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+{"id": "57018", "revid": "1508758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57018", "title": "Duccio", "text": "Duccio di Buoninsegna ( , ; \u2013 ) was one of the most important painters in Italy in the Late Middle Ages. He worked mainly in the city of Siena in Tuscany but one of his largest works was done for a church in Florence. He is most famous for his altarpieces of the Madonna and Child. Duccio painted in the Byzantine style, similar to Greek icons.\nDuccio's life.\nThe first written record of Duccio is dated 1278, when he was painting in Siena. His paintings, of which only a few remain, are all Holy pictures. Two of them are very large and were painted as altarpieces. Some of them are very small and were for private owners, not for churches.\nAt that time, many artists painted pictures that were specially for people to look at while they were praying. The pictures are most often of the Madonna and Child. They often have gold backgrounds which glow when they are lit by candlelight. The figures in the paintings do not look very solid or realistic. They look very still, calm and holy. These paintings had been done in the same style for many hundreds of years, in Greece, Constantinople and many other countries where the Greek Orthodox Church was the main church. The style, which was called the Byzantine style, had also spread to Italy where several Orthodox icons (Holy picture), had become famous and were copied by many artists.\nDuccio was one of the greatest painters in the Byzantine style in Italy at the time. He had a famous rival who worked in Florence. His name was Cimabue. One of Cimabue's pupils, Giotto, was to become even more famous, and is remembered as having begun the Renaissance style of painting in Florence. Even though Duccio probably saw Giotto's paintings, in which the figures look solid and three-dimensional, like actors on a stage, Duccio was not very influenced by him.\nDuccio had several students who also became famous painters of the 1300s. They include Simone Martini and the Lorenzetti brothers, who were also influenced by Giotto.\nThe \"Rucellai Madonna\".\nIn 1285 Duccio was asked to go to Florence to paint an altarpiece of the Madonna and Child for the church of Santa Maria Novella which had been rebuilt for the Dominican friars. It was a very large church and for it, Duccio painted the biggest ancient altarpiece of this type that is known. It is called the \"Rucellai Madonna\" because the Rucellai, who were a very rich family, paid for the decoration of the main chapel of the church, where this altarpiece was hung in the 1600s.\nDuccio painted the Madonna sitting on a throne with the Christ Child in her lap, raising his hand in blessing. Around them are six kneeling angels in robes of delicate colours. The robe of the Madonna is very dark blue and looks almost black; it is painted with ground-up semi precious stone called lapis lazuli. The robe of the baby looks quite transparent. Duccio was one of the first painters to try to paint transparent material. One of the important parts of Duccio's design is the gold border of the Madonnna's robe, which seems to wander around the painting in a waving line, and frames the Madonna's face in a way that holds the attention of the viewer.\nThe \"Rucellai Madonna\" is no longer in the Church of Santa Maria Novella. In 1948 it was moved to the Ufizzi Gallery where it is shown in the same room as Cimabue's \"Trinita Madonna\" and Giotto's \"Ognisanti Madonna\". \nThe \"Maest\u00e0\".\nIn Duccio's own city there was a large cathedral. In 1308 he was given the job of making an enormous altarpiece of the Madonna on a throne for the cathedral. It was not to be as tall as the \"Rucellai Madonna\" but was much wider, because it showed two rows of saints and a row of angels on either side of the throne. The four saints the kneel at the front of the picture are those who were particularly remembered in the city of Siena. The altarpiece was to have a very fancy Gothic gold frame with more figures at the top, and small pictures at the bottom, but unfortunately the frame has been destroyed.\nBecause the painting stood above an altar that was right in the middle of the cathedral, and not against a wall, it was easy for people to walk around to see the back of the altarpiece. So Duccio painted the back as well. The back of the altarpiece had lots of small scenes which tell the life of Jesus. These small scenes, which have gold backgrounds and bright colours in the usual way, are very lively illustrations to the Bible stories.\nAfter three years, the altarpiece was finished. It was carried in a great procession from Duccio's workshop, up the hill to the cathedral which stood on the highest point of the city. It was called the \"Maest\u00e0\" (or \"Majesty\"). Four other artists were asked to do smaller altarpieces to go in the four chapels that were nearby.\nUnfortunately, in the 1700s, people at the cathedral thought that Duccio's altarpiece was old-fashioned. It was taken to pieces, and some of the smaller parts were sold. They can be seen in the National Gallery, London and other places. Luckily most of the pieces were kept together and can now be seen in the Cathedral Museum which is near Siena Cathedral."}
+{"id": "57019", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57019", "title": "Castoridae", "text": "Castoridae is a family of rodents. Today, the only genus that has alive species in it is \"Castor\". It contains modern-day beavers. In addition, about 20 extinct genera of beavers have been put into the family."}
+{"id": "57022", "revid": "1065618", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57022", "title": "IUCN Red List", "text": "The IUCN Red List (also IUCN Red List of Threatened Species) is a list of species. The list tells for each species how likely it is to become extinct (or if it is already). This is called its conservation status. This list is put together each year by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN).\nThere are exact criteria to see if a certain species is threatened to become extinct. These criteria are the same for all parts of the world. The purpose of the list is to tell people how threatened a certain species is. Politicians can then decide on what needs to be done and the efforts needed to save certain species from becoming extinct.\nCriteria.\n Not evaluated:\nNot yet compared to the standard scale.\n Data deficient:\nNot enough data."}
+{"id": "57023", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57023", "title": "American Beaver", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57024", "revid": "844779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57024", "title": "Redruth", "text": "Redruth (Cornish: Resrudh) is a small town in Cornwall. The name of the town means \"red ford\"; the parish church of Redruth is dedicated to St Uny. The district of Camborne and Redruth was once very important for the mining of tin and copper. Until 1974, Camborne and Redruth were included in the Camborne-Redruth urban district. In 2001 there were 12,352 people living in Redruth. The two towns with the village of Pool have more people than St Austell (Cornwall's largest settlement). In 2004, about 38,500 people were living in Camborne-Redruth."}
+{"id": "57025", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57025", "title": "European beaver", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57026", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57026", "title": "Castor", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57027", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57027", "title": "Castor canadensis", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57028", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57028", "title": "Castor fiber", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57030", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57030", "title": "Integrated Taxonomic Information System", "text": "The Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) is an American organization. It works with several federal agencies to unify the information gathered about different taxonomy of biological species. It provides a common database for these agencies to use. ITIS was originally formed in 1996."}
+{"id": "57032", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57032", "title": "Yersinia pestis", "text": "Yersinia pestis is a bacillus (a type of bacteria). It is the bacterium that causes bubonic plague, septicemic plague, and pneumonic plague.\nThese three forms of the plague have killed many people in epidemics throughout history. Historians and scientists believe they caused the Black Death. This pandemic killed one out of every three people in Europe between 1347 and 1353. \nDiscovery.\nIn 1894 a physician named Alexandre Yersin discovered the \"Y. pestis\" bacillus during an epidemic of the plague in Hong Kong. Yersin worked for the Pasteur Institute at the time.\nThe bacillus's name was changed several times:\nBefore 1970, scientists thought the bacillus belonged to the \"Pasteurella\" genus of bacteria. In 1970 they reclassified it as its own genus (\"Yersinia\") and named it \"Yersinia pestis\" in Alexandre Yersin's honor.\nScientists have found three varieties of \"Y. pestis.\"\nThe Black Death.\n\"See the main article: The Black Death\"\nHistorians do not agree about \"Y. pestis's\" role in the Black Death. Many believe that \"Y. pestis\" was the bacterium that caused the Black Death. However, others say the Black Death spread much faster than \"Y. pestis\" could. \nStill, DNA from \"Y. pestis\" has been found in the teeth of some exhumed Black Death victims. For this reason, \"Y. pestis\" must have played a role in the epidemic, and it probably did too in other European plague epidemics."}
+{"id": "57033", "revid": "314538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57033", "title": "Leptospirosis", "text": "Leptospirosis (also known as Weil's disease, canicola fever, canefield fever, nanukayami fever or seven day fever) is a bacterial disease. \nThis disease is caused by spirochaetes of the genus \"Leptospira\". It affects humans and many animals, including mammals, birds, amphibians, and reptiles. \nLeptospirosis was first described by Adolf Weil in 1886. At the time he reported an \"acute infectious disease with enlargement of spleen, jaundice and nephritis\". The pathogen, \"Leptospira\"-genus bacteria was isolated in 1907 from a post mortem kidney slice. \nLeptospirosis is a relatively rare bacterial infection in humans. The infection is commonly transmitted to humans when fresh water that has been contaminated by animal urine (often from rats) contacts the skin, eyes or the mucous membranes. \nLeptospirosis usually causes heart failure, kidney failure or liver failure, and most sufferers die if they are not treated urgently. However, the disease is quite rare.\nOutside of tropical areas, leptospirosis seems to occur most often in the Northern Hemisphere in August and September."}
+{"id": "57034", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57034", "title": "Weil's disease", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57035", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57035", "title": "Canicola fever", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57036", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57036", "title": "Canefield fever", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57037", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57037", "title": "Nanukayami fever", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57038", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57038", "title": "Pasteurella pestis", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57039", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57039", "title": "Pneumonic plague", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57040", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57040", "title": "Plague", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57047", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57047", "title": "Fran\u00e7ois-Joseph Gossec", "text": "Fran\u00e7ois-Joseph Gossec (born Vergnies, 17 January 1734 \u2014 16 February 1829) was a South Netherlands composer. He was born in what is now Belgium, but worked in France during his long life. People hardly ever hear his music now except for one very popular piece of dance music called Tambourin. He was famous in France in his time and had a lot of influence on French music.\nLife and Work.\nGossec\u2019s family were small farmers. When Gossec was young he worked as a cowherd (someone who looks after cows). He showed a lot of talent and became a choir-boy in the Cathedral of Notre Dame in Antwerp.\nIn 1751, he went to Paris. The composer Jean-Philippe Rameau was very impressed by him and got him jobs playing the violin and double bass in his private orchestra. He heard a lot of music by German composers and started to write music of his own. His symphony in D was one of the first works in France to use clarinets which had only just been invented. He composed many operas as well as instrumental works.\nIn 1762, Gossec became the conductor of a private theatre of the Prince of Cond\u00e9 at Chantilly. A lot of German and Bohemian wind players at that time went to Paris, and Gossec gave them jobs in his orchestra.\nGossec wrote a lot of music for the French Revolution. When the Paris Conservatoire was opened in 1795 he became a teacher of composition there.\nGossec composed lots of different kinds of music. His music for instruments was very successful. He wrote operas which suited the taste of French people at the time, but he did not have a good sense of drama and the words of his operas were uninteresting. He was an important man in the history of music because he organized a lot of musical events in Paris. He was made a \"chevalier\" of the Legion of Honour. A lot of composers went to his funeral."}
+{"id": "57048", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57048", "title": "Gossec", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57049", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57049", "title": "Josiah Wedgwood", "text": "Josiah Wedgwood (12 July 1730 3 January 1795, born in Burslem, Stoke-on-Trent) was an English potter, who became famous for the industrialisation of pottery. He was the grandfather of \"both\" Charles Darwin and Emma Darwin, Charles' wife.\nWedgwood was the first to use modern marketing: direct mail, money-back guarantees, salesmen, self-service, free delivery, buy one get one free, and illustrated catalogues.\nBiography.\nEarly life.\nWhen he was a child, Josiah had smallpox, but he survived (did not die). The smallpox injured his knee, so he could not easily work as a potter. Instead, he worked hard to design pottery. Working as an apprentice, Wedgwood learned many techniques for making pottery. He used his skills to make one of the first pottery factories, Ivy Works, in Burslem, now part of Stoke-on-Trent. Later his right leg was cut off below the knee. There are no pictures of him showing this he was very famous for his pottery.\nWork.\nWedgwood was very interested in science and technology, and used new ideas to make good quality pottery. He became famous for making pottery for royalty, and became very rich. He spent money on civic works, things that would help businessmen and people in the city, for example canals. He formed a partnership with Thomas Bentley in 1768 which eventually became the business which in 1895 was incorporated as Josiah Wedgwood and Sons Ltd. He became friends with Erasmus Darwin, an important scientist and inventor. In 1780, Wedgwood and Darwin became business partners. Wedgwood's son married Darwin's daughter, who gave birth to Charles Darwin. Wedgwood and Darwin were also members of the 'Lunar Society', a group of important scientists, philosophers and businessmen. \nBy 1763, he was receiving orders from the highest levels of the British nobility, including Queen Charlotte. Wedgwood convinced her to let him name the line of pottery she had purchased \"Queen's Ware\", and trumpeted the royal association in his paperwork and stationery. In 1773, Empress Catherine of Russia ordered the Green Frog Service from Wedgwood; it can still be seen in the Hermitage Museum. An even earlier commission from Catherine was the Husk Service (1770), now on exhibit in Peterhof.\nIn the latter part of his life, Wedgwood's obsession was to duplicate the Portland Vase, a dark blue and white glass vase from the first century BC. For three years he worked on the project, eventually producing what he considered a satisfactory copy in 1789.\nAbolition of slavery.\nTogether with his friends in the Lunar Society, Wedgwood worked for the abolition (ending) of slavery. Wedgwood produced medallions asking for the end of slavery. These medallions became very popular. Wedgwood died in Etruria, Stoke-on-Trent, in 1795. Selling slaves became illegal (against the law) in 1807 in Britain, and having slaves became illegal in 1833."}
+{"id": "57050", "revid": "224035", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57050", "title": "Tambourin", "text": "A tambourin (pronounced the French way) is a piece of music which was popular in France in the 18th century. It is based on a folkdance from the Provence. The music is made to sound like the kind of drum which is called \"tambourin\" in French. Jean-Philippe Rameau wrote several Tambourins in his operas. Other composers who wrote Tambourins include Fran\u00e7ois-Joseph Gossec and Maurice Durufl\u00e9.\nTambourin also means a special kind of drum from the Provence. It has a long, cylindrical shape and is played with one drumstick. It is found in orchestral music such as Georges Bizet's \"L'Arl\u00e9sienne Suite no. 2\""}
+{"id": "57052", "revid": "9631189", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57052", "title": "Thomas Wedgwood III", "text": "Thomas Wedgwood III (1685-1739) was an English potter. He was a member of the Wedgwood family, who were very successful potters. He was the son of Thomas Wedgwood II and Mary Leigh. Maternal Great-grandfather of naturalist Charles Robert Darwin.\nThomas Wedgwood was married to Mary Stringer. Their children were:"}
+{"id": "57053", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57053", "title": "Thomas Wedgwood IV", "text": "Thomas Wedgwood (1716-1773) was an English potter. He was a member of the Wedgwood family, who were very successful potters. He was the son of Thomas Wedgwood III and Mary Stringer and brother of Josiah Wedgwood.\nThomas Wedgwood was married firstly to Isabell Beech. Their children were:"}
+{"id": "57054", "revid": "1174782", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57054", "title": "Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach", "text": "Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach (8 March 1714 14 December 1788) was a German musician and composer. He was the second of five sons of Johann Sebastian Bach and Maria Barbara Bach. He was said to be one of the greatest harpsichord players of his time. He wrote a book called \"Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard Instruments\" (1755), which was used by Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven. \nEarly life.\nBach was born in Weimar on 8 March 1714. His godfather was the composer Georg Philipp Telemann, and he stayed in contact with him throughout his life. He was taught to play music at an early age by his father. His father moved the family to Leipzig in 1723 where he had a position as Kantor at the Thomasschule. After finishing school Bach went to Leipzig University and trained as a lawyer. \nBerlin.\nIn 1740 he moved to Berlin to become the harpsichord player for Frederick the Great. Frederick played the flute, and it was Bach's job to provide the keyboard accompaniment. This left him with plenty of time to compose music. Bach married Johanna Maria Dannemann in 1744. They had a number of children, but only three lived to be adults. His son, also named Johann Sebastian Bach, became a painter in Rome, but died at the age of 30. Life in Berlin became difficult for Bach during the Seven Years' War. Frederick was often away and so there was little musical activity in the court. He was paid with paper money which did not keep its value, and so he had to be careful with his spending. There was also criticism of his playing style, it was becoming \"affected\", too modern for the conservative tastes of Frederick's court.\nHamburg.\nAfter Telemann died at the end of 1767, Bach was able to replace him as the director of church music for the five churches in Hamburg. His duties included teaching music, and organising about 200 musical performances a year. This position allowed Bach to write church music including 21 settings of the Passion, 70 cantatas, motets and liturgies. He also organised concerts and other performances throughout the year. Bach became ill in the summer of 1788 and died from a chest ailment on 14 December. He was buried in the Church of St. Michael in Hamburg. His grave was forgotten, and only rediscovered in 1925.\nComposer.\nBach wrote nearly 200 keyboard works, mainly sonatas while at Berlin. He was able to develop a network of people around Europe who were able to sell printed copies of his pieces which brought in a considerable income. The king however did not regard him as a composer, even though Bach dedicated some of his compositions to him. Bach wrote in 1773 that many of his compositions were simply written as a business to make money. Bach also helped make his father's music more widely known. he arranged the printing and sales of his music. Bach protected his father's original manuscripts, and it is because of this that some of them, including the St. John Passion and the St. Matthew Passion, have survived. Other manuscripts of Johann Sebastian's were given to Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, who sold them and they are now lost. \nThere were other compositions that C. P. E. Bach wrote for himself, to develop his ideas and theories of music. After leaving Berlin and moving to Hamburg in 1768 he began writing music with more emotion, which he described as \"Empfindsamer\" meaning \"sentimental\". This was a time of great changes in musical style, from the baroque work of his father, to the classical works of Mozart and Haydn. His music has elements of both, and does not easily fit into the categories that have been created since. Because of this, his music is not played as much in modern times. His father's music has become much more famous, but C. P. E. Bach's music had a greater influence on the composers that came after him.\nMost of the keyboard instruments used by Bach (clavichord and fortepiano) were made by Gottfried Silbermann, at that time a well-known builder of keyboard instruments. In the 21st century, people have a chance to hear the instruments used by Bach, because the are being recreated by some modern piano builders.\nWriter.\nBach wrote his book, the \"Essay on the True Art of Playing Keyboard Instruments\" in 1755 while in Berlin. This book is important for two reasons. It was the first book to teach players to use their thumbs, which is now standard practice. Secondly it was the first to talk about emotion as being an important part of a performer's skills; as important as technical ability. It is still in use today as the reference book on how to correctly play the ornamentation and how to improvise in the late baroque style. Bach wrote his autobiography in 1773. This shows that where his father was mainly influenced by religion, Bach was influenced by ideas from art and philosophy. He had a collection of 400 paintings of people whose ideas and works he admired."}
+{"id": "57056", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57056", "title": "Maria Barbara Bach", "text": "Maria Barbara Bach (20 October 1684 \u2013 buried 7 July 1720) was the wife of the German composer Johann Sebastian Bach. She was also the mother of the composers Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach and Wilhelm Friedemann Bach."}
+{"id": "57080", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57080", "title": "Swalwell", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57087", "revid": "652309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57087", "title": "Ligue 1", "text": "Ligue 1, officially known as Ligue 1 McDonald's for sponsorship reasons, is a professional association football league in France and the highest level of French football. The League is contested by 18 clubs and operates on a system of promotion and relegation from and to Ligue 2."}
+{"id": "57088", "revid": "1645370", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57088", "title": "Serie A", "text": "The Serie A is the top tier football league in Italy.\nFormat.\nFrom 1929 to 2006, Serie A has got 16 or 18 teams. The only exception was in the years from 1946 to 1952, where in the Serie A there were 20-21 teams.\nAll the 20 teams play two times against all the other teams from August to May.\nThe top four teams in the Serie A qualify for the UEFA Champions League (from the 2017\u201318 season). \nThe 5th and the winner of Coppa Italia qualify for the UEFA Europa League tournament.\nThe 6th or the 7th ranked club, depending if the winner of Coppa Italia is qualified yet, joins the preliminary round of the UEFA Europa Conference League.\nThe three lowest-placed teams are relegated to Serie B."}
+{"id": "57090", "revid": "1035196", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57090", "title": "UEFA European Football Championship", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57102", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57102", "title": "Oath", "text": "An oath (from Anglo-Saxon \"\u0101\u00f0\") is a promise. An oath is spoken out loud in front of other people who can see and hear what is done and said. They are witnesses to the oath. A person who cannot speak can make a sign that they are \"taking an oath\". Another way of saying that a person is \"taking an oath\" is to say that they are \"swearing an oath\". \nA person can say \"I promise that I will do this...\" or \"I swear that I will do this...\" \nWhen a person swears an oath they often show that the oath is very important to them by calling God to see and remember the promise, and to show that the promise is true, and cannot be taken back later. When a person takes an oath they sometimes raise their right hand, or put their hand on their heart, on the Bible or on another holy book.\nOaths are used in many situations when a person needs to be true to what they say: \nOther meanings.\nThe word \"oath\" is often used to mean any angry expression which includes religious or other strong language and promises that the person will do something horrible. "}
+{"id": "57103", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57103", "title": "Jeffrey Archer", "text": "Jeffrey Howard Archer, Baron Archer of Weston-super-Mare (born 15 April 1940) is a British author and politician. He was a member of Parliament, Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Party and since 1992 is a life peer. His political career ended after an indictment for perjury. He is married to Mary Archer, a prominent scientist in solar power.\nBiography.\nEarly life.\nJeffrey Howard Archer was born in the City of London Maternity Hospital. When he was two weeks old he and his family moved to the seaside town of Weston-super-Mare, Somerset, where he spent most of his young life. \nAt Oxford he was successful in athletics, competing in sprinting and hurdling. He also made a name for himself in raising money for the then little-known charity Oxfam, famously claiming to have obtained the support of The Beatles in a charity fundraising drive (it was actually Pat Davidson of Oxfam). The band accepted the invitation to visit the Senior Common Room of his Brasenose College, where they were photographed with Archer and dons of the college, although they did not play there. It was during this period that he met his future wife, Mary. His parents were John and Mary Archer who gave birth to him in 1940. Jeffery Archer only had one sibling and that was his brother, Thomas Archer who is a renowned politician for the conservative party.\nAt the age of 29, he was elected as a Member of Parliament (MP) for a Lincolnshire constituency, holding the seat for the Conservative Party in a by-election on 4 December 1969. \nIn Parliament, Archer was on the left of the Conservative Party, rebelling against some of his party's policies. He urged free TV licences for the elderly and was against museum charges. Archer voted against restoring the death penalty saying it was barbaric and obscene. \nArcher had to resign because of a scandal in October 1986 when the Sunday newspaper \"The News of the World\" led on the story \"Tory boss Archer pays vice-girl\". The article claimed that Archer had paid Monica Coghlan, a prostitute, \u00a32000 through another person at Waterloo Station to go abroad. Unlike the \"Daily Star\", the newspaper did not allege that Archer had actually slept with Coghlan. Archer sued the \"Daily Star\".\nPerjury and downfall.\nArcher had been selected by the Conservative Party as their candidate for the London mayoral election of 2000. He was forced to withdraw from the race when it was revealed that he was facing a charge of perjury.\nOn 4 February 2000, Archer was expelled from the Conservative Party for five years. On 26 September 2000, he was charged with perjury and perverting the course of justice (obstruction of justice) during the 1987 libel trial.\nA few months before the beginning of the perjury trial, Archer began performing in the star role in a courtroom play (which he also wrote) called \"The Accused\". The play was staged at London's Theatre Royal Haymarket and concerns the court trial of an alleged murderer from beginning to end. The play used the innovation of assigning the role of jury in the trial to the audience, with theatre-goers voting on whether Archer's character was innocent or guilty at the end of each night's performance. Archer would attend his real trial during the day and be judged in his fictional trial at the theatre in the evening.\nThe real life trial began on 30 May 2001. On 19 July 2001, Lord Archer was found guilty of perjury. He was sentenced to a total of four years' imprisonment by Mr. Justice Potts. The most ironic aspect of his trial was that he had fabricated the alibi for the wrong date. Archer never spoke during the trial. Ted Francis was found not guilty of perverting the course of justice.\nOn 21 Julyn2003, he was released on licence, after serving half of his sentence, from HMP Hollesley Bay, Suffolk. \nMany of Lord Archer's friends remained loyal to him."}
+{"id": "57107", "revid": "8873785", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57107", "title": "Return to Oz", "text": "Return to Oz is a 1985 Disney movie. It is considered to be a sequel of \"The Wizard of Oz\"."}
+{"id": "57115", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57115", "title": "Mordred", "text": "Mordred is a character from Arthurian legend. In some of the legends, he betrayed King Arthur and killed him. He is said to be Arthur's son by his half-sister Morgause. Mordred was also said to have been killed by Arthur after he stole Excalibur from him. He was killed while Arthur was fatally wounded. His name comes from old Welsh. He was a knight of the Round Table.\nMordred in one legend was known to be the thief of king Arthur's second sword Clarent, which was known as Arthur's sword of peace. This being the reason why it is not as well known as Excalibur, which was Arthur's sword of war that was used to protect of Camelot. Clarent was a sword that would be present whenever Arthur would make a covenant of peace. The exception to the usually peaceful status of Clarent being the legend in which Mordred stole it and later used it to mortally wound Arthur just before being cut down in turn by Arthur."}
+{"id": "57118", "revid": "1318484", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57118", "title": "List of Miss America winners", "text": "Miss America is an American beauty contest. It is an annual competition open to women from the United States between the ages of 18 and 28. Contestants are judged on talent and interviews in addition to their physical attractiveness. It is run by the \"Miss America Organization\", a non-profit organization based in Linwood, New Jersey. The corporation has developed the \"Miss America Scholarship Program\", which awards educational scholarships to successful competitors.\nThe contest began in Atlantic City, New Jersey in 1921. It was an idea of newspaper reporter, Harry Finley, to increase newspaper sales and to promote Atlantic City. The first competition had eight entrants. The entrants were selected by their local city newspapers and their prize was a holiday in Atlantic City, and to take part in the \"Intercity Beauty Contest\". This was held as part of the second annual Atlantic City Pageant. Margaret Gorman, \"Miss Washington D.C.\", a school girl from Washington D.C was selected by the Washington Herald. She won the \"Inter-City Beauty, Amateur\" and \"The Most Beautiful Bathing Girl in America\" contests. She was given the Golden Mermaid Trophy. Because these were awkward titles, in 1922 Gorman was renamed as \"Miss America\"."}
+{"id": "57123", "revid": "1663844", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57123", "title": "Firewall (networking)", "text": "In terms of computer security, a firewall is a piece of software. This software monitors the network traffic between the inside and outside. The firewall is placed between the network that is to be protected (trusted) and the outside network (less trusted) aka WAN or Internet. A firewall has a set of rules which are applied to each packet. The rules decide if a packet can pass, or whether it is discarded. When a large network needs to be protected, the firewall software often runs on a computer that does nothing else. \nA firewall protects one part of the network against unauthorized access.\nDifferent kinds of Firewalls.\nPacket filtering / Network Layer.\nData travels on the internet in small pieces; these are called packets. Each packet has certain metadata attached, like where it is coming from, and where it should be sent to. The easiest thing to do is to look at the metadata. Based on rules, certain packets are then dropped or rejected. It is done at the network layer.\nStateful packet inspection.\nIn addition to the simple packet filtering (above), this kind of firewall also keeps track of connections. A packet can be the start of a new connection, or it can be part of an existing connection. If it is neither of the two, it is probably useless and can be dropped.\nApplication-layer firewalls.\nApplication-layer firewalls do not just look at the metadata; they also look at the actual data transported. They know how certain protocols work, for example FTP or HTTP. They can then look if the data that is in the packet is valid (for that protocol). If it is not, it can be dropped.\nOther things firewalls are used for.\nTunneling.\nFirewalls can provide a secure connection between two networks. This is called \"tunnellng\". The data may be encrypted. It is decrypted at the other end. Since the firewalls are doing this, the rest of the network is unaware of it. An alternative is to provide a secure access (to the corporate network).\nNetwork Address Translation (NAT).\nVery often, firewalls can translate IP addresses. That way, many computers can share a few public IP addresses. The firewall translates between the public and the private IP addresses.\nTypes of firewalls.\nIn general, there are two types of firewalls:\nProminent Brands include OPNsense, pfsense, comodo etc.\nProminent Brands include PaloAlto, WiJungle, Checkpoint, Cisco, Versa etc.\nWhat firewalls cannot protect against.\nFirewalls can protect against some problems (viruses and attacks) that come from the internet. They cannot protect against viruses, that come from infected media (like an infected office document on an USB flash drive)."}
+{"id": "57136", "revid": "1659114", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57136", "title": "The Cask of Amontillado", "text": "\"The Cask of Amontillado\" (sometimes spelled \"The Casque of Amontillado\") is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe. It was first published in \"Godey's Lady's Book\" in November 1846.\nStory.\nThe narrator [Montresor] talks to a priest about his sin. Montresor wants to take revenge on Fortunato for an insult.\nDuring a masquerade (ball where people wear masks) in the city. Fortunato is dressed in a jester's costume. Montresor tells Fortunato he has bought a wine called amontillado. He wants Fortunato to test it to be sure it is real. Montresor leads Fortunato into his underground catacombs/wine cellar to test the wine. When there, Montressor chains Fortunato and then walls him up alive in a niche. \nFortunato cries out \"For the love of God, Montresor!\" to which Montresor replies, \"Yes, for the love of God!\" He twice calls out for a reply but hears nothing. Before placing the last stone, he drops a burning torch through the gap, but hears only the jester's bells ringing. \nThe crime took place 50 years before... Montressor expresses no regrets except for remarking about Fortunato: In pace requiescat! (\"May he rest in peace!\")."}
+{"id": "57142", "revid": "62235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57142", "title": "Osei Bonsu", "text": "Osei Bonsu (died January 21, 1824) was the Asantehene (King of the Ashanti). He ruled from 1804 to 1824. He died in Kumasi, and was succeeded by Osei Yaw Akoto."}
+{"id": "57143", "revid": "17988", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57143", "title": "Uther Pendragon", "text": "Uther Pendragon is the father of King Arthur in the Arthurian legend. His name, \"Pendragon\", means the \"Chief-Dragon\", which means he is the \"foremost leader\" or \"chief of warriors\". He is mentioned briefly in Old Welsh poems, but his biography was first written down by Geoffrey of Monmouth in his \"Historia Regum Britanniae\" (\"History of the Kings of Britain\"). Geoffrey's description of him has been used in most later stories. \nAccording to the stories, Arthur is the son of Uther Prendragon and the Lady Igraine."}
+{"id": "57148", "revid": "1521690", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57148", "title": "Chocolate milk", "text": "Chocolate milk, also known as cocoa milk or syruped chocolate milkshake, is a kind of cold, sweetened milk drink. Chocolate milk may be made by mixing cold milk with chocolate syrup or cocoa powder and sugar.\nSimilar beverages.\nA mixture of hot milk and melted chocolate (or cocoa powder and sugar) is called hot chocolate. A mixture of ice cream, cold milk, and chocolate syrup is called a milkshake."}
+{"id": "57149", "revid": "937699", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57149", "title": "Chocolate syrup", "text": "Chocolate syrup is a thick, sweet, chocolate-flavored liquid. It is made from sugar and cocoa (or chocolate). Chocolate syrup is used to sweeten and flavor hot and cold drinks such as hot chocolate, chocolate milk, chocolate milk shakes, and poured on desserts.\nUsed in drinks.\nChocolate syrup is used in many different types of drinks. Coffee shops add chocolate syrup and other flavored syrups to coffee drinks. Ice cream parlors add chocolate syrup to milk shakes.\nUsed for desserts.\nChocolate syrup is also used in many desserts. Ice cream parlors pour chocolate syrup on bowls of ice cream."}
+{"id": "57150", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57150", "title": "Wetsuit", "text": "A wetsuit is a garment used by scuba divers, snorkelers, windsurfers, and surfers to keep themselves warm when they are in cold ocean water.\nOverview.\nWetsuits act as insulation invented by Jack O'Neill, and help the body to retain its heat. Wetsuits are made of plastic or rubber materials such as neoprene. Wetsuits include torso coverings, leggings, head coverings, and hand and feet coverings.\nPartial wetsuits.\nWhen people are doing diving or water sports in areas where the water is not very cold, they may only wear some parts of a wetsuit, such as a torso covering or leggings.\nWet suits are garments that oceangoers wear!\nIt's very vital when going to the ocean and dive because it serves as a life and system protector.\nFull wetsuits.\nDeepwater divers often wear full wetsuits that include torso coverings, leggings, head coverings, and hand and feet coverings. In very cold water, a scuba diver may need to wear a dry suit.\nSailing boots.\nSailing boots are boots that provide protection, grip, and waterproofing for sailors in different marine conditions. They are made from rubber, neoprene, or Gore-Tex, these boots keep feet dry in wet environments."}
+{"id": "57151", "revid": "10494250", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57151", "title": "Touch rugby", "text": "Touch rugby, also named touch or touch football, is a sport that is derived from Rugby League. It minimizes body contact so that rugby players practice over the preseason and improve their handling skills without any risk of injuries. It also eliminates body contact to allow inclusion of both genders and people from all ages.\nHistory.\nTouch rugby was started in South Sydney in the late 1960s and was pursued as a non-contact off season sport and as a fitness program for Rugby League players. The game was introduced in Europe in the 1980s, and the first touch league began in Ireland in 2005.\nRules.\nSize of field.\nTouch rugbyis played on fields or pitches of 70 meters long by 50 meters, wide with sidelines, a half-way line and In goal areas.\nNumbers.\nAccording to touch rugby's official rules, each team may have up to 14 players, with 6 players per team in the field at one time. Therefore, a total of 12 players get to play on a field. The team may interchange players as often as it wants.\nStart of game.\nTossing a coin decides the starting team, and an attacking team has six chances, called touches, to score.\nScoring.\nPlayers score by grounding the ball in goal areas. Ggrounding is holding a ball and letting it touch the ground.\nTurn over.\nIf the attacking team drops a ball, its possession is changed to the other team, and the game starts over with rollball by using the hands or the feet to roll the ball slightly backward.\nPenalty Situations.\nForward pass.\nThe team that has possession may pass a ball to teammates who are sideways or backwards. If it is passed forward, it is a penalty, and the team loses possession. The game starts over by a tap kick, which is kicking the ball by using the foot.\nTouch and pass.\nIf a player is touched but still passes the ball, a penalty occurs for forward pass.\nOff the mark.\nPlayers must start over with rollball or a penalty at the same mark that the rollball or a penalty was given.\nHow to touch?\nIn touch rugby, tackle from traditional rugby is replaced by touch, which uses a hand. Any part of body may be touched but with minimum force.\nPurpose.\nTouch rugby encourages many people to join the rugby world, whoever or whatever age they are. It is used as a tool to promote rugby to new players such as youth players or girls and women."}
+{"id": "57153", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57153", "title": "Carl Philipp Emmanuel Bach", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57159", "revid": "4598676", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57159", "title": "Coven", "text": "Coven is a word that first meant any type of meeting or gathering. It is used today to mean a group of witches. "}
+{"id": "57180", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57180", "title": "First Geneva Convention", "text": "The First Geneva Convention is one of several Geneva Conventions. It is more formally known as the Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field, 1864. It covers the treatment of battlefield injuries and was made in 1864 as part of the making of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement."}
+{"id": "57181", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57181", "title": "Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57182", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57182", "title": "Second Geneva Convention", "text": "The Second Geneva Convention of 1906 is one of the Geneva Conventions. Its full title is Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field. It was made in Geneva, on 6 July 1906. It extended the principles from the First Geneva Convention of 1864 on the treatment of battlefield casualties and hospital ship. The Convention of 1906 should not be confused with \"Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea\" (Geneva, 12 August 1949).\nAs of 27 June 2006, when Nauru adopted the convention, it has been ratified by 194 countries."}
+{"id": "57183", "revid": "1657104", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57183", "title": "Disc jockey", "text": "A disc jockey, also known as simply a DJ and spelled \"a discjockey\" or \"a deejay\", is a person who plays recorded pop or dance music for dancers or listeners and introduces the names of the songs using a microphone. \nTypes of DJs.\nThere are several types of DJs. A radio DJ plays music files (like mp3) or recorded CDs on a radio station and announces the names of the songs. A club DJ plays music files or recorded CDs over a PA system (an amplifier and loudspeakers) at a nightclub, rave, or disco. A hip hop DJ uses turntables and vinyl records to do scratching and make music while other hip hop musicians do rapping (rhythmic type of singing). A Reggae DJ plays recordings of rhythm instruments and then rap on top of the prerecorded track with a microphone. A Electronic Dance Music DJ creates their own music and some can even remix their own songs on the fly.\nsimilar to different types of musicians in other genres like people who play baroque music Vs people who play Jazz or People who like Death Metal vs People who like Screamo, depending on the genre some DJs tend to act quite differently, for example, Dubstep DJs are more rowdy and prefer faster more zappy treble, While House producers are the opposite and prefer slower and more natural melodys and then you also have Psytrance DJs who prefer more techno driven white noise delivered in high beats per minute with whale songs and sound effects.\nHistory of DJing.\nThe term \"disc jockey\" was ostensibly coined by radio gossip commentator Walter Winchell in 1935, and the phrase first appeared in print in a 1941 \"Variety\" magazine, used to describe radio personalities who introduced phonograph records on the air. Playing recorded music for dancing and parties rose with the mass marketing of home phonographs in the late 19th century. British radio disc jockey Jimmy Savile hosted his first live dance party in 1943 using a single turntable and a makeshift sound system. Four years later, Savile began using two turntables welded together to form a single DJ console. In 1947, the Whiskey A Go-Go opened in Paris as the first discotheque. In the 1960s, Rudy Bozak began making the first DJ mixers, mixing consoles specialized for DJing.\nIn the late 1960s to early 1970s Jamaican sound system culture, producer and sound system operator (DJ), (Jamaican) King Tubby and producer Lee \"Scratch\" Perry were pioneers of the genre known as dub music. They experimented with tape-based composition; emphasized repetitive rhythmic structures (often stripped of their harmonic elements); electronically manipulated spatiality; sonically manipulated pre-recorded musical materials from mass media; and remixed music among other innovative techniques. It is widely known that the Jamaican dancehall culture has had and continues to have a significant impact on the American hip hop culture.\nVintage DJ Station. A DJ mixer is placed between the two turntables.\nPioneer DJ Controller\nDJ turntablism has origins in the invention of direct-drive turntables. Early belt-drive turntables were unsuitable for turntablism and mixing, since they had a slow start-up time, and they were prone to wear-and-tear and breakage, as the belt would break from backspinning or scratching. The first direct-drive turntable was invented by engineer at Matsushita (now Panasonic), based in Osaka, Japan. It eliminated belts, and instead employed a motor to directly drive a platter on which a vinyl record rests. In 1969, Matsushita released it as the SP-10, the first direct-drive turntable on the market, and the first in their influential Technics series of turntables.\nIn 1972, Technics started making their SL-1200 turntable, which became the most popular turntable for DJs due to its high torque direct drive design. The SL-1200 had a rapid start and its durable direct drive enabled DJs to manipulate the platter, as with scratching techniques. Hip hop DJs began using the Technics SL-1200s as musical instruments to manipulate records with turntablism techniques such as scratching and beat juggling rather than merely mixing records. These techniques were developed in the 1970s by DJ Kool Herc, Grand Wizard Theodore, and Afrika Bambaataa, as they experimented with Technics direct-drive decks, finding that the motor would continue to spin at the correct RPM even if the DJ wiggled the record back and forth on the platter. Although Technics stopped producing the SL-1200 in 2010, they remain the most popular DJ turntable due to their high build quality and durability.\nIn 1980, Japanese company Roland released the TR-808, an analog rhythm/drum machine, which has unique artificial sounds, such as its booming bass and sharp snare, and a metronome-like rhythm. Yellow Magic Orchestra's use of the instrument in 1980 influenced hip hop pioneer Afrika Bambaataa, after which the TR-808 would be widely adopted by hip hop DJs, with 808 sounds remaining central to hip hop music ever since. The Roland TB-303, a bass synthesizer released in 1981, had a similar impact on electronic dance music genres such as techno and house music, along with Roland's TR-808 and TR-909 drum machines.\nIn 1982, the Compact Disc (CD) format was released, popularizing digital audio. In 1998, the first MP3 digital audio player, the Eiger Labs MPMan F10, was introduced. In January of that same year at the BeOS Developer Conference, N2IT demonstrated FinalScratch, the first digital DJ system to allow DJs control of MP3 files through special time-coded vinyl records or CDs. While it would take some time for this novel concept to catch on with the \"die-hard Vinyl DJs,\" this would become the first step in the Digital DJ revolution. Manufacturers joined with computer DJing pioneers to offer professional endorsements, the first being Professor Jam (a.k.a. William P. Rader), who went on to develop the industry's first dedicated computer DJ convention and learning program, the \"CPS (Computerized Performance System) DJ Summit\", to help spread the word about the advantages of this emerging technology.\nIn 2001, Pioneer DJ began producing the CDJ-1000 CD player, making the use of digital music recordings with traditional DJ techniques practical for the first time. As the 2000s progressed, laptop computers became more powerful and affordable. DJ software, specialized DJ sound cards, and DJ controllers were developed for DJs to use laptops as a source of music rather than turntables or CDJs. In the 2010s, like laptops before them, tablet computers and smartphones became more powerful & affordable. DJ software was written to run on these more portable devices instead of laptops, although laptops remain the more common type of computer for DJing."}
+{"id": "57186", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57186", "title": "Padniewko", "text": "Padniewko is a village in Poland in Kuyavia-Pomerania voivodship. It has about 400 inhabitants and 4.95 km2."}
+{"id": "57188", "revid": "1386969", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57188", "title": "Sierra Nevada (US)", "text": "The Sierra Nevada (Spanish for \"Snowy Range\") is a mountain range that is almost entirely in the eastern part of California. \nThe range started to uplift less than five million years ago.\nThe Sierra Nevada stretches 400 miles (650 km), from North to South. It is bounded on the West by California's Central Valley, and on the East by the Great Basin.\nUplift continues, and ground slips make spectacular fault escarpments along the eastern edge of the southern Sierra. The Sierra Nevada is part of the American Cordillera, an almost continuous chain of mountain ranges which make up the western \"backbone\" of the Americas.\nThe Sierra Nevada has played an important role in the history of California and the United States. The California Gold Rush occurred in the western foothills from 1848 through 1855."}
+{"id": "57194", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57194", "title": "Flurbereinigung", "text": "Flurbereinigung (pronounce: FLOOER-be-rye-nee-gung) is a word used in Germany to refer to the rearranging of fields in agriculture. During the second half of the 20th century, Flurbereinigung led to major changes in the landscape in the German countryside. \nHistory.\nMany German farmers used to have several small fields which were not together but were in different places, some of them maybe two or three miles away from where they lived. This was particularly a problem in the area to the left of the Rhine which had been ruled by Napoleon, because in the 19th century, when a farmer and his wife had died, their land was shared between all their children, so it got divided into smaller pieces. In other parts of Germany only the eldest son inherited the land. \nSince the 1960s, people understood that it would be much easier for a farmer to have all his fields together so that he did not have to keep making journeys between lots of small fields. Larger fields are easier to manage and more economical. The German government encouraged farmers to swap some of their fields among themselves so that each farmer had his land all in one place.\nIn the last few years the government have realized that the way the changes have been made are not always good. Nature often suffers when hedgerows are taken away to make fields bigger. Flurbereinigung today tries to keep some of the hedgerows and small groups of trees which sometimes stand in the middle of fields. They are good places for birds to nest and other animals like to live there, too.\nWinegrowers do not always find it a good thing to have all their land together. This is because the soil in one field may be slightly different from the soil in a field just farther up the road, and this gives the wine a slightly different taste. Also, if all their land is on one hillside and a storm hits that hillside and ruins the crops, then they have lost everything. If they have several pieces of land in different places they are less likely to lose all their crops because of one disaster."}
