back-to-back injuries: first the calf, then the back, not appearing for almost the entire 2008\u201309 season due to the injuries. He only managed to return to action on 16 May 2009, playing the last 20 minutes of a 5\u20130 home win against Borussia M\u00f6nchengladbach. The following month, he announced his retirement because he could not fully recover from the injuries.\nCareer statistics.\nInternational.\nSource:\nHonours.\nBayer Leverkusen\nGermany\nIndividual"}
+{"id": "56076", "revid": "586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56076", "title": "David Odonkor", "text": "David Odonkor (born 21 February 1984) is a German former professional footballer who played as a right winger.\nCareer statistics.\nInternational.\nAppearances by national team and year\nHonours.\nBorussia Dortmund\nGermany"}
+{"id": "56079", "revid": "1386969", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56079", "title": "Black Entertainment Television", "text": "Black Entertainment Television (BET) is an American cable television channel. The network is owned by Paramount Global. It is based in New York City. The network is targeted toward African-American audiences in the United States. Most of it used to show hip hop and R&B music videos. Now it shows religious shows, movies, award shows and original television series for African-Americans.\nBET began as a block on USA Network in 1980, before becoming its own channel in 1983.\nHistory.\nEarly years.\nAfter stepping down as a lobbyist for the cable industry, Freeport, Illinois native Robert L. Johnson decided to launch his own cable television network. Johnson acquired a loan for $15,000 (equivalent to $55,648 in 2023) and a $500,000 (equivalent to $1,854,921 in 2023) investment from media executive John Malone to start the network. The network, which was named Black Entertainment Television (BET), launched on January 25, 1980. Cheryl D. Miller designed the logo that would represent the network, which featured a star to symbolize \"Black Star Power\".\nInitially, broadcasting for two hours a week as a block of programming on the Madison Square Garden Sports Network (which would change their name to USA Network three months after BET launched), the network's lineup was composed of music videos and reruns of popular black sitcoms.\nBecoming a full-time channel.\nIn 1983, BET became a full-fledged entity, independent of any other channel or programming block, though continuing to share channel space with other cable networks on local cable systems due to lack of channel room for their 24-hour schedule until the time of digital cable allowed for larger channel capacity. In some markets, the network would not arrive at all until as late as the early 2010s and Viacom considered it compulsory in retransmission consent negotiations to carry the BET-branded networks with Viacom Media Networks, due to some providers claiming that there was an overall lack of demand for the channel, or there was a low to non-existent black American population within their service area.\nBET launched a news program, \"BET News\", in 1986, with Paul Berry as its first anchor. Berry was also a local anchor at WJLA-TV in Washington, DC at that time. Ed Gordon became anchor in 1988. Gordon later hosted other programs and specials on BET, such as \"For Black Men Only: The Aftermath\", related to the 1992 Los Angeles riots, and a recurring interview show, \"Conversations with Ed Gordon\". In 1996, the talk show \"BET Tonight\" started with Tavis Smiley as host; in 2001, Ed Gordon replaced Smiley as host of the program.\nIn 1991, the network became the first black-controlled television company to be listed on the New York Stock Exchange. Starting the late 1990s, the network expanded with the launch of digital cable networks: what is now the general interest channel BET Her was initially launched as \"BET on Jazz\" (later known as \"BET Jazz\", \"BET J\", and \"Centric\"), created initially to showcase jazz music-related programming, especially that of black American jazz musicians. In 1997, BET entered into a joint venture with Starz (then-owned by John Malone's Liberty Media, but later acquired by Lionsgate years later) to launch a multiplex service of the premium channel featuring black American-oriented films called \"BET Movies: Starz! 3\" (later renamed \"Black Starz\" after BET dropped out of the venture following its purchase by Viacom, then-owner of Starz rival Showtime, and now known as \"Starz InBlack\"). \nSale to Viacom/Paramount.\nIn 2001, the network was bought by media conglomerate Viacom (later to become part of Paramount Global) for $3\u00a0billion. In 2005, Johnson retired from the network, turning over his titles of president and chief executive officer to former BET vice president Debra L. Lee.\nIn 2002, the network had launched two more music-oriented networks: BET Hip-Hop and BET Gospel. BET also launched a series of original programming by this time, including reality shows \"Baldwin Hills\" and \"Hell Date\", competition show \"Sunday Best\", and town hall-style discussion show \"Hip Hop vs. America\". BET's president of entertainment Reginald Hudlin resigned from the network on September 11, 2008. He was then replaced by Stephen Hill, who is also executive vice president of music programming and talent. BET announced in March 2010 that Ed Gordon would return to the network to host \"a variety of news programs and specials\".\nIn March 2017, president of programming Stephen Hill and executive vice president of original programming Zola Mashariki both stepped down. Connie Orlando, senior vice president of Specials, Music Programming, and News was named the interim president of programming.\nIn July 2017, Viacom signed new film and television development deals with Tyler Perry following the expiration of his existing pact with Discovery Inc. in 2019. As part of this deal, Perry would produce \"The Oval\" and \"Sistas\" for BET and co-own the network's newly launched streaming service, BET+.\nCriticism.\nA wide range of people have protested elements of BET's programming and actions, including Public Enemy rapper Chuck D, journalist George Curry, writer Keith Boykin, comic book creator Christopher Priest, filmmaker Spike Lee, Syracuse University professor of finance Dr. Boyce Watkins, former NFL player Burgess Owens, and cartoonist Aaron McGruder (who, in addition to numerous critical references throughout his series \"The Boondocks\", made two particular episodes, \"The Hunger Strike\" and \"The Uncle Ruckus Reality Show\", criticizing the channel). As a result, BET heavily censors suggestive content from the videos that it airs, often with entire verses and scenes removed from certain rap videos.\nMany scholars within the black American community maintain that BET perpetuates and justifies racism by affecting the stereotypes held about black Americans, and also by affecting the psyche of its young viewers through its bombardment of negative images of black Americans.\nFollowing the death of civil rights leader Coretta Scott King in 2006, BET broadcast its regularly scheduled music video programming, rather than covering King's funeral live, as was done by TV One and Black Family Channel, and by cable news channels such as CNN, Fox News Channel, and MSNBC. The network's website streamed the funeral live, while it periodically broadcast taped, 60-second reports from the funeral by senior news correspondent Andre Showell. Michael Lewellen, BET's senior vice president for corporate communications, defended the decision: \"We weighed a number of different options. In the end, we chose to offer a different kind of experience for BET viewers.\" Lewellen also explained that BET received around \"two dozen\" phone calls and \"a handful\" of emails criticizing BET for not showing the King funeral live. On the evening of the funeral, February 7, 2006, BET broadcast the tribute special \"Coretta Scott King: Married to the Mission\", and repeated it the following Sunday, February 12. Showell hosted the program featuring highlights of the funeral, \"Coretta Scott King: Celebrating Her Spirit\", that broadcast that same day. In its 2007 convention, the National Association of Black Journalists gave BET its \"Thumbs Down Award\" for not broadcasting King's funeral live.\n\"The New York Times\" reported that the Reverend Delman L. Coates and his organization Enough is Enough led protests every weekend outside the residences of BET executives against what they claim are negative stereotypes of black people perpetuated by BET music videos. Enough is Enough backed an April 2008 report titled \"The Rap on Rap\" by the Parents Television Council that criticized BET's rap programming, suggesting that the gratuitous sexual, violent and profane content was targeting children and teens.\nIn a 2010 interview, BET co-founder Sheila Johnson explained that she herself is \"ashamed\" of what the network has become. \"I don't watch it. I suggest to my kids that they don't watch it,\" she said. \"When we started BET, it was going to be the \"Ebony\" magazine on television. We had public affairs programming. We had news... I had a show called \"Teen Summit\", we had a large variety of programming, but the problem is that then the video revolution started up... And then something started happening, and I didn't like it at all. And I remember during those days we would sit up and watch these videos and decide which ones were going on and which ones were not. We got a lot of backlash from recording artists...and we had to start showing them. I didn't like the way women were being portrayed in these videos.\"\nSister networks.\nSpin-off channels.\nBET has launched several spin-off cable networks over the years, including BET Her (formerly known as \"BET on Jazz\", then \"BET J\" and later \"Centric\"), BET Hip-Hop, and BET Gospel. Over time, spin-offs from sibling channels would be realigned under the BET branding; such as BET Jams (formerly known as \"MTV Jams\"), BET Soul (formerly known as \"VH1 Soul\"), SHO\u00d7BET, a premium Showtime multiplex network, and VH1 (an older-skewing spin-off of MTV that drifted into reality shows and, later, Black American-centric programming).\nIn May 2019, a BET-branded channel was launched on Pluto TV (which was acquired by its parent company two months earlier). In June 2019, the launch of BET+ was announced, a premium streaming service targeting Black Americans. The service launched in the United States in Fall 2019 with \"First Wives Club\" (which was originally planned to launch on Paramount Network before being shifted to BET) announced as one of the service's original series.\nBET Gospel.\nBET Gospel is a television network in the United States that launched on July 1, 2002. The network provides gospel and religious-related programming, with a mix new and classic shows.\nBET Gospel previously ran on an automated loop schedule. In 2016, the channel was updated with its programming now composing of music videos, series and specials.\nBET Jams.\nBET Jams is an American pay television network airing hip-hop and urban contemporary music videos on a thrice-daily automated wheel schedule of eight hours outside of temporary \"roadblock\" closures during Paramount Global's awards events, with all of its programming currently denoted in hour blocks as \"BET Jams \u2013\u00a0Music Videos\" within electronic program guide listings.\nThe channel launched on May 1, 2002, as MTV Jams, and carried that name until October 5, 2015, and was placed under BET's purview as MTV drifted away from music programming along with \"106 & Park\". The network space itself launched on August 1, 1998, as MTVX, carrying modern rock videos, and was re-focused around hip-hop music on that date, to some controversy from MTVX's former viewers.\nInternational networks.\nBET International.\nBET UK first transmitted on Videotron (now known as Virgin Media) and several other subscription providers from 1993 until 1996.\nIn May 2007 by Ofcom, BET International Inc. was given a license to rebroadcast in the United Kingdom. BET International is the first international version of the channel and is available in Europe, Africa and the Middle East through satellite providers. BET launched on February 27, 2008, on Sky channel 191 and began to be carried by Freesat channel 140 on August 8, 2008. BET+1 is also available on Sky channel 198 and Freesat channel 141, and is free-to-air. BET International shows with a mix of content from the main BET channel and locally produced shows. An exclusive, but temporary, HD version of the channel was made to show the 2009 BET Awards on Freesat EPG 142.\nBET is additionally an associate member of the Caribbean Cable Cooperative.\nBET launched an app called BET Play allowing international access to BET content in over 100 countries in June 2016.\nThe channel was shut down on April 8, 2021, with its content moved to My5 and Pluto TV.\nCanada.\nBET became available through most Canadian pay television providers on October 17, 1997. Several acquired shows on the Canadian feed are blacked out due to domestic broadcast groups owning the rights to them. Shaw and Rogers discontinued carriage of the network in the Fall of 2022 due to broader issues involving carriage of Paramount's networks.\nFrance.\nIntroduced on November 17, 2015. BET France launched across a linear television channel alongside non-linear services including Bouygues Telecom, Canalsat, Numericable/SFR, and Free.\nAsia.\nMTV East, MTV West, MTV Live, BET and BET Her also officially aired on Singapore, Johor Bahru/Johor Bahru District and Batam/Batam Islands via Channel 5 and 8 from 1 September 2022 (after farewell from MTV Southeast Asia as very final and last time the end (as of 31 August 2022) and expect Vietnam until 31 December 2022) until now.\nMTV East, MTV West, MTV Live, BET and BET Her also officially aired on Indonesia via national commercial free-to-air terrestrial NET. from 10 April 2024 until now."}
+{"id": "56080", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56080", "title": "CMT (American TV channel)", "text": "CMT (Country Music Television) is an American country music cable television channel. Some of the programs on the channel include country music videos, taped concerts, movies, biographies of country music stars, game shows, and reality programs."}
+{"id": "56081", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56081", "title": "CMT", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56082", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56082", "title": "BET", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56083", "revid": "1508758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56083", "title": "Johnny Carson", "text": "John William \"Johnny\" Carson (October 23, 1925\u00a0\u2013 January 23, 2005) was an American television host and comedian, known for thirty years as host of \"The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson\" (1962\u20131992).\nEarly life and career.\nCarson was born in Corning, Iowa, in 1925, to Homer Lloyd \"Kit\" Carson, a power company manager, and Ruth (Hook) Carson, who was of Irish ancestry. He grew up in the nearby towns of Avoca, Clarinda, and Red Oak in southwest Iowa before moving to Norfolk, Nebraska, at the age of eight. At the age of twelve, Carson found a book on magic at a friend's house and immediately purchased a mail-order magician's kit. He debuted as \"The Great Carsoni\" at age 14 and he was paid US$3; many other performances at local picnics and country fairs followed.\nCarson joined the U.S. Navy on June 8, 1943, received V-12 officer training at Columbia University and Millsaps College, and continued to perform magic.\nDeath.\nCarson died in West Hollywood, California from respiratory failure caused by emphysema, aged 79.\nOther websites.\n<br>"}
+{"id": "56084", "revid": "287263", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56084", "title": "Yugioh (first series anime)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56085", "revid": "8390167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56085", "title": "TNT (band)", "text": "TNT is a Norwegian hard rock/heavy metal band. The band was formed in Trondheim in 1982."}
+{"id": "56089", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56089", "title": "Anarcho-capitalism", "text": "Anarcho-capitalism is a political philosophy that says that governments are not needed but that private property rights are needed.\nComplaints against government.\nAnarcho-capitalism says that governments are not needed because governments either do not work or are bad.\u00a0 Anarcho-capitalists normally believe that governments are bad due to their use of force.\u00a0 Anarcho-capitalists' examples of government force include:\nAnarcho-capitalists say that society would be better off if the good thing government did were instead done on the free market by private individuals, private companies, charities, mutual aid societies, and voluntary unions.\u00a0 Anarcho-capitalists think that people will still be safe without armies and police that are paid for with taxes, and that people will be able to protect themselves by paying people or \"private defence agencies\" to defend them, or by setting up neighborhood watches.\u00a0 Voluntarism, which is normally included as a part of anarcho-capitalist ideology, think that when people get into fights or arguments about who owns what, people should be able to get together and decide what kind of court to go to and what kind of rules they should be judged by, instead of being forced to go to a court that the government sets up.\nMeaning.\nThe term \"anarcho-capitalism\" was coined by Jarret B. Wollstein. Anarcho-capitalists say that the government is a thief, because it takes people's money away against their will.\u00a0 They also say that governments also keep people from making trades between themselves.\nAnarcho-capitalism as a form of libertarianism.\nMost libertarians are minarchists, which means they think that there needs to be a very small government whose only purpose is to protect people's property.\u00a0 Anarcho-capitalists are different because they believe society would be better off without any government, even though they are still a kind of libertarian.\nAnarcho-capitalism and anarchism.\nIn general, anarcho-capitalism is not considered anarchism. However, like anarchists, anarcho-capitalists say they are against the whole idea of hierarchy.\u00a0 Anarcho-capitalists do not define hierarchy as something that exists when one person is simply seen as being more important than another person.\u00a0 Anarcho-capitalist believe hierarchy exists only when a person is given the authority to use force against a nonviolent person or that person's legitimate property.\u00a0 Only when \"no one\" is allowed to use force against nonviolent people or their legitimate property are people truly equal.\u00a0 They think that only then is hierarchy no more.\nAnarchists are against capitalism as they think it uses force. Anarcho-capitalists support capitalism and say everything in it is consensual.\nAnarchists oppose anarcho-capitalism because they do not believe any private property is legitimate.\u00a0 These anarchists would say that all property is founded on the theft of the commons (unowned land and stuff).\u00a0 Many anarchists don't even think that anarcho-capitalism counts as a real form of anarchism, as this critique of property goes back to some of the earliest people calling themselves anarchists.\nProperty.\nAnarcho-capitalists, like other libertarians and classical liberals, only believe property is legitimate when it has been gotten in the right sort of way.\u00a0 If you steal (take something from someone without their permission), or hire someone to steal on your behalf, or ask the government to steal on your behalf, the property you get is not really yours.\u00a0 The \"real\" owner is still the person or people it belonged to before it was stolen.\u00a0 Anarcho-capitalists say that governments do not legitimately own anything, since governments get all of their wealth through force, including taxation and counterfeiting. Because anarcho-capitalists support private property, they believe that a person can own a building or land without actually using it. They believe that these things can be protected by private security guards.\nIn the eyes of anarcho-capitalists, property can only be legitimately gotten in one of three ways.\u00a0 The first way is through John Locke's \"homestead principle,\" which means that something owned by no one \"becomes\" your legitimate property when you \"mix your labour\" with the thing.\u00a0 In other words, if you come across an unowned field, and you start farming it, then the land you farm becomes your property, along with all of the crops you grow.\u00a0 If someone else comes along and steals all of the crops you worked on growing, that person has committed a form of force called \"theft.\"\u00a0 The second and third ways to legitimately get property is through voluntary trade or gift.\nIf someone has gotten something in an illegitimate way, it is not theft to take the thing back, as long as you harm no innocent person in the process.\nNon-aggression.\nSome anarcho-capitalists are also anarcho-pacifists, but most anarcho-capitalists are not. Anarcho-pacifists, like Robert LeFevre, believe one may never use any force at all, not even in self-defence. Most anarcho-capitalists, however, believe it is okay to use defensive force as long as it is \"only\" directed against those who have used non-defensive force, and as long as it is proportional to the non-defensive force.\u00a0 In other words, one may not legitimately shoot a person for stealing a stick of gum, because shooting someone is a lot more forceful than stealing the gum."}
+{"id": "56090", "revid": "8337432", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56090", "title": "Walther von der Vogelweide", "text": "Walther von der Vogelweide (born about 1170; died possibly in W\u00fcrzburg around 1230) was a famous German poet and composer. He was the greatest of the German Minnesinger. These were people who wrote and sang songs about courtly love. Walther himself may have added \u201cvon der Vogelweide\u201d to his name (it means \u201cof the bird meadow\u201d).\nThe German courtly love songs that had been written at the time were all very similar, but Walther gave these songs new life and made them very beautiful. Unfortunately we do not know any of his music, because he did not write it down. But he wrote his poems down. They are very original, sometimes humorous, sometimes serious, often just gently suggesting ideas carefully.\nWe do not know where Walther was born, but he wrote in a document that he had learned to sing and write poetry in Austria. The dialect he spoke shows that he must have come from Bavaria or Austria. He spent some time at the court of Duke Leopold V of Babenberg in Vienna. This was about 1190. He took part in public singing contests and had long discussions with other people about love and the way it should be written about in poetry.\nIn about 1198, he left Vienna and spent many years travelling around, visiting courts in Europe, entertaining dukes and princes, and singing his songs. He always wrote the words himself, he never used other poets\u2019 words. That would have made him a simple \u201cSpielmann\u201d, but Walther was of noble birth (he had the title \u201cHerr\u201d). He often spent several weeks or months in a castle where he entertained people, and where he probably also fell in love with one of the ladies. He wrote about these love-affairs in his poetry.\nWalther also wrote verses called \u201cSpr\u00fcche\" (\"sayings\"). These were about the history of the time. They were a kind of political propaganda and were used in political debates. Walther supported Emperor Otto IV in his arguments against the pope, persuading the emperor to go on the crusade which the pope had forbidden. We do not know whether Walther went with him on the crusade.\nBy this time Walther had became very famous, not just as a poet and musician but as a kind of political adviser. Walther was the first poet to write national and patriotic poetry. He also wrote a type of love poem which was new in German literature. \"Unter der Linde\" is the most famous of these. Here are the first two verses:"}
+{"id": "56092", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56092", "title": "Striptease", "text": "Striptease is an entertainment, by females usually, before an audience. It is often included in the theatre form called burlesque. With music and dance, the stripper gradually removes her clothing. It is a very ancient dance form, and occurs in many societies.\nStripping is done in a teasing manner, but without being obscene (for example, by delaying to take an item off). While hiding certain parts of the body with hands or pieces of clothing, stripper dances around. Sometimes, plays are arranged, the strippers are disguised as Arabic dancers, Salome, Lolita or other well-known people. The spectator sometimes identifies with the stripper. Erotic dreams and exhibitionist fantasies may be projected into the striptease. \nAncient.\nSalome.\nThe Sumerians had a myth of the goddess Inanna descending into the Underworld. At each of the seven gates, she removed an article of clothing or a piece of jewelry. As long as she remained in hell, the earth was barren. When she returned, fecundity abounded. \nSalome's dance for King Herod is referred to in the New Testament ( and ). However, the first mention of her removing seven veils is in Oscar Wilde's play of \"Salome\" in 1893. Some have claimed as the origin of modern striptease. After Wilde's play and Richard Strauss's opera \"Salome\", first performed in 1905 the erotic 'dance of the seven veils', became a standard routine in opera, vaudeville, film and burlesque. A famous early practitioner was Maud Allan who in 1907 gave a private performance of the dance to Edward VII.\nGreece & Rome.\nIn ancient Greece, the lawgiver Solon established several classes of prostitutes in the late 6th century BC. Among these were the \"auletrides\": female dancers, acrobats, and musicians, noted for dancing naked in an alluring fashion in front of audiences of men. In ancient Rome, dance featuring stripping was part of the Floralia, an April festival. \nEmpress Theodora, wife of 6th-century Byzantine emperor Justinian is reported by several ancient sources to have started in life as a courtesan and actress who performed in acts inspired from mythological themes and in which she disrobed \"as far as the laws of the day allowed\". She was famous for her striptease performance of \"Leda and the Swan\". From these accounts, it appears that the practice was not exceptional or new. It was, however, actively opposed by the Christian Church, which got statutes banning it in the following century. The degree to which these statutes were enforced is open to question. No practice of the sort is reported in texts of the European Middle Ages.\nModern.\nParis.\nIn the 1880s and 1890s, Parisian shows such as the Moulin Rouge and Folies Berg\u00e8re had attractive scantily-clad women dancing and \"tableaux vivants\" (static poses). Acts in the 1890s had a woman slowly removed clothes in a vain search for a flea crawling on her body. The \"People's Almanac\" credits this as the origin of modern striptease.\nStarting in 1905, Mata Hari entered the scene. On the invitation of Emile Guimet, she danced before a carefully chosen audience. The scene at the end of the show, where she was naked was a sensation. Similar performances, at the requests of Baron von Rothschild, C\u00e9cile Sorel, Gaston Menier and Natalie Clifford Barney followed. Mata Hari had never learned how to dance, and had never studied Indian and oriental dancing. Her dances were a product of her imagination. In 1917, Mata Hari was charged with espionage and sentenced to death. She was shot, on 15 October 1917, in Vincennes, near Paris. \nAnother landmark performance was the appearance at the Moulin Rouge in 1907 of an actress called Germaine Aymos who entered dressed only in three very small shells. In the 1930s the famous Josephine Baker danced semi-nude in the \"danse sauvage\" at the Folies and other such performances were provided at the Tabarin. These shows were notable for their sophisticated choreography and often dressing the girls in glitzy sequins and feathers. By the 1960s \"fully nude\" shows were provided at such places as Le Crazy Horse Saloon.\nPost WWII.\nAfter the war, in the 1950s striptease became the motor of an emerging sex industry (mainly focused on publications, like Playboy). Paris saw the opening of the high-society strip clubs, like the Alcazar or the Crazy Horse.\nIn modern times, the art of striptease gets lost more and more. In the 1990s, a German private TV channel (called RTL) made a strip show called Tutti Frutti. Since then, during the night, many TV stations have women, who try to get rid of their clothes (without even dancing), while they advertise some phone sex numbers (or other prime-rate numbers). \nThere is also a film called \"Striptease\". It plays in US strip clubs, without giving much background information.\nOriginally, striptease was only done by women. Today, a very small number of male strippers are there. Among the most notable of them are the Chippendales.\nLaw.\nThe use of calling a person a \"stripper\" is unofficial and unpropitious in the United States, Mexico, Colombia, and Brazil. The use of most quotes associated with striptease is also unsuitable for people ages 1\u201328. In Germany, it is a criminal law only if used for propagating the exotic ideology. In the United Kingdom and commonwealth countries (such as Canada, Australia, and New Zealand), the use of calling a person a \"stripper\" is not intrinsically a criminal law, but composes intolerance if used for promoting Exhibitionism. Publicly calling a person a \"stripper\" is not suitable for children in France under a civil law unless for a religious, academic, educational, artistic, literary or scientific purpose. "}
+{"id": "56093", "revid": "10196604", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56093", "title": "Roald Dahl", "text": "Roald Dahl (13 September 1916 \u2013 23 November 1990) was a Welsh-born English novelist, poet, screenwriter, short-story writer and wartime fighter pilot. He was best known for his children's novels and his children books.\nEarly life.\nDahl was born on 13 September 1916 in Llandaff, Cardiff, Wales to Norwegian parents. He was educated in England, Llandaff Cathedral School, and then worked in Africa for the Shell Oil Company. In the Second World War, he was an RAF fighter pilot. It was after an air-crash and \"a monumental bash on the head\" that he began to write. The crash was the subject of his first published story, \"Shot Down Over Libya\". He wrote Matilda and The Twits.\nWriting.\nHe wanted to become an adult book writer but ended up as a children's book writer. He had a tragic life since his father and oldest sister both died when he was young. Roald Dahl said that the key to his success rested in sympathising with children and realising that to children, parents and school teachers are the enemy.\nDahl wrote many famous children's stories and adult horror stories. Many of his books and stories have been made into films and television shows all over the world. Among his most popular books are \"Charlie and the Chocolate Factory\", \"James and the Giant Peach\", \"Matilda\", \"The Witches\", \"The BFG\", and \"Kiss Kiss\". Many of his children's books have pictures drawn by Quentin Blake.\nPersonal life and death.\nDahl was married to Patricia Neal from 1953 until they divorced in 1983. They had four daughters (one of whom died before them) and a son. Dahl was married to Felicity Crosland from 1983 until his death. He lived in Great Missenden, Buckinghamshire. He died on 23 November 1990 in Oxford, from myelodysplastic syndrome, aged 74.\nModel Sophie Dahl is his granddaughter.\nThere is a Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre in Great Missenden."}
+{"id": "56101", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56101", "title": "Let There Be Rock", "text": "Let There Be Rock is a studio album by the Australian hard rock band AC/DC. It was released on 23 June 1977."}
+{"id": "56108", "revid": "1548906", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56108", "title": "Electrical energy", "text": "Electrical energy can refer to several closely related things. It can mean:\nIn any of these cases, the SI unit of electrical energy is the joule; which is the amount of energy used by a one-watt load, such as a tiny light bulb, drawing power for one second. The unit used by many electrical utility companies is the watt-hour (Wh); which is the amount of energy used by the same one-watt load drawing power for one hour. The kilowatt-hour (kWh), which is 1,000 times larger than a watt-hour, is a useful size for measuring the energy use of households and small businesses. A typical household uses several hundred kilowatt-hours per month. The megawatt-hour (MWh), which is 1,000 times larger than the kilowatt-hour, is used for measuring the energy output of large power plants.\nThe terms \"electrical energy\" and \"electric power\" are frequently used interchangeably. However, in physics, and electrical engineering, \"energy\" and \"power\" have different meanings. Power is energy per unit time. The SI unit of power and electricity is the watt. One watt is a joule per second. In other words, the phrases \"flow of power,\" and \"consume a quantity of electric power\" are both incorrect and should be changed to \"flow of energy\" and \"consume a quantity of electrical energy.\""}
+{"id": "56109", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56109", "title": "Power (physics)", "text": "In physics, power (symbol: \"P\") is how fast work is done. Or how quickly energy is given from one thing to another. In the SI system of measurement, power is measured in watts (symbol: W). \nBright light bulbs require more power than dim light bulbs. More electricity is used every second with a bright light bulb. So it costs more to run a bright bulb for a minute than a dim light bulb.\nA modern LED light bulb might take 5 Watts of power. A kettle while it is boiling might take 2,000 Watts of power - or 'two Kilowatts'. (Kilo means 'a thousand of'). A car when someone is making it go faster might take 100 Kilowatts of power, but people tend to measure a car's power as Horsepower, not Kilowatts, and one Horsepower is less than a Kilowatt - about three quarters of a kilowatt.\nIt may take a certain amount of work to make a change in the world, such as lifting a heavy weight to a higher level. It makes no difference if the weight is lifted slowly or quickly. The same amount of work will have been performed. The difference between a slow lift and a quick lift is that a quick lift requires more power. This means the work can be done in a shorter time if there is more power available.\nAs a rate of change of work done or the energy of a subsystem, power is:\nwhere\nBecause Energy (or work) is measured in Joules, power (measured in Watts) is measured as how many Joules are used each second.\nPower is also equal to force times velocity (or speed).\nPower in optics.\nIn optics, or radiometry, the term \"power\" could mean one of two things. Sometimes power refers to radiant flux, which is the average rate of energy transport by electromagnetic radiation, measured in watts. Or sometimes the term \"power\" is also used to express the ability of a lens or other optical device to focus light, and this is measured in dioptres (inverse metres). Dioptre is equal to 1 divided by the focal length of the lens."}
+{"id": "56110", "revid": "1675665", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56110", "title": "List of Byzantine emperors", "text": "This is a list of the Emperors of the late Eastern Roman Empire, called Byzantine by modern historians. This list does not include many of the emperors that ruled with someone else.\nThe title of all Emperors before Heraclius was Augustus, but other titles such as Dominus were also used. After Heraclius, the title was changed to the Greek Basileus. This title used to mean \"king\", \"sovereign\" but was now used in place of Augustus.\nThis list begins with Constantine I the Great, the first Christian emperor reigning from Constantinople.\nPalaiologan Dynasty (restored to Constantinople, 1259-1453).\nAt around this time the emperors began using the title \"\u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c2 \u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03c9\u03bd \u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c9\u03bd \u0392\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03bb\u03b5\u03c5\u03c3\u03b9\u03bd\", that is, \"Emperor of Emperors, ruling over those who rule.\"\nOttomans.\nIn 1453 Mehmed II overthrew the Byzantine Empire and claimed the title of Kaisar; his successors continued this claim. See Ottomans for the complete list of Ottoman sultans."}
+{"id": "56114", "revid": "10285013", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56114", "title": "Maroon 5", "text": "Maroon 5 is an American pop rock band. It is based in Los Angeles, California. It used to be called Kara's Flowers. The band members are vocalist Adam Levine, guitarist James Valentine, bassist Mickey Madden, percussionist Matt Flynn, and keyboardists Jesse Carmichael and PJ Morton.\nThe band has released six studio albums: \"Songs About Jane\" (2002), \"It Won't Be Soon Before Long\" (2007), \"Hands All Over\" (2010), \"Overexposed\" (2012), \"V\" (2014), and \"Red Pill Blues\" (2017). All those albums charted in the top 3 on the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200 chart. The band has sold more than 27 million albums and 109 million singles worldwide.\nHistory.\nMaroon 5 was formed at a performing arts summer camp called French Woods Festival in New York. \nIn 1994 the band known today as \"Maroon 5\" was a Los Angeles, California grunge band. The members were singer Adam Levine, guitarist Jesse Carmichael, drummer Ryan Dusick, and bassist Michael Madden.\nIn 1997, the group signed with Reprise Records and released the studio album \"The Fourth World\". In 2001, James Valentine (guitarist) joined the band. In 2006, Dusick left the band. Matt Flynn replaced him as drummer. The band's first album using the name Maroon 5 was \"Songs About Jane\", released in 2002.\nOn June 22, 2011, the group released the single \"Moves Like Jagger\" featuring pop singer Christina Aguilera. The release was in promotion of the NBC show \"The Voice\". The song became #1 on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100. Levine won the first American season of \"The Voice\" in June 2011 with his partner Javier Colon. The band said that they would be working on a fourth studio album released before 2012. A song titled \"Life After you\" was expected to be recorded and released in early 2012. A song titled \"Wipe Your Eyes\" was leaked on the web January 15, 2012 and is said to have been produced by music producer J.R. Rotem.\nOn March 26, 2012, \"Rolling Stone\" magazine announced that the group would release their fourth studio album \"Overexposed\" on June 26, 2012. The band had worked with headlining producer Max Martin, along with Benjamin Levin and lead singer of OneRepublic, Ryan Tedder. The lead single off the album, \"Payphone\", was released on April 17, 2012.\nIn 2014, the fifth studio album \"V\" was released.\nOn November 3, 2017, the album Red Pill Blues was released.\nThe band announced that their seventh album, \"Jordi\" (named after Levine's friend and the band's former manager, Jordan Feldstein, brother of actor Jonah Hill), would be released on June 11, 2021.\nReferences.\n "}
+{"id": "56116", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56116", "title": "Jens Lehmann", "text": "Jens Lehmann (born 10 November 1969 in Essen, Germany) is a former German football player. He played for teams in Germany, Italy and England. Lehmann was the goalkeeper of the Germany national team. He played 61 matches for the national team.\nHonours.\nSchalke 04\nMilan\nBorussia Dortmund\nArsenal\nGermany\nIndividual"}
+{"id": "56117", "revid": "9417176", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56117", "title": "Karlsruher SC", "text": "Karlsruher SC is a German football club in the second division (2. Bundesliga).\nGoalkeepers:\nDefences:\nMiddlefields:\nStrikers:\nWinned Cups:\nChampionchips:\nPokalchampion:"}
+{"id": "56119", "revid": "1646289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56119", "title": "AC Milan", "text": "AC Milan is an Italian football club in Milan. They were started in 1899 by two Englishmen, Herbet Kilpin and Alfred Edwards after a heavy drinking session in the Fiaschetteria Toscana tavern in Milan. Herbet Kilpin became the first team coach and captain whilst Alfred Edwards became the first club president.\nTheir first name was Milan Cricket and Football Club. They have won the Serie A football league 18 times and the Coppa Italia football cup five times. They have won more trophies than any Italian club except for Juventus. In the 2005/06 season, they were punished for setting up the results. They started the 2006/07 season with an eight-point deficit, but they managed to finish fourth and win the UEFA Champions League qualification games. Milan won the 2006/07 UEFA Champions League, defeating Liverpool 2\u20131 in the final in Athens.\nMilan play at the Stadio Giuseppe Meazza, also known as San Siro because Giuseppe Meazza was a star player for Inter Milan.\nName.\nThe club was founded by as Milan Football and Cricket Club by an Englishman named Herbert Kilpin. Because of its English origins, in both English and Italian, the club uses the English name \"Milan\" instead of the Italian name . A similar way of naming exists for Genoa CFC, which uses the name \"Genoa\" instead of because of its English origins.\nPresidents and managers.\nPresidential history.\nMilan has had numerous presidents over the course of its history, some of whom have been owners of the club while others have been honorary presidents. Here is a complete list of them.\nManagerial history.\nNereo Rocco is the most successful manager in the history of AC Milan with ten trophies.\nBelow is a list of Milan coaches from 1900 until the present day."}