+{"id": "57213", "revid": "1570152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57213", "title": "Live 8", "text": "Live 8 was a rock concert organized by activist Bob Geldof. The concert took place in nine places at once on July 2, 2005. Like Bob's Live Aid concert, Live 8 was made for helping out African citizens who were not getting enough food and medicine. However, this concert was not for charity. Instead, it was held to make people aware of the famine in Africa. Bob wanted to make the political group named the G8 give more to Africa. The concerts featured singers like Paul McCartney, Juan Diego Fl\u00f3rez and U2.\nIn November 2005, the concerts were released on DVD. The money used to buy the DVD sets was also used to help Africans."}
+{"id": "57217", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57217", "title": "Veterans' Day", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57224", "revid": "6265031", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57224", "title": "Lies", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57234", "revid": "1541887", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57234", "title": "Rigveda", "text": "Rigveda (\u090b\u0917\u094d\u0935\u0947\u0926) is an ancient Hindu religious book. It is counted as one of the four sacred Hindu writings, which are called Vedas. It is one of the oldest writings in Sanskrit language. Rigveda is very important to Hindus, Its words are said during prayers and religious gatherings.\nRig Veda mainly contains various hymns for praying to Vedic Gods such as Agni (Fire God), Indra (The lord of Heavens), Mitra, Varuna (Water God), Surya (Sun God) etc. These hymns are called Riks. Hence the Veda is called Rik-Veda or RigVeda. This writing consists of 10 writings. The Rigveda has 1,028 hymns and 10,600 verses."}
+{"id": "57236", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57236", "title": "Arabian", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57243", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57243", "title": "Nintendo Game Boy", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57246", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57246", "title": "Ecozone", "text": "An ecozone or biogeographic realm is the largest scale biogeographic division of the earth's surface.\nThese divisions are based on the historic and evolutionary distribution of plants and animals. Ecozones represent large areas of the earth's surface where plants and animals developed in relative isolation over long periods of time, and are separated from one another by geologic features, such as oceans, broad deserts, or high mountain ranges, that formed barriers to plant and animal migration. Ecozones correspond to the floristic kingdoms of botany or zoogeographic regions of mammal zoology.\nEcozones are characterized by the evolutionary history of the plants and animals they contain. As such, they are distinct from biomes, also known as major habitat types, which are divisions of the earth's surface based on \"life form\", or the adaptation of plants and animals to climatic, soil, and other conditions. Biomes are characterized by similar climax vegetation, regardless of the evolutionary lineage of the specific plants and animals. Each ecozone may include a number of different biomes. A tropical forest in Central America, for example, may be similar to one in New Guinea in its vegetation type, but these forests are inhabited by plants and animals with very different evolutionary histories.\nThe patterns of plant and animal distribution in the world's ecozones was shaped by the process of plate tectonics, which has redistributed the world's land masses over geological history.\nThe term ecozone, as used here, is a fairly recent development, and other terms, including kingdom, realm, and region, are used by other authorities with the same meaning. J. Schultz uses the term \"ecozone\" to refer his classification system of biomes.\nBiogeographical realms.\nIn 1975 Miklos Udvardy proposed a system of 203 biogeographical provinces, which were grouped into eight biogeographical realms (Afrotropical, Antarctic, Australian, Indomalayan, Nearctic, Neotropical, Oceanian, and Palaearctic). Udvardy's goal was to create an integrated ecological land classification system that could be used for conservation purposes.\nWWF Ecozones.\nThe WWF ecozones are based largely on the biogeographic realms of Pielou (1979) and Udvardy (1975). A team of biologists convened by the World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) developed a system of eight biogeographic realms (ecozones) as part of their delineation of the world's over 800 terrestrial ecoregions.\nThe WWF scheme is broadly similar to Udvardy's system, the chief difference being the delineation of the Australasian ecozone relative to the Antarctic, Oceanic, and Indomalayan ecozones. In the WWF system, The Australasia ecozone includes Australia, Tasmania, the islands of Wallacea, New Guinea, the East Melanesian islands, New Caledonia, and New Zealand. Udvardy's Australian realm includes only Australia and Tasmania; he places Wallacea in the Indomalayan Realm, New Guinea, New Caledonia, and East Melanesia in the Oceanian Realm, and New Zealand in the Antarctic Realm."}
+{"id": "57249", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57249", "title": "Biomass (ecology)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57250", "revid": "1238908", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57250", "title": "Amorphous solid", "text": "An amorphous solid does not have a definite geometric or crystalline shape. It is a solid in which there is no long-term order in the positions of the atoms. Most classes of solid materials can be found or prepared in an amorphous form. For instance, common window glass is an amorphous ceramic, many polymers are amorphous, and even foods such as cotton candy and cotton are amorphous solids.\nAn amorphous solid is any noncrystalline solid in which the atoms and molecules are not organized in a definite lattice pattern. Such solids include glass, plastic, and gel.\nSolids and liquids are both forms of condensed matter; both are composed of atoms in close proximity to each other. But their properties are, of course, enormously different. While a solid material has both a well-defined volume and a well-defined shape, a liquid has a well-defined volume but a shape that depends on the shape of the container. Stated differently, a solid exhibits resistance to shear stress while a liquid does not. Externally applied forces can twist or bend or distort a solid\u2019s shape, but (provided the forces have not exceeded the solid\u2019s elastic limit) it \u201csprings back\u201d to its original shape when the forces are removed. A liquid flows under the action of an external force; it does not hold its shape. These macroscopic characteristics constitute the essential distinctions: a liquid flows, lacks a definite shape (though its volume is definite), and cannot withstand a shear stress; a solid does not flow, has a definite shape, and exhibits elastic stiffness against shear stress."}
+{"id": "57256", "revid": "440188", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57256", "title": "Climate commitment studies", "text": "Climate commitment describes the fact that climate reacts slowly to factors (\"climate forcings\") such as greenhouse gases. Climate commitment studies attempt to measure the amount of future warming that is \"committed\" under the assumption of some constant level of forcings."}
+{"id": "57261", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57261", "title": "Quantum Computation", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57266", "revid": "1398040", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57266", "title": "Plane", "text": "Plane or planes may refer to:"}
+{"id": "57269", "revid": "10425412", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57269", "title": "Slipknot", "text": "Slipknot is an American heavy metal rock band from Des Moines, Iowa. Slipknot has nine members in the band. The current band members are Sid Wilson, Jim Root, Shawn Crahan, Mick Thomson, Corey Taylor, Alessandro, Jeff Karnowski (speculative), and Eloy Casagrande. The first bassist from Slipknot, Paul Gray, died from an accidental drug overdose in 2010. Also, Joey Jordison was forced to leave the band in 2013. Jordison died on July 26, 2021. All of the band members wear masks. Percussionist Chris Fehn also left the band due to suing bandmates Shawn Crahan and Corey Taylor for reportedly keeping money from him. The band has sold almost 15 million records worldwide.\nCareer.\nIn September 1995, a band was formed called The Pale Ones. The band had Shawn Crahan on drums, Paul Gray on bass, Anders Colsefni on vocals and Donnie Steele on guitar. Later Joey Jordison joined and became drummer, Crahan became a Percussionist. The band also hired guitarist Josh Brainard and moved Colsefini to percussion and vocals. The band performed their first concert on December 4, 1995, then they were called Meld. Joey Jordison suggested naming the band Slipknot, after a song they had made. The band started wearing masks because Shawn Crahan wore a clown mask and to get better into the music.\nIn February Steele left the band because of religious beliefs. Craig Jones was hired as a replacement. Jones later became their full-time sampler. They hired Mick Thomson as a replacement guitarist. On October 31, 1996, Slipknot released their first demo Mate.Feed.Kill.Repeat.\nThe band realized that their new songs needed more vocal melody, so they hired local singer, Corey Taylor. Colsefni became just a percussionist. At a show Colsefni announced that he was leaving the band. He was replaced by Greg Welts but he was fired from the band because he was lazy. Chris Fehn was hired as percussionist. In 1997, the band gave themselves numbers and wore coveralls while performing.\nIn 1998, DJ Sid Wilson joined after impressing the band. In 1999, Brainard decided to leave the band for personal reasons. Jim Root was his replacement. This left the band with the line-up they kept until 2010.\nThey became better known after giving some labels a five-song demo. They signed to Roadrunner records in summer 1998. They released their first album, named after the band (self titled) one year after signing to Roadrunner. The album had two singles (songs released separately from the album, but is still on the album). They went on tour and played at the Ozzfest. This made their fan base bigger. In early 2000, the album was certified platinum (selling 1,000,000 copies).\nTheir fans were waiting impatiently for a second release (\"Iowa\"), and recording started early 2001 in California. Band members argued over how long to go on live shows and recording times. Even so, they went ahead and released the album, and toured for it. The album had three singles, one of them appearing in a movie (\"Resident Evil\"). They sold all the seats in large arenas due to the large fan base. In 2002, the band took a break, and some members remade or started new bands and projects.\nWith delays of recording another album (\"Vol. 3: The Subliminal Verses\"), the band went back to California for recording. When early 2004 came around, the album was finished and touring began. The album was released in May. The album had six singles. From the tour, the band created a live album (an album made up of live versions of songs). Some band members were in the Roadrunner United: The All-Stars Sessions, a mix album of artists signed to Roadrunner. In 2006, the band won their only Grammy Award for their song \"Before I Forget.\" The band took another break, with various members going to other projects and bands.\nThe fourth album (\"All Hope is Gone\") was started in late 2007, but recording began in early 2008. The album was done in early summer 2008. The album had five singles. 2009 was 10 years since the release of their first album, so the first album was re-released as a special version. The tour for \"All Hope is Gone\" ended on Halloween night, 2009, and ended a third break for the band. Members went back to other projects and bands with singer Corey Taylor creating the band Junk Beer Kidnap Band. On May 24, 2010, bass player Paul Gray died. Investigation showed a drug overdose killed him. Band members hesitated, or to have another thought about, speaking about the future of the band. Drummer Joey Jordison said another record was 'kinda already in the making.' Corey Taylor, however, said that he didn't know whether or not to continue with Slipknot.\nFormer member Donnie Steele will do Paul Gray's part while the band is playing live shows. Taylor told NME that he wants to continue, as it is what Paul would want. The band will complete and release a fifth album, but Taylor doesn't see recording soon. Jordison said that the band will go on without Taylor if he is to leave the band.\nIn 2013, Joey Jordison was fired from the band. The band made and brought out a new album in 2014 called \".5: The Gray Chapter\". Donnie Steele played the bass on some songs on the album, but did not want to fully rejoin, so a new bass player and drummer were brought in to replace Steele and Jordison. The band would not say at first who the new members were, though their names were soon discovered to be Alessandro Venturella (bass player) and Jay Weinberg (drummer). In 2019, Percussionist Chris Fehn had left the band, filing a lawsuit against the band over issues surrounding pay and compensation. He was replaced in tours by who was known only as the \"Tortilla Man\". He would later officially join the band in 2021, with him being revealed as Michael Pfaff. On June 7th, 2023, Slipknot, on their social media pages, had announced that Craig Jones, the keyboardist and sampler, has \"parted ways with Slipknot\" with seemingly no information as to why he had left. The post was removed a few hours later. On that very day, they released a post on Instagram that seems to have revealed his replacement. People believed he was Zac Baird, which is unconfirmed. It is also believed that the current member doings samples/media is Jeff Karnowski from Clown's former side project \"Dirty Little Rabbits\", due to a source code line on youcantkillme.com calling him Jeff.\nStyle.\nAmong the main influences of the band can be named to Black Sabbath, Pantera, Metallica, Slayer, Sepultura, Iron Maiden, Carcass, Judas Priest, Korn, AC/DC, Kiss, Beastie Boys and Mushroomhead. Thrash metal has been mentioned several times as a great influence to define them, together with nu metal. Slipknot uses three types of guitars (main, rhythm and bass), two percussionists in addition to drums, and electronics (samplers and turntables). The band's sound has been described as \"a threshing machine devouring a military drum corps.\"\nIn their early work, the vocals vary widely, from clean singing, to raps, to screaming. Their most recent works include more melodic vocals, and raps have left. The words are almost always very aggressive, characterized by darkness, nihilism, anger, hatred, love, misanthropy and psychosis. Rick Anderson of Allmusic said the lyrics to Slipknot are \"not generally quotable on a family website.\"\nPaul Gray said about their style: \"The only word I hate is 'nu metal,' we have death metal, thrash metal, grindcore, is a bit of everything, you know?\""}
+{"id": "57272", "revid": "3090", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57272", "title": "A380", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57283", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57283", "title": "Natural resources", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57289", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57289", "title": "Rig Veda", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57293", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57293", "title": "DJ", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57294", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57294", "title": "Deejay", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57300", "revid": "1649829", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57300", "title": "Archie Moore", "text": "Archie Moore (born Archibald Lee Wright; December 13, 1913 \u2013 December 9, 1998) was an American boxer. He held the light heavyweight championship between 1952 and 1962. Moore won the title from Joey Maxim by unanimous decision in November 1952. He later lost the belt because he did not defend the title enough times. Moore also fought for the heavyweight championship twice. He lost to Rocky Marciano on September 22, 1955, and to Floyd Patterson on November 30, 1956, in both of those attempts. One of his last fights was with Cassius Clay, later known as Muhammad Ali. Afterwards, Moore trained Ali for a few short months."}
+{"id": "57301", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57301", "title": "Joe Frazier", "text": "Joseph William Frazier (January 12, 1944 \u2013 November 7, 2011) was an American boxer. He held the world heavyweight championship from 1968 to 1973. Frazier also won a gold medal in boxing at the 1964 Summer Olympics.\nFrazier was born in Beaufort, South Carolina. He moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He learned to box in Philadelphia.\nFrazier won the vacant world heavyweight title by beating Buster Mathis. He lost the title to George Foreman whom had knocked out Frazier in a 3 punch combo, breaking his eye socket, jaw, and collar bone. Frazier's most famous fights were rematches with Muhammad Ali. He beat Ali in their first fight in 1971 but lost the other two. The third fight was known as the \"Thrilla in Manila\".\nFrazier died in Philadelphia on November 7, 2011 from liver cancer, aged 67."}
+{"id": "57302", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57302", "title": "Hodgkin lymphoma", "text": "Hodgkin lymphoma, also known as Hodgkin's disease, is a type of lymphoma. It was first discovered by Thomas Hodgkin in 1832. It is one of many kinds of cancers of the lymphatic system. Most of the time, the cancer grows in a lymph node before it spreads to the rest of the body. \nThe symptoms of Hodgkin's lymphoma change as the disease progresses. At the first stage of the disease, the person may feel a lump on the affected lymph node that does not hurt when touched. The person may have fevers, sweat at night, and itchy skin. In the later stages of the disease, the person may feel very tired and their spleen may grow larger. "}
+{"id": "57303", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57303", "title": "Hodgkin's disease", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57304", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57304", "title": "Marvelous Marvin Hagler", "text": "Marvelous Marvin Hagler (born Marvin Nathaniel Hagler; May 23, 1954 \u2013 March 13, 2021) was an American professional boxer and film actor who competed in boxing from 1973 to 1987. He reigned as undisputed middleweight champion from 1980 to 1987. He was the world middleweight champion from 1980 to 1987. Hagler fought out of Brockton, Massachusetts. He won the championship from Alan Minter, in London, and successfully defended it eleven times before losing in a controversial fight with Sugar Ray Leonard. Hagler retired after that fight to live and work in Italy.\nOn March 13, 2021, Hagler's wife Kay announced that Hagler had died unexpectedly at his home in Bartlett, New Hampshire, at the age of 66. A wave of reports came out on Twitter, with thousands of people mourning the loss of Hagler."}
+{"id": "57308", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57308", "title": "Sierra Nevada (Spain)", "text": "The Sierra Nevada, meaning \"snowy range\" in Spanish, is a mountain range in the region of Andalusia in Spain. It contains the highest point of continental Spain, Mulhac\u00e9n at 3,479\u00a0m.\nIt is a popular tourist destination, as its high peaks make skiing possible in Europe's most southern ski resort after Ski Centre on the island of Crete in an area along the Mediterranean Sea predominantly known for its warm temperatures and abundant sunshine. At its foothills is found the city of Granada and, a little farther, M\u00e1laga and Almer\u00eda."}
+{"id": "57309", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57309", "title": "Airline", "text": "An airline is a company that transports people and items using airliners. An airline may have as few as one airplane or a fleet of hundreds. \nMost airlines offer regular flights between a group of airports. Ocean liners formerly carried many people across oceans, but during the 20th century airliners came to carry more. \nAn airline has many costs to establish and maintain air services: labor, fuel, airplanes, engines, spares and parts, IT services and networks, airport equipment, airport handling services, booking commissions, advertising, catering, training, aviation insurance and other costs."}
+{"id": "57310", "revid": "1069165", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57310", "title": "Wax", "text": "Wax is an organic chemical substance. It is a type of lipid. Waxes are soft, and easy to shape at room temperature. They are hydrophobic (meaning they repel water and are repelled by water), and they cannot be dissolved in water. The melting point of waxes is above 45\u00b0C.\nSome waxes, like beeswax, vegetable wax, and paraffin (a petroleum wax) occur naturally. Another such wax is earwax, which occurs in the ear. Other waxes are manufactured. People use waxes for various purposes, including waxing, waxed paper, and wax tablets."}
+{"id": "57311", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57311", "title": "DCPIP", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57313", "revid": "1495229", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57313", "title": "Polyethylene terephtalate", "text": "Polyethylene terephthalate (aka PET, PETE or the obsolete PETP or PET-P) is a thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family. The chemical industry makes it. It is used in synthetic fibers; beverage, food and other liquid containers; thermoforming applications; and engineering resins often in combination with glass fiber. It is one of the most important raw materials used in man-made fibers. It is also used as the dielectric in multi-purpose capacitors (K73-16 series).\nDepending on its processing and thermal history, it may exist both as an amorphous (transparent) and as a semi-crystalline (opaque and white) material. Its monomer can be synthesized by the esterification reaction between terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol with water as a byproduct or the transesterification reaction between ethylene glycol and dimethyl terephthalate with methanol as a byproduct. Polymerization is through a polycondensation reaction of the monomers (done immediately after esterification/transesterification) with ethylene glycol as the byproduct (the ethylene glycol is recycled in production).\nThe majority of the world's PET production is for man-made fibers (in excess of 60%) with bottle-making accounting for around 30% of global demand. In discussing cloth uses, PET is generally referred to as simply \"polyester\" while \"PET\" is used most often to refer to packaging applications."}
+{"id": "57322", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57322", "title": "Nuclear energy", "text": "Nuclear energy may refer to:"}
+{"id": "57325", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57325", "title": "Card Sharks", "text": "Card Sharks is a game show that has aired in different versions since 1978.\nThe main game.\nTwo contestants fought against each other in the main game\u2014the returning champion and a challenging contestant. The returning champion was represented by the color red. The challenger was represented by the color blue. The host, Jim Perry, then asked a toss-up question, which was asked to 100 people before the show (example: \"We surveyed 100 lawyers: Have you ever defended a person who you believed was guilty? How many lawyers said they have?\"). The contestant he asked it to would provide what they thought the number of people who gave the answer the host gave. The other contestant would then say whether they thought the actual number was higher or lower than the first contestant's guess. Whoever is closer to the number got a chance at the cards.\nThere were two rows of five cards: the top red row (for the champion) and the bottom blue row (for the challenger). The contestant in control had to predict whether each card was higher or lower than the card before it.\nThere were two games. Whoever won both games would go on to play the Money Cards.\nThe Money Cards.\nThe winning contestant would then play the Money Cards to win more money. He/she was given $200 to start out with. They then had to predict whether each card was higher or lower than the one before it, just like before. This time, they had to bet money on each guess (example: $200 higher than a 2). The contestant worked their way across the bottom row, in which there were four cards, and then made it to the second row and were given $200 more. The least a person could bet on each card for the first two rows was $50. They then worked their way across that row, until they reached the top row, where there was only one card. That row was called the \"Big Bet\" row. There, the contestant had to bet at least half of what they won before.\nOther versions.\n\"Card Sharks\" aired on NBC from April 24, 1978 to October 23, 1981 and was hosted by Jim Perry. It returned on CBS and in syndication on January 6, 1986 (secondary used from September 8, 1986 to June 5, 1987). The CBS version was hosted by Bob Eubanks and ran until March 31, 1989. The syndicated version was hosted by comedian Bill Rafferty.\nOn September 17, 2001, \"Card Sharks\" came back, hosted by Pat Bullard. However, this version had different rules than the other ones. In this one, two teams of two contestants (two at a time) had to guess higher or lower (or predict if the next card had exactly the same number as the previous one) on one row of seven cards. This version was not very popular and was canceled after 13 weeks on January 11, 2002. Many \"Card Sharks\" fans say this version is the worst game show revival of all time.\n\"Card Sharks\" returned to television from June 12, 2019 to July 7, 2021 as an hour-long series hosted by Joel McHale, airing on ABC. The gameplay is similar to the 1978-81 and 1986-89 versions."}
+{"id": "57326", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57326", "title": "Family Feud", "text": "Family Feud is an American television game show that has aired since 1976.\nHow to play.\nThere are two families, each with five family members on their team. They have to guess the answers to a survey question asked to 100 people to win points for their team. The answers are seen on a huge survey board. Several survey questions are asked by host Steve Harvey. The point values are doubled at the third question, and they are tripled for the fourth question. If a Sudden Death question is needed, only the #1 answer will be on the board. Whoever reaches 300 points or more will win the game and go on to play the bonus round, Fast Money.\nFast Money.\nTwo members of the winning family are asked five questions, one member at a time. One member stays on stage and is asked the questions while the other member is off-stage. After the answers are given (or if the time limit, either 15 seconds or 20 seconds, is up), the answers and their point values are revealed. After that, the other member is asked the same five questions, with a time limit of either 20 or 25 seconds. If they give the same answer to a question that the first member gave, a double-buzz will be heard, and the host will say, \"Try again,\" after which another answer is given. Afterwards, the answers and their point values are revealed. If both contestants get 200 or more points, they win the grand prize.\nBullseye.\nFrom 1992 to 1995, a new round was introduced, called the \"Bullseye\" round from 1992 to 1994 and the \"Bankroll\" round from 1994 to 1995.\nIn the Bullseye round, each family member on each team went to the faceoff podium to try to get the #1 answer to a survey question. Each time they got it right, they won a dollar amount for their team's \"bank.\" Each question was worth different dollar amounts, anywhere from $500 to $5,000. Whatever they won in this round was what they would play for in Fast Money.\nIn the Bankroll round, only one family member from each team went to the podium. Only three questions were asked this time; they played in all three questions.\nThe Bullseye round returned for John O'Hurley's last season in 2009. John O'Hurley did it the same way Ray Combs did. It was just like the old Bullseye round used from 1992 to 1994. However, it was thrown out again in 2010.\nOther versions.\n\"Family Feud\" aired on ABC from 1976 to 1985. A syndicated version aired from 1977 to 1985. Both were hosted by actor Richard Dawson, who became famous for kissing all of the female contestants.\nIn 1988, \"Family Feud\" returned on CBS and in syndication with a new host, comedian Ray Combs. In 1992, the CBS version was expanded to an hour and included the Bullseye round. It was given a new name: \"The Family Feud Challenge\". The syndicated version also got the Bullseye round in the Fall of that year and was named \"The New Family Feud\". In 1993, \"The Family Feud Challenge\" was cancelled. In 1994, Ray Combs was fired and Richard Dawson was brought back to host the syndicated version. He only lasted one year, until 1995.\nIn 1999, the new version came on in syndication, with comedian Louie Anderson as host. Many people did not like him, and in 2002, he was replaced by Richard Karn. In 2006, Richard Karn left the show and John O'Hurley took his place, and in 2010 John O'Hurley left and Steve Harvey took his place. The show is still on the air today."}
+{"id": "57330", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57330", "title": "Bank of America Stadium", "text": "The Bank of America Stadium is a sports stadium in Charlotte, North Carolina. It was built in 1996 for the Carolina Panthers. It used to be called Ericsson Stadium until it was renamed in 2004. The stadium seats 74,867 people."}
+{"id": "57331", "revid": "10106302", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57331", "title": "Aston Martin", "text": "Aston Martin Lagonda Limited is a luxury car company that was started in 1913 by Lionel Martin and Robert Bamford.\nThe company name is derived from the Aston Clinton hill climb and one of the company's founders, Lionel Martin.\nThe company went in and out of business a few times between World War I and World War II. Lionel Martin left the company in 1926. The company was sold from one person to another many times until 1947, when David Brown bought it. David Brown also bought Lagonda, and used Lagonda engines in his cars. Aston Martin cars built when David Brown owned the company had the letters \"DB\" in the name. An Aston Martin won the 24-hour race at Le Mans in 1959.\nDavid Brown sold the company again. The company was having trouble staying open in the 1970s. Victor Gauntlett bought part of the company and kept it going with help from buyers of other parts of the company. In 1991 the Ford Motor Company bought Aston Martin and started making DB cars again. Ford owned Aston Martin until 2007 when they sold it to Investment Dar and Adeem Investments."}
+{"id": "57336", "revid": "10376242", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57336", "title": "Sydney Opera House", "text": "The Sydney Opera House is an opera house and iconic building on the shores of Sydney Harbour, in Sydney, Australia. It is shaped like the sails of a boat. Many concerts and events take place there, with 2000 performances a year presented by Opera Australia, Australia's national opera company. It is a famous tourist attraction.\nHistory.\nThe land where the Sydney Opera House stands is called Bennelong Point. Bennelong Point was once home to Fort Macquarie (the fort was built in 1817 and knocked down in 1901). On 10 August 1902, the Fort Macquarie Tram Depot was opened at Bennelong Point. The depot was knocked down in 1958. The Sydney Opera House was built on the same spot and the work began in 1959.\nIt was designed by Danish architect J\u00f8rn Utzon. He won a design competition in 1957. Utzon left the project in February 1966 because the government was not paying his invoices. The building finally opened on 20 October in 1973. The project was completed ten years later and cost more than fourteen times the original budget. In 2001, Utzon was invited back to restore the building and change it back towards his original designs.\nThe highest Point of the Building is 67 Meters high. "}
+{"id": "57337", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57337", "title": "Sydney Harbour Bridge", "text": "The Sydney Harbour Bridge, in Sydney Harbour, is a bridge that joins north Sydney with south Sydney. People can cross the bridge by car, bicycle, walking or by public transport. It now carries eight traffic lanes. Using six intended traffic lanes and an additional two going south that used to be tram tracks. \nThere are two railway lanes that head in opposite directions. There is a tunnel that goes underneath. The bridge is an important tourist attraction. The scenery attracts many tourists and people living in or near the city. One of the many attractions of the Harbour Bridge is its famous 'BridgeClimb'. Luna Park Sydney is located next to the bridge.\nThe bridge is long and wide. The highest point of the arch is tall. Building began on 19 March 1923 and ended in 1932. John Bradfield led the bridge's building. \nThe standards of industrial safety during construction were poor by today's standards. Sixteen workers died during construction,[31]\u00a0but surprisingly only two were from falling off the bridge. Several more were injured from unsafe working practices undertaken whilst heating and inserting its rivets, and the deafness experienced by many of the workers in later years was blamed on the project.\u00a0\nHenri Mallard\u00a0between 1930 and 1932 produced hundreds of stills[32]\u00a0and film footage[33]\u00a0which reveal at close quarters of the bravery of the workers in tough Great Depression era conditions.[\"\"]\nThe total financial cost of the bridge was\u00a0AU\u00a36.25 million, which was not paid off in full until 1988.[34]"}
+{"id": "57338", "revid": "1035196", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57338", "title": "Sydney Cricket Ground", "text": "Sydney Cricket Ground (usually called the SCG) is located in the Moore Park area of Sydney, in New South Wales. It has been used for first-class matches since February 1878, when New South Wales met Victoria there. The first Test match on the ground was Australia against England in February 1882.\nEarly history.\nIn 1851, the site was on common land south of the British Army's Victoria Barracks. The common was granted to the Army for recreational use, and the soldiers established a cricket ground there. The military team was called the Garrison Club, and so the original name of the ground was the Garrison Ground. It opened in February 1854. It was later renamed as the Civil and Military Ground. After the Albert Ground was closed in 1877, the NSW Cricket Association (NSWCA) moved into the Civil & Military. Meanwhile, the Army had vacated the Victoria Barracks, and the ground was again renamed, this time as the Association Ground. In 1894, it became the Sydney Cricket Ground, widely known as the SCG.\nCapacity.\nNowadays, the ground has a seating capacity of 48,000. However, its record attendance was at a rugby league match, when 78,056 watched the 1965 Grand Final between St George Dragons and South Sydney Rabbitohs."}
+{"id": "57339", "revid": "10434920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57339", "title": "Darling Harbour", "text": "Darling Harbour is a harbour in Sydney, Australia. It has many shops and places to eat. It also has the Sydney Aquarium."}
+{"id": "57340", "revid": "1237047", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57340", "title": "Bondi Beach", "text": "Bondi Beach is a beach in Sydney, Australia, about one kilometre long and roughly seven kilometres from the centre of the city.\nBondi beach is one of the world's greatest beaches, and is one of Sydney's main tourist attractions.\nLarge numbers of tourists visit Bondi Beach throughout the year, and many Irish and British tourists spend Christmas Day there.\nHistory.\nThe word \"Bondi\" is an aboriginal (native) word which means \"water breaking over rocks\" or \"noise of water breaking over rocks\".\nIn 1809, a road builder William Roberts received a grant of land in the Bondi area. In 1851 Edward Smith Hall and Francis O'Brien bought of Bondi and named it the \"Bondi Estate.\" Hall was O'Brien's father-in-law. In between 1855 and 1877 O'Brien bought his father-in-laws share of the land and named it the \"O'Brien Estate\". He made the beach and surrounding land available to the public as a picnic ground and amusement resort. As the beach became more popular, O'Brien wanted to stop public access. The Government believed that the Municipal council needed to step in. On the 9th June 1882, Bondi Beach became a public beach.\nToday.\nMany people visit Bondi Beach throughout the year, ranging from 4000 people to 9000 people. Bondi Beach has an underwater shark net that they share with other beaches along the southern coast. In 2004, Surf Lifesaving Australia gave different hazard ratings to each end of the beach. The northern end was rated a gentle 4 with 10 as the most hazardous, while the southern end was rated a dangerous 7 due to the famous rip current known as the \"Backpackers Rip\". The south end is generally reserved for surf board riding. Bondi Beach was added to the Australia National Heritage list in 2008.\nPods of whales and dolphins are sometimes sighted. Fairy penguins while rare are sometimes also seen.\nLifesavers.\nBondi Surf Bathers' Life Saving Club was the world's first livesaving club. North Bondi Surf Livesaving Club is a federation club. Both clubs were founded in 1907. Both clubs were involved in the biggest rescue ever on one day known as 'Black Sunday'."}
+{"id": "57341", "revid": "9534582", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57341", "title": "Stadium Australia", "text": "Stadium Australia, known for sponsorship reasons as Accor Stadium, formerly ANZ Stadium & Telstra Stadium, is a sports stadium in , Sydney.The 2000 Summer Olympics took place there. Now it is used for many other sports, like rugby and Aussie Rules. The stadium opened in March 1999.\nIn 2002, the stadium was named after the sponsor Telstra. 1 January 2008 it was renamed the ANZ Stadium. In 2021 it was renamed again to Accor Stadium following a sponsorship deal with Accor the largest hotel chain in Australia. Accor operate hotels adjacent to the stadium under the brands Pullman, Novotel, Ibis & Ibis Budget all located within the Olympic Park prescient. As part of the deal, a number of upgrades were completed including a new large screen running the length of one side of the stadium \nAs \"Stadium Australia\", the name was sometimes confused with the Sydney Football Stadium, which was formerly known as Aussie Stadium."}
+{"id": "57342", "revid": "958774", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57342", "title": "Sydney Aquarium", "text": "The Sydney Aquarium is a public aquarium in Darling Harbour, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It has many fish, sharks and seals. There is also a seal show. The aquarium was opened in 1988."}
+{"id": "57347", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57347", "title": "Synth", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57348", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57348", "title": "ADOM", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57351", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57351", "title": "Tim Berners Lee", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57353", "revid": "1671359", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57353", "title": "Nigga", "text": "Nigga is a word that originally came from the word nigger. It is generally used by black people\u2014especially young adults and teenagers. The reason is other ethnic groups using the word is seen as mean. Many people consider it racist for people who aren't black to say \"nigga\". The word is used to refer to other people, such as friends or family. It may also be used to refer to people the speaker does not know or like. However, \"nigga\" is generally not used to hurt people. It was used as a word for black slaves by their owner in the year 1800. It was used most on cotton pickers because they were mostly black. The usage of the word has made black people hurt people who used the word. "}
+{"id": "57354", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57354", "title": "Huascaran", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57355", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57355", "title": "SI unit", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57356", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57356", "title": "Red Riding Hood", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57357", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57357", "title": "UTC-5", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57359", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57359", "title": "Trains", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57360", "revid": "1538302", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57360", "title": "UTC-8", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57361", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57361", "title": "UTC-7", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57362", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57362", "title": "Twentieth Century Fox", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57364", "revid": "48755", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57364", "title": "Germans", "text": "Germans () are the people of Germany. There are two main groups of people who are called Germans. They are citizens of Germany and ethnic Germans. They are also called German people. \nCitizens of Germany.\nThe term \"German\" is used to describe a person who is a citizen of the country. This is true no matter what their ethnicity. As long as they meet the requirements of German laws to be a citizen of Germany, they are Germans.\nEthnic Germans.\nDescendants (children, grandchildren, great-grandchildren) of Germans in other countries are often called \"ethnic Germans\". There are many ethnic Germans in Belgium, Denmark, Russia, Poland and France. There are also many of them living in the United States Brazil and Canada. There are about 100 million Germans in the world. Most Germans speak the German language (\"Hochdeutsch\" is Standard German) and dialects such as Low German and Upper German. Most people in Switzerland and Austria are native speakers of the German language. The \"German\" ethnicity is widely celebrated in the United States."}
+{"id": "57365", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57365", "title": "International Business Machines", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57368", "revid": "844779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57368", "title": "Employment Non-Discrimination Act", "text": "The Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA) is a proposed U.S. law in the U.S. Congress. If voted into law, it would stop an employer from firing an employee because he or she is gay, lesbian, bisexual or transgender. The law would not apply to churches and other religious organizations. It is also known as H.R. 2015. It was introduced on April 24, 2007.\nThe first proposed law to protect gay workers was introduced in the U.S. Congress in 1974, but none were voted into law. In 1996, the proposed law failed in the Senate by one vote. This is the first time a law has included \"gender identity\" in addition to \"sexual orientation\".\nCurrently, California, Connecticut, the District of Columbia, Hawaii, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington and Wisconsin have state laws that prohibit discrimination based on sexual orientation and/or gender identity.\nThis is intended to address cases where gay, lesbian, bisexual and/or transgender (\"GLBT\") employees have been discriminated against by their employer because of their sexual orientation or gender identity. These employees are not currently protected by the U.S. federal courts.\nOpponents of the law often argue that sexual orientation and gender identity are a choice, unlike other protected factors such as gender, race and religion, and thus should not be equally protected. They also often argue that homosexuality is \"unnatural\" or \"immoral\". They also often present religious arguments against the law.\nPrevious bills have not included transgender people. The new bill would protect transgender people, and its inclusion has been debated in the GLBT community. In August 2004, the Human Rights Campaign \u2013 an important LGBT organization in favor of the bill \u2013 said it will only support the bill if it includes transgender people.\nIn 1999, the [ngltf.org National Gay and Lesbian Task Force] was the first gay civil rights group to stop work on ENDA because it did not include transgender people. The group has worked to build approval in the community to support a bill that includes transgender people. It participated in redrafting the current \"trans-inclusive\" bill."}
+{"id": "57371", "revid": "1618275", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57371", "title": "IP", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57374", "revid": "1674404", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57374", "title": "Cthulhu", "text": "Cthulhu is a fictional deity created by the horror writer H. P. Lovecraft. Cthulhu is a powerful monster from another planet. It (Cthulhu is neither male nor female) is very ancient compared to humans, being around since the dinosaurs. It has the alien appearance of a large green dragon with the head of an octopus and human-like hands. There are said to be many people who worship it as their deity because of their powers over the mind.\nCthulhu is one of the Great Old Ones, a group of powerful beings from another place that now inhabit Earth, waiting to rise up (when the stars are right) and destroy the human race so they can rule the planet. The Old Ones are neither good nor evil, meaning that they do not hate humans, they just do not care about them. They think of humans as if they could be ants. Also, their appearance is so unlike anything of this world, that it is told that any human who so much as gazes upon one of them will go insane.\nIn one of Lovecraft's stories, \"The Call of Cthulhu\", he said that Cthulhu currently lies in a dreamlike state in the underwater sunken city of R'lyeh (rill-ee-yeh), waiting for the time when the Old Ones shall rise again. In the story, R'lyeh is located in the southern Pacific Ocean."}
+{"id": "57399", "revid": "93497", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57399", "title": "Szczecin - D\u0105bie Airstrip", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57414", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57414", "title": "Diabetes insipidus", "text": "Diabetes insipidus is a medical condition caused when vasopressin does not appear in a person's blood. Vasopressin (VAP) is released from the brain, and travels in the blood to the kidneys. There, it pulls water out of the urine, which reduces the amount of urine stored in the bladder.\nIf there is no vasopressin in the blood, the kidneys leave the water in the urine, making it less concentrated. The bladder holds more liquid and this means a person needs to urinate more often. It also causes increased thirst. \nIncreased thirst and urination are symptoms of regular diabetes (diabetes mellitus). That's why diabetes insipidus shares the name \"diabetes\". \"Insipidus\" means \"not\" (in-) \"nice tasting\" (sipidus)"}
+{"id": "57419", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57419", "title": "Caecilian", "text": "The Caecilians are an order (Gymnophiona or Apoda) of amphibians. Most of them look like either earthworms or snakes. They burrow in the ground. For this reason, they are the least explored order of amphibians.\nAnatomy.\nCaecilians have no limbs. For this reason, the smaller species look like worms, while the larger species with lengths up to 1.5 m look similar to snakes. The tail is short and the cloaca is near the end of the body. Their skin is smooth and usually dark in colour. Some species have colorful skins, though. Inside the skin are calcite scales. Due to their underground life the eyes are small. Skin often covers them, to protect them. This has led to the idea that they are blind, which is not the case. Because of the skin cover, their \"seeing\" is limited to simple dark-light perception. They can tell the difference between dark and light. All Caecilians have two tentacles at their head. The tentacles are probably used for a second smelling capability in addition to the normal sense of smell based in the nose.\nMost Caecilians have lungs, except for two lungless species. Those that have lungs also use the skin or the mouth to get oxygen. Often the left lung is much smaller than the right one. This is an adaptation to the shape of the body, which is also be found in snakes.\nDistribution.\nThey are mostly distributed in the tropics of South and Central America, Africa, and South Asia. The diet of caecilians is not well known. They live in the moist, lower habitats. In South America they can be found well into the temperate north of Argentina. They can be seen as far south as Buenos Aires, when they are carried by the flood waters of the Paran\u00e1 River coming from farther north. No studies have been made in central Africa, but it is likely that caecilians are found in the tropical rainforests there. The northernmost distribution is of the species \"Ichthyophis sikkimensis\" of Northern India. In Africa caecilians are found from Guinea Bissau (\"Geotrypetes\") to Northern Zambia (\"Scolecomorphus\"). In South-East Asia the Wallace Line is not crossed, and they are not found in Australia or the islands in between. \"Ichthyophis\" is also found in South China and North-Vietnam.\nReproduction.\nCaecilians are the only order of amphibians which only use internal insemination. The male Caecilians have a penis-like organ, the phallodeum, which is inserted into the cloaca of the female for 2 to 3 hours. About 25% of the species are oviparous (egg-laying); the rest are ovoviviparous, with eggs hatching inside the mother. The eggs are guarded by the female. For some species the young caecilians are already metamorphosed when they hatch, other hatch as larvae. The larvae are not fully aquatic, but spend the daytime in the soil near the water.\nIn ovoviviparous species the foetus is fed inside the female with special cells of the oviduct, which are eaten by the foetus with special scraping teeth. Some larvae, such as those of \"Typhlonectes\", are born with enormous external gills which are shed almost immediately. The egg laying species \"Boulengerula taitanus\" feeds its young by developing a special outer layer of skin, which the young peel off with similar teeth. \"Ichthyophis\" is oviparous and is known to show maternal care.\nDiet.\nThe diet of caecilians is not known well, though it seems it mostly consists of insects and invertebrates found in the habitat of the respecitive species. The stomach content of 14 specimens of \"Afrocaecilia taitana\" consisted of mostly organic material and plant remains. Where identifiable remains were most abundant, they were found to be termite heads. Caecilians in captivity can be easily fed with earthworms, and worms are also common in the habitat of many caecilian species.\nOrigin of the name.\nThe name \"Caecilian\" derives from the Latin word \"caecus\" = blind, referring to the small or sometimes non-existing eyes. The name dates back to the taxonomic name of the first species described by Carolus Linnaeus, which he gave the name \"Caecilia tentaculata\". The taxonomic name of the order derives from the Greek words \u03b3\u03c5\u03bc\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2 (\"gymnos\", naked) and \u03bf\u03c6\u03b9\u03c2 (\"ophis\", snake), as the caecilians were originally thought to be related to snakes.\nTaxonomy.\nTaxonomically the caecilians are divided into ten families. The species numbers are approximate and many of these species are identified on the basis of only one specimen. It is likely that not all species have been described yet, and that some of the species described below as different may be combined into one species in future reclassifications.\nThe recent discovery of a tenth family in north-east India has been announced.\nRecent discoveries.\nA Swiss researcher Daniel Hofer has recently found that certain caecilians produce potent skin poisons from specialized poison glands. The poison prevents predation and the poison of the bright yellow caecilian of S\u00e3o Tom\u00e9 Island (\"Schistometopum thomense\") in West Africa kills other animals kept in the same tank within a few days. The chemical contents of caecilian poison have not been well studied. Werner Himstedt has shown that the skin glands of \"Ichthyophis\" protects the eggs from germs and fungi. It has also been shown that these poisons are very different from those from other amphibians such as the arrow poison frogs.\nIn 2020, scientists from the University of Utah said some caecilians have venom glands in their mouths that come out near their teeth. They did not see any muscles to push the venom out the way snakes have. The scientists said they thought the caecilian would have to hold on to its prey for a long time and thrash its body around to get the venom out.\nThe hatchlings of the oviparous East African \"Boulengerula taitanus\" have special teeth that allow them to peel and eat their mother's skin. The mother's skin in this species was found to be thicker than normal and contained a high level of fat and other nutrients."}
+{"id": "57424", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57424", "title": "Gymnophiona", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57425", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57425", "title": "Apoda", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57426", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57426", "title": "Bulletproof vest", "text": "A bullet-proof vest (also called \"bulletproof vest\", \"body armor\" or \"body armour\") is a protective piece of clothing that covers the torso (chest, abdomen, and back) of a person. It protects the wearer from most pistol and revolver bullets and from fragments of explosive devices such as grenades. Bullet-proof vests are worn by police officers, soldiers, security guards, and people who are at risk of being shot (such as the leader of a country).\nHow do they work?\nBullet-proof vests contain many layers of tightly-woven fabric such as Kevlar (or hard, strong materials such as ceramic or titanium) which can stop the metal pistol or revolver bullets or metal shell fragments from going into a person's body.\nHow much protection does a bullet-proof vest provide?\nWhen a bullet hits a bullet-proof vest, the forceful impact of the bullet can seriously hurt, or even kill, the person wearing the vest even if the vest stops the bullet. \nA bullet from a strong sniper rifle or machine gun can pierce a bullet-proof vest. \nIf a bullet hits a body part that the bullet-proof vest does not cover, the bullet can hurt or kill the person wearing the vest.\nTypes of vests.\nThe bullet-proof vests worn by most police officers and security guards are made with many layers of tightly-woven fabric such as Kevlar.\nBullet-proof vests for soldiers are heavier and stronger than the bullet-proof vests worn by police officers and security guards, because soldiers need protection from rifle and machine gun bullets. Bullet-proof vests for soldiers often have flat pieces of ceramic material or a strong metal such as titanium. These materials can stop bullets from many rifles and machine guns."}
+{"id": "57428", "revid": "1674944", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57428", "title": "Dry suit", "text": "A dry suit is a type of protective clothing worn by scuba divers who are swimming in very cold water, such as in the Arctic ocean or the North Atlantic ocean. A dry suit is similar to a wetsuit, in that it helps to insulate the diver's body from the cold of the ocean. However, a wetsuit lets water to touch the diver's body, but a dry suit is sealed so it does not allow water to touch the diver's body. This means that a dry suit offers more protection from the cold ocean water."}
+{"id": "57430", "revid": "10238667", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57430", "title": "Gauntlet", "text": "A gauntlet is a hand covering that covers the wrists and the lower part of the forearm. \nHow they are made.\nThe gauntlet is usually made from a fabric.\nOther meanings.\nThe word \"gauntlet\" is sometimes used in the following figure of speech: \"to throw down the gauntlet.\" If a person says that \"Fred threw down the gauntlet at the committee meeting last night\", they mean that Fred issued a public challenge at the committee meeting.\nAnother figure of speech is the phrase \"run the gauntlet.\" This means to \"face a trial or test.\" For example, if a sailor commits an offense, his comrades may form a line, and each comrade will hit the sailor as he passes by the line. This is called \"running the gauntlet.\""}
+{"id": "57431", "revid": "974", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57431", "title": "Nylon", "text": "Nylon is a type of synthetic fiber. It is one of the most commonly used polyamides, and was first used on February 28, 1935. \nNylon makes a silky material which was first used in toothbrushes. It is strong, hard and water resistant. It is used to make clothes. In fact, polyamides are mostly used for synthetic fibres in clothing. Nylon can also be used to make other materials, such as parachutes, ropes, string for tyres, carpets, fishing nets and cloth and socks.\nNylon was invented by Wallace Carothers at Du-Pont.\nTypes of nylon.\nThere are many different types of nylon, made from different ingredients in different ways. The two main types of nylon are \"homopolymer\" nylon, made from a single chemical, and \"heteropolymer\" nylon, made from more than one chemical.\nNylons are numbered based on the number of carbon atoms in their ingredients. A small number usually means a homopolymer, while a larger number or two numbers with a separator (such as a slash or comma) usually means a heteropolymer.\nThe two most common types of nylon are nylon 6 (a homopolymer made from caprolactam, with 6 carbon) and nylon 66 (a heteropolymer made from adipic acid and hexamethylenediamine, with 6 carbon each). These two molecules are very similar in structure, with the only difference being how the amide groups are arranged: in nylon 6, all bonds are in the same direction, while they alternate in nylon 66."}
+{"id": "57434", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57434", "title": "Forearm", "text": "The forearm is the part of the human arm between the elbow and the wrist. It has many muscles including the ones that move the fingers."}
+{"id": "57436", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57436", "title": "Mitten", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57437", "revid": "1667833", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57437", "title": "Mountaineering", "text": "Mountain climbing is a hobby/job where people climb mountains. It may involve hiking, rock climbing, as well as crossing glaciers. Someone who does mountain climbing is called a mountain climber or mountaineer.\nMountain climbers use the strength of their arms and legs to climb up mountains. Many mountain climbers use ropes and wear special shoes and safety equipment . Most mountain climbers go up mountains as a hobby or as a recreational activity. A few do mountain climbing as an occupation or job. They get paid by outdoor clothing companies or universities to climb up mountains, or they are hired as a guide by recreational mountain climbers. Some are scientists who study mountains. \nClimbing mountains can be dangerous. Each year, people are seriously injured or even killed from falling, being covered in an avalanche of snow, or getting too cold. Altitude sickness can cause accidents. Climbers in snowy areas face the danger of being buried in an avalanche of snow. \nTo reduce the risks, mountain climbers work together and learn how to climb safely. They wear safety equipment such as helmets and use ropes, compasses, and first aid kits. They bring other equipment, such as shovels, radio transmitters, and long poles (for finding people who are buried in the snow) and emergency GPS."}
+{"id": "57440", "revid": "10357039", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57440", "title": "Figure of speech", "text": "A figure of speech is an indirect way of communicating an idea. Many figures of speech are not meant to be understood exactly as they are said: they are not literal, factual statements. They use indirect language, and mean something different from ordinary language.\nLinguists call these figures of speech \"tropes\"\u2014a play on words, using words in a way that is different from its accepted literal or normal form. DiYanni wrote: \"Rhetoricians have catalogued more than 250 different \"figures of speech\", expressions or ways of using words in a nonliteral sense\".\nMetaphors are very common examples. A common figure of speech is to say that someone \"threw down the gauntlet\". This does not mean that a person threw a protective wrist-covering down on the ground. Instead, it usually means that the person issued a public challenge to another person (or many persons).\nThere is no one easy way to distinguish plain speech from figures of speech."}
+{"id": "57442", "revid": "752027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57442", "title": "Adobe Flash", "text": "Adobe Flash (formerly 2005 Macromedia Flash) was an Animation software sold by Adobe. It was used to create and view animated content that could be placed on web pages. Adobe Flash was used commonly on the Internet by web browsers.\nFlash was created by FutureWave (a multimedia company) in 1995. Then it was called \"FutureSplash Animator\" (this was Flash 1.0). FutureWave along with Flash were soon bought by Macromedia around 1997, who in December 2005 was again bought by Adobe Systems. From Flash version 2 to 8 it was called \"Macromedia Flash\", now it is called \"Adobe Flash\".\nIn 2012, Adobe discontinued the Solaris version of Flash Player, and made the Linux version only for Google Chrome. The Android version was removed from Google Play.\nIn 2020, Adobe discontinued Adobe Flash, because Adobe claims that WebGL, HTML5, and WebAssembly serve as good alternatives for Adobe Flash.\nFlash games.\nFlash video games are popular on the Internet, with websites like Newgrounds, Kongregate, and Armor Games are dedicated to Flash-based games. Popular Flash games include \"Transformice\", \"Farmville, Alien Hominid, QWOP\" and \"Club Penguin\".\nAdobe AIR allows the creation of Flash-based mobile games, which can be published to the Google Play and the Apple App Store."}
+{"id": "57443", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57443", "title": "Proportion", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57446", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57446", "title": "Jaguar automombile", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57449", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57449", "title": "Black Plague", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57450", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57450", "title": "Inheritance (object-oriented programming)", "text": "In object-oriented programming languages, inheritance is a way to add functionality.\nOverview.\nObject-oriented programming has the notion of classes (and perhaps interfaces). A \"derived class\" inherits most fields and methods from its parent class. It can modify the behaviour of the parent, by adding new fields and methods, or by modifying existing ones. Depending on the programming language used, there may be certain restrictions when extending a class. \nApplications.\nInheritance can be used to solve different types of problems:\nExamples.\nAn example can be a Car class. A Ferrari class could inherit from Car. A Toyota class which could also inherit from Car. All the fields and methods (drive method, brake method, color field...) would also be inside of Ferrari and Toyota. There would be no need to copy the code twice. Inside of Car there could be a brand field. This brand field would be equal to nothing, but inside of Ferrari the field might be equal to \"ferrari\" and in Toyota to \"toyota\"."}
+{"id": "57454", "revid": "585766", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57454", "title": "Michael Jordan", "text": "Michael Jeffrey Jordan (born February 17, 1963) is a former American basketball player. He is one of the greatest basketball players of all time. He won six championships and was the Finals MVP 6 times. He played for the Chicago Bulls and the Washington Wizards. Jordan led the Bulls to a then-record 72-10 wins in the 1995\u201396 NBA season. Jordan earned the nicknames \"Jordan\" and \"His Airness\" due to his leaping ability, which was illustrated by performing slam dunks from the free throw line in slam dunk contests. Jordan won two Olympic gold medals with Team USA, famously playing on the 1992 Dream Team. During the early part of his college career, he went by Mike Jordan, and he still uses Mike as a nickname to this year. Jordan is a billionaire, his net worth is estimated at $3 billion as of 2024. He is also the founder of Air Jordan shoe brand.\nFamily and early years.\nMichael Jeffrey Jordan was born on February 17, 1963 in\u00a0Fort Greene, Brooklyn, New York, he is the son of Deloris (n\u00e9e Peoples), who worked in banking, and\u00a0James R. Jordan, Sr., an equipment supervisor. His family moved to\u00a0Wilmington, North Carolina\u00a0when he was a toddler. Jordan developed a competitive edge at an early age. He wanted to win every game he played.\nJordan is the fourth of five children. He has two older brothers, Larry Jordan and James R. Jordan, Jr., one older sister, Deloris, and a younger sister, Roslyn. Jordan's brother James retired in 2006 as the\u00a0Command Sergeant Major\u00a0of the\u00a035th Signal Brigade\u00a0of the\u00a0XVIII Airborne Corps\u00a0in the\u00a0U.S. Army.\nEarly career.\nAs a sophomore at Laney High School in Wilmington, North Carolina, Jordan did not make his school's varsity (main) basketball team. This inspired him to work harder, and he made the team the next year. In 1981, he went to the University of North Carolina to play. He averaged 10 points per game his freshman year, and 20 points per game his sophomore year. Under coach Dean Smith's system, no player was allowed to average more than 20 ppg. North Carolina won the national championship in 1982, Jordan's freshman year. Jordan made the winning shot with 18 seconds left in the championship game. After Jordan's junior year in college, he said that he would be leaving college to play in the NBA. The Chicago Bulls chose him with the third pick in the 1984 NBA draft. He never served as a team captain in college.\nNBA career.\nIn 1993, after winning three NBA championships in a row, Jordan said that he would retire and switch to a career in minor league baseball. He played for the Birmingham Barons, a minor league team in the Chicago White Sox's system, but hit only one home run during his whole baseball career. In 1995, Jordan announced that he would return to the NBA with a two word announcement: \"I'm back\". He was back in time to play for the Bulls in the 1995 playoffs, but the Bulls lost in the playoffs before reaching the NBA Finals. However, the next three seasons after that, the Bulls won the championship. This included the 1995-1996 season, when the Bulls won 72 games in the regular season and only lost 10. In 1996, he starred in the live-action/animated comedy movie \"Space Jam\" as himself. Jordan retired for a second time in 1998, but was still not done playing. He would buy part of the Washington Wizards basketball team, and played for the Wizards from 2001 to 2003, and ended his playing career after that.\nGame-winning shots.\nDuring his NBA career, Jordan had at least 29 game-winning shots on field goals or free throws when deciding a game in the last 30 seconds of the game. In addition to well-documented instances, he made a pair of free throws in a road game at New Jersey, on March 16, 1996. While making the free throws, WGN play-by-play announcer Wayne Larivee remarked, \"Michael Jordan, ice water in his veins\".\nPlayer Profile.\nMichael Jordan played mostly shooting guard. Other than a brief spell in April 1989 during which he played point guard, Jordan almost always played shooting guard during his time with the Chicago Bulls. He was widely heralded as the most skilled and accomplished basketball player of all time.\nAfter retiring.\nJordan is now the majority owner of the Charlotte Hornets. He was chosen to enter the Basketball Hall of Fame in 2009.\nReferences.\nNotes"}
+{"id": "57458", "revid": "1076764", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57458", "title": "Lawrence Taylor", "text": "Lawrence Taylor (born February 4, 1959) is a retired American football player who played for the New York Giants in the National Football League (NFL). Taylor was famous for sacking the other team's quarterbacks. After he retired he got in trouble for doing drugs. He has since stopped doing drugs. He also appeared on Dancing With the Stars in the 2009 season."}
+{"id": "57460", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57460", "title": "New York Giants", "text": "The New York Giants are an American football team. They are a part of the National Football League (NFL). Even though they are called the New York Giants, they do not play in New York. They play in East Rutherford, New Jersey. New York is right across the Hudson river from East Rutherford, so they consider New York as home. The Giants play in MetLife Stadium, which they share with the New York Jets.\nHistory.\nThe New York Giants started playing in 1925. They were named for the baseball team, which is also called the New York Giants. They have won six NFL championships, including two before the Super Bowl era. On February 3, 2008, the Giants beat the previously unbeaten New England Patriots (17-14) to win their third Super Bowl championship in Super Bowl XLII as well as stopping them from achieving the NFL's first perfect season since the Miami Dolphins in 1972. The previous two Super Bowl victories came against the Denver Broncos and the Buffalo Bills (when they won the game on a missed last second field goal that went \"wide right\".) The Giants won Super Bowl XLVI against the Patriots but this time the Patriots went 13-3 in the regular season. The Giants beat them in Foxborough during the 2011 season. They are currently one of the worst teams in the NFL, winning only three games and losing fourteen as of the 2024 NFL Season."}
+{"id": "57461", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57461", "title": "Hakeem Olajuwon", "text": "Hakeem Abdul Olajuwon (born January 21, 1963 in Lagos, Nigeria; pronounced ah-KEEM ah-LAH-zhoo-wahn), formerly Akeem Olajuwon, is a retired Nigerian-American basketball player. He is considered by some to be the greatest defensive player in basketball history. Hakeem Olajuwon travelled all the way from his home country of Nigeria to play basketball in the United States. He won two National Basketball Association (NBA) championships with the Houston Rockets. During his career, he was nicknamed \"The Dream\", often extended to \"Hakeem the Dream\", due to his grace both on and off the court. His best move was called the \"Dream Shake\". He also called himself \"Little Moses\" after one of his biggest idols, Moses Malone. He played for the Houston Rockets while Olajuwon played for the University of Houston Cougars men's basketball team."}
+{"id": "57465", "revid": "590442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57465", "title": "Ecomuseum", "text": "An ecomuseum is a museum which shows things about the identity of a place or landscape. Many of the people who live in that place help to organize things in the museum. The ecomuseum tries to help the welfare and development of the local community."}
+{"id": "57470", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57470", "title": "Scottie Pippen", "text": "Scottie Maurice Pippen (born September 25, 1965) is a retired American basketball player. He played for the Chicago Bulls of the National Basketball Association (NBA) for most of his career and won six championships with the Bulls, although he also played with Charles Barkley in 1999 for the Houston Rockets and the Portland Trail Blazers near the end of his career.\nIn addition to his chemistry with Michael Jordan, Pippen was known for his defense. His unusually long wingspan allowed him to clog passing lanes and make chase-down blocks.\nPippen went by Scott Pippen early in his NBA career. Later on he earned the nicknames Pip, Robin (to Michael Jordan's Batman) and later Batman (Jordan was then called Superman). Off the court, Pippen developed a reputation for not leaving tips at restaurants, and got the nickname No Tippin' Pippen.\nPippen's nephew Kavion Pippen currently plays basketball for the Southern Illinois Salukis."}
+{"id": "57471", "revid": "1673561", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57471", "title": "Chicago Bulls", "text": "The Chicago Bulls are an American professional basketball team. They play in Chicago, Illinois at the United Center. The Bulls are a part of the National Basketball Association (NBA). They were named the Bulls in reference to the Chicago Union Stockyards, which was once a major business in Chicago. The current head coach is Billy Donovan.\nMichael Jordan played for the Chicago Bulls from 1984 until 1993 and from 1995 until 1998. Jordan, along with Scottie Pippen, Dennis Rodman and Phil Jackson, lead the team to six NBA championships via two three-peats. In the 21st century, Derrick Rose was the star of the Bulls (as well as the youngest player to win the MVP Award) until his injuries prevented him to play."}
+{"id": "57472", "revid": "1673561", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57472", "title": "Barry Bonds", "text": "Barry Bonds (born July 24, 1964, in Riverside, California) is an American Major League Baseball player. Barry Bonds was a left fielder for the Pittsburgh Pirates (1986-1992) and San Francisco Giants (1993-2007) He holds the Major League Baseball career home run record with 762 home runs.He played his debut on May 30, 1986, for the Pittsburgh Pirates. He retired from playing baseball in 2009. He is considered one of the greatest baseball players of all time.\nEarly Life.\nBarry Bonds was born on July 24, 1964 to Patricia and Bobby Bonds. "}
+{"id": "57473", "revid": "1618275", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57473", "title": "Bill Russell", "text": "William Felton Russell (February 12, 1934 \u2013 July 31, 2022) was an American basketball player who played the position center. Russell played for the Boston Celtics in the National Basketball Association (NBA) from 1956 to 1969. Russel has won 11 NBA championships during his 13 year career. He was born in Monroe, Louisiana. He was a civil rights activist. \nRussell was also an NBA coach. He coached the Celtics from 1966 to 1969, Seattle SuperSonics from 1973 to 1977 and the Sacramento Kings from 1987 to 1988.\nRussell won two NCAA titles in 1955 and 1956. He ended his college career with the University of San Francisco by winning his last 55 straight games and achieving an undefeated season in 1956. Before entering the NBA, Russell also earned an Olympic gold medal in 1956. The US team, led by Russell, was undefeated and won by an unsurpassed victory margin of 53.5 points per game\nRussell was named the NBA MVP five times during his career. He won 11 championships in 13 seasons as a player, the most in NBA history, including eight in a row from 1959 through 1966. During his NBA career, he made it to the championship round during 12 of his 13 seasons.\nPresident Barack Obama honored Russell with the Presidential Medal of Freedom at the White House in 2011. He was honored into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame twice, one in 1975 for his playing career and another in 2021 for his coaching career.\nRussell died on July 31, 2022 at his home in Mercer Island, Washington at the age of 88."}
+{"id": "57499", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57499", "title": "Diving suit", "text": "A diving suit is a type of protective clothing worn by scuba divers when they swim underwater in oceans, lakes, and rivers. Diving suits help insulate the diver from the cold temperature of the water. There are several types of diving suits, including wetsuits and dry suits."}
+{"id": "57500", "revid": "9049479", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57500", "title": "Kilt", "text": "A kilt is a ceremonial article of clothing worn in Scotland. It is made of a thick, woven fabric with a tartan (checkered) pattern. It resembles a pleated skirt except that it is worn by men. It is still worn during ceremonies by some Scottish and Canadian military units and by people who play the bagpipes (a Scottish wind instrument). It is also quite commonly worn by men at weddings."}
+{"id": "57501", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57501", "title": "Straitjacket", "text": "A straitjacket is a type of clothing used to restrain patients in mental health hospitals and psychiatric wards of hospitals. A straitjacket has straps that restrain a person's arms and hands. Hospitals put straitjackets on people who have mental illnesses such as schizophrenia or paranoia, to keep them from hurting themselves, other patients, or hospital staff."}
+{"id": "57502", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57502", "title": "Space suit", "text": "A spacesuit is the specialised covering of protective clothing worn by astronauts when they travel into outer space occasional cases such as extravehicular activity (EVA) or into the upper atmosphere. Spacesuits are completely sealed, so that an astronaut can survive in the harsh, cold, and airless environment of space. Spacesuits have their own heating and cooling systems and a radio communication system. Spacesuits also provide a supply of fresh air for the astronauts to breathe and create a normal atmospheric pressure. Spacesuits cover the entire body, and they have gloves for the hands and a helmet for the head, including a clear visor for the face. Astronauts wear spacesuits when they fly in the space shuttle, rockets, or space stations. For Extravehicular activity they wear a heavier, more complex kind of spacesuit. \nParts of Space suit.\nA generalised, typical space suit is made of several pieces which has various properties. "}
+{"id": "57503", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57503", "title": "Space shuttle", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57504", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57504", "title": "Spacesuit", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57510", "revid": "1693029", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57510", "title": "Weasel", "text": "Weasels are the genus Mustela, part of the Mustelidae family. The genus includes the weasels, polecats, stoats, ferrets and minks. \nWeasels are small, active predators, long and slender with short legs. Their body shape is adapted to going down burrows after prey such as rabbits. There are 17 species, and they live all over the world except for Antarctica and Australasia.\nWeasels vary in length from 173 to 217 mm (6.8 to 8.5 in). They have red or brown upper coats, white underneath. Their tails may be from 34 to 52 mm (1.3 to 2.0 in) long. \nBiologically, despite looking a bit like cats, they are actually more related to dogs and cats"}
+{"id": "57514", "revid": "1685230", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57514", "title": "Passport", "text": "A passport is a travel document that a person owns. It is a citizen of the country on the passport. A passport asks that the person carrying it be allowed to enter and pass through other countries. They also allow a person to re-enter their country. Passports are given by national governments.\nPassports usually have a person's picture, signature, date of birth, nationality and country of birth. Many countries are now issuing passports with biometric properties. This helps confirm that the person carrying a passport is the real owner. These countries have passports that use biometrics: Malaysia, Australia, Turkey, Greece, Israel, New Zealand, Japan, Portugal, Sweden, the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Ireland, Poland, Italy, Slovenia, Singapore, Thailand, India and the Republic of Korea. \nMany countries are switching over to biometric passports because it can easily confirm the authenticity of the holder's identity. Passports are used so a stamp can be placed in it to prove that the identity of the holder has been confirmed with the immigration officials in the country of travel.\nIn 1920, the International Conference on Passports, Customs Formalities and Through Tickets made a law that said passports must be issued in French and at least one other language. Now, many countries issue passports in English and the language(s) of the issuing country.\nPassport rankings show which passports make travel easiest. In the 2025 list of 193 countries, Australia comes first for travel freedom: it scores 88.8 points and lets its holders visit 188 places without a full visa. Ireland is next with 88.6 points, and Canada follows at 88.1. At the other end, Afghanistan\u2019s passport opens the door to only 27 countries. The ranking also looks at other goals: Monaco is best for quality of life, while Canada ranks first for offering a safe \u201cplan B.\u201d"}
+{"id": "57524", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57524", "title": "Arafat", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57533", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57533", "title": "University of Nottingham", "text": "The University of Nottingham is a university in the city of Nottingham, in the United Kingdom. It has four different sites in the United Kingdom. It also has a site in China and a site in Malaysia. It was named the 'University of the Year' in 2006 by the London newspaper, The Times.\nThe University of Nottingham is ranked in the UK's Top 10 and the World's Top 100 universities by the \"Academic Ranking of World Universities\" and the \"Times Higher Education - Quacquarelli Symonds World University Rankings\".\nAssociations.\nNottingham University is the fifth largest university in the UK. It is a member of:"}
+{"id": "57534", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57534", "title": "Metastasis", "text": "Metastasis is what happens when cancer spreads from its original place to another part of the body. Cancer cells spread from the original site to other places in the body by traveling through the bloodstream. When the cancer cells stick to a new place in the body, they grow and form another tumor there. Metastasis makes cures more difficult, or in many cases impossible."}
+{"id": "57538", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57538", "title": "Dingo", "text": "The dingo is a wild dog from Australia. They are not found in Tasmania, where the sea levels cut the island off from mainland Australia about 10,000 years ago. \nThe earliest known dingo remains were found in Western Australia. It dates to 3,450 years ago. However, the genes show that the dingo reached Australia 8,300 years ago. The humans which brought them are unknown. Dingo morphology has not changed over the past 3,500 years: this suggests that artificial selection has not been done over this period. \nTheir scientific name, \"Canis lupus\" (wolf) \"dingo\", was changed recently from \"Canis familiaris\" (dog) \"dingo\". This was to show it is related to the white footed wolf which lives in Asia.\nDescription.\nDingos (or Dingoes) are usually between 117\u00a0cm to 124\u00a0cm in length. Their tail is about 30\u00a0cm in length. They usually weigh between 10\u00a0kg and 20\u00a0kg. The colour of their fur is usually yellow-ginger, but can sometimes include tan, black, white or sandy colours. They live for about 14 years.\nDingos live in packs of between 3 and 12, but they can be seen alone as well. The leaders are the alpha male and the alpha female and are usually the only pair to breed. Young dingos are called \"cubs\". The breeding season is in March and April. After a gestation of 63 days, the adult females usually give birth to 4-5 cubs in a litter. Mothers will regurgitate food for the cubs to eat. They become independent of their mother after four to eight months of age.\nDingos do not bark like other dogs, but they do howl.\nDiet.\nDingos are carnivores and eat other animals such as kangaroos, wallabies, wallaroos, Emus, rabbits, rodents, lizards, sheep, calves, poultry and carrion. It is believed to have hunted several animal species to extinction including some species of bandicoots and rat kangaroos. They often hunt in packs.\nManaging dingos.\nWhile some people keep dingos as pets, they are regarded as a pest by farmers. They are controlled by trapping, shooting, poisoning (with sodium monofluoroacetate), and fences. The dingo fence which runs through South Australia, and then along the New South Wales border through to central Queensland is the world's longest fence. Dingos are protected in national parks and reserves.\nIt is illegal to have a dingo as a pet in South Australia, Queensland, and Tasmania. In Victoria and the Northern Territory, you have to have a special permit to keep a dingo. The dingo can be a dangerous animal: they have attacked people at times. On April 30, 2001, a nine-year-old boy was attacked and killed on Fraser Island by a dingo. A dingo is believed to have killed a baby, Azaria Chamberlain, at Uluru in August, 1980. This became a world famous case when her mother was sent to jail for murdering the baby. She was later found innocent and released. \"Evil Angels\", a book about Azaria by John Bryson, was made into a movie starring Meryl Streep."}
+{"id": "57546", "revid": "1025668", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57546", "title": "Silk Road", "text": "The Silk Road was a group of trade routes across Asia that connected China with the Mediterranean region. It allowed Chinese traders to exchange things with Middle Eastern and Mediterranean traders. \nThe Silk Road was extremely important in world history. For the first time, people in different areas - and on different continents - could trade. The Silk Road was the first-ever connection between Chinese Civilisation, other parts of Asia, the Middle East; and Europeans.:\nThe silk trade.\nAt the time, silk was only made in China, so it was extremely rare and expensive in Europe. For this reason, having silk was a sign of power, wealth, and importance for Europeans. Now, for the first time, it became much easier to get silk.\nThe silk trade brought a lot of wealth to China - and also to cities and markets along the Silk Road (like Samarkand and Bukharal in modern-day Uzbekistan). Trade on the Silk Road also helped ancient cultures grow in Chinese; Egyptian; Mesopotamia; Persia; India; and Roman Civilisation. \nA German geographer first called the route the \"Seidenstra\u00dfe\" (\"The Silk Road\") in 1877. He chose this name because traders used it to bring silk from east to west.\nTrade of other things.\nOf course, many other things were also traded, including:\nTraders also brought other things; for example, they brought chess pieces from northern India to China and Persia. \nMost likely, no trader traveled the entire Silk Road alone. Instead, they traded goods at every stopping point along the Road. They sometimes made deals to get past difficult places.\nPath.\nLand routes.\nOver land, the Silk Road started in northern China and traveled west. Then it split into two branches. One went north of the Tibetan Plateau, and the other trail went south of it. Then the two trails rejoined.\nAfter that, the Silk Road traveled in almost a straight line to the Mediterranean. It passed through mountain ranges in Tabriz (now in northern Iran) and the north tip of the Syrian Desert. From there, it traveled to the Levant (Syria, Israel, and Palestine). \nFrom the Levant, land routes traveled north (through the Byzantime Empire) and south (to northern Africa). \nSea routes.\nThe Silk Road also had water routes. These were also called the \"Silk Road.\" \nIn Asia, the over-water Silk Road connected:\nIn Europe and the Middle East, it connected:\nPast the Mediterranean Sea, the over-water routes continued to Portugal and Sweden. From there, goods were brought to places all over Europe.\nAsian trades.\nFrom its beginnings (when Chinese people helped build it), the Silk Road was very important in Asia.\nPeople along the route exchanged ideas as well as goods. These included ideas about Religion, Science, Technology, Culture, and Philosophy.:.\nThe Buddhist religion and the Greco-Buddhist culture moved east on the Silk Road, reaching China around the second century BC. Trading also brought many arts, crafts, cultures, and foods to China.:.\nThe Kushan Empire in northwest India was in the middle of the Silk Road's trade routes. This helped the Empire become more powerful and wealthier. It also helped the rise of the Mongol Empire, the largest land empire ever.\nThe Roman Empire, which bought a lot of Chinese goods, began to fall from power in the West around the 5th century. In Central Asia, Islam expanded starting in the 7th century. Chinese growth westwards was ended at the Battle of Talas in 751 AD. Starting in the 10th century, trade also stopped from Central Asia because of the growth of the Islamic Turks.::."}
+{"id": "57549", "revid": "10253419", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57549", "title": "Isis", "text": "Isis is a goddess in Egyptian mythology. She was known as the goddess of the moon. As the goddess of life and magic, Isis protected women and children, and healed the sick. Closely linked to the throne, she was one of the greatest goddesses of Ancient Egypt.\nHer symbols were the ankh, her wings, and her throne headdress. She was the sister and wife of Osiris. Isis and Osiris had a son named Horus.\nHow to say her name.\nThe English pronunciation used, ), comes from the pronunciation of the Greek name, , which changed the Egyptian name by adding a final \"-s\" because of the grammatical requirements of Greek noun endings.\nThe Egyptian name was recorded as or . It meant '(She of the Throne)'. However, the true Egyptian pronunciation is not known because their writing system left out vowels. Based on recent studies, the reconstructed pronunciation of her name is * (ooh-saht). Later, the name in Coptic dialects was \"\u0112se\" or \"\u0112si\". \nTo make it easier to say, Egyptologists choose to say the word as \"ee-set\". Sometimes they may also say \"ee-sa\". This is because the last \"t\" in her name was a feminine (female) suffix which is known to have been dropped in speech in the last stages of the Egyptian language \nIsis was perhaps the most important goddess of all Egyptian mythology. During the course of Egyptian history, Isis assumed the attributes and functions of virtually every other important goddess in the land. Her most important functions, however, were those of motherhood, marital devotion, healing the sick, and the working of magical spells and charms. She was believed to be the most powerful magician in the universe, because she had learned the Secret Name of Ra from the god himself. Isis was the sister and wife of Osiris, sister of Set, and twin sister of Nephthys. She was the mother of Horus the Child (Harpocrates), and was the protective goddess of Horus's son Amset, protector of the liver of the deceased. \nIsis was responsible for protecting Horus from Set during his infancy; for helping Osiris to return to life; and for assisting her husband to rule in the land of the Dead. \nHer cult seems to have originally centred, like her husband's, at Abydos near the Delta in the North (Lower Egypt). She was adopted into the family of Ra early in Egyptian history by the priests of Heliopolis. From the New Kingdom onwards (c. 1500 BC) her worship no longer had any particular identifiable centre, and she became more or less universally worshipped, as her husband was.\nPowers.\nIsis had great powers such as: healing, protection, and magic. She could even cast spells on Ra. An example of her powers is when Isis brought Osiris back to life for one night. The powers were only strong enough to bring Osiris back for a single night.\nIsis is shown with a sun disk on her head. She also had a throne on her head to symbolize she was a queen. Sometimes Isis is called the egg of the goose because Geb is the father of Isis and goose represents him.\nWorship of Isis.\nMany Egyptian gods and goddesses started in one place, or were the tutelary deity of one place all through their history. Many big cities and towns are known as the hometowns of their god or goddess. However, no local cities where Isis was worshipped have been found; all through her early history there are no known temples to her. Worship of Isis did not start until as late as the 30th dynasty; until that time Isis was worshipped in temples of other gods or goddesses. However, even in the 30th dynasty Isis was worshipped together with Horus and Osiris. Temples to Isis became common in the Roman times. There was a temple built to her at Philae.\nBy this time, temples to Isis began to spread outside of Egypt. In many places her followers took over the worship to the Semitic goddess Astarte, because of the similarity of names. In the Hellenistic era, she also became the goddess who protected sailors. \nIn all parts of the Graeco-Roman world, Isis became one of the most important figures of the \"mystery religions\", and many classical writers sometimes wrote about her temples, and followers. Temples to Isis were built in Iraq, Greece, Rome, even as far north as England where the remains of a temple were found at Hadrian's Wall. At Philae, she was worshipped until the 6th century, after the rise of Christianity. The fall of her temples is usually said to mark the end of ancient Egypt.\nPriesthood.\nLittle information on Egyptian priests of Isis has been found, but we know that there were both priests and priestesses of her followers all through her history. By the Graeco-Roman era, many of them were healers, and were said to have many other powers, including explaining dreams and the power to control the weather by braiding or combing their hair."}
+{"id": "57550", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57550", "title": "Osiris", "text": "In Egyptian mythology, Osiris is the god of life, death, the flooding of the Nile, and the afterlife. He was the brother and husband of Isis. They had a son named Horus. Osiris was murdered by his brother Set because Osiris was the pharaoh, which Set wanted to be. Osiris was killed when Set tricked him into getting into a box, then poured lead onto the box to close it so Osiris could not get out of it. However, Isis brought Osiris back to life for one night. After Horus was old enough, he defeated Set and became the pharaoh. Osiris' mother was the goddess Nut, father Geb, sister Nephthys, and sister as well as wife Isis.\nOsiris and Dionysus.\nBy the Hellenic era, Greek awareness of Osiris had grown, and attempts had been made to merge Greek philosophy, such as Platonism, and the cult of Osiris (especially the myth of his resurrection), resulting in a new mystery religion. Gradually, this became more popular, and was exported to other parts of the Greek sphere of influence. However, these mystery religions valued the change in wisdom, personality, and knowledge of truth, rather than the exact details of the accepted myths on which their teachings were overlayed. Thus in each region that it was exported to, the myth was changed to be about a similar local god, resulting in a series of gods, who had originally been quite distinct, but who were now synonymous with Osiris. These gods became known as Osiris-Dionysus.\nWhy Egypt loved Osiris.\nEgyptian civilization loved Osiris because he was a wise and gentle king. He taught them law and order and led them away from savage practices like cannibalism and human sacrifice. Osiris also taught them the art of agriculture and the appropriate rites for worshipping the gods. When he was done civilizing the people in Egypt, he left the country to his wife Isis and made peace in many other places. When he finished his job he then returned to Egypt.\nPurpose.\nOsiris was the god of the Underworld. He was also one of the Nine Gods. One of his duties as Lord of the Dead was to do the very last judgment of the Dead, and after that to protect people from the dangers of the Underworld. The transition between life and death must have been a great experience, but still perilous .\nAppearance.\nOsiris was shown in the form of a mummified pharaoh. He wore a white atef crown with feathers on the side, and held a crook and flail; tools of a pharaoh. Osiris had green skin, symbolizing rebirth to the Egyptians."}
+{"id": "57558", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57558", "title": "Privy Council (United Kingdom)", "text": "His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council is a group of advisors to the British Monarch. Most of its important work is done by two committees,\nSome laws need to be made by the \"King-in-Council\", that is at a meeting of the King and the Privy Council. Some jobs are filled by the King in Council too. For example, when the King appoints a new Bishop or Lord-lieutenant he announces his choice at a meeting of the Privy Council.\nMeetings of the Privy Council.\nOnce someone is made a member of the Privy Council they are a member for life, but only members of the government are asked to meetings, except for special occasions such as when a new monarch takes the \"Accession Oath\", a promise to do their best, at a meeting when the Privy Council called the \"Accession Council\" \nIn the past some kings and queens were bored by long meetings of the Privy Council, so they made everyone stand instead of sitting comfortably. The tradition carries on today.\nPrivy Council Terms.\nSometimes the Prime Minister shares information with other politicians on \"Privy Council Terms\". This means that the information must stay secret.\nJudicial Committee of the Privy Council.\nThe Law Lords, and retired Law Lords, also form the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. It is the final court of appeal from British colonies an dependent territories, and some commonwealth realms. These countries call it an appeal to \"The King in Council\".\nRepublics in the Commonwealth.\nFour republics in the commonwealth also use the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council as a court of appeal.\nBrunei.\nFrom the Court of Appeal of Brunei the only appeal is to the Sultan of Brunei. The Queen and the Sultan have agreed that the cases are heard by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council who then advise the Sultan, directly.\nDomestic Jurisdiction.\nThe committee hears Appeals to His Majesty in Council:\nVery rarely the Committee hears:\nThe committee must also report to the King about anything he ask. For example, investigating which members of the House of Lords supported the enemy in World War I."}
+{"id": "57562", "revid": "10445416", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57562", "title": "Patrician", "text": "A patrician was a member of the upper class in the two social classes in Ancient Rome. They were rich and powerful. The other class was the plebeian class."}
+{"id": "57569", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57569", "title": "M\u00e9tis", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57571", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57571", "title": "Aborignal People", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57574", "revid": "391230", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57574", "title": "Luxemburg", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57582", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57582", "title": "W.A.S.P.", "text": "W.A.S.P. is an American heavy metal band. The band was formed in 1982 in Los Angeles, California by Blackie Lawless, Rik Fox, Randy Piper and Tony Richards."}
+{"id": "57584", "revid": "10222572", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57584", "title": "Virginia Tech massacre", "text": "The Virginia Tech massacre was a school shooting on April 16, 2007, which took place at the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, a college in Blacksburg, Virginia, United States. Seung-Hui Cho, a senior English major at Virginia Tech, who had been diagnosed with an anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder and selective mutism killed 32 people before killing himself. The killings occurred in two separate attacks on the campus. The first at around 7:15 a.m., when two students were shot and killed at West Ambler Johnston Hall, a co-ed residence hall that houses 894 students. More than two and a half hours later, 31 others, including Cho, were shot and killed across Norris Hall, which houses the Engineering Science and Mechanics program among others, where three main doors had been chained. Victims were found in different locations around the building.\nAmong the victims the most notable was that of Professor and Holocaust survivor Liviu Librescu who died while shielding his students from the gunman. Librescu was killed after being shot five times.\nVirginia Tech President Charles W. Steger and U.S. President George W. Bush attended vigils to honor the victims at the institution.\nThe number of people that died was more than any other mass shooting in modern U.S. history up until the 2017 Las Vegas shooting. Before then, the deadliest campus shooting in United States history was in 1966 at the University of Texas, where Charles Whitman climbed to the 28th-floor observation deck of a clock tower and opened fire, killing 16 people before he was gunned down by police. In the Columbine High attack in 1999, two teenagers killed 12 fellow students and a teacher before killing themselves."}
+{"id": "57591", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57591", "title": "Figure skater", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57593", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57593", "title": "Cellular phone", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57599", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57599", "title": "Insulator", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57600", "revid": "593910", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57600", "title": "Shakira", "text": "Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll, or more simply known as Shakira (born 2 February 1977 in Barranquilla, Colombia), is a Colombian singer and songwriter. Her famous songs include \"Hips Don't Lie\" (2006) and \"Whenever, Wherever\" (2001).\nNoted to be a \"global phenom\" whose impact has \"reached every corner of the world\", Shakira has been described as an \"artistic link between the west and the east\" for popularizing Middle Eastern sounds in the West, and western sounds in the East (mainly the Middle East). Due to her heritage as a Colombian of Lebanese descent, she is perceived as particularly influential for Latino and Middle-Eastern musicians, and has been noted for introducing musical genres, instruments, and techniques from across Latin America, the Middle East, and other regions to a wider audience. Shakira is also credited with popularising music in the Spanish language on a global level.\nCareer.\nIn 1991, Shakira's first album \"Magia\" was released. Her second album \"Pies Descalzos\" was released in 1993. Her first hit in Colombia was her third record, \u201c\u00bfD\u00f3nde Est\u00e1s Coraz\u00f3n?\" from 1995. In 2001, she released her first English album \"Laundry Service\". The album's first single \"Whenever, Wherever\" was the best selling single of 2001. In 2005, she released her second English album \"Oral Fixation, Vol.2\". In 2009, \"She Wolf\" was released. The first single \"She Wolf\" reached number four in the UK Singles Chart. On 14 January 2014, Shakira released a single with Rihanna, \"Can't Remember to Forget You\".\nPersonal life.\nShakira's first language is Spanish. She also speaks Portuguese and English. In addition she can speak some Italian, French, Catalan, Arabic, and Japanese. Accordingly, she records songs in both English and Spanish, as well as having covered Francis Cabrel's song \"Je l'aime \u00e0 mourir\" in French and Fairuz's \"Aatini Al Nay\" in Arabic as an homage to her home country of Lebanon. <br>\nShe has two sons, Milan (born 2013) and Sasha (born 2015) with her former boyfriend, Gerard Piqu\u00e9. In July 2018, Shakira came back to Lebanon with her family. She visited her grandmother's village of Tannourine where she was granted a square in her name. A statue of the pop-star is set to be built soon in the mentioned village. She also visited her father's hometown, Zahle."}
+{"id": "57603", "revid": "10308363", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57603", "title": "Joe Louis", "text": "Joe Louis (born Joseph Louis Barrow, May 13, 1914 - April 12, 1981) was an American boxer. He was the world heavyweight champion from 1937 to 1949. Louis won the title from James Braddock. He made a record twenty-five title defenses before giving up the title in 1949. \nCareer.\nPerhaps his most famous fight was his one-round knockout of Max Schmeling, the German former heavyweight champion, in 1938. Schmeling had given Louis his only loss up to that point, and was widely seen at that time as a representative of Nazi Germany. The buildup to the fight was wrapped up in the politics of the United States versus Nazi Germany.\nWhen World War II began, Louis signed up for the U.S. Army. While in the army, he boxed 100 exhibition bouts.\nDeath.\nLouis died of a heart attack in Paradise, Nevada on April 12, 1981. He is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.\nLegacy.\nHe has an arena named after him, the Joe Louis Arena where the Detroit Red Wings play."}