+{"id": "56120", "revid": "926478", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56120", "title": "Germany national football team", "text": "The Germany national football team ( or \"Die Mannschaft\") is the national football team in Germany. The team has won the 1954 FIFA World Cup, 1974 FIFA World Cup, 1990 FIFA World Cup and 2014 FIFA World Cup. The team came as second in the 1966 FIFA World Cup, 1982 FIFA World Cup, 1986 FIFA World Cup and in 2002 FIFA World Cup. In the 1934 FIFA World Cup, 1970 FIFA World Cup, 2006 FIFA World Cup and 2010 FIFA World Cup, the team got third place. The current coach is Julian Nagelsmann\nFrom 1950 to 1990, the team was mainly West Germany. Other teams were around that are now part of Germany. These include the East German team (1952-1990) and the Saarland team (1950-1956).\nGermany has always been one of the best teams in the world. Germany is one of the two teams to have won men's and women's world cup titles. Also, Germany's main rivals are England, the Netherlands and Argentina.\nThe team's recent performance in a tournament was a victory over Argentina to win the 2014 FIFA World Cup. In the semi-final against Brazil, Germany thrashed them with a 7\u20131 win, making it the largest win in FIFA World Cup semi-final history. Miroslav Klose, one of the greatest German players of all time, also scored a record breaking goal that made him the top scorer in FIFA World Cup history.\nRecent history.\nOliver Kahn and Michael Ballack era.\nAfter another World Cup exit in 1998, Germany's status as one of the best teams in the world was beginning to go away. In the UEFA Euro 2000, Germany failed to advance to the next round, after losing two matches and one draw in the group stage. The manager at the time then resigned and was replaced by Rudi V\u00f6ller.\nGoing into the 2002 FIFA World Cup, the expectations for Germany was low because of the mediocre performance in the qualifiers. However, they performed very well in the World Cup, eventually making it to the finals but losing to Brazil 0\u20132. Miroslav Klose of Germany won the Silver Boot and Oliver Kahn won the Golden Ball.\nGermany again failed to advance to the next round in the UEFA Euro 2004 after they tied two matches and lost one. The manager Rudi V\u00f6ller resigned shortly afterwards. J\u00fcrgen Klinsmann then replaced him, although having no experience. Joachim L\u00f6w was also assigned to assist him. Klinsmann made Michael Ballack captain after the Euro 2004. Klinsmann main goal was to help Germany perform well in the next world cup.\nBefore the tournament, not many people expected Germany to do well because of their performance in the last tournaments. However, Germany won the first match of the tournament against Costa Rica. They continued to build confidence, and they eventually advanced to next stage with three wins in the group stage. Germany then beat Sweden 2\u20130 in the Round of 16.\nGermany then faced favourites Argentina in the quarter-finals. Argentina took the lead first in the match with a goal by Roberto Ayala in the 49th minute. Miroslav Klose then equalized with a goal at the 80th minute. The game later went to a penalty shootout, with Germany winning 4\u20132 and their goalkeeper Jens Lehmann making two saves.\nAlthough many then expected Germany to reach the final, they lost in the Semi-finals to Italy after Italy scored two goals in extra time. However, the German team went on to thrash Portugal 3\u20131 in the third place match. After the World Cup, Miroslav Klose won the Golden Boot and Lukas Podolski won the Best Young Player award.Also, four of Germany's players were put in the All-Star squad. When the German team arrived back in Berlin, they were greeted by 500,000 fans who were all honoring the German team.\nJoachim L\u00f6w takes the throne.\nKlinsmann left the German team after the World Cup, with Joachim L\u00f6w taking the throne. L\u00f6w was known for often putting young players in the team. The German team then easily qualified for the UEFA Euro 2008. In the final tournament, Germany advanced to the next round after they finished the group stage with two wins and one loss to Croatia. Germany then played Portugal in the quarter-finals and beat them 3\u20132 with goals from Bastian Schweinsteiger, Miroslav Klose and Michael Ballack. They then went to the Semi-finals against Turkey and barely defeated them 3\u20132 after Philipp Lahm scored on the 90th minute. In the final of the Euro 2008, Spain were the favourites but Germany was believed to have a chance. Spain took control of the game and with Fernando Torres's goal, Spain won the tournament.\n2010 FIFA World Cup.\nGermany easily qualified in their qualifying group against Azerbaijan, Finland, Liechtenstein, Russia and Wales. In the tournament, Germany advanced through the group stage after winning two games and loosing one against Serbia. Germany then went on to dominate the Round of 16 and Quarter-finals after defeating England 4\u20131 and thrashing Argentina 4\u20130. In the semi-finals, Germany lost to Spain 1\u20130. Germany then beat Uruguay 3\u20132 to become the third place medal winners. Thomas M\u00fcller won the Golden Boot and the Best Young Player award. Germany also scored the most than any other team in the tournament, with 16 goals.\nEuro 2012.\nGermany won all ten of their qualifying matches for the UEFA Euro 2012. They later were placed in Group B along with Portugal, the Netherlands and Denmark. The team went on to win all their matches in the group stage and broke a record of 15 consecutive wins in all matches. They then beat Greece 4\u20132 in the quarter-finals with goals from Philipp Lahm, Sami Khedira, Miroslav Klose and Marco Reus. However, they lost to Italy 1\u20132 in the semi-finals.\n2014 FIFA World Cup.\nGermany almost had ten straight wins in the qualifying round for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. However, in a game against Sweden, the team conceded 4 goals when they were up 4\u20130 up. The team performed well in the international friendlies before the World Cup with an unbeaten streak. Their most notable win was against Armenia, where they won 6\u20131. Germany was put in Group G with Portugal, Ghana and the United States.\nThe first match against Portugal ended with Germany defeating them 4\u20130; with the help of Thomas M\u00fcller's hat-trick. Their second game against Ghana ended with a 2\u20132 draw after Miroslav Klose equalized the score. Their final game ended with a win against the United States after Thomas M\u00fcller scored at the 55th minute. In the quarter-finals, Mats Hummels scored the winning goal at the 13th minute, meaning that Germany advanced to their fourth consecutive semi-final in the FIFA World Cup. In the semi-final against Brazil, Germany thrashed them with a 7\u20131 win, making it the largest win in FIFA World Cup semi-final history. Miroslav Klose also scored a record breaking goal that made him the top scorer in FIFA World Cup history. The win began to be known as the Miracle of Belo Horizonte. Germany then went on to their 8th World Cup final in history. In the final, Mario G\u00f6tze scored at the 113th minute to help Germany defeat Argentina 1\u20130.\nEuro 2016.\nGermany was put in a qualifying group with Poland, Republic of Ireland, Scotland, Georgia and Gibraltar. They qualified at the top of their group after 7 wins, 1 draw and 2 losses. They are currently placed with Ukraine, Poland and Northern Ireland in the group stage.\nPlayers.\nCurrent squad.\nThe following 26 players were selected for the UEFA Euro 2020.\n\"Caps and goals correct as of 29 June 2021, after the match against England.\"\nRecent call-ups.\nThe following players have also been called up to the Germany squad within the last 12 months and are still available for selection.\nINJ Player withdrew from the squad due to an injury.\nResults and fixtures.\nRecent results and scheduled matches according to the DFB, UEFA and FIFA websites.\nStadiums.\nGermany doesn't have an official stadium, so they use many stadiums. The city of Berlin has been the host of the most German games (44 times). The Olympiastadion Berlin is the most commonly used stadium in Berlin, and it holds 74,500 seats. Other common cities to host games have been Hamburg (33 matches), Stuttgart (31), Hanover (26) and Dortmund. Another popular location is Munich, which hosted the 1974 FIFA World Cup Final, where Germany defeated the Netherlands."}
+{"id": "56121", "revid": "836766", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56121", "title": "Larissa", "text": "Larissa () is the capital city of the Thessaly periphery of Greece, and capital of the Larissa Prefecture. Larissa is found in the north of the Thessaly plain near at the foot of the mountain Olympus. Its population is 131,496 inhabitants. Larissa is crossed by Pineios river. The most interest sight in Larissa is the ancient theater which is located in the center of the city. "}
+{"id": "56129", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56129", "title": "Wicked Sciences", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56130", "revid": "1617448", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56130", "title": "Steven Gerrard", "text": "Steven George Gerrard (born 30 May 1980) is an English professional football manager and former player who is the current manager of Saudi Pro League club Al-Ettifaq. He was a Liverpool great who spent the majority of his career at Anfield. He wore the number 8, playing from 1997 until 2015. He was also the England captain, for which he wore the number 4. He usually plays as a central midfielder. He played for Los Angeles Galaxy for two years before retiring at the end of the 2017 season.\nPersonal life.\nGerarrd was born in Whiston Hospital but he grew up in the Liverpool suburb of Huyton.\nGerrard was engaged to Alex Curran and they married on 16 June 2007. They have three daughters: Lilly-Ella Gerrard (born on 23 February 2004), Lexie Gerrard (born on 9 May 2006) and Lourdes Gerrard (born on 2 November 2011).\nOn 1 September 2006, he published his first autobiography, entitled \"Gerrard: My Autobiography\".\nGerrard also started training with his boyhood club on 30 November 2015.\nGerrard also recently started a punditry job on BT Sport Europe.\nHonours.\nPlayer.\nLiverpool\nIndividual\nManager.\nRangers\nIndividual"}
+{"id": "56133", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56133", "title": "Ikebana", "text": "Ikebana (Japanese: \u751f\u3051\u82b1 or \u3044\u3051\u3070\u306a) is the Japanese art of making flower arrangements. The word \"Ikebana\" means \" to make alive flowers\". People who want to do Ikebana have to learn many things. It is not just about putting flowers in a vase. Japanese flower arrangements often have special meanings.\nThere are many ways in which Ikebana can be taught. These schools (ways of teaching) include Ikenobo, Sogetsu, Ohara.\nIkenobo is very well known. Until the Mid-Edo Period it was only for upper class people. Ikenobo was started by a Buddhist priest called Ikenobo Senkei in the 15th century. It uses standing flowers (called \"rikka\"). It is a Buddhist way of showing the beauty of nature. There are 7 branches. Each branch represents something in nature, e.g. a hill, valley, waterfall etc. Later, in the 17th century, it became simpler and was called \"shoka\". Shoka uses just 3 branches called \"ten\" (heaven), \"chi\" (earth) and \"jin\" (man). \nAnother form of Ikebana is called cha-bana. It is used in tea ceremony. ikebana is used in homes too. \nToday Ikebana is very popular among all classes of people in Japan. 15 million people in Japan practice Ikebana."}
+{"id": "56134", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56134", "title": "Tea ceremony", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56144", "revid": "1076609", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56144", "title": "Venom (band)", "text": "Venom are a heavy metal band from Newcastle upon Tyne, England. The band was formed in 1979. Venom is considered to be (one of) the first Black Metal bands."}
+{"id": "56146", "revid": "6340837", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56146", "title": "Venom (disambiguation)", "text": "Venom may mean different things:"}
+{"id": "56148", "revid": "18539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56148", "title": "Scottsdale, Tasmania", "text": "Scottsdale is a town in the north-east of Tasmania, Australia. It is 63 km northeast of Launceston and 22 km southeast of town of Bridport. It is part of the Dorset Council.\nThe area was first surveyed in 1855 and was described as, \"the best soil on the island ... well watered, with a mild climate\" by surveyor James Scott. The town was named after him. Scottsdale is now a major agricultural centre."}
+{"id": "56151", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56151", "title": "AC Mailand", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56152", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56152", "title": "Minibuses", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56155", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56155", "title": "Torsten Frings", "text": "Torsten Frings (born 22 November 1976 in W\u00fcrselen, Germany) is a former German football player and current manager. He plays for the Canadian soccer club Toronto FC. Before, he played for the German club Werder Bremen, Bayern Munich (2004 until 2005), Borussia Dortmund (2002 until 2004) and Werder Bremen (1997 until 2002).\nHe has played for the Germany national team since 2001.\nHonours.\nWerder Bremen\nBayern Munich\nToronto FC\nGermany\nIndividual"}
+{"id": "56177", "revid": "1618275", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56177", "title": "David Letterman", "text": "David Michael Letterman (born April 12, 1947) is an American television host and comedian. He currently hosts \"My Next Guest Needs No Introduction with David Letterman\" on Netflix.\nHe hosted the late night television talk show \"Late Show with David Letterman\" on CBS. Letterman also hosted \"Late Night with David Letterman\" on NBC. In 2013, Letterman surpassed friend and mentor Johnny Carson as the longest-serving late-night talk show host in TV history, at 35 years.\nLetterman's ironic comedy is similar to comedians such as Andy Kaufman, Ernie Kovacs, and \"Tonight Show\" hosts Johnny Carson and Steve Allen.\nEarly life and career.\nLetterman was born in Indianapolis, Indiana. His father, Harry Joseph Letterman, was a florist of English ancestry; his mother Dorothy Letterman, a church secretary of German ancestry, has been an occasional figure on the show, usually at holidays and birthdays.\nHe lived on the north side of Indianapolis, not far from the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. He enjoyed collecting model cars, including racers. In 2000, he told an interviewer for \"Esquire\" that, while growing up, he admired his father's ability to tell jokes and be the life of the party. Harry Joseph Letterman survived a heart attack at age 36, when David was a young boy. The fear of losing his father was constantly with Letterman as he grew up. The elder Letterman died of a second heart attack at age 57."}
+{"id": "56178", "revid": "1680037", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56178", "title": "Tide", "text": "A tide is the periodic rising and falling of Earth's ocean surface caused mainly by the gravitational pull of the Moon acting on the oceans. Tides cause changes in the depth of marine and estuarine (river mouth) waters. Tides also make oscillating currents known as tidal streams (~'rip tides'). This means that being able to predict the tide is important for coastal navigation. The strip of seashore that is under water at high tide and exposed at low tide, called the intertidal zone, is an important ecological product of ocean tides.\nThe height of tides varies somewhat with the phases of the Moon. At New Moon and Full Moon, tides are higher because the Sun's tidal force adds to the Moon's. This is called \"spring tide\". At First Quarter Moon and Last (Third) Quarter Moon, tides are lower because Sun's tidal force takes away to the Moon's. This is called \"neap tide\". \nTwo tides a day.\nIn most places, there are two tides a day. They each have a high point (the high tide) and a low point (the low tide). We speak of a \"flood tide\" coming in towards high tide, and an \"ebb tide\" going out towards low tide.\nThe period of the tide is about 12 hours and 25.2 minutes, exactly half a \"tidal lunar day\". \nThe Moon orbits the Earth in the same direction as the Earth rotates on its axis, so it takes slightly more than a day\u2014about 24 hours and 50 minutes\u2014for the Moon to return to the same location in the sky. During this time, it has passed overhead once and underfoot once, so in many places the period of strongest tidal forcing is the above-mentioned, about 12 hours and 25 minutes. This is analogous to the minute hand on a watch crossing the hour hand at 12:00 and then again at about 1:05\u00bd (not at 1:00).\nBecause a gravitational field weakens with distance, the Moon's gravity exerts a slightly stronger pulling force on the side of the Earth facing the Moon, and a slightly weaker force on the opposite side. The Moon thus tends to \"stretch\" the Earth slightly along the line connecting the two bodies. The solid Earth deforms a bit, but ocean water, being fluid, is free to move much more in response to the tidal force, particularly horizontally. As the Earth rotates, the magnitude and direction of the tidal force at any particular point on the Earth's surface change constantly; although the ocean never reaches equilibrium\u2014there is never time for the fluid to \"catch up\" to the state it would eventually reach if the tidal force were constant\u2014the changing tidal force nonetheless causes rhythmic changes in sea surface height.\nOther things, such as atmospheric pressure and the Sun's gravity, also affect the tides, but in most places those things do much less than the Moon's gravity does.\nLong-term effects.\nIn the long term the tidal effect is considerably more than people suppose. In the four billion years the Earth has had its satellite for most of this time. The Moon moves very slightly away from Earth each year, and the Earth's rotation slows a bit. This extends the length of the days by just under two milliseconds every hundred years. Doesn't sound much, but it has lengthened the year on Earth. It is estimated that 620 million years ago (that's about the Cambrian era) the day was slightly less than 22 hours long!"}
+{"id": "56179", "revid": "455502", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56179", "title": "Tidal force", "text": "Tidal force is a kind of force made by gravity that stretches objects unevenly. This is because the gravitational field changes across the middle of a body (the diameter). Gravity pulls more strongly on the part of an object that is closer to another object, like the Moon or the Sun, than on the part that is farther away. This difference in pull stretches the object. \nOn Earth, tidal forces mainly come from the Moon and the Sun. They make the oceans move and cause tides \u2014 the regular rise and fall of sea levels. Tidal force also stretches the whole Earth a tiny bit, not just the oceans.\nTidal forces can do other things too. They can lock the rotation of moons so they always show the same side to their planet. This is called tidal locking. If an object gets too close to a big planet or a black hole, tidal forces can even pull it apart. This is called spaghettification.\nTidal forces are strongest when objects are big and close together. They get weaker very quickly when the objects are farther apart."}
+{"id": "56180", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56180", "title": "Tidal energy", "text": "Tidal energy, sometimes called \"tidal power\", is using the energy of moving water in tides and open ocean currents. It is most used for hydroelectricity. \nTidal energy systems can take kinetic energy (energy caused by movement) from the moving water of rivers, tides and open ocean currents. They can also use potential energy from the difference in height between high and low tides. Getting energy from tidal currents is becoming more popular because people believe that it does not harm the environment as much as barrages or dams. Many coastal sites around the world are being checked to see if they can be used to produce tidal energy. \nLike other hydroelectricity (electricity made using water), tidal power makes no pollution and is a renewable energy source. It is renewable because tides are caused by events that happen in the solar system and so will not run out. Tidal power has great potential for future power and electricity generation because of the very large amount of energy contained in these systems. Tidal power is reliably predictable (unlike wind power and solar power). In Europe, tide mills have been used for nearly 1,000 years, mainly for grinding grains. Modern tide mills provide tidal stream power.\nMany things affect tides. The pull of the Moon is the largest effect, and most of the energy comes from the slowing of the Earth's spin."}
+{"id": "56181", "revid": "1041406", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56181", "title": "Evangeline Lilly", "text": "Nicole Evangeline Lilly (born August 3, 1979) is a Canadian actress, known for her leading role as Kate Austen on the ABC drama mystery series \"Lost\", which ran for six seasons (2004\u20132010).\nPersonal life.\nEvangeline was once married to Canadian hockey player Murray Hone. She also dated Dominic Monaghan, who was also on \"Lost\". The two broke up in 2007.\nHer nicknames include \"Evi\" and \"Monkey\". The other actors on \"Lost\" gave her the name \"Monkey\" because she can climb trees easily, a skill that her character Kate also has. \"Lost\"-actor Josh Holloway also calls her \"Freckles\", sharing the nickname his character Sawyer gave her."}
+{"id": "56183", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56183", "title": "View", "text": "A view is what can be seen in somebody's vision. A view can also be a very scenic image. It can also be someone's opinion on something or how they look at something.\nThere are many types of views."}
+{"id": "56187", "revid": "1495229", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56187", "title": "Greystones", "text": "Greystones () is a coastal town in County Wicklow, Ireland. It is on Ireland\u2019s east coast, south of Bray and south of Dublin (it is within the Greater Dublin Area), with 15,000 people living in the region."}
+{"id": "56197", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56197", "title": "Courtly love", "text": "Courtly love is a special idea of love that people had in Europe in the Middle Ages. The word \"court\" means the courts where princes or dukes lived. Courtly love is usually when a young man, who may be a peasant or even a simple King, falls in love with a rich lady and tries to make himself worthy of her by doing brave things or by singing beautiful love songs.\nThe idea of courtly love can be found in a lot of literature e.g. in works by Geoffrey Chaucer, Dante, Gottfried von Strassburg, Walther von der Vogelweide, Wolfram von Eschenbach, Malory and William Shakespeare."}
+{"id": "56202", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56202", "title": "Dragonball Z", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56205", "revid": "373511", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56205", "title": "Royal court", "text": "A royal court or noble court is the household of a royal family\u2014including its advisors and attendants. The building is often called a palace, but the \"royal court\" means not just the buildings but all the royal household (all the people who live and work there). Someone who has a rank in a royal court is called a court official or courtier. A royal court can also include the wives and concubines of the ruler.\nIt is called a court because in early times the palace would have a court (an enclosed space) at the front.\nIn history there were great rulers who held important courts, e.g. Charlemagne.\nA famous example is Hampton Court on the river Thames in London where Henry VIII had his court. Today the King holds court at Buckingham Palace."}
+{"id": "56216", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56216", "title": "Byzantine emperor", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56217", "revid": "10425428", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56217", "title": "Statesman", "text": "A statesman or stateswoman is a respected, skilled and experienced political leader or figure. In most respects a statesman is the opposite of a politician. Politicians are thought of as people who will say or do anything to get elected or to gain power. A statesman is someone who does everything for the common good of the people he or she represents. To call a person a statesman is a mark of high regard for that person's integrity. To call someone a politician usually implies the person is worthy of very little esteem. For example, George Washington is almost always called a statesman. An elder statesman is a term often defined as an older politician or advisor who is thought to be above normal politics.\nStatesman principles.\nIn 51 BC, Cicero published his work \"De re publica\" (\"On the Republic\"). The dialog was about what made a true statesman. It was about the virtues and ideals such a leader must have. Cicero wrote that a great statesman did not have to descend from aristocrats. But he must have \"virtus\" (virtue), \"iustitia\" (a sense of justice) and wisdom. He must also have \"dignitas\" (roughly translated as dignity), temperance and must show generosity and be magnanimous.\nA statesman has certain core values and will not change beliefs simply to advance a political career. If a change in policy is necessary for the good of the people he or she serves, the change will be made no matter how much it is criticized. According to Hans J. Morgenthau, author of \"Politics Among Nations\", statesmen see things realistically; as they really are. They look at how a policy will affect a nation. A statesman is not the same as a monarch or king because their goals are not the same. A statesman does not want to dominate or control people, he or she wants to educate them so they are fit to live in a democracy. Like Plato before him, Alexis de Tocqueville believed that a statesman not only educated his or her people, he somehow shaped their character.\nWhen Abraham Lincoln became President of the United States in 1861, most people saw an awkward, rumpled country bumpkin. He had never traveled to Europe and was seen by the American people and foreign dignitaries alike as crude and unsophisticated. The Dutch minister reported of Lincoln: \u201cHe and his wife seem like .\u2009.\u2009. western farmers, and even in this country, where one has no right to be fastidious, their common manners and their ways expose them in unfortunate fashion to ridicule.\u201d While many do not remember Lincoln as a great foreign-policy president, he actually was. Like a true statesman, Lincoln adeptly guided foreign policy at a time of great peril during the Civil War when the United States was vulnerable to foreign intervention. According to Kevin Peraino, Lincoln \"should be considered one of America\u2019s seminal foreign-policy presidents \u2014 a worthy model for students of global affairs.\" Historians have long shown Lincoln to have been a great statesman who worked tirelessly to build his country into something greater than it was. He laid the groundwork for America's later rise to become a world power."}
+{"id": "56237", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56237", "title": "Chris Gueffroy", "text": "Chris Gueffroy (21 June 1968 in Pasewalk \u2013 6 February 1989 in Berlin) was the last person to be killed by border troops while trying to escape across the Berlin Wall.\nGueffroy and his friend Christian Gaudian tried to escape from East Berlin to West Berlin on the night of 5 to 6 February 1989. They tried to cross near the Britz district canal.\nGueffroy and Gaudian thought that the \"Schie\u00dfbefehl\", the order to shoot anyone who attempted to cross the wall, had been stopped. Climbing the last metal fence, the two were seen and shot at by the National People's Army (NVA) border troops. Gueffroy was hit in the chest by ten shots and died in the border strip.\nGaudian was badly injured, and was arrested and was sentenced on 24 May 1989 to imprisonment for three years by the Pankow district court for trying illegally to cross the border (\"versuchten ungesetzlichen Grenz\u00fcbertritts im schweren Fall\").\nIn September 1989 Gaudian was freed on bail by the East German government and on 17 October 1989 he was transferred to West Berlin.\nThe four border guards at first got an award (\"Leistungsabzeichen der Grenztruppen\") from the chief of the local border guards, Erich W\u00f6llner, and a prize of 150 East German Marks each. After the reunification of East and West Germany, they were prosecuted by Berlin regional court. Two of them were released in January 1992. Ingo Heinrich, who fired the shot that killed Gueffroey was sentenced to three and a half years in jail. The Bundesgerichtshof reduced the penalty to a suspended sentence of two years in 1994.\nIn 2000, two SED officials, Siegfried Lorenz and Hans-Joachim B\u00f6hme, were tried for the death of Gueffroy and two other young men, but acquitted as the judge could find no evidence that they might have been able to lift the shoot-to-kill order. The case was retried on 7 August 2004, and the two men were found guilty and given suspended sentences of 15 months each. The judge explained that the short sentences were due to the length of time since the events. This was the last case concerning deaths on the inner German border.\nOn 21 June 2003, which would have been his 35th birthday, a monument to Gueffroy was built on the banks of the Britz district canal. The monument was designed by Berlin artist Karl Biedermann."}
+{"id": "56244", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56244", "title": "Electricity generation", "text": "Electricity generation is the making of electricity for use by people. Most comes from rotary electrical generators turned by various engines.\nHistory.\nMaking electricity in one central place became useful when electric power distribution was possible. This required power transformers which could change voltage. Electricity could be sent as alternating current along electric power lines for great distances cheaply.\nPeople have been using electric light bulbs, electric motors, and other things that use electricity since the late 19th century. Different sources of energy have been used to run generators, including coal, nuclear, natural gas, hydroelectric, and petroleum power and a small amount from solar energy, tidal harnesses, wind generators, and geothermal sources.\nElectricity demand.\nThe demand for electricity can be met in two different ways. The main method is to build large centralized projects to generate and transmit the electricity required. Many of these projects have caused unpleasant environmental effects such as air or radiation pollution and the flooding of large areas of land.\nDistributed generation creates power on a smaller scale at locations on the electricity network. These sites often generate electricity as a byproduct of other industry such as using gas from landfills to power turbines.\nMethods of generating electricity.\nTurbines.\nRotating turbines attached to electrical generators produce most commercially available electricity. Turbines are driven by a fluid which acts as an intermediate energy carrier. The fluids typically used are:\nCombined cycle gas turbine plants are driven by both steam and gas. They generate power by burning natural gas in a gas turbine and use residual heat to generate additional electricity from steam. These plants offer efficiencies of up to 60%.\nReciprocating engines.\nSmall electricity generators are often powered by reciprocating engines burning diesel fuel, biogas or natural gas. Diesel generators are often used for backup power, usually at low voltages. Biogas is often combusted where it is produced, such as a landfill or wastewater treatment plant, with a reciprocating engine or a microturbine, which is a small gas turbine.\nPhotovoltaic panels.\nUnlike the solar heat concentrators, photovoltaic panels convert sunlight directly to electricity. Although sunlight is free, solar panels cost a lot of money to make and have only a 10-20% conversion efficiency. Until recently, photovoltaics were most commonly used in remote sites where there is no access to a commercial power grid, or as an extra electricity source for individual homes and businesses. Recent advances in manufacturing efficiency and photovoltaic technology, combined with subsidies driven by environmental concerns, have dramatically accelerated the deployment of solar panels. Installed solar capacity is growing by 30% per year in several regions including Germany, Japan, California and New Jersey."}
+{"id": "56251", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56251", "title": "Casey Kasem", "text": "Casey Kasem (born Kemal Amin Kasem; April 27, 1932\u2013 June 15, 2014) was an American radio personality, music historian, actor, and voice artist. He is known for his many voice roles in cartoons and for being a public radio personality.\nEarly life.\nKasem was born Kemal Amin Kasem in Detroit, Michigan, on April 27, 1932, to Lebanese Druze immigrant parents. They settled in Michigan, where they worked as grocers. Kasem graduated from Northwestern High School in Detroit and Wayne State University.\nCareer.\nKasem's career began in the radio business in the 1950s in Flint, Michigan. He then made his first movie appearance in \"Easy Rider\" in 1967.\nHe was the host of the weekly \"American Top 40\" radio show from 1970 to 1988, and again from March 1998, until January 10, 2004. Ryan Seacrest is now the host. Kasem is the host of two weekly radio shows, \"American Top 20 with Casey Kasem\" and \"American Top 10 with Casey Kasem\".\nKasem did the voice of many advertisements, has done many voices for \"Sesame Street\", and is the voice of 'Shaggy' for the animated television show \"Scooby-Doo\".\nKasem retired in 2009, because of old age and health concerns.\nPersonal life.\nKasem married Linda Myers in 1972. The couple had three children. Kasem then married Jean Thompson in 1980. The couple had one child. Kasem lived in Washington state.\nKasem was a Democrat. He narrated television ads for 1972 president candidate George McGovern's campaign.\nDisappearance.\nOn May 12, 2014, Kasem was declared missing by a Los Angeles court judge ordered an investigation for his whereabouts. Soon after, Kasem was found alive in Washington state.\nHealth.\nKasem suffered from Parkinson's disease and an early form of dementia.\nOn June 6, 2014, Kasem was in critical but stable condition at a hospital in Washington state hospital, receiving antibiotic treatment from blood pressure and bedsores. He also suffered from Lewy body disease, the most common type of progressive dementia after Alzheimer's and was bed-ridden.\nDeath.\nKasem died in Gig Harbor, Washington from complications of dementia and sepsis, aged 82. On August 14, it was reported in the Norwegian newspaper \"Verdens Gang\" that Kasem was going to be buried in Oslo. The funeral administration of Oslo, Norway confirmed that Kasem was buried at Vestre Gravlund in Oslo on December 16, 2014."}
+{"id": "56258", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56258", "title": "Lieder", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56259", "revid": "1237047", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56259", "title": "Bloc Party", "text": "Bloc Party is a British indie rock band. The band has four members: Kele Okereke sings and plays rhythm guitar, Russell Lissack plays the lead guitar, Justin Harris plays bass guitar, and Louise Bartle plays the drums. The band's music has been compared to bands such as the Cure, Gang of Four and the Strokes.\nThe band formed during the 1999 Reading Festival. They tried many different names before they chose Bloc Party. Moakes joined after reading an advertisement in \"NME\" magazine. Tong was picked through an audition. The band was first noticed when they gave BBC Radio 1 DJ Steve Lamacq and Franz Ferdinand's lead singer Alex Kapranos a copy of its music demo, \"She's Hearing Voices\". It was later released as a single.\nIn February 2005, the band released its debut album, \"Silent Alarm\". It received great reviews from many critics, and made \"NME\"'s Album of the Year list. The album was successful enough to reach platinum status in the UK a year later. The band released its second album, \"A Weekend in the City\", in 2007. This album reached number two on the UK album chart and number twelve on the \"Billboard\" 200. In August 2008, the band released their third album, \"Intimacy\". 4 years later, in 2012, the band released their fourth album, Four, and in 2016, the band released their fifth album, Hymns.\nHistory.\nEarly days and first releases.\nRussell Lissack and Kele Okereke first met in 1998 in Essex. They saw each other again in 1999 at the Reading Festival and then decided to form a band. Bass guitar player Gordon Moakes joined after answering an advertisement in \"NME\", and drummer Matt Tong joined after an audition. They were called Union at the start, the band chose to call themselves Bloc Party in September 2003 as another way of saying \"block party\". The band have said in interviews that the name was not supposed to be related to the Soviet Bloc or the Canadian political party Bloc Qu\u00e9b\u00e9cois. However, Gordon Moakes said on the group's official Internet forum that the name was made by joining the eastern \"Blocs\" and the western \"parties\", in the political sense. Moakes also said that the name was not chosen only for this reason, but because it \"looked, sounded, and seemed fine, so we went with it.\"\nIn November 2003, Bloc Party had their song \"The Marshals Are Dead\" featured on a compilation album called \"The New Cross\" released by Angular Recording Corporation. They then released their debut single \"She's Hearing Voices\" on the record label Trash Aesthetics, which was new at the time.\nThe band were first noticed after lead singer Okereke went to a Franz Ferdinand concert in 2003. He gave a CD of \"She's Hearing Voices\" to both lead singer Alex Kapranos and Radio One DJ Steve Lamacq. Afterwards, Lamacq played the song on his radio show. He called the track \"genius\", and he invited them to record a live session for the show. The success of the track led to the release of another single, \"Banquet\", which was released by Moshi Moshi Records. They went on to sign with independent label Wichita Recordings in April 2004.\n\"Silent Alarm\".\nBloc Party's first album, \"Silent Alarm\", was released in the UK in February 2005 on Wichita Recordings. In the United States, it was released in March 2005 by Vice Records. It was given a lot of praise. It was voted as the \"NME\" album of the year for 2005, and reached number three on UK album charts before being certified platinum. The first single from the album, \"So Here We Are\", made the top 5 on UK charts. Further, the singles \"Banquet\", \"Helicopter\" and \"Pioneers\", managed to reach the UK top 20 but did not do as well as \"So Here We Are\". The animated music video for \"Pioneers\" was made by Shoreditch-based designers Minivegas. It was number one in the \"NME\" video charts for four weeks.\nThe band got good reviews from critics in the United States, and they toured there a lot over 2006. At the start of 2006, they finished their tour with sold out shows in Los Angeles, Miami and Berkeley. It sold 350,000 copies in North America and over a million worldwide. After the success of the album, the established electronic group The Chemical Brothers soon collaborated with Okereke for \"Believe\", a track on the Brothers' \"Push the Button\" album. An album of remixes of tracks from \"Silent Alarm\" was released at the end of August in the UK. The album was called \"Silent Alarm Remixed\", and it kept the first album's song list.\nDuring July, Bloc Party recorded two new tracks with \"Silent Alarm\" producer Paul Epworth. The songs were released as an extended play called \"Two More Years\". The release of this EP came with another release of \"Silent Alarm\", which had on it both \"Two More Years\" and old single \"Little Thoughts\". \"Two More Years\" was released later at the same time as their October 2005 UK tour. The single also had a remix of \"Banquet\" done by The Streets, for which a music video was also made.\nThe band also made the track \"The Present\" for the \"\" compilation album. The money raised from this album went to the War Child charity. In 2005, their album track \"Like Eating Glass\" was used on the soundtrack of a horror movie called \"Cry Wolf\". It was also remixed for use on Activision's skateboarding game \"Tony Hawk's American Wasteland\".\n\"A Weekend in the City\".\nBloc Party's second album, \"A Weekend in the City\", was produced by Jacknife Lee. It was published by Wichita in the UK and Vice Records in the US and was released in February 2007. However, it was leaked in November 2006. It was released on the UK iTunes store before in shops, and reached second place in the Official UK Chart. The album did just as well in Australia and Belgium. It entered at number 12 in the \"Billboard\" 200, with 48,000 copies sold. The first single, \"The Prayer\", was released on 29 January. It became the single which did the best in the UK Top 40 for the band, reaching fourth place. Before the release of the album, BBC Radio 1 DJ Zane Lowe played a live recording of the band at the Maida Vale studio, featuring both old and new songs, on his radio show on 30 January 2007. On 1 February 2007, \"A Weekend in the City\" was made able free to listen to on the band's official MySpace page.\nThe next single, \"I Still Remember\", was Bloc Party's highest charting single in America. It got to number 24 on the Modern Rock Chart. The band released their third single, \"Hunting for Witches\", in August 2007. The single was their only ARIA Chart entry, getting to number 20.\nIn October 2007 Bloc Party said they would release a new single, \"Flux\", on 13 November\u2014ahead of their end-of-year concerts. The electronic song, also produced by Jacknife Lee, was very different from previous singles released by the band.\nThe band's first concert following the release of \"A Weekend In The City\" was on 5 February 2007, in Reading. It was played live on BBC 6 Music that night. On 20 May 2007, Bloc Party were the first band to play that year on the \"In New Music We Trust\" stage at the BBC Radio 1 Big Weekend at Preston. They also took part in the UK Live Earth concert on 7 July 2007 at Wembley Stadium. The band also played sets at T in the Park and Oxegen 2007 that same weekend, as well as Glastonbury and the Reading and Leeds Festivals. Bloc Party said that they would tour Australia and New Zealand in August 2007, which would include a special concert at the Splendour in the Grass Festival on 5 August. On 17 September 2007 they recorded a concert for the PBS show Austin City Limits. This was the day after playing at the Austin City Limits Music Festival. On 27 October 2007, the band performed with the Exmoor Singers, a London-based choir, as part of the BBC Electric Proms. They played songs from both \"Silent Alarm\" and \"A Weekend In The City\" along with the first UK live performance of \"Flux\". During 2007, Russell Lissack formed his side project group Pin Me Down with Melina Mepris.\n\"Intimacy\".\n\"Mercury\", the first single from Bloc Party's third album \"Intimacy\", was played on Zane Lowe's BBC Radio 1 show on 7 July 2008. It then appeared on the Radio 1 website fifteen minutes later. The exclusive followed a countdown timer which was put in place of the band's website for three days, which ended with a link to the Radio 1 website at the time of Lowe's radio show. Many fans were expecting new songs over the internet, with some being annoyed by the act. The song had an electronic sound like the last single, \"Flux\". During the first play of \"Mercury\" on Radio 1, Kele was with Zane Lowe, and said that Jacknife Lee and Paul Epworth would be producing the new album. It was also said that the single was to be released on 11 August 2008. The video was put out with the single.\nBloc Party's third studio album has a new, electronic sound, even though Kele said this would not be the case. He had said before this that the sound would be as raw as \"Silent Alarm\", but as \"experienced\" as \"A Weekend in the City\".\nThe band talked about the release of their third album with fans on a forum on 18 August 2008. The album then was made available for pre-order in many formats - an MP3 download with the CD release on 27 October 2008. \"Trojan Horse\", a song from the album, was made available to stream through \"NME\"'s website. On 20 August 2008, the band added more album tracks, \"Signs\" and \"One Month Off\", as well as \"Trojan Horse\", to their MySpace profile. On 23-24 August, 2008, the band played concerts at the Reading and Leeds Festivals. The band played set-opener \"Mercury\", as well as album track \"One Month Off\". A concert like that one followed a week later on 30 August 2008, when the band played as the main act at the Hydro Connect Music Festival, in Argyll, Scotland.\nDuring Autumn 2008, the band played in North America and Canada. They played at the Virgin Mobile Festival in Toronto on 6 September 2008, and had their first ever American college show at Syracuse University. They had their next live performance in the UK on 30 September 2008 with a special concert in London as part of Q Awards: The Gigs. As well as this, they played at the Glasgow date of MTV Two and Topman's \"Gonzo on Tour\" on 19 October 2008. On 8 September 2008, Bloc Party said that their next single, \"Talons\" would be released on 20 October 2008. The song was not able to be downloaded as part of the pre-order album released on August 27, but did appear on the full album release on 27 October 2008. It was also given to fans who had already bought the download-only album, given out after the song's first play on Zane Lowe's BBC Radio 1 show.\nAfter the digital release of \"Intimacy\", Bloc Party said to the public that they would go on another UK tour, starting on 25 January 2009 in Glasgow. They will then play in Manchester and Wolverhampton in the same month, with another gig in Wolverhampton on 1 February 2009. Their first UK tour since December 2007 will finish on 12 April 2009 in London. Also in early 2009, the band toured North America in many small places. In June 2009 they announced that their new single is called One More Chance. This song was not on Intimacy and was played on Radio One on the 18th of June 2009. It was released during August 2009."}