+{"id": "57605", "revid": "8958814", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57605", "title": "Larry Holmes", "text": "Larry Holmes (born on November 3, 1949) was an American boxer. He held the World Heavyweight Championship from 1978 to 1985. Holmes fought out of Easton, Pennsylvania. He was nicknamed the \"Easton Assassin.\"\nHolmes won the vacant World Boxing Council championship from Ken Norton in 1979. He defended that title, and later the International Boxing Federation title, twenty times. Some notable fighters he beat in defense of his championship were Muhammad Ali, Leon Spinks, Gerry Cooney, and Tim Witherspoon. He lost his championship to Michael Spinks in 1985.\nHolmes later fought Mike Tyson and then Evander Holyfield to try and win back the championship. Tyson knocked him out in the fourth round and Holyfield beat him by a twelve-round decision.\nHolmes continued to fight until 2002."}
+{"id": "57608", "revid": "9368879", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57608", "title": "Skiing", "text": "Skiing is either sportive or recreational activity using \"skis\" for sliding over snow. Skis are used with special boots connected to them with a \"binding\". There are two different types of skiing: downhill skiing and cross country skiing.\nDownhill skiing.\nDownhill skiing is a sport. Skiers ski down a trail (also called a \"run\") on the side of a mountain or hill. Each trail is marked with a sign that shows how difficult that particular run will be. Three different colors are used to rate the difficulty of the trail. They are: green, blue, and black. Green trails are easiest, blue trails are more difficult, and black trails are rated most difficult. The colors which represent a trail will also be seen in a shape. \nThe most common ratings for trails are:\nTrail ratings are often relative to the rest of the terrain at the ski resort- for example, the difficulty of a black diamond trail at a small ski area may be a rated as a blue square at a bigger resort with harder trails.\nCross country skiing.\nCross country skiing is a sport of endurance. Skiers ski anywhere where there is snow. This is usually through a scenic forest or town.\nAlpine skiing.\nAlpine skiing is a contest of speed. Racers go through the course with red and blue gates and go down to the goal as fast as they can. There are four disciplines in alpine skiing: downhill, super giant slalom, giant slalom and slalom. \nSki gate.\nA ski gate is two sticks on a skiing race course that a skier needs to pass between. Ski gates are used in alpine skiing in downhill, Slalom, Giant Slalom and Super-G races. Downhill races have not many ski gates so skiers can be safe when they are going very fast. If a skier does not go between a ski gate, the judges say they are removed from the race. First in the 1980s and now a lot of the time, ski gates have hinges near the snow. Some ski gates have flags at the top of the stick."}
+{"id": "57611", "revid": "1035196", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57611", "title": "1966 FIFA World Cup", "text": "The 1966 FIFA World Cup was the eighth FIFA World Cup. It was held in England from 11 to 30 July. England was chosen as hosts by FIFA to celebrate 100 years of football in England. England won the final beating West Germany 4-2. This was England's first (and so far only) World Cup win. England also became the first host to win since Italy won it in 1934. Later Germany, Argentina and France won it at their homes. With Bobby Endrick to help win the World Cup\nParticipants.\nThe following 16 teams qualified for the final tournament.\nAFC (1)\nCAF (0)\nOFC (0)\nCONCACAF (1)\nCONMEBOL (4)\nUEFA (10)"}
+{"id": "57612", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57612", "title": "Silk route", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57613", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57613", "title": "Flammable", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57615", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57615", "title": "Princess Taiping", "text": "Princess Taiping was a princess of Tang dynasty China. She was the daughter of Emperor Gaozong and Empress Wu Zetian. She became an important figure during her mother's rule as Empress in the second Zhou dynasty 690-705 AD.\nPrincess Taiping supported saving the Tang dynasty and the Li family. After the death of Empress Wu Zetian in 705, Princess Taiping joined with her nephew Li Longji (later Emperor Xuanzong) to get power for the Tang dynasty again. In 710, she and Li Longji stopped Empress Wei's plan to gain power.\nRelationship with Li Longji.\nPrincess Taiping was also known for her beauty. In the Chinese history (mishi/\u79d8\u53f2), it has been said that, after losing two marriages, Princess Taiping loved Li Longji. Mishi said that Emperor Xuanzong told of his love for his aunt in his autobiography. Li Longji confessed that he had fallen in love with Princess Taiping at first sight. He thought of her as a goddess-like figure. However, the truth is still unknown.\nAfter Emperor Xuanzong became ruler in 712 AD, Princess Taiping's old age and power was seen as a threat to the young emperor, and she was given a death sentence to kill herself in 713 AD."}
+{"id": "57616", "revid": "1513005", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57616", "title": "Horus", "text": "Horus was the Egyptian god of the Sky, Sun , Weather, Storms , Health , Healing, Kingship, Loyalty, War and Protection of mankind. He was the son of Isis and Osiris. After fighting his uncle, Set (Osiris and Isis' brother) he became the king of Egypt. During this fight, he lost his eye. The \"Eye of Horus\" became one of the most important symbols in ancient Egypt and Egyptian civilization. When Horus lost his eye, his eye set out on a journey of its own. When the other Gods tried to catch the eye, his eye began to cry. These tears became the first people of Egypt in Egyptian belief.\nThe Eye of Horus.\nThe Eye of Horus, also known as wadjet eye, wedjat eye or udjat eye, is an ancient Egyptian symbol of protection, royal power, and good health. The Eye of Horus is similar to the Eye of Ra, which belongs to a different god, Ra, but represents many of the same concepts. According to Egyptian myth, Horus lost his left eye in a struggle with Set. The eye was magically restored by Hathor, and this restoration came to symbolize the process of making whole and healing. For this reason, the symbol was often used in amulets.\nWorship.\nHorus, was worshiped all over Egypt, especially in Pe, Bendet and Khem. There were many falcon gods before Horus, but eventually Horus represented all of them. He was worshiped until the end of the Pre-Dynastic period. In Upper Egypt (south), in the town of Edfu, was Ptolemaic, a temple for Horus. In Kom Ombo, there was another temple for Horus called the Kom Ombo temple. Horus was a good friend of Sobek. He was also worshipped as a guide to the pharaohs.\nPhysical appearance.\nHorus was considered handsome and usually appeared as a falcon or a falcon headed man, although sometimes he appeared as a falcon headed crocodile. Sometimes he would take the form of a celestial falcon with his left eye the moon and his right eye the sun, his speckled breast feathers the stars, the down sweep of his wings creating the winds. He is sometimes shown with a copper knife. In addition, he normally wore the double crown to signify his rule over all of Egypt and to relate with the Pharaoh.\nPurpose.\nHorus was the god of the sky and also the God of war. The pharaoh ruling at any given time of Egypt was always the living image of Horus. When he died, that pharaoh became Osiris, the god of the dead and the father of Horus. The new pharaoh became Horus. His purpose was to protect the pharaoh. He was a protector god, who was a god who fought evil. He represented justice and righteousness. He fought with Seth to avenge his father, Osiris, who was killed by Seth. When Horus defeated Seth, he conquered his father, Osiris', throne, and became protector."}
+{"id": "57617", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57617", "title": "Inflammability", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57618", "revid": "1513005", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57618", "title": "Set (deity)", "text": "In Egyptian mythology, \"Set\"' (also spelled Sutekh, Setesh, Seteh, Seth) was a god of the desert (including desert storms), thunder, cunning, wit, trickery, evil, pain and suffering. \nThe word 'Seth' was first said as 'Set'. Because of changes in the Egyptian language over the 3,000 years that Seth was worshiped, the 't' in Set was pronounced so similarly from 'th' that the Greeks wrote it as Seth during the Ptolemaic period. Set was originally responsible for protecting Ra during his journey in the afterlife, personally slaying the great serpent Apep. Late period Set killed his brother Osiris, who had succeeded Ra as pharaoh, out of jealousy. Horus (Osiris and Isis' son) eventually defeated Set and claimed the throne. \nSet had three siblings: his brother Osiris and his sisters Isis and Nephthys (who was also his wife). He also had a nephew called Horus. Nephthys married Set and Isis married Osiris. Set and Nephthys had a son named Anubis. His father and mother were Geb and Nut respectively.\nHis color is red which represented evil in Egypt. He also possessed people when he wanted to. Set's consort was Nephthys. Set also had foreign wives Anat and Astarte. Set was unified with the key of trouble and death towards Ancient Egypt which made him deadly.\nAppearance.\nSet is often shown as a mysterious and unknown creature called the Set Animal. The Set Animal had a curved snout, square ears, dog-like body, forked tail, red eyes and red hair. Set could control this animal and would use it to destroy his enemies."}
+{"id": "57620", "revid": "9520503", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57620", "title": "Shaka Sankofa", "text": "Shaka Sankofa (born Gary Lee Graham; September 5, 1963 \u2013 June 22, 2000) was an American criminal. Sankofa was put to death for the alleged murder of fifty-three year-old Bobby Lambert in Houston, Texas on May 13, 1981. The murder happened when Sankofa was seventeen.\nSankofa was found guilty of shooting Lambert in the parking lot of a Houston supermarket. He told police that he had done ten robberies that week, but did not kill Lambert. The government believed he has done as many as 22 robberies which had happened in that area during that time. One of these included Graham using a shotgun to rob a man who Graham gave a ride to when the man's car stopped working on the highway. During that robbery, the man tried to escape and was shot by Graham but he did live. While there was no physical evidence to link Graham to the murder, one woman was in the parking lot at the time and saw him do it. She said she heard the gunshot and turned on the lights of her car. She saw Graham as he started running and followed him out of the parking lot with her car. There were several other people inside the store but none of them saw the shooting. Sankofa's supporters brought his case international attention, aruging that his conviction was based on the testimony of a single eyewitness who said she saw him for a few seconds in the dark parking lot committing the murder \nand she was 30 feet away from the murder scene. The jury did not hear testimony from six other apparent eyewitnesses who believed that Sankofa was not the killer.\nSankofa put to death after many legal tries by his lawyers to stop it. These including an appeal to the U.S. Supreme Court. By a vote of 5 to 4, the Supreme Court refused to stop the execution. Sankofa's lawyers also filed a civil suit saying the execution was against his civil rights. District Court Judge James Nowlin rejected that claim.\nControversy.\nMany people believe that Sankofa did not kill Lambert. They believe that his lawyers did not do a good job because they thought he was guilty. Sankofa was put to death on an evidence of one person alone. None of the people that saw the man in the store and said this man was 6 inches shorter and thinner than Sankofa were used in the court case. Sankofa's lawyer at the time of his execution believed that the only person who saw the crime was not to be trusted because of how the police dealt with how she identified him. A gun found with Graham when he was arrested a week later was not the murder weapon. Most controversial of all is the fact that weapon used to kill Lambert did not produce any Gary Graham's fingerprints.\nSome groups still claim he did not do this crime. Sankofa's supporters brought his case international attention. They also say that it is against international law to put someone to death for a crime they did before they became an adult of 18 years of age.\nSuch unprecedented convictions based on sole witness are rare but they happen in USA, other known example was Larry Griffin who was executed in 1991. \nThere are groups to this day trying to clear Shaka of murder.\nOther websites.\nGary Graham's last statement "}
+{"id": "57623", "revid": "586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57623", "title": "Juliusz S\u0142owacki", "text": "Juliusz Slowacki (September 4, 1809 - April 3, 1849) was a Polish poet. He was born on August 23, 1809, according to the Old Calendar. September 4 is often given as his birthday but the calculation between days was wrong by one day. Slowacki is thought of as being as good a poet as most of the famous Polish writers. These include Mickiewicz, Norwid, Reymont (author of \"Chlopi\"), Wybicki, Krasinski and Sienkiewicz. He is buried in Wawel Cathedral in Krakow. This is the same crypt as Mickiewicz. He is considred third most important Polish poet.\nWorks.\nHis work included romantic poems, plays and sonnets included \"Balladyna\", \"My Testament\", \"King Ghost\", \"Fantazy\", \"Kordian\", \"Beniowski\", \"Agamemnon\u2019s Tomb\", \"Silver Dream of Salomea\", \"Hymn\", \"Lilia Weneda\" and \"Anhelli\". \nBurial.\nSlowacki was first buried on April 5 1849 in Paris's famous Montmartre cemetery. Because he was not popular at the time, only about 30 people went to his funeral. In 1927, General Joseph Pilsudski ordered his body be dug up. It was taken back to Poland and honorably reburied on June 28 1927 in Krakow in the famous Wawel crypt for Polish nobles. He was buried with full military honors as a Polish hero. Pilsudski said: \"Time to forget Slowacki is over, as long as there is Polish language, Slowacki will live on forever!\"\nOther websites.\nProminent Poles"}
+{"id": "57625", "revid": "9969667", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57625", "title": "Mistreat", "text": "Mistreat is a hard rock/Oi!/Rock Against Communism band from Kouvola, Finland. The band was formed in 1988."}
+{"id": "57637", "revid": "9673018", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57637", "title": "Red dwarf", "text": "A red dwarf is a kind of star. Red dwarf stars are smaller than half the size of the Sun. They are also cooler than most stars. Red dwarfs burn their fuel slowly, so they shine with less light (absolute magnitude) than hot stars.\nRed dwarf stars are the most common in our galaxy, at least near our sun. (We cannot see them if they are in other distant galaxies.) However, since red dwarf stars are cool and small, none can be found with the naked eye. The closest star to the Earth is named Proxima Centauri. The Latin word \"proxima\" means \"nearest to\". Proxima Centauri is a red dwarf. \nLife and death.\nRed dwarfs can live trillions of years, much longer than brighter stars. A red dwarf dies when it burns all of its fuel. To start with, the fuel is the chemical element hydrogen. At present, no red dwarf star is known which has gone beyond this stage, because the universe is only 14 billion years old..\nRed dwarfs are small stars that are around 0.2 solar mass (the sun is equal to 1 solar mass). This is small for a star but is still 60,000 times the mass of the Earth. They are formed in nebulas, as all stars are, and originally they were protostars. They start their nuclear fusion about 100,000 years after being formed. This gives them their red glow. These stars burn at less than 4,000\u00b0K.\nUltracool Dwarfs\nUltracool dwarfs are the smallest type of red dwarf. Below is a list of the smallest red dwarfs. One example of an ultracool dwarf is TRAPPIST-1.\nEven smaller stars are called brown dwarfs. "}
+{"id": "57638", "revid": "51072", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57638", "title": "Javaris Crittenton", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57640", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57640", "title": "Paul David Hewson", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57644", "revid": "704068", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57644", "title": "Ali Khamenei", "text": "Ali Hosseini Khamenei (born 19 April 1939) is an Iranian cleric and politician who has served as the second supreme leader of Iran since 1989. Khamenei is the longest-serving head of state in the Middle East, as well as the second-longest-serving Iranian leader of the last century, after Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi."}
+{"id": "57645", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57645", "title": "Canon law", "text": "Canon law is the term used for the internal Ecclesiastical law of many churches, such as the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Churches and the Anglican Communion of churches.\nCatholic Church.\nThe Roman Catholic Church has the oldest continuously functioning legal system in the Western World. It is older than the common and European civil law traditions. What began with rules (\"canons\") adopted by the Apostles themselves at the Council of Jerusalem in the First Century led to a highly complex and original legal system that included norms of the New Testament, of the Hebrew (Old Testament), Roman, Visigothic, Saxon, and Celtic legal traditions with thousands of years of human experience."}
+{"id": "57658", "revid": "10475863", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57658", "title": "Mstislav Rostropovich", "text": "Mstislav Leopoldovich Rostropovich (born Baku 27 March 1927; died Moscow, 27 April 2007) was a Russian cellist and conductor. Many musicians say that he was the greatest cellist who ever lived. He played the cello with an amazing technique and musicianship, and asked lots of composers to write cello music for him. He got into trouble with the political leaders of the Soviet Union because he said that people should be free to say their own ideas and opinions. In 1974 he was exiled from his country and continued his career as cellist and conductor in the west. He worked hard to support peace and justice in the world. In November 1989, when the Berlin Wall came down, he took his cello there and sat outside by the ruins of the wall and played. He was allowed back to his own country after the collapse of communism. He received lots of medals and honours.\nLife in the Soviet Union.\nMstislav Rostropovich was born in Baku in Azerbaijan which was then part of the Soviet Union. His family were very musical. His mother played the piano and his father played the cello. He had studied with Pablo Casals.\nDuring the Second World War the family moved to Orenburg. He went to the Children\u2019s Music School there and started playing in concerts. In 1943, he went to the Moscow Conservatory to study the cello and composition. His composition teacher was Dmitri Shostakovich. They were lifelong friends and Shostakovich wrote a lot of cello music for him.\nRostropovich won all the best prizes at the Conservatory and was soon very famous. Lots of Russian composers wrote music for him: Reinhold Gli\u00e8re, Aram Khachaturian, Nikolai Myaskovsky, Dimitri Shostakovich and Sergei Prokofiev.\nIn 1955, he married Galina Vishnevskaya who was a famous soprano in the Bolshoi Opera. Rostropovich was a brilliant pianist and accompanied his wife when she sang recitals.\nWhen he was 29 he became a Professor of Cello at the Moscow Conservatory. Shortly after that he played for the first time in England, performing the Cello Concerto by Dvo\u0159\u00e1k at the Royal Festival Hall. A month later he played at the Carnegie Hall in New York. People had not yet heard of him and the hall was nearly empty. However, the next time he played there the hall was sold out in a few hours.\nIn 1960, he gave the first British performance of Shostakovich\u2019s Cello Concerto no1. He met Benjamin Britten and they became great friends in spite of the fact that they could not speak one another\u2019s language. Britten wrote cello music for him, including the \"\" and a Sonata for Cello and Piano. He performed a lot at the Aldeburgh Festival where Britten lived.\nHe started conducting in 1968. He conducted Tchaikovsky\u2019s opera \"Eugene Onegin\" with his wife singing the main part of Tatyana. Some people thought his conducting was too full of emotion.\nExile.\nIn 1970 he got into trouble with the Soviet politicians because he wrote a letter to the papers saying that the writer Alexander Solzhenitsyn was being unfairly treated. Solzhenitsyn had written about the injustices in the Soviet Union and about life in the labour camps. Solzhenitsyn was not allowed to write any more. Rostropovich let Solzhenitsyn live in his home. The Soviet politicians were angry, so Rostropovich and his wife left the Soviet Union and lived in London, Paris and New York. The Soviet politicians said that they were no longer Soviet citizens. In Switzerland they were allowed to have Swiss passports.\nRostropovich became conductor of the National Symphony Orchestra of Washington, DC. He often conducted the London Philharmonic Orchestra and lots of other famous orchestras. He was a great teacher who inspired lots of young cello students. He made a very large number of recordings. \nReturn to Russia.\nAfter the Soviet Union collapsed Gorbachov allowed them to return to Russia. They had homes in Moscow and St Petersburg where they started a foundation for children who were ill. Rostropovich became ill with cancer and died in Moscow on 27 April 2007."}
+{"id": "57662", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57662", "title": "Exiled", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57663", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57663", "title": "Rostropovich", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57664", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57664", "title": "Gorbachev", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57665", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57665", "title": "Gorbachyov", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57666", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57666", "title": "Gorbachov", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57667", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57667", "title": "Mikhail Gorbachov", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57679", "revid": "1611993", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57679", "title": "New Super Mario Bros.", "text": "New Super Mario Bros. is a 2006 platformer video game made and sold by Nintendo for the Nintendo DS game console. It is the first \"Mario\" platform game in 2D on a handheld console since \"\" in 1992. It was first sold in stores in North America on May 15, 2006, and was later sold in stores in Japan on May 25, 2006, in Australia on June 8, 2006, and in Europe on June 30, 2006. It is the first game in the \"New Super Mario Bros.\" series. An indirect successor, \"New Super Mario Bros. Wii\" for the Wii, was released in November and December 2009.\nStory.\nMario and Princess Peach are out for a walk when Bowser Jr. kidnaps Peach. Mario must go through eight worlds to save her from Bowser, and the new antagonist Bowser Jr.\nList of Worlds\nGameplay.\nThe game uses many old features from the older \"Mario\" games. The countdown game clock is back; if Mario does not reach the castle at the end, he will lose a life. Mario also must jump and catch onto a flagpole at the end of the level and go into a castle, just like he did in \"Super Mario Bros.\" Before and after a level, Mario is on a world map, which was last used in \"Super Mario World\".\nMario also has new powers from the 3D games (\"Super Mario 64\" and \"Sunshine\"). He can do a ground-pound and a triple jump in the air. Both of these things first started in the 3D games."}
+{"id": "57681", "revid": "1508758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57681", "title": "Galina Vishnevskaya", "text": "Galina Vishnevskaya (born Leningrad, October 25, 1926 - December 11, 2012) was a Russian opera singer and recitalist.\nBirth.\nVishnevskaya was born in Leningrad, the town which is now called St Petersburg. In 1952, she won an important competition singing a song by Rachmaninoff and an aria by Verdi. She soon became a member of the famous Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow. \nCareer.\nIn 1960 she sang the part of A\u00efda in \"A\u00efda\" at the National Theatre in Sarajevo. In 1961, she made her first appearance at the Metropolitan Opera as A\u00efda and the next year she sang in the Royal Opera House in the same role. In 1964, she sang A\u00efda at La Scala.\nVishnevskaya was married to the cellist Mstislav Rostropovich from 1955 until his death in 2007. Her husband, as well as being a great cellist and conductor, was also an excellent pianist and he accompanied her for her recitals. They were very close friends of Shostakovich and Benjamin Britten and performed a lot of their works. She made many recordings including the main part in Shostakovich's opera Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District and in Britten's \"War Requiem\". She had not been allowed to take part in the first performance of the \"War Requiem\" because the Soviet politicians would not let her sing together with the baritone Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau because he was German. \nRetirement.\nIn 1974, they left the Soviet Union because they had criticized the Soviet government. They settled in the United States and Paris. In 1982, she retired from singing in opera. Her last role was in Paris where she sang Tatyana in Tchaikovsky's \"Eugene Onegin\".\nAfter the collapse of communism and the Soviet Union she and her husband were allowed to return from exile and live in Russia again. In 2002, she opened her own opera theater in Moscow: The Galina Vishnevskaya Opera Center."}
+{"id": "57694", "revid": "797541", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57694", "title": "Voting system", "text": "The voting system is a set of rules about the way people vote and how the votes are counted. Different countries have different voting systems. There are many different types of voting system. One of the first voting systems to be used is called \"first-past-the-post\". Under this system each voter writes an \"x\" next to their chosen candidate. At the end, the votes are counted. The candidate with the most votes wins. Some people think that first-past-the-post is unfair because they believe that many votes are wasted."}
+{"id": "57695", "revid": "9617", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57695", "title": "Voting systems", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57696", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57696", "title": "Single transferable vote", "text": "Single transferable vote (STV for short) is a type of voting system that gives proportional representation. It is used to elect more than one person (though it becomes Instant Runoff Voting in one-winner elections), and voters rank the candidates when voting.\nHow to vote in an STV election.\nWrite a number \"1\" next to your favourite candidate, a number \"2\" next to your second favourite, a number \"3\" next to your third favourite and so on.\nHow votes are counted.\nEach candidate needs a certain number of votes to be elected. This number depends on how many people are voting and on how many people are to be elected. \nThen the number \"1\" votes for each candidate are counted. But it can happen that one candidate or several candidates have more than the needed number of votes. These candidates are elected. But since they have more votes than they needed, they pass on the votes which they do not need to other candidates. Which candidate or candidates get those \"surplus\" votes depends on the voters' number of \"2\" votes given on the ballots papers of the candidates that have already been elected. If those number \"2\" votes make another candidate win and give them too many votes, this new \"surplus\" is passed on again, using number \"3\" votes, and so on. \nIf not enough candidates have been elected so far, the candidate with the fewest votes is excluded. Votes for this candidate are passed on to the candidate given as the next preference of each of his voters (the next higher number in each listing of candidates). This may help to elect another candidate. If not, the next candidate which now has the fewest votes is excluded. \nPassing on the \"surplus\" votes and excluding the weakest candidates goes on until the needed number of candidates has been elected."}
+{"id": "57698", "revid": "62523", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57698", "title": "Individual savings account", "text": "An individual savings account is called an ISA. It is a special type of bank account in United Kingdom. It was started on 6 April 1999. Before that, Personal Equity Plans (PEPs) and Tax-Exempt Special Savings Accounts (TESSAs) were used. You can put \u00a33600 or less in an ISA every year. It is special because you do not pay any tax on the interest you get."}
+{"id": "57699", "revid": "9372853", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57699", "title": "Bound for Glory", "text": "Bound for Glory is a Neo-Nazi thrash metal/Rock Against Communism band from Minnesota, USA. The band was formed in 1989. They are one of the best known and oldest bands of their genre in the United States.\nIn October 2016, Bound for Glory planned to play a concert in Falkirk, Scotland. A public outcry by the Scottish people, including anti-racist groups like Hope Not Hate, caused the event to be cancelled."}
+{"id": "57700", "revid": "1680170", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57700", "title": "Neo-Nazism", "text": "Neo-Nazism means the ideology of some political groups who want to return to the beliefs and practices of Nazism after the end of World War II. Different groups have their own sets of beliefs and practices. Neo-Nazis believe in loyalty to Adolf Hitler, hating Jews (anti-Semitism), racism, belief in a Germanic (Aryan) master race, xenophobia (hating and fearing people from different countries), extremist nationalism, supremacy, militarism, and hatred of homosexuals (homophobia). \nNeo-Nazis often use the symbols of Nazi Germany such as the swastika. Neo-Nazism has been linked to far-right political parties in England such as the National Front and the British Nationalist Party as well as being linked to the skinhead sub-culture."}
+{"id": "57707", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57707", "title": "Bengali", "text": "Bengali might mean:"}
+{"id": "57710", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57710", "title": "Gary Graham", "text": "Gary Rand Graham (June 6, 1950 \u2013 January 22, 2024) was an American actor, musician, and author. He was known for his roles as Detective Matthew Sikes in the television series \"Alien Nation\" (1989\u20131990) and as Soval, the Vulcan ambassador to Earth in \"\".\nGraham died from cardiac arrest in Spokane, Washington on January 22, 2024 at the age of 73."}
+{"id": "57723", "revid": "1463501", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57723", "title": "Israeli West Bank barrier", "text": "The Israel West Bank barrier is a wall built by the State of Israel to separate Palestinian territories from Israel. It is built mostly of fences and in some places it is built of high concrete walls. It is 708 kilometers (439 miles) long.\nConstruction.\nThe barrier was built in the Second Intifada that began in September 2000. It is when the Israeli government argued that it necessary to stop the violence and suicide bombing attacks coming from the West Bank.\nArguments.\nThere are many arguments about the barrier. People who want the barrier say it is needed to protect Israeli civilians from Palestinian terrorism. Since the barrier was built, the number of attacks has gone down, especially in areas where the barrier has been fully completed. Israel says that it is necessary for the country's security.\nPeople who are against the barrier say that it is against international law because Israel and the Palestinians have not agreed where the border between them should be and have not reached a consensus. While the Palestinian Authority is in charge for water sources, the economic system, etc. in the West Bank, Palestinians who travel to Israel for medical, educational or work purposes have said that the barrier has negative effects on daily life and gives them less freedom (due to checkpoints). "}
+{"id": "57725", "revid": "227577", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57725", "title": "Hammer (piano)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57726", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57726", "title": "Sledgehammer", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57727", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57727", "title": "Joey Maxim", "text": "Joey Maxim (born Giuseppe Antonio Berardinelli March 28, 1922 - June 2, 2001) was an American boxer. He was the light heavyweight boxing champion of the world from 1951 to 1952. Archie Moore beat him by decision over 15 rounds for the light heavyweight championship in 1952. During Maxim's time as champion, he beat Sugar Ray Robinson in a title defense. He also tried to win the heavyweight championship during this time, but Ezzard Charles beat him by a unanimous decision.\nIn 1954, Maxim gave future world heavyweight champion Floyd Patterson his first pro defeat by unanimous decision in eight rounds."}
+{"id": "57729", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57729", "title": "Shia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57744", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57744", "title": "Armed Islamic Group", "text": "The Armed Islamic Group (GIA, from French \"Groupe Islamique Arm\u00e9\"; Arabic \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u062d\u0629, \"al-Jama'ah al-Islamiyah al-Musallaha\") was an Islamist terrorist organization based in Algeria. It wanted to overthrow the Algerian government and replace it with an Islamic state. The GIA adopted violent tactics in 1992 after the military government did not recognise the victory of the Islamic Salvation Front in the first round of elections held in December 1991. The Islamic Salvation Front was the largest Islamic opposition party at the time.\nBetween 1992 and 1998 the GIA led a violent campaign. They killed many civilians. Sometimes they wiped out entire villages in its area of operation (see List of Algerian massacres of the 1990s; notably the Bentalha massacre and Rais massacre, among others). After announcing its campaign against foreigners living in Algeria in 1993, the GIA killed more than 100 expatriate men and women in the country. The group used assassinations and bombings, including car bombs. It is known to have favored kidnapping victims and slitting their throats. The GIA was considered a terrorist organization by the governments of Algeria, France and the United States. Outside of Algeria, the GIA established a presence in France, Belgium, the UK, Italy and the United States."}
+{"id": "57745", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57745", "title": "Groupe islamique arm\u00e9", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57746", "revid": "1243600", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57746", "title": "Takfir wal-Hijra", "text": "Takfir wal-Hijra ( - \"Excommunication and Exodus\") is a Islamist militant group. The group that was founded in Egypt in the 1960s. Today Takfir wal-Hijra has members or supporters in several other countries, allied to Al-Qaeda. In Spain the group is also known as \"Martyrs for Morocco\". The group started as a offshoot of the Muslim Brotherhood in the 1960s. \nMembers of the group are Islamists. It looks like the members of the group are not bound by the usual Islamic religious constraints. They adopt non-Islamic appearances. They might shave their beard or wear a tie. They do this to be hard to detect in crowds. Sometimes, even other Muslims have problems detecting them. They can drink alcohol and even eat pork to deceive their enemies. They believe that any means justify the end and, that killing other Muslims can be justified in their cause and that Western society is heathen and it is their duty to destroy it.\nLittle is known about the current organization or hierarchy of the group. Several groups which adhere to the same ideology have possibly used the name independently of each other."}
+{"id": "57747", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57747", "title": "Martyrs for Morocco", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57748", "revid": "10351643", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57748", "title": "Ma'at", "text": "In Egyptian mythology, Ma'at, pronounced as 'Mart', is goddess of law, morality, and justice. Ma'at regulated the stars, seasons, and the actions of both people and gods. Her first role in Egyptian mythology was the weighing of words that took place in the underworld, Duat.\nMa\u2019at weighed the heart of the dead person against her feather of truth on a scale during the journey to the afterlife. She placed the dead man's heart on the other side while her husband Thoth wrote down the results of the scale to see if that person was good or bad and if they would have a happy afterlife or be eaten by Ammit the devourer. Without Ma\u2019at, the universe would become chaos once again. If the dead person\u2019s heart was heavier than the feather, then it had done evil deeds like lying when it was alive. When that happened, the heart was devoured by a monster and was not able to go to the afterlife. If it was lighter than the feather, then it was allowed to go onto the afterlife.\nPhysical Description.\nMa\u2019at had dark skin and hair. She was usually shown wearing a white linen dress. She, like Isis, was a winged goddess and she wore lots of armbands and necklaces made from gold and jewels. Her feather of truth was strapped to her head. Like the other gods and goddesses, she wore the black eye makeup around her eyes and on her eyebrows which is known as \"kohl\", which showed her high ranking status.\nLaw.\nThe chief judge in charge of the Egyptian law courts was known as \u201cThe priest of Ma\u2019at.\u201d He began court hearings wearing the feather of Ma\u2019at. The person that won his case got to have the feather of Ma\u2019at. The guilty party had violated Ma\u2019at, and it was assumed that he or she would suffer failure, poverty, sickness, blindness and deafness, with the final judgment waiting in the court of the dead. Tomb robbery was considered one of the worst crimes, and might involve 100 strokes of a cane, five bleeding cuts added or brands as a sign of permanent dishonor. Often, the entire family of the guilty suffered as well. When individuals were sentenced into exile, their children were automatically outlawed with them. Ma\u2019at represented truth, order, balance and justice in the universe. This concept said that everyone, not including slaves, should be viewed as equals under the law. The king made sure that was carried out, and he/she would decide the case and the proper justice, maybe asking his viziers who often acted as judges. Even the lowliest fisherman was allowed to bring a legal case to the viziers.\nPower and Magic.\nAll goddesses including Ma'at had power over the Egyptians, and different powers over the other gods. One of the powers Ma'at gave the gods was the ability to breathe air. Like the water of life, Ma'at's potion brought an afterlife after death to the peaceful and law-abiding people, but death to violent and cruel people. Ma'at was very powerful, but she still had limits to her powers. She could not make the sun travel through the sky like Ra could, she could not control the netherworld like Osiris could, and she could not make the stars shine like Nut could but she still had her own unique powers like her potion.\nWorship.\nThe Pharaohs prime task in governing was to uphold Ma\u2019at and they often held seated images of Ma\u2019at in their hand , which showed that the Pharaoh represented the divine order. The words \u201cI have done Ma\u2019at\", were spoken by several Pharaohs and several others called themselves, \u201cBeloved of Ma\u2019at.\u201d Even the gods were sometimes shown praising Ma\u2019at. People were interested in how they could please her but they also were afraid of her. It was said that a small image of Ma\u2019at was more pleasing to the gods than piles of rich offerings. It was also said that a little truth was more welcome than huge bribes.\nThere was only one temple for Ma'at in Karnak but she was still worshiped in all Egyptian temples. In every Egyptian temple one area was called the hall of two truths or the hall of Ma'at. In the hall of two truths Ma'at weighed a man's heart against the feather of truth to see if the man would have an afterlife or his heart would be eaten by, the devourer.\nMa'at as a principle.\nMa'at as a principle was at least made into a set of laws, and expressed the idea of right and wrong based on truth and a respect for and adherence to a divine order believed to be set forth at the time of the world's creation. \nThe doctrine of Ma'at is represented in the declarations to Rekhti-merti-f-ent-Ma'at and the 42 negative affirmations listed in the Papyrus of Ani:"}
+{"id": "57749", "revid": "10269053", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57749", "title": "Sermon on the Mount", "text": "According to the Bible, the Sermon on the Mount was a speech that Jesus of Nazareth gave to his followers and a large group of people around AD 26. Jesus gave the speech on the side of a mountain. The most popular part of the speech is the Beatitudes, which are at the beginning. The Sermon also contains the Lord's Prayer. Other popular lines from the Sermon on the Mount are \"turn the other cheek,\" \"salt of the Earth,\" \"light of the world,\" and \"judge not, that ye be not judged.\" \nMany Christians believe the Sermon on the Mount is related to the Ten Commandments. They believe that both are very important in explaining how Christians should act towards others. In choosing the mountain as the setting for this sermon, Jesus may have meant to show how His teachings were similar to those of Moses who brought the Ten Commandments down from Mount Sinai. \nBeliefs about the Sermon's meaning.\nOne of the most important debates over the sermon is how it should be applied to everyday life. Almost all Christian groups have created their own ways to understand and use the Sermon in their lives. In a book called \"Understanding the Sermon on the Mount\", Harvey McArthur lists twelve different views about the Sermon.\n(1) The absolutist view.\nThe \"absolutist view\" says that people should do exactly what Jesus said in the Sermon, all the time. If doing this puts a person in danger, then that is what the person needs to do to be saved. \nPeople who believed this included:\nChurches which believe this view include:\n(2) Modify the text.\nIn ancient times, people would \"modify (change) the text\" of the Sermon to make it more popular. For example, in the Bible, Matthew 5:22 was changed from \"[anyone who] is angry with his brother shall be in danger of the judgment\" to \"[anyone who] is angry with his brother \"without a cause\" shall be in danger of the judgment.\" \nIn recent centuries, it has been more common to change the words in the Sermon, to take out parts that people would have trouble accepting. Almost every major Christian writer has made changes like this at some point. This view is not supported by any specific Christian denomination.\n(3) The hyperbole view.\nOne of the most common views is the \"hyperbole view\". It says that Jesus used hyperbole (which means he exaggerated) in parts of the Sermon. People who believe this think Jesus's teachings need to be made more realistic if they are going to be used in the real world. Most people agree that there is some hyperbole in the Sermon, but they argue about which parts are hyperbole. \n(4) The general principles view.\nThe \"general principles view\" says that Jesus was not giving instructions (telling people exactly how to act). Instead, he was giving examples of how a person should behave.\n(5) The double standard view.\nThe \"double standard view\" says that part of Jesus's teachings are general ideas about how to act, and some are instructions. To be saved, most people just have to follow the general ideas about how to act. Only a small number of holy people, like the clergy and monks, have to follow the instructions.\nPeople who believed this view included:\nThe Roman Catholic Church believes in the double standard view.\n(6) The two realms view.\nMartin Luther did not believe the Catholic ideas about the Sermon. He created the \"two realms view\". Luther divided the world into two realms, or sections: the religious realm, and the secular (non-religious) realm. He thought the Sermon only applied to the religious part of life. In the everyday world, people might have to do things the Sermon said they should not do. For example, in his secular job, a judge might have to punish a criminal instead of forgiving him. However, as a religious man, the judge should still feel sorry for what happens to the criminal.\n(7) The analogy of scripture view.\nThe \"analogy of scripture view\" says that when the New Testament was written, parts of the Sermon got changed. For example, Jesus said that it was wrong to make an oath. However, in the New Testament, Paul uses oaths at least twice.\n(8) The attitudes not acts view.\nThe \"attitudes not acts\" view says that in the Sermon, Jesus was only telling people what he would do himself. He was not telling other people what they had to do to be good Christians.\nWilhelm Hermann created this view in the 19th century.\n(9) The interim ethic view.\nThe \"interim ethic view\" says that when Jesus gave the Sermon, he thought the world was going to end very soon. Because of this, his teachings were only meant for that short time.\nAlbert Schweitzer created this view.\n(10) The unconditional divine will view.\nThe \"unconditional divine will view\" says that Jesus meant for people to do exactly what he said and follow the ethics he talked about in the Sermon. However, with the way the world is now, people cannot do this. People try to follow the ethics from the Sermon, but they will always fail. This will change when the Kingdom of Heaven comes back to the world. At that time everyone will be able to live the way God wants.\nMartin Sibelius, a German philosopher, created this view in the twentieth century.\n(11) The repentance view.\nThe \"repentance view\" says that Jesus knew people would not be able to follow his teachings. People would try to follow them, but fail. This would teach them to repent. In this way, people would come to have faith in the Gospel.\n(12) Dispensationalism.\nDispensationalism divides human history into separate groups. This view says that today, we live in a time where we cannot live up to the Sermon's teachings. However, sometime in the future, we will be able to. When that time comes, people will have to follow the Sermon's teachings to get salvation.\nOther views.\nE. Earle Ellis, a professor of theology, says that in the Sermon, Jesus is asking believers to live in a way that will be normal in the future kingdom of God. Ellis says, we are to speak Jesus' words, think his thoughts, and do his deeds. Since this will be the ethic of the future kingdom of God, people should live their lives in a way that will help them be ready to live in God's kingdom.\nIn a book called \"Hiram Key\", Robert Lomas and Christopher Knight say the Sermon on the Mount never happened. Knight thinks that Matthew 'stuck all kinds of passages together as though they were spoken one after another to a crowd on a mountain top.' He believes that 'the teachings were drafted into this one 'occasion' to avoid interrupting the flow of the overall story.'"}
+{"id": "57752", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57752", "title": "Irmo, South Carolina", "text": "Irmo is a town 12 miles outside of Columbia, South Carolina. There were 11,569 people living in Irmo as of the year 2020.\nGeography.\nIrmo is found at (34.092629, -81.186073).\nThe United States Census Bureau says the town has an area of 17.8 km\u00b2 (6.9 mi\u00b2). There is no water in that area.\nFestivals.\nIrmo is home to the annual Okra Strut .\nOrigin.\nIrmo was chartered on Christmas Eve in 1890 because of the opening of the Columbia, Newberry, and Laurens Railroad. The strange name of Irmo was the result of putting together the names of Captain C.J. Iredell and Henry Moseley, two important figures in the founding of the town. The town of Irmo does not have an actual downtown area. It is only several clusters of suburban neighborhoods."}
+{"id": "57758", "revid": "10056998", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57758", "title": "Mediterranean climate", "text": "A Mediterranean climate is a climate that has dry and mild to hot summers and mild to cool winters with moderate or high rainfall. It occurs in much of the land near the Mediterranean Sea. Outside the Mediterranean, the climate can be found only in rather small areas: in many places that have latitudes between roughly 30\u00b0 to 45\u00b0 north and south of the equator.\nIn the K\u00f6ppen climate classification, it is split between hot-summer Mediterranean (\"Csa\"), warm-summer Mediterranean (\"Csb\") and cool-summer Mediterranean (\"Csc\"). Examples of \"Csa\" are Rome, Lisbon and Adelaide. Examples of \"Csb\" are Porto, Cape Town and San Francisco. \"Csc\" occurs only at very high altitudes and very high latitudes.\nLocation.\nBesides the Mediterranean Basin, regions that have a Mediterranean climate include the coastal areas of the Western United States to Los Angeles, the Western Cape in South Africa, central Chile, southern Western Australia and the coastal areas of South Australia."}
+{"id": "57759", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57759", "title": "Hans Richter", "text": "Hans Richter (born as Raab (now Gy\u00f6r) 4 April 1843; died Bayreuth 5 December 1916) was an Austro-Hungarian conductor. His name was originally J\u00e1nos Richter.\nRichter came from a musical family and studied violin, horn and music theory at the Vienna Conservatory. He became famous for his conducting of the music of Richard Wagner, Anton Bruckner, Johannes Brahms and B\u00e9la Bart\u00f3k.\nRichter helped Wagner to prepare the printed musical scores of \"Die Meistersinger von N\u00fcrnberg\" and the four operas in the cycle \"Der Ring des Nibelungen\". He conducted a lot in Vienna and at the Bayreuth Opera House which Wagner had built for the performance of his own operas.\nLater he became very popular in England and lived in Manchester. He was conductor of the Hall\u00e9 Orchestra and director of the Birmingham Music Festival. He conducted German operas at Covent Garden and in 1909 he conducted Wagner\u2019s Ring cycle which was being performed in English for the first time.\nWhen he retired he lived in Bayreuth until his death.\nRichter helped the English audiences to get to know the music of Wagner, Dvo\u0159\u00e1k and Elgar. Elgar dedicated his \"First Symphony\" to Hans Richter, describing him as a \u201ctrue artist and true friend\u201d."}
+{"id": "57760", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57760", "title": "Elgar", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57769", "revid": "1260226", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57769", "title": "Thylacine", "text": "The thylacine (Thylacinus cynocephalus) is an extinct species of mammal. It was a carnivorous marsupial animal. The Thylacine was also known as Tasmanian tiger, Tasmanian wolf and Tasmanian hyena. The last known Thylacine died in a Hobart zoo on 7 September 1936. They once lived across Australia and New Guinea. There are paintings of the animals in the north of Western Australia, and in the Northern Territory. At Riversleigh in north Queensland, scientists have discovered the fossil bones of thylacines that are at least 30 million years old.\nExtinction.\nThylacines were common across Australia. Fossil remains have been found in Queensland, paintings have been found in Western Australia, and a mummified body was found in cave on the Nullabor Plain in South Australia. The body was dated as being 4,650 years old. The thylacine began to disappear from the Australian mainland about 5,000 years ago. This is about the same time as the arrival in Australia of the dingo. Because of rising sea levels 10,000 years ago, Tasmania was separated from the Australian mainland by Bass Strait which the dingo never crossed. By the time Europeans came to Australia in 1788, the Thylacine was only living in Tasmania.\nSailors on Abel Tasman's ship in November 1642 reported seeing \"tiger\" footprints. The French explorer, Antoine Bruni d'Entrecasteaux, found a thylacine jaw bone in 1792. On May 13, 1792, he made the first confirmed sighting, which was described as being the size of a large dog, streaked with black. In 1805, Lieutenant Governor Paterson sent a description of a thylacine to Sydney. He said the animal was rare and uncommon.\nThylacines were hunted because farmers said they were killing sheep. The Tasmanian government gave money to farmers for each thylacine they killed. The last thylacine shot and killed was at Mawbanna, Tasmania, on 13 May, 1930, by farmer Wilfred Batty. The government brought in laws to protect them a few months before the last one died. They are now extinct, which means there are no thylacines left alive anywhere in the world.\nAppearance.\nThe Thylacine was about 1.8 metres (71 inches) long and its tail was up to 53 cms (21 inches) long. It would have been about 58 centimetres (23 inches) tall and could be up to 30 kilograms (66 pounds) in weight. It was gray and brown in colour with 16 black or brown stripes on its back. It had the same shape as a dog, but the back, rump and tail were more like a kangaroo. Its tail was quite stiff. It had very short legs. It had teeth like a dog, but with more incisor teeth. The thylacine was able to open its mouth about 120 degrees. \nThe thylacine was a nocturnal (night) hunting animal. They ate wallabies, rats, birds, echidnas, rabbits and sheep.\nThe thylacines were marsupials, which means the female carried the babies in a pouch. The pouch opened to the rear."}
+{"id": "57772", "revid": "9245753", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57772", "title": "Rock Against Communism", "text": "Rock Against Communism (RAC) is a type of rock music. It started as a series of Neo-Nazi concerts in the United Kingdom in the late 1970s and 1980s. The first RAC concert was in Leeds, England in 1978."}
+{"id": "57782", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57782", "title": "List of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer movies", "text": "This is a selected list of feature movies made by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer."}
+{"id": "57786", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57786", "title": "Zoo Tycoon 2", "text": "Zoo Tycoon 2 is a 2004 simulation computer game. In the game, the player must create and run a zoo. This is done by managing its finances, employees and animal exhibits. The goal is to become a \"zoo tycoon\".\nThe game is a sequel the 2001 game \"Zoo Tycoon\". Six expansion packs have been created for the game. The latest is \"Zoo Tycoon 2: Extinct Animals\"."}
+{"id": "57787", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57787", "title": "Zoo Tycoon", "text": "Zoo Tycoon is a simulation computer game. It was developed by Blue Fang Games and released by Microsoft Game Studios. It is a game in which the player must run a business, in this case a zoo, and try to earn money. \"Zoo Tycoon\" was followed by \"Zoo Tycoon 2\" in 2004."}
+{"id": "57790", "revid": "1363896", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57790", "title": "Chapel", "text": "A chapel is a place for Christian worship. The word is used in several different ways. Generally, a chapel is a place of worship that is not a church which belongs to a parish in a village or town, but is more private or has a special purpose. \nPrivate chapels.\nSmall chapels.\nSome large houses and palaces have their own private chapel where the family and the servants of the house can worship.\nUsually these chapels are small. As well as being used for prayers, the chapel might also hold the graves of members of the family, or else have memorials and statues around the walls.\nFamous small family chapels are at Haddon Hall in Derbyshire and in the \"Riccardi Medici Palace\" in Florence. This small chapel has famous frescoes of the Three Kings by Benozzo Gozzoli.\nLarge chapels.\nSome private chapels are as large as very large churches. Because these large chapels can only be built by very rich people, they often have magnificent architecture or very rich decoration.\nSome of the most famous large private chapels are St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle, the Chapel Royal at Versailles Palace and the Sistine Chapel at the Vatican Palace. The Sistine Chapel is the chapel of the popes and is famous for its ceiling painted by Michelangelo. \nCollege chapels.\nMany universities, colleges, schools, law courts, hospitals and prisons have their own chapels. These might be a grand and beautiful building like the Eton College Chapel, or just a small room that is set aside for prayer.\nAt many schools, Chapel Service is an important part of the week, when the whole school gets together to pray and to sing hymns. Sometimes a big important church or cathedral might also act as a chapel. Oxford Cathedral is the chapel for Christ Church College of the University of Oxford. St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney acts as the chapel to 900 pupils of the cathedral school.\nChapels at churches.\nMonastic chapels.\nA monastery or a convent generally has a chapel where the monks or nuns can worship. This might be a private chapel, just the right size for the people at the monastery, or it might be a big church that serves a village or town as well, or even a cathedral for the whole region.\nMany cathedrals show evidence that they were once used by monks as well as the town people. One of the signs is a large stone screen that divides the church into two areas. Often these churches have a lot of small chapels because the monks or nuns would each say private prayers in one of the small chapels every day.\nFamily chapels.\nFrom the Middle Ages, rich families would often give money to a church or cathedral so that a family chapel could be built attached to the church. There were several reasons for this. The family might want a place where they could pray privately outsde the regular service time. They might want to give thanks to God that a member of the family had been healed or rescued. They might want to bury dead family members and have prayers said every day. They might want to give honour to a particular saint. They might want to avoid taxation by spending a lot of money quickly. They might want to beautify their favorite church and make it bigger. They might want to make something beautiful that the whole town can use.\nWhatever the reason might be, there are a great number of family chapels attached to old churches, all over Europe. The Church of Santa Croce in Florence is famous for its many chapels named after important Florentine families. One of the most famous chapels of this type is the one built by Henry VIII to bury his father at Westminster Abbey. \nSpecial chapels.\nMany chapels have a special purpose in the church. One of the most important uses for a small chapel within a church is to store the Sacrament, the wine and bread or wafer which is used for Holy Communion. Some chapels are designed to remind worshippers of a particular part of the \"Life of Christ\", particularly the Crucifixion or Resurrection, or celebrate a certain Feast Day in the Church Year, such as the \"Assumption of the Virgin\".\nOther chapels might hold the relics of a saint or a precious painting or statue of a particular saint such as Saint Anthony of Padua, Saint Francis of Assisi or Saint Patrick.\nService chapels.\nIt is usual for the armed services and other similar organisations to have special chapels at churches or cathedrals.\nMost cathedrals have a chapel especially to remember local people who have served their country and perhaps died in a war. The chapel might have the \"colours\" or flags of the local regiment. Services may be held regularly, or on special days to remember a particular battle or a particular hero. \nProtestant chapels.\nIn many Protestant churches, the places where people gather for prayer and services are called \"chapels\" rather than churches. This is sometimes because the \"pastors\" of the congregation were not accepted as priests by the Roman Catholic or Anglican churches, or because they were set up in places where there was no priest to take services.\nWayside chapels.\nThese are chapels built specially for the use of travellers who can drop in as they are passing by. They may be found in busy market places, deep in forests, on lonely mountain roads, and nowadays, at airports.\nFunerary chapels.\nThese chapels are found at cemeteries. Sometimes they are owned by a particular family and contain the tombs of family members, but in most large modern cemeteries the chapels are multi-denominational, meaning that they are for people of different Christian churches, and are used specifically for funeral services."}
+{"id": "57793", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57793", "title": "Clandestine chemistry", "text": "Clandestine chemistry is chemistry that occurs in a lab that is used for making illegal drugs, usually using unsafe equipment. The use of this unsafe laboratory equipment will sometimes result in explosions, fires or heavy flows of noxious fumes. Meth labs are the main form of clandestine laboratories and are used for making methamphetamine (Crystal Meth), a kind of illegal drug. \"Clandestine\" means \"secret\". "}
+{"id": "57797", "revid": "10398312", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57797", "title": "Biohazard", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57802", "revid": "1142876", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57802", "title": "Al-Jabr", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57807", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57807", "title": "Two Dimensional", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57808", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57808", "title": "Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57817", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57817", "title": "Jesus of Nazareth", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57821", "revid": "1652218", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57821", "title": "Flask", "text": "A flask is a type of container made of glass. They are a common piece of apparatus used in laboratories, also known as laboratory glassware. Their size is chosen by the volume they can hold, and is measured in metric units, like litres (L) or millilitres (mL). Their shape depends on what they are used for, but they usually consist of a wider body, which contains the materials, and a more narrow neck with an opening at the top. The opening is the way to insert materials into the body. Some flasks have more than one neck and opening at the top.\nFlasks are used to contain substances. They are usually made of glass or borosilicate glass (Pyrex). This is to ensure that the substances inside the flask do not react with the flask itself, due to the volatile nature of many chemicals (such as hydrochloric acid), They can be used to heat a substance. There are many types of laboratory flasks. They differ in their shape and what they are used for. The most common types of flask are:\nFlasks can be used to make and hold solutions, to measure chemicals, and to contain chemical reactions like boiling, precipitation, and analysis."}
+{"id": "57828", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57828", "title": "Ebermannstadt", "text": "Ebermannstadt is a German town in the district of Forchheim, Bavaria, Germany. The population of the town is about 7,000. The next largest cities are: Forchheim, Bayreuth, Bamberg, Kulmbach and Erlangen. The city parts of Ebermannstadt are:"}
+{"id": "57830", "revid": "10472757", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57830", "title": "Franks", "text": "The Franks or the Frankish peoples were one of several West Germanic federations of tribes. It was formed out of Germanic tribes: Salians, Sicambri, Chamavi, Tencteri, Chattuarii, Bructeri, Usipetes, Ampsivarii and Chatti. Most of them lived at the northern borders of the Rhine.\nThey entered the late Roman Empire from the northern and eastern river banks of the Rhine into modern-day northern Belgium and southern Netherlands. Later invasions conquered and established a lasting kingdom in an area that eventually covered most of modern-day France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and western Germany. The pagan Frankish king Clovis became Christian in the late 5th century, which was an important event in the history of Europe.\nModern scholars of the Migration period agree that the Frankish confederacy emerged in the early the 3rd century. A region in north-eastrn Netherlands, north of what was Roman border, is still called Salland and may have received that name from the Salians, who formed the core of the Frankish sea raiders.\nFrankish Empire.\nFrom their heartland, the Franks gradually conquered most of Roman Gaul north of the Loire valley and east of Visigothic Aquitaine. At first, they helped defend the border as allies; for example, when a major invasion of mostly East Germanic tribes crossed the Rhine in 406, the Franks fought against the invaders. In the region of Paris, Roman control persisted until 486, a decade after the fall of the emperors of Ravenna, in part because of alliances with the Franks.\nMerovingians.\nIn 451, A\u00ebtius called upon his Germanic allies on Roman soil to help fight off an invasion by Attila the Hun. The Salian Franks answered the call. The Ripuarian Franks fought on both sides as some of them lived outside the Roman Empire. The Merovingian kings were assisted by their mayors of the palace, who were governors, led the Franks to war, and had many governing responsibilities.\nCarolingians.\nThe Carolingian kings begins with the deposition of the last Merovingian king and the coming to power in 751 of Pepin the Short, the father of Charlemagne.\nPepin ruled as an elected king. In France, the kingdom would become hereditary, but the kings of the later Holy Roman Empire proved unable to abolish the elective tradition and continued to be rulers chosen by prince-electors until the Empire's formal end in 1806.\nIn 768, Charlemagne (Charles the Great) came to power. He was a powerful, intelligent, and modestly-literate figure, became a legend for the later history of both France and Germany. He restored an equal balance between emperor and pope.\nIn 772, Charles started conquest that eventually defeated the Saxons. He incorporate their realm into the Frankish Kingdom. \nIn 773 to 774, he conquered the Lombards and thus could include Northern Italy in his sphere of influence. He renewed the Vatican donation and the promise to the papacy of continued Frankish protection.\nCharles created a realm that reached from the Pyrenees in the southwest (actually, including an area in Northern Spain (\"Marca Hispanica\") after 795) over almost all of today's France (except Brittany, which the Franks never conquered) eastwards to most of today's Germany, including northern Italy and today's Austria. \nOn Christmas Day, 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charles as \"Emperor of the Romans\" in Rome. Though Charles preferred the title \"Emperor, king of the Franks and Lombards\", as he did not want to get into conflict with the Byzantine Empire, the Frankish Empire became the successor of the (Western) Roman Empire. Charles died on January 28, 814 in Aachen, where was buried.\nCharles had several sons, but only one survived him. The son, Louis the Pious, followed his father as the ruler of a united empire. When Louis died in 840, the Treaty of Verdun in 843 divided the empire into three:"}
+{"id": "57831", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57831", "title": "Franks (disambiguation)", "text": "The Franks are medieval Germanic tribes.\nFranks may also refer to: \nFranks is a surname:\nFranks may also be an alternative spelling or mistranslation of:"}
+{"id": "57841", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57841", "title": "Bohuslav Martinu", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57842", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57842", "title": "Martin\u016f", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57843", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57843", "title": "Martinu", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57845", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57845", "title": "Sanja Stijacic", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57846", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57846", "title": "Zebra mussel", "text": "The zebra mussel is a small shellfish. It is a bivalve mollusc, a type called a mussel.\nColor patterns vary, with only dark or colored shells or no stripes. They are typically found attached to objects, surfaces, or each other by threads underneath the shells. Although similar in appearance to the quagga mussel, the two species can be easily distinguished. When placed on a surface zebra mussels are stable on their flattened underside while quagga mussels, lacking a flat underside, will fall over. \nThese musssels spread rapidly by sticking to boats. They spread by this passive method to many places where they have no natural predators. That explains their huge growth in numbers.\nZebra mussels are a problem in Northern America's Great Lakes region because they reproduce fast. They colonize water supply pipes of hydroelectric and nuclear power plants, public water supply plants, and industrial facilities. As a result, they clog water sources. They colonize pipes constricting flow, therefore reducing the intake in heat exchangers, condensers, fire fighting equipment, and air conditioning and cooling systems. It is estimated that zebra mussels will continue to populate the Great Lakes and even enter the Mississippi River region. "}
+{"id": "57858", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57858", "title": "San Marcos, Texas", "text": "San Marcos is a city in central Texas. Texas State University-San Marcos is there. It is in the Interstate 35 corridor, between Austin and San Antonio.\nIn 2013 and 2014, the United States Census Bureau named it the fastest-growing city in the United States. In December 2013, it was named #9 on \"Business Insider\"'s list of the \"10 Most Exciting Small Cities In America.\""}
+{"id": "57863", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57863", "title": "Basle", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57864", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57864", "title": "Bar (music)", "text": "A bar or measure is used in writing music. It is a way of organizing the written music in small sections. Each bar is a small amount of time. Most music has a regular beat (or pulse) which can be felt. Each bar usually has the same number of beats in it. Music that feels like 1-2-3-4-1-2-3-4 will be divided into bars with four beats worth of music in each bar.\nThe bar line (or barline) is a vertical line written in the music which separates the bars. \nAt the beginning of a piece of music there will be a time signature. The top number shows how many beats there are in each bar. The time signature tells you how long each measure is. \nA double bar does not mean \"two bars\". It is two single bar lines drawn close together. These are simply ways of visually dividing the music into sections. A double bar line can be written with one being thicker than the other. This double bar line shows the end of a piece of music.\nIf there are two dots on the left of the double bar line, this is a repeat sign. The player should go back to the beginning and start again. If the composer only wants the performer to repeat a section of the music, and not go back to the beginning, they can put in a \"start repeat\" sign. This is a double bar line with two dots on the right.\nThe first beat of a bar feels stronger than the others. When a conductor beats time, his hand (or baton) always goes DOWN for the first beat of the bar. This feels strong. The last beat of a bar is an \"upbeat\" because the conductor's hand always goes up.\nBarlines have been used since around 1600."}
+{"id": "57866", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57866", "title": "Measure (music)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57869", "revid": "1239704", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57869", "title": "Rostov", "text": "Rostov (Russian: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0301\u0432; Old Norse: Rostofa) is one of the oldest towns in Russia. It was first mentioned in the year 862 as an already important town. By the 13th century Rostov became the capital of an important area.\nNow it is an important tourist centre of the so-called Golden Ring. It is located on the shores of Lake Nero in Yaroslavl Oblast. About 35,300 people lived there in 2002.\nWhile the official name of the town is Rostov, it is better known to Russians as Rostov Veliky, i.e. \"Rostov the Great\". This name is used to distinguish it from Rostov on Don, which is now a much larger city. Rostov Yaroslavsky is the official name of its railway station (due to its position in Yaroslavl Oblast), but not of the town itself."}
+{"id": "57870", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57870", "title": "Rostov Veliky", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57871", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57871", "title": "Rostov Yaroslavsky", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57882", "revid": "1540039", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57882", "title": "Alaskan king crab fishing", "text": " \nAlaskan king crab fishing is an event done in the winter in the Bering Sea near Alaska. People fish for many King Crabs. The crabbers fish from boats between 40 and 250 feet (13-75m) in length. They throw steel cages, called pots, over the side of the boat, and the crabs are lured to bait placed in them. When the pots have been on the bottom of the sea long enough they are pulled back onto the boat using a special kind of crane. The crabs in the pots are examined and crabs that are not good enough are put back into the ocean and the rest are put into a tank. When the ship gets back to the shore, the crabs are sold to stores around the world for eating. \nThe people working on the boat are paid a lot of money. The amount of money can be from nothing to tens of thousands of dollars depending on how many crab the fishermen caught. Alaskan crab fishing is one of the USA's most dangerous jobs. Because of the big waves and dangerous boats the fishermen work on, some people die every year.\nTo show people how dangerous crab fishing is, the Discovery Channel made a series called Deadliest Catch about the fishermen. And they also catch a lot of Crabs.\nOcean acidification threatens crabs."}
+{"id": "57886", "revid": "10213669", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57886", "title": "Link (The Legend of Zelda)", "text": "Link is the main character from \"The Legend of Zelda\" series.\nThe game franchise was created by Shigeru Miyamoto. 47 million copies of the game have been sold since 2007. \nDescription.\nLink wears a green shirt and a long, floppy green hat on his head. In the Legend of Zelda games, the player must use Link to fight against evil, especially Morshu. Although Link is the main character in the game, he never speaks (he does speak in the Legend of Zelda CD-I games). He is also left-handed, and has large ears, like most Hylians. He has also appeared in all 6 of the \"Super Smash Bros.\" games. Link mainly used a sword and a shield but he is able to use a large number of weapons like bombs, bow, hammer or a boomerang and the hook shot.\nReception.\nLink has been in many GameFAQs \"Character Battle\" contests and is the only character to have won more than once. In one of IGN's 2007 \"Hero Showdowns\", Link was voted the favorite over Cloud Strife. Link ranked first on GameDaily's Top 10 Smash Bros. characters list. IGN asked its readers to vote for their favorite Nintendo character in which Link came first."}
+{"id": "57902", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57902", "title": "Solar power station in Victoria", "text": "A big new Solar power station in Victoria is planned. \nA company called Solar Systems has announced a large 154 MW photovoltaic (PV) solar power station for north-western Victoria. The A$420 million project will provide enough electricity for more than 45,000 homes. It will create jobs and will also reduce greenhouse gas emissions.\nFull completion is expected in 2013, with the first stage to be finished by 2010. \nFour smaller solar power stations have already been built in central Australia."}
+{"id": "57903", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57903", "title": "Waldpolenz Solar Park", "text": "Waldpolenz Solar Park, is a photovoltaic (PV) power plant, to the east of Leipzig in Germany. The power plant is a 40-megawatt solar power system using new technology. It is in the Muldentalkreis district in the state of Saxony in eastern Germany. The investment cost for the Waldpolenz solar park amounts to some Euro 130 million."}
+{"id": "57905", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57905", "title": "Masaccio", "text": "Masaccio (, , ; December 21, 1401\u00a0\u2013 summer 1428), born Tommaso di Ser Giovanni di Simone, was a famous painter of the Italian Renaissance. He worked in Florence. \"Masaccio\" was a nickname that meant \"Fat Untidy Tom\". He lived a very short life and only a few of his paintings exist, but they were so different to the style of other artists around him that they helped other painters to see things in a new way.\n\"Biography\".\nYouth.\nMasaccio was born on 21 December, 1401, in the town of San Giovanni Valdarno, in the valley of the Arno River, near Florence. He was the son of a \"notary\", a person who writes legal documents. His older brother became a painter and moved to Florence to the workshop of a painter called Bicci di Lorenzo. It is not known for certain, but it is thought that Masaccio may have trained at the same workshop. Masaccio's brother was nicknamed \"Lo Scheggia\" which means \"The Splinter\", so it is thought that he was a skinny as Masaccio.\nIn 1422, when he was 21, Masaccio was already known as a painter, because he joined the \"Company of Saint Luke\", which was a guild that helped artists and set down the rules for their employment.\nEarliest painting.\nThe earliest known painting by Masaccio is the \"San Giovenale Triptych\", dating from 1422. A \"triptych\" is a painting in three parts, most often used as an altarpiece. This altarpiece has in the middle panel the Virgin Mary and Christ Child on a throne. The wings, or side panels, each show two saints. Kneeling in front of the Virgin Mary are two little angels. One of the things that makes this painting different from most other paintings of the same time is that the angels are shown from the back. Their position is an invitation for the viewer to kneel down and worship the Virgin and Child as well. Masaccio used this way of making the viewer feel part of the scene in many of his paintings.\nThe plump solemn Baby Jesus with his fingers in his mouth, the three-dimensional look of the figures and the lack of rich decoration make this picture look very different from most other altarpieces of this time, which were painted in a style called International Gothic.\nPortraits.\nIn April 1422 an event took place in Florence that was to be important in Masaccio's life. A new church was opened, and there was a grand procession and feast to celebrate. The church was Santa Maria del Carmine and Masaccio went along with his good friends, the sculptor Donatello, the architect Brunelleschi and the painter Masolino.\nAfter the feast day, it seems that Masaccio went to Rome, probably with his friends. Brunelleschi and Donatello like to spend a lot of time poking around among the ruins of Ancient Rome. It is believed that on this trip Masaccio also spent a lot of time poking around in the ruins. What he saw were the sculptures of a previous age- more lifelike and realistic than anything that he had ever seen before. Many of the sculptures showed pocessions of figures, but each figure was different from the next, so that they all looked like real \"individual\" people.\nWhen Masaccio returned to Florence he was given a job, a \"commission\" to paint a fresco of the procession that had taken place for the opening of the new church. Masaccio was inspired by what he had seen in Rome. \nThe writer Vasari, who must have seen the picture before it was destroyed in the late 1500s, wrote that the people were in rows that were five or six deep, but painted in such a way that they were all different, fat ones and thin ones, tall ones and short ones, some in long cloaks, some in big hats, and every single one was a portrait of a real person who lived in Florence at the time. And of course, Masaccio put his friends Brunelleschi, Donatello and Masolino into the picture. Luckily, several artists made drawings at some time in the 1500s, so part of the design has been recorded, even though the painting itself has gone.\nWorking with Masolino.\nIn the Uffizi Gallery in Florence is an altarpiece that shows the Madonna and Child with Saint Anne. The Madonna and Child are seated on a throne, as is usual. Saint Anne, who was the mother of the Virgin Mary, is shown standing behind Mary with one hand on her daughter's shoulder and the other hand above the head of the Baby Jesus in a sign of blessing. The painting may have been done for a convent of nuns who honoured Saint Anne.\nIt is believed that this painting is a \"collaboration\"; that two artists worked on it together. It is believed by Art Historians that Masaccio painted Mary and Jesus and the angel near the top right. It is believed that Saint Anne and the other four angels were painted by Masolino.\nMasolino was 17 years older than Masaccio. His name was Tommaso da Panicale, so when the two began to work together, they were known as Masaccio and Masolino, which means \"Little Tom\". Those are the names by which they are remembered as painters.\n\"The Brancacci Chapel\".\nCollaborating.\n\"The Brancacci Chapel\" is a large chapel at the Church of Santa Maria del Carmine where Masaccio had previously worked painting the procession. It was sponsored by the Brancacci family who paid for its decoration. There are no written records to show why or how it happened, but it seems that Masaccio and Masolino were given the job together. At first everything went very well and then things went very badly. It looked as if the job would never be finished. In fact, it is lucky that the paintings in the chapel survived at all.\nThe job seems to have started in 1423 or 1424 but this is not certain. The plan of the paintings was to show firstly how Sin came into the world through the disobedience of Adam and Eve. A painting by Masolino shows their disobedience in taking fruit from the forbidden tree. A painting opposite it by Masaccio shows Adam and Eve in disgrace, being chased out of the Garden of Eden. The rest of the paintings show \"The Life of Saint Peter\". This is because Saint Peter was the founder of the Catholic Church and the paintings were meant to show that the best way to know about God's love is through the Church.\nIt seems that Masaccio and Masolino happily planned a scheme of frescoes that went together is a pleasing way, even though they are in two styles. It is not hard to tell which scenes Masolino painted and which were done by Masaccio. Masolino's are prettier and more elegant. Masaccio's scenes show figures that are strong and have drapes like the statues that he saw in Rome. The thing that was most different in his painting to other artists of the same time was that the figures looked very solid and three-dimensional. He was influenced by the paintings of Giotto who had worked in Florence at the \"Church of Santa Croce\" nearly a hundred years earlier, but whose style of painting had given way to the International Gothic style.\nApart from the \"Adam and Eve\" scenes, which are the smallest of the pictures, the most famous is Masaccio's picture of \"The Tribute Money\". This large picture is set partly against a background of mountains and a lake, and partly against the background of a town which is similar to Florence. There are three scenes from the story. In the centre of the picture is a large group, Jesus and his twelve disciples. A tax collector has come to ask for a payment, but none of the men have any money. Jesus tells Peter to go fishing in the lake. Peter looks rather annoyed, wondering what good it will do. To the left, the small figure of Peter is kneeling at the edge of the lake with a fish he has caught. Inside the fish is a coin. To the right side of the picture, Peter is shown giving the coin to the tax collector. He no longer looks argumentative. Instead, he looks humble. Masaccio has expertly shown the feelings of the characters, not only by their faces, but also through body language.\nNeither Masaccio nor Masolino were able to work on the frescoes continuously, as they both kept getting other jobs to attend to. In 1428 Masaccio was asked to go to Rome to paint an altarpiece for one of the most important and ancient churches, Santa Maria Maggiore. He only painted one panel, \"Saint Jerome and Saint John the Baptist\", before he died at the age of 27 years. Masolino and perhaps another artist, Domenico Veneziano worked on, and finished the altarpiece, which was later broken into pieces and scattered to galleries in different countries. Masaccio's panel is in the National Gallery, London.\nMasolino lived for another 19 years, but he never went back to finish the Brancacci frescoes. The Brancacci family fell into disgrace and were chased out of Florence. One of Masaccio's pictures was attacked because it had portraits of some of the Brancacci family in it. Some 50 years later, in the 1480s, all the scenes that remained incomplete or not begun were painted by Filippino Lippi, who tried to respect the styles that Masaccio and Masolino had used before him.\nDamage.\nThe chapel, which was dedicated to Saint Peter, was re-dedicated to \"Our Lady of the Common People\" and to her honour a magnificent ancient altarpiece by Coppo di Marcovaldo, dating from about 1280 was put into place. Because this image of the Virgin Mary was said to work miracles, many hundreds of candles were lit in front of it which soon stained the frescoes so that their bright colours could no longer be seen. Eventually the painting was moved to a different church. Then part of the roof fell in and had to be replaced. More damage was done in re-decorating. In 1680 the Marquis Francesco Ferroni decided that the paintings were too old-fashioned and should all be pulled down. Luckily the Grand Duchess Vittoria della Rovere stopped this from happening. In 1734 a painter called Antonio Pillori cleaned the frescoes. Then in the 1770, there was a fire in the church, causing worse staining and some damage to the frescoes. (Luckily the precious altarpiece had been moved.)\nDiscoveries.\nIn recent years there have been four interesting discoveries. During a minor cleaning in 1904 two slabs of marble near the altar were moved. Underneath were the bright colours that showed what the frescoes should look like. Examination of the areas where two windows had been changed showed the plans for two paintings that had been destroyed. The final discoveries in the chapel itself were two painted \"roundels\" with little angel faces in them, one by Masaccio and one by Masolino.\nThere was a problem to be solved in the minds of some art historians. Despite these interesting findings, there was a scene missing from the story of Saint Peter. It is the scene where Jesus says \"You are Peter, and on this Rock I build my Church.\" This part of the story is of the greatest importance to the Roman Catholic Church because Peter was the first Bishop of Rome, and so the Pope rules as his direct line. The scene is usually shown by Jesus giving Peter the \"Keys of Heaven\". \"The Keys\", for hundreds of years, have been the symbol of the Pope. But the story of \"the Keys\" is completely missing.\nThen, in the 1940s, John Pope-Hennessy, the director of the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, realised that the museum owned a work of art that was exactly the thing that was missing from the Brancacci Chapel. It was a thin, almost flat marble slab delicately carved with the scene of Jesus giving \"the Keys\" to Peter. It was just the right size to make the front of an altar. And although it could not be proved, it was almost certainly carved by Masaccio's friend, Donatello.\n\"The Trinity\".\nAt some time while he was working on the \"Brancacci Chapel\", Masaccio painted a fresco for another church in Florence, \"Santa Maria Novella\", the church of the Dominican Order. This is a very remarkable painting and one of Masaccio's most famous. It shows the \"Holy Trinity\", (or God in three parts). God is shown as the eternal Creator, as the humble Sacrifice in Jesus on the Cross and as the inspiring Spirit. On either side of the Cross stand the Virgin Mary and Saint John. The two kneeling figures are the family who paid for the painting.\nMasaccio has painted this very holy scene as if it was taking place in a deep recess or small chapel in the wall of the church. He has done this by using very accurate perspective. It is believed that the architect Brunelleschi may have helped him with this, as the painted architecture looks very much like buildings that Brunelleschi designed.\nRealJonWills\nInfluence.\nVasari writes that Masaccio was not very famous in his own time. In 1440 his body was brought home to Florence and buried at Santa Maria del Carmine but no monument was put up in his honour. Shortly afterwards people began to honour him as a painter. Michelangelo and many other painters and sculptors went to the \"Brancacci Chapel\" to study Masaccio's paintings. His influence can be seen in the paintings of Fra Angelico, Piero della Francesca, Ghirlandaio and particularly Michelangelo."}
+{"id": "57906", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57906", "title": "Wind power in Germany", "text": "Germany is the world's biggest user of wind power with an installed capacity of 20,621MW in 2006, ahead of Spain which had 11,615MW. There are 18,000 wind turbines in Germany. The country plans to build more."}
+{"id": "57907", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57907", "title": "Wind power in Denmark", "text": "After the world's oil crises in the 1970s, Denmark started to develop wind power. In 1988, two years after the Chernobyl disaster, the Danes passed a law forbidding the construction of nuclear power plants.\nThe Danes were pioneers in developing commercial wind power during the 1970s and today almost half of the wind turbines around the world are produced by Danish manufacturers such as Vestas.\nWind power in Denmark provided 30% of the electricity produced in Denmark in 2012, and cumulative installed capacity over recent years is shown in the Table below.\nWind turbines are popular with people in Denmark.\nSources: Global Wind 2005 Report, p.7 <br>Global Wind 2006 Report, p.9 "}
+{"id": "57914", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57914", "title": "Don (river)", "text": "The Don (\u0414\u043e\u043d) is one of the major rivers of Russia. It starts in the town of Novomoskovsk 60\u00a0km southeast from Tula, southeast of Moscow, and flows for a distance of about 1,870\u00a0km (1,162 miles) to the Sea of Azov.\nFrom its source, the river first flows southeast to Voronezh, then southwest to its mouth. The main city on the river is Rostov on Don, its main tributary, the Donets.\nHistory.\nIn antiquity, the river was seen as the border between Europe and Asia. In the Hebrew Book of Jubilees, it is mentioned as being part of the border, beginning with its westernmost point up to its mouth, between the allotment of Japheth to the north and that of Shem to the south, sons of Noah. During the times of the old Scythians it was known in Greek as the Tana\u00efs, and has been a major trading route ever since.\nTanais appears in ancient Greek sources as the name of the river and of a city on it in the Maeotian marshes. The name derives however from Scythian (Iranian) \"D\u0101nu\" \"river\", akin to modern Ossetic \"don\" \"river\".\nAt its easternmost point, the Don comes near the Volga, and the Volga-Don Canal (length ca. 105\u00a0km (65 miles)), connecting both rivers, has been a major waterway. The Khazar fortress of Sarkel used to dominate this point in the Middle Ages. This part of the river saw Operation Uranus, one of the turning points of the Second World War.\nThe Don has given its name to the Don Cossacks who settled the fertile valley of the river in the 16th and 17th centuries. In modern literature, the Don figures centrally in the works of Mikhail Sholokhov, a Cossack from the stanitsa of Veshenskaya."}
+{"id": "57916", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57916", "title": "Grace Hopper", "text": "Grace Murray Hopper (December 9 1906 \u2013 January 1 1992) was an American computer scientist and United States Navy officer.\nEarly Life.\nHopper was born in New York, USA. Hopper graduated from Vassar College in 1928 and Yale University in 1934 with a Ph.D degree in mathematics. She joined the US Navy during World War II in 1943. She worked on computers in the Navy for 43 years. She then worked in other private industry companies after 1949. She retired from the Navy in 1986 and died on January 1, 1992. \nShe was one of the first people to work with modern digital computers and the first programmers of the Harvard Mark I calculator. She developed the first compiler for a computer programming language.\nShe had the idea that programs could be written in a language that was close to English rather than in machine code or languages (such as assembly language) close to machine code, which is how it was normally done at that time. She led the work of COBOL language, which was based very much on her philosophy. It was successful since it was not copyrighted, so many programmers could use it. The spread of COBOL led to it becoming the universal language for business coding. It became used in government, industry, and commerce.\nHopper, a mathematician, was on the faculty at Vassar College when World War II began. She joined the Navy. \u00a0Hopper was assigned to the Bureau of Ordnance Computation Project to work on missile problems in 1943. The Navy began using one of the first electronic computers in 1944.\nAfter the War.\nHopper retired from the Navy in 1986. After the war, she was still interested in computers. Hopper worked at Remington Rand. She worked at Sperry Corporation later. She did not return to her teaching career after the war. She continued working on software for the other computers. She also served as an officer in the Naval Reserve. She worked on the UNIVAC, the first large-scale commercial computer. Hopper's work led to the development of the FLOW-MATIC. The \u00a0FLOW-MATIC was the first English-language data compiler. Hopper's work on FLOW-MATIC helped her later work with Common Business Oriented Language (COBOL). Hopper\u2019s work translated the computer language into words we use that the computer will also understand.\nGrace Murray Hopper died on January 1, 1992. She had retired from the navy six years before. \nA park in Arlington, Virginia is named in her honor. The U.S. Navy destroyer USS Hopper (DDG-70) was named for her.\nOn December 9, 2013, Google had an animation of Hopper for their Google Doodle."}
+{"id": "57923", "revid": "1449987", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57923", "title": "Marin Alsop", "text": "Marin Alsop (born Manhattan, New York, October 16, 1956) is an American conductor.\nAlsop went to Yale University and then got a master's degree from the Juilliard School in violin playing. She won the Koussevitzky Conducting Prize at the Tanglewood Music Center in 1989, where she studied with famous conductors such as Leonard Bernstein.\nAlsop has conducted many of the world\u2019s most famous orchestras. Since 2002 she has been the conductor of the Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, and in 2007 she will become the conductor of the Baltimore Symphony. This will make her the first woman conductor of an important American orchestra.\nAlsop has won many prizes and made lots of recordings. She has conducted and recorded many pieces by American composers, including the complete orchestral works of Samuel Barber."}
+{"id": "57924", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57924", "title": "Nevada Solar One", "text": "Nevada Solar One is the third biggest solar power plant in the world, generating 64MW. It was built in Boulder City, Nevada.\nNevada Solar One is a solar thermal power station and will use parabolic troughs, heating tubes of liquid (solar receivers). These solar receivers are specially coated tubes made of glass and steel.\nNevada Solar One also uses a technology that collects extra heat by putting it into phase-changing molten salts. This energy can then be drawn on at night.\nNevada Solar One started producing electricity in the June 2007."}
+{"id": "57926", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57926", "title": "Integrated pest management", "text": "In agriculture, Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a pest control strategy. This strategy uses many different ways to deal with pests: natural predators and parasites, pest-resistant varieties of plants, cultural practices, biological controls, various physical techniques, and pesticides as a last resort. \nIt is an ecological approach that can reduce or eliminate the use of pesticides."}
+{"id": "57927", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57927", "title": "IPM", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57928", "revid": "1398040", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57928", "title": "Serpa solar power plant", "text": "Serpa solar power plant (also known as H\u00e9rcules solar power plant) is a power plant found in Serpa, Portugal. It was begun in June 2006 and finished in January 2007. The plant consists of a photovoltaic system that uses silicon solar cell technology to convert sunlight directly into energy.\nThe Serpa solar power plant uses 52,000 photovoltaic modules manufactured by SunPower, Sanyo, and Sharp. The plant uses a new tracking system that follows the Sun's daily path across the sky.\nGenerating electricity from the sun with no fuel costs or emissions, the Serpa plant is on a 60-hectare (150-acre) hillside and is a model of clean power generation integrated with agriculture. The project saves more than 30,000 tons a year in greenhouse gas emissions compared to equivalent fossil fuel generation."}
+{"id": "57929", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57929", "title": "Indian Solar Loan Programme", "text": "The United Nation Environment Programme's Indian Solar Loan Programme has won the \"World award for Sustainability\" for helping to establish a householder loan program for solar home power systems.\nOver the span of three years more than 16,000 solar home systems have been financed through 2,000 bank branches, mainly in areas of South India where the electricity grid does not yet extend."}
+{"id": "57930", "revid": "9683", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57930", "title": "Indian solar loan programme", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57940", "revid": "10408750", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57940", "title": "Clovis I", "text": "Clovis I (variously spelled Chlodowech or Chlodwig, giving Modern French \"Louis\" and Modern German \"Ludwig\") (c. 466 \u2013 November 27, 511) was the first King of the Franks to unite that nation. He succeeded his father, Childeric I, in 481 as King of the Salian Franks, one of two main groups of Frankish tribes. They occupied the area west of the Lower Rhine, with their centre being in the area of Tournai and Cambrai, along the modern border between France and Belgium. Clovis had conquered the neighbouring Frankish tribes and established himself as sole king by his death.Clovis converted to Catholicism, as opposed to the Arian form of Christianity that was common among Germanic peoples, because his wife, Clotilde, a Burgundian, was a Catholic. He was baptized in the Cathedral of Reims. This act was very important in the following history of France and the rest of Western Europe because he expanded his reign over almost all of the old Roman province of Gaul (roughly modern France). He is considered to be the founder both of France, which his state closely resembled geographically at his death, and the Merovingian dynasty, which ruled the Franks for the next two centuries."}
+{"id": "57945", "revid": "10216305", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57945", "title": "Merovingian dynasty", "text": "The Merovingians were a dynasty of Frankish kings who ruled in the region of ancient Gaul (more or less modern France) from the 5th to the 8th centuries, when the Carolingian dynasty took control.\nThe Merovingians were sometimes referred to by people of the time as the \"long-haired kings\" (Latin \"reges criniti\") since they symbolically had uncut hair (traditionally, the tribal leader of the Franks wore his hair long, and his warriors trimmed theirs short). The term is drawn directly from Germanic, akin to the dynasty's Old English name, \"Merew\u012bowing\".\nThe Merovingian dynasty owes its name to the semi-legendary Merovech (or Merowig, sometimes Latinised as \"Meroveus\" or \"Merovius\"), the leader of the Salian Franks from c.447 to 457. Clovis I went on to unite most of Gaul north of the Loire under his control around 486, when he defeated Syagrius, the Roman ruler in those parts. "}
+{"id": "57958", "revid": "824868", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57958", "title": "Dale Earnhardt", "text": "Ralph Dale Earnhardt, Sr. (April 29, 1951 \u2013 February 18, 2001) was an American NASCAR driver. He is the father of race car driver Dale Earnhardt, Jr. He started Dale Earnhardt, Inc., also called DEI. Earnhardt died in a crash during the Daytona 500 in 2001. The accident happened a few seconds before his own son came second in that race, and a DEI car driven by Michael Waltrip won the race. He died because he was trying to hold everybody back so his son (Dale Earnhardt Jr.) could maybe win the race. While he was trying to do that, someone bumped his car, he lost control and crashed into the wall. After that they took him to the hospital and he died.\nEarly life.\nEarnhardt respected his father, who quit school in sixth grade, His father worked hard and started driving for NASCAR, eventually entering the NASCAR Hall-of-Fame."}