+{"id": "56260", "revid": "9608628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56260", "title": "VfR Mannheim", "text": "VfR Mannheim a German football team. It is in Mannheim, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg. The club was formed in 1911. The team won German Championship back in 1940s.\nVfR Mannheim rivals are Waldhof Mannheim who's stadion is right next to VfR Mannheim's stadion and training facilities"}
+{"id": "56262", "revid": "9417177", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56262", "title": "SV Waldhof Mannheim", "text": "SV Waldhof Mannheim is a German football club. It is in Mannheim, Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg. The club was founded 1907. The club today has over 2,400 people. The team plays in the Regionalliga S\u00fcd the 4th German Football division."}
+{"id": "56264", "revid": "8896805", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56264", "title": "Popular science", "text": "If a book or a TV show is about science, and is made easy so everyone can understand, then it is popular science. It is \"popular\" because it is made for the whole \"population\", not just for scientists. Nature documentaries are examples of popular science.\nPopular science is non-fiction, so it is not the same as \"science fiction\". Popular science is also not the same as \"Science journalism\". Science journalism is what journalists write to report the newest theories and discoveries made in science, but popular science is not always about what is newest.\nSome famous people who make popular science are David Attenborough, Isaac Asimov, Jacob Bronowski, Arthur C. Clarke, Martin Gardner, J.B.S. Haldane, Stephen Hawking, Bill Nye, and Carl Sagan.\nPopular science and scientific literature.\nWhen scientists write about their work, first they publish in scientific journals such as \"Nature\" and \"Science\". Then they may write books. The purpose of popular science is to show scientific literature in a way that different types of scientists, and people who are not scientists, will easily understand. When people take an idea from scientific literature and change it into popular science, important things about that idea may be left out or added in.\nPopular science is a bridge between the literature written for scientists, and the realms of popular writing which ordinary people use. The goal of the genre is to capture the methods and accuracy of science, while making the language more accessible.\nPopular science has its problems. Some popular science is made by people who do not understand the subject well. Some is made by people who have a strong bias. Some is part science and part pseudoscience. It can be hard for someone who is not an expert to tell which works of popular science are reliable. Museums, television programs and websites are also in the business of communicating science to the wider public. Not all of these are reliable. The oldest institution devoted to link science to the public may be the Gresham College, which was founded in 1597 in London. It was not entirely devoted to science. The Royal Institution in London has similar aims, and is devoted to science. It was founded in 1799. Both of these institutions have always given lectures by experts to the general public."}
+{"id": "56265", "revid": "1043157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56265", "title": "Lullaby", "text": "A lullaby is a song which is sung to help a baby or small child go to sleep. Composers of classical music often wrote pieces for instruments to play (very often for piano solo) which they called \"lullaby\". They also used the French word \"Berceuse\". Brahms wrote his famous \"Wiegenlied\" originally for a young singer, Bertha Faber, when she gave birth to her second son.\nLullabies always have a gentle, rocking rhythm with a simple accompaniment. Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Chopin's \"Berceuse\" is a lullaby for piano. Gabriel Faur\u00e9 wrote one at the beginning of his \"Dolly Suite\" for piano duet. There are many other examples. \nMothers sing lullabies to their children at bedtime. \"Rock-a-bye Baby\" and \"Hush Little Baby\" are two very well-known lullabies.\nThere is an example of lullaby:\n\"Rock-a-bye baby\"\n\"On the tree tops,\"\"When the wind blows\"\n\"The cradle will rock.\"\n\"When the bough breaks\"\n\"The cradle will fall,\"\n\"And down will come baby\"\n\"Cradle and all.\""}
+{"id": "56266", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56266", "title": "Ber\u00e7euse", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56267", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56267", "title": "Wiegenlied", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56268", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56268", "title": "Noble court", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56270", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56270", "title": "Cha-no-yu", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56285", "revid": "7009698", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56285", "title": "Lund", "text": "Lund is a city in Scania, in the south of Sweden. About 80,000 people live there, which makes it the eleventh biggest city in Sweden. It is close to Malm\u00f6. The municipality has about 105,000 people. \nLund is known for its university, Lund University (founded in 1666). It is the largest university in Scandinavia. The city is also known for its cathedral, Lund Cathedral (\"Lunds domkyrka\").\nLund is an old city. It was probably founded around the year 990, when Scania belonged to Denmark."}
+{"id": "56292", "revid": "9157412", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56292", "title": "Guadalcanal", "text": "Guadalcanal is the biggest island in the Solomon Islands. During World War II, there was a battle there between the Americans and the Japanese."}
+{"id": "56294", "revid": "1481737", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56294", "title": "FC Eintracht Bamberg", "text": "1. FC Eintracht Bamberg is a football team in Bamberg, Upper Franconia Germany. In 1946 they were called 1. FC Bamberg and were in the \"first Division\". Now they play in the \"Fourth Division\", Regionalliga Bayern, with the new name, F.C. Eintracht Bamberg."}
+{"id": "56295", "revid": "9417199", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56295", "title": "FSV Frankfurt", "text": "FSV Frankfurt is the second best football team in Frankfurt, Germany after Eintracht Frankfurt. In the season 2007/08 it became champion of the Regionalliga S\u00fcd. Since 2008 FSV Frankfurt plays in the 2. Bundesliga."}
+{"id": "56296", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56296", "title": "Joachim L\u00f6w", "text": "Joachim L\u00f6w (born 3 February 1960) is a German former professional football player who formerly managed the Germany national football team after being eliminated by England in the UEFA Euro 2020 Round of 16. He became a World Cup winning manager when his team won the 2014 FIFA World Cup.\nHonours.\nManagerial.\nVfB Stuttgart\nTirol Innsbruck\nAustria Wien\nGermany"}
+{"id": "56297", "revid": "18539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56297", "title": "Polyhydroxyalkanoates", "text": "Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is a biopolymer that is made by bacteria. It can break down naturally (it is biodegradable). PHA has the same qualities of plastic, but it uses renewable raw material such as sugar from crop, instead of finite natural resources such as crude oil, natural gas and coal. Some PHAs share properties with polypropylene, a plastic used to make ropes and packaging. Others are similar to rubber."}
+{"id": "56298", "revid": "9144126", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56298", "title": "SpVgg Bayreuth", "text": "SpVgg Bayreuth is a German football team in Bayreuth, Bavaria. It was founded in 1921. The club was banned in 1933 by the Nazis but restarted shortly after World War II. SpVgg Bayreuth plays in one of the Fourths Divisions, the Bayernliga. In the season 2005/2006, they played in the Third Division, the Regionalliga. Today the play in the Fifth Division (Bayernliga Nord)."}
+{"id": "56306", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56306", "title": "Max Reger", "text": "Max Reger (born in Brand, Bavaria, 19 March 1873; died 11 May 1916) was a German composer, organist, pianist and teacher.\nLife.\nReger\u2019s father was a schoolteacher who was an amateur musician. When he was a boy Max helped his father to rebuild an organ that was going to be thrown away. This was the instrument on which he learned to play. It was some time before he started proper lessons, but by the time he was a teenager he was playing the organ for church services. When he was 15 he went to Bayreuth to hear Wagner\u2019s operas. This was the moment when Reger decided he wanted to become a musician.\nReger studied music in Munich and Wiesbaden with a famous teacher Hugo Riemann. He composed a lot of music, especially for the organ. His musical style was similar to that of Brahms, but he also learned a lot from the music of Bach, Mendelssohn and Schumann. He liked the symphonic poems of Liszt and these gave him the ideas for writing chorale fantasies for the organ, although he never wrote music that tells a story (programme music).\nIn 1902, Reger married. He and his wife adopted two children. In 1907, he became professor of composition at the University of Leipzig. He was a very good teacher. He became well-known abroad. He travelled to London where he spent hours in the art galleries. Then he bored his friends by talking all the time about the paintings. He conducted the orchestra at Meiningen, performing works by many composers, especially Brahms, Bruckner and his own.\nReger enjoyed eating and drinking. He regularly went to his local caf\u00e9 where he would eat ten large sausages and drink ten glasses of beer. His health got bad, and he died of a heart attack in Leipzig, where he was visiting friends on his way home from the Netherlands.\nWorks.\nReger wrote an enormous amount of music, but very little of it is played nowadays. He wrote in a late-Romantic style. He is best remembered for his organ music. He liked to write fugues and sets of Variations. His \"Fantasy and Fugue on BACH\" is one of the hardest pieces ever written for organ. He wrote a lovely song called \"Marias Wiegenlied\" (\"Mary\u2019s lullaby)."}
+{"id": "56307", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56307", "title": "11 May", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56308", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56308", "title": "The Virgin Mary", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56310", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56310", "title": "Peter tchaikovsky", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56311", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56311", "title": "Peter Tchaikovsky", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56316", "revid": "190121", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56316", "title": "Saint Stephen", "text": "Saint Stephen () is known as the first martyr of Christianity.\nTherefore, he is also called the Protomartyr (). He is venerated as a saint in the Roman Catholic Church, as well as in the Eastern Orthodox Church. His feast day was historically kept on August 3. His name means 'laurel wreath' or 'crown' in Greek. His death is described in the Book of Acts. He was stoned to death for blasphemy and is remembered on the Feast of St. Stephen, December 26."}
+{"id": "56319", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56319", "title": "The Dark Tower (series)", "text": "The Dark Tower is a series of eight books by American writer Stephen King that tells the tale of lead character Roland Deschain's quest for the \"Dark Tower.\" "}
+{"id": "56328", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56328", "title": "Jon Corzine", "text": "Jon Stevens Corzine (born January 1, 1947) is an American politician. He was the 54th Governor of the state of New Jersey. He represented New Jersey in the United States Senate from 2001 until 2006, when he stepped down to take his seat as governor. On November 3, 2009, Jon Corzine lost re-election for another four years as governor. The person who won was Chris Christie, who became the governor on January 20, 2010. "}
+{"id": "56329", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56329", "title": "Jim McGreevey", "text": "James Edward \"'Jim\"' McGreevey (born August 6, 1957) is an American politician and lawyer. He was the 52nd Governor of New Jersey from 2002 to 2004. In 2004, he said that he was gay. He resigned as governor after he said he had an affair with a male employee. He was the first openly gay governor of any state in the history of the United States."}
+{"id": "56331", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56331", "title": "Physical quantity", "text": "In physics, a physical quantity is any physical property that can be quantified, that is, be measured using numbers. Examples of physical quantities are mass, amount of substance, length, time, temperature, electric current, light intensity, force, velocity, density, and many others. A physical quantity is always measured of natural non-living objects (Inanimate objects)\nThe foundation of physics rests upon physical quantities in term of which the laws of physics are expressed. Therefore, these quantities have to be measured accurately. Physical quantities are often divided into two categories; base quantities and derived quantities. Derived quantities are those quantities which are derived from other physical quantities. Examples of derived quantities are force, velocity, acceleration etc."}
+{"id": "56337", "revid": "440188", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56337", "title": "Helicopter rotor", "text": "A rotor is the rotating part of a helicopter which generates lift, either vertically in the case of a main rotor, or horizontally in the case of a tail rotor.\nHistory and development.\nBefore the development of powered helicopters in the mid 20th century, autogyro pioneer \"Juan de la Cierva\" researched and developed many of the basics of the rotor. Cierva is credited with successful development of multi-bladed, fully articulated rotor systems. This type of system is widely used today in many multi-bladed helicopters."}
+{"id": "56340", "revid": "6007946", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56340", "title": "Variations (music)", "text": "In music, the word variation is to play a piece of music and change the notes or add parts into it but also making it sound like the piece of music in another way.\nMany composers wrote pieces which are examples of theme and variation. Sometimes the theme is one they made up, at other times they took a theme that another composer had already written and then made variations on it.\nThere are lots of ways of varying a tune, and each variation will change it in a different way. A variation may play the tune much faster or much slower, it may change the tune by adding extra sharps and flats or other ornamental notes, or by playing the tune in octaves. It may change the harmony or the rhythm or use different instruments. It may combine the tune in different parts (counterpoint).\nHistory in music.\nComposers have used variations in music for centuries. In the Renaissance and Baroque periods composers wrote variations on a short tune in the bass which was repeated again and again. This was called a ground bass or sometimes it was a passacaglia or chaconne. Renaissance composers also liked writing what they called \u201cdivisions\u201d. This meant varying a tune by playing it, for example, at twice the speed or half the speed etc. so that crotchets (quarter notes) became minims (half notes) or quavers (eighth notes).\nGeorge Frideric Handel wrote a famous set of variations for harpsichord called \"Harmonious Blacksmith\", and Johann Sebastian Bach wrote the \"Goldberg Variations\", which was a set of 30 variations: a very long piece of music. It was written for a man who found it difficult to sleep at night, so he would ask his harpsichord player, whose name was Goldberg, to play to him.\nMany composers from the Classical, Romantic and 20th century classical music periods wrote sets of variations. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart wrote several, one of which was based on a French folktune which we know in Britain as \u201cTwinkle, Twinkle, Little Star\u201d. Beethoven wrote several wonderful sets of variations. Many of them were for piano, but he also used the form in other pieces e.g. the slow movement of his . Schubert often wrote variations on tunes from his own songs.\nOther composers who wrote variations include Brahms, Elgar, Schoenberg, and Britten."}
+{"id": "56341", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56341", "title": "Theme and Variations", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56348", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56348", "title": "Logo (programming language)", "text": "Logo is a programming language that is easy to learn. It is used to teach students and children to program a computer. It was developed to process lists of words. It was like the language LISP.\nHistory.\nIn 1967, the first Logo ran on a mainframe computer, a machine called a teletype was used to type in and printout the results. There was no screen.\nIn 1969, it was used to control a Floor Turtle. Commands were added to send the turtle forwards and backwards, and to turn the turtle to left or right. This turtle had pen with different colors. When it moved, it left a trail on the floor.\nVersions.\nWhen a new version of Logo was developed to draw graphics on a screen, it used the same commands. This was called Turtle graphics.\nThere are 170 versions of Logo. Many of them are open source and free. There are three Logo textbooks that can be downloaded free. Logo is usually an interpreted language.\nExamples.\nHello World.\nLoad the Logo program. Type the next line in the command box.\n print [Hello World!]\nThe computer replies.\n Hello World!\nExample Showing Graphics and Functional Programming.\nA spiral drawn using recursion. \nUsing the editor, type in this new definition.\n to spiral :size\n if :size > 30 [stop] ; a condition stop\n fd :size rt 15 ; many lines of action\n spiral :size *1.02 ; the tailend recursive call\n end\nType this in the command box.\n spiral 10\nOn the screen you will see.\nOther websites.\nLogo Programs\nOnline books"}
+{"id": "56349", "revid": "1241374", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56349", "title": "Lisp (programming language)", "text": "Lisp (used to be called LISP) is a programming language. It is among the oldest programming languages that are still used today. Only Fortran is one year older. Lisp was designed by John McCarthy in 1958. The best-known versions of LISP are Common Lisp, Scheme and Clojure. Many concepts that are used in modern programming languages were first created in Lisp.\nLinked lists are a very important data structure in Lisp. \nThe basic concepts behind Lisp are easy to learn. Logo is another version of Lisp that was made for children. Logo can help young children develop skills and become efficient within the programming language.\nSimple examples (Scheme).\nIn Lisp, operations are written in prefix notation, and they start and end with parentheses. For example, the formula formula_1 is written as:\nBecause Lisp is a functional language, Lisp programs often use recursion to solve problems. Here is a Scheme program that finds the factorial of a number. The function (factorial n) starts by testing if formula_2 or not. If formula_3, then (factorial 0) is 1. If formula_4, then (factorial n) returns the product of formula_5 and the factorial of formula_6.\n (if\n (= n 0)\n 1\n (* n (factorial (- n 1)))))\nLinked lists are an important idea in Lisp. The list without any things in it is known as the \"empty\" or \"nil list\", and is written as '(). A list that has things in it is written as '(dog cat). \nThe operation car is used to get the first thing of a list. For example,\nThe operation cdr returns everything in the list except for the first thing.\nHere is a hello world program in Scheme:"}
+{"id": "56350", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56350", "title": "Lambda calculus", "text": "In mathematical logic and computer science, lambda calculus, also \u03bb-calculus, is a formal system (a system that can be used to figure out different logical theories and ideas). It was made to explore different ways of creating and using mathematical functions, and it lays out rules for doing this. It is also a tool for exploring recursion, and it has been used to explain what a computable function is. It was made by Alonzo Church and Stephen Cole Kleene in the 1930s. In 1936, Church used lambda calculus to show that there is no solution to the Entscheidungsproblem.\nLambda calculus can be called the smallest universal programming language. At its core, lambda calculus is made up of just one \"transformation rule\" (something called \"variable substitution\") and just one way to define a function. Each \"function definition\" has a list of the function's \"parameters\", which are all of the variables that can be used in that function. Variable substitution is where specific variables in a function are replaced by other values (for example, the value formula_1 could take the place of every spot in a function where the variable formula_2 appears). This is called a transformation rule because it can be used to \"transform\" lambda expressions by changing around their values.\nLambda calculus is considered \"universal\" because it can be used to both create and find the answer to any computable function. This is exactly what a Turing machine can do, so lambda calculus and Turing machines are said to be equivalent. However, lambda calculus focuses more on the use of transformation rules. It does not care about the actual machine that puts those rules into place. It is an approach more related to software than to hardware.\nThere is no way to answer the question of whether two lambda calculus expressions are the same as each other (in more specific words, there is no general algorithm that can show that two lambda expressions are equivalent). This was the first problem where the idea of undecidability could be proven. Later, undecidability was also proven for the halting problem, where it was shown that there is no general way to show whether or not a program will keep running forever. Lambda calculus has had large effects on lots of functional programming languages, such as LISP, ML, and Haskell."}
+{"id": "56351", "revid": "1458798", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56351", "title": "Family Jewels", "text": "Family Jewels is a two disc compilation DVD by the Australian hard rock band AC/DC. It contains videos from the Bon Scott era to the Brian Johnson era. The compilation was released in 2005."}
+{"id": "56359", "revid": "1341110", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56359", "title": "Power transmission", "text": "Power transmission is moving energy from where it is made to where it is used.\nPower is defined formally as units of energy per unit time.\nIn SI units: 1 watt = 1 joule/s = 1 newton * metre/second (1W=1J/s=1N\u00b7m/s).\nElectrical power.\nWith widespread establishment of power grids, power transmission has came to be associated most often with electric power transmission. \nMechanical power.\nElectrical power transmission has replaced mechanical power transmission in all but the very shortest distances. From the start of the industrial revolution until the end of the 19th century mechanical power transmission was the norm. Factories were fitted with overhead driveshafts providing rotary power. Drivebelts would provide power to individual machines on the shop floor.\nMechanical power may be transmitted directly using a solid structure such as a driveshaft; transmission gears can adjust the amount of torque or force vs. speed in much the same way an electrical transformer adjusts voltage vs current.\nChemicals and fuels.\nChemical energy is transmitted by moving fuels to generate power in distant places. Pipelines and other large infrastructure projects transport natural gas, petroleum and petroleum products for use as fuel. "}
+{"id": "56361", "revid": "10261162", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56361", "title": "Ocean surface wave", "text": "Ocean surface waves are surface waves that occur in the upper layer of the ocean. They usually result from wind. Some are made by geologic effects like earthquakes or vulcanicity and may travel thousands of miles before striking land. They range in size from small ripples to huge tsunamis. There is little actual forward motion of individual water particles in an unbroken wave, despite the large amount of energy and momentum it may carry forward. When a wave hits shallow water, it \"breaks\" because the bottom moves more slowly than the top. \nThe vast majority of large breakers that one sees on a coastal beach result from distant winds. Three factors influence the formation of these \"wind waves\":\nAll of these factors work together to determine the size and shape of ocean waves. The greater each of the variables, the larger the waves. Waves are measured by:\nWaves in a given area typically have a wide range of sizes. For weather reporting and for scientific analysis of wind wave statistics, their size over a period of time is usually expressed as \"significant wave height.\" This figure represents the average height of the highest one-third of the waves in a given time period (usually twelve hours) or in a specific storm system or event. Given the variability of wave size, the largest individual waves are likely to be twice the reported significant wave height for a particular day or storm."}
+{"id": "56362", "revid": "844779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56362", "title": "Crest (physics)", "text": "A crest is the point on a wave with the greatest positive value or upward displacement in a cycle. A trough is the opposite of a crest.\nWhen the crest and the trough of two waves of equal magnitude and frequency intersect or collide when in phase with each other the result is called constructive interference and the magnitudes double (above and below the line), when 180\u00b0 out of phase the result is destructive interference with each other the resulting wave is the undisturbed line that is in the middle of the diagram having zero amplitude.\nIn other words, the wave crest is called a peak."}
+{"id": "56363", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56363", "title": "Trough", "text": "A trough is a box-like drinking vessel for farm animals. Other senses of the word refer to things that are lower than their surroundings, like a trough:\nSee also trow."}
+{"id": "56364", "revid": "1743492", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56364", "title": "Trough (physics)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56368", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56368", "title": "Surface wave", "text": "In physics, a surface wave can refer to a mechanical wave that propagates along the interface between differing media, usually two fluids with different densities. A surface wave can also be an electromagnetic wave guided by a refractive index gradient. For radio waves, a ground wave is a surface wave that propagates close to the surface of the Earth."}
+{"id": "56369", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56369", "title": "Nausea", "text": "Nausea is a general feeling of unease and discomfort in the stomach, often with the urge to vomit. The word \"nausea\" comes from the Latin word for seasickness.\nNausea is a symptom, rather than an illness or disease. The causes for it very often are not in the stomach itself, but somewhere else in the body. Nausea is often caused by a stomach virus. Nausea is usually harmless, in the short term. A good treatment for it can be not to take solid food (and to only drink non-alcoholic drinks, like water). Nausea can also occur during pregnancy, and is quite normal in that context. People can suffer nausea without vomiting."}
+{"id": "56370", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56370", "title": "Anxiety", "text": "Anxiety is distress or uneasiness of mind caused by a fear of danger or misfortune. Very often, people with anxiety also feel worries. There can also be physical symptoms, like having a headache or an upset stomach.\nAnxiety is a very common human emotion and is often associated with fear, panic, and the fight or flight response. The amount of stress needed to cause anxiety will vary from person to person however, basics include: losing one's job, the death of a loved one, or an accident, to name a few. In most people, anxiety will settle over time and one will return to normal state. \nSome people suffer a lot of anxiety over a long period of time which controls them and makes their lives difficult. These conditions are called anxiety disorders and can be treated by therapy and medicine.\nGeneral anxiety symptoms are things such as; continual tiredness / exhaustion, inability to relax, lack of confidence, low self-esteem, fear of public places, fear of socialising, frequent feelings of irrational anxiety / fear, compulsive behavior, worrying about making mistakes, regular nightmares, disturbed sleep patterns, excessive crying, headaches, stomach problems, diarrhea, nausea, aching muscles, and so on.\nSymptoms of anxiety attacks are things like; sweating, shaking and tremors, palpitations, shortness of breath, hyperventilating, racing heart beat, tingling in hands and feet, feeling of impending doom, feeling you are having a heart attack. There are more, but these are the usual ones.\nMedicine.\nThese symptoms, more or less, define anxiety but they can also be signs of other problems, so the first port of call has to be a doctor or other health care professional. They will be able to define what the problem is exactly, and propose the appropriate treatment.\nA doctor\u2019s first line treatment is usually through drug-based medication; for example antidepressants, anti-anxiety tablets and beta blockers. These can be very effective, but they all have side effects, some worse than others. This can tend to put folks off continuing with them. Note however, that many drugs that have been taken for a longer time, need to be stopped in a special way (usually, with the help of a doctor); simply stopping the drug can lead to withdrawal symptoms. \nOther non-drug therapies are becoming popular such as; self-hypnosis, meditation, yoga, cognitive behavioral therapy, counseling, acupuncture, etc. These are therapies to help people \u2018manage\u2019 or \u2018cope\u2019 with their anxiety and / or anxiety attacks.\nBut what about the underlying cause(s) of anxiety? The two treatment types above focus on either reducing the symptoms of anxiety, or, helping a person cope with their disorder. They don\u2019t seem to do anything about the underlying condition(s) that are causing the anxiety.\nAnd the very \u2018fear\u2019 of another anxiety attack can bring one on. As long as this irrational fear exists it\u2019s very difficult to stop attacks and resolve the general anxiety. Eliminating this fear can prevent further attacks and get rid of the general anxiety much more effectively.\nAnxiety disorders.\nAnxiety disorders are any sort of disorder caused by a major amount of anxiety. There are many different disorders, each of which may be diagnosed by a trained professional. Examples of such disorders are \nNon-medical, religious treatments.\nThe state of anxiety can be calmed with the devotion of the Rosary that allows the person to pray and meditate with a great sense of peace."}
+{"id": "56371", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56371", "title": "Lumbar puncture", "text": "A lumbar puncture (often called spinal tap, by non-doctors) is a medical method to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid (fluid from the brain). This can be done to analyse the sample, to find some hints to diseases. It can also be done to lower the pressure of the fluid inside the skull."}
+{"id": "56372", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56372", "title": "Spinal tap", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56374", "revid": "8095976", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56374", "title": "Wave power", "text": "Wave power means the use of ocean surface waves and the capture of that energy to do useful work\u2014including electricity generation, desalination, and the pumping of water (into reservoirs). It makes use of the kinetic energy of the waves that are driven by the wind.\nPower from ocean surface wave motion might produce much more energy than tides. Tests have shown that it is possible to produce energy from waves, particularly in Scotland in the UK. But the technology is not as well developed as other renewable energy such as wind power or solar power."}
+{"id": "56375", "revid": "507729", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56375", "title": "Port Royal", "text": "Port Royal was a city in Jamaica. It was the focus of trade in Jamaica in the 17th century. It was known for its piracy, but also for the riches accumulated, and for the very bad moral values that could be found in the city. An earthquake in June of 1692 largely destroyed the city. Two thirds of the city sank into the Caribbean Sea. Today, the city is covered by at least 8 metres of water. The city is among the most important archaeological sites in the Ocean. Its role as a center for trade was taken over by Spanish Town, Jamaica, and later by Kingston."}
+{"id": "56388", "revid": "844779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56388", "title": "List of bridges in the United States", "text": "List of bridges in the United States is a work in progress."}
+{"id": "56389", "revid": "5215463", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56389", "title": "Osborne's bull", "text": "Osborne's bull was created as an advertisement for a sherry in 1956. Many people see it as the unofficial image of Spain. The bull is seen in semi-profile. The bulls used today are about 14 metres high, and are made out of about 70 plates of iron. There are many people who think it as a god."}
+{"id": "56390", "revid": "8805", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56390", "title": "Macinac bridge", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56399", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56399", "title": "Desalination", "text": "Desalination means any process that removes the excess salt and other minerals from water in order to obtain fresh water suitable for animal consumption or irrigation. Most desalination is by distillation. Some is by reverse osmosis or other methods.\nThe main purpose is to make water for people to use. The salt is usually carried away as brine but in some places the solid salt is extracted. \nDesalination of brackish water is done in the United States in order to meet treaty obligations for river water entering Mexico. Several Middle Eastern countries have energy reserves so great that they use desalinated water for agriculture. Saudi Arabia's desalination plants account for about 24% of total world capacity. The world's largest desalination plant is the \"Jebel Ali\" Desalination Plant (Phase 2) in UAE. It uses multi-stage flash distillation, dual-purpose and it is capable of producing 300 million cubic meters of water per year.\nMethods.\nThe traditional process used in these operations is vacuum distillation \u2014 essentially the boiling of water at less than atmospheric pressure, and thus a much lower temperature than normal. Due to the reduced temperature, energy is saved."}
+{"id": "56400", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56400", "title": "Solar energy", "text": "Solar energy is a type of energy that comes from the sun's heat. People have been using solar energy for thousands of years in different ways, such as heating, cooking, and drying. Nowadays, it is also used to create electricity in areas where other sources of power are not available, such as remote locations and even outer space.\nThe cost of generating electricity from solar energy is decreasing, making it a more affordable option. Since the sun provides heat and light constantly, solar energy is considered a renewable energy source and an alternative to non-renewable resources like coal and oil.\nEnergy uses.\nSolar energy is used in various ways today, including:\nEnergy from the Sun.\nAfter passing through the Earth's atmosphere, most of the Sun's energy is in the form of visible light and infrared light radiation. Plants convert the energy in sunlight into chemical energy (sugars and starches) through the process of photosynthesis. Humans regularly use this store of energy in various ways, as when they burn wood off fossil fuels, or when simply eating plants, fish and animals.\nSolar radiation reaches the Earth's upper atmosphere with the power of 1366 watts per square meter (W/m2). Since the Earth is round, the surface nearer its poles is angled away from the Sun and receives much less solar energy than the surface nearer the equator.\nAt present, solar cell panels convert, at best, about 15% of the sunlight hitting them into electricity. \nThe dark disks in the third diagram on the right are imaginary examples of the amount of land that, if covered with 8% efficient solar panels, would produce slightly more energy in the form of electricity than the world needed in 2003.\nTypes of technologies.\nMany technologies have been developed to make use of solar radiation. Some of these technologies make direct use of the solar energy (e.g. to provide light, heat, etc.), while others produce electricity.\nSolar power plants.\nSolar power plants convert sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using \"concentrated solar power\" (CSP). Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaics converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect.\nRank.\nSolar cooker.\nSolar cooking uses the Sun as the source of energy instead of standard cooking fuels such as charcoal, coal or gas. Solar cookers are an inexpensive and environmentally sound alternative to traditional ovens. They are becoming widely used in areas of the developing world where deforestation is an issue, financial resources to purchase fuel are limited, and where open flames would pose a serious risk to people and the environment. Solar cookers are covered with a glass plate. They achieve a higher temperature by using mirrors to focus the rays of the sun.\nSolar heater.\n The Sun may be used to heat water instead of electricity or gas. There are two basic types of active solar heating systems based on the type of fluid \u2014 either liquid or air \u2014 that is heated in the solar energy collectors. (The collector is the device in which a fluid is heated by the Sun.)\nLiquid-based systems heat water or an antifreeze solution in a \"hydronic\" collector, whereas air-based systems heat air in an \"air collector.\" Both air and liquid systems can supplement forced air systems.\nSolar cells.\nSolar cells can be used to generate electricity from sunlight. It is a device that converts light energy into electrical energy. Sometimes the term \"solar cell\" is reserved for devices intended specifically to capture energy from sunlight, while the term \"photovoltaic cell\" is used when the light source is unspecified.\nSolar cells have many applications. They have long been used in situations where electrical power from the grid is unavailable, such as in remote area power systems, Earth-orbiting satellites and space probes, consumer systems, e.g. handheld calculators or wrist watches, remote radiotelephones and water pumping applications. A large no. of solar cells are combined in an arrangement called solar cell panel that can deliver enough electricity for practical use. Electricity produced by solar panels can be stored in rechargeable solar batteries, which is then drawn upon when required."}
+{"id": "56401", "revid": "1570152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56401", "title": "Photovoltaics", "text": "Photovoltaics (PVs) are arrays of cells containing a solar photovoltaic material that converts solar radiation or energy from the sun into direct current electricity. Due to the growing demand for renewable energy sources, the manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has advanced considerably in recent years, and costs have dropped.\nSolar photovoltaics are growing rapidly, from a small base, to a total global capacity of 130,000 MW at the end of 2013. More than 100 countries use solar PV. Installations may be ground-mounted (and sometimes integrated with farming and grazing) or built into the roof or walls of a building.\nPanels.\nPhotovoltaic solar panels come in many different voltages. The most common are 12 volts, 24 volts, and 48 volts. Like batteries, multiple solar panels can be connected together to produce higher voltages, for example, two 48 volt panels connected together would produce 96 volts. The inverter, batteries, and solar panels in a system are usually all of the same voltage. The advantage of a higher-voltage system is that thinner wire is used, which is less expensive and easier to pull through conduit. The disadvantage of a higher-voltage installation is that electric shock and arc flash become more of a hazard, so installations above 48 volts are usually only found in solar power plants or commercial buildings.\nA photovoltaic installation typically includes an array of solar panels, an inverter, rechargeable batteries (for use at night), a charge controller (a device that prevents the batteries from over-charging), two GFCI circuit breakers (one before the inverter and one after), and interconnection wiring. There is sometimes also a transformer after the inverter, which can power 240 volt heavy appliances such as a clothes dryer or oven. The transformer is often part of the inverter and can't be seen. Everything past the inverter (or transformer if there is one) is set up like a normal utility-fed installation (breaker panel, lights, outlets, switches, etc.). If there is no transformer, only 120 volt devices may be used. Installations without a transformer must be labelled as such on the breaker panel to alert future electricians that 240 volt appliances can not be installed. Some installations have direct current (DC) lighting and possibly DC appliances. The advantage of this is that for DC loads, the losses in the inverter are avoided. These installations will have a separate DC breaker panel connected before the inverter. For safety reasons, DC wiring cannot be run in the same conduit as AC wiring, and DC outlets must not accept an AC plug and vice versa.\nSolar Cells.\nA solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that changes light energy into electricity. Photovoltaics are best known as a method for making electricity by using solar cells to change energy from the sun into a flow of electrons. The was first noticed by Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel in 1839. Practically all photovoltaic devices are some type of photodiode. \nSolar cells can be used to power tools or to recharge a storage battery. The first actual request of photovoltaics was to power orbiting satellites and other spacecrafts, but today the most photovoltaic modules are used for grid connected power creation. In this case a tool called an inverter is required to convert the direct current to alternating current. Cells require protection from the environment and are usually packaged tightly behind a glass sheet. When more power is required than a single cell can give off, cells are electrically connected together to form photovoltaic modules, or solar panels. A single module is enough to power an emergency telephone, but for a house or a power station the modules must be arranged in multiples as arrays."}
+{"id": "56402", "revid": "1662932", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56402", "title": "Solar cell", "text": "Solar cells are semiconductor devices that convert light to electricity. They have many applications. They have long been used in situations where electrical power from the grid is unavailable, such as in remote area power systems, Earth-orbiting satellites and space probes, consumer systems, e.g. handheld calculators or wrist watches, remote radiotelephones and water pumping applications. More recently, they are starting to be used in assemblies of solar modules connected to the electricity grid through an inverter, often in combination with net metering.\nSolar cells are regarded as one of the key technologies of solar energy towards a sustainable energy supply.\nThree generations of development.\nFirst.\nThe first generation photovoltaic consists of a large-area, single layer p-n junction diode, which is capable of generating usable electrical energy from light sources with the wavelengths of sunlight. These cells are typically made using a silicon wafer. First generation photovoltaic cells (also known as silicon wafer-based solar cells) are the dominant technology in the commercial production of solar cells, accounting for more than 86% of the solar cell market.\nSecond.\nThe second generation of photovoltaic materials is based on the use of thin-film deposits of semiconductors. These devices were initially designed to be high-efficiency, multiple junction photovoltaic cells. Later, the advantage of using a thin-film of material was noted, reducing the mass of material required for cell design. This contributed to a prediction of greatly reduced costs for thin film solar cells. Currently (2007) there are different technologies/semiconductor materials under investigation or in mass production, such as amorphous silicon, poly-crystalline silicon, micro-crystalline silicon, cadmium telluride, copper indium selenide/sulfide. Typically, the efficiencies of thin-film solar cells are lower compared with silicon (wafer-based) solar cells, but manufacturing costs are also lower, so that a lower price in terms of $/watt of electrical output can be achieved. Another advantage of the reduced mass is that less support is needed when placing panels on rooftops and it allows fitting panels on light materials or flexible materials, even textiles. This allows for portable roll-up solar panels, which can fit in a backpack and be used to power cell phones or laptops in remote areas.\nThird.\nThird generation photovoltaics are very different from the other two, broadly defined as semiconductor devices which do not rely on a traditional p-n junction to separate photogenerated charge carriers. These new devices include photoelectrochemical cells, Polymer solar cells, and nanocrystal solar cells.\nCompanies working on third generation photovoltaics include \"Xsunx, Konarka Technologies, Inc.\", \"Nanosolar\" and \"Nanosys\". Research is also being done in this area by the USA's \"National Renewable Energy Laboratory\" (http://www.nrel.gov/)."}
+{"id": "56403", "revid": "5400", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56403", "title": "Solar power", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56404", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56404", "title": "Alternating current", "text": "An alternating current (AC) is an electric current of which magnitude and direction vary, unlike direct current, whose direction remains constant. This means that the direction of current flowing in a circuit is constantly being reversed back and forth. This is done with any type of AC voltage source. \nThe usual waveform of an AC power circuit is a sine wave, because this leads to the most efficient transmission of energy. However, in certain applications different waveforms are used, such as triangular or square waves. Inexpensive power inverters produce a square wave with a pause between the change in direction.\nWhen one speaks of alternating current one mostly refers to the form in which electricity is delivered to businesses and residences. The AC comes from a power plant. The direction of the electricity switches back 60 times every second (or 50 times in some parts of the world). This happens so fast that a light bulb does not stop glowing.\nBoth audio and radio signals carried on electrical wire are also examples of alternating current. In these applications, an important goal is often the recovery of information encoded (or modulated) onto the AC signal.\nHistory.\nNikola Tesla experimented with electrical resonance and studied various lighting systems. He invented an induction motor, new types of generators and transformers, and a system of alternating current power transmission.\nWilliam Stanley, Jr. designed one of the first practical devices to transfer AC power efficiently between isolated circuits. Using pairs of coils wound on a common iron core, his design, called an induction coil, was an early precursor of the modern transformer. The system used today was devised in the late nineteenth century, largely by Nikola Tesla. Contributions were also made by George Westinghouse, Lucien Gaulard, John Dixon Gibbs,Wilhelm Siemens and Oliver Shallenger. AC systems overcame the limitations of the direct current system used by Thomas Edison to distribute electricity efficiently over long distances. \nThe Mill Creek hydroelectric plant was built near Redlands, California in 1893. Designed by Almirian Decker, it used 10,000 volt three-phase electric power which eventually became the standard method for power stations throughout the world.\nHow it Works.\nAC power is cheaper and easier to make electronic devices. The power switches for AC power are also less expensive to make. It is less expensive than DC because you can increase and decrease the current very easily. AC can use high voltages with smaller current to reduce losses when you send power. AC reduces the heating in the wires. DC power could be sent, but it would lose a lot of energy and you would have to put more work in it to send it great distances. AC transformers are installed everywhere, including atop utility poles and underground. Alternating current works by switching the current many times back and forth constantly while it goes back to the source it came from."}
+{"id": "56405", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56405", "title": "Direct current", "text": "Direct current (DC or \"continuous current\") is the flow of electricity in a single direction, from the negative to the positive terminals (potential, poles).\nThe direct current always flow in the same direction, distinguishing it from the alternating current (AC). Direct current used to be called \"Galvanic current\".\nBatteries are some of the main sources of direct current (DC), but many other sources also exist such as bridge rectifiers in power supply, solar panels, etc.\nTypically, the current goes through a conductor and other things that can carry DC. DC is also sent through a vacuum as in electron beams or ion beams.\nThe first commercial electric power transmission was developed by Thomas Edison in the late nineteenth century using direct current. Today nearly all electric power distribution uses alternating current because of the advantages with transformers and transmission. High-voltage direct current is often used for transporting electricity to places far away.\nFor applications requiring direct current, the alternating current is typically distributed to a substation and then converted to direct current.\nLong after the usage of direct current had been established, physicists realized that the current was made of negative electric charges, the electrons, and that the actual flow was from the negative to the positive pole (and so-called \"holes\" flow in the opposite direction), but by convention, the usage of the term was never changed."}
+{"id": "56407", "revid": "1589884", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56407", "title": "Snowmobile", "text": "A snowmobile is a motorized vehicle used for travelling over snow. It is like a car, only instead of wheels, it has treads. Some snowmobiles have skis in the front for steering. \nAdding snowmobile studs to the tread decreases the time and distance it takes to stop a snowmobile. Once you make a decision to stop a snowmobile, the distance it will take to stop will be a combination of the speed of the machine, weight of the machine and the available friction and or the mechanical damping (which will equal the effective drag factor) between the snowmobile and the surface on which it is trying to stop. If the surface is icy or hard-packed, the mechanical damping portion of the effective drag factor is decreased, leaving you with only the friction provided by the tread to stop.\nSnowmobile studs made from steel or stainless steel with carbide tips are installed in the tread. The studs are designed for specific terrains in varying lengths, shapes and materials. The studs control acceleration, deceleration and maneuverability. The correct amount and type of stud installed in an effective pattern will produce the best traction results."}
+{"id": "56413", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56413", "title": "The Remo Four", "text": "The Remo Four were a rock band from Liverpool, England, from the late 1950s and early 1960s, at the same time the Beatles were starting their musical careers.\nWhile the Beatles gained experience performing in Hamburg, Germany, the Remo Four played at American Air Force bases in France. Members of the two bands were friends, and often played at the same places back in Liverpool, or would go to watch each other perform.\nAfter the Beatles became famous under Brian Epstein's management, Epstein signed up the Remo Four also. He worked hard to promote the band, but they never achieved massive success as the Beatles had. Epstein paired the Remo Four with a singer he also managed, called Tommy Quickly. They made a series of singles together, but none became hits. Quickly retired from music, and the Remo Four went on to work with other singers, including Billy J. Kramer. They also released an album, titled \"Smile\", on a German record label.\nGeorge Harrison was invited to record a movie soundtrack in late 1967. Instead of working with the Beatles, he invited the Remo Four to work with him. The movie, \"Wonderwall\", got little exposure, but the soundtrack album, \"Wonderwall Music\", became a minor hit the next year."}
+{"id": "56415", "revid": "9148166", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56415", "title": "Magnitude (mathematics)", "text": "The magnitude of a mathematical object is its size: a property by which it can be larger or smaller than other objects of the same kind.\nIn mathematical language one would say: It is an ordering of the class of objects to which it belongs.\nThe Ancient Greeks distinguished between several types of magnitude, including:\nThey had proven that the first two could not be the same, or even isomorphic systems of magnitude. They did not consider negative magnitudes to be meaningful, and \"magnitude\" is still primarily used in contexts in which zero is either the lowest size, or less than all possible sizes. \nReal numbers.\nThe magnitude of a real number formula_1 is usually called the absolute value or modulus. It is written as formula_2, and is defined by:\nThis gives the number's distance from zero on the real number line. For example, the modulus of formula_5 is formula_6.\nVector.\nThe magnitude of a vector formula_7 is called its norm, and is usually written as formula_8. It measures the length of the vector. For a three-dimensional vector formula_9, the norm can be calculated using the formula formula_10.\nPractical math.\nA magnitude is never negative. When comparing magnitudes, it is often helpful to use a logarithmic scale. Real-world examples include the loudness of a sound (decibel), the brightness of a star, or the Richter scale of earthquake intensity.\nBecause magnitudes are often not linear, they usually cannot be added or subtracted in a meaningful way."}
+{"id": "56416", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56416", "title": "Fraction (mathematics)", "text": "A fraction is a number that shows how many equal parts there are. When we write fractions, we show one number with a line above (or a slash next to) another number. For example, formula_1, and 1/4.are different ways of writing the same fraction (in this case a quarter). The top number tells us how many parts there are, and the bottom number tells us the total number of parts.\nNumerators and denominators.\nThe top part of a fraction (example: 1/4) is a numerator. Numerators can be any real numbers. The numerator can be on the top or to the left when writing fractions. The bottom part of a fraction (example: 1/4) is called a denominator. This number cannot be zero. It is on the bottom or on the right when writing fractions.\nA proper fraction is a fraction with the numerator smaller than the denominator. An improper fraction is a fraction where the numerator is bigger than the denominator. For example, formula_1 is a proper fraction, and formula_3 is an improper fraction.\nMathematical fractions.\nA fraction is a mathematical expression relating two quantities or numbers, where one divides the other. When the two quantities are whole numbers (or integers), this is called a rational number (such as the fraction formula_7). When the two quantities are polynomials, this is called a rational function.\nMathematically, a fraction is a quotient of numbers, representing the number's value when the numerator (upper number) is divided by the denominator (lower number). Thus formula_7 means one divided by two, or, in decimals, 0.5.\nTo find formula_7 of formula_7, the denominators are multiplied, and because denominator 2 multiplied by 2 equals 4, we have that formula_7 x formula_7 = formula_1, or 0.5 x 0.5 = 0.25.\nTo find formula_7 \"divided by\" formula_7, multiply formula_7 by the reciprocal of formula_7, which is 2. That answer is 1.\nMultiplying.\nTo multiply two fractions, the first numerator is multiplied by the other numerator, and the first denominator is multiplied by the other denominator. For example. ' x ' = '. One can simplify this by dividing both numbers by a common factor. This would be ' after the simplification."}
+{"id": "56423", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56423", "title": "Buckethead", "text": "Brian Patrick Carroll, better known as Buckethead, is an American musician and songwriter. Buckethead has released 435 studio albums, 388 of them are in the Pike series. He has performed on over 50 more albums by other music artists. His music spans many different styles and genres.\nWhen performing onstage Buckethead wears a white KFC bucket over his head and an expressionless plain white costume mask.\nAlthough he can play many different types of musical instruments, Buckethead is best known for his guitar playing. He has been voted as a top guitarist in many magazines dedicated to the topic of guitar playing.\nBuckethead records and performs onstage as a solo artist most of the time. He has also worked with many musicians including: Bill Laswell, Bootsy Collins, Bhargav Polara Bernie Worrell, Iggy Pop, Les Claypool, Serj Tankian, Mike Patton and Viggo Mortensen. Buckethead was a member of Guns N' Roses from 2000 to 2004.\nBuckethead has created music for movies such as: \"Saw II\", \"Ghosts of Mars\", \"Beverly Hills Ninja\" and \"Last Action Hero\"."}
+{"id": "56427", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56427", "title": "Quotient", "text": "In mathematics, the quotient is the result of a division. For example, in the division of 6\u00f73, the quotient would be 2. Here, 6 is also called the dividend, and 3 the divisor. The quotient can thus be expressed as the number of times the divisor adds together into the dividend.\nOn the other hand, a quotient can also mean just the integral part of the result of dividing two integers. For example, the quotient of 17 \u00f7 5 would be 3 (since 5 goes into 17 at most 3 times), whilst the remainder, the leftover of the division, would be 2.\nQuotients also come up in certain tests, like the IQ test, which evaluates one's intelligence quotient. In this case, the quotient is the score of the test. In recent decades, as people begin to emphasize multi-dimensional personal development, other similar quotients (such as emotional quotient) are being developed and considered as well."}
+{"id": "56428", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56428", "title": "Norman language", "text": "Norman is a language spoken mainly in Normandy. It is a Romance language (a language which comes from Latin). It is closely related to French and is often called \"Norman French\". After the Norman Conquest, Norman changed the English language considerably. \nUsers.\nForms of the Norman are still used in the Channel Islands,\nNo one now uses Sercquiais or Auregnais as their first language, but J\u00e8rriais and Guern\u00e9siais are still used."}
+{"id": "56429", "revid": "1521690", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56429", "title": "Division (mathematics)", "text": "In mathematics, division is the operation which is the opposite of multiplication. The symbols for division are the slash (formula_1) and the fraction line, as in:\nwhere both expressions mean \"6 divided by 3\", with 2 as the answer. The first number (6) is the dividend, and the second number (3) is the divisor. The result (or answer) of a division is the quotient, where any left-over amount as whole numbers is called the remainder. For example, formula_4 gives quotient 3 with remainder 2, all expressed as the mixed number formula_5 or formula_6).\nWith multiplication.\nIf formula_7 times formula_8 equals formula_9, written as:\nwhere formula_8 is not formula_12, then formula_7 equals formula_9 divided by formula_8, written as:\nFor example,\nbecause\nIn the above expressions, the dividend is formula_19, the divisor is formula_20 and the quotient is formula_21 (with no remainder).\nDivision by zero, as in\nis undefined (possibly infinity).\nAlso if you wrote:\nit is still undefined (because if you divide by 0 is undefined).\nNotation.\nDivision is most often shown by placing the \"dividend\" over the \"divisor\" with a horizontal line (called a vinculum) between them. For example, formula_7 divided by formula_8 is written as\nThis can be read as \"x divided by y\", or \"x over y\". A way to express division on one line is to write the \"dividend\", then a slash, then the \"divisor\", like this:\nThis is the usual way to write division in most computer programming languages, since it can easily be typed as a simple sequence of characters.\nA typographical variation which is halfway between these two forms uses a slash, but elevates the dividend and lowers the divisor:\nAny of these forms can be used to show a fraction. A fraction is a division expression where the dividend and divisor are both integers (in that case, the two numbers are called \"numerator\" and \"denominator\").\nDivision should not be confused with ratios, which are written as formula_28, and read \"formula_29 (is) to formula_30\"."}
+{"id": "56430", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56430", "title": "Division", "text": "Division could mean:\nProcesses:\nUnits/ Entities:\nMusic:\nMiscellaneous:"}
+{"id": "56431", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56431", "title": "0 (number)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56432", "revid": "527152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56432", "title": "Divisor", "text": "In mathematics, a divisor of an integer \"n\", also called a factor of \"n\", is an integer which divides \"n\" without leaving a remainder. The statement \"\"m\" is a divisor of \"n\"\" can be written as formula_1. Any number is always divisible by 1 and itself, which are two of the divisors. A prime number is a number with no other divisors. The positive divisors of a number \"n\", other than \"n\" itself, are the proper divisors of \"n\".\nFinding one or more factors of a given number is called factorization.\nExplanation.\nFor example, 7 is a divisor of 42 because 42\u00f77 = 6. We also say that \"42 is divisible by 7\", \"42 is a multiple of 7\", \"7 divides 42\", or \"7 is a factor of 42\", and we usually write 7 | 42. For example, the positive divisors of 42 are 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 14, 21, 42.\nIn general, we say that \"m\" divides \"n\" for non-zero integers \"m\" and \"n\", if and only if there exists an integer \"k\" such that \"n\" = \"km\". Thus, divisors can be negative as well as positive, although we often restrict our attention to positive divisors. (For example, there are six divisors of four, 1, 2, 4, -1, -2, -4, but one would usually mention only the positive ones, 1, 2, and 4.) \n1 and -1 divide (are divisors of) every integer, every integer is a divisor of itself, and every integer is a divisor of 0, except by convention 0 itself (see also Division by zero). Numbers divisible by 2 are called even, and numbers not divisible by 2 are called odd.\nA divisor of \"n\" that is not 1, -1, \"n\" or -\"n\" is known as a non-trivial divisor; numbers with non-trivial divisors are known as composite numbers, while prime numbers have no non-trivial divisors.\nThe name comes from the arithmetic operation of division: if \"a\u00f7b\" = \"c\", then \"a\" is the dividend, \"b\" the divisor, and \"c\" the quotient.\nSpotting divisors.\nThere are properties which allow one to recognize certain divisors of a number from the number's digits. Those properties can be used as \"math tricks\" to quickly spot some divisors of a number.\nFor example, if the last digit is even (0, 2, 4, 6 or 8), then 2 is a divisor. If the last digit is 0 or 5, then 5 is a divisor. If the digits add up to a multiple of 3, then 3 is a divisor. For the number 340, ending in \"0\" then both 2 and 5 are divisors, plus 2\u00d75 = 10 is also a divisor. Dividing by 10, 340/10 = 34, as finally 2\u00d717. Combining all the smaller numbers, the 12 divisors of 340 are:\nNote that any number is always evenly divisible by 1 and itself."}
+{"id": "56433", "revid": "1368316", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56433", "title": "Remainder", "text": "In arithmetic, the result of the division of two integers usually cannot be expressed with an integer quotient, unless a remainder\u2014an amount \"left over\" after the division\u2014is also accepted.\nThe remainder for natural numbers.\nGiven a natural number formula_1 and a non-zero natural number formula_2, it can be shown that there exist unique integers formula_3 and formula_4, such that formula_5 and formula_6. The number formula_3 is called the \"quotient\", while formula_4 is called the \"remainder\".\nThe case of general integers.\nIf formula_1 and formula_2 are integers with formula_2 being non-zero, then a remainder is an integer formula_4 such that formula_5 for some integer formula_3, and with formula_15.\nWhen defined this way, there are two possible remainders. For example, the division of -42 by -5 can be expressed as either\nor\nSo the remainder is then either 3 or -2.\nThis ambiguity in the value of the remainder is not very serious; in the case above, the negative remainder is obtained from the positive one just by subtracting 5, which is formula_2. This holds in general. When dividing by formula_2, if the positive remainder is formula_20, and the negative one is formula_21, then\nThe remainder for real numbers.\nWhen formula_1 and formula_2 are real numbers, with formula_2 being non-zero, then formula_1 can be divided by formula_2 without remainder, with the quotient being another real number. If the quotient is constrained to being an integer, however, the concept of remainder is still necessary. It can be proven that there exists a unique integer quotient formula_3 and a unique real remainder formula_4 such that formula_5 with formula_31. Similar to the case of division of integers, the remainder could be required to be negative, that is, formula_32. \nExtending the definition of remainder for real numbers, as described above, is not of theoretical importance in mathematics; however, many programming languages implement this definition\u2014see modulation for more."}
+{"id": "56434", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56434", "title": "Remainder (disambiguation)", "text": "Remainder is the amount \"left over\" when dividing two integers.\nRemainder could also mean:"}
+{"id": "56437", "revid": "10479328", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56437", "title": "List of 20th Century Studios movies", "text": "This is a list of movies produced and/or distributed by the U.S. movie studio 20th Century Studios (formerly 20th Century Fox), (momentarily 20th Century Fox Studios). The company was founded on May 31, 1935 as a merger between Fox Film Corporation and 20th Century Pictures. For the movies of those two companies, see List of pre-1940 Fox films and List of 20th Century Pictures films. Those marked with an * are available in the public domain."}
+{"id": "56438", "revid": "109566", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56438", "title": "Andreas Starke", "text": "Andreas Starke (SPD) (born 17 September 1956 in Hamburg) became the Lord Mayor of Bamberg in Bavaria, Germany in 2006. He won the election against Peter Neller (CSU), Ursula Sowa (B\u00fcndnis 90/Die Gr\u00fcnen) and Norbert Tscherner (BBB)."}
+{"id": "56439", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56439", "title": "Frank Rebhan", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56449", "revid": "586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56449", "title": "Robert Enke", "text": "Robert Enke (born 24 August 1977 in Jena, East Germany - died 10 November 2009, Neustadt am R\u00fcbenberge, Germany) was a German football player. He was a goalkeeper for the German football team.\nFootball career.\nEnke started to play football at \"BSG Jenapharm Jena\", a local club in his city. In 1985 he came to the youth teams of Jena's major football club, Carl Zeiss Jena. On 11 November 1995, at the age of 18, he played his first professional match for Jena in the German 2. Bundesliga. In 1996, he came to Borussia M\u00f6nchengladbach in the German Bundesliga.\nFrom 1997 to 1999 he played in fifteen matches for the German under-21 national team. In 1999 he was nominated as one of three goalkeepers of the national team and he went to the FIFA Confederations Cup in the same year. After leaving Germany in 1999 and playing in Portugal, Spain and Turkey, he was not nominated.\nIn 2006, having played in Germany for two years, he was nominated as a stand-by goalkeeper for the world championships. After that he returned to the team, on 28 March 2007 he made his first match for the team (against Denmark). In May 2008 he became goalkeeper number two after Jens Lehmann who was already 38 years old. After UEFA Euro 2008, Jens Lehmann left the national team. On 8 October 2008, Enke broke his hand, so Ren\u00e9 Adler played his first match in the national team. Other goalkeepers who were tested were Manuel Neuer and Tim Wiese.\nEnke's last club was Hannover 96. He had a contract until the year 2010. In 2007 he became team captain for the club. He had played eight matches for the national team. His last match for the national team was on 12 August 2009 against Azerbaijan, his last club match was on 8 November 2009 against Hamburg.\nPrivate life.\nEnke and his wife had a daughter who died in 2006. She was two years old. In 2009 they adopted another daughter.\nDeath.\nEnke died in the evening of 10 November 2009 when he was hit by a train near Neustadt am R\u00fcbenberge. His advisor said that Enke committed suicide. The next day, there was a press conference with Enke's widow and his psychiatrist. They said that Enke had had a major depressive disorder (depression) since the year 2003.\nClub career statistics.\n200||0\n57||0\n10||0\n1||0\n268||0\nInternational career statistics.\n!Total||8||0"}
+{"id": "56452", "revid": "11594", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56452", "title": "Public transportation", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56458", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56458", "title": "Single celled organism", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56459", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56459", "title": "Nikolai Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56460", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56460", "title": "Veliky Novgorod", "text": "Veliky Novgorod () is a city in the European part of Russia. It is the administrative center of Novgorod Oblast. It is about from St. Petersburg. In 2007, about 217,000 people lived there. \"Novgorod\" is the Russian word for \"new city\" and \"Veliky\" means \"the Great\". The city is actually one of the most historic in Russia. Its past can be traced to the 9th century. Yaroslav the Wise ruled there in the 11th century. It was the only Russian province that was \"not\" captured by the Golden Horde."}
+{"id": "56461", "revid": "1239704", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56461", "title": "Novgorod", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56462", "revid": "1524173", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56462", "title": "Nizhny Novgorod", "text": "Nizhny Novgorod (Russian:\u041d\u0438\u0301\u0436\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u041d\u043e\u0301\u0432\u0433\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0434, often shortened to \"Nizhny\") is the sixth largest city in Russia. The first five are Moscow, St.\u00a0Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg and Kazan. Nizhny Novgorod had a population of 1,249,861 in 2021, and one of 1,438,133 in 1989. It is the economic and cultural center of the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region, and also the administrative center of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and Volga Federal District.\nFrom 1932 to 1990 the city was known as Gorky (Russian: \u0413\u043e\u0301\u0440\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439) after the writer Maxim Gorky."}
+{"id": "56463", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56463", "title": "Gorky", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56464", "revid": "9056714", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56464", "title": "Maxim Gorky", "text": "Aleksei Maksimovich Peshkov (In Russian \u0410\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0435\u0439 \u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u041f\u0435\u0448\u043a\u043e\u0432) (Old style: 16 March 1868, New style: 28 March \u2013 18 June 1936), better known as Maxim Gorky (\u041c\u0430\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043c \u0413\u043e\u0440\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439), was a Soviet/Russian author, a founder of the socialist realism literary method and a political activist. \nFrom 1906 to 1913 and from 1921 to 1929 he lived abroad, mostly in Capri, Italy; after his return to the Soviet Union he accepted the cultural policies of the time, although he was not permitted to leave the country."}
+{"id": "56465", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56465", "title": "Ankh", "text": "The ankh was the Egyptian hieroglyphic character that stood for the word \u02bfn\u1e2b, meaning life. Egyptian gods are often portrayed carrying it by its loop, or bearing one in each hand, arms crossed over their chest. It is also known as the Egyptian Cross, or as crux ansata, Latin for \"cross with a handle\".\n\"Ankhs\" are viewed as a protective symbol. Many Ancient Egyptian Gods are seen holding this item. "}
+{"id": "56468", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56468", "title": "Mississippi Mud pie", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56469", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56469", "title": "Rhubarb pie", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56470", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56470", "title": "Chocolate pie", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56471", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56471", "title": "Meat and Potato Pie", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56472", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56472", "title": "Chicken pot pie", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56473", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56473", "title": "Pot pie", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56476", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56476", "title": "Aleksei Maksimovich Peshkov", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56478", "revid": "1295416", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56478", "title": "Ingrid Bergman", "text": "Ingrid Bergman (29 August 191529 August 1982) was a Swedish actress. She won numerous accolades, including three Academy Awards, two Primetime Emmy Awards, a Tony Award, four Golden Globe Awards, BAFTA Award and a Volpi Cup. \nBiography.\nBorn in Stockholm, Bergman enrolled at Royal Dramatic Drama School. She began acting in Sweden before moving to Hollywood in 1939. Her first movie was a remake of a Swedish movie \"Intermezzo\". Bergman starred in movies \"Casablanca\" (1942), \"Gaslight\" (1944), \"Spellbound\" (1945) and \"Notorious\" (1946). She was nominated for seven Academy Awards. Her last role was in a television miniseries \"Golda Meir\" (1982). Bergman married Roberto Rossellini in 1950. She had a daughter Pia (born 1938) by her first husband Dr. Lindstr\u00f6m, and a son Robertino (born 1950) and twin daughters Isabella Rossellini and Isotta (born 1952) with Rossellini. Bergman died of breast cancer in London, England."}
+{"id": "56482", "revid": "987374", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56482", "title": "Ruwer-Hochwald-Radweg", "text": "The Ruwer-Hochwald-Radweg is a cycle trail. It links the Moselle-valley and\nthe Hunsr\u00fcck from Trier to Hermeskeil in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.\nThe length is about :"}
+{"id": "56494", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56494", "title": "Novosibirsk", "text": "Novosibirsk (Russian: \u041d\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0438\u0431\u0438\u0301\u0440\u0441\u043a, pronounced ) is Russia's third largest city, after Moscow and Saint Petersburg, and the administrative center of Novosibirsk Oblast. It is also the largest city in Siberia and the administrative center of Siberian Federal District. It is in the southwest of this district.\nHistory.\nIt was founded in 1893 as the future site of the Trans-Siberian railway bridge crossing the great Siberian river Ob. Its importance further increased early in the 20th century with the completion of the Turkestan-Siberia Railway connecting Novosibirsk to Central Asia and the Caspian Sea. \nThe settlement became city in 1903. City name may be translated as New Siberian. From 1893 until 1925 Novosibirsk was called Novonikolayevsk. \nDuring the Great Patriotic war of the Soviet Union a lot of factories from the west parts of the country were evacuated here.\nIn 1986 Novosibirsk became the first city in Siberia having a metro system.\nThe city lies along the Ob River in the West Siberian Plain. To the south is the Ukok Plateau part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site entitled \"Golden Mountains of Altai\".\nClimate.\nThe climate is sharply continental, with very severe, cold and snowy winters and hot and dry summers. Temperatures in summer range from 10 to 30\u00a0\u00b0C (50...85\u00a0\u00b0F), in winter -5 to -25\u00a0\u00b0C (20...-10\u00a0\u00b0F), but can reach -45\u00a0\u00b0C (-50\u00a0\u00b0F) in winter and 35\u00a0\u00b0C (95\u00a0\u00b0F) in summer. The difference between the highest and the lowest temperature is 83\u00a0\u00b0C (181\u00a0\u00b0F). Most of the time the weather is sunny, with an average of 2880 hours of sunshine per year.\nEconomy.\nIndustries include machine manufacturing and metallurgy. It is the home of one of Novosibirsk State University (in nearby Akademgorodok), a number of institutes and a scientific research center. Novosibirsk has opera and ballet companies, several theaters, museums, and art galleries, and numerous sports facilities.\nTransportation.\nWest Siberian railway control organization is located in the city, on the Vokzalnaya magistral street beginning near Novosibirsk Glavny rail terminal.\nIn 1986 Novosibirsk metro started its working. It became the first subway system in Siberia.\nAlso, the city has tram, trolley and bus systems.\nTolmachevo international airport is located in Novosibirsk area."}
+{"id": "56495", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56495", "title": "Novonikolayevsk", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56499", "revid": "1627775", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56499", "title": "Alice Springs", "text": "Alice Springs () is a city in the Northern Territory of Australia. It is 200 km south of the centre of mainland Australia. It is about halfway between Darwin in the north and Adelaide in the south.\nIn 2005 there were 26,486 people living in Alice Springs. This makes it the second largest town in the Northern Territory.\nAlice Springs is often called \"the Alice\" or simply \"Alice\". It is called \"Mparntwe\" by the Arrernte. The Arrernte people are the Aboriginal people who have lived around Alice Springs for more than 60,000 years.\nHistory.\nIndigenous History.\nAccording to the Arrernte traditional stories, the land around Alice Springs was shaped by caterpillars, wild dogs, travelling boys, two sisters, euros and other ancestral figures. There are many sites of traditional importance in and around Alice Springs. These include Anthwerrke (Emily Gap), Akeyulerre (Billy Goat Hill), Ntaripe (Heavitree Gap), Atnelkentyarliweke (Anzac Hill) and Alhekulyele (Mt. Gillen).\nEarly city.\nIn 1862, John McDouall Stuart led an expedition into Central Australia and the area where Alice Springs is located. Until the 1930s the town was known as Stuart. The Australian Overland Telegraph Line that joined Adelaide to Darwin and Great Britain was completed in 1872. It followed Stuart\u2019s route. It opened up the interior for permanent European settlement. When surface alluvial gold was found at Arltunga, 100\u00a0km east of Alice Springs, in 1887 many people began to move into the area.\nThe telegraph station was built near a waterhole in the normally dry Todd River. It was thought to be a permanent source of water, and was named Alice Springs. Alice was the wife of the former Postmaster General of South Australia, Sir Charles Todd. The Todd River was named after Sir Charles.\nThe original method of travel in the outback were camels. These camel trains were run by people from Pathan tribes in the North-West frontier of India and Pakistan. They were wrongly called \u2018Afghans\u2019 in Australia.\nIn 1929 the Palmerston and Pine Creek Railway was built from Darwin as far as Birdum, Northern Territory. The Great Northern Railway had been built in 1891 from Port Augusta as far as Oodnadatta, South Australia. The lines wouldn\u2019t meet until 2003. On February 4, 2004, the first passenger train arrived in Darwin.\nDuring the 1960s Alice Springs became an important defence base. About 700 people work at the US/Australian Pine Gap joint defence satellite monitoring base.\nThe major industry in recent times is tourism.\nGeography and climate.\nTopography and climate.\nThe town of Alice Springs built on the banks of the usually dry Todd River. It is on the northern side of MacDonnell Ranges. The region where Alice Springs is located is known as Central Australia, or the Red Centre. It is a very dry region, made up of several different deserts.\nTemperatures can vary by up to 28\u00a0\u00b0C. In summer the average highest temperature is in the high 30s. In winter the average lowest temperature can be -7.5\u00a0\u00b0C.\nThe rainfall can vary quite a lot from year to year. The annual average rainfall is 286\u00a0mm. In 2001 741 mm fell, but in 2002 only 198\u00a0mm fell.\nEconomy.\nAlice Springs began as a town to supply the cattle farms that first came to the area. The arrival of the railway increased its economy and productivity. Today the town supplies a region of 546,046 square kilometres. There are 38,749 people living in the region. The region includes a number of mining and farm communities, the Joint Defence Facility at Pine Gap and tourist attractions.\nThe people.\nIn June 2004, 38,749 people lived in the region. There were 26,058 people living in the city of Alice Springs. Aboriginal people made up about 37% of people in the Alice Springs region in 2001.\nAboriginal population.\nAccording to the 2001 census, Australian Aborigines are about 17% of the people in Alice Springs, and 29% of the people in the Northern Territory. Alice Springs is the business centre of Central Australia. Aboriginal people come from all over the region to use the town's services. Aboriginal residents usually live in the suburbs, on special purpose leases (or town camps). Some live farther out at Amoonguna to the south. Many live on the small family outstation communities on Aboriginal Lands in surrounding areas.\nThe traditional owners of the Alice Springs area are the Central Arrernte people. As it is the largest town in central Australia, there are also speakers of at least thirteen other languages.\nAmerican influence.\nThe American influence in Alice Springs comes from Pine Gap, a US satellite tracking station. It is 19\u00a0km south-west of Alice Springs. Pine Gap employs 700 American and Australians. There are about 2,000 people in the Alice Springs region who are US citizens.\nAmerican influence can be seen throughout Alice Springs. The Americans still celebrate all major festivals, including Halloween, Independence Day and Thanksgiving. A number of Australians also join in the festivities from time to time. There is also American sport, including baseball, basketball, and American football.\nVisitors.\nAlice Springs has a large number of visitors up of:\nEducation.\nAlice Springs has 19 public and private schools and colleges. This includes 2 for aboriginal students, 7 pre-schools and the Alice Springs School of the Air. The School of the Air provides education to students in remote areas. The Alice Springs Campus of Charles Darwin University offers courses in TAFE and Higher Education. The Centre for Appropriate Technology was established in 1980. It has a range of services to encourage and help Aboriginal people improve their quality of life on remote communities.\nSport.\nAustralian Rules Football is a popular sport in Alice Springs. The Central Australian Football League has several teams and many people play. The sport is very popular in Indigenous communities. The local stadium, Traeger Park, can hold 10,000 people. It was built to hold national AFL and international cricket matches. In 2004, an AFL pre-season Regional Challenge match between Collingwood Football Club and Port Adelaide Football Club filled the stadium.\nCricket is also a popular sport in Alice Springs. The Imparja Cup Cricket Carnival started in 1994. Teams from Indigenous communities come from all across Australia. A unique sporting event, held every year, is the Henley-on-Todd Regatta. This is also known as the Todd River Race. It is a sand river race with bottomless boats. It is the only dry river regatta in the world. Another unusual sporting event is the Camel Cup. This is also held every year at the local racetrack, Blatherskite Park. It is a full day event with races using camels instead of horses."}