+{"id": "57962", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57962", "title": "Homelessness", "text": "Homelessness means not having a place to stay. The word \"homelessness\" includes people who sleep on the street; people staying at warming centers or homeless shelters; and people living in places not meant for humans to live in (like abandoned buildings, vehicles, and parking garages).\nHomelessness occurs for many reasons. The risk is especially high when people are unable to buy or maintain housing they can afford. \nHomeless people live in many parts of the world, including San Francisco in California, Dublin in Ireland and Tallinn in Estonia. International human rights law includes the right to housing.\nHomeless people.\nTerms.\nAcademic articles and government reports use the phrase \"homeless people\". However, there are different words to describe homelessness. Some (like \"bum\" or \"vagrant\") are based on stereotypes. \nToday, some argue that the better term is \"unhoused person\". A 2023 article stated:The public should stop using offensive labels like \u201cbum,\u201d \u201chomeless guy,\u201d and \u201cbag lady\u201d to help wipe away negative associations conjured up by these outdated terms.\nWhen we say \u201chomeless,\u201d many thoughts come to mind depending on who you are and your experience...\nThe same person is viewed differently depending on how you describe them: \u201chomeless\u201d or \u201cpriced out of housing.\u201dSome slang phrases confuse the definition of homelessness. For instance, in slang, a \"vagabond\" is someone who travels without enough money to stay in good hotels. Similarly, police reports sometimes use the word \"transient\" to describe people from out of town or who are passing through. These individuals might in fact be homeless - but they might also have homes elsewhere and are just traveling away from home.\nCounts.\nIn the United States, the United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) requires a homeless \"enumeration\" (count) every two years. They classify \"homeless\" in a careful way, and their definition has been adopted by many other agencies and church groups. \nIn Metro Vancouver, homeless people are counted by the British Columbia (B.C.) Non-Profit Housing Society. The Society conducts the homeless count with the help of about 1,200 volunteers.\nHUD definitions.\nHUD spreads information about what does and does not work when providing shelter for homeless people. The information about the things that work is called \"best practices\". \nAccording to HUD's criteria, a person must lack a fixed, regular, and decent place to sleep at night. Also, they must be living in:\n\"Chronic homelessness\".\nHUD defines a person as \"chronically homeless\" if:\nStudies suggest that the costs of chronic homelessness are far greater than the other types of homelessness. \nHealth care.\nHealth care for the homeless is a major public health challenge. \nIncreased risk.\nMany homeless people develop serious medical conditions caused at least partially by living in unclean environments, not having places to wash up, and not having medical supplies. Living in a group setting, like a shelter, further increases the risk of infectious disease spreading because people are crowded together. Mental illness, alcohol and substance use disorder are also common problems. \nHomelessness raises the risk for:\nSkin problems.\nSkin disorders are also common among homeless people. \nAccording to a peer-reviewed article in \"JAMA Dermatology,\" homeless people have higher rates of many skin problems:\nHomeless people can experience skin cancer and other conditions when exposed to extreme cold and hot sun. Additionally, it is difficult to find places to shower or wash up. This can contribute to skin conditions or wound infections.\nFood scarcity.\nMany homeless people struggle to find good, affordable food. As a result, they tend to suffer from medical conditions. These conditions can include obesity if a person eats a lot of poor-quality food with empty calories (which is often the most inexpensive form of food available).\nDental problems.\nMany homeless people also have more severe dental problems than the general population does. Causes include not having access to washrooms for oral hygiene; not having oral hygiene supplies like a toothbrush; not having access to affordable dentistry; and (in some cases) eating too many sweets, which may be the only food available.\nVulnerability Index.\nThe vulnerability Index is a tool for finding out who among the street homeless population needs health care and housing the most.\nThe vulnerability index is the work of Dr. Jim O'Connell of Boston Healthcare for the Homeless. He was concerned about the causes of death of homeless individuals living on the street. \nA national drive is underway by Common Ground for HUD to do the vulnerability index at the same time as the homelessness count. \nThe Index's supporters say that it will help to get needy individuals off the street. It has been tried out in various places outside the East Coast, including New Mexico and Santa Monica.\nMain causes.\nMany reports and studies have examined the main reasons for homelessness. These include:\nDeveloping and undeveloped countries.\nThe number of homeless people worldwide has grown steadily in the past few years. Homelessness is a severe problem in some Third World nations like Brazil, India, Nigeria, and South Africa, with millions of children living and working on the streets there. Homelessness has also become a problem in China, Thailand, Indonesia, the Philippines and Japan.\nHistory.\nEngland.\nIn the sixteenth century in England, the government tried several strategies to address homelessness. First, they tried giving housing to homeless people instead of punishing them. However, in the eighteenth century, these houses were replaced by workhouses. Soon being homeless became a crime: in 1824 the U.K. government made it illegal to beg or sleep on the street.\nWorkhouses were later replaced by dormitory housing (\"spikes\"). By the early 1930s in England, there were 30,000 people living in these places.\nThe United States.\nIn the 1980s, in the United States, Congressman Stewart B. McKinney helped to get some new laws passed about homelessness. In 1987, the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act became law. Organisations in some cities, like New York and Boston, tried to help the growing number of homeless people in a new way.\nAs of 2024, there were 771,400 homeless people in the United States. According to a report by the California State Senate's Housing Committee, as of 2022, there were 181,399 homeless people living in California - 28% of the country's homeless population. \nOther countries.\nMany other countries, towns, and cities have (or used to have) areas where all the poor, homeless, and disabled people live. (\"Skid Row\" in Los Angeles is one example.) In smaller towns, especially during the Great Depression, hobos camped near train tracks and hopped onto trains to get from place to place. \nOver time, as the number of homeless people grew, many places that had previously allowed homeless people to loiter (like churches, public libraries and public atriums) became stricter. \nAccording to the World Population Review, countries with large homeless populations include:\nFurther reading.\nDuke, Alan, \"'Golden voice' Ted Williams departs drug rehab\", \"CNN\", January 25, 2011"}
+{"id": "57964", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57964", "title": "Hideshi Hino", "text": "Hideshi Hino (\u65e5\u91ce\u65e5\u51fa\u5fd7 Hino Hideshi, born 19 April 1946) is a Japanese manga artist. He draws and writes horror stories. Some of the books he has written are: \"Hino Horror\", \"Panorama of Hell\", and \"Hell Baby\". He has also made and been in horror movies."}
+{"id": "57965", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57965", "title": "Hideshi hino", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57968", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57968", "title": "Salland", "text": "Salland is a historical region in the west and north of the present Dutch province of Overijssel.\nHistory.\nThe history of Salland goes back to the early Middle Ages, when the four quarters of Oversticht (Salland, Twente, Land van Vollenhove and Drenthe) came together.\nSalland (and nearby areas) may have been the early seat of the Salian Franks, the founders of the modern Dutch and French nations.\nGeography.\nSalland is bound to the west by the provincial border with Gelderland, which is partly formed by river IJssel; to the north by the Meppelerdiep stream and the provincial border with Drenthe, which partly consists of the Reest stream; to the east by the borders with the German state of Lower Saxony and the eastern Overijssel region of Twente; and to the south by the border with the Gelderland region of Achterhoek, part of which is formed by the Schipbeek stream.\nGeologically, most of Salland's landscape consists of a lowland covered with river sediment. \nMunicipalities.\nThese 13 municipalities belong to Salland region:"}
+{"id": "57978", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57978", "title": "Isengard", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57979", "revid": "515348", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57979", "title": "Darkthrone", "text": "Darkthrone is a black metal band from Norway."}
+{"id": "57981", "revid": "10315006", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57981", "title": "Minutemen (band)", "text": "The Minutemen were a very well known American hardcore punk band from the 1980s. The people in the band were D. Boon on guitar, Mike Watt on bass guitar and George Hurley on drums.\nThe Minutemen were formed in January 1980 and began to record music that same year. They gave to the public their first EP, called \"Paranoid Time\", that year. Over the next five years, the Minutemen went on many music playing trips and made many albums. Some of their most well kown albums are \"What Makes a Man Start Fires?\" and \"Double Nickels on the Dime\".\nThe band was forced to split in 1985 due to the death of D. Boon. Boon was killed in a car crash when his girlfriend fell asleep at the wheel. After Boon's death, Watt and Hurley formed the band fIREHOSE with Minutemen fan Ed Crawford. fIREHOSE played until 1994 when they broke up. Since the breakup of fIREHOSE, Mike Watt has played in several bands and also his own solo career."}
+{"id": "57982", "revid": "1572762", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57982", "title": "Hammurabi", "text": "Hammurabi (Akkadian from Amorite \"\u02e4Ammur\u0101pi\", meaning \"the kinsman is a healer,\" from \"\u02e4Ammu\", meaning \"paternal kinsman\", and \"R\u0101pi\", meaning \"healer\"), was the sixth king of Babylon from 1792 BC to 1750 BC. He became king after his father abdicated, and was the first ruler of Babylonia. By winning wars against other kingdoms in Mesopotamia, Hammurabi created a large Babylonian empire. However, his son Samsu-iluna and later Babylonian rulers lost much of the land he had gained. \nHammurabi is most famous for his laws, which are known as the Hammurabi's Code. Hammurabi's Code was one of the first written codes of law in history.\nHistory.\nHammurabi became king of Babylon in around 1792 BC, when his father Sin-Muballit abdicated. Babylon was one of many small independent cities in ancient Mesopotamia. These cities often fought each other for control of land. Babylon was already one of the more powerful cities when Hammurabi became king. Earlier kings of Babylon had taken over the nearby city-states of Borsippa, Kish, and Sippar. \nHammurabi did not fight any important wars in the early part of his reign. He instead improved the buildings of Babylon. He built taller city walls to make the city more difficult to attack, and expanded the temples. In around 1771 BC, the kingdom of Elam attacked Mesopotamia from the east. Elam invaded Eshnunna, a city-state to the north-east of Babylon, and destroyed its cities. It also tried to start a war between Babylon and Larsa, a city in southern Mesopotamia. However, Hammurabi instead made an alliance with Larsa against Elam. Hammurabi defeated Elam, but felt that Larsa had not given him enough help. He therefore attacked Larsa. Babylon had entirely conquered southern Mesopotamia by c. 1763 BC.\nHammurabi's allies in northern Mesopotamia had sent their armies to the south to help Babylon. This caused unrest in the northern area. Hammurabi therefore returned north, stopping the unrest, and defeating Eshnunna. He then attacked and conquered the remaining cities in northern Mesopotamia, including Babylon's former ally Mari. It is possible that Mari surrendered to Babylon without any fighting happening. After this, Hammurabi was in control of most of Mesopotamia. Only Aleppo and Qatna, two western cities in modern Syria remained independent. When Hammurabi died in c. 1750 BC, his son Samsu-iluna became king."}
+{"id": "57984", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57984", "title": "Minutemen", "text": ""}
+{"id": "57985", "revid": "233259", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57985", "title": "Double Nickels on the Dime", "text": "Double Nickels on the Dime is a hardcore punk album made by the Minutemen. The album was recorded in 1984 and was given to the public in the same year. The album is very long and has 43 songs. It is thought to be a very good album and one of the best of the genre."}
+{"id": "57987", "revid": "1508758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57987", "title": "Timbaland", "text": "Timothy Zachery Mosley, known professionally as Timbaland, (born March 10, 1972) is an American record producer, rapper, singer, songwriter and record executive. He is from Norfolk, Virginia.\nTimbaland owns his own record label, Mosley Music Group, which is under Universal Music Group. Timbaland has also taught and nurtured other record producers like Danja, Polow da Don, Ryan Tedder and Jim Beanz.\nDiscography.\nStudio albums\nSingles"}
+{"id": "57988", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57988", "title": "Melvins", "text": "The Melvins are an American rock band. They are from the city of Aberdeen, Washington. The only members who have been in the band for a long time are Buzz \"King Buzzo\" Osborne who plays guitar and Dale Crover who plays drums. Coady Willis who plays drums (in addition to Dale) and Jared Warren who plays bass guitar are also currently in the band. A variety of terms have been used to describe their style of music, including 'sludge metal', 'grunge', and 'stoner rock'.\nBuzz Osborne started Melvins in early 1983."}
+{"id": "57994", "revid": "805501", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57994", "title": "Wii Remote", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58004", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58004", "title": "1337", "text": "Deaths.\n<br>"}
+{"id": "58005", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58005", "title": "Greenwich Time", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58007", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58007", "title": "Robots", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58008", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58008", "title": "Birth name", "text": "A birth name is the family name someone has when he or she is born, or at least from the time he or she is a child. This term can be used by a man or a woman who changes a name later in life for any reason.\nA \"maiden name\" is the family name\u2014usually the birth name\u2014a woman has before she marries.\nA \"married name\" is the family name taken by a married person at the time of the marriage. The most common example is when a woman takes the family name of her spouse at the time of marriage, but sometimes a man changes his name at marriage. Also, sometimes both people change their names, such as to a hyphenated or other mixed name.\nSometimes the words \"n\u00e9\" (for a man) or \"n\u00e9e\" (for a woman) are used to show a birth name or maiden name. These words mean \"born\", and are borrowed\"v.2\" from French."}
+{"id": "58009", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58009", "title": "Salts", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58010", "revid": "11112", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58010", "title": "NaCl", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58011", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58011", "title": "Stalker", "text": "Stalker has several different meanings:"}
+{"id": "58017", "revid": "1055918", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58017", "title": "Bratislava Region", "text": "The Bratislava Region () is one of the eight regions of Slovakia. The capital is Bratislava, which is also the\u00a0nation's\u00a0capital.\nThe Bratislava Region has 8 districts:\u00a0Malacky,\u00a0Pezinok,\u00a0Senec\u00a0and 5 districts of Bratislava (Bratislava I \u2013 Bratislava V, which\u00a0create the city of Bratislava). There are 73 municipalities in the region.\nThe main rivers in the region are the\u00a0Danube and Morava. It borders\u00a0with Austria and Hungary."}
+{"id": "58018", "revid": "373511", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58018", "title": "Tom Whedon", "text": "Tom Whedon is an American television writer. He has written for many series, for example, \"Benson\", \"Alice\" and \"The Golden Girls\". Whedon also wrote for the children's series \"The Electric Company\".\nHe is the father of Deadwood script writer Zack Whedon. Whedon is also the father of writer/producer/director Joss Whedon, the creator of \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\", \"Angel\", and \"Firefly\"."}
+{"id": "58022", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58022", "title": "Zack Whedon", "text": "Zack Whedon (born August 14, 1979) is an American television writer. He graduated from Wesleyan University in 2002 with a movie degree. Whedon has written for the HBO series \"Deadwood\". He is the son of writer Tom Whedon and the brother of writer-producer-director Joss Whedon.\nWhedon has also done work on his brother's series \"Angel\" as well as collaborated with his brother on the internet only serial \"Dr. Horrible's Sing-Along Blog\".\nHe was a writer for the \"J.J. Abrams\" show \"Fringe\". "}
+{"id": "58023", "revid": "365128", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58023", "title": "Langnau im Emmental", "text": "Langnau im Emmental ('Langnau in the Emmental') is a small village in the Emmental, in the canton of Bern. It is by the river Ilfis between the cities of Bern and Luzern. It has a population of about 8800 people. Most of the people of the village work in the building trades.\nLangnau has an Ice hockey Club, called the SCL Tigers. They have their home stadium in Langnau."}
+{"id": "58026", "revid": "888555", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58026", "title": "Muri bei Bern", "text": "Muri bei Bern is a township in Switzerland near Bern. In December 2005, it had a population of 12458 people. The township Muri is two small towns: Muri and G\u00fcmligen\nHistory.\nMuri has been populated since the time of the Romans, but it has only had the name Muri since 1180. It started as a little township with a little castle and some farmhouses. Between the 13th and 15th century it became a very rich township.\nGeography.\nIn Muri it has two big woods; The H\u00fcendli-Wald and the Dentenberg-Wald. Around the Aare it has also a little woods. All together it has 150 hectares of woods, 190 hectares of grassland and 339 hectares of building land. Also Muri has a total area of 760 hectares."}
+{"id": "58046", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58046", "title": "The Legend of Zelda (video game)", "text": " is the first video game in \"The Legend of Zelda\" series of games. The game was made by a Japanese man named Shigeru Miyamoto. It was sold to stores by Nintendo in 1986. The game was sold to be played on the Nintendo Entertainment System. In the game the player plays as a hero named Link. Link must save Princess Zelda from a powerful person named Ganon. It was the first game to let the player continue where they last played the game after they had turned the game off. The game also let the player go wherever they wanted to go at any time in the game's world. The game was very popular. Many more \"Zelda\" games were made because of it.\nIt was also included in .\nReferences.\nNotes"}
+{"id": "58052", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58052", "title": "Deadliest Catch", "text": "The Deadliest Catch is a reality television series on the Discovery Channel, about Alaskan king crab fishing. The series shows people fishing for crabs in the Bering Sea near Alaska. The series is named \"Deadliest Catch\" because the crew of these boats are at a high risk of death or injury due to the dangerous places and weather of the sea during the seasons they fish, earning the title of most dangerous job in the world."}
+{"id": "58053", "revid": "10275574", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58053", "title": "Garage rock", "text": "Garage rock is a raw and energetic style of rock and roll that was popular in the mid-1960s in United States, Canada, and other countries. It has experienced several more recent revivals. In the beginning, it was not yet defined as a musical genre. Attention to the sound from rock critics in the early 1970s helped it become appreciated as a genre.\nIt is called \"garage rock\" because many of the groups that played it were made up of young amateurs, often in high school and college, who sometimes rehearsed in their families' garages. Some of the bands were older and professional. The groups in this genre are often referred to as \"garage bands\".\nThe style, which led up to psychedelic rock, often had simple lyrics and sometimes used guitars distorted through a device called a fuzzbox. Surf rock was an early influence. Later The Beatles and the beat groups of the British Invasion became popular. This led to many aspiring musicians to form bands in the United States and elsewhere between 1963 and 1968. Some bands produced regional hits, and a few even had national chart hits. \nWith the rise of psychedelia, a number of garage bands started to add strange and exotic elements to their sound, but after 1968, as more complex forms of rock music took over, garage rock records declined in popularity.\nIn the early 1970s certain critics began to refer to the style as \"punk rock\", which made it the first form of music to use that name. It is sometimes called \"garage punk\", \"protopunk\", or \"'60s punk\" to set it apart from the more well-known punk rock movement that came later in 1970s. The garage rock style has been revived several times in recent decades and continues to influence many modern groups who prefer a \"back to basics\" and \"do it yourself\" musical approach."}
+{"id": "58054", "revid": "1669736", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58054", "title": "Psychedelic rock", "text": "Psychedelic rock is a style of rock music. It was very popular in the 1960s when it started, and still has many fans today. It was first made in San Francisco, but it also was made in other cities such as New York City, and in other countries including England. \nPsychedelic rock songs sometimes have lyrics describing the effects of drugs, if any words at all. Songs were sometimes very long (10\u201315 minutes), and much of this time might be taken up by a solo, like a drum solo or a guitar solo. Some major groups that made psychedelic rock included: The Beatles, The Doors, The Byrds, The Grateful Dead, The Who, Jimi Hendrix, Sly and the Family Stone, Jefferson Airplane, Pink Floyd, Frank Zappa and The Animals.\nPsychedelic rock was popular music for listening to when getting high with hashish or LSD, or both. During Grateful Dead concerts, some people actually sat inside the huge speakers that the Grateful Dead brought to their concerts. "}
+{"id": "58055", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58055", "title": "Doppelg\u00e4nger", "text": "A doppelg\u00e4nger, or a doppelganger, is a German word used in English to talk about any double or someone who looks exactly like another person \u2013 most commonly an \"evil twin\". \nIn some folklore, seeing another family or friend's doppelganger means they will have an illness, or that they are in danger. Seeing your own doppelganger means you will most likely die. Some myths offer explanations that focus on magic, where the doppelganger is created by some kind of curse or through magic. \nThese doppelg\u00e4ngers are usually, but not always, bad in some way. Doppelg\u00e4ngers can sometimes be seen in books, movies and other fictiona as part of their stories."}
+{"id": "58056", "revid": "8394", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58056", "title": "Doppelganger", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58057", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58057", "title": "Absurd (band)", "text": "Absurd is a national socialistic black metal band from Germany. The band was formed in 1992. Frontman of this band is Neo Nazi and former Satanist Hendrik M\u00f6bus\nThe band became notable after its (original) members murdered the 15-year-old Sandro Beyer in 1993. These members are no longer in the band. It is believed that Beyer knew of a relationship between Schauseil's and a married woman. She had been spreading rumors about this and other things the band was doing. On 29 April in Sondershausen, M\u00f6bus, Schauseil, and Kirchner met with Beyer. The strangled him there with an electrical cord. Kirchner was reported as saying: \u201cOh shit\u2014now I\u2019ve completely ruined my life.\u201d Schauseil said he heard voices in his head saying \"\u201cKuster Maier\u201d\". This made no sense but was interpreted by him as \"\u201ct\u00f6te Beyer\u201d\" (\u2018kill Beyer\u2019)."}
+{"id": "58058", "revid": "1398040", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58058", "title": "Nokturnal Mortum", "text": "Nokturnal Mortum is a pagan black metal band from Ukraine. It is one of the major black metal bands from eastern Europe, along with Graveland and Lucifugum."}
+{"id": "58082", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58082", "title": "Repo Man (movie)", "text": "Repo Man is a 1984 comedy/science fiction movie starring Emilio Estevez and Harry Dean Stanton. It was written and directed by Alex Cox. The movie is about the life of a repo man, a person who steals cars legally from people who do not pay for them.\nThe movie is well regarded for several reasons. First, it has talk and events that are both funny and strange. The music played in the movie is also a very good collection of punk rock music that was popular at the time. Also, the movie is not similar to most other movies that were made at the same time."}
+{"id": "58084", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58084", "title": "Social worker", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58086", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58086", "title": "Reggie Miller", "text": "Reginald Wayne Miller (August 24, 1965) is a retired American basketball player. Miller was known for being a great jump shooter during his career. He played his entire career for the Indiana Pacers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He is from Riverside, California."}
+{"id": "58089", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58089", "title": "Native Americans", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58100", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58100", "title": "The Eiffel tower", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58101", "revid": "1267963", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58101", "title": "Altarpiece", "text": "An altarpiece is a work of art that has been made to go above the altar in a Christian church. An altarpiece can be a painting, or it can be carved from wood or stone. Some altarpieces have both paintings and sculptures.\nSubject matter.\nWhat do altarpieces show?\nThere are three most common subjects, \"The Virgin Mary and Christ Child\", \"Jesus crucified\" and \"Christ in Glory\". These are three very important parts of Christian belief.\nAltars of The Virgin Mary and Christ Child were made to remind Christians that God came to Earth as Jesus, in the form of an ordinary helpless little baby, to grow up among people. These altarpieces are to remind Christians of the Christmas story.\nAltarpieces of Jesus on the cross were made to remind Christians that Jesus, who was pure and did not sin, died a horrible death like a robber and murderer so that Christians could be forgiven. These altarpieces are to remind Christians of the Easter story.\nAltarpieces that show Jesus sitting on a throne in Heaven were made to remind Christians that they need to put their lives right and turn to God because one day they will see him on his throne. These altarpieces are to remind Christians that they never know when their life might end and they should live every day in a way that pleases God.\nSaints and stories.\nMany altarpieces, as well as having one of the three main scenes, may have lots of other figures or lots of other small scenes.\nThe other figures are usually saints. They might be shown standing around a throne where the Virgin Mary sits with Baby Jesus on her knee. Or they might be painted on separate pieces that are joined to the middle part of the altarpiece. These saints do not have to be people who were alive at the same time as Mary. They are more often the patron saint of the church or the favourites saints of the person who paid for the altarpiece.\nSmaller rectangular parts of the altarpiece often have stories painted in them. They may be stories from the Bible telling the life of Jesus, or they might tell the life of a saint.\nSize.\nHow big are altarpieces?\nAn altarpiece can be as small as a tiny painting put on the wall above a table in someone's home. Or it can be so big that it fills the wall of a huge cathedral. The word is usually used for artworks which are quite big. A small painting may be called a \"Holy Picture\" or an \"Icon\"."}
+{"id": "58110", "revid": "10088608", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58110", "title": "Wood mouse", "text": "The wood mouse (\"Apodemus sylvaticus\") is a common rodent. It is also known as the long-tailed field mouse, field mouse, common field mouse, and European wood mouse.\nHabitat.\nAlmost entirely nocturnal, field mice burrow extensively, digging a series of chambers and runs. Their usual habitat is woodlands, fields and hedgerows, although they are also found in open grassland.\nHistory.\nThe geographical isolation and recent glacial history of Shetland means there are few mammals there. The field mouse, the brown rat, and the house mouse are one of only three types of rodent on the islands. They were thought to have come from Norway around the 9th century AD with the arrival of the Vikings. There is archaeological evidence that wood mice were present during the Middle Iron Age (around 200 BC - AD 400), and one theory is that Apodemus came from Orkney where a population had existed since at the least the Bronze Age.\nField mouse.\nField mouse is the name for a large group of mice in the UK but the real field mouse is the Long Tailed Field Mouse or wood mouse.\nAppearance.\nThey have a solid brown coat with a white belly. For their size, they have very large eyes and ears. They grow to roughly 10\u00a0cm long and weigh 30 grams when full grown.\nEating habits.\nThey are omnivorous and eat seeds, worms, berries, small insects and carrion. In deciduous woodland they will eat acorns and sycamore seeds for the winter, buds in spring, insects and seeds in summer and berries and fungi in autumn. They will eat their own tail if faced with starvation.\nPredators.\nThey are prey to many animals, including owls and foxes and therefore have a short life, normally living for 6 to 12 months. However, in captivity they can live for over 20 months. They live in any place where they can find food or shelter but traditionally live in hedgerows, forests and grass lands. They make their nests wherever it is warm and there is cover. This means that they will usually nest underground but will nest in other warm environments.\nPsychology.\nThe Field mouse has been proven to be extremely intelligent. If given time, it will think out a strategy before doing something. They have extremely small but sharp claws, which they use to dig into houses to scavenge food. They assess a situation before doing anything. They will judge whether it is too risky, dangerous or useless and they often look out for each other. However, if they are being chased, they will dart undercover or into small nooks and crannies.\nReferences.\n1. ^ Goaman, K., Amery, H. (1983). Mysteries & Marvels of the Animal World: pg.15\n2. ^ Schlitter & Van der Straeten (2004). Apodemus sylvaticus. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 11 May 2006. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern\n3. ^ Nicholson, R.A., Barber, P., and Bond, J.M. (2005). New Evidence for the Date of Introduction of the House Mouse, Mus musculus domesticus Schwartz & Schwartz, and the Field Mouse, Apodemus sylvaticus (L.) to Shetland. Environmental Archaeology 10 (2): 143-151"}
+{"id": "58116", "revid": "1458798", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58116", "title": "Code of Hammurabi", "text": "The Code of Hammurabi was a legal code of Babylonia written about 1700 BC.\nIt was written on a stele (a large stone monument), and put in a public place where everyone could see it. The stele was later captured by the Elamites and taken to their capital, Susa. It was found there again in 1901, and is now in the Louvre Museum in Paris.\nThe code of Hammurabi had 282 laws written by scribes on 12 tablets. Unlike earlier laws, it was written in Akkadian, the daily language of Babylonia.\nThe Code of Hammurabi is the longest-surviving text from the Old Babylonian period.\nThe code is an early example of a law regulating a government: a kind of primitive constitution. The code is also one of the earliest examples of the \"presumption of innocence\" (innocent until proven otherwise). It suggests that both the accused and accuser have the opportunity to provide evidence.\nHistory.\nThe Code of Hammurabi was one of several sets of laws in the ancient Near East.\nThe code of laws was arranged in groups, so that everyone who read the laws would know what was required of them.\nThere were earlier laws, and later laws such as the Law of Moses in the Hebrew Bible.\nThese codes come from cultures in a relatively small geographical area, and they have passages which resemble each other.\nThe content.\nNearly half the Code deals with contracts. It sets the wages to be paid to an ox driver or a surgeon. Other passages set the liability of a builder for a house that collapses, for example, or property that is damaged while left in the care of another.\nA third of the code concerns household and family matters such as inheritance, divorce, paternity and sexual behaviour.\nAn eye for an eye.\nFor each crime, a specific punishment is listed. Many of them look harsh to people now. The punishments included death, cutting off a body part, and the use of \"an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth\" ideas. The penalties of Hammurabi's laws may seem cruel to modern readers, but the fact that he put into writing the laws of his kingdom is considered an important step forward in the growth of civilization.\nThe Code of Hammurabi was one of many sets of laws in the Ancient Near East."}
+{"id": "58118", "revid": "1618238", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58118", "title": "Media player", "text": "Media player is a word that describes computer software that can play more than one type of media (multimedia). Media players can usually play both audio (sound) and video files.\nMicrosoft Windows comes with a media player already on it, Windows Media Player. Some other media players are Quicktime, iTunes, Real Player and Winamp. iTunes comes on every Mac computer.\nList of media players.\nMany media players use libraries. The library helps you organize, or catalog, your music into categories such as genre, year, rating or other. Good examples of media players that include media libraries are Winamp, Windows Media Player, iTunes, RealPlayer, Amarok and ALLPlayer."}
+{"id": "58121", "revid": "359932", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58121", "title": "The Weather Channel (United States)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58136", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58136", "title": "19P/Borrelly", "text": "Comet Borrelly is a periodic comet. Periodic comets can only be seen from earth once every few years or decades. It was visited by the spacecraft Deep Space 1. Comet Borrelly was last seen from earth in September 2001 and will likely be seen again in July 2008."}
+{"id": "58141", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58141", "title": "Microcontroller", "text": "A microcontroller (abbreviated MCU or \u00b5C) is a computer system on a chip that does a job. It contains an integrated processor, memory (a small amount of RAM, program memory, or both), and programmable input/output peripherals, which are used to interact with electronic components connected to the chip. A microcontroller is different than a microprocessor, which only contains a CPU (the kind used in a Personal Computer).\nFirst released in 1971 by the Intel company, microcontrollers began to become popular in their first few years. The extremely useful Intel 8008 microprocessor was then released, but it was still impractical because of high cost for each chip. These first microcontrollers combined different types of computer memory on one unit. After people began to see how useful they were, micro controllers were constantly being upgraded, with people trying to find new ways to make them better. Cost was reduced over time and by the early 2000s, microcontrollers were widely used across the world.\nOther terms for a microcontroller are embedded system and embedded controller, because the microcontroller and its support circuits are often built into, or embedded in, a single chip.\nIn addition to the usual arithmetic and logic elements of a general microprocessor, the microcontroller also has additional elements such as RAM for data storage, read-only memory for program storage, flash memory for permanent data storage, and other devices (peripherals).\nMicrocontrollers often operate at very low speed compared to microprocessors used in smartphones and personal computers. Clock speeds may be as little as 32\u00a0kHz, but this is useful for typical applications. They consume very little power (milliwatts or even micro watts).\nMicrocontrollers are used in automatic products and devices, such as car engine systems, remote controls, machines, appliances, power tools, and toys. These are called embedded systems. Microcontrollers can also be found at work in solar power and energy harvesting, anti-lock braking systems in cars, and have many uses in the medical field as well.\nLike other integrated circuits, microcontrollers are designed on special masks, and are later treated with ultraviolet light, which creates special traces (usually made out of silicon) that build up different parts of the integrated circuit. Modern microcontrollers may use technology producing silicon traces as small as 2\u00b5m."}
+{"id": "58142", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58142", "title": "Melodrama", "text": "A melodrama is a dramatic or literary work where the plot is sensational. It appeals strongly to the emotions. It has crude characterization. Characters are simply-drawn, and stereotyped. \nMelodrama is a portmanteau word, formed by combining the words \"melody\" from the Greek \"mel\u014did\u00eda\", meaning \"song\") and \"drama\". Originally it referred to the use of music in a play.\nA melodrama is often a play with very simple characters: a villain, hero, heroine, policeman, damsel in distress and an elderly person (which usually ends happily). Melodramas were popular in the Victorian era on the stage and in novels. In the 20th century the term came to mean bad, crude art, lacking thought. It is rarely applied to the inclusion of music. "}
+{"id": "58147", "revid": "9396532", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58147", "title": "Skullhead", "text": "Skullhead was a Rock Against Communism band from Newcastle, England. Their type of music is a blend of rock, Oi!, and heavy metal music. The band and especially the lead singer Kev Turner, were also heavily influenced by the Odinist religion, to which many of their songs refer to."}
+{"id": "58148", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58148", "title": "Landser (band)", "text": "Landser is a Neo-Nazi, Rock Against Communism rock band from Germany. Because of laws in Germany against speaking badly about the people that died during the Holocaust of World War II, several members of the band were put in prison. \nThe Supreme Court of Berlin sentenced the members of the band to prison and fines for forming a criminal union as well as for incitement of the people and the distribution of radically right-wing propaganda in December 2003.\nIn March 2005, the Federal Supreme Court in Karlsruhe upheld the prison sentence against a band member. This was the first time that a band had been called a criminal association by the highest federal court."}
+{"id": "58157", "revid": "593910", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58157", "title": "Lily Allen", "text": "Lily Rose Beatrice Allen-Cooper (born 2 May 1985) is an English singer, songwriter and actress. She is a daughter of actor and musician Keith Allen. \nEarly life.\nAllen was born in Hammersmith, West London to actor Keith Allen and film maker Alison Owen. She left school when she was fifteen. \nCareer.\nShe made her first album, called \"Alright, Still\" in 2006. It came out in the United States in early 2007. Four singles were released from the album. The first single, \"Smile\" was No.1 in the UK. It was the eleventh best selling single of 2006 there. The second single was \"LDN\".\nIn 2008 she presented a talk show called \"Lily Allen and Friends\" on BBC Three.\nHer most recent album, \"It's Not Me, It's You\" was released in February 2009. It features two number one singles, \"The Fear\" and \"Fuck You\". Four other singles were released, \"Not Fair\", \"22\", \"Who'd Have Known\", and \"Back to the Start\". \n\"The Fear\" was the first single from the album. It was No.1 in Israel and Belgium.\n\"Not Fair\" reached No.4 in the UK, but it was more popular in other countries.\n\"Fuck You\" was released 10 July 2009 in Germany.\n\"22\" was released 24 August 2009. \nIn 2009 she was in an episode of \"Neighbours\".\nIn 2010 \"Just Be Good to Green\" was released as a single by Professor Green. Allen sung on the song. It reached number five in the UK Singles Chart.\nWhen Allen toured the United States in 2007, the American group Domino (Domino Kirke, and guitarist Jordan Galland) opened for her.\nIn July 2013 she sung on Pink's single \"True Love\".\nIn November 2013 Allen recorded a cover of Keane's \"Somewhere Only We Know\" for the Christmas advert for John Lewis. It reached No.1 in the UK and Ireland.\nOn 12 November 2013, Allen released a video for her first song that wasn't a cover version since 2009, \"Hard Out Here\". It got 2.2 million views in two days. The single reached number nine in the UK. Her next album will be released in 2014. A new song called \"L8 CMMR\" was released on the soundtrack to the second season of \"Girls\". On 2 March Allen's next single \"Air Balloon\" was released.\nPersonal life.\nFrom 2007 to 2008 Lily dated with musician Ed Simons. In January 2008 Allen miscarried their child at 2 months of pregnancy.\nOn 11 June 2011 Lily married to her boyfriend of 2 years, businessman Sam Cooper. In November 2010, at age 25, Lily gave birth to their stillborn son. On 25 November 2011, at age 26, Allen gave birth to their daughter, named Ethel Mary Cooper. She gave birth to another daughter, Marnie Rose, in January 2013.\nAwards.\nBRIT Awards.\nAllen has been nominated for four BRIT Awards, but did not win any of them:"}
+{"id": "58158", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58158", "title": "Zerah Colburn", "text": "Zerah Colburn (born Cabot, Vermont, 1804; died 1839) was a child prodigy. He became famous when he was a little boy because he could do unbelievably difficult sums very easily. However, he wasted his talent and never became a useful mathematician.\nZerah\u2019s father was a carpenter. He and his wife had six children, and they had very little money.\nWhen he was five he started to go to school. After six weeks his father heard him doing multiplication sums. His father asked him what 13 times 97 was. The boy immediately said \u201c1261\u201d.\nHis father took him to Boston to show him to famous people. They asked the boy questions: what is 1449 times 1449? The boy said \u201c2,099,601\u201d. Someone else asked him how many seconds there were in 2000 years. He said \u201c63,072,000,000\u201d.\nHis father looked for rich people who would pay for the boy\u2019s education. In Boston $5000 was raised so that he did not have to be shown off in public all the time. Nevertheless, his father took him to Europe. In London people asked him more questions, e.g. is 4,294,967,297 a prime number? The boy said \u201cNo, it can be divided by 641\u201d.\nPeople wanted the boy to explain how he did these calculations, but he could not say how he did it. He became famous. Napoleon was going to meet him, but he lost the Battle of Waterloo and was not able to make the visit. He went to school in Paris and then in London, but by the time he was 15 people were not interested in helping him any more. He joined a touring group of actors and got the part of in the play by Shakespeare. He met William Rowan Hamilton who was also a prodigy and who did become a famous mathematician. Zerah soon got fed up with mathematics and became a Methodist minister. He taught languages at Norwich University in Vermont. He wrote an autobiography in which he tried to explain how he did his calculations.\nWhen he died most people had forgotten about him.\nHis nephew, also named Zerah Colburn, was a famous locomotive designer.\nTrivia.\nZerah, like his father, had 12 fingers and 12 toes."}
+{"id": "58162", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58162", "title": "Quedlinburg", "text": "Quedlinburg (); Low Saxon: \"Queddelnborg\") is a city in the state of Saxony-Anhalt, Germany. Its area is . 22,795 people lived there in 2005. Quedlinburg is north of the Harz mountains. A small river called Bode flows through the city. In 1994, UNESCO added the old town Quedlinburg on the list of World Heritage Sites.\nHistory.\nIn the year 922 the name Quedlinburg was first mentioned in a paper from King Henry I the Fowler of Germany. In the first half of the 10th century the Hungarians with their horses attacked many places all over central Europe. King Henry built up a castle to give the farmers around a place to hide. In 936 the king died and his body was buried on the castle hill in Quedlinburg. His widow, Matilda, and his son, King Otto I, set up a convent for ladies. The tasks of this convent included the commemoration of King Henry I and the education of young ladies to get better chances to get married. This convent on the hill was dissolved in 1803. First abbess of the ladies-convent was Matilda, the daughter of King Otto I and granddaughter of Queen Matilda.\nIn the valley north of that hill in 994 King Otto III founded the old town. He was asked to do so by his aunt abbess Matilda.\nThis old town was used by merchants to sell and buy textiles and so it grew larger. In the middle of the 12th century a new town was created by the abbess of the ladies-convent. In 1330 both towns were united. They got stronger in power and in 1477 they tried to get totally independent of the abbess. But military troops sent by the brothers of the abbess occupied both towns.\nAll the citizens got under control of the abbess again. In 1541 the Protestant Reformation reached the convent and the town and everybody changed their beliefs to the Protestant religion.\nSurprisingly during the Thirty Years' War the town was not destroyed because the abbess made diplomatic arrangements with all the bypassing military leaders.\nGeography and Climate.\nThe city is north of the Harz mountains around above sea water level . The nearby mountains reached about above sea level. Most of the town is on the western side of the river Bode's bank. The town area covers around 78,15\u00a0square kilometers.\nThe average temperature of the year is 8,8\u00a0\u00b0C. January and February are the coldest months of the year, with an average temperature of 0,1\u00a0\u00b0C and 0,4\u00a0\u00b0C. July and August are the hottest months, with an average temperature of 17,8\u00a0\u00b0C (63\u00a0\u00b0F) and 17,2\u00a0\u00b0C. The average annual rainfall is about 438\u00a0millimetres. The rainfall occurs usually between May and September. Rain in Quedlinburg is among the lowest in Germany, which has an annual average around 800\u00a0millimetres.\nSister cities.\nQuedlinburg has partnerships with 5 cities. Each of the 5 boroughs also has their sister cities, sometimes called twin towns."}
+{"id": "58169", "revid": "1671886", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58169", "title": "DreamWorks Pictures", "text": "DreamWorks Pictures, officially called DW II Distribution Co., LLC, also known as DreamWorks, LLC, DreamWorks SKG, DreamWorks Studios or DW Studios, LLC, is an American movie studio. It has made or sold more than ten movies which made more than $100\u00a0million each at the box-office.\nHistory.\nDreamWorks began in 1994. It was founded by Steven Spielberg, Jeffrey Katzenberg and David Geffen (making the SKG at the bottom of the DreamWorks logo). They own 72% of the company. In December 2005, the founders agreed to sell the studio to Paramount Pictures. The sale was done in February 2006. In 2008, DreamWorks announced that it would split from Paramount. It signed a $1.5\u00a0billion deal to make movies with India's Reliance ADA Group. Reliance gave $325M to help recreate DreamWorks studio as its own company. Clark Hallren led the Reliance team in making plans for the company. The movie studio is 50% owned by Reliance. Reliance is led by Anil Ambani.\nThe part of DreamWorks which makes animations was made into DreamWorks Animation SKG in 2004."}
+{"id": "58171", "revid": "10354081", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58171", "title": "Universal Studios", "text": "Universal Studios (sometimes called Universal Pictures or Universal City) is one of the major American movie studios that has production studios and offices at 100 Universal City Plaza Drive in Universal City, California, an unincorporated area of Los Angeles County between Los Angeles and Burbank. Distribution and other corporate, administrative offices are based in New York City. Universal is the very first major studio in Hollywood (Universal's ownership partner of NBCUniversal Entertainment Japan\u2014which distributes anime by Universal worldwide\u2014is the oldest).\nHistory.\nThe founder of Universal, Carl Laemmle, was a German Jewish immigrant who settled in Oshkosh, Wisconsin, where he managed a clothing store. On a 1905 buying trip to Chicago, he was struck by the popularity of nickelodeons.\nAction.\nIn June 1909, Laemmle started the Yankee Film Company with partners Abe and Julius Stern. That company was quickly renamed e Independent Moving Picture Company, or IMP. In 1910, he actively promoted Florence Lawrence, then known as the \"Biograph girl\", and she became one of the first movie stars to be used by a studio in its marketing.\nMerging.\nOn April 1, 1912; Laemmle merged IMP with eight smaller companies to form the Universal Film Manufacturing Company, introducing the word \"universal\" into the organization's name. Among them were Mark Dintinfass, Charles Baumann and Adam Kessel, and Pat Powers. The name was later changed to Universal Pictures Company, Inc.\nFollowing the westward trend of the industry, in 1915, Laemmle opened the world's largest motion picture production facility, Universal City Studios, on a converted farm just over the Cahuenga Pass from Hollywood.\nOther facilities.\nIn 1926, Universal also opened a production unit in Germany, Deutsche Universal-Film AG, under the direction of Joe Pasternak. This unit produced 3\u20134 movies per year until 1936, migrating to Hungary and then Austria in the face of Hitler's increasing domination of central Europe. With movies being able to have sound (those movies were called \"talkies\"), these productions were made in the German language or, sometimes, Hungarian or Polish. In the US, Universal Pictures did not distribute any of this subsidiary's movies, but at least some of them were exhibited through other, independent, foreign-language movie distributors based in New York, without benefit of English subtitles. Nazi persecution and a change in ownership for the parent Universal Pictures organization resulted in the dissolution of this part of the company.\nThe Laemmles lose control.\nTaking on the task of modernizing and upgrading a movie company in the depths of the Great Depression was risky, and for a time Universal slipped into receivership. The theater chain was scrapped, but Carl, Jr. held fast to distribution, studio and production operations.\nThe end for the Laemmles came with a remake of \"Show Boat\", featuring many famous people from the Broadway stage version, which began production in late 1935. However, Carl, Jr.'s spending habits surprised company stockholders, especially after the costly failure of \"Sutter's Gold\" earlier in the year. They would not allow production to start on \"Show Boat\" unless the Laemmles obtained a loan. Universal was forced to seek a $750,000 production loan from the Standard Capital Corporation, pledging the Laemmle family's controlling interest in Universal as collateral. It was the first time in Universal's 26-year history that it had borrowed money for a production. Production problems resulted in a $300,000 overrun. When Standard called the loan in, a cash-strapped Universal could not pay.\n\"Show Boat\" was released in 1936 and is widely considered to be one of the greatest movie musicals of all time. However, it was not enough to save the Laemmles, who were removed from the company they had founded.\nMCA takes over.\nBy the late 1950s, the motion picture business was in trouble. The combination of the studio/theater-chain break-up and the rise of television caused the mass audience to stop visiting theaters. The Music Corporation of America (better known as MCA), mainly a talent agency, had also become a powerful television producer, renting space at Republic Studios for its Revue Studios subsidiary. After a period of complete shutdown, a moribund Universal agreed to sell its (by now) studio lot to MCA in 1958, for $11 million. Although MCA owned the studio lot, but not Universal Pictures, it was increasingly influential on Universal's product. The studio lot was upgraded and modernized, while MCA clients like Doris Day, Lana Turner, and Cary Grant were signed to Universal Pictures contracts.\nThough Universal's movie unit did produce occasional movies, among them \"Airport\", \"The Sting\", \"American Graffiti\", and a movie that restored the company's fortunes, \"Jaws\", Universal in the 1970s was primarily a television studio. Weekly series production was the workhorse of the company. There would be other movies like \"Back to the Future\", and \"Jurassic Park\", but overall the movie business was still hit-and-miss. In the early 1970s, Universal teamed up with Paramount Pictures to form Cinema International Corporation, which distributed movies by Paramount and Universal worldwide. It was replaced by United International Pictures in 1991, when Walt Disney Pictures joined the fold.\nUniversal's library.\nUniversal, like any other major movie studio, owns a huge library. It owns the libraries of USA Films, October Films, and the 1999-2012 movies by PolyGram Filmed Entertainment (MGM owns most of the pre-1999 PolyGram library, though Universal owns a few movies from that time as well) and its subsidiaries, as well as (through parent NBC Universal) much of the post-1973 NBC library of shows and made-for-TV movies.\nIt also owns several movies made by others, including some pre-1952 United Artists material, an Alfred Hitchcock feature originally released by Warner Bros. - \"Rope\", and the UK rights to most of the RKO Pictures library.\nNotes on early partners.\nIn the early years of Universal, the company absorbed some small firms. Among those early film-production studios (and their proprietors) were:\nFor several years some of these junior partners carried considerable weight within Universal; inevitably factions and rivalries were the rule. At least one version of corporate history claims that the twenty-year-old Irving Thalberg rose so quickly because he told subordinates that he alone spoke for Carl Laemmle in making production decisions, while the others were more concerned with battling among themselves."}