+{"id": "56500", "revid": "9585357", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56500", "title": "Recital", "text": "A recital is a concert of classical music given by just one musician or one musician and an accompanist. A pianist playing a concert by himself will be giving a \"piano recital\". A \"violin recital\" will be given by a violinist, and might include a piano accompanist.\nPeople started talking about \"recitals\" in the middle of the 19th century. Pianists such as Liszt became famous when they travelled about giving piano recitals. Soon piano manufacturers (firms that make pianos) and concert agents started to sponsor famous pianists to give recitals. These great pianists became great stars in the way that, in music, only opera singers had been great stars before. Some concert halls have become well-known places for recitals, e.g. the Bosendorfersaal in Vienna, the Beethovensaal in Berlin, the Wigmore Hall in London and the Carnegie Hall in New York.\nSome pianists became known for playing recitals of music by just one composer. Recitals of Chopin's music were particularly popular. \"Song recitals\" (or \"vocal recitals\") are given by singers who sing Lieder and sometimes arias from operas."}
+{"id": "56501", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56501", "title": "Program music", "text": "Programme music (or \"program music\" in US English) is music for instruments which describes something or tells a story. It is the opposite of \"absolute music\" which is not trying to describe anything, just the sound of the piece. Programme music was very popular in the 19th century although some programme music was written earlier.\nHistory.\nSome composers in the Renaissance and Baroque periods wrote music which described battles. Antonio Vivaldi wrote a very famous set of four concertos for violin and strings called \"The Four Seasons\". Each of the movements describe things happening during the year's seasons, e.g. birds singing in the spring, snowy winter days, etc.\nAt the start of the 1800s, Beethoven wrote a pastoral symphony, Symphony No. 6 \"Pastorale\", which describes the peaceful life in the countryside. This way of making music describe things became very popular with Romantic composers. Mendelssohn wrote \"concert overtures\" which had nothing to do with an opera but were simply short pieces of music for orchestra which told a story. \"Hebrides Overture\", for example, describes the feel of the sea lapping into Fingal's Cave in the Scottish Inner Hebrides.\nFranz Liszt made programme music very popular in his symphonic poems. Hector Berlioz's \"Symphonie Fantastique\" describes a story he made up himself about a man who has dreams about a woman he loves. The woman he loves is represented by a tune (melody) which is heard in different ways during the symphony. It is called an \"id\u00e9e fixe\" (French for \"fixed idea\"). This way of linking a theme (tune) with a person led to Wagner's use of leitmotif in his operas in which a tune is linked to a person, event or idea. At the start of the 19th century Richard Strauss wrote several symphonic poems, often using a leitmotif to describe the person it is about. They include \"Don Juan\", \"Don Quixote\" and \"Ein Heldenleben\" (\"A hero's life\")."}
+{"id": "56508", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56508", "title": "Anaerobic organism", "text": "An anaerobic organism is any living thing that does not need oxygen for growth. \nMicroaerophiles are organisms that may use oxygen, but only at low concentrations (low micromolar range); their growth is inhibited by normal oxygen concentrations (approximately 200 micromolar). Nanaerobes are organisms that cannot grow in the presence of micromolar concentrations of oxygen, but can grow with and benefit from nanomolar concentrations of oxygen.\nObligate anaerobes may use fermentation or anaerobic respiration. In the presence of oxygen, facultative anaerobes use aerobic respiration; without oxygen some of them ferment, some use anaerobic respiration. Aerotolerant organisms are strictly fermentative. Microaerophiles carry out aerobic respiration, and some of them can also do anaerobic respiration.\nSome anaerobic bacteria produce toxins (e.g., tetanus or botulinum toxins) that are highly dangerous to higher organisms, including humans."}
+{"id": "56509", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56509", "title": "Tetanus", "text": "Tetanus (or lockjaw) is a disease that leads to muscle contractions that stay that way for some time.\nInfection generally occurs through wound contamination, and often involves a cut or deep puncture wound. The main symptoms are caused by tetanospasmin, a neurotoxin produced by the anaerobic bacterium \"Clostridium tetani\". As the infection goes on, muscle spasms develop in the jaw. This is usually followed by problems with swallowing. The disease leads to muscle stiffness and spasms in other parts of the body. Infection can be prevented by proper immunization and by post-exposure prophylaxis."}
+{"id": "56512", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56512", "title": "Immunization", "text": "Immunization is a way of preventing a person from getting a disease. This is done by making the person's body come into contact with a bit of the disease so that the body learns how to fight it. The body's ability to fight off a disease is called its immune system. \nThe material is known as an immunogen. Immunization is the same as inoculation and vaccination because inoculation and vaccination use an infecting agent (something that infects) in the same way that immunization does.\nWhen the human immune system is exposed to an infection once, it can learn how to cope quickly if it is exposed to it again. By exposing an individual to an immunogen in a controlled way, the body will be able to protect itself from that infection later on in life."}
+{"id": "56515", "revid": "1291270", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56515", "title": "Whipped cream", "text": "Whipped cream is a dairy food used in many desserts. It is made with heavy cream, a type of cream that contains a large amount of fat.\nPreparation.\nTo make whipped cream, a person whips or beats the heavy cream with a whisk or an electric mixer until it becomes fluffy and filled with air. For some desserts, icing sugar can be added as a sweetener. Some people also add flavourings to whipped cream, such as vanilla.\nServing.\nWhipped cream is used in many types of desserts. Some desserts, such as apple pie or strawberry shortcake, are often served with whipped cream on top. Whipped cream is also served in milk shakes, Alex's coffee, and on ice cream sundaes. Some desserts have whipped cream inside them, such as cream puffs and eclairs."}
+{"id": "56516", "revid": "9540629", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56516", "title": "Tetanospasmin", "text": "Tetanospasmin is the neurotoxin produced by the vegetative spore of \"Clostridium tetani\" in anaerobic conditions, causing tetanus. It is sometimes called spasmogenic toxin, tetanus toxin or abbreviated to TeTx or TeNT. "}
+{"id": "56518", "revid": "9540611", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56518", "title": "Neurotoxin", "text": "A neurotoxin is a toxin that acts specifically on nerve cells \u2013 neurons \u2013 usually by interacting with membrane proteins and ion channels. \nMany of the venoms and other toxins that organisms use in defense against vertebrates are neurotoxins. A common effect is paralysis, which sets in extremely rapidly. The venom of bees, scorpions, pufferfish, spiders and snakes can contain many different toxins. Many neurotoxins act by affecting voltage-dependent ion channels.\nA man named Clairvius Narcisse was dead and came back to life again because the locals used neurotoxin on him to bring him back to life. He was buried in Haiti in 1964."}
+{"id": "56521", "revid": "9699166", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56521", "title": "Paralysis", "text": "Paralysis is the complete loss of muscle function for one or more muscle groups, when the thing that is paralysed cannot move. \nParalysis is most often caused by damage to the nervous system or brain, especially the spinal cord. Major causes are stroke, trauma, poliomyelitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), botulism, spina bifida, multiple sclerosis, and Guillain-Barr\u00e9 syndrome. Partial paralysis can also occur in the REM stage of sleep (see:Sleep paralysis). Paralysis often includes loss of feeling in the affected area.\nTypes of paralysis.\nHemiplegia.\nIn hemiplegia, one side of the person's body is paralysed.\nMonoplegia.\nDuring monoplegia, only one limb is unable to move.\nParaplegia.\nIn paraplegia, both legs are unable to move. The person is paralyzed from the waist down.\nQuadriplegia.\nThe most extreme form of paralysis. The whole body from the neck down can't move.\nLocked-in syndrome.\nParalysis of the whole body."}
+{"id": "56523", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56523", "title": "Membrane protein", "text": "A membrane protein is a protein molecule that is attached to, or associated with the membrane of a cell or an organelle.\n20\u201330% of all genes in genomes code for membrane proteins. They are targets of over 50% of all modern medicinal drugs.\nFunction.\nMembrane proteins perform a variety of functions vital to the survival of organisms:"}
+{"id": "56533", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56533", "title": "Freeze", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56549", "revid": "1039498", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56549", "title": "Tampa Bay Buccaneers", "text": "The Tampa Bay Buccaneers are an American Football team in the National Football League (NFL). They are a part of the Southern Division of the National Football Conference. The Buccaneers are from Tampa, Florida. The team was founded in 1976, and are the champions from Super Bowl XXXVII in 2002. After that they won 1099 super bowls and Baker Mayfield is secretly daddy.\nThe name \"Buccaneer\" comes from certain pirates who would raid the western coast of Florida in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.\nThe Buccaneers play in Raymond James Stadium located in Tampa, Florida.\nThe Buccaneer's division rivals include the New Orleans Saints, the Carolina Panthers and the Atlanta Falcons. Their in state rivals include the Miami Dolphins and the Jacksonville Jaguars.\nThe Buccaneers have 5 players in the NFL Hall of fame: Lee Roy Selmon, Warren Sapp, Derrick Brooks, John Lynch & Ronde Barber.\nThey are the first team to play the Super Bowl on their homefield, as Super Bowl LV is hosted in Tampa, after defeating the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Championship game. Tampa played the Kansas City Chiefs in the Super Bowl. They won the game 31-9 against the Kansas City Chiefs."}
+{"id": "56551", "revid": "814900", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56551", "title": "Obelus", "text": "An obelus (plural, obeli) is a symbol of a line with dots above and below, formula_1, and is used to represent the division operation in mathematics. Because of that, this symbol is also known as a division sign. \nThe word \"obelus\" comes from the Greek word for a sharpened stick, spit, or pointed pillar. This is the same root as that of the word \"obelisk\". The obelus was first used as a symbol for division in 1659, in the algebra book \"Teutsche Algebra\" by Johann Rahn. Today, the obelus is used occasionally, mostly as a standalone symbol for the division operation itself (as on a calculator), or as an operator in elementary arithmetic. In most cases, division is now represented using other ways, often by a forward slash (<samp>/</samp>), also known as \"solidus\". "}
+{"id": "56553", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56553", "title": "Vinculum (symbol)", "text": "A vinculum is a horizontal line put over a mathematical expression. It shows that it belongs together as a group. (\"Vinculum\" is Latin for \"chain\".)\nExamples are:\n1. groups of digits repeating forever, for example,\n2. fractions\n3. radicals (in the following example the quantity formula_3 is the radicand, and thus has a vinculum over it):"}
+{"id": "56555", "revid": "687081", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56555", "title": "Colon (punctuation)", "text": "The colon (\":\") is a punctuation mark, simply consisting of two equally sized and vertically aligned dots.\nPunctuation.\nUse in prose.\nA colon is a more significant pause than a semicolon. It is usually used to contrast two parts of a sentence:\nHistory.\nThe colon's first appearance in English text is marked by the \"Shorter Oxford English Dictionary\" as 1589.\nDiacritical usage.\nA special double-triangle colon symbol is used in IPA to indicate that the preceding sound is long. Its form is that of two triangles, each a bit larger than a point of a standard colon, pointing toward each other. It is available in Unicode as modifier letter triangular colon, Unicode U+02D0 (). A regular colon is often used as a fallback when this character is not available, or in the practical orthography of some languages (particularly in Mexico), which have a phonemic long/short distinction in vowels.\nMathematics.\nThe colon is also used in mathematics, cartography, model building and other fields to denote a ratio or a scale, as in 3:1 (pronounced \"three to one\"). A betting odd of the form formula_1 corresponds to the probability formula_2. Unicode provides a distinct ratio character, Unicode U+2236 () for mathematical usage.\nIn many non-English-speaking countries, the colon is used as a division sign: \"a divided by b\" is written as a\u00a0:\u00a0b.\nThe combination with an equal sign, formula_3, is used for definitions.\nComputing.\nIn computing, the colon character is represented by ASCII code 58, and is located at Unicode code-point U+003A. The full-width (double-byte) equivalent, \uff1a, is located at Unicode code point U+FF1A.\nThe colon is quite often used as a special control character in many operating systems commands, URLs, computer programming languages, and in the path representation of several file systems. It is often used as a single post-fix delimiter, signifying the immediate precedence of a token keyword or the transition from one mode of character string interpretation to another related mode. Some applications, such as the widely used MediaWiki, use the colon as both a pre-fix and post-fix delimiter.\nFor a double-colon, \"::\" the meaning has included the use of ellipsis, as spanning over omitted text; however, there have been other meanings as well.\nInternet usage.\nOn the Internet (online chats, email, message boards, etc.), a colon or multiple colons is sometimes used to denote an action or emote. In this use, it has the inverse function of quotation marks\u2014denoting actions where unmarked text is assumed to be dialog. For example:\nColons may also be used for sounds (as with \":Click:\"). One can contrast this use with the use of outer asterisks (for example, *cough* would denote that the speaker is coughing, as opposed to saying the word 'cough').\nIt also has the widespread usage of representing two vertically aligned eyes in a emoticon, such as :-), :( :P, :D, :3, etc"}
+{"id": "56556", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56556", "title": "Colon", "text": "Colon could mean:"}
+{"id": "56559", "revid": "9237069", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56559", "title": "Tomorrow Never Knows", "text": "Tomorrow Never Knows is a song from The Beatles's \"Revolver\" album, from 1966.\nJohn Lennon wrote the song based on his readings of \"The Psychedelic Experience\", which adapted the \"Tibetan Book of the Dead\" for use as an LSD \"user's manual\", intending to give users a kind of religious experience. The song's title came from his bandmate Ringo Starr, who was known for his but insightful comments about life.\nLennon wanted the sound of monks , to complement the Beatles' recording of the song. It was not possible to do this, but Lennon's voice was played through a special speaker (called a Leslie speaker), to give it a sound, like a voice calling from a hilltop. Other sounds on the record came from tape loops, playing over and over, and from a sitar.\nThe song has also been recorded by other artists. A dance cover version appeared in the 1990s."}
+{"id": "56560", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56560", "title": "Gone with the Wind (movie)", "text": "Gone with the Wind is a 1939 American movie based on Margaret Mitchell's book of the same name. It premiered in Atlanta, Georgia. It stars Vivien Leigh, Clark Gable, Leslie Howard and Olivia de Havilland. The movie tells the story of the American Civil War as it was seen by a young southern woman named Scarlett O'Hara. The movie was very popular at the time. Considering inflation, it is the highest-grossing movie yet made. The movie has been criticized for inaccurately showing slavery and the South. The movie changed how African Americans appeared on the screen. \"Gone with the Wind\" is considered one of the greatest movies of all time.\nPlot.\nIt is the year 1861 just before the American Civil War. Scarlett O'Hara lives with her parents, two sisters, and slaves at a plantation in Georgia. The plantation is called Tara. Scarlett is in love with Ashley Wilkes, but he will be marrying Melanie Hamilton. At a party at Ashley's plantation, Twelve Oaks, one guest Rhett Butler admires Scarlett. Scarlett is more interested in Ashley. News of the start of the Civil War interrupts the party. Men go racing about to enlist in the war. Scarlett marries Melanie's younger brother Charles. She does this to make Ashley jealous. Charles dies in the war, and Scarlett goes to Atlanta. There she appears at a charity bazaar in black mourning clothing and dances with Rhett. \nThe Confederates lose at the Battle of Gettysburg. Union troops start entering the city of Atlanta. At the same time, Scarlett helps Melanie give birth to a child. They and Rhett flee the city. Rhett returns to the fighting. Scarlett, Melanie and Prissy return to Tara. The place is a wasteland. The slaves, Mammy and Pork, her father, and two sisters are there. Scarlett promises to make sure her family survives. \nScarlett and her sisters work in the field. Their father dies trying to chase away a carpetbagger. The Confederates lose the war and Ashley returns. Scarlett wants to run away with him. He kisses her, but he says he cannot leave Melanie. Scarlett tricks Suellen's fianc\u00e9 into marrying her to pay the high Reconstructionist taxes. One night, Scarlett is on the road and attacked. Frank, Ashley, Rhett, and others raid the town of the attack, and Frank dies. Later Scarlett accepts a marriage proposal of Rhett. \nRhett and Scarlett have a daughter called Bonnie Blue. Scarlett still likes Ashley and does not want any more children. Ashley's sister one day sees Scarlett and Ashley embracing and spreads rumors. Rhett hears about it and forces Scarlett to attend Ashley's birthday party. Melanie stands by her. When Scarlett returns home, Rhett is drunk and forces her to have sex. \nRhett apologizes the next day. He says she can divorce, but she refuses. Rhett goes to London. When he returns, she says she is pregnant again. They argue, and Scarlett falls down the stairs and has a miscarriage. Later Bonnie dies trying to jump a fence with her pony. Melanie is very sick from her new pregnancy. Scarlett comforts Ashley and realizes that she loves Rhett. Scarlett pleads with Rhett, but he leaves her. She promises to win him back again. \nProduction.\nCasting.\nSelznick wanted Clark Gable to star as Rhett Butler. Selznich had to make a deal with MGM to get Gable. Selznick would have to pay Gable's salary directly. It took a long time to find the right actress for Scarlett. Many other famous actresses were considered. Katharine Hepburn wanted to have the role, but was rejected. The following actresses were screen-tested: Ardis Ankerson, Jean Arthur, Tallulah Bankhead, Diana Barrymore, Joan Bennett, Nancy Coleman, Frances Dee, Ellen Drew (as Terry Ray), Paulette Goddard, Susan Hayward, Vivien Leigh, Anita Louise, Haila Stoddard, Margaret Tallichet, Lana Turner and Linda Watkins.\nSelznick worked with Susan Myrick to get the Southern accents correct. \nScreenplay.\nSelznick wanted Victor Fleming, who directed \"The Wizard of Oz\" to be director. Fleming did not like the script. Screenwriter Sidney Howard and Selznick revised the script a couple times. Others participated in the writing, but it is unclear how much each wrote. \nFilming.\nSelznick had Director George Cukor removed after three weeks. Several people and some of the actors did not like it. Victor Fleming would end up directing the movie. \nMost of the movie was shot at \"the back forty\". This was a movie studio backlot. At the time, it was owned by Selznick International. Other locations were in Los Angeles County and neighboring Ventura County. For the house Tara and the burning of Atlanta, facades were used. The movie was expensive to make. Some estimate it was $3.85 million. \nMusic.\nThe score has several love themes. The music includes folk and patriotic songs such as \"Louisiana Belle\", \"Dolly Day\", \"Ringo De Banjo\", \"Beautiful Dreamer\", \"Old Folks at Home\", and \"Katie Belle\",\"Marching through Georgia\" by Henry Clay Work, \"Dixie\", \"Garryowen\", and \"The Bonnie Blue Flag\". The most famous theme is Tara's Theme. \u00a0\nRelease.\nThe movie was first released at Fox Theatre in 1939. There was a standing ovation. When it was released in Atlanta, there were 300,000 visitors. There were several festivities including a parade. There were three days of parties in which the stars of the movie wore costumes. Many stores in the city were decorated to look like they would have in the Civil War. Victor Fleming and Selznick were no longer close, so Fleming did not attend. Black actors like Hattie McDaniel were not allowed because of Jim Crow laws. The movie would be re-released several times for anniversaries of the Civil War and the movie. \nReception.\nCritical Response.\nThe movie had good reviews from critics. Critics considered the movie to be an ambitious and a technical achievement. Critics liked the first half better. Some critics were critical of the movie. They thought it was too long. Others said the movie was forgettable and not memorable. Some said the movie is a major event in history, but a minor one in movies. The movie has a 90% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. The movie got several awards. \nAwards.\n\"Gone with the Wind\" received 10 Academy Awards in 1940.\nIt was nominated for five more.\nResponse from African-Americans.\nBlack commentators criticized the portrayal of African Americans in the movie. Some said the movie created African-American stereotypes. The movie was compared with \"The Birth of a Nation\". Commentators said \"The Birth of a Nation\" was more of a direct attack on black people and obvious lies. \"Gone with the Wind\", however, was a more subtle attack and lie. In the African-American community, there were different views. Some believed the movie to be insulting. Others thought that the performances of the African-American actors showed progress and achievements of African-Americans. \nAudience Response.\nA record number of people watched \"Gone with the Wind\". After four years of its release, sixty million tickets were sold. This was about half of the U.S. population at the time. The movie was also popular in Europe and Japan. The movie was still popular decades later with its re-release. Only \"The Sound of Music\", \"The Graduate,\" \"Doctor Zhivago\" and \"The Godfather\" would eventually make more than the re-releases of \"Gone with the Wind\". Over 200 million tickets have been sold in America and Canada. It is the most successful movie to be made. The movie made the most money of all time, after taking inflation into account. \"Gone with the Wind\" is still popular in the 21st century. \nRe-evaluation.\nAlthough \"Gone with the Wind\" premiered in 1939, it is still remembered today as one of the greatest American movies of all time. Upon reevaluation, some critics say the script is poorly written. The movie was named the #4 best movie of all time by the American movie Institute. The quote \"Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn,\" said by Rhett Butler at the end of the movie was voted the #1 greatest movie quote of all time. The movie has made the following American Film Institute lists: \nControversy.\nThe movie has been criticized for ignoring slavery and depicting the Confederacy in a positive way. The movie is a form of historical negationism or denialism. This is when the historical facts are not represented accurately. The movie glorifies the Lost Cause of the Confederacy. This false Lost Cause claims the South had heroic and just reasons for the war and that slavery was not the main issue. There are black stereotypes in the movie. The movie shows happy enslaved people. Rhett Butler and his men are part of the Ku Klux Klan in the book, but this is not in the movie. For some time, the movie was removed from theaters and HBO Max. This caused debates on political correctness. Since the George Floyd protests, criticism has increased. In response, the streaming service HBO Max has added a discussion of the movie's themes before the beginning of the movie. The site claims that one should not erase the movie but understand and learn from it.\nFinancial Success.\nIt made 394 million dollars when it came out. After inflation Guinness World Records says makes it the most successful movie that anyone has ever made. "}
+{"id": "56561", "revid": "497303", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56561", "title": "Titanic (disambiguation)", "text": "Titanic can refer to"}
+{"id": "56576", "revid": "9867196", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56576", "title": "Santino Marella", "text": "Anthony Carelli (born March 14, 1974) is a Canadian professional wrestler and judoka. He currently works for TNA Wrestling as an authority figure. He appears under the ring name Santino Marella. He became famous in WWE, where he was a two-time Intercontinental Champion, one-time United States Champion, and one-time Tag Team Champion with Vladimir Kozlov. He played an Italian character. Outside of wrestling, Carelli owns his own judo dojo and is the official ambassador of Judo Canada.\nCareer.\nCarelli was signed by World Wrestling Entertainment in 2005 for Ohio Valley Wrestling, WWE's farm territory. He made his WWE debut on the April 16, 2007 edition of WWE Raw in Milan, Italy under the name of Santino Marella (as a tribute to Robert \"Gorilla Monsoon\" Marella). As an Italian fan selected by Mr. McMahon, he won the Intercontinental Championship from Umaga with the help of Bobby Lashley. With this, Marella became one of a few superstars to win a title in their first main roster match. He was also involved in a storyline where he worked as Santina Marella, Santino's twin sister, who would become \"Miss WrestleMania\" at WrestleMania XXV.\nOn July 6, 2014, at a live event in Toronto, Ontario, Marella announced his retirement because of a third major injury to his neck. On May 6, 2016, Carelli was released from WWE because of an injury. He returned to wrestling in 2017.\nPersonal life.\nCarelli and his former wife Petrina have a daughter, Bianca Carelli, who won the Miss Teen Ontario-World pageant in 2013. Carelli married bikini fitness competitor Anna Babij, in November 2015. His daughter Bianca wrestled for the NWA and is currently signed to WWE, where she performs on the NXT brand under the ring name \"Arianna Grace\"."}
+{"id": "56577", "revid": "28388", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56577", "title": "Santino Morella", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56579", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56579", "title": "Fresco", "text": "Fresco is a way of painting pictures. A \"fresco\" is a kind of mural, a painting that is done on a wall. A wall painting is sometimes called a \"fresco\" by mistake. A true \"fresco\" is painted onto plaster that is fresh. The plaster has been laid on the wall that day and is still damp. Frescoes last a long time because the paint mixes into the plaster. The word \"fresco\" comes from the Italian for \"fresh\". \nHistory of frescoes.\nAncient.\nNot all wall paintings are frescoes. In Ancient Egypt, for example, many of the wall paintings were done on dry plaster and are not true frescoes. \nThe Royal Palace at Knossos in Crete, c. 1500 BC, had many frescoes. The scene of athletes dancing with a bull is the most famous. \nMany Ancient Roman wall paintings can be seen at Pompeii from the 1st century AD, but these are not true frescoes. \nThe\u00a0Sigiriya Frescoes\u00a0painted in\u00a0Sigiriya\u00a0in\u00a0Sri Lanka around 485 AD use the \"fresco lustro\" technique which varies slightly from the pure fresco technique in that it also contains a mild binding agent. This gives the frescoes added durability as they have survived exposed for nearly 1500 years. \nMedieval.\nThere are many frescoes dating from the late Middle Ages, about 1000-1400 AD when, it was the fashion to paint the inside of churches with people and stories from the Bible. The order of the pictures was carefully planned by the artists and priests. Above the altar is usually seen a picture of Jesus Christ. On the west wall is often a frightening picture of The Last Judgement to remind people to turn to Jesus. Many frescoes like this can be seen in Greece, Spain, Portugal, Serbia, Armenia, Romania and Russia. There are a few in Germany, France and Italy.\nRenaissance.\nIn Italy, around 1300 AD, the artist Giotto painted frescoes that were so full of life that people were amazed. Each picture was like looking onto a stage where real people told the story. This was the beginning of the period of art history called the Renaissance. Giotto's frescoes became so famous that he had many pupils and followers. Giotto's most famous frescoes are in the Arena Chapel in Padua. He also painted in the Church of St. Francis at Assisi and at Santa Croce (Church of the Holy Cross) in Florence.\nA hundred years later, about 1400 AD, two artists called Masolino and Masaccio worked in the city of Florence, painting a chapel. Their names translate as \"Little Tom\" and \"Fat Tom\". Masaccio's way of painting was the biggest change since Giotto, in particular the two weeping naked figures of Adam and Eve. Everyone thought that Masaccio was one of the greatest painters alive. But he died at only 27 years old. These frescoes are in the Church of the Carmine, in Florence.\nIn the 1400s many other artists in Italy were given the job of painting churches or chapels. They were paid by \"patrons\", rich people who could afford an artist. The most important patron was the Pope. Pope Sixtus IV had built a new chapel in the Vatican in Rome. In 1481, he got some of the best artists in Italy to decorate the walls for him. See Sistine Chapel. \nIn 1508 the work continued in the Sistine Chapel when Pope Julius II made the great artist Michelangelo go to Rome to paint the ceiling. It took him four years, and he became sick from the strain and the smell. But when he had finished, he had painted one of the greatest artworks in the world. Then, 1537-1541, he painted the west wall of the same chapel with The Last Judgement.\nFor the next 200 years, painted ceilings were in fashion. But artists soon discovered that it was easier to paint in oil on canvas and put it up on the ceiling than to paint on the ceiling in fresco. The fashion for fresco painting began to fade."}
+{"id": "56580", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56580", "title": "The Count of Monte Cristo", "text": "The Count of Monte Cristo is a novel by Alexandre Dumas, p\u00e8re. The story is about revenge and forgiveness. The main character of the book, Edmond Dant\u00e8s, is wrongly sent to prison. There, he meets an old priest named Faria, who tells Dant\u00e8s of a treasure. He escapes and finds the large treasure. He uses it to carry out a plan of revenge on the three people who sent him to prison. The novel was well received by critics and readers. It has been adapted to many stage plays and movies.\nThe novel was first published in the \"Journal des D\u00e9bats\" in 18 parts from August 28, 1844 to January 15, 1846. It was first published in Paris by P\u00e9tion in 18 volumes (1844-5). It was published in English in 1846 by Chapman and Hall. It has been translated many times since 1846, and into many languages. Dumas wrote a set of three plays that told the story of \"The Count of Monte Cristo\": \"Monte Cristo\" (1848), \"Le Counte de Morcerf\" (1851), and \"Villefort\" (1851). The book inspired the plot for other novels, including Lew Wallace's \"\" (1880)."}
+{"id": "56581", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56581", "title": "Hallandale Beach, Florida", "text": "Hallandale Beach is a city in Broward County, Florida, United States. The city is named after Luther Halland, a worker for Henry Flagler's Florida East Coast Railroad. The population was 41,217 at the 2020 census. Sometimes the city is called the \"southernmost Canadian city\". This is because Hallandale Beach has been a popular vacation spot for years, and most of the tourists come from Quebec and the northeast United States. Many of these tourists eventually moved to the area to live there."}
+{"id": "56587", "revid": "744335", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56587", "title": "Nazi Party", "text": "The National Socialist German Workers' Party (German ; \"Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei\", abbreviated NSDAP), also known as the Nazi Party, was a far-right German political party. It was started in 1920 from the German Workers' Party (German: \"Deutsche Arbeiterpartei\", \"DAP\"), which would later be renamed the NSDAP. On the day it was created, the party published its 25-point manifesto (book of ideas). The items in this list of ideas included getting rid of the Treaty of Versailles; gaining more land for the German people; taking away any income people had not earned by working; taking away Jewish people's citizenship; changing the education system; and setting up a strong central government. It is most known for being Hitler's political party. \nFrom 1920 until 1923, Hitler the Nazi became to most popular in Bavaria since the Beer Hall Putsch of 1923 . In June 1934 the Nazi Party started Night of the Long Knives to kill SA leader Ernst R\u00f6hm and German Chancellor Kurt von Schleicher .\nHistory.\nIn 1919, Adolf Hitler joined the German Workers Party. In 1920 the party changed its name, and Hitler took control in 1921. \nIn 1923, the Nazi Party tried to start a coup d'\u00e9tat in Munich to take over Germany, but failed. This battle was called the Beer Hall Putsch. Hitler was sentenced to five years in prison for treason. However, he was let out of prison after nine months. Other people who participated in the Beer Hall Putsch were given the death penalty or 5-6 years imprisoned. The government also made the NSDAP illegal in Germany.\nWhile he was in prison, Adolf Hitler wrote most of \"Mein Kampf\" ('My Struggle'). In this book, he wrote down his political ideas and his future plans for Germany.\nIn 1924, Hitler was let out of prison early. He restarted the NSDAP. He wanted to gain power legally, through elections. At this time, the NSDAP was only one of a few extreme right-wing, nationalist political parties in Germany. There were many other parties with similar ideas then. Important people like Fritz Thyssen and Emil Kirdorf, both leaders of big industries, supported the Nazi Party.\nThe next elections to the Reichstag were held in 1928. In these elections, the Nazi Party won 2.6% of the vote. The party decided to decrease its anti-Semitic slogans in order to do better in the next election. Instead, the NSDAP focused more on foreign policy and on terrorising the German people. In local elections in 1929 and 1930, the NSDAP won about 10% of the vote.\nIn 1930, President Paul von Hindenburg dissolved the Reichstag. The Nazi Party saw this as an opportunity. In the elections on 14 September, 1930, the NSDAP won 18.3% of the vote, and had become the second biggest party in Germany. \nAt this time, most German people wanted to get rid of the Weimar Republic (the \"Weimarer Republik\"). Weimar was the German city where the German constitution was written after the First World War. People also wanted a stronger Germany, with more soldiers. The Treaty of Versailles had made it illegal for Germany to have some types of weapons and ships.\nOn January 30, 1933, Franz von Papen offered to make Adolf Hitler the Chancellor of Germany in a nationalist cabinet. He did this in secret. This was a \"Macht\u00fcbergabe\", or 'transfer of power'. However, later on, the NSDAP started to call it the \"Machtergreifung\" ('seizing power'). It was better for Nazi propaganda to say that they took power from the Weimar Republic, instead of being made the Republic's legal government.\nThe last \"free\" election in Weimar Germany was in March 1933. The Nazi Party won 44% of the vote. This was not a majority. After the Reichstag fire, they managed to get the two-thirds majority they needed to pass the \"Erm\u00e4chtigungsgesetz\" (Enabling Act). With this new law, they dissolved parliament; gave Hitler the power to do anything he wanted; and made all political parties (except the Nazi party ) illegal.\nAfter this, the Nazi party became very important. People had to be party members to get some jobs, or to get promoted. The Nazi party ended when Germany surrendered to the Allies on 8 May 1945, who banned the party and all other Nazi organizations.\nLaws of the Nazi Party.\nOn March 23, 1933, the German Parliament passed the \"Law of Rectification of the Distress of Nation and Reich\" or commonly known as the \"Enabling Act\". Since this law required a two-thirds majority vote in parliament, Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party used intimidation and persecution tactics to silence their opposition. They detained all 81 Communists and 26 out of the 120 Social Democrats in Nazi-controlled camps, effectively preventing them from participating in the voting process or expressing their opinions. Later, the only party that voted against it were the remaining Socialists. The laws were not questioned and challenged by the German judges as they viewed Hitler's government legitimate.\nThe \"Enabling Act\" then allowed Hitler to propose and sign legislation into law without the need and permission of Germany's parliament. The following are examples of laws the Nazi Party created and kept during their time of control.\nImpact.\nThe NSDAP was dissolved on 8 May 1945. After that, the NSDAP no longer existed.\nThey made some reforms which still exist today. For example:\nBut the Nazis did so many bad things that it is now illegal in Germany to display the swastika symbol (shown on the flag above) or use slogans such as \"Sieg Heil.\" In November 2010, a British member of the European Parliament, Godfrey Bloom, was forced to leave Parliament. This happened after he shouted the Nazi slogan 'Ein Volk, ein Reich, ein F\u00fchrer' at a German member of Parliament."}
+{"id": "56588", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56588", "title": "Chico", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56589", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56589", "title": "Carl Nielsen", "text": "Carl Nielsen (born in Sortelung, near N\u00f8rre Lyndelse on Funen, June 9, 1865; died in Copenhagen, October 3, 1931) was a Danish composer. He is the most famous composer from Denmark and one of the most important composers of symphonies from the late 19th and early 20th centuries.\nLife.\nCarl Nielsen was the seventh in a family of twelve children. His father\u2019s name was Niels J\u00f8rgensen. It was Danish tradition for a child to get his father\u2019s given name as part of his name, so Carl became Carl Nielsen (\u201cson of Niels\u201d).\nThe family was very poor and Carl had to help in the home. During the school holidays he looked after the geese. His father, who was a simple painter, played the violin and cornet in the village band. Carl soon learned to play the violin and joined in with his father\u2019s band. He listened to music by Haydn and Mozart and became very interested in general knowledge. All his life he tried to learn new languages and was interested in literature, art and philosophy. He loved animals and the nature around him.\nWhen he was 14, he had a job in the military orchestra in the nearby town of Odense. He played the horn and trombone. In 1884 some rich people in Odense paid for him to go to the Conservatory in Copenhagen. He studied music there and did quite well, but there was nothing yet to show that he would be a brilliant composer. He got a job as violinist in the Royal Chapel, a good orchestra which was conducted by Johan Svendsen. He got to know the music of Wagner, and he went to Germany to study it. Later he was not so keen on Wagner\u2019s music, and he was not much influenced by it.\nIn 1891, he married Anne Marie Brodersen who was a sculptress. They travelled together to Italy where they saw lots of great art. When they returned to Denmark Nielsen started composing some of the music that was to make him famous. In 1901 the Danish government paid him money every year so that he did not have to teach and could spend his time composing. He also conducted the Royal Theatre when Svendsen retired. He often travelled to other countries and, later, did some teaching and examining at the Copenhagen Conservatoire. He was made director of the conservatoire in 1931, shortly before he died.\nNielsen suffered for several years from heart trouble. He died from this disease on October 3, 1931.\nHis music.\nCarl Nielsen wrote nearly every kind of music: opera, chamber music, symphony, concerto, songs. His music was different from the Romantic music that other composers were writing at that time. Nielsen liked the music of the Classical period, especially Haydn and Mozart. He learned from them, but also used a lot of chromaticism and interesting orchestral sounds which made his music much more modern.\nHe wrote a serious opera called \"Saul og David\" and a comic opera \"Maskarade\". He wrote a lot of Danish songs which are very popular in Denmark.\nBy far the most important of his works internationally are his six symphonies and three concertos. The Fourth and Fifth Symphonies, especially, are performed very often by orchestras all over the world.\nHe wrote a very large work for organ called \"Commotio\".\nNielsen always said how important his simple village background was for his music. This can be heard clearly in his popular cantata \"Fynsk Foraar\" (\"Springtime in Funen\") which shows his love of the countryside where he grew up."}
+{"id": "56590", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56590", "title": "First name", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56591", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56591", "title": "Christian name", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56592", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56592", "title": "Sculptress", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56612", "revid": "353961", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56612", "title": "Madonna and Child", "text": "The Madonna and Child or The Virgin and Child is often the name of a work of art which shows the Virgin Mary and the Child Jesus. The word \"Madonna\" means \"My Lady\" in Italian. Artworks of the Christ Child and his mother Mary are part of the Roman Catholic tradition in many parts of the world including Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, South America, Switzerland, and the Philippines. Paintings known as icons are also an important tradition of the Orthodox Church and often show the Mary and the Christ Child. They are found particularly in Eastern Europe, Russia, Egypt, the Middle East and India. \nTypes of art work.\nPaintings.\nWorks of art which show the \"Madonna and Child\" can be paintings or sculptures. Some paintings are very large and show the Madonna on a throne, with saints standing around it. These paintings are altarpieces; they are designed to go above the altar in a church.\nIn some churches, particularly in Italy and in Eastern Orthodox Churches, there are many wall paintings and mosaics of the \"Madonna and Child\".\nMost \"Madonna and Child\" paintings are small. They have been painted for private owners and would usually have been kept in houses. They might be hung on the wall above a table where flowers and candles could be placed to honour the Virgin Mary. Most of the famous ones are now in art galleries. \nSculpture.\nMany Catholic churches have statues of the Virgin Mary with the Christ Child, These are sometimes life-sized and are painted, with real hair and glass eyes so that they look lifelike.\nOther statues of the \"Madonna and Child\" are very small. In the Middle Ages small statues were carved from ivory. These precious statues are often very beautifully and delicately made. They can often be seen in museums.\nIn Florence in the early 1400s, an artist called Luca della Robbia began making \"terracotta\" statues and sculptured altarpieces from clay, which were fired and \"glazed\" with colours, most often blue and white, but also purple, green and yellow. This family business lasted for 120 years.\nMany statues of the \"Madonna and Child\" may be factory-made and sold as souvenirs. This tradition of small statues has been around for hundreds of years. Many of them were made in artist's workshops in the Early Renaissance\nIcons.\nIn the Orthodox Church, there is also a long tradition of painting images of the Virgin Mary with the Christ Child. These pictures, which are often quite small and are painted on wooden panels, are often very careful copies of particular famous icons. This tradition continues to the present day.\nFamous images of the Madonna and Child.\nLarge altarpieces.\nThese three famous paintings are all together in one room of the Uffizi Gallery in Florence. Two of these paintings are from the Middle Ages, but Giotto's painting is an Early Renaissance painting, as can be seen in the natural, solid look of the figures which seem to be \"three dimensional\". \nStatues.\nMany churches contain famous statues of the \"Madonna and Child\", particularly old churches. "}
+{"id": "56614", "revid": "888555", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56614", "title": "G\u00f6ppingen", "text": "G\u00f6ppingen (, \"Gebbeng\", or \"Geppenge\") is a town in Baden-W\u00fcrttemberg, Germany. In 2005, there were 57,771 people living there. It is at the bottom of the high \"Kaiserberg\", or \"Emperors' Mountain\".\nHistory.\nThe first settlement at G\u00f6ppingen was in the Hallstatt period, 800-480 BC. A Roman settlement from about 250 BC was found near the present day Oberhofen Church. An Alemannic prince by the name of \"Geppo\", is believed to have started the town after the sometime in the 3rd or 4th century. The town is named after him.\nA fire on August 25, 1782 destroyed most of the town, but it was immediately rebuilt. During the 1800s, many factories were built in the area. Companies such as M\u00e4rklin and Schuler are still based in the town.\nCooke Barracks.\nIn 1930, an air field was built north of G\u00f6ppingen. This was taken over by the Luftwaffe in 1935 and was called the Fliegerhorst Kaserne (barracks). From 1945 to 1949, displaced persons and refugees were housed in the buildings. In 1949, it was renamed Cooke Barracks, after Charles H. Cooke, Jr., who been killed in action and given the Silver Star and Soldier's Medal for bravery.\nIn late 1950, the 7th Army had been reformed in Stuttgart and United States Army began to be stationed at Cooke Barracks. The barracks were made bigger for the 28th Infantry Division headquarters. The 28th Infantry was renamed as the 9th Infantry Division (United States) in 1954 and was replaced by the 8th Infantry Division in 1956. They were then replaced by the 4th Armored Division in 1957, which was renamed as the 1st Armored Division in 1971 and moved to Hindenburg Kaserne in Ansbach in 1972. The 1st Infantry Division moved from Augsburg in 1972 until 1991. There was also two Family Housing-Blocks in Donzdorf at the G\u00f6ppingen (district). In July 2017, they was hold the remembering cooke barracks festival, because the inhabitants in g\u00f6ppingen district loved and liked the US Army who was once stationed in Goppingen.\nCooke Barracks were given back to the German government in 1992. The barracks were again used to house refugees for some time, then returned to civilian use.\nSport.\nFrisch Auf! G\u00f6ppingen currently plays in the German first handball-division (Handball-Bundesliga)."}
+{"id": "56616", "revid": "10052744", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56616", "title": "National Gallery, London", "text": "The National Gallery, London is an art gallery in London, England, which has one of the finest collections of European paintings in the world. \nWhat makes this gallery so important is that, although there are bigger galleries, \"The National Gallery\" has many paintings of very high quality and also because it has paintings by famous artists whose works are very rare. These rare paintings include works by Duccio, Masaccio, Uccello, Piero della Francesca, Leonardo, Giorgione, Michelangelo, Caravaggio, Vermeer, Chardin, Klimt, Rousseau and Redon.\n\"The National Gallery\" is on Trafalgar Square, which is one of the busiest tourist places in London. It is a grand building of pale grey limestone, with a central dome and a large Classical style porch (\"portico\") like an Ancient Greek temple. To the left side, the gallery has a large new building called \"The Sainsbury Wing\". \nHistory.\nIn 1823 a collector called Sir George Beaumont offered to give his famous collection of paintings to the British Government to start a public art gallery. In 1824 another famous collection of paintings was on sale. The owner, John Julius Angerstein, had died. It looked as if his paintings would be sold outside England. Then there was another offer of paintings from a third collector, The Reverend Holwell Carr. The Parliament had to make a quick decision.\nThe Parliament voted that a national collection should be started and a gallery should be built. They gave 60,000 Pounds Sterling to buy the Angerstein paintings. They got 38 pictures and were able to display them publicly in the Angerstein House. \nThe collection grew quickly with the Beaumont and Holwell Carr paintings, and others, being bought or given. A new gallery was needed. In 1831 the plans of the architect William Wilkins were accepted. The site which looks over Trafalgar Square was chosen, old buildings were demolished and the magnificent new gallery was opened on April 9, 1838.\nWhen \"the National Gallery\" opened, there was a strong opinion that paintings of the High Renaissance period of the late 1400s to Baroque paintings of the 1600s were the finest type of art. The word \"primitive\" was used to describe Italian paintings from the 1300s and early 1400s. Luckily, the director of the Gallery, Sir Charles Eastlake, thought it was important to collect some of these \"primitive\" paintings, as well as the more popular High Renaissance paintings. That is how the \"National Gallery\" came to own so many very rare works from the Late Middle Ages and Early Renaissance periods.\nIn the 1870s the Gallery was lucky to get two collections of paintings by famous Dutch artists. The building had to be made larger to house them. The Gallery was also given paintings by famous British artists; soon there were so many that most of them were moved out to a new gallery called the Tate.\nBy the 20th century, it was getting more difficult to buy very important paintings; there were other galleries in the United States and Germany who were trying to buy the same paintings. So the \"National Gallery\" began to buy works by more modern painters and soon had a collection of 19th and early 20th century paintings. This is not a large part of the \"National Gallery's\" collection, but it does show small works by many very important artists, particularly the Impressionists."}
+{"id": "56617", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56617", "title": "Unperson", "text": "In the George Orwell book Nineteen Eighty-Four, an Unperson in Newspeak is someone who has been vaporized. Vaporization is when a person is secretly murdered and from society, the present, the universe, and existence. Such a person would be taken out of books, photographs, and articles so that no trace of them is found in the present anywhere \u2013 no record of them would be found. This was so that a person who defied the Party would be gone from all citizens' memories, even friends and family. There is no Newspeak word for what happened to unpeople, therefore it is thoughtcrime to say an unperson's name or think of unpeople. \nThis is similar to the Stalinist Soviet Party erasing people from photographs after death; this is an example of \"real\" unpeople.\nThe Stalin-era Soviet Union also provided real-world examples of unpersons in its treatment of Leon Trotsky and other members of the Communist Party who became politically inconvenient. In his 1960 magazine article \"Pravda means 'Truth'\", reprinted in \"Expanded Universe\", Robert A. Heinlein argued that John Paul Jones and a mysterious May 15, 1960 cosmonaut had also received this treatment."}
+{"id": "56624", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56624", "title": "D\u00fcren", "text": "D\u00fcren (Ripuarian: \"D\u00fcre\", Low Franconian: \"D\u00fcrre\" or \"Dure\") is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. It is between Cologne and Aachen. About 90,000 people live there. D\u00fcren is at the river Rur."}
+{"id": "56626", "revid": "10092405", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56626", "title": "G\u00fctersloh", "text": "G\u00fctersloh (, Low Franconian: \"G\u00fctersloh\") is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 96,000 people live there. It is home to the high-end appliance brand Miele. "}
+{"id": "56628", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56628", "title": "Iserlohn", "text": "Iserlohn (Westphalian Low German: \"Iserlaun\", \"Iserliaun\", or \"Iserlauhn\"; Middle Low German: \"Eisenwald\") is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 93,000 people live there; it is one of the largest cities in that region."}
+{"id": "56629", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56629", "title": "Velbert", "text": "Velbert is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 87,000 people live there."}
+{"id": "56631", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56631", "title": "L\u00fcnen", "text": "L\u00fcnen is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. 88,000 people live there. L\u00fcnen has got two important football clubs: L\u00fcner SV and BV Brambauer. L\u00fcner SV is playing in the \"Bezirksliga (8. league), but in 1963 the club achieved his greatest aim. They got Champion of Westphalia."}
+{"id": "56632", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56632", "title": "Marl, North Rhine-Westphalia", "text": "Marl is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 91,000 people live there."}
+{"id": "56633", "revid": "13560", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56633", "title": "M\u00fchlheim a. d. Ruhr", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56636", "revid": "985020", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56636", "title": "Bocholt", "text": "Bocholt () is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. About 73,000 people live there.\nTwin towns \u2013 sister cities.\nBocholt is twinned with:"}
+{"id": "56638", "revid": "1620416", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56638", "title": "Roman Abramovich", "text": "Roman Abramovich (born October 24, 1966 in Saratov, Russia) is a Russian-British businessman. Roman Abramovich was born in Saratov, in the former Soviet Union (FSU) on October 24, 1966. He was orphaned at the age of three and raised by his uncle in Ukhta, in the Komi Republic in northern Russia. When he was eight, Abramovich went to live with his grandmother in Moscow.\nWealth.\nHe is one of the richest men in the world. As in 2019, his wealth was estimated at $12.9 billion by Forbes which made him the wealthiest person in Israel, where he resides, and the 140th wealthiest person in the world.\nBusiness.\nAbramovich is the owner of Millhouse, LLC, a private investment company, the owner of Evraz, a steel making and mining company, and major shareholder of Norilsk Nickel, a nickel and palladium mining and smelting company. He is also part owner or significant shareholder many international corporations, mainly in steel and mining, and private investment and was well known as owner for club Chelsea Football Club, one of the most successful and popular football teams in the United Kingdom.\nWorks in Russia.\nIn 1999, Abramovich who was then 33 years old, was elected governor of the Russian province of Chukotka, and was subsequently elected for a second term, serving until 2008.\nAbramovich has received the \u2018Order of Honor\u2019 by the President of Russia for his important contribution to helping himprove the economy of Chukotka. He was also given the \u2018Order of Friendship\u2019 by the President."}
+{"id": "56652", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56652", "title": "Morena Baccarin", "text": "Morena Silva de Vaz Setta Baccarin (born June 2, 1979) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Inara Serra in the sci-fi television series \"Firefly\" and the movie \"Serenity\".\nEarly life and education.\nBaccarin was born on June 2, 1979 in Rio de Janeiro Brazil. Her father is of Italian descent. Her mother is Brazilian stage and television actress Vera Setta.\nWhen she was 10, Baccarin moved with her family to Greenwich Village, New York, in the United States. She later attended the Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art and Performing Arts (the High School in the movie \"Fame\") before she studied theater at Juilliard."}
+{"id": "56660", "revid": "1299044", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56660", "title": "Jos\u00e9 Mourinho", "text": "Jos\u00e9 M\u00e1rio dos Santos Mourinho F\u00e9lix (; born 26 January 1963) is a Portuguese professional football manager and former player who is currently the manager of Liga Portugal club Benfica.\nMourinho is regarded by some players, coaches, and critics as one of the best football coaches of all time. Jose Mourinho's father was no stranger to the world of football. Felix Mourinho practiced this sport as a professional goalkeeper. He also represented his country in one international match. Without a doubt, this factor had a huge impact on the Portuguese coach's career since his childhood, especially with his father's unquenchable desire for Jose to become a big player.\nMourinho won four league titles in a row (two at Porto and two at Chelsea). He has also won the UEFA Champions League and the UEFA Cup with Porto. For two years in a row (2004 and 2005), Mourinho was named the world's best football coach by the International Federation of Football History and Statistics (IFFHS). After leaving Chelsea F.C., he was replaced by Avram Grant. He went to coach Internazionale Milano and won the Serie A, Italian Super Cup and Champions League in a single season (2009\u201310).\nHonours.\nAssistant Manager.\nPorto\nBarcelona\nManager.\nPorto\nChelsea\nInter Milan\nReal Madrid\nManchester United\nRoma\nIndividual\nRecords.\nGuinness World Records\nOthers"}
+{"id": "56664", "revid": "1530097", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56664", "title": "Sawmill", "text": "A sawmill is a place where lumber is cut into boards.\nSawmill process.\nSawmills today work like sawmills from hundreds of years ago. A log enters at one end, and pieces of wood of a specific shape and size come out of the other end.\nHistory.\nSawmills seem to have existed in the medieval period, as one was sketched by \"Villard de Honnecourt\" in c.1250. On the other hand, people think they were introduced in Madeira following its discovery in c.1420 and spread widely in Europe in the 16th century.\nThe Dutchman \"Cornelis Corneliszoon\" (1550-1607) invented his type of sawmill by applying a pitman arm onto a wind mill, which converted a turning motion into an up-an-down motion. Corneliszoon patented the sawmill on December 15, 1593 and the pitman on December 6, 1597. He built the first sawmill in 1594.\nBefore to the invention of the sawmill, boards were sawn by two men with a whipsaw, using saddleblocks to hold the log, and a pit for the pitman who worked below. Sawing was slow, and required strong and enduring men. The topsawer had to be the stronger of the two because the saw was pulled in turn by each man, and the lower had the advantage of gravity. The topsawyer also had to guide the saw so that the board was of even thickness. This was often done by following a chalk line.\nEarly sawmills simply adapted the whipsaw to mechanical power, generally driven by a water wheel to speed up the process. The circular motion of the wheel was changed to back-and-forth motion of the saw blade by a Connecting rod known as a \"pitman\". A pitman is similar to a crankshaft, but in reverse; a crankshaft converts back-and-forth motion to circular motion. Generally, only the saw was powered, and the logs had to be loaded and moved by hand. An early improvement was the development of a movable carriage, also water powered, to steadily move the log through the saw blade.\nA small mill such as this would be the center of many rural communities in wood-exporting regions such as the Baltic countries and Canada. The output of such mills would be quite low, perhaps only 500 boards per day. They would also generally only operate during the winter, the peak logging season.\nIn the United States, the sawmill was introduced soon after the colonisation of Virginia by recruiting skilled men from Hamburg. Later the metal parts were obtained from the Netherlands, where the technology was far ahead of that in England, where the sawmill was largely unknown until the late 18th century. The arrival of a sawmill was an important step in the growth of a frontier community.\nEarly mills were taken to the forest, where a temporary shelter was built, and the logs were skidded to the nearby mill by horse or ox teams, often when there was some snow to provide lubrication. As mills grew larger, they were usually established in more permanent facilities on a river, and the logs were floated down to them by log drivers.\nTechnology has changed sawmill operations significantly in recent years, emphasizing increasing profits through waste minimization and increased energy efficiency as well as improving operator safety."}
+{"id": "56667", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56667", "title": "Electromagnetic", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56669", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56669", "title": "First Law of Motion", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56670", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56670", "title": "Hazrat Babajan", "text": " \nHazrat Babajan (1806\u20131931), birthname Gool Rukh (\"like a rose\"), was born as a Pathan lady in a noble Muslim family of Balochistan in northern British India Empire (now Pakistan). At the age of 18 she fled her arranged marriage and sought God instead. She journeyed to the northeast, first to Peshawar and then to Rawalpindi, disguised by her Muslim veil. She lived for a year and a half in the mountainous regions of what is now Pakistan under the guidance of a Hindu sadguru, then traveled to Punjab. In Multan, at the age of 37, she received God-realization from an Islamic qutub (Muslim master), Maula Shah.\nBabajan is most famously remembered as the spiritual master of Meher Baba. "}
+{"id": "56677", "revid": "10381203", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56677", "title": "Concept album", "text": "A concept album is a kind of album in which all the songs are about the same thing. Most of the time, they tell a story.\nExamples.\nExamples of concept albums are:"}
+{"id": "56678", "revid": "189206", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56678", "title": "Convenience food", "text": "Convenience food is a type of food. This kind of food has been made to save consumers time to prepare it. Usually such foods just need to be heated, or can just be eaten from the package. They are made for a long shelf life, so that they can stay in the store for a long time. One thing to remember is that you may have to pay for the convenience, as this food is often expensive.\nMany people criticise these products, because:\nHistory.\nBefore modern times most men worked in the open, often in fields. Agriculture was, before the industrial revolution, the biggest employment for men in most countries. They usually took their midday meal with them, and ate where they worked.\nMany kinds of food types were invented for this purpose. The Cornish pasty from the UK is one which survives to the present day. Other kinds have vanished, and their names forgotten. The Bedfordshire clanger was a baked suet dumpling, and there was also a Bedfordshire roll. This was savoury at one end and sweet at the other. It was eaten from the savoury end to the sweet end. There used to be many other varieties and version. Many have commented on the way convenience foods are heavy on calories. They were meant to be, for work then was usually manual labour, and men used their muscles continually as they worked.\nThe modern sandwich is a relatively recent invention, since it dates back only to the 18th century. It has become a standard way of taking food to the school or workplace."}
+{"id": "56679", "revid": "1020587", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56679", "title": "Zippo", "text": "A Zippo lighter is a refillable metal lighter made by Zippo Manufacturing Company since 1933. Many different styles have been made since 1933, such as the pipe Zippo, for lighting pipes. Many people collect Zippos. Some Zippos are worth a lot of money.\nZippo lighters are wind-proof, which means that the wind can not blow them out. The most common fuel for Zippos is naphtha."}
+{"id": "56680", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56680", "title": "Concept albums", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56715", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56715", "title": "Countries of the world", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56718", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56718", "title": "1367", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56722", "revid": "10249450", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56722", "title": "939", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56726", "revid": "1508985", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56726", "title": "Water heating", "text": "Water heating is a thermodynamic process using an energy source to heat water above its initial temperature. Typical domestic uses of hot water are for cooking, cleaning and bathing, and space heating. In industry both hot water and water heated to steam have many uses.\nThe most common energy sources for heating water are fossil fuels: natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, oil or sometimes solid fuels (coal or firewood. These fuels may be consumed directly or by the use of electricity (which may derive from any of the above fuels or from nuclear or renewable sources). Alternative energy such as solar energy, heat pumps, hot water heat recycling, and sometimes geothermal power, may also be used as available, usually in combination with gas, oil or electricity.\nSolar water heaters.\nSolar collectors for solar powered water heaters are installed outside dwellings, typically on the roof or nearby. Nearly all models are the direct-gain type. They consist of flat panels in which water circulates.\nGeothermal heating.\nIn countries like Iceland and New Zealand, and other volcanic regions, water heating may be done using geothermal power, rather than combustion."}
+{"id": "56738", "revid": "344989", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56738", "title": "Cou\u00ebron", "text": "Cou\u00ebron is a city in France on the Atlantic Ocean near Nantes. About 18.000 people live in the city."}
+{"id": "56740", "revid": "116088", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56740", "title": "Room temperature", "text": "Room temperature does not have an exact scientific definition. It means a temperature that is normal in rooms used by human beings.\nHuman comfort and health.\nA comfortable room temperature depends on individual needs and other factors. According to the West Midlands Public Health Observatory (UK), is the recommended living room temperature, and is a good bedroom temperature.\nHowever, in hotter countries such as those near the equator room temperature can be as high as .\nRoom Temperature is the temperature that is comfortable and normal to be in.\nScience.\nFor scientific work, room temperature is taken to be in the range with an average of . Scientists use kelvins (K) for temperature. The Rankine (\u00b0R) unit is no longer used.\nCondition for physical experiments.\nThe progress and results of many scientific and industrial processes can sometimes depend on the temperature of the surroundings of the equipment. For example, a measurement of the charge of the electron does not depend upon the temperature of the test equipment. In this case, if scientists mention temperature at all, they usually only mention \"room temperature\", which means that what is being measured has not been cooled or heated."}
+{"id": "56741", "revid": "1398040", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56741", "title": "Kraftwerk", "text": "Kraftwerk is a electronic band from Germany that became famous in the late 1970s and 1980s for making electronic music. They used synthesizers and sequencers to make the rhythms and melodies in the song.\nKraftwerk made electronic music many years before other bands knew it would be popular. They paved the way for the MIDI and digital styles of music to become popular in the 1990s. Many of the sounds from songs such as \"Computer Love\", \"The Robots\", and \"Trans Europe Express\" can be heard sampled by a variety of bands on their current releases. Recently, some of Kraftwerk's original recording equipment was sold on eBay for astonishing amounts. Kraftwerk continues to have a faithful following. The band's name is German for power station."}
+{"id": "56743", "revid": "572554", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56743", "title": "Cricket ball", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56746", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56746", "title": "Baptist", "text": "Baptist is a word describing a tradition of Christianity and may also refer to individuals belonging to a Baptist church or a denomination. The tradition takes its name from the belief that followers of Jesus Christ should be placed in water to show their faith. Baptists do not practice infant baptism.\nIn 1639, Roger Williams began a Baptist church in Providence, Rhode Island, and John Clarke began a Baptist church in Newport, Rhode Island. It is not clear which church opened first since records for both churches are missing information.\nBeliefs and principles.\nBaptist churches do not have a central principal authority. Therefore, beliefs, mainly those that may be considered minor, are not the same from one Baptist church to another. However, on major issues, most are held in common among almost all Baptist churches.\nBaptists share so-called \"orthodox\" Christian beliefs with most other moderate or conservative Christian denominations. Some of them are beliefs about one God; Jesus' death, burial, and bodily resurrection; the Trinity (the divinity of Jesus, the Holy Spirit, and God the Father); the need for salvation; grace; and evangelism and missions.\nMembership.\nThere are over 90 million Baptists in the world in nearly 300,000 churches. There are about 47 million members in the United States. There are other large populations of Baptists in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. There are 2.4 million Baptists in India, 2.3 million in Nigeria, 1.9 million in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and 1.5 million in Brazil.\nIn a poll in the 1990s, about 20% of Americans said that they were Baptist.\nViews.\nMany people outside the community see them as Protestant, but some Baptists do not and view theselves to have existed separately since early church days. Those holding the latter view believe that Baptists have never been a part of the Roman Catholicism and are not \"protesting\" against Catholicism. They also point out that Baptists have no connections with the Reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin, or Huldrych Zwingli.\nOther Baptists accept the term \"Protestant\" as a category for churches that have similar religious views of \"sola scriptura, sola fide,\" the priesthood of all believers and other positions that Luther and Calvin that opposed the Catholic Church in the 16th century.\nThe label \"denomination\" is rejected by some Baptists because of the autonomous system for control that is used by their churches. Being a denomination is viewed by them as having a hierarchy similar to Roman Catholics'. Another reason for the rejection of the label is the influence of the Restoration period on Baptist churches, which tore down denominational barriers. Other Baptists accept the label and feel that it is truthful and has no bad meaning but is just a synonym for a Christian or other religious group with common beliefs.\nThe label Evangelical is rejected by some fundamentalist Baptists, who think that it is not fundamentalist enough. It is also rejected by some liberal Baptists who think that the term is too conservative. It is accepted by moderate Baptists who believe in the revival in the United States in the 1700s, called the First Great Awakening. Some Evangelicals also reject the label fundamentalist because they think that it is too extreme."}
+{"id": "56748", "revid": "8854081", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56748", "title": "Techno", "text": "Techno is a form of electronic dance music that became popular in Frankfurt, Germany during the early 1980s. It was influenced by synthpop, house music, funk, post-disco and futuristic fiction ideas that were important during the end of the Cold War in the United States at that time. Juan Atkins is generally thought to be the founder of Detroit Techno music. Detroit Techno first became successful locally and then became popular around the world in the 1990s.\nUsage of the term.\nThe word \"techno\" comes from \"technology\". Fans of Techno music are careful in their use of the word. They are careful not to confuse it with other types of music that are similar but different (for example house, trance, trap). At the same time, the word \"techno\" is commonly used when talking about all forms of electronic music and dance music, especially in Europe, the Americas and Australia. Despite the common usage of the term to refer to all electronic dance in general, techno is a specific genre with its own, distinguishable sound. By nature, techno tends to be highly repetitive, instrumentally-oriented music which follows a regular four-on-the-floor beat. The genre places a strong emphasis on rhythm, and techno tends to have a very beat-based sound."}
+{"id": "56749", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56749", "title": "Techno music", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56750", "revid": "1659580", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56750", "title": "Dog sled", "text": "A dog sled is a sled that is pulled by sled dogs and can go over ice and snow. Dog sleds were first made by First Nations people in Canada before the English and French got there, because they had no horses so they used dogs to travel. They were also made by people in Norway, Sweden, Finland and Russia because it was also easier to travel with dogs in parts of those countries.\nRacing dog sleds is a popular sport which a lot of people enjoy watching or actually going in the sleds to race. It is more popular in places where there is not much horse racing."}
+{"id": "56751", "revid": "1241374", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56751", "title": "Multiset", "text": "A multiset (sometimes called a bag) is a concept from mathematics. In many ways, multisets are like sets. Certain items are either elements of that multiset, or they are not. However, multisets are different from sets: The same type of item can be in the multiset more than once. For this reason, mathematicians have defined a relation (function) that tells, how many copies of a certain type of item there are in a certain multiset. They call this \"multiplicity\". For example, in the multiset { \"a\", \"a\", \"b\", \"b\", \"b\", \"c\" }, the multiplicities of the members \"a\", \"b\", and \"c\" are 2, 3, and 1, respectively. From a set of \"n\" elements, the number of \"r\"-element multisets is written as formula_1. This is sometimes called the multiset coefficient.\nA multiset is illustrated by means of a histogram.\nA multiset can also be considered an unordered tuple:\nExamples.\nOne of the simplest examples is the multiset of prime factors of a number \"n\". Here, the underlying set of elements is the set of prime divisors of \"n\". For example, the number \"120\" has the prime factorisation\nwhich gives the multiset {2, 2, 2, 3, 5}.\nAnother is the multiset of solutions of an algebraic equation. A quadratic equation, for example, has two solutions. However, in some cases they are both the same number. Thus the multiset of solutions of the equation could be { 3, 5 }, or it could be { 4, 4 }. In the latter case, it has a solution of multiplicity 2."}
+{"id": "56753", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56753", "title": "Tom Brokaw", "text": "Thomas John Brokaw (born February 6, 1940 in Webster, South Dakota) is a popular American television journalist and is the former anchorman (host) of \"NBC Nightly News with Tom Brokaw\". His last appearance as anchorman was on December 1, 2004. In the later part of hosting \"NBC Nightly News\", the program became the most-watched news program in the United States. Brokaw has received many awards and honors.\nBrokaw was diagnosed with multiple myeloma in August 2013.\nOn April 26, 2018, Brokaw was accused of sexual harassment by two women."}
+{"id": "56754", "revid": "431010", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56754", "title": "Jewish people", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56755", "revid": "7120070", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56755", "title": "Tuple", "text": "In mathematics, a tuple is a finite sequence of objects. Sometimes, the finite sequence is also called an \"ordered list\". This means that the order of the objects matter. In a tuple, the objects are either enclosed within parentheses (such as formula_1), or within angle brackets (such as formula_2). Each of the objects in the list has a certain type. A tuple consisting of \"n\" entries is called an n-tuple. Tuples are used to describe mathematical objects that are made of certain, well-defined components. They are also used very frequently with databases. \nTuples are different from sets:\nIn other words, tuples are like ordered multisets."}
+{"id": "56756", "revid": "9083870", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56756", "title": "Manure", "text": "Manure is organic matter used as fertilizer in agriculture. Manures improve the fertility of the soil by adding organic matter and lots of nutrients, such as nitrogen that is trapped by bacteria in the soil. Higher organisms then feed on the fungi and bacteria in a chain of life.\nThe term \"manure\" was used for inorganic fertilizers in the past, but this usage is now very rare. Manure from birds and bats is called guano.\nEtymology.\nThe word manure came from Middle English \"manuren\" meaning \"to cultivate land,\" and initially from French \"main-oeuvre\" = \"hand work\" alluding to the work which involved manuring land.\nTypes.\nThere are two classes of manures in soil management: green manures and animal manures. Compost is distinguished from manure in that it is the \"decomposed\" remnants of organic materials (which may, nevertheless, include manure).\nMost animal manure is feces\u2013excrement of plant-eating mammals (herbivores) and plant material (often straw) which has been used as bedding for animals and thus is heavily contaminated with their feces and urine.\nGreen manures are crops grown for the express purpose of plowing them under. In so doing, fertility is increased through the nutrients and organic matter that are returned to the soil. \nUses of manure.\nManure has been used for centuries as a fertilizer for farming, as it is rich in nitrogen and other nutrients which facilitate the growth of plants. Liquid manure from pig/hog operations is usually knifed (injected) directly into soil to reduce the unpleasant odors. Manure from hogs and cattle is spread on fields using a manure spreader. Due to the relatively lower level of proteins in grasses, which herbivores eat, cattle manure has a milder smell than the dung of carnivores\u2013for example, elephant dung is practically odorless. However, due to the quantity of manure applied to fields, odor can be a problem in some agricultural regions. Poultry droppings are harmful to plants when fresh but after a period of composting are valuable fertilizers.\nThe dried manure of animals has been used as fuel throughout history. Dried manure (usually known as dung) of cows was, and still is, an important fuel source in countries such as India, while camel dung may be used in treeless regions such as deserts. On the Oregon Trail, pioneering families collected large quantities of \"buffalo chips\" in lieu of scarce firewood. It has been used for many purposes, in cooking fires and to combat the cold desert nights.\nAnother use of manure is to make paper. This has been done with dung from elephants where it is a small industry in Africa and Asia, and also horses, llamas, and kangaroos. Other than the llama, these animals are not ruminants and thus tend to pass plant fibres undigested in their dung."}
+{"id": "56757", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56757", "title": "N-tuple", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56759", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56759", "title": "Nutrient", "text": "A nutrient is either a chemical element or compound used in an organism's metabolism or physiology. A nutrient is essential to an organism if it cannot be produced by the organism and must be obtained from a food source.\nThis article deals with nutrition in animals, especially humans. Nutrition in plants, fungi, bacteria and archaea is not discussed here.\nSubstances that provide energy.\nThese three types of nutrients are often called macronutrients.\nEssential elements.\nThe following table gives an idea of what elements are essential for humans:\nPeriodic table highlighting dietary elements"}
+{"id": "56760", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56760", "title": "Histogram", "text": "A histogram is a concept from statistics. It is a graphical display that tells us about the distribution of the samples involved. They are commonly a picture made from a table with many categories. The table tells how many samples there are in each category.\nThe word \"histogram\" is derived from \"histos\" and \"gramma\" in Greek. \"Histos\" means \"web\" or \"mast\". \"Gramma\" means \"drawing\", \"record\" or \"writing\". A histogram of something is therefore, etymologically speaking, a drawing of the web of this something. \nA histogram is a graphical representation of the distribution of numerical data. It is a type of bar chart that shows the frequency or number of observations within different numerical ranges, called bins. The bins are usually specified as consecutive, non-overlapping intervals of a variable. The histogram provides a visual representation of the distribution of the data, showing the number of observations that fall within each bin. \nSimilar ideas.\nThe histogram is one of the seven basic tools of quality control, which also include the Pareto chart, check sheet, control chart, cause-and-effect diagram, flowchart, and scatter diagram. \nA population pyramid is two histograms.\nA generalization of the histogram is kernel smoothing techniques. This will construct a smooth probability density function from the supplied data."}
+{"id": "56761", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56761", "title": "Green manure", "text": "Typically, a green manure crop is grown for a specific period, and then plowed under and incorporated into the soil. Green manures usually perform several functions, that include soil improvement and soil protection:\nHistorically, the practice of green manuring can be traced back to the fallow cycle of crop rotation, which was used to allow soils to recover.\nGreen manures in organic farming.\nOrganic farming relies on soil health and cycling of nutrients through the soil using natural processes, such as the addition of animal manures. If animal manures are not available, in a stockless rotation, green manures perform a vital function of fertilization."}