+{"id": "58173", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58173", "title": "Second Punic War", "text": "The Second Punic War was a conflict that was fought from 218 to 201 BC between the Roman Republic and Carthage. Most of Carthaginian forces were led by Hannibal Barca. He scared the Romans by invading them over the mountains from Hispania with war elephants. He won the Battle of the Trebia and kept winning battles by clever strategy. In the Battle of Cannae, he destroyed with his small army the largest army that the Romans had ever used.\nThe Romans then avoided fighting Hannibal and concentrated on defeating his allies. That became known as the Fabian strategy. Hannibal's brother Hasdrubal fought Rome's allies in Sicily. Each side had many allies. However, most of Rome's allies stayed loyal, but Carthage's allies switched sides.\nHannibal did well in Italy but in 204 BC Scipio Africanus invaded Carthaginian North Africa and Hannibal had to go there. Scipio defeated him in the Battle of Zama, which cemented Rome's victory over Carthage.\nThe Second Punic War ruined the power of Carthage. The Third Punic War destroyed the city itself. Rome became the dominant power in the Mediterranean for the next 600 years."}
+{"id": "58174", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58174", "title": "Battle of Zama", "text": " \nThe Battle of Zama was a battle in Carthage around 19 October 202 BC. It had elephants and ground infantry. The Roman Republic, led by Scipio Africanus, won against Carthaginians, led by Hannibal. It was the last battle in the Second Punic War.."}
+{"id": "58176", "revid": "1687742", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58176", "title": "Touchstone Pictures", "text": "Touchstone Pictures (also known as Touchstone Films in its early years) is one part of The Walt Disney Company. Touchstone was started in 1984. Its movies can be for older audiences than Walt Disney Pictures movies. The company used to make television shows \"My Wife and Kids\", \"The Golden Girls\", \"Blossom\", \"Boy Meets World\", \"Desperate Housewives\", \"Lost\", \"Grey's Anatomy,\" and \"Scrubs\". "}
+{"id": "58177", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58177", "title": "United States Coast Guard", "text": "The United States Coast Guard is one of the six branches of the military of the United States and is part of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. The Coast Guard's purpose is to protect the people, environment, industry, and security of the United States on seas, lakes, and rivers. To do so, the Coast Guard uses boats, ships, helicopters, and airplanes to stop smuggling and other crime and terrorism and to rescue ships and boats in danger.\nThe Coast Guard traces its roots back to the United States Revenue Cutter Service, which was created by Congress on 4 August 1790. As such, the Coast Guard is the oldest continuous seagoing service of the United States. \nThe modern United States Coast Guard was started on January 28, 1915. This is when the U. S. Congress ordered the United States Revenue Cutter Service and the United States Life-Saving Service to merge into a single service. The Coast Guard can become part of the U.S. Department of the Navy during wartime, but that is not the case now. It became part of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security in 2003.\nHistory.\nThe U.S. Revenue Cutter Service (USRCS) was set up in 1790 when U.S. President George Washington signed an act allowing the building of 10 boats called \"cutters.\" The service was first suggested in a letter by Alexander Hamilton as a way to collect tariffs that were being lost to smuggling. It also had the task of making sure that shipments of goods from the United States got through to markets in other countries. The first Coast Guard station was in Newburyport, Massachusetts. Until the re-establishment of the U.S. Navy in 1798, the Revenue Cutter Service was the only naval force of the United States. \nThe modern Coast Guard can be said to date to 1915, when the Revenue Cutter Service merged with the U.S. Life-Saving Service, when Congress formalized the existence of the new organization. In 1939, the Lighthouse Service was brought under the Coast Guard's purview. In 1942, the Bureau of Marine Inspection and Navigation was transferred to the Coast Guard.\nIn 1967, the Coast Guard moved from the U.S. Department of the Treasury to the newly-formed U.S. Department of Transportation, an arrangement that lasted until it was placed under the U.S. Department of Homeland Security in 2003 as part of legislation that was designed to protect American interests more efficiently after the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001.\nIn wartime, the Coast Guard or individual components of it can operate as a service of the U.S. Department of the Navy. That arrangement has a broad historical basis, as the Coast Guard has been involved in wars as diverse as the War of 1812, the Mexican\u2013American War, and the American Civil War, the last of which had the cutter \"Harriet Lane\" fire the first naval shots attempting to relieve the besieged Fort Sumter. The last time that the Coast Guard operated as a whole within the Navy was during World War II. Military and combat units of the Coast Guard more often operate under Navy or joint operational control, with other Coast Guard units remaining under the Department of Homeland Security. "}
+{"id": "58184", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58184", "title": "Drums", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58185", "revid": "10476069", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58185", "title": "Sean Paul", "text": "Sean Paul Ryan Francis Henriques (born 9 January 1973) is a Jamaican deejay, singer, and rapper. Sean Paul appeared as himself in the 1998 movie \"Belly\". In 2000 he released his first album, \"Stage One\". In 2003 Sean Paul had his first number one single. He was featured on Beyonc\u00e9 Knowles' 2003 number one single \"Baby Boy\". In 2003 he also rapped on Blu Cantrell's UK number one single \"Breathe\". In 2006 Sean Paul rapped in Rihanna's single \"Break It Off\". He rapped on Pitbull's 2011 single \"Shake Se\u00f1ora\" with T-Pain. Sean Paul's sixth album \"Full Frequency\" will be released on February 18, 2014. The first single off the album, \"Other Side of Love\", was released to iTunes on September 10, 2013. It reached number one in the UK R&B Chart. \"Full Frequency\" includes songs with Nicki Minaj, 2 Chainz, Juicy J, and Iggy Azalea."}
+{"id": "58192", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58192", "title": "Communications protocol", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58197", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58197", "title": "Bamberg (district)", "text": "Bamberg (; Main-Franconian: ) is a district in Bavaria, Germany. About 145,000 people live there."}
+{"id": "58198", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58198", "title": "Theo J\u00f6rgensmann", "text": "Theo J\u00f6rgensmann (29 September 1948 \u2013 7 October 2025) was a German jazz clarinet player and composer. He was born in Bottrop, Germany.\nJ\u00f6rgensmann died on 7 October 2025 in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany at the age of 77."}
+{"id": "58199", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58199", "title": "Italian Plague of 1629-1631", "text": "The Italian Plague of 1629-1631 was a group times when many people in northern Italy caught bubonic plague from 1629 to 1631. This epidemic, often called the Great Plague of Milan, killed about 280,000 people. Very many people died in the cities in Lombardy. This was one of the last outbreaks of the pandemic of bubonic plague that began with the Black Death.\nGerman and French soldiers carried the plague to the city of Mantua in 1629 because of the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). Venetian troops, infected with the disease, retreated into northern and central Italy, spreading the disease to more people. \nIn October 1629, the plague reached Milan, Lombardy's commercial center. In the city Milan, it killed about 64,000 people, which was 25% of Milan's people. It killed between 12% and 60% of all the people in Italy. The papal city of Bologna lost an estimated 15,000 citizens to the plague, with neighboring smaller cities of Modena and Parma also being heavily affected. This outbreak of plague also spread north into Tyrol, an alpine region of western Austria and northern Italy. \nLater outbreaks of bubonic plague in Italy include the city of Florence in 1630-1633 and the areas surrounding Naples, Rome and Genoa in 1656-1657."}
+{"id": "58201", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58201", "title": "Zama", "text": "Zama can be:"}
+{"id": "58207", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58207", "title": "Walt Disney company", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58212", "revid": "1694597", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58212", "title": "Norwich", "text": "Norwich is the county city of Norfolk, a county in the East of England. In 2005, 127,600 people lived in Norwich. It is one of the oldest cities in England.\nNorwich International Airport provides many flights out of the city, internationally to places such as Amsterdam, Spain and also other locations within the United Kingdom.\nNorwich is the biggest settlement in East Anglia, after Ipswich, located in Suffolk."}
+{"id": "58223", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58223", "title": "Sea sponge", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58225", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58225", "title": "Larvae", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58231", "revid": "1649820", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58231", "title": "Pir Sultan Abdal", "text": "Pir Sultan Abdal (ca. 1480 - 1550) was an Alevit poet. Alevits are the members of the Alevitism, a faith community in Islam.\nHe lived in Turkey and wrote his poems in Turkish. In his poems, he used a direct and clear language. The richness of his thoughts and the beauty of his writing made him very popular to the Turks and Kurds and also the members of the Suni sect of Islam. Pir Sultan Abdal wrote about the social, cultural and religious life of the people. He was a humanist, and wrote about love, peace, death and God. He was also rebellious against Ottoman Empire."}
+{"id": "58236", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58236", "title": "William Byrd", "text": "William Byrd (born probably 1539 or 1540; died Stondon Massey, 4 July 1623) was an English composer. He wrote music of all types that were popular then: keyboard music for virginals and for the organ, vocal music, especially choral music, both for the church (\u201csacred\u201d) as well as non-sacred (\u201csecular\u201d).\nByrd lived in a time of great changes. Henry VIII had broken away from the Roman Catholic church and had founded the Anglican Church. The monarch (king or queen) was the Head of the Church of England. During Byrd\u2019s lifetime the monarchs who reigned had different ideas about what church music should be like. Byrd was always a Catholic. This sometimes made life difficult for him, but he was always faithful to the monarchy, and he had a lot of tact in dealing with people.\nByrd grew up in the Renaissance period. He lived into the 17th century which is the period known in music as the Baroque period. \nHis Story.\nYouth.\nWe know very little about Byrd\u2019s early life. Most books say that he was born in 1543, but a document that was found recently makes us think he was probably born late in 1539 or in 1540. He may have come from Lincoln which is where his first job was, but he probably had some of his education in London. This is likely because we know he was a pupil of Thomas Tallis who worked in London. Tallis was in charge of the music of the Chapel Royal which was the best choir in England, and it is likely that Byrd sang in the choir when he was a boy. Queen Mary was on the throne at the time. She was Catholic and she liked church music to be quite long and complicated, with Latin words. This gave composers lots to do, and the young Byrd started composing church music at this time.\nLincoln period.\nAround 1563 Byrd got the job of Organist and Choir Master of Lincoln Cathedral. This was an important job for such a young man, and he had an extra-large salary, so people must have thought he was a very good musician. By this time Queen Elizabeth I was on the throne. She had different ideas from Mary. She was Protestant, and liked church music to be simpler, although she still liked the Latin service. In Lincoln Byrd was sometimes told off for playing organ music that was too long and complicated. Byrd composed a lot of music for the cathedral. He also married in 1568 and they had at least seven children.\nChapel Royal.\nIn 1570 he got a job as Gentleman of the Chapel Royal in London. He may have done both jobs for a year or two, and he certainly continued to write music for Lincoln for some years after that. He settled in London and started to make many friends. He was very careful to get to know lots of important people who would be able to help him in his career.\nIn 1575 Queen Elizabeth gave William Byrd and Thomas Tallis together a patent for music publishing. This meant that they earned some money for every bit of music that was published, printed or sold in England. Music publishing had only just started in England. It was still very expensive to have music printed. Byrd thanked the Queen by publishing some of his Latin motets and dedicating them to her. They were called \"Cantiones Sacrae\" (\"Sacred Songs\"). He also wrote a collection of \"Psalmes, Sonets and Songs\" (1588) and \"Songs of Sundrie Natures\" (1589). His church music includes settings of the Service and many anthems such as the popular \"Sing joyfully\".\nLater years.\nIn 1593 he moved with his family to Stondon Massey in Essex. He spent the rest of his life there. Most of his church music from that time on was in Latin. He wrote three settings of the Mass and two books of \"Gradualia\" which were large collections of music for the whole year. \nByrd also wrote a lot of keyboard music. Some of it was for a collection called \"My Ladye Nevells Booke\", some of it was for the \"Fitzwilliam Virginal Book\".\nHe died on July 4, 1623, and is buried in an unmarked grave in the Stondon churchyard.\nHis music.\nByrd\u2019s music has a lot of variety, largely because of the different ideas people had various times during the period. There were lots of political and religious arguments between groups of people. In the early 17th century people were often sent to prison for writing Catholic music. Byrd seems to have escaped such punishment, although he was involved in several lawsuits. He was lucky that he was able to continue to live as a free man and compose. Being on good terms with the Queen must have helped him.\nByrd wrote music for the Anglican church and for the Roman Catholic Church. His \"Cantiones Sacrae\" published in 1589 and 1591 are collections of Latin motets. These are the very best of Byrd\u2019s works, and better than anything that was being written in Europe at that time. He probably wrote them for private (illegal) gatherings of Catholics, so this meant that he could write in whatever style he wanted. His music is very contrapuntal, representing the best of the English Renaissance style.\nHis Latin church music was forgotten after his death. It only became popular in the early 20th century when it was rediscovered.\nByrd also wrote very beautiful music for viols as well as a lot of keyboard music."}
+{"id": "58237", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58237", "title": "Contrapuntal", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58238", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58238", "title": "Anglican Church", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58239", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58239", "title": "Vocal", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58241", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58241", "title": "Cuneiform", "text": "Cuneiform script is one of the earliest known systems of writing. It used wedge-shaped marks on clay tablets, made by a reed stylus. The name \"cuneiform\" itself means \"wedge shaped\", from the Latin \"cuneus\" \"wedge\" and \"forma\" \"shape\". It came into English usage probably from the Old French \"cun\u00e9iforme.\"\nIt was first used in Sumer in the late 4th millennium BC (the 'Uruk IV' period). Cuneiform writing began as a system of pictographs. In the third millennium, the signs became simplified and more abstract. Fewer characters were used, from about 1,000 in the early Bronze Age to about 400 in late Bronze Age (Hittite cuneiform). The system used a combination of phonetic, consonantal alphabetic (no vowels) and syllabic signs.\nThe original Sumerian script was adapted for the writing of the Akkadian, Eblaite, Elamite, Hittite, Luwian, Hattic, Hurrian, and Urartian languages, and it inspired the Ugaritic and Old Persian alphabets. Cuneiform writing was gradually replaced by the Phoenician alphabet during the Neo-Assyrian Empire. By the 2nd century BC, the script was extinct. All knowledge of how to read it was lost until it began to be deciphered in the 19th century."}
+{"id": "58242", "revid": "1375736", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58242", "title": "Menes", "text": "Menes was a pharaoh of the first dynasty of ancient Egypt. He lived ca. 3100-3000 BC. He brought together Upper and Lower Egypt to make an empire. He wore the Pschent or double crown: the white crown of Upper Egypt and the red crown of Lower Egypt. He built the city of Memphis and made it the capital.\nThere is a lot of archeological evidence that there was a pharaoh named Narmer, but little evidence for a pharaoh named Menes. It is now believed that Menes was either Narmer, the pharaoh before Narmer, or Hor-Aha, who ruled after him.\nMore than 2000 years later Manetho, an Egyptian historian, wrote that Menes ruled for 62 years and was killed by a hippopotamus.\nAn image of Menes holding an ankh is on the frieze on the south wall of the U.S. Supreme Court building."}
+{"id": "58244", "revid": "1513005", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58244", "title": "Bast", "text": "Bastet was the ancient Egyptian goddess of protection and cats. She was the warrior daughter and defender of Ra, who sent her to fight his archenemy Apep. As protectress, she was seen as defender of the pharaoh, after Sekhet, the lioness, and consequently of the chief god Ra.\nBast is also known as Bastet, Ubasti, and Pasch. She was worshipped at least since the Second Dynasty in Ancient Egypt. The centre of her cult was in Per-Bast (\"Bubastis\" in Greek), which was named after her. Originally she was seen as the protector goddess of Lower Egypt and her image was that of a fierce lion. The name Bast means '(female) devourer'.\nIn later times Bast became the goddess of protection and blessing and was the protectress of women, children and domestic cats. She was the goddess of sunrise, music, dance and pleasure as well as family, fertility and birth. When Anubis became the god of embalming, Bast, as goddess of ointment, was connected to him (sometimes viewed as his wife and sometimes as his mother) until Anubis became Nephthys' son. \nThis gentler characteristic, of Bast as goddess of perfumes, following Lower Egypt's loss in the wars between Upper and Lower Egypt, meant that in the Middle Kingdom of Egypt she became seen as a domestic cat and not as a lioness. Owing to associations with the maternal nature of cats, Bast was also regarded as a good mother and she was commonly depicted with kittens. Sometimes Egyptian women who wanted children wore an amulet showing the goddess with kittens; the number of kittens on the amulet would correspond to how many children the woman wanted to have.\nWorship.\nBastet (Bast) was the most honored feline deity in Ancient Egypt. The cult of Bastet started around the town of Bubastis, located in the Eastern Delta in Lower Egypt (around 3,200 B.C.), and was an important town from the Old Kingdom through the Late Period. During early Egyptian times the city was called Per-Bast which translates into \u201cthe domain of Bast\u201d. Later the city was called Bubastis and is today known as Tell Basta. Bastet was worshipped throughout other regions of the Egyptian region as well. Bast was worshipped in Memphis (during the Old Kingdom), where she was associated with Sekhmet; in Heliopolis (during the Old Kingdom) where she was called the \u201cDaughter of Tem\u201d (connected to Tefnut); in a city called \u201cHill of Bast\u201d in the precinct of Mut in Thebes (during the New Kingdom) and in the city of Nit during the Late Period. Festivals celebrating Bastet were held in the cities of Bubastis, Memphis, Thebes (Luxor) and Esna. \nNames of the elaborate festivals of Bastet included: \u201cProcession of Bastet\u201d, \u201cBastet Protects the Two Lands\u201d, \u201cBastet Goes Forth from Per-Bast\u201d, \u201cBastet Appears Before Ra\u201d and the \u201cFestival of Hathor and Bastet\u201d. Her main festivals were celebrated in April and May in Bubastis. Her festivals were characterized by music, dancing and wine and were some of the most popular festivals in Egypt at the time. For some festivals, over 700,000 people came from all over Egypt, often in boats, sailing along the Nile. \nIn Bubastis, the festival began by making sacrifices to Bastet. The Temple of Bast stood in the town center so that it could be seen from everywhere and stood on raised ground. The outside wall of the temple was decorated with pictures of animals and inside the temple was a courtyard, planted with a grove of trees surrounding her shrine. Worshippers came from all over Egypt, often leaving offerings, bronze statues, amulets and mummified cats in her temple. Thousands of these cats were later found in underground crypts where her temple once stood. \nDuring the days of celebration, the Egyptians spent many days making music, dancing and being joyful. Worshippers went to her temple playing instruments, beating drums, shaking tambourines, carrying sistras (sacred rattles), singing and dancing through the streets. On the last night of the festival, a single light would be lit inside the Temple of Bast and from there the light would spread through the town, carried by devotees. Prayers throughout the night would be accompanied by music and incense. Bast was important in worship and the Egyptian people would make sacrifices to her of spices, water, wine, milk, bread and meat. Gifts of gold, diamonds, silver, perfumes and other riches would also be given. The people of Egypt would also dance and sing to her because was the goddess of both dance and song.\nRelatives.\nBastet\u2019s father was Ra, the God of the Sun and All Creation. Hathor (Sekment), the cow-headed god of the sky and women, was also a daughter of Ra. Hathor had two sons named Nefertem (meaning 'water lily' or 'the sun' or 'he who is beautiful'), the God of Healing, and Maahes, a solar lion-headed God of War. Bastet did not have a mother because Ra, as the Creator deity, was called \u201cThe Great He-She\u201d and was considered to be able to be both male and female. Bastet's husband was Ptah, the god of Craftsmen, Rebirth and Creation. When associated with Isis, Bastet was sometimes called the \u201cSoul of Isis\u201d. \nThese familial associations are somewhat misleading, however, because Egyptian gods shared relationships beyond traditional family contexts. Sekhmet, Bastet and dozens of other goddesses were considered to be \u201cEyes-of-Ra\u201d. Bastet and Sekhmet were paired, for example, but they were paired geographically and not as opposite personalities of Bastet. The main place of Bastet\u2019s worship was in Lower Egypt while Sekhmet was worshipped primarily in Upper Egypt. Egyptians traditionally associated Bastet as a \u201cShe of the North\u201d and Sekhmet as a \u201cShe of the South\u201d. Sometimes Bastet was also called \u201cLady of the East\u201d (Protectress of the Eastern Delta) while Sekhmet was called the \u201cLady of the West\u201d (Protectress of the Western Delta)."}
+{"id": "58245", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58245", "title": "Ra", "text": "\"This article is about the Egyptian Sun god Ra or Re. For the chemical element, see Radium\"\nIn Egyptian mythology, Ra was the god of the sun, light, day, creation, life, ressurection, truth, prophecy, sight, sky, heaven, order and kings . He was the most important god in Ancient Egypt. \nHe had many names, such as Amun-Ra. It was said he was born each morning in the East, and died each night in the West. In the night he travelled through the underworld. This is why the west side of the Nile was known as the land of the dead. He had the head of a Falcon, the body of a man, and was the king of the Egyptian gods.\nName.\nRa was thought to be the god of the sun and creation. Ra\u2019s name came from Re and Amun. The name Re was from Upper Egypt and the name Amun came from Lower Egypt. When Upper and Lower Egypt came together they changed the name to Amun-Re. Over thousands of years the name Amun-Re evolved into Amun-Ra and then just to Ra. From then on people called him Re or Ra. Ra used to mean \u201cmouth\u201d in the Egyptian language. Some names are: Re, the Creator, Khepry, etc.\nLooks.\nRa has many forms. His best-known form is the man with the head of a falcon and the sun disk above him. He may also be depicted as a scarab beetle or a man. One is Amun-Ra, which is a ram and the other, Ra-Hakorthaty which is a sky sun god."}
+{"id": "58269", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58269", "title": "UTC-4", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58271", "revid": "593910", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58271", "title": "Jim Morrison", "text": "James Douglas (Jim) Morrison (December 8, 1943 \u2013 July 3, 1971) was an American musician. He was the lead singer of rock band The Doors.\nEarly years.\nMorrison was of English, Scottish and Irish descent. His father was an officer for the United States Navy. This meant that he moved around very often. Morrison did not have many friends and read many books. When he went to high school in 1962, his teacher was amazed by his culture. In 1964 he went to the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).\nThe Doors.\nOne day in Venice Beach, Morrison saw Ray Manzarek. Manzarek had also gone to UCLA. Morrison sang some verses of \"Moonlight Drive\". Manzarek liked the intensity of the words to the song and asked Morrison to form a rock band with him. Morrison agreed and came up with the name \"The Doors\". The name was a reference of the Aldous Huxley book \"The Doors of Perception\" whose name came from a verse of the famous poet William Blake; \"If the doors of perception were cleansed everything would appear to man as it is, infinite.\" The Doors was formed by Jim Morrison, Ray Manzarek, John Densmore and Robby Krieger. In the beginning, Morrison would sing without looking the audience. After a while, he learned the play with them instead. He would jump and fall at stage with screams and jokes, inspired by rock idol Nick Serven.\nMorrison became very famous all over the world as a poet, singer and sex symbol. Morrison had a problem with alcohol. He drank a lot and later albums were not as good as the first one. He wrote more poems and thought about stopping his career with The Doors. He took some drugs (mainly LSD) and become an addict. In 1969, in Miami, it was said that he was drunk and \"exposed\" himself.\nMorrison was inducted, as a member of The Doors, into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1993.\nDeath.\nThe last album, \"L.A. Woman\" was released in 1971. It is thought to be one of the band's best albums. That year Morrison decided to take a break and go to Paris. On July 3, he was found dead in his bathroom. The cause of his death was heart failure, although no official autopsy took place. Other people think it could have been a murder. His grave is at the P\u00e8re-Lachaise, at the same place as Oscar Wilde, Moli\u00e8re and many other great poets and authors."}
+{"id": "58272", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58272", "title": "Anchovy", "text": "Anchovies are a family (Engraulidae) of small but common schooling saltwater plankton-feeding fish. They are found in scattered areas throughout the world's oceans. Anchovies are concentrated in temperate waters, and are rare or absent in very cold or very warm seas.\nBiology.\nThe anchovy is a small green fish with blue reflections. These reflections are due to a silver stripe that runs along the length of the fish from the base of the caudal fin. It is maximum in length. The body shape is variable with more slender fish in northern populations. The snout is blunt with small, sharp teeth in both jaws. The mouth is larger than those of herrings and silversides, two fish which they closely resemble. It eats plankton and fish larvae.\nThe Anchovy can tolerate a wide range of temperatures and salinity. Large schools can be found in shallow, brackish areas with muddy bottoms, as in estuaries and bays. \nSpawning occurs between October and March, but not in water colder than 12 \u00b0C. The anchovy appears to spawn 100 kilometers from the shore, near the surface of the water.\nHabitat.\nThere are many Anchovies in the Mediterranean. They are regularly caught on the coasts of Sicily, Italy, France and Spain. The range of the species also extends along the Atlantic coast of Europe to the south of Norway.\nAs a food source.\nThe anchovy is a good food source for almost every predatory fish in its environment, including the California halibut, rock fish, yellowtail, sharks, chinook, and coho salmon. It is also extremely important to marine mammals and birds; for example, California brown pelicans and elegant terns. The breeding success of these birds is strongly connected to anchovy abundance. As time progresses and the anchovy population drops, the population of the predatory species are also expected to decline. \nThey are also eaten by humans. Anchovies preserved by being gutted and salted in brine, matured, then packed in oil, are an important food fish, both popular and infamous for their strong flavor. In Roman times, they were the base for the fermented fish sauce called \"garum\" that was a staple of cuisine and an item of long-distance commerce produced in industrial quantities. Today they are a key ingredient in Caesar salad and Spaghetti alla puttanesca, and are often used as a pizza topping. Because of the strong flavour they are also an ingredient in several sauces, including Worcestershire sauce and many fish sauces, and in some versions of Caf\u00e9 de Paris butter. They are most commonly marketed in small tins, either as \"flat\" filets, or as \"rolled anchovies\" where each fillet is rolled around a caper. Both are quite salty. The flat fillets are usually more salty than the rolled anchovies. They are also marketed in jars and tubes as a paste, mostly for use in making sauces, such as anchovy essence. Fishermen also use anchovies as bait for larger fish such as tuna and sea bass. \nThe strong taste that people associate with anchovies is due to the curing process. Fresh anchovies, known in Italy as \"alici\", have a much softer and gentler flavor. In English-speaking countries, \"alici\" are sometimes called \"white anchovies\", and are often served in a weak vinegar marinade.\nThis particular preservation method is associated with the coastal town of Collioure in south east France. The white fillets (a little like marinated herrings) are sold in heavy salt, or the more popular garlic or tomato oil and vinegar marinade packs.\nThe European anchovy, \"Engraulis encrasicolus\", is the anchovy of commerce. Morocco now leads the world in canned anchovies. The anchovy industry along the coast of Cantabria now dwarfs the traditional Catalan salters, though the industry was only started in Cantabria by Sicilian salters in the mid 19th century.\n\"Setipinna taty\" or \"ikan bilis\" is the anchovy commonly used in South-East Asian cooking to make fish stock or sambals. Anchovy is also used to produce budu, by fermentation process.\nAnchovies can concentrate domoic acid which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning.\nFishing.\nOverfishing of anchovies has been a problem. Since the 1980s, large mechanized anchovy fishing vessels based in France have caught the fish in fine-mesh dragnets.\nSpain beaching incident.\nOn September 29th, 2006, it was reported in the Associated Press that millions of anchovies with a weight of over three tons, had beached themselves in northern Spain, near Colunga, Asturias. Tests on the dead fish did not detect any toxic chemical that could have caused the beaching, and the current working theory is that the school beached itself trying to escape from \"hungry dolphins or tuna.\" If the beached specimens had grown to maturity, it would have been more than \"100 tons of potential breeders.\""}
+{"id": "58275", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58275", "title": "Engraulidae", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58278", "revid": "1695772", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58278", "title": "Indigenous Australians", "text": "Indigenous Australians are the native people of Australia. They include the Aboriginal Australians as well as Torres Strait Islanders and are often known together as Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people.\nThe first Indigenous Australians were hunter-gatherers who migrated from Southeast Asia. Scientists do not know exactly when (or how) they arrived, but it was at least 60,000 years ago. \nMany Indigenous Australians suffered starting in 1788, when the first Europeans arrived. Many caught diseases from the Europeans (British and Irish people) and/or lost their hunting lands.\nHistory.\nThe first people of Australia were nomads who came to what is now Australia from Southeast Asia at least 60,000 years ago. As hunter-gatherers, they used weapons like boomerangs, sticks, and spears to kill animals for food. \nWhen the British came to Australia in 1788, they called all the native people \"aboriginals\", meaning people who have lived there since the earliest times.\nThere are now about 650,000 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people living in Australia.\nBeliefs.\nAboriginal Australians believe in a process of creation called Dreamtime, when their animal, plant, and human ancestors created the world and everything in it. \nThere are many songs and stories about Dreamtime, which generations of Aboriginal people have passed down to their children.\nArt.\nAboriginal Australians have their own type of art. Paintings of the people, spirits, and animals of Dreamtime cover sacred cliffs and rocks in tribal territories. Some of the pictures are made in red and yellow ochre and white clay. Others have been carved into the rocks. Many are thousands of years old.\nModern Aboriginal art is mostly based on old stories about Dreamtime. \nBoomerangs.\nBoomerangs are one of a group of weapons known as \"throwsticks\". The typical boomerang is designed to be self-returning, but it must be properly thrown. \nSince boomerangs have been discovered in cultures with no connection with Australia such as in ancient Egypt, they probably developed separately. \nModern computer-designed boomerangs may have three or four wings, instead of the traditional two.\nLand claims.\nWhen the British came to live in Australia, they decided that the land was empty and that nobody \"owned\" the land in the way that Europeans used the word. That was called \"terra nullius\", Latin words for \"empty land\".\nIn 1976, the Australian government gave Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people the right to use the land where their tribes were originally located. On 3 Jun, 1992, the High Court of Australia said that the idea of \"terra nullius\" was wrong, and the government brought in new laws to set up native title. \nUnder the new laws, an Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander person can claim land as Indigenous land if they can prove that:"}
+{"id": "58279", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58279", "title": "Ian Thorpe", "text": "Ian Thorpe (born 13 October 1982 in Sydney, New South Wales) is an Australian swimmer. He won five gold medals at Olympic Games. He was the only swimmer who has won six gold medals in one World Championships (which he did in 2001) until Michael Phelps won seven in 2007. He is known for having large feet. At the age of 14, he became the youngest male ever to represent Australia,\nA large baby, Thorpe weighed 4.1 kg (9.02 lb) and measured 0.59 m (1 ft 11 in) in length at birth.\nOn 12 July 2014, Thorpe revealed he is gay. "}
+{"id": "58280", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58280", "title": "Cathy Freeman", "text": "Cathy Freeman, OAM (born 16 February 1973) is a retired Australian sprinter. She ran mostly in the 400\u00a0metres event. She became the Olympic champion for the women's 400\u00a0metres at the 2000 Summer Olympics. She lit the Olympic Flame at the beginning of the 2000 games. She has won several medals at the Commonwealth Games, the Olympics, and the IAAF World Championships. She retired from athletics in 2003.\nFreeman was born in Slade Point, Mackay, Queensland. She is Aboriginal. Her mother was born in the Manbarra community on Palm Island. Freeman was raised as a Bah\u00e1'\u00ed.\nIn 1998, she was awarded Australian of the Year. In 2001, she was given both the World Sportswoman of the Year and the Medal of the Order of Australia."}
+{"id": "58282", "revid": "10499266", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58282", "title": "Paris Hilton", "text": "Paris Whitney Hilton (born February 17, 1981) is an American socialite, media personality, model, singer, author, fashion designer, actress, businesswoman and DJ. Her great-grandfather founded the Hilton Hotels. She is an heiress (meaning she will receive part of the Hilton Hotel fortune which her family runs). Right now she lives in the city of Los Angeles, which is in the state of California. She used to have a little dog named Tinkerbell, who was a small type of Chihuahuha.\nHilton has been in the media for various reasons. She has become well known for the bad behavior she sometimes shows in public. Another reason for her fame is that a home-made sex video (with her former boyfriend, Rick Salomon) leaked onto the Internet in 2003. Hilton and her friend Nicole Richie were the stars of the reality show \"The Simple Life\" for five seasons.\nEarly life and background.\nParis Hilton was born in New York City. Paris is the oldest of four children. Her father is Richard and her mother is Kathy. She has a sister named Nicky who is three years younger than she is, and younger brothers, Conrad and Barron. Her grandfather is Barron Hilton and her great-grandfather was Conrad Hilton. Her step-great-grandmother was actress and socialite Zsa Zsa Gabor.\nParis Hilton lived in the Waldorf-Astoria area of Manhattan, which is part of New York City. She also lived in Beverly Hills, which is part of Los Angeles, and the Hamptons, which is on Long Island in New York. As a child she was good friends with Nicole Richie and Kim Kardashian. Her other childhood best friend is Nicky Hilton, her sister, who she spent a lot of time with and she still does. She went to her first year of high school at the Marywood-Palm Valley School in Rancho Mirage, California. Then she went to the Dwight School in New York for her second and third years of high school. She then had to move to the Canterbury Boarding School, in New Milford, Connecticut. Hilton played ice hockey there. She was forced to stop going to the school in the year 1999 because she did not follow the school rules.\nHilton has attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.\nCareer.\nAs a model.\nWhen Paris Hilton was a child she began modeling, most often at charity events. When she was 19, she joined with Donald Trump's modeling agency, T Management. Hilton has also worked with Ford Models in New York, Models 1 Agency in London, Nous Model Management in Los Angeles, and Premier Model Management in London. Her picture is in many advertisements, and some of them are Iceberg Vodka, GUESS, Tommy Hilfiger, Christian Dior, and Marciano. In 2001, people started looking at her as a socialite, and everyone called her \"New York's leading 'It Girl'\" (a girl who is good at knowing what clothes are stylish to wear and knows the latest gossip).\nActress film roles.\nParis Hilton has appeared in a few movies. Her biggest role was in a scary movie called \"The House of Wax\". She also played small roles, called cameo roles, in the movies \"Zoolander\", \"Wonderland\", and \"The Cat In The Hat\". She played supporting roles in \"Nine Lives, Raising Helen\", and \"The Hillzu\". She was the hottie in the 2008 movie \"The Hottie and the Naughty\". More recently, Hilton plays Amber Sweet, the surgery- and painkiller-addicted daughter of a biotech magnate in the goth/rock musical \"Repo! The Genetic Opera\". Hilton is most famous in her movie career for a sex tape she filmed with then-boyfriend Rick Salomon. The tape was soon leaked onto the internet and became very famous. It features Hilton performing oral sex on Solomon and copulating with him and features some night-vision camera.\nReality television.\nParis Hilton is known for television shows the \"Simple Life\" and \"The Simple Life 2\". She did the show with her friend Nicole Richie. It was broadcasted on FOX TV until 2004 and was then picked up by E! Network for two more seasons before cancellation in 2006. Hilton mclaren p1 has also played guest roles, in episodes of The O.C., The George Lopez Show, Las Vegas, American Dreams, Dogg After Dark, and Veronica Mars. Also, she was in a few music videos, for example \"It Girl\" by John Oates and \"Just Lose It\" by clawfinger zeroes and heroes . In April 2008, she guest starred on the My Name is Earl episode \"I Won't Die with a Little Help from My Friends\". Another famous show she is on right now is \"Paris Hilton's My New BFF\". On this show girls try to become Paris's new best friend.\nSinger.\nParis released her debut studio album which is called \"Paris\". They include the songs \"Screwed\", and \"Stars are Blind\", which was a hit in 17 different countries.\nAuthor.\nIn early 2004, Paris Hilton began selling a book about herself, \"Confessions of an Heiress: A Tongue-in-Chic Peek Behind the Pose\", which was mostly written by Merle Ginsberg. The book has hundreds of photographs of her and contains her advice on life as an heiress. Hilton reportedly received a $100,000 advance payment for this book. The book was made fun of by Robert Mundell on The Late Show with David Letterman. The book became a New York Times bestseller. Hilton then made a designer diary, also mostly made by Merle Ginsberg, called \"Your Heiress Diary: Confess It All to Me\"."}
+{"id": "58285", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58285", "title": "Paris Whitney Hilton", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58287", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58287", "title": "Amun", "text": "In Egyptian mythology, Amun was worshipped as a very powerful god, often being combined with Ra to form the god Amun-Ra. At one point in Egyptian history, he was known as, \"King of the Gods.\"\nAmun (also spelled Ammon) became one of the most important deities in Ancient Egypt, and in later years, combined with Horus into one god.\nHe began as a Theban wind and fertility god, before being recognized as the supreme deity, with most of Egypt's vast wealth dedicated to his temple.\nAround the second millennium B.C.E., Thebes' worship of Amun grew so powerful that it threatened worship of then-primary sun god, Ra, which eventually resulted in these two deities also being recognized as one god.\nAmun-Ra was hailed as a national god, the creator of the universe, the pharaoh's personal protector, and the god of war.\nOrigin of name.\nAmun's name is first recorded as \"Imn\", meaning, \"The hidden (one).\" Vowels were not written in Egyptian hieroglyphics, but Egyptologists believe the name survives into the Coptic language as \"Amoun.\"\nInception and historical influence.\nWorshippers of Amun recorded in their texts that he had created himself, then created everything else, while remaining distant from the rest of the world. Amun may potentially be one of the original creator gods in human religion. \nAmun was depicted in human form, seated on a throne, wearing a plain, deep circlet with two straight parallel plumes above it, which may serve as symbolism of being without a father, and were almost certainly representative of his former status as a wind god. \nWhen Amun had become more culturally significant than Menthu, the latter became known as the son of Amun. However, as Mut was infertile, it was believed that she and Amun had adopted Menthu rather than conceiving him.\nAmmon creator worship was introduced to Greece at an early period, probably through the medium of the Greek colony in Cyrene, which must have formed a connection with the great oracle of Ammon in the Oasis soon after its establishment.\nWhen Alexander the Great invaded Egypt in 332 B.C.E., he was pronounced the metaphorical son of Amun, thus conquering Egypt without a fight, and currency began depicting Alexander as being adorned with the horns of Ammon.\nThis tradition continued for centuries, with Alexander being referred to in the Qur'an as, \"Dhu al-Qarnayn (The Two-Horned One),\" a reference to his depiction on Middle Eastern coins."}
+{"id": "58289", "revid": "1513005", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58289", "title": "Aten", "text": "Aten is the disk of the Sun in ancient Egyptian mythology, and an aspect of the Sun-god Ra. Aten was pictured as a sun with rays that ended in hands.\nThe deified Aten is the focus of the monotheistic religion of Atenism established by Amenhotep IV, who later took the name Akhenaten in worship and recognition of the Aten. In his poem \"Great Hymn to the Aten\", Akhenaten praises Aten as the creator, and giver of life. Akhenaten was the first person to attempt to make a monotheistic religion.\nThe worship of Aten was eradicated by Horemheb."}
+{"id": "58291", "revid": "10040384", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58291", "title": "Clam", "text": "A clam is a type of shellfish. Clams can be found in saltwater and freshwater. This is a common usage term, and so includes quite a variety of shellfish. Clams are a fairly common form of bivalve, therefore making it part of the phylum Mollusc. There are many clams in the ocean, but some can also be found in some lakes, streams, and rivers.\nThe word 'clam' is often applied to those that are edible and live most of their lives halfway buried in the seafloor. Clams have two shells of equal size connected by two aductor muscles and have a powerful burrowing foot. \nClams for cooking do not live attached to rocks (whereas oysters and mussels do). Clams are often got by digging and cooked and served as clam chowder. They may be found on menus in restaurants that serve seafood.\nClams eat plankton, and are eaten by small sharks and squid. \nClams have a burrowing foot that they use to dig down into the sand or mud to hide.\nThe shell has three layers. The top one is called mother-of-pearl because it is a coating of pearl material. \nA living freshwater clam can work like a filter in fish tanks to keep the water clean.\nLife span.\nSome clams have life cycles of only one year, while at least one may be over 500 years old. All clams have two calcareous shells or valves joined near a hinge with a flexible ligament, and all are filter feeders."}
+{"id": "58294", "revid": "1513005", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58294", "title": "Bes", "text": "Bes was the ancient Egyptian god of protection of pregnant women, newborn babies and the family. He was a dwarf wearing a lion's skin. Bes does not look like he is Egyptian. He is like gods found in other parts of Africa.\nTo scare away demons during birth, Bes would dance around the room, shaking his rattle and yelling to scare away demons that might put a curse on the child. After the child was born, Bes would stay by him/her. When a baby laughed or smiled for no reason, Egyptians believed that Bes was somewhere in the room making funny faces.\nHis name appears to be connected to a Nubian word for \"cat\", \"besa\", which literally means \"protector\". Egyptians kept cats in order to attack snakes, and creatures that might ruin crop stores, such as mice, and so Bes was naturally singled out as worthy of worship in Egypt.\nWorship.\nImages of the god were kept in homes to protect from evil and so he was shown quite differently from the other gods. Normally gods were shown in profile, but instead Bes appeared in portrait, and sometimes in a soldier's tunic, so as to appear ready to launch an attack on any approaching evil.\nIn the New Kingdom, tattoos of Bes could be found on the thighs of dancers, musicians and servant girls.\nLike many Egyptian gods, the worship of Bes was exported overseas, and he was popular with the Phoenicians and the (ancient) Cypriots.\nPurpose.\nBes, the family god, protected children from the dangers of snakes and scorpions. Like the hippopotamus god Taweret, Bes was the protector of women in childbirth. The Egyptians put a statue in their room or a carving over their bed to protect them from bad dreams. He brought good luck and good health to all that honored him. This household deity was also the god of music, dance and pleasure.\nPhysical Description.\nBes was shown in full-face, unlike the other gods who were drawn in profile. This bandy-legged, large bellied dwarf wore an animal pelt and feathered headdress. He brandished a weapon or played a musical instrument while hopping about. Bes\u2019 tail and lion\u2019s mane stood out from his dwarfish features. With his tongue sticking out or teeth bared, this god had a place in every home.\nHistory.\nBes started out as multiple demons, which morphed to form a rearing lion as his first combined form. His power increased from the Old Kingdom to the New Kingdom. He started out as the protector of the pharaoh but shifted to being worshiped by civilians. In the New Kingdom, the female form, Beset developed from Bes. Items with his depiction were common in a very broad field, which included Sub-Sahara Africa, modern Turkey, Cyprus, Syria and Assyria. This implies that Bes was highly popular in the Middle East. The fact that Bes was depicted full-face suggests he originated from Africa."}
+{"id": "58295", "revid": "656019", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58295", "title": "Hokkaido Wolf", "text": "The Hokkaido wolf \"(Canis lupus hattai)\" is a subspecies of Gray Wolf. Scientists believe it became extinct in 1889. There are people who said to have seen some Hokkaido wolves after that year, but there is no proof that they actually did.\nIn the Meiji Restoration in Japan, Japanese farmers wanted to have American-style ranches for raising livestock. A US farmer named Edwin Dun started to import livestock to Japan. When the wolves began attacking the livestock, the farmers started to kill them, by using poison."}