+{"id": "56762", "revid": "1467751", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56762", "title": "Normal distribution", "text": "The normal distribution is a probability distribution used in probability theory and statistics. It is also called Gaussian distribution because it was first discovered by Carl Friedrich Gauss. The normal distribution is very important in many fields because many things take this form. A random variable that takes this form is normally distributed, and can be called a normal deviate. The normal distribution is often called the \"bell curve\", because the graph of its probability density looks like a bell. The standard normal distribution (also known as the Z distribution) is a normal distribution that has a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one. \nThe form of the distribution is \nformula_9 \nIn a normal distribution, the parameter formula_2 is the mean (\"average\"). The standard deviation (\"variability\") is formula_11. The variance of the distribution is formula_5.\nThe normal distribution is important because it can represent real-life examples. It is used in natural and social sciences. Some examples include:\nThe central limit theorem can be used to describe real-life data as a normal distribution.\nOrigin.\nIts origin goes back to the 18th century to De Moivre and in the early 19th century with Gauss.\nUse.\nIt is the most widely used piece of statistics by far. It was famously used in World War I by the United States Army to decide when men were so poor mentally that they could not be used by the Army in any job. "}
+{"id": "56763", "revid": "1659580", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56763", "title": "Biomass", "text": "Biomass is a basic term in ecology, and in the energy production industry.\nOrganic waste such as dead plant and animal material, animal dung and kitchen waste can be converted into gaseous fuel called biogas. The organic waste is decomposed by bacteria in biogas digesters to emit biogas which is essentially a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide.\nIn ecology, biomass means the accumulation of living matter. It is the total living material in a given area or a biological community or group. Biomass is measured by weight, or by dry weight, per given area (per square metre or square kilometer).\nIn the energy industry, it refers to biological material which can be used as fuel or for industrial production. Biomass includes plant matter grown for use as biofuel, and also includes plant or animal matter used for production of fibres, chemicals or heat. Biomass may also include biodegradable wastes which can be burnt as fuel. It excludes organic material which has been transformed by geological processes into substances such as coal or petroleum. It is usually measured by dry weight.\nEnergy industry.\nThe term biomass is especially useful for plants, where some internal structures may not always be considered living tissue, such as the wood (secondary xylem) of a tree.\nBiofuels include bioethanol, biodiesel, biogas, and firewood.\nBiomass is grown from several plants, including switchgrass, hemp, corn, poplar, willow and sugarcane. The particular plant used is usually not very important to the end products, but it does affect the processing of the raw material. \nThough biomass is a renewable fuel, its use can still contribute to global warming. This happens when the natural carbon equilibrium is disturbed; for example by deforestation or urbanization of green sites.\nBiomass is part of the carbon cycle. Photosynthesis converts carbon from the atmosphere into plant matter. When the plant rots or burns, the carbon goes back into the atmosphere. This happens somewhat quickly, and plant matter used as a fuel can be constantly replaced by planting for new growth. Therefore, it doesn't much change the amount of atmospheric carbon.\nAlthough fossil fuels come from things that died long ago, they are not considered biomass by the generally accepted definition because they contain carbon that has been 'out' of the carbon cycle for a very long time. Burning fossil fuels in combustion therefore adds much carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.\nOther uses of biomass, besides fuel:\nPlastics from biomass, like some made to dissolve in seawater, are made the same way as petroleum-based plastics, are actually cheaper to manufacture and meet or exceed most performance standards. But they lack the water resistance of conventional plastics.\nEcology.\nThe most successful animal, in terms of biomass, is the Antarctic krill, \"Euphausia superba\", with a biomass of probably over 500 million tons across the world, about twice the total biomass of humans. \nBiomass may also be a measure of the dried organic mass of an ecosystem.\nThis is a summary of biomass data."}
+{"id": "56768", "revid": "1691652", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56768", "title": "Variance", "text": "In probability theory and statistics, the variance is a way to measure how far a set of numbers is spread out.\nVariance describes how much a random variable differs from its expected value. The variance is defined as the average of the squares of the differences between the individual (observed) and the expected value. This means that it is always positive. A variance is often represented by the symbol formula_1, if the data is the entire population, and formula_2, if the data is from a sample.\nIn practice, variance is a measure of how much something changes. For example, temperature has more variance in Moscow than in Hawaii.\nThe variance is not simply the average difference from the expected value. The standard deviation, which is the square root of the variance and comes closer to the average difference, is also not simply the average difference. Variance and standard deviation are used because it makes the mathematics easier\u2014when adding two random variables together.\nIn accountancy, a variance refers to the difference between the budget for a cost, and the actual cost.\nHistory.\nKarl Pearson, the father of biometry, first used the term variance as follows:\"It is here attempted to (show) the biometrical properties of a population of a more general type that has (..) been examined, inheritance in which follows this scheme. It is hoped that in this way it will be possible to make a more exact analysis of the causes of human variability. The great body of available statistics shows us that the deviations of a human measurement from its mean follow very closely the Normal Law of Errors, and that therefore, the variablility may be uniformly measured by the standard deviation, corresponding to the square root of the mean square error.\""}
+{"id": "56769", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56769", "title": "Tarzan's Treehouse", "text": "Tarzan's Treehouse is a walk-through attraction in Disneyland in Anaheim, California. It was originally called the Swiss Family Treehouse. The treehouse explores the past of the Disney character Tarzan. The tree is fake, but is considered by Disney imagineers a real species or \"Disneyodendron eximus\" which translates to \"out of the ordinary Disney tree\". The tree has 1,400 branches and 300,000 polyethlyne leaves. The tree is covered in live Spanish moss."}
+{"id": "56770", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56770", "title": "Adam Ma\u0142ysz", "text": "Adam Henryk Ma\u0142ysz (born 3 December 1977 in Wis\u0142a, Poland) is a Polish former ski jumper. He has four Olympic medals (3 silver, 1 bronze). His longest jump was 230,5 meters. Since 2011, he has been a rally driver."}
+{"id": "56776", "revid": "1063175", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56776", "title": "Salome", "text": "Salome or Salom\u00e9 (Hebrew: \u05e9\u05dc\u05d5\u05de\u05d9\u05ea Shlomit) (c AD 14 between 62 and 71), is the name of a character in the New Testament. Her name is not actually given there, but she was an entirely historical person. She was the daughter of Herod Antipas and Herodias. Her name is pronounced with a short 'o', and the 'e' at the end is sounded.\nThis Salome is not the same Salome who is said to be a witness to the Crucifixion of Jesus in Mark 15:40. \nBiblical character.\nAccording to Mark 6:21-29, Salome was the stepdaughter of Herod Antipas, and danced before Herod and her mother Herodias at the occasion of Herod's birthday. The New Testament suggests that Salome caused John the Baptist to be executed because his spoke out that Herod's marriage to Herodias was adulterous. Herodias put her up to the demand that John be executed, something the king was initially reluctant to do. \nThe version in Matthew (Chapter 14, verses 311, is perhaps clearer:\nHer name.\nHer name is established by being mentioned in the account by Flavius Josephus in Josephus's \"Jewish Antiquities\" (Book XVIII, Chapter 5, 4). Despite the early date of this account, she was not always called Salome until the nineteenth century, when Gustave Flaubert (following Josephus) referred to her as Salome in his play \"Herodias\" (1876).\nThere is a coin with her name on it. This rare coin bears the inscription BACI\u039bIC \u03a3\u0386\u039b\u03a9\u039c\u0389 (Queen Salome). It is the reverse side of her later husband's coinage of Chalcis and Armenia Minor He was Aristobulus of Chalcis.\nAdaptations.\nThe story above has been adapted to various forms of art. Innumerable paintings about it exist. There is a play by Oscar Wilde. Operas about it have been composed by Richard Strauss and Jules Massenet. Ballets by Florent Schmit and Flemming Flindt. Various films have also been made between 1918 and 2006. The antagonist character in the bluegrass musical is named Salome. "}
+{"id": "56777", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56777", "title": "Salom\u00e9", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56787", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56787", "title": "Winchester College", "text": "Winchester College is a well-known boys' school. It is an example of a British public school. The school is located in the city of Winchester in Hampshire, England. Its official name is Collegium Sanctae Mariae prope Wintoniam (or Collegium Beatae Mariae Wintoniensis prope Winton), or St Mary's College near Winchester. The school is commonly just called \"Winchester\". Winchester has existed for over six hundred years. It has the longest unbroken history of any school in England. It is the oldest of the original nine English public schools as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868. 37% of students go to Cambridge or Oxford.\nHistory.\nWinchester College was founded in 1382 by William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester and Chancellor to Richard II. The first seventy students entered the school in 1394. It was founded with New College, Oxford. Winchester was built to get students ready to attend New College. This was the model for Eton College and King's College, Cambridge 50 years later and for Westminster School, Christ Church, Oxford and Trinity College, Cambridge in Tudor times.\nThe headmaster is currently , formerly of "}
+{"id": "56788", "revid": "1674404", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56788", "title": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer (movie)", "text": "Buffy the Vampire Slayer is a 1992 American action/comedy fantasy movie about a cheerleader (Kristy Swanson) chosen by fate to fight and kill vampires. The movie is a light parody. It goes against the clich\u00e9s of horror movies. The movie led to a darker and much more popular TV series of the same name. The television series starred Sarah Michelle Gellar and was created and produced by screenwriter Joss Whedon. Whedon often said how the television series was more like his vision than the movie. When the movie was first released, it was moderately successful and received mixed reviews from critics."}
+{"id": "56789", "revid": "45220", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56789", "title": "Fran Rubel Kuzui", "text": "Fran Rubel Kuzui is an American movie director and producer. She is best known as the director of the 1992 \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\" movie, which was made into the television series of the same name."}
+{"id": "56790", "revid": "1508758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56790", "title": "Roseanne Barr", "text": "Roseanne Cherrie Barr (born November 3, 1952) is an Emmy Award-winning American actress, writer, and comedian. She has also been known as Roseanne Arnold and Roseanne Thomas. For several years in the late 1990s and early 2000s, she was known simply as Roseanne. By 2005, she had resumed referring to herself by her maiden name. She is best known for playing Roseanne Conner on the television series \"Roseanne\".\nThe self-titled series was rebooted in 2018 on ABC with record ratings. A second season of the reboot (what would have been season 11) was eventually ordered. However, ABC cancelled the series after Barr posted a tweet mentioning Valerie Jarrett (an aide to President Barack Obama) that was viewed as racist.\nRun for President.\nOn August 4, 2011, on an episode of The Tonight Show with Jay Leno she announced that she would be running for President in 2012. She ran for Green Party, however, she lost to Jill Stein. Then she ran for Peace and Freedom Party and won the nomination. Barr received 61,971 votes in the general election, placing sixth overall. She is running again in 2016 for the same party."}
+{"id": "56792", "revid": "1538302", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56792", "title": "UTC+2", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56793", "revid": "1110", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56793", "title": "UTC+1", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56794", "revid": "823563", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56794", "title": "Full English Wikipedia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56797", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56797", "title": "Bi-Lo (Australia)", "text": "Bi-Lo was a supermarket with 214 shops all over Australia. It used to have shops in Western Australia called Newmart. It changed the names of all its stores to Coles Supermarkets in 2006 and 2007. BI-LO is an Australian discount supermarket chain known for its fresh foods, groceries, and friendly service, all at affordable prices. With over 50 stores nationwide, BI-LO employs approximately 15,000 people across Australia. Within nearly a decade, BI-LO expanded to operate 28 supermarkets in South Australia, contributing significantly to metropolitan Adelaide's supermarket sales.\nJohn Weekes started Bi-Lo towards the end of the 1970s in the city of Adelaide in South Australia with three shops. It was called \"Bi-Lo\" because it sells food and everyday articles at relatively cheap prices.\nBi-Lo stocked the legendary black&gold products that were so true and humble to an Aussie home. "}
+{"id": "56801", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56801", "title": "SEWiki", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56807", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56807", "title": "Sucrose", "text": "Sucrose (common name: table sugar, also called saccharose) is a disaccharide (glucose + fructose) with the molecular formula C12H22O11. Its systematic name is \u03b1-D-glucopyranosyl-(1\u21922)-\u03b2-D-fructofuranose. It is best known for its role in human nutrition and is formed by plants but not by higher organisms.\nPhysical and chemical properties.\nPure sucrose is most often prepared as a fine, white, odorless crystalline powder with a pleasing, sweet taste."}
+{"id": "56808", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56808", "title": "Disaccharide", "text": "A disaccharide is a sugar (a carbohydrate) composed of two monosaccharides, such as glucose and fructose that make up the disaccharide sucrose. It is formed when two sugars are joined together and a molecule of water is removed. Due to this, disaccharides cannot hydrolyse, meaning their molecules are unable to be broken down through a reaction with water. For example, milk sugar (lactose) is made from glucose and galactose whereas cane sugar (sucrose) is made from glucose and fructose. \nCommon disaccharides.\nMaltose and cellobiose are hydrolysis products of the polysaccharides, starch and cellulose, respectively.\nSome common Disaccharides are: Maltose, Lactose and Sucrose."}
+{"id": "56811", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56811", "title": "Biological hazard", "text": "A biological hazard, or biohazard, is anything coming from living organisms (i.e. pollen, fungi, animals, insects, bacteria and viruses) that could be a threat to someone's health. It is represented by \u2623, the biohazard symbol, which is used everywhere in the world. When people see this sign they know to take precautions, and to follow proper conduct for science labs.\nBiosafety levels.\nThere are four biosafety levels made by the Center of Disease Control. These are used in laboratories so only people who have the right skills can enter. Different levels mean scientists must wear different uniforms and take special care when dealing with dangerous things like viruses.\nBiosafety Level 1 The viruses handled in BSL-1 are not very dangerous and usually only cause mild sickness. Diseases in BSL-1 include chicken pox and some E-Coli strains. People in BSL-1 have to wash their hands with soap, wear gloves, and put waste materials in specially-marked bins.\nBiosafety Level 2 BSL-2 is filled with slightly more hazourdous diseases than BSL-1. They have to take more safety precautions has a result. Hepatitis, influenza, HIV / AIDS, and salmonella are handled here.\nBiosafety Level 3 BSL-3 is for diseases that may kill but are less deadly than those in Level 4, SARS and yellow fever. A lot of them are airborne, and the lab must be in an closed off area in case of an incident.\nBiosafety Level 4 BSL-4 is for very hazardous diseases that kill many people and are hard to treat. BSL-4 workers must be careful and alert at all times and wear suits with special air filters. A lot of hemorrhagic fevers are dealt with in BSL-4, like Ebola, Marburg, and Lassa Virus."}
+{"id": "56812", "revid": "1652218", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56812", "title": "Petri dish", "text": "A petri dish is a piece of laboratory glassware, a small dish shaped like a cylinder. Scientists use it to grow cells from animals, fungus, and diseases so they can study them. They are usually made of glass or plastic. Glass petri dishes can be used again if they are sterilized. Sometimes people fill them with agar, which helps cells grow. These are called agar plates. Petri dishes also have lids so germs in the air can not get into them, or \"contaminate\" them, and ruin the experiment."}
+{"id": "56815", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56815", "title": "IGA Australia", "text": "Independent Grocers of Australia or (IGA) for short, is the largest independent supermarket group in Australia. It is part of the Independent Grocers Association which has shops all over the world. Each \"IGA\" shop is run by the local shopkeeper unlike big companies such as Woolworths and Coles which runs all of their shops across the country. A company supplies all \"IGA\" shops around the country and controls the use of the \"IGA\" name but does not own every one of each shop. The independent shopkeepers and their shops claim to be \"Local Heroes\". There are over 1000 shops and three sub-brands.\nIGA in Australia also has the Black & Gold brand name product range which first came about in 1980, the first such brand name product range to enter the independent food shops that are now called \"IGA\". Now, it also has a premium brand name range also called \"IGA\" and a healthy range of products called \"IGA Way of Life\".\n\"Metcash Trading Limited\" is the company behind \"IGA\" and supplies the shops. \"Davids Holdings\", Metcash's old name, brought the \"IGA\" name to Australia in 1988 with just 10 shops. Now, it has grown from 10 shops to over 1000 shops in less than 20 years.\nThe stores also have the Community Chest program, where they donate profits to local charities."}
+{"id": "56816", "revid": "844779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56816", "title": "City of Chelmsford", "text": "Chelmsford is a borough in the county of Essex in the East of England. It has the same name as it main settlement of Chelmsford, the county town of Essex. About 170,000 people live in the borough. It was formed on 1 April 1974."}
+{"id": "56819", "revid": "75310", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56819", "title": "Desktop", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56821", "revid": "1458798", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56821", "title": "Communication studies", "text": "Communication Studies is a college or university area of study involving the study of communication. Students learn about speech and different types of media."}
+{"id": "56822", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56822", "title": "Belote", "text": "Belote is a French 32 card trick-taking game. This game requires four players divided into two teams. There are many kinds of belote : \"belote,\" \"belote coinch\u00e9e,\" and \"belote avec annonce\". All of them come from a Dutch game, played since 1600.\nRules.\nDealing.\nThe dealer may choose to shuffle the deck. The previous dealer, on the left, must cut the deck. He must deal the all deck in three time (3+2+3).\nBetting.\nOnce the card are dealt, players start to bet on the number of point. To bet, the player need to tell the trump he wants, and bet at least 10 point higher than the previous player. The first player have to bet at least 80, half of all the point. If a player have King and queen from the trump color, the team get 20 bonus points.\nEven though there is only 4 color in the game, there is 6 kind of trump: Clubs \u2663 Diamonds \u2666 Hearts \u2665 Spades \u2660 \"No trump\" \"All trumps\".\nWhen a player chooses \"no trump\" or \"all trump\", he must choose a color. the points of this color will be count as trump, all the other will be count as No trump.\nBasic rules.\nEvery kind of belote share some basic rules:\nIn every belote game points are counted depending on the card and their trump status then:\nTrump : J=20, 9=14, A=11 10=10, K=4, Q=3, 8=0, 7=0\nNon-trump : A=11, 10=10, K=4, Q=3, J=2, 9=0, 8=0, 7=0\nTips.\nThe basic strategy of this game is to count the trump cards. But it is also recommend to count all the other color, the deck is small, only 32 cards.\nBetting strategy.\nBetting is the only way to communicate with a team mate, that is why even if a hand is weak, betting will help a teammate to bet or play.\nPlaying strategy.\nDefending strategy.\nA team will have to play a defending strategy if they have less trump than the other team. The only rules with a defensive game is to save every point. One should not expect more than one trick for each colors.\nAttacking strategy.\nThe usual strategy for the attacking team is to try make the opponent lose their trumps, so they will not be able to cut the other trick. Once it is done they may start to think about trying to get the ace or 10 card. There is only one way to get an ace: to cut it. That is why whenever a team mate is about to take the current trick, someone should play the colour in which someone has one less card. To get a ten someone may play an ace at the second trick or cut it."}
+{"id": "56827", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56827", "title": "Monosaccharide", "text": "Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates. They consist of one sugar and are usually colorless, water-soluble, crystalline solids. Some monosaccharides have a sweet taste. \nExamples of monosaccharides include glucose (dextrose), fructose, galactose, and ribose. Monosaccharides are the building blocks of disaccharides like sucrose (common sugar) and polysaccharides (such as cellulose and starch). Further, each carbon atom that supports a hydroxyl group (except for the first and last) is chiral, giving rise to a number of isomeric forms all with the same chemical formula. For instance, galactose and glucose are both aldohexoses, but they have different chemical and physical properties."}
+{"id": "56830", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56830", "title": "Lactose", "text": "Lactose is a disaccharide that is made up of galactose and glucose molecules. Lactose makes up around 2-8% of the solids in milk. The name comes from the Latin word for milk, plus the -ose ending used to name sugars. Lactose is found in some milk products.\nDigestion of lactose.\nInfant mammals are fed on by milk from their mothers. To digest it, an enzyme called lactase cleaves the lactose into its two subunits glucose and galactose for absorption."}
+{"id": "56831", "revid": "688863", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56831", "title": "Glycogen", "text": "Glycogen is a polysaccharide that is the principal storage form of glucose in animal cells. \nGlycogen is found in the form of granules in the cytosol in many cell types, and plays an important role in the glucose cycle. Glycogen forms an energy reserve that can be quickly mobilized to meet a sudden need for glucose, but one that is less compact than the energy reserves of triglycerides. Only the glycogen stored in the liver can be made accessible to other organs. "}
+{"id": "56838", "revid": "1078549", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56838", "title": "Pollutant", "text": "Pollutants are compounds which are dangerous to the environment.\nThey can also be harmful to humans in the long-term range. They come from mineral and fossil sources or are produced by humans themselves.\nMany pollutants have a poisonous effect on the body. Carbon monoxide is an example of a substance which is damaging to humans. This compound is taken up in the body instead of oxygen. That makes the body suffocate and in severe cases may lead to death.\nSome pollutants became dangerous by reaction with other naturally occurring compounds. The oxides of nitrogen and sulphur are released from impurities in fossil fuels when they are burnt. They react with water vapour in the atmosphere to become acid rain. Acid rain damages buildings and makes lakes unable to support marine life, which causes fish and water plants to die."}
+{"id": "56839", "revid": "1521690", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56839", "title": "Carbon monoxide", "text": "Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO, is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. It consists of one carbon atom covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. It is made when carbon compounds burn and there is not enough oxygen. It is a good fuel and burns in air with a blue flame, making carbon dioxide. It is very toxic, but it is useful for modern technology as well.\nThe most important use for carbon monoxide in industry is making iron from iron ore. The carbon monoxide takes the oxygen from the iron ore when heated in a large oven called a blast furnace. Liquid metal iron is left behind. The carbon monoxide turns into carbon dioxide.\nCarbon monoxide can accidentally form when there is too little air to burn all the fuel into carbon dioxide. Such a situation may happen if the oven shutters are closed too early or if a mobile cooker is used in a small tent with no ventilation (Ventilation is fresh air coming in and smoke going out). Many people have died from carbon monoxide poisoning. Low-level carbon monoxide poisoning can cause feelings of paranoia and hallucinations, and has been determined to be a major cause of \"haunted\" houses. Higher levels of carbon monoxide can cause flu-like symptoms, headaches, and death. Small amounts of it are found in coal gas, a fuel produced by heating coal without any air.\nProduction.\nDespite that it is a poison, carbon monoxide is very useful in chemical industry so lots of ways of making it have been discovered. Normally we burn coke at high temperature with not enough oxygen. Blast furnaces work this way. The chemical equation for this is:\nIt can be also made by blowing hot steam through red-hot crushed coke\nCarbon monoxide can be used as heating fuel because it burns easily into carbon dioxide. It can also be used as so-called \"synthesis gas\" for making man-made gasoline in the Fischer-Tropsch process.\nDuring the World War II when petrol was rare and reserved for the military, many cars were converted to use \"wood gas\". It is carbon monoxide made by burning wood chips in insufficient amount of air. The wood gas was made in a special oven called \"generator\", which was carried on the car. The resulting carbon monoxide was then used as fuel for the car itself. Even today there are cars which use wood gas as fuel."}
+{"id": "56844", "revid": "7687490", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56844", "title": "Schweinfurt", "text": "Schweinfurt is a city in Franconia. The population is about 50,000. Larger, nearby cities are W\u00fcrzburg and Bamberg."}
+{"id": "56845", "revid": "10309337", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56845", "title": "Falco", "text": "Falco (February 19, 1957 - February 6, 1998) was an Austrian pop singer. His breakthrough was \"Der Kommissar\", which beat top positions in international charts. This song and his first two albums were produced by Robert Ponger.\nHis song \"Rock me Amadeus\" has been the one and only song reaching \u21161 of the American charts. From year 1985 to year 1988 he produced three albums with the Dutch Production Team Bolland & Bolland. \"Falco 3\" became his most successful record reaching number 3 of the US Longplay Charts (he recorded an album entitlet \"falco\"). \nIn year 1985, Falco also had his 3rd \u21161 hit \"Jeanny\" and in 1986 his 4th \u2013 \"Coming Home (Jeanny Part 2)\".\nUnsuccessful albums like \"Data de Groove\" (produced by Ponger again) followed. In year 1988 he married Isabella Vitkovi\u0107; one year later, in year 1989, they have separated. Ponger and the Bollands produced all of the albums that were released in his lifetime. To stay tuned, Falco recorded many techno songs and worked with different producers for his last album.\nFalco\u2019s successful album \"Out of the dark (into the light)\" was released after his death in a road accident."}
+{"id": "56849", "revid": "1504891", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56849", "title": "Gabriel Pascal", "text": "Gabriel Pascal (4 June 1894 \u2013 6 July 1954) was a Hungarian movie producer and director.\nGabriel Pascal was born in Transylvania (which is now part of Romania) in 1894. Pascal is best known for having turned some of the best plays by the famous Irish playwright George Bernard Shaw into successful movies. His most famous movie made from one of Shaw's plays was \"Pygmalion\" in 1938. \"Pygmalion\" tells the story of a bet that two rich men made over whether one of them, Professor Higgins, could turn a poor uneducated girl into a sophisticated lady. The movie was so successful that after Gabriel Pascal died it was made into a huge Broadway musical called \"My Fair Lady\", and amazingly this musical was then made into another movie. So \"Pygmalion\" was first a play, then a movie based on the play, then a play based on the movie, and then a new play based on the movie made from the old play. It is therefore quite a remarkable history and it was Gabriel Pascal's idea to make the play a musical, though he did not live long enough to do it himself.\nEarly life.\nGabriel Pascal invented his name and no one seems to know his real one. He claimed to have memories of being rescued by Gypsies from a burning building when he was a tiny child and that the Gypsies taught him to beg, steal, and do acrobatic tricks, but no one knows if this is true. It is unclear what parts of his fabulous account of his childhood are true as there are no formal records of him prior to the age of 17 when he was enlisted in military school in Holics, Hungary, by a mysterious Catholic priest. Gabriel Pascal, who was decidedly unfit for military life, became interested in theater and studied at the Academy of the Hofburg Theater in Vienna. Later his interest expanded into the newly burgeoning cinema and he made movies in Germany and Italy with sporadic success.\nPascal had one son, Peter, conceived in Germany during the delirium of a fever with his landlady's sister Elsie. Unable to care even for himself, Pascal fled to Holland. After WWII ended, at last on his feet with the success of \"Pygmalion\" and \"Major Barbara\", Pascal rushed to Germany to search for his son Peter, but he was listed among the missing Hitler Youth. Elsie had been killed by a bomb.\nEarly career.\nAs a young man, Pascal found a job tending horses in Hungary. Leading the horses through the forest to a stream each day, Pascal developed the habit of riding bareback naked through the Hungarian countryside. One day he accidentally rode stark naked through the outdoor set of a silent movie in production and was \"discovered.\" The film's director asked him to repeat the ride for the cameras and he joined the group. Soon he was making his own movies.\nPascal had another auspicious encounter when he was young while walking along the shore of the Mediterranean. An old man, George Bernard Shaw, was swimming naked holding onto a buoy. A conversation ensued and Shaw dared the young Pascal on the shore to take off his clothes and join him in the water. He was impressed when Pascal immediately did so and this began their friendship. Shaw was impressed with Pascal's youthful enthusiasm for art and his bravado and invited him to come visit him one day when he was entirely broke. This chance meeting was to play a major role in Pascal's later career.\nPascal began his producing career making silent movies in Italy for German distribution through UFA Studios in Berlin. His directorial debut was \"Populi Morituri\" in which he also starred. He later produced horror movies in Germany. His most famous was \"Unholy Tales\" in 1932. It was an anthology of short spooky stories, including some by Edgar Allan Poe, tied together by the adventures of a black cat and is considered by some to be a forgotten horror classic.\nMeher Baba.\nIn 1933, during a trip to Hollywood, Pascal was contacted by Princess Norina Matchabelli about a movie project based on the teachings of her guru Meher Baba. Pascal got very caught up in this project, bringing movie writers Hy Kraft and Karl Vollm\u00f6ller into helping him work up treatments and even making a trip to India to discuss the project further with Meher Baba. By the time Pascal arrived in India, however, Meher Baba did not seem in any hurry to complete the movie, saying it could wait and inviting Pascal to live with him in India. Most ordinary men would have been discouraged, but Pascal took energetically to the austere life of an eastern ascetic, even shedding his western garb for eastern clothing. He took a liking to Meher Baba and maintained a correspondence with him all of his life. Meher Baba nicknamed Pascal \"Phoenix\" and alternately \"Panther.\" \nPascal remained in contact with his guru Meher Baba right up to the end of his life and met with him in person one last time in New York in 1952. Even in this final meeting there was mention of the movie that Pascal had agreed to try to make for Baba.\nLate career.\nIn time, however, Pascal's desire to make his mark on cinema returned and Pascal took a ship back to America penniless but undaunted. He landed in San Francisco where he spent some time deciding what to do next. Then it struck him to approach George Bernard Shaw (the most famous living playwright in the English speaking world at the time), whom Pascal had met auspiciously many years earlier. During that earlier meeting Shaw, who had been impressed with the young Pascal's passion for art and cinema, had told him to pay him a visit when he was entirely penniless. Pascal was now exactly that. He then sought out Shaw, first by going to N.Y. hidden in the toilet of the train, then convincing a sea captain to give him a lift to England.\nSomehow he did convince Shaw to give him the rights to his plays, beginning with \"Pygmalion\" (1938), which was an enormous international hit, both critically and financially. Pascal followed up \"Pygmalion\" with \"Major Barbara\" (1941) which he directed as well as produced. \"Major Barbara\" was filmed in London during the bombing by the Nazis. During air raids the crew and cast had to dodge into bomb shelters. Pascal never stopped the production and the movie was completed on schedule. But Pascal became more and more extravagant, finally losing his credibility with \"Caesar and Cleopatra\" (1945) which was the most expensive British movie ever made at that time and a terrible financial and critical flop, although it is more highly regarded today. Pascal famously insisted on importing sand from Egypt to achieve the right cinematic colors for this extravaganza. Shaw had become more difficult to work with also. After the success of \"Pygmalion\", which was shortened in its transition from stage to screen, as plays generally are, he increasingly refused to let his plays be cut. The result was that \"Major Barbara\" and \"Caesar and Cleopatra\" were not only filmed virtually complete, but with additional scenes by Shaw himself. Each of the two movies ran over two hours.\nPascal did manage to produce one more movie, \"Androcles and the Lion\", in 1952. By this time he was increasingly sick with cancer of the liver.\nThe famous estate trial.\nIn spring of 1954, in New York City, just before his passing Pascal had planned a trip to India to see Meher Baba one last time. He was having an affair and divorcing his wife at the time. One day he impulsively wrote on a piece of hotel stationery to his mistress, \"If I die on my trip to India I leave my entire estate to you.\" He signed and dated it before two witnesses, a cook and a maid in the hotel who did not speak English but only Chinese. This was an absurd gesture since Pascal was totally in debt. He died within a short time of this letter in July 1954, and within two years of his death the musical \"My Fair Lady\", which Pascal had managed to retain an option on by borrowing money from a Baba follower named Margaret Scott, opened on Broadway. Thus, soon after his death, his estate, which had been worth nothing on his deathbed, grew to an estimated value of two million dollars. There was a large court battle in which his wife Valerie (who he was not fully divorced from at the time of his death) and the mistress fought over his estate. His odd last will and testament on the hotel stationery was entered as evidence in support of his mistress and the case was well-publicized. Several Meher Baba followers were involved in his life at the end including Harold Rudd who testified at his trial. The result of the trial was an even split of Pascal's royalties from \"My Fair Lady\" between the mistress and Pascal's estranged wife, each receiving well over one million dollars in settlement. His wife Valerie attempted to pay back the borrowed option money to Margaret Scott, but by the time the settlement came through Mrs. Scott had fallen from a New York apartment window to her death. Valerie therefore paid the money to Margaret's daughter instead.\nLegacy.\nPascal is best remembered as one of the big Hungarian movie producers, like the famous Alexander Korda. He was the only producer ever to have major movie deals with seven separate countries on three continents: Hungary, Italy, Germany, China, India, England, and the US. He was also the only man to ever convince George Bernard Shaw to adjust his scripts to the new medium of cinema, gaining concessions from Shaw that no other man could. Pascal even invented the famous line for Pygmalion, later appearing in the theatrical and movie versions of \"My Fair Lady,\" \"The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain\" and Shaw, by now publicly referring to Pascal as a \"genius,\" wrote the line into the script. He was one of the most extravagant men of his time, named in 1938 as one of the world's most famous men by \"Time\" magazine along with Adolf Hitler. He is less known for his deep interest in the spiritual and his boundless enthusiasm for art as a direct and honest route to God. He is even less known for his lifelong devotion to spiritual master Meher Baba. His life is well documented in the beautifully written biography by his wife Valerie, \"The Disciple and His Devil,\" published by McGraw-Hill in 1970 and republished by iUniverse in 1984. After Pascal's death, Valerie married the famous publisher and philanthropist George T. Delacorte Jr. and spent the rest of her life supporting charitable foundations under the name Valerie Delacorte."}
+{"id": "56858", "revid": "1671889", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56858", "title": "McLaren", "text": "McLaren Racing Limited is a Formula 1 racing team. McLaren was started by Bruce McLaren in 1963. McLaren's current drivers are Oscar Piastri and Lando Norris.\nMcLaren also makes road cars at its Woking factory.\n "}
+{"id": "56870", "revid": "10451467", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56870", "title": "Haylie Duff", "text": "Haylie Katherine Duff (born February 19, 1985) is an American actress and singer. She is best known for her supporting role on the television series \"7th Heaven\". She is the sister of Hilary Duff.\nDuff was born in Houston, Texas. Her mother, Susan Duff, is a producer. Robert Erhard Duff, Haylie's father, lives at the family home in Houston. Haylie is two and a half years older than her sister.\nFamily.\nHilary Duff is her younger sister. \nDiscography.\nDuff wrote or co-wrote several songs on two of her sister Hilary's albums, \"Metamorphosis\" (2003), \"Hilary Duff\" (2004) and the song, \"Gypsy Woman\", on Hilary's 4th album, \"Dignity\". She has also done many songs for different soundtracks with her sister. "}
+{"id": "56872", "revid": "1693136", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56872", "title": "20th Century Studios", "text": "20th Century Studios, Inc. (formerly known from 1915 to 1935 as Fox Film, 1933 to 1935 as 20th Century Pictures 1935 to 1985 and 1985 to 2020 (and informally) as 20th Century Fox or Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation or Twentieth Century Fox or 20th Century Fox Film Corporation) is a large American company that makes movies (\"motion picture studio\"). It is in the Century City area of Los Angeles, California, United States of America, just west of Beverly Hills."}
+{"id": "56873", "revid": "8636145", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56873", "title": "Marquette, Michigan", "text": "Marquette is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. Close to 20,000 people live there. Marquette is in the Upper Peninsula, on Lake Superior and is an important port on that lake. Much of the iron ore that was taken from mines in the Upper Peninsula was loaded onto ships in Marquette. Marquette is in the United States of America."}
+{"id": "56879", "revid": "9920934", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56879", "title": "John Taverner", "text": "John Taverner (born about 1490 \u2013 died 18 October, 1545) was the most important English composer of his time. He was also an organist.\nWe cannot be sure exactly when Taverner was born. Some people think that he was a boy chorister at the church of Tattershall in Lincolnshire but his name does not appear on the list of choristers there. People now think that he worked there later as a lay clerk.\nHe got a job at Cardinal College (now called Christ Church) in Oxford but he could not stay very long because King Henry VIII made lots of changes to the way people had to worship in church. Taverner even hid some books which the king had forbidden under the floor, and he got into trouble for doing this. In the end the Cardinal did not punish him because, he said, he was \u201conly a musician\u201d.\nIn 1530 he seems to have gone back to Lincolnshire and stayed there for the rest of his life. He probably wrote no more music, but he was quite rich.\nTaverner composed eight masses. The most famous one is called the \"Western Wynde\". It was a \u201cparody mass\u201d, which meant that it used a popular tune with that title. Another mass was called \"Gloria tibi trinitas\". This work set a fashion for pieces which were called \"In Nomine\"s, because the tune was from the Benedictus in the mass which sets the words \u201cin nomine domine\u201d (\u201cin the name of the Father\u201d). \u201cIn nomine\u201ds were compositions for instruments which used this tune.\nTaverner also wrote magnificats and motets."}
+{"id": "56880", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56880", "title": "John Tavener", "text": "Sir John Tavener (28 January 1944 \u2013 12 November 2013) was an English composer.\nLife.\nJohn Tavener was born in Wembley, Middlesex. He went to Highgate School in North London. Another pupil there at the time was John Rutter. At school he studied piano, organ and composition and wrote music for the school orchestra. He also wrote music for the Presbyterian church where his family went and where his father was organist. In 1962 he went to the Royal College of Music where he studied the piano at first but then changed to composition. One of his early successes was a cantata called \"Cain and Abel\" which was performed by the London Bach Society. It was the performance of \"The Whale\" by the London Sinfonietta in 1968 that made him really famous. This work used collage, pre-recorded tape, amplified percussion and a chorus who used loudhailers. This kind of thing was very fashionable in the 1960s.\nAnother work written in 1968 was \"In Alium\". It was performed at the Proms. It was an unusual concert: three works by living composers were played in the first half. The audience were asked to vote for which one they wanted to hear again after the interval. They chose \"In Alium\".\nThe Beatles became interested in Tavener\u2019s music. John Lennon heard The Whale and he decided to issue Tavener\u2019s music on the newly formed Apple label.\nTavener became professor of composition at Trinity College. He continued to compose, although he often had difficulty finishing pieces. He was often worried that he might not be able to think of any new music. In 1977 he became a member of the Russian Orthodox Church. This changed his life. His music was very religious. He married his second wife and had two children. He was also very ill with heart trouble and even died on the operating table in hospital, but he brought back to life by the doctors.\nHe made a very important friend, Mother Thekla. She was an 80-year-old nun in the Orthodox Church, and she gave John a lot of advice and encouragement in his life.\nA short piece for choir, \"The Lamb\" was written as a birthday present for his 3 year old nephew. It is very often sung by choirs at Christmas as a carol.\nIn 1989, his work \"The Protecting Veil\" was performed at the Proms. It was a work for cello and orchestra. The cellist was Steven Isserlis. This piece is one of the best known modern works for cello. He continued to write a lot of music. His \"Song for Athene\" was performed at the funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales in 1998. It was heard on television all over the world.\nTavener was knighted in 2000.\nDeath.\nTavener died on 12 November 2013 at his home in Child Okeford, Dorset from unknown causes, aged 69. Tavener suffered many health issues. He suffered two heart attack and had surgery to remove an intestinal tumor."}
+{"id": "56893", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56893", "title": "Escape speed", "text": "Escape speed is the initial speed that something would need to completely escape the gravity of a large body, like a star or a planet (such as the Earth), by mere inertia.\nIf a ball is thrown upwards while standing on the ground, the ball will reach a certain height (the faster thrown - the higher) and fall back down. But imagine if the ball is thrown fast enough that it \"never\" falls back down, and instead travels into space farther and farther away from the Earth. The minimum speed at which this could happen is called the escape speed.\nThe escape speed at the surface of the Earth is 11.2 kilometers per second (or 6.96 miles per second), assuming there is no drag.\nThis is, of course, a very high speed compared to how fast a ball can be thrown. Even a bullet shot into the sky will fall back down, because its initial speed of nearly 1 kilometer per second (or 0.621 miles per second) is far from escape speed.\nSpacecraft starting from the surface of Earth has a zero initial speed. But, if it has enough fuel, it may be permanently accelerated by its engine until it reaches escape speed. Then it will travel into space even after the engine is shut off."}
+{"id": "56899", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56899", "title": "Razor", "text": "A razor is a tool, with one or more blades, most commonly used by men for shaving the hair from their face, and by women for shaving hair from their legs and underarms. The earliest razors known are from the Bronze Age. They were made of bronze and had an oval shape. There are different kinds of razors today, including straight razors, which are rarely used, and safety razors and electric razors.\nA slightly different type of electric razor is used to trim and cut hair from the head, because hair can be cut much more quickly with electric haircutting razors than with scissors.\nStraight razors.\nBefore the 20th century, straight razors were widely used. A straight razor consists of a knife blade, which can be reused. Since this blade is usually very sharp, there is a high risk of cutting oneself with the razor while scraping off the hair. Today, such razors are rarely used any more, except by barbers.\nSafety razors.\nIn the late 18th century, French engineer Jean-Jacques Perret invented the safety razor. With this system, the skin is protected, from all but the edge of the blade. This makes cutting much harder. The first such razor was released in 1875 by the Campfe Brothers. In 1901, King Camp Gillette invented the first razor with disposable razor blades. The blades were thrown away after several uses. The number of times a disposable blade can be used depends on beard coarseness and shaving technique, but the average is about one week. The company, Gilette still makes such razors today. They sell the razor relatively cheaply, and make big profits on the razor blades.\nElectric razors.\nFor face and body hair.\nThe electric razor was the next big step. With electric razors, shaving cream, soap or water is no longer needed. Electric razors use electricity to either make blades rotate or oscillate. That is the blades are either moved in circles, or they are moved up and down (or left and right). The razor is usually powered by a rechargeable battery. Prof. Alexandre Horowitz invented the concept of rotating blades which is still marketed as \"Philishave\" by Philips.\nFor head hair.\nA slightly different type of electric razor is used to trim and cut hair from the head. Haircutting electric razors have comb-like attachments which determine the length of the hair. Electric haircutting razors are widely used by military and prison barbers, because hair can be cut much more quickly with electric haircutting razors than with scissors.\nSide-effects.\nShaving using any of the shaving methods (straight razor, safety razor, or electric razor) can have side-effects, including cuts, abrasions, and irritated skin. \"Razor bumps\" can also occur from removing ingrown hairs. To reduce the likelihood of cuts, abrasions, and irritated skin, people can use a fresh razor blade and prepare their faces by washing in hot, soapy water and then applying a shaving cream lather. There is a razor called Bump Fighter that is designed to reduce razor bumps and other side effects, but it uses special cartridges that are more expensive than standard double-edge razor blades."}
+{"id": "56909", "revid": "10233883", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56909", "title": "Mood stabilizer", "text": "A mood stabilizer is a psychiatric medication used to treat mood disorders characterized by fast and unstable mood changes. Among the disorders commonly treated are bipolar disorder and Borderline personality disorder. With these conditions, the mood can change rapidly, between mania and depression. Many mood stabilizers can also prevent convulsions."}
+{"id": "56910", "revid": "1341110", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56910", "title": "International Baccalaureate", "text": "The International Baccalaureate, or IB, is a well-known advanced school program. It is taught in English, French and Spanish in more than 140 countries.\nStudents earn an IB Diploma after passing exams and completing the program requirements. They have to take classes in 6 subject areas. This is more than most countries.\nThe six subject areas are: Language 1 (first language), Language 2 (second language), Math, Science, World Studies, and Electives. History, Literature, Geography, and Economics are all World Studies subjects. Students also have the option of taking a second science class instead of an elective.\nStudents have to write a 4000-word paper called an Extended Essay, take a philosophy class called Theory of Knowledge, and complete 150 hours of CAS (Creativity, Action, Service).\nStudents have to do to 3 subjects at Higher Level (HL) and 3 subjects at Standard Level (SL). HL classes are longer and more complex, although SL classes are still somewhat more challenging than regular program classes.\nIB is studied in most countries, but some schools study the IB differently."}
+{"id": "56911", "revid": "7365", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56911", "title": "International baccalaureate", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56914", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56914", "title": "Wolfgang Sch\u00fcssel", "text": "Wolfgang Sch\u00fcssel (born June 7, 1945) was the Chancellor of Austria from February 4, 2000 until January 11, 2007. From January 2006 until June 2006 he was the president of the European Union.\nOther websites.\nOfficial page about Dr. Sch\u00fcssel, at the site of the Austrian parliament (in German)"}
+{"id": "56915", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56915", "title": "Vaduz", "text": "Vaduz (: [] or []; : ]) is the capital of the country of Liechtenstein. It has a population of about 7,500 people. \nHistorically, Vaduz was the capital of the County of Vaduz, a state of the Holy Roman Empire. "}
+{"id": "56919", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56919", "title": "Luxembourgish language", "text": "Luxembourgish is a West Germanic language. A lot of people in Luxembourg speak the language. It is quite similar to German. Outside Luxembourg, not many people speak it, and inside Luxembourg many people speak other languages, too."}
+{"id": "56921", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56921", "title": "Jean-Pierre Cassel", "text": "Jean-Pierre Cassel (real name Jean-Pierre Crochon, 27 October 1932 \u2013 19 April 2007) was a French actor. He was the father of Vincent Cassel. He became known because of the roles he had in movies in the 1950s and 1960s. He died of cancer."}
+{"id": "56922", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56922", "title": "Jean-Pierre Crochon", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56923", "revid": "1674341", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56923", "title": "Sea cucumber", "text": "Sea cucumbers are a class of echinoderms, the Holothuroidea. They have a longish body, and leathery skin. Sea cucumbers live on the floor of the ocean. Most sea cucumbers are scavengers. There are about 1500 species of sea cucumbers. Sea cucumbers have a unique respiratory system, and effective defences against predators. The Chinese people eat them.\nLike all echinoderms, sea cucumbers have an endoskeleton just below the skin, calcareous structures that are usually reduced to isolated ossicles joined by connective tissue. These can sometimes be enlarged to flattened plates, forming an armour. In pelagic species the skeleton is absent.\nOverview.\nSea cucumbers communicate with each other by sending hormone signals through the water.\nA remarkable feature of these animals is the collagen which forms their body wall. This can be loosened and tightened at will. If the animal wants to squeeze through a small gap, it can undo the collagen connections, and pour into the space. To keep itself safe in these cracks, the sea cucumber hooks up all its collagen fibres to make its body firm again.\nThe animals have an internal respiratory tree which floats in the internal watery cavity. At the rear, water is pumped in and out of the cloaca, so gaseous exchange takes place with the resiratory tree in the gut.p80\nDefense.\nSome species of coral reef sea cucumbers defend themselves by expelling sticky \"cuvierian tubules\" to entangle potential predators. These tubules are attached to the respiratory tree in the gut. When startled, these cucumbers may expel the tubules through a tear in the wall of the cloaca. In effect, this squirts sticky threads all over a predator. Replacement tubules grow back in one-and-a-half to five weeks, depending on the species. The release of these tubules can also be accompanied by the discharge of a toxic chemical known as , which has similar properties to soap. This chemical can kill any animal in the vicinity and is one more way in which these sedentary animals can defend themselves. Other cucumbers, lacking this device, can split their intestinal wall, and spew out their gut and respiratory tree. They regenerate them later. Zoologists who experience this believe it to be an impressive deterrent. \"The mess one individual can make must be seen to be believed\".p81\nThe existence of these defences explains why the holothurians were able to do without the strong skeleton of their ancestors.\nFeeding.\nHighly modified tube feet around the mouth are always present. These are branched and retractile tentacles, much larger than the regular tube feet. Sea cucumbers have between ten and thirty such tentacles, depending on the species. There is a ring of larger ossicles round the mouth and oesophagus to which the muscles of the tube feet are attached. With their sticky tentacles the animal collects detritus and small organisms.\nBreeding.\nSea cucumbers breed through the males releasing sperm which then attracts the females and causes them to release their eggs. When the sperm and eggs mix, it creates a larvae which eventually becomes a sea cucumber."}
+{"id": "56924", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56924", "title": "Holothuroidea", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56925", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56925", "title": "Yochanan Vollach", "text": "Yochanan Vollach (), also transliterated Jochanan Wallach or Yohanan Wallach, born 14 May 1945) is a former Israeli football player who played at: Hapoel Haifa, Maccabi Haifa, HKFC.\nHe was a member of the Israeli national team that competed at the 1970 FIFA World Cup.\nAt 1979 he retired and volunteered as general manager of Maccabi Haifa. Vollach was the Major reason for Maccabi's success.\nVollach has a master's degree in business administration from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and is a retired Major in the IDF.\nIn recognition of his extensive volunteering to the sporting community as well as business success, he was awarded honorary citizenship by the city of Haifa, in 1993.\nToday, Vollach is president of the Maccabi Haifa association and president and CEO of Newlog, a subsidiary of Israeli shipping magnate Zim.\nTrophies won.\nMaccabi Haifa & Hapoel Haifa:\nMaccabi Haifa youth team:"}
+{"id": "56926", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56926", "title": "Maccabi Haifa", "text": "Maccabi Haifa is the biggest sports club in Israel, founded in 1913, and part of the Maccabi association. It runs several sports clubs and teams in Haifa such as football, basketball, weightlifting, swimming, tennis, table tennis, volleyball, team handball, water polo, ice hockey, artistic gymnastics, chess, boxing, fencing and others. Maccabi Haifa is well known for its green uniforms."}
+{"id": "56927", "revid": "9694257", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56927", "title": "Hapoel Haifa F.C.", "text": "Hapoel Haifa F. C. is a professional football (soccer) club in Israel, founded in 1924."}
+{"id": "56936", "revid": "1572290", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56936", "title": "Swalwell, Alberta", "text": "Swalwell is a small village in Kneehill County, Alberta, Canada. It is about from Calgary, the largest city in the Province of Alberta.\nSwalwell is at . It has a population of 93 people (as of 2021). The postal code in Swalwell is T0M 1Y0."}
+{"id": "56949", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56949", "title": "Polysaccharide", "text": "A polysaccharide is a complex carbohydrate. Polysaccharides are polymers made up of many monosaccharides. They are very large, often branched, molecules. They tend to be amorphous, insoluble in water, and have no sweet taste.\nWhen all the constituent monosaccharides are of the same type they are termed \"homopolysaccharides\"; when more than one type of monosaccharide is present they are termed \"heteropolysaccharides\".\nExamples of polysaccharides include storage polysaccharides such as starch and glycogen and structural polysaccharides such as cellulose and chitin.\nStarches.\nStarches are insoluble in water. They can be digested by hydrolysis, catalyzed by enzymes called amylases. Humans and other animals have amylases, so they can digest starches. Potato, rice, wheat, and maize are major sources of starch in the human diet.\nCellulose.\nThe structural components of plants are formed primarily from cellulose. Wood is largely cellulose and lignin, while paper and cotton are nearly pure cellulose. Cellulose is a polymer made with repeated glucose units. Humans and many other animals do not digest cellulose. Certain animals can digest cellulose, because bacteria possessing the enzyme are present in their gut. The classic example is the termite."}
+{"id": "56950", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56950", "title": "Alfred Gusenbauer", "text": "Alfred Gusenbauer (born February 8, 1960, in St. P\u00f6lten, Austria) was the chancellor of Austria from January 2007 to December 2008. His party won the elections of 2008, and he was succeeded as Chancellor the new party leader, Werner Faymann, on 2 December 2008. He was the leader of the political party SP\u00d6."}
+{"id": "56961", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56961", "title": "Chinchilla", "text": "Chinchillas are either of two species (\"Chinchilla chinchilla\" and \"Chinchilla lanigera\") of rodents. They are most active at dawn and dusk. They are slightly larger and more active than ground squirrels, and are found in the Andes mountains in South America. They live in colonies called \"herds\" at high elevations of up to . Historically, chinchillas lived in an area that included parts of Bolivia, Peru, Argentina, and Chile, but today, colonies in the wild are known only in Chile. Along with their relatives, viscachas, they make up the family Chinchillidae. \nThe chinchilla has the densest fur of all mammals that live on land. The chinchilla is named after the Chincha people of the Andes, who once wore its dense, velvet-like fur. By the end of the 19th century, chinchillas had become rare after being hunted for their soft fur. Most chinchillas currently used by the fur industry for clothing and other accessories are farm-raised. Domestic chinchillas come from \"C. lanigera\" are sometimes kept as pets.\nChinchilla species.\nThe two living species of chinchilla are \"Chinchilla chinchilla\" (formerly known as \"Chinchilla brevicaudata\") and \"Chinchilla lanigera\". \"C. chinchilla\" has a shorter tail, a thicker neck and shoulders, and shorter ears than \"C. lanigera\". The \"C. chinchilla\" are currently facing extinction and the \"C. lanigera\", though rare, can be found in the wild. Domesticated chinchillas are thought to be of the \"C. lanigera\" species.\nHabitat.\nChinchillas lived in the coastal regions, hills, and mountains of Chile, Peru, Argentina and Bolivia. In 1914, there was a decrease in population where scientists believed they were close to extinction. Populations in Chile were thought extinct by 1953, but the animal was found to inhabit an area in the Antofagasta Region in the late 1900s and early 2000s.\nIn their native habitats, chinchillas live in burrows or holes in rocks. They can jump up to . Their predators in the wild include birds of prey, skunks, felines, snakes and canines. Chinchillas have many defensive movements including spraying urine and releasing fur if bitten. In the wild, chinchillas have been observed eating plant leaves, fruits, seeds, and small insects.\nGroups.\nIn nature, chinchillas live in social groups that look like colonies, but are properly called herds. Herd sizes can have 14 members up to 100, this is both for social interaction as well as protection from predators. They can breed any time of the year. Their gestation period is 111 days, longer than most rodents. They can have long pregnancies, which is why chinchillas are born fully furred and with eyes open. Litters are usually small in number, usually two.\nConservation.\nBoth species of chinchilla are currently listed as Endangered by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species because of large population loss roughly at a 90% global population loss over the last 15 years. The population decrease has been caused by chinchilla hunting by humans. Until 1996, they were listed as Indeterminate on the IUCN Red List. In 2006, the subspecies was listed as \"Vulnerable\" while the short-tailed subspecies was listed as \"Critically Endangered\". By 2008, both were listed as \"Critically Endangered\", and in 2016 they were reclassified as \"Endangered\" due to some recovery in some areas.\nRoles with humans.\nFur industry.\nChinchilla fur trade on an international level goes back to the 16th century. Their fur is popular due because of its soft feel, which are mainly used in coats. A single, full-length coat made from chinchilla fur may require as many as 150 pelts, as chinchillas are relatively small. Their use for fur led to the extinction of one species, and put serious pressure on the other two. Though it is illegal to hunt wild chinchillas, they are about to be extinct because of continued poaching. Domesticated chinchillas are still bred for fur.\nAs pets.\nThe domestic chinchilla are related to the \"Chinchilla lanigera,\" the long-tailed Chinchilla, and the more common one in the wild after the other species, \"Chinchilla chinchilla\", or short-tailed Chinchilla, has been hunted nearly to extinction. Domestic chinchillas have thinner bodies, longer tails and larger ears.\nChinchillas are popular pets, though they need a large amount of exercise and dental care, because their teeth continually grow throughout their life span. Since they cannot sweat, they need a temperature-controlled environment as they can have heat strokes.\nThe animals instinctively clean their fur by taking dust baths, in which they roll around in special dust made of pumice, a few times a week and they do not bathe in water. Their thick fur protects them from getting fleas, and reduces loose dander.\nIn scientific research.\nChinchillas have been used in research since the 1950s. Since the 1970s, the main interest in chinchillas by researchers is their auditory system. Other research fields in which chinchillas are used as an animal model include the study of Chagas disease, gastrointestinal diseases, pneumonia, and listeriosis, as well as of \"Yersinia\" and \"Pseudomonas\" infections."}
+{"id": "56966", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56966", "title": "Solubility", "text": "Solubility is the ability of a substance (the solute), to mix into a liquid (the solvent).\nIt measures the highest amount of substance mixed into a liquid solvent while they are both at equal amounts. \nWhen the two mix together it is called a saturated solution. Certain substances can mix into any amount of a liquid solvent. An example of this is ethanol in water. This process is better described as \"miscible\" (the ability to mix with one another). Solubility does not depend on the size, in fact even the large particles will eventually all dissolve.\nA solute is a substance that is dissolving in a solvent and is the smaller part of the solution. A solvent is the bigger part of a solution and is the substance that the solute dissolves in.\nThis may be presented in different ways such as a solubility curve, usually used to tell whether a substance is saturated or unsaturated."}
+{"id": "56967", "revid": "9365396", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56967", "title": "SpVgg Greuther F\u00fcrth", "text": "The Spielvereinigung Greuther F\u00fcrth is a German football club which plays in the country's top league, the Bundesliga. The club is playing in the Bundesliga for the first time after being promoted from the Second Bundesliga as winners of that league in 2011\u201312."}
+{"id": "56969", "revid": "586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56969", "title": "Taj Mahal (musician)", "text": "Henry St. Claire Fredericks Jr. (born May 17, 1942), better known by his stage name Taj Mahal, is an American blues musician. He has been performing and recording since 1964 and is still popular.\nAwards.\nTaj Mahal has received two Grammy Awards (nine nominations) over his career.\nOn February 8, 2006 Taj Mahal was designated the official Blues Artist of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts."}
+{"id": "56975", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56975", "title": "Floyd Patterson", "text": "Floyd Patterson (January 4, 1935 \u2013 May 11, 2006) was an American heavyweight boxing champion and Olympic gold medalist. Patterson won the gold medal for boxing in the 1952 Olympic Games in Helsinki, Finland. He was the heavyweight champion of the world from 1956 to 1959 and from 1960 to 1962. Patterson is remembered as the first heavyweight champion to lose the title and get it back within a year.\nCareer.\nPatterson's amateur record was 44-4 with 37 knockouts. He began fighting as a middleweight and moved to the light heavyweight division. Patterson's first professional loss was to Joey Maxim in 1954. In January 1956, Patterson married Sandra Hicks. She was his wife until 1969. Their marriage ended because Patterson did not want to quit boxing.\nAfter Rocky Marciano retired, Floyd began aiming at a shot for the vacant heavyweight title. On November 30 1956, Patterson had two very good things happen in his life. His wife gave birth to his first child, and he beat Archie Moore to become the youngest heavyweight champion of the world. That record holds true to this day. He lost the title in 1959 to Ingemar Johanson but he regained it in 1960. In 1962, he lost it again to Sonny Liston. Patterson tried to regain the title two more times from Muhammad Ali in 1965 and 1972. In 1965, he fought for 12 rounds, but on both tries, he failed to win title.\nPatterson is also remembered as the first man to win back boxing heavyweight championship. All other champions before him failed."}
+{"id": "56977", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56977", "title": "Clockwise", "text": "A clockwise movement is one that moves in a circle \"like the clock's hands\": from the top to the right, then down, then to the left, and back to the top.\nThe opposite of clockwise is counterclockwise or anticlockwise. The movement is from the top to the left, then down, then to the right, and finally back up to the top."}
+{"id": "56980", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56980", "title": "Manuel Friedrich", "text": "Manuel Friedrich (born September 13, 1979 in Bad Kreuznach) is a German footballer with the position of the Defender. He has played for the team 1.FSV Mainz 05 and at the moment he playes for Bayer Leverkusen. Friedrich has played nine matches for the German national football team since 2006. During that time he has scored one goal."}
+{"id": "56981", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56981", "title": "Bruno Kreisky", "text": "Bruno Kreisky (January 22, 1911 \u2013 July 29, 1990) served as Chancellor of Austria from 1970 to 1983. He is remembered in Austria as one of the people who helped shape the Austrian State Treaty. This treaty is the foundation of modern-day Austria. It was signed in 1955.\nKreisky was of Jewish descent. He was born and died in Vienna."}
+{"id": "56982", "revid": "1368380", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56982", "title": "Viscacha", "text": "Viscachas or vizcachas are rodents. Together with the chinchilla they make up the family \"Chinchillidae\".\nThere are two genera and four species of viscacha."}
+{"id": "56983", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56983", "title": "Vizcacha", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56985", "revid": "9252560", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56985", "title": "Incisor", "text": "Incisors are special kinds of teeth that can be found in some mammals, such as humans. They are the eight large flat teeth with straight edges that are at the front of a person's mouth, in between the canine teeth, which are pointed. The straight edges of the \"incisors\" are useful for biting because they cut sharply. They come together like a pair of pincers. In a human, the two teeth at the middle of each jaw are called the \"central incisors\", and the side ones are the \"lateral incisors\". (lateral means \"to the side\"). Some humans never grow \"lateral incisors\" or have very small ones, particularly at the top.\nIn many mammalian herbivores (plant-eaters) these front teeth are used to cut off stems of grass and other growing things, that are then ground up by the molars at the back of the mouth. Some omnivores (animals that eat both plants and meat), like humans, have incisors like herbivores. In carnivores (meat-eating mammals) like cats, the incisors are often quite small. The canine teeth are long and suitable for grasping and stabbing. Carnivores use their incisors for many jobs that need find control, such as catching fleas, carrying a kitten or peeling the skin off a fish. If a dog or a member of the cat family needs to cut something with their teeth, they use their back teeth like scissors."}
+{"id": "56986", "revid": "1530097", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56986", "title": "Gerbil", "text": "Gerbils are a family of rodents. There are about 110 species of gerbils. All gerbils are adapted to arid habitats. At one time, gerbils were known as wild rats. Most gerbils are diurnal, some are crepuscular. The gerbil is native to Central Asia, India, the Middle East, and Africa. The average length of a gerbil is usually between six and twelve inches, this includes the tail which makes up one half of the total length. The gerbil is also a common household pet.\nSpecies of gerbil include:\nThe Mongolian gerbil is one of around 110 species, but it is the most popular to have for a pet. The Mongolian gerbil was discovered in 1800 but was not studied until 1866. All domestic gerbils come from just a few gerbils from 1930.\nA gerbil is smaller than a rat but bigger than a mouse. It depends on the species. From just mice and rats the gerbil has a tail with hair and it ends with a tassel. A gerbil is around 5-6 inches long but with the tail it is around 11-12 inches. There are also bigger gerbils like the Great gerbil who has a 7-8 inches long body and 7-8 inches long tail."}
+{"id": "56987", "revid": "1164379", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56987", "title": "Muridae", "text": "Muridae is the largest family of mammals. It contains over 700 species. These species can be found naturally throughout Eurasia, Africa, and Australia. They have been introduced worldwide. The group includes true mice and rats, gerbils, and relatives.\nThe family name Muridae is sometimes used in a broader sense to include all members of the superfamily Muroidea.\nThe Murids are classified in four subfamilies, and about 140 genera."}
+{"id": "56988", "revid": "1071818", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56988", "title": "Muroidea", "text": "Muroidea is a large superfamily of rodents. It includes hamsters, gerbils, true mice and rats, and many other relatives. They live on almost every continent except Antarctica. Some scientists have placed all members of this group into a single family, Muridae. Sometimes there are difficulties in knowing how the subfamilies are related to one another. \nThe muroids are classified in 6 families, 19 subfamilies, around 280 genera and at least 1300 species."}
+{"id": "56989", "revid": "1511233", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56989", "title": "Pierre Boulez", "text": "Pierre Boulez (pronounced \u201cBoo-LEZ\") (26 March 1925 \u2013 5 January 2016) was one of the most important French composers of modern classical music. He was also a conductor. He was born in Montbrison, Loire. He died in Baden-Baden.\nAs a composer.\nBoulez started his university studies by studying mathematics. He then gave that up and went to the Paris Conservatoire to study music. One of his teachers was Olivier Messiaen. He wrote music in an atonal style, similar to the serial music of Anton Webern. Gradually his music became completely serial, so that everything about the music: the pitches of the notes, the length of the notes, the louds and softs, the accents were all organized in a mathematical way. This is called \u201ctotal serialism\u201d or \u201cintegral serialism\u201d. This kind of music is very strange to listen to.\nBoulez belonged to a group of composers who met in the summer at Darmstadt in Germany. This group is often called the \u201cDarmstadt School\u201d. He wrote music which was extremely hard to play e.g. \"Structures book 1\" for two pianos.\nPerhaps his most famous piece is \"Le marteau sans ma\u00eetre\" (\"The hammer without a master\"). This piece, finished in 1957, is for a small group of instruments: flute, guitar, vibraphone, xylorimba (a cross between a xylophone and a marimba), percussion and viola and a singer (alto). It has very complicated rhythms and is influenced by jazz, gamelan music, African and Japanese music.\nBoulez then tried out new ideas. He wrote works which would sound different at each performance because the players could improvise some ideas. \"Pli selon pli\" (\"Fold upon fold\") was a work for orchestra and soprano. It was based on a poem by St\u00e9phane Mallarm\u00e9 about a swan that could not fly away because it was stuck on the frozen lake. His piece \"Eclat\" (1965) also uses improvisation. The conductor is free to decide on how certain bits could be played and makes signs to the players to improvise in certain ways that the composers has written down. This kind of composition is sometimes called \u201cChance music\u201d because it is different each time it is played. The American composer John Cage also experimented with Chance music.\nIn the 1970s he became interested in electronic music. The French president Georges Pompidou supported the building of a big Arts Centre in Paris. This centre included a large underground set of studios for music. It became known as IRCAM (translated from the French: Institute for Acoustical/Musical Research and Coordination). A lot of composers worked in IRCAM. They used computers, tape recorders etc., to compose music.\nAs a conductor.\nBoulez was a world-famous conductor. He conducted many of the world's greatest orchestras. He was the chief conductor of the BBC Symphony Orchestra from 1971-1975, the New York Philharmonic from 1971 to 1977 and was Conductor Emeritus of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra. His concerts usually consisted of music by the great 20th century composers such as Alban Berg, Claude Debussy, Gustav Mahler, Arnold Schoenberg, Igor Stravinsky, B\u00e9la Bart\u00f3k, Anton Webern and Edgard Var\u00e8se\u2014as well as lots of new music which he conducted when it had just been written.\nBoulez wrote several books and articles on music."}
+{"id": "56990", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56990", "title": "Tonal", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56991", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56991", "title": "Murinae", "text": "The Old World rats and mice (called Murinae) is a subfamily in the family Muridae. It has about 560 species. This subfamily is larger than all mammal families except the Cricetidae. It is also larger than most mammal orders. \nDescription.\nThe Murinae are native to Africa, Europe, Asia, and Australia. They are the only terrestrial placental mammals native to Australia. They have also been introduced to all continents except Antarctica. They are serious pest animals. This is particularly true in islands where they have endangered and caused the extinction extinction of many native animals.\nThe brown rat and the house mouse are both used for medical tests. They are among the animals whose genome has been sequenced.\nThe murines have a distinctive molar pattern that involves three rows of cusps instead of two, the primitive pattern seen most frequently in muroid rodents.\nFossils.\nThe first known appearance of the Murinae in the fossil record is about 14 million years ago with the fossil genus \"Antemus\". \"Progonomys\" is thought to be the ancestor of \"Mus\" and relatives, while \"Karnimata\" is thought to lead to \"Rattus\" and relatives. All of these fossils are found in the well-preserved and easily dated Siwalik fossil beds of Pakistan.\nThe genera \"Uranomys\", \"Lophuromys\", and \"Acomys\" were once thought to be murines. Later, it was discovered (by molecular phylogenetics that they were more closely related to gerbils. They have been assigned a new subfamily status, the Deomyinae. "}
+{"id": "56992", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56992", "title": "Atonal", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56993", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56993", "title": "Muroids", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56994", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56994", "title": "Muroid", "text": ""}
+{"id": "56996", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56996", "title": "Castorimorpha", "text": "Castorimorpha is the suborder of rodents containing the beavers, the pocket gophers, and the kangaroo rats."}
+{"id": "56997", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56997", "title": "Arpeggio", "text": "In music, an arpeggio is a group of notes in a chord which are played one after the other, instead of all at the same time. The arpeggio may either go up or go down, but it is more common going up. \nThe word \"arpeggio\" comes from the Italian word \"arpeggiare\", which means \"to play on a harp\". This is because harps are very good at playing arpeggiated chords. \nAn arpeggio is a type of broken chord, but there are many different kinds.\nLearning many musical instruments include playing scales and arpeggios. They are often played as part of music examinations, especially for piano and the string instruments. This is because these skills are useful for playing a lot of music. For example, Bach's Prelude in C () is made of many different arpeggios. Guitarists sometimes play arpeggios instead of strumming, and banjo players do it a lot. \nAn \"arpeggiated chord\" means a chord which is \"spread\". This means the notes do not start exactly at the same time. This is sometimes called \"arpeggiato\", and in modern music is called a \"rolled chord\". An arpeggiated chord is written with a wiggly line going from top to bottom in front of the chord. An arpeggiated chord is spread from the lowest to the highest note. Occasionally composers such as B\u00e9la Bart\u00f3k ask for them to be played from top to bottom. This is shown by adding an arrow pointing down."}
+{"id": "56998", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=56998", "title": "Broken chord", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57004", "revid": "1684052", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57004", "title": "NKVD", "text": "The NKVD People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (Russian : \u041d\u041a\u0412\u0414 ; \u041d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u041a\u043e\u043c\u0438\u0441\u0441\u0430\u0440\u0438\u0430\u0442 \u0412\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0414\u0435\u043b) was a government department in the Soviet Union operated from 1934 to 1946 . It was the law enforcement agency which did the will of the All Union Communist Party. The NKVD underwent many organizational changes; between 1938 and 1939 alone, its structure changed three times. It was led by Genrikh Yagoda (1891-1938) from 1934 to 1938, Nikolai Yezhov (1895-1938) from 1936 to 1938 and Lavrentiy Beria (1899-1953) from 1938 to 1945. Both Yagoda and Yezhov were executed in 1938 and 1940. Beria was removed from power and executed in 1953.\nThe public face of the NKVD was the regular police force, which acted in a similar way to other police forces. In addition to its state security and police functions, some of its departments handled other matters, such as transportation, fire guards, border guards (NKVD border troops), etc. These jobs were usually assigned to the Ministry of the Interior (MVD).\nHowever, it is the classified (secret) activities for which it was really feared. This was the work of the Main Directorate for State Security, known as the GUGB. The NKVD also included the Soviet secret police. The GUGB protected the state security of the Soviet Union. This was done by massive political repression, including the use of sanctioned political murders and assassinations, especially in the era of Joseph Stalin, during the Great Purge.\nLater Publications.\nAfter World War II, and especially after the end of the Soviet Union, there was a flood of books on the deeds of Stalin and the NKVD.\nDuring and After the War.\nIn occupied territories, the NKVD carried out mass arrests, deportations, and executions of traitors, Nazi collaborators, and other dangerous people. Resistance movements included the Polish Armia Krajowa (which was neither pro-nazi or communist), and leftover Ukrainian Nazi units (aiming to remain separate from the Soviet Union).\nNKVD officers executed tens of thousands of Polish political prisoners in 1939\u20131941, including the Katy\u0144 massacre. NKVD units were also used to quell the post-Nazi partisan war in the western Ukraine (Mostly in the Lviv region), and the \"Forest Brothers\" in the Baltics (which lasted until the early 1950s)."}
+{"id": "57008", "revid": "9795370", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57008", "title": "Spyglass Entertainment", "text": "Spyglass Entertainment is a movie and television production company. Jonathan Glickman is the current President of Production. Internationally, Buena Vista has released most movies made by Spyglass (with exceptions). The first movie released by the company was \"Instinct\"."}
+{"id": "57013", "revid": "527152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57013", "title": "Hovercraft", "text": "A hovercraft is a vehicle supported and moved by a cushion of air blowing downwards. They are used on water, land, ice and other areas where the surface is smooth. A difference in air pressure between the ship and the atmosphere creates lift, causing the hovercraft to float above the surface it is set on, allowing it to ride on different surfaces. They are often used as ferries and by militaries for amphibious, or on water and on land (like an amphibian can live in water and land) missions. A hovercraft can move cargo, people, and cars.\nThe English engineer Sir Christopher Cockerell invented the modern hovercraft."}