+{"id": "58296", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58296", "title": "Restaurants", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58297", "revid": "16647", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58297", "title": "Restaurateur", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58298", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58298", "title": "Hornet", "text": "Hornets are the largest of the social wasps. They can reach up to 55mm (5.5\u00a0cm, 2.2in) in length. The \"true hornets\" make up the genus Vespa. True hornets can be distinguished from other vespines by the form of their head. Hornets live in Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas. They live in warm and wet forests, and in desert climates. They do not occur in climates where it is cold all year round.\nLife-cycle.\nFirst a queen starts to build a nest. This depends on the weather. In North America this happens in spring. As the hornet that starts to build the nest, she is the architect of the nest's design. In the built space she will lay eggs. These hatch, and become larvae. The queen will feed the first larvae, until they make a cocoon. After transforming, they will become the first \"workers\". These will do most of the work. The workers will build a hierarchy amongst themselves.\nIf the space where the nest is built becomes too small, the colony will move to another spot.\nIn autumn young queens will hatch. Young males will hatch from unfertilized eggs. These males are called drones. The young queens will build a cocoon to spend the winter, once they have been fertilized. All the other animals will die with the first frost.\nPrey.\nHornets and yellowjackets are good for gardens. This is because their prey is mostly made of insects which are considered pests. They also feed on bees, but their colonies only last for a year, they die in winter. A medium-sized colony, made of 300-400 animals will need about 500g (half a kilo, 1\u00a0lb) of food per day, during the high season, that is in the summer months. Animals hunted include flies, wasps, bees, locusts, beetles, caterpillars, dragonflies and spiders.\nHornets and other animals.\nAnimals called \"hornets\".\nHornets are often confused with yellowjackets. Yellowjackets are smaller, and their coloring is different. They are bright yellow and black.\nYellowjackets are attracted to the \"sweetness\" of human foods, especially in autumn. Hornets feed on live insects, this sweetness does not attract them.\nSome other large wasps are sometimes referred to as \"hornets\". This is particularly true for the bald-faced hornet in North America. The bald-faced hornet is mostly black and white in coloring. This is very different from the black-and-yellow coloring of other wasps. It is set apart by its black and ivory coloration. The name \"hornet\" is used for this and related species mainly because of their habit to make aerial nests (similar to the true hornets') rather than the nests underground the wasps use. Another example is the Australian hornet, which is actually a species of potter wasp.\nAnimals that look like hornets.\nThere are some animals that have changed their appearance to look like hornets. In these case, looking like a hornet is a defense for the animal, because it will be attacked less often. These animals include the Lunar Hornet Moth, the Hornet Moth, the Hornet Mimic Hoverfly. This behavior is called Batesian mimicry.\nAnimals living with hornets.\nThere is a kind of beetle, called \"Velleius dilatatus\" that lives with hornet nests. It lives from the leftovers of the hornets' food, and from dead hornets. It finds hornet nests with its very good sense of smell.\nHornets and people.\nDealing with flying hornets.\nFlying hornets which are hunting and which are not close to their nest will usually not sting, unless they feel threatened. They should not be squeezed; making a breeze at them can also irritate them and make them feel threatened.\nHornets hunt when there is only little light available - humans will call it darkness. Like other insects they are attracted to light. If possible, the light should be extinguished for a short time. The hornets will then continue as usual. If it is not possible to put out the light, a glass jar can be used to catch the hornet. With a paper under the glass, the hornet can then be transported to a safe place away from that light where it can be released.\nDealing with hornet nests.\nHornets will defend their nest, or hive. Depending on the species of hornet, they will do this in a radius of between . Concussions within that radius should be avoided. If they are disturbed often, they will make this radius bigger. There are specially trained people who can move hornet nests - note that in many parts of Europe, the hornet is an endangered species; killing a hornet, destroying or disturbing a hornet nest can lead to a fine.\nStings.\nHornets have a stinger. They use this to kill prey, and to defend themselves. \nHornet stings can be very painful, but they are not more dangerous than the stings of other wasps or bees. With every sting, there is the danger of an allergic reaction and of shock after this reaction. Also, stings in the area of the mouth can make breathing difficult, or impossible.\nPeople who are allergic develop an Anaphylaxis - an allergic reaction. This can be fatal, if it is not treated immediately with Epinephrine (also known as Adrenaline).\nHornets can alert the whole nest. This means that all workers there will defend it. This can lead to a dangerous situation. One sting of a hornet is not dangerous; with 200 to 250 of them, the situation is different."}
+{"id": "58300", "revid": "10076307", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58300", "title": "Geb", "text": "In Egyptian mythology, Geb is the god of the earth. Geb is the husband and brother of the sky goddess Nut and the father of Osiris, Isis, Nephthys, Horus the Elder, and Set. When Seth and Horus (Osiris' son) fought to become the king of Egypt, Geb made Horus the ruler of the living. Geb's parents are Tefnut and Shu. Geb and Nut together formed the permanent boundary between the primeval waters and the newly created world. The ancient Egyptians believed that earthquakes were Geb's laughter. \nThe animals of Geb are a snake and a goose (a goose is sometimes depicted on Geb's head). Geb is sometimes equivalent to Greek titan Kronos.Geb is also god of vegetation. Geb is part of the second generation in the Ennead (group of nine gods) of Heliopolis. \nHe was the third divine ruler among the gods; the human pharaohs claimed to be descended from him, and the royal throne was referred to as \u201cthe throne of Geb.\u201d\nFamily.\nThe story of how Shu, Geb, and Nut were separated in order to create the cosmos is now being interpreted in more human terms; exposing the hostility and sexual jealousy. Between the father-son jealousy and Shu rebelling against the divine order, Geb challenges Shu's leadership. Geb takes Shu's wife, Tefnut, as his chief queen, separating Shu from his sister-wife. Just as Shu had previously done to him. In the book of the Heavenly Cow, it is implied that Geb is the heir of the departing sun god. After Geb passed on the throne to Osiris, his son, he then took on a role of a judge in the Divine Tribunal of the gods.\nIn the Heliopolitan \"Ennead\" (a group of nine gods created in the beginning by the one god Atum or Ra), Geb is the husband of Nut, the sky or visible daytime and nightly firmament, the son of the earlier primordial elements Tefnut (moisture) and Shu ('emptiness'), and the father to the four lesser gods of the system \u2013 Osiris, Seth, Isis and Nephthys. In this context, Geb was believed to have originally been engaged with Nut and had to be separated from her by Shu, god of the air. Consequently, in mythological depictions, Geb was shown as a man reclining, sometimes with his phallus still pointed towards Nut. Geb and Nut together formed the permanent boundary between the primeval waters and the newly created world.\nWorship.\nIn Geb\u2019s temple, priests fed him everyday like many of the other gods. When gifts were given, people were allowed to go to the gate or the forecourt. The priests would collect gifts that the ordinary Egyptians gave to the gods. Priests would pray to honor Geb for the people who came to the temple. The temple was made out of big stone columns that supported a great big hall. There were also very big gates that opened up to the Great Hall. The rooms or chambers were lit by candles, and incense would make the rooms smell nice and clean the air in the temple. The chambers gradually decreased in size as priests went in and created a mysterious feeling. The priests then found the chapel in the shrine, which contained the Naos (a naos is a small shrine) which had the statue of Geb.\nPhysical appearance.\nGeb\u2019s symbol was a goose and his skin was sometimes green, representing the Nile River or black representing rich soil for vegetation. Geb was depicted as a man wearing the crown of the North and other times he wore the crown of the South of Egypt. Geb also sometimes wore a white crown or a goose on his head representing the earth. Geb held a staff in his left hand and in his right hand he usually held an ankh, which is the hieroglyph that meant life. Not only did Geb wear a goose on top of his head but sometimes his would be covered by a goose head.\nNames.\nGeb was so powerful that when he laughed, he made earthquakes start. That is why he was named the Great Cackler. Just like other gods, Geb was very strong and could live a long time. To show his powers for making life from the earth, Geb is sometimes drawn with flowers coming out of his elbow. He had many names which were Geb, Gebb, Seb, Sebb, Keb, and Kebb."}
+{"id": "58301", "revid": "1063175", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58301", "title": "Sting (disambiguation)", "text": "A sting is an injury which a person receives from a stinger. Animals such as bees have them. They tend to hurt a lot and have several different cures.\nSting may also refer to:"}
+{"id": "58306", "revid": "1512676", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58306", "title": "Type O Negative", "text": "Type O Negative was an American gothic/doom metal band formed in Brooklyn, New York City in 1989. They disbanded in 2010 after the death of vocalist and bassist Peter Steele. The band's final line-up was Peter Steele (bass, lead vocals), Kenny Hickey (guitar, co-lead vocals), Josh Silver (keyboards, backing vocals), and Johnny Kelly (drums, percussion). Their lyrical emphasis on themes of romance, depression, and death resulted in the nickname \"the Drab Four\" (in homage to the Beatles' \"Fab Four\" moniker).\nHistory.\nOrigins (1989\u20131991).\nType O Negative was formed after Peter Steele's previous band Carnivore broke up. Steele formed a new band with childhood friends Sal Abruscato, Josh Silver, and Kenny Hickey. They initially named the band Repulsion. This was changed to Sub-Zero, and then Type O Negative. Steele was still tied to the multi-album contract he made with Roadrunner Records. After they received a demo, None More Negative, from Type O Negative (then known as Repulsion), they chose not to drop Steele. The band was signed to the label in 1991. Shortly after, they re-released the demo as their debut studio album \"Slow, Deep and Hard\".\n\"Slow, Deep and Hard\" and \"The Origin of the Feces\" (1991\u20131992).\nType O Negative's first album, \"Slow, Deep and Hard\", combined Black Sabbath-esque riffs with elements of hardcore punk, industrial and gothic rock. The songs were long, multi-part theatrical epics. It was a semi-concept album of a man who takes revenge on a cheating girlfriend. The man then rethinks his actions and ends up commiting suicide.\nThis was followed by \"The Origin of the Feces\" on May 12, 1992. It's a faux-live album. It had a warning label on its cover that stated \"Not Live at Brighton Beach\". The album is mostly a re-recording of \"Slow, Deep and Hard\", but with different song titles. It also includes a few original tracks songs as \"Are You Afraid\" and \"Hey Pete\" (a cover of Jimi Hendrix's \"Hey Joe\" with altered lyrics). A cover of Black Sabbath's \"Paranoid\" was also included on the 1994 reissue of the album.\n\"Bloody Kisses\" and \"October Rust\" (1993\u20131998).\nType O Negative's third studio album, \"Bloody Kisses\", was released in 1993. It saw critical and listener acclaim. It was Roadrunner's first record to get certified gold status in the US. The album's success put a lot of pressure on the band. Monte Conner, who at the time was Vice President of A&R at Roadrunner, said in a 2018 interview with Revolver Magazine, \"There was a lot of pressure for him to take the band to the next level, but he didn't want to quit his job... There was a point where it looked like the band might break up.\"\n\"Bloody Kisses\" has lyrics of loneliness and heartbreak in songs like \"Too Late: Frozen\", \"Blood & Fire\" and \"Can't Lose You\". The organ-driven \"Set Me on Fire\" is based on garage rock of the 1960s. \"Summer Breeze\" is a cover of the 1972 Seals and Crofts hit. \"Christian Woman\" and \"Black No. 1 (Little Miss Scare-All)\" became the most popular tracks, after having been edited down to radio-friendly lengths (the album versions were 9 and 11 minutes long respectively). In order to promote the album, Type O Negative went on a two-year world tour. During this time, the band was featured on MTV, VH1, and in \"Rolling Stone\". In the midst of this, drummer Sal Abruscato left and joiend Life of Agony. The band's drum technician, Johnny Kelly, then became a full-fledged member. \"Bloody Kisses\" was re-released a year later in a limited-edition Digipak form. It included eight tracks and a new song \"Suspended in Dusk\", but removed the \"filler\" tracks.\n\"October Rust\" picked up where \"Bloody Kisses\" left off. It explores themes of sex, nature and sensuality. First in a humorous sense on the single \"My Girlfriend's Girlfriend\" and then taken much darker with \"Love You to Death\". This record also had a cover of Neil Young's \"Cinnamon Girl\". It also has the fan favorite \"Green Man\". While not quite as successful as \"Bloody Kisses\", the album was certified gold in the US. It was also the first Type O Negative album to enter the top half of the Billboard Top 200, debuting at No. 42.\n\"World Coming Down\" and \"The Least Worst of Type O Negative\" (1999\u20132001).\nAfter the completion of another world tour, the band started on a fifth album. Its working titles were \"Prophets of Doom\" and \"Aggroculture\". The end result was 1999's \"World Coming Down\", which debuted at No. 39 on the Billboard Top 200 charts. \"World Coming Down\" was darker and bleaker than its predecessors. It was written after a series of deaths in Peter Steele's family.\nA best of album followed in 2000. It was titled \"The Least Worst of Type O Negative.\" Although most songs are from previous albums, some are unreleased remixes or B-sides of previously released singles. Along with these songs are some unreleased tracks from the \"World Coming Down\" sessions, the band's cover of \"Black Sabbath\" by Black Sabbath, and a cleaner version of \"Hey Pete\" (originally released on the mock live album \"The Origin of the Feces\").\n\"Life Is Killing Me\" and \"Dead Again\" (2002\u20132009).\nType O Negative's sixth album, \"Life Is Killing Me\", was released on June 17, 2003. The song lengths are much shorter on this outing. The longest is the 7 and a half-minute \"How Could She?\", a list of female character names from television shows. The album includes a humorous cover of the song \"Angry Inch\" from the musical \"Hedwig and the Angry Inch.\" It details a sex change operation gone terribly wrong. Type O Negative left Roadrunner after the album's release. They had fulfilled their contract with the label.\nType O Negative signed to SPV/Steamhammer in June of 2004. Their only album on the label, \"Dead Again\", was released in 2007. \"Dead Again\" debuted at No. 27 in the United States, the band's highest chart debut to date. They also continued to tour through October of that year. This included a performance at the Rock am Ring festival in Germany.\nPeter Steele's death, the end of Type O Negative and aftermath (2010\u2013present).\nOn April 14, 2010, vocalist and bassist Peter Steele died. It was reportedly due to heart failure. The cause of death was later reported to be sepsis, caused by diverticulitis. The following statement was released April 15 on the band's official website:\nIn a November 2010 interview with \"Rock Hard\" magazine, Johnny Kelly and Kenny Hickey confirmed that Type O Negative had split up.\nRoadrunner Records released a box set of all the band's albums (with the exception of \"Dead Again\") for Back to Black Friday 2011, a spinoff of Record Store Day, on November 25, 2011. Each vinyl cover has no text. \"The Origin of the Feces\" uses its original cover art. A sticker sheet with six mini bumper stickers was also included.\nIn a June 2023 interview with \"Loaded Radio\", Hickey was asked about the future of Type O Negative. He said that he was against the idea of continuing the band with a new vocalist, noting, \"People have approached us to try and reform the band with a singer and go on the road...We personally don't think Peter is replaceable by anyone and it just wouldn't work.\" He did, however, mention that he would not be against the idea of some kind of tribute show with guest musicians saying \"If somebody had the idea and got it together and got the logistics together, sure \u2013 I would be into that.\" \nBand members.\nFinal lineup\nPrevious members\nTouring"}
+{"id": "58307", "revid": "9567773", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58307", "title": "Doom metal", "text": "Doom metal is a form of heavy metal. The music sounds heavy and it is slower than other metal genres. Lyrics play a very important part in this genre. They are normally about sad subjects like pain, death and pessimism."}
+{"id": "58318", "revid": "995452", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58318", "title": "Candlemass", "text": "Candlemass is a doom metal band from Sweden. The band was formed in 1984 in Stockholm."}
+{"id": "58322", "revid": "1463815", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58322", "title": "Split album", "text": "A split album is a music album which includes tracks by two or three separate artists.\nHistory.\nSplit albums were once made on vinyl records. One artist would record music on one side, and the other artist would record music on the other side. Vinyls would then become out of date, and CDs came around. A CD isn't really turned over the same way a vinyl record is, but the term \"sides\" is still used. Since the 1980's, the format was used by many record labels and artists in punk, hardcore punk, grindcore, black metal, noise, and indie rock."}
+{"id": "58331", "revid": "3901", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58331", "title": "Extrasolar planets", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58333", "revid": "1241374", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58333", "title": "Brown dwarf", "text": "A brown dwarf is an object which is made of the same stuff as stars, but does not have enough mass for hydrogen fusion (combining hydrogen atoms into helium atoms). Hydrogen fusion is what makes stars glow. Brown dwarfs are not massive enough to do this, so they are not stars. On the other hand, they are not regular giant planets, because they do glow. There are probably lots of them, but few have been found because they have only a very dim glow.\nTheir mass is between the heaviest gas giants and the lightest stars, with an upper limit around 75 to 80 times the mass of Jupiter (\"MJ\"). Brown dwarfs more massive than 13 \"MJ\" are thought to fuse deuterium and those above ~65 \"MJ\", fuse lithium as well.\nDespite their name, most brown dwarfs would appear magenta to the human eye. The nearest known brown dwarf is WISE 1049-5319 about 6.5 light years away, a binary system of brown dwarves discovered in 2013.\nDiscovery.\nPeople first guessed that brown dwarfs might exist in the 1960s, before they were discovered. People came up with many different names for these theoretical objects, including planetar and substar. Brown dwarfs stayed hypothetical for decades.\nEarly theories suggested that an object less than 0.09 solar masses would never go through normal stellar evolution. The discovery of deuterium-burning down to 0.012 solar masses and the impact of dust formation in the cool outer atmospheres of brown dwarfs in the late 1980s brought these theories into question. However, such objects were hard to find because they emit almost no visible light. Their strongest emissions are in the infrared (IR) spectrum, and ground-based IR detectors were too imprecise at that time to readily identify any brown dwarfs.\nFor many years, efforts to discover brown dwarves were fruitless. In 1988, however, GD 165B was discovered, showing none of the features expected of a low-mass red dwarf star. Today, GD 165B is recognized as the prototype of a class of objects now called \"L dwarfs\". Although the discovery of the coolest dwarf was highly significant at the time, it was debated whether GD 165B would be classified as a brown dwarf or simply a very-low-mass star, because observationally it is very difficult to distinguish between the two.\nSoon after the discovery of GD 165B, other brown-dwarf candidates were reported. Most failed to live up to their candidacy, however, because the absence of lithium showed them to be stellar objects. True stars will burn their lithium within a little over 100 million years (my), whereas brown dwarfs will not. Confusingly, brown dwarves have temperatures and luminosities similar to some true stars. In other words, the detection of lithium in the atmosphere of an object means that, if it is older than 100 my, it is a brown dwarf.\nIn 1994/5 the study of brown dwarfs changed with the discovery of two definite substellar objects (Teide 1 and Gliese 229B). \nThe first confirmed brown dwarf was discovered in 1994. They called this object Teide 1 and it was found in the Pleiades open cluster. \"Nature\" highlighted \"Brown dwarfs discovered, official\" in the front page of that issue. The distance, chemical composition, and age of Teide 1 was established because it is in the young Pleiades star cluster. Teide 1's mass is 55 times that of Jupiter, and clearly below the stellar-mass limit. \nMore notable was Gliese 229B, which was found to have a temperature and luminosity well below the stellar range. Remarkably, its near-infrared spectrum clearly exhibited a methane absorption band at 2 micrometres, a feature that had previously only been observed in the atmospheres of giant planets and that of Saturn's moon Titan. This discovery helped to establish yet another spectral class even cooler than L dwarfs, known as \"T dwarfs\", for which Gliese 229B is the prototype.\nA brown dwarf below 65 Jupiter masses is unable to burn lithium by thermonuclear fusion at any time during its evolution. High-quality spectral data showed that Teide 1 had kept the initial lithium amount of the original molecular cloud from which Pleiades stars formed. This proved the lack of thermonuclear fusion in its core. \nTeide 1 was considered for some time the smallest object out of the Solar System that had been identified by direct observation. Since then over 1800 brown dwarfs have been identified. Some are very close to Earth such as Epsilon Indi Ba and Bb, a pair of brown dwarfs gravitationally bound to a sunlike star around 12 light-years from the Sun, and WISE 1049-5319 a binary system of brown dwarfs about 6.5 light-years away.\nIssues.\nFor some years now there has been debate concerning what criterion to use for defining the separation between a very-low-mass brown dwarf and a giant planet (~13 Jupiter masses). One school of thought is based on formation, and another on interior physics."}
+{"id": "58334", "revid": "9883178", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58334", "title": "Dividend", "text": "Dividends are payments made by a company to its shareholders. When a company earns more money than it spends, the extra money can either be spent on making the company better or it can be given to the people who own a participating interest in the company as a dividend."}
+{"id": "58335", "revid": "18539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58335", "title": "20th Century Fox Television", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58337", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58337", "title": "Camille Dalmais", "text": "Camille Dalmais (born 1978, Paris, France) is a French singer. She is famous in France. Her first album was made in 2002."}
+{"id": "58342", "revid": "687081", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58342", "title": "Dialga", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58348", "revid": "10142743", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58348", "title": "Germanicus", "text": "Germanicus Caesar (24 May 15 BC \u2013 10 October 19 AD) was a Roman general. He was the son of the general Nero Claudius Drusus, and nephew of Emperor Tiberius. He was the father of Caligula.\nGermanicus commanded the Roman forces in their campaign of 14/16 AD against the Germanic tribes. Three whole Roman legions had been wiped out in the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD. It was the greatest disaster in Roman military history.\nPlans for the revenge were started by the Emperor Augustus, and put into effect by his successor Tiberius. Germanicus had command of eight legions, one-third of the Roman Army. He destroyed the opposing German tribes, and recovered two of the three symbolic legionary eagles which had been lost. He was called back by Tiberius after he crossed the Rhine. The reasons for the recall are not agreed, but Augustus had set the Rhine as the limit of Rome's ambitions in Germany.\nGermanicus was given an official triumph. A contemporary calendar gives 26 May as the day in which \"Germanicus Caesar was borne into the city in triumph\". Coins issued under his son Gaius (Caligula) depicted him on a triumphal chariot, with the reverse reading \"Standards Recovered. Germans Defeated\".\nIn AD 18 he was given charge of the eastern part of the empire and fought in Asia and Egypt. Germanicus died in Syria of unknown causes."}
+{"id": "58349", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58349", "title": "Pir sultan abdal", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58353", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58353", "title": "PS10 solar power plant", "text": "The PS10 Solar Power Plant () is a solar power plant in Sanlucar la Mayor, Spain.\nThe plant is made up of a tower in the center of a large field covered in many mirrors. Each of the 624 moveable mirrors has an area of 120 m2 (1290 ft2). The mirrors reflect the light from the Sun to the top of the tower. The heat warms water within pipes in the central tower turning it into steam. The steam drives turbines which, at their peak, put out 11 MW of electricity.\nThe planet is good for providing electricity during the hottest parts of the day when air conditioning demand is the highest."}
+{"id": "58354", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58354", "title": "PS10", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58355", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58355", "title": "Planta Solar 10", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58356", "revid": "1677258", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58356", "title": "Feyenoord", "text": "Feyenoord Rotterdam is a Dutch football team from Rotterdam. They play their home matches in the Feijenoord Stadium, also called De Kuip. Feyenoord is created on July 19,1908. Their home uniform is a red and white shirt with black shorts and black socks. Their away colours for the 2007/2008 season are a black, red and white shirt with black shorts and black socks. They play in the Eredivisie, which is the highest football competition in The Netherlands. Everytime Feyenoord scores at home, the song \"I Will Survive\" by The Hermes House band is played."}
+{"id": "58357", "revid": "1678508", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58357", "title": "Headquarters", "text": "The term \"headquarters\" refers to the main building or location of an organization where a majority of its functions are made. Large corporations typically have headquarters that oversee and control their business operations. Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) also have headquarters buildings where their activities are managed.\nIn the context of law enforcement, headquarters for agencies can be found in large buildings located within cities, towns, counties, or states, serving as the central hub for their operations.\nFor example, some fire departments may have their headquarters situated within a fire station to accommodate administrative staff and operational units. Alternatively, many fire departments have separate headquarters buildings dedicated to administrative functions.\nIn military contexts, the term is similarly applied.\nIn the United States Military, all units within the Army and Marine Corps have buildings for their headquarters staff, which handle administrative responsibilities for companies, battalions, regiments, and other military units."}
+{"id": "58361", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58361", "title": "Estates Theatre", "text": "The Estates Theatre or Stavovsk\u00e9 divadlo in Prague is one of the oldest and most beautiful opera houses in Europe.\nThe Estates Theatre became part of the National Theatre in 1948. People from three different groups perform opera, ballet, and drama there. The same people also perform at the National Theatre (N\u00e1rodn\u00ed divadlo), and the Theatre Kolowrat (Divadlo Kolowrat).\nHistory.\nThe Estates Theatre was built during the late 18th century. At first it was known as Count Nostitz\u2019s Theatre. The theatre opened in 1783 with a performance of the tragedy \"Emilia Galotti\" by the German playwright Gotthold Lessing. It was built in the Neoclassical style. On 29 October 1787, \"Don Giovanni\" by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was first performed. Today it is one of the very few theatres that have hardly changed since it was built.\nAlthough the building is almost the same it always was, the organisation of the Estates Theatre has changed several times in its history. In 1798 it was called the Estates Theatre when it was bought by the Czech Estates. When the Provisional Theatre opened in 1862 the Estates Theatre started to put on German plays and the name was changed to the Royal Provincial German Theatre. From 1920 and 1948 it got its name (Estates Theatre) back again. In 1948 the organization became part of the National Theatre and was called Tyl Theatre (after dramatist J.K. Tyl). In 1990, after some restoration, it became known again as the Estates Theatre.\nProductions and artistes.\nMany of the greatest artists worked or had their music or plays performed in the Estates Theatre. In 1787 the first performance took place of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's opera \"Don Giovanni\". Mozart's opera \"La Clemenza di Tito\" was also staged there for the first time in celebration of the coronation of Emperor Leopold II. Other famous people who conducted there were Carl Maria von Weber and Gustav Mahler. \nCzech plays were often performed there. This made people interested in performing in Czech and so, in 1848, the National Theatre was built.\nToday the Estates Theatre is still famous for dramas, ballets and operas. The opera company especially perform the operas of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The movie about Mozart which was called Amadeus was filmed in the Estates Theatre."}
+{"id": "58367", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58367", "title": "National Theatre (Prague)", "text": "The N\u00e1rodn\u00ed Divadlo or the National Theatre in Prague is a very famous building which has been very important for more than 150 years for the culture of Czech history.\nIn the middle of the 19th century there were a lot of political changes in Europe. Prague had been part of the Austrian Empire. The official language was German. Bohemia (which included Prague) and Moravia now form the area of the Czech Republic. In the 19th century the Czechs in these areas wanted to be able to put on plays and operas in the Czech language. The National Theatre was built at a time when this was starting to become possible.\nThe National Theatre was built because the Czech people wanted their own national identity. The first stone was laid on May 16, 1868. It was opened on June 11 1881 to honour the visit of Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria. Another 11 performances were given after that. Then the theatre was closed down to finish the building. While people were working to finish it a fire broke out on August 12 1881 which destroyed most of it. However, a lot of money was found and it was built again and opened on November 18 1883 with a performance of Smetana\u2019s opera \"Libu\u0161e\" which he had composed for this occasion. The story of the opera is based on a mythological story about how Prague began.\nIt was an excellent theatre, and it was not until 1977 that any more re-building was necessary. Then it was closed for six years, and opened again in time for the 100th anniversary of its opening: on November 18 1983. On that day again there was a performance of Smetana\u2019s \"Libu\u0161e\".\nToday the National Theatre has three ensembles (groups of people): opera, ballet and drama. These ensembles all perform in the National Theatre, the Estates Theatre and the Theatre Kolowrat. They put on a lot of Czech plays and operas, but also productions from other parts of the world."}
+{"id": "58368", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58368", "title": "Rectification", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58369", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58369", "title": "Drone (disambiguation)", "text": "Drone can mean:\nIn nature:\nAs \"aircraft\", vehicles and boats:\nIn fiction:\nIn music:"}
+{"id": "58370", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58370", "title": "Drone (music)", "text": "In music, a drone is a note which sounds all the time while a piece of music is played. Some folk instruments always make a drone when they are played: bagpipes and hurdy gurdies in European culture, sitars in Indian music, and many other instruments in Asian and African music. Sometimes more than one drone is heard (often two notes which are a fifth apart).\nMusic with drones has to have simple harmonies because it is not possible to modulate to different keys. Other things can make up for this, for example, Scottish bagpipe music has lots of little ornamental notes to make it interesting.\nSome Western Composers liked to use a drone (especially one in fifths) to make it sound like bagpipes or other folk instruments. Bach, Fran\u00e7ois Couperin and other Baroque composers often called such pieces \"Musette\" (the French for \"bagpipes\"). Sometimes they did this in orchestral music: Haydn used a drone in the last part of his Symphony No. 104 to accompany a folk tune."}
+{"id": "58372", "revid": "5664102", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58372", "title": "Pedal point", "text": "A pedal point (or pedal note) is a note which keeps sounding for several bars, usually in the bass (the lowest notes). They are often used towards the end of a piece of music to help to drive the music to a climax. They are called \"pedal\" notes because they are often heard in organ music where the player puts one of his feet on a pedal note and holds it there.\nPedal points are usually on either the tonic (main key note) (tonic pedal) or the dominant (5th note of the scale) (dominant pedal) tones.\nA good example of a dominant pedal can be seen in the \"Prelude in C major\" from Book I of the \"Well-Tempered Clavier\" by Bach.\nAn example of a tonic pedal can be seen in the third movement of Brahms's \"German Requiem\", where the double basses play continuous D's in the last section. Because this lasts for the whole section some people might prefer to call this a drone.\nA double pedal is two pedal tones played at the same time.\nAn inverted pedal is a pedal that is not in the bass. It is often in the highest part."}
+{"id": "58373", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58373", "title": "National", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58374", "revid": "1471673", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58374", "title": "Euclidean geometry", "text": "Euclidean geometry is a system in mathematics. People think Euclid was the first person who described it; therefore, it bears his name. He first described it in his textbook \"Elements\". The book was the first systematic discussion of geometry as it was known at the time. In the book, Euclid first assumes a few axioms. These form the base for later work. They are intuitively clear. Starting from those axioms, other theorems can be proven. \nIn the 19th century, other forms of geometry were discovered. These are usually dubbed non-Euclidean geometries. Carl Friedrich Gauss, J\u00e1nos Bolyai, and Nikolai Ivanovich Lobachevsky were a few people that (independently of eachother) developed such geometries. Very often, these do not use the parallel postulate, but the other four axioms.\nThe axioms.\nEuclid makes the following assumptions. These are axioms, and need not be proved.\nStatus.\nEuclidean geometry is a first-order theory. With it, statements like \"For all triangles...\" can be made, and be proven. Statements like \"For all sets of triangles...\" are outside the scope of the theory."}
+{"id": "58375", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58375", "title": "J\u00e1nos Bolyai", "text": "J\u00e1nos Bolyai (December 15, 1802 \u2013 January 27, 1860) was a Hungarian mathematician, known for his work in non-Euclidean geometry."}
+{"id": "58376", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58376", "title": "Janos Bolyai", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58377", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58377", "title": "Diana (mythology)", "text": "Diana was the goddess of hunting (and in later times, the moon and chastity) in Roman mythology. Cypress trees were sacred to her. She was the daughter of Jupiter and the Titan Latona (or Leto). In Greek mythology, Diana was called Artemis. She is also associated with fertility and nature. Artemis is her Greek equivalent.\nAccording to mythology Diana was born with her twin brother Apollo on the island of Delos. Apollo was her only real brother but she had many half brothers and sisters from her father. Her half-siblings were Vulcan, Minerva, Mercury, Bacchus, Mars, and Proserpine. Diana made a group of three with two other Roman deities: Egeria the water nymph, her servant and midwife helper; and Virbius, the god of the woods. Diana is a maiden goddess which means she can not marry."}
+{"id": "58379", "revid": "6501", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58379", "title": "Doors", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58380", "revid": "1513005", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58380", "title": "Thoth", "text": "In Egyptian mythology, Thoth was the deity of scribes. He is thought to be one of the most important said to be born from the skull of Seth also said to be born from the heart of Ra. \nThoth was considered the heart and tongue of Ra. He was also the one who translated Ra's will into speech. \nShrines.\nThe main shrine of Thoth was at Khemennu. It was there that he was the head of the local company of deities. He also had shrines in Abydos, Hesert, Urit, Per-Ab, Rekhui, Ta-ur, Sep, Hat, Pselket, Talmsis, Antcha-Mutet, Bah, Amen-heri-ab, and Ta-kens.\nWorship.\nThoth was mostly prayed in the early dynasty. He was also prayed through the five days of celebration. They would sing hymns and chant spells for Thoth. There were many celebrations like \"The feast of Thoth\" in the year. He was a major god for the early dynasty.\nMyth.\nThoth played very important roles in Egyptian myths. He was said to have resurrected Osiris after he was slain by Seth and also later resurrected his son, Horus. He was also credited for creating 365 days instead of 360 days. One myth explains how Ra bans Nut from having children on any day of the year. Thoth then goes to the moon god, Khonsu, and gambles five days out of him, therefore giving five days (the demon days) when Nut can have children. He also was sometimes said to take the place of the Primeval Goose and be the creator of the world and all other gods.\nFamily.\nThoth had one direct relation to Ma'at that people know of, although some myths say he was the son of Ra. His feminine counterpart was a goddess named Seshat. She was also sometimes credited to be the inventor of hieroglyphs, while Thoth taught them. She was also said to be Thoth\u2019s wife or daughter.\nRelationship to Ma'at.\nMa'at also played a big role next to Thoth. He was there at the weighing of the heart, noting, while Ma\u2019at weighed the heart. They both stood on either side of Ra\u2019s boat and also he was sometimes said to be Ma\u2019at\u2019s husband. Ma'at was the goddess of law, order, truth, and justice.\nPhysical Description.\nThoth was a unique god. He is said to have two forms: an ibis-headed human and a squatting dog-headed baboon. He held a stylus and a pallet, and sometimes the symbol of life, called the Ankh.\nTitles and Roles.\nThoth had many titles and a lot of roles. He was often called \u201cThree times Great\u201d. He was mediator, messenger, scribe and teacher. Some of his titles included;\n\u2018Scribe of Ma\u2019at in the company of the gods\u2019\n\u2018Lord of Ma\u2019at\u2019\n\u2018Lord of divine words\u2019\n\u2018Judge of the two combatant gods\u2019\n\u2018Three times great\u2019 or \u2018Thrice Great\u2019\nThese numerous titles show that Thoth had a very significant importance to ancient Egyptian mythology. He had his high point of worship in the Old Kingdom.\nHermes and the Greeks.\nWhen the Greeks conquered Egypt, they equated Thoth with Hermes, their messenger god. Thoth\u2019s central city was Khemenu, (where he has his chief temple) which the Greeks renamed to Hermopolis, city of Hermes. Today, ancient temples and ruins worshiping Thoth are there and what used to be Khemenu is now el-Eshmunein."}
+{"id": "58381", "revid": "9641858", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58381", "title": "List of Germanic deities", "text": "This is a list of Germanic deities that are in Norse mythology.\nDivided between the \"\u00c6sir\" and the \"Vanir\", and sometimes including the \"j\u00f6tnar\" (giants), the dividing line between these groups is less than clear. However, it is usually accepted that the \u00c6sir (including \u00d3\u00f0inn, \u00de\u00f3r and T\u00fdr) were warrior gods, while the Vanir (mainly Nj\u00f6r\u00f0ur, Freyja and Freyr) were fertility gods. Various other groups of beings, including elves, dwarves and j\u00f6tnar were probably minor gods, and might have had small cults and sacred places devoted to them. "}
+{"id": "58382", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58382", "title": "List of Egyptian deities", "text": "This is a list of Egyptian Gods and goddesses from Egyptian mythology. The old Egyptians worshipped a few gods at different times and in different places. Some gods changed in importance over time or were nonexistent until later eras."}
+{"id": "58383", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58383", "title": "Bastet", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58388", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58388", "title": "Latona", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58397", "revid": "1513005", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58397", "title": "Nut (goddess)", "text": "In Egyptian mythology, Nut was the goddess of the sky. Her body made a protective layer over the Earth. Nut was the sister and wife of Geb, and the mother of (with Ra) Osiris, Nephthys,Isis and Seth and grandmother of Horus. Horus was also a grandchild of Ra.\nThe ancient\u00a0Egyptians\u00a0believed that Nut swallowed the\u00a0sun-god,\u00a0Ra, every night and gave birth to him every morning.\nWorship.\nAlthough Nut was pictured in many temples and tombs, as well as on ceilings. She was not well observed in popular places.\nPurpose.\nNut was the goddess of the sky but had many other purposes as well. She had three other names: Nuit, Newet, and Nueth. Nut was known as the mother of all gods, including Ra (her grandfather) because she swallowed him up every night and gave birth to him again in the morning. She was also the mother of heavenly bodies, whose laughter was thunder and tears were rain. She often carried the sun across the sky. She played a part in funeral beliefs and was sometimes drawn on the tops of sarcophagi. Nut was one of the nine major gods. She was the personification of the sky and the heavens. Egyptians called her \"the mother of the sky\". Nut was one of the oldest deities among history.\nAppearance.\nAs the sky goddess, Nut was shown arching over Geb (earth god), her fingertips near his head and her toes by his feet. She was commonly pictured dark blue and wore no robes, although some Egyptians believed that Nut wore a rainbow-colored robe, with stars all over her body. Big paintings of her were often found on ceilings of tomb chambers. She can be seen with small vulture wings or a vase on her head. She was often shown as a cow, when carrying the sun across the sky. The cow was a very motherly figure.\nNut was a very beautiful and kind goddess. She was loving, and caring. She fell in love with Thoth, the god of knowledge, and Geb, the god of the Earth. She was a motherly figure and a very strong and independent goddess, for she would not marry just any person. She did what she wanted and when angered she never let anyone stand in her way.\nFamily.\nNut had a strong relationship with Geb, her twin brother, as well as Thoth the god of scribes and wisdom. She was the goddess of the Sky and Geb was the god of the Earth. In the morning they were separated but at night they came together, which created the darkness. This is a story the ancient Egyptians used to explain their 365-day calendar. Nut loved Geb and Thoth, but she was married to Ra. When Ra found out about her secret loves, he was furious. He told Nut that she could not have any children on any of the 360 days of the year. This saddened her, so she went to Thoth for help. She gambled with Khonsu (the moon god) to create 5 more days, so she and Geb could have five children. The children were: Osiris was first, Horus was second, Set was third, Isis was fourth, and Nephthys was the fifth. She and Ra also had one daughter named Sekhmet, the lion goddess, who had a flip personality called Hathor the goddess of love and peace.\nNut is gorgeous and worshipped, and she was a protective goddess, like Bast (the cat goddess).\nCalendar.\nThe ancient Egyptians had three calendars, but the Agricultural one was the one that was used in everyday life. It was made up of three seasons, each containing four months. The seasons were Akhet, (the inundation) Peret (when the water retreated) and Shemu (harvest season). Nut loved Geb, but Ra was not happy that she loved Geb so he told Shu, their father (the air god) to separate them. Then, Ra put a curse on Nut so she could not have babies on any of the three-hundred sixty days of the year. Thoth wanted to let Nut be able to have babies so he challenged Khonsu, the moon god, to a game of Senet. If he won, he would be able to add five days to the year. If he lost, he would be killed. Thoth won and added five more days to the year. On the first day, Nut had Osiris to replace Ra, but Set later deceived him and Osiris became god of the underworld. On the second day she had Horus, the war god. On the third day, she had Set, the god of storms, evil, and Chaos, on the forth day she had Isis the goddess of magic, and on the fifth day she had Nephthys the river goddess. After a long time, the Egyptians realized the calendar was off because they did not have the quarter day at the end, like we do by having leap years. The calendar said it was flood season, but the flood did not come until later. The ancient Egyptians noticed the star Sirius would rise right before the flood. They used this as the beginning of the year and as the beginning of flooding."}
+{"id": "58411", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58411", "title": "Dennis Kearney", "text": "Dennis Kearney (1847\u20131907) was an American politician who was himself an immigrant from Ireland. He is known for being racist towards Chinese people. His fame comes from his strong support of the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882."}
+{"id": "58412", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58412", "title": "Cross of Gold speech", "text": "The Cross of Gold speech was a famous speech at the 1896 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, Illinois by William Jennings Bryan. He wanted silver and not gold to be America's bullion standard. It was his goal to create inflation to help those in debt. The end of the speech gives it its name when he says;"}
+{"id": "58422", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58422", "title": "Rostov the Great", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58423", "revid": "1672278", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58423", "title": "Paolo Uccello", "text": "Paolo Uccello (15 June 1397 \u2013 10 December 1475), born Paolo di Dono, was a painter from Florence in Italy, during the time known as the Early Renaissance. He is famous as one of the first painters of the Italian Renaissance to use perspective in his pictures.\nLife and works.\nMost of what we know about Paolo di Dono comes from Giorgio Vasari, who wrote Paolo's biography about 75 years after di Dono died. Paolo was born about the year 1396, in the city of Florence. Vasari says that he was called , which means \"Bird\" because he loved all animals and would often paint them, but he loved birds best of all. When he was about 11 years old, he was sent to be trained in the workshop of one of the most famous artists in Florence, a young man called Lorenzo Ghiberti.\nGhiberti was famous because he had won an important competition to make a huge set of beautiful doors for the oldest church in the city. The doors took 27 years to make, so in that time, lots of different artists helped in the making of them, and lots of talented young people like Uccello were trained in the workshop. Uccello worked there for 8 years.\nAt San Miniato.\nWhile Uccello was still quite young he got an important job to do, all by himself. He was asked to paint some frescoes showing stories of different saints for the monks of a Church of San Miniato, on a mountain above Florence. It was a large beautiful church, but the monks at the monastery did not eat expensive food. They only ate bread and cheese. So, Paolo Uccello also ate nothing but bread and cheese for breakfast, lunch, and dinner, sometimes made into soup. After a few weeks he thought he was turning into a cheese! So he ran away from the monastery and went back to Florence, leaving his work unfinished.\nOne day when two of the monks were walking in the street, they chased Paolo Uccello and caught him. They asked him why he had never finished the job. Paolo told them that it was because of the cheese. The monks laughed and promised that he would get better food, if only he would promise to come back and finish what he had started. He came back to finish the frescoes, called \"The Lives of the Church Fathers\". They are painted in dull colours as a protest against the simple food. Vasari, who tells this story, says that Uccello never ate cheese again in his life.\nToday, these frescoes at San Miniato have been badly damaged by water. Most of them have fallen off the wall or have faded. However, one beautiful angel remains quite clear.\nIn 1425 Paolo Uccello went to the city of Venice where he lived and worked for several years.\nAt Florence Cathedral.\nIn 1436 he was back in Florence to do some important jobs for Florence Cathedral. The first was to paint a large fresco in honour of an English Knight, Sir John Hawkwood.\nThe painting of Sir John is quite unusual. It is of Sir John on his war horse. Paolo has painted it to look like a statue of the soldier on his horse. He has used white and greenish-grey against a dark red-brown background. To add colour, Paolo has painted the horse's saddle and bridle bright red. The horse is standing on a painted \"plinth\" like the base of a statue and Sir John's name is written on the plinth, as if the statue was standing in the town square. And in large letters are words which translate as \"The Work of Paolo Uccello\".\nThe painting was very popular, and some years later, another soldier was remembered in the same way with a painting by the artist Andrea Castagno.\nThe second job that Paolo Uccello had at the cathedral was to paint the clock. The clock has two faces, one that can be seen outside in the square and another which is on an inside wall of the cathedral. Paolo had to paint a clock face around the hand on the inside wall (it's a 24-hour clock and it's only got one hand). Paolo painted the round clockface into a square shape and put the head of a prophet in each corner. The prophets' faces are all very different but the thing that is the most clever about them is that Uccello painted bright light and dark shadows on their faces as if the light was coming from a real window which is high on the wall to the left side of the clock.\nThe other important job for the cathedral was to design two big round stained glass windows, each one 4.5 metres across. The cathedral had been built in the last century, but it had been left with a huge hole at the centre which needed a roof of some sort. An artist called Brunelleschi had come up with a brilliant plan for a dome, and the whole city was excited about getting it built. Workmen from every part of the town formed 8 gangs to build the 8 parts. As the dome grew, it had 8 large windows that needed glass. The best artists in Florence were asked to design them. Three of Uccello's designs were used but unfortunately one was smashed in 1828. The two that remain are \"The Nativity\" (The Birth of Jesus) and \"The Resurrection\" (Jesus rising from the dead).\nBy 1453, Paolo was married to Tomassa Malifici. In that year she gave birth to Donato who was named after the sculptor Donatello. In 1456 the couple had a daughter, Antonia, who later became a nun and a painter.\nThe Flood.\nThe paintings that are regarded as Paolo's masterpieces are frescoes of Noah's Ark and the Great Flood in the Church of Santa Maria Novella in Florence. Unfortunately, they are quite badly damaged and partly lost, but even so, it is possible to see what a clever artist Uccello was. There are two things remarkable about the pictures. Firstly, they are very realistic. The second is that they use perspective to give the impression that the viewer is looking into the scene.\nAs in the fresco of Sir John Hawkwood, Paolo Uccello does not use many colours. The pictures are painted in white, pale grey, blue grey and just a little black. The landscape is grey, the water is blue-grey, the people are white with grey shadows. But the paintings are made lively by all the bits of red. All the man-made things, like the Ark, the old doors, barrels, up-side-down tables and broken things that are floating on the flood water, are all painted in the same red colour. Some of the people are wearing big black and white hats that were popular in Florence. In the disaster of the flood, one man is floating in a barrel. Another man, seeing an old man standing on a little hill, has grabbed him round the ankles to pull himself up. Another man, with part of his great big fashionable hat slipped down around his neck, is thumping on the wall of the ark with a club. The wind is blowing, the rain is pouring down and twigs and branches are flying in the wind. It is a scene of terror.\nThe Battle of San Romano.\nOne of the richest men in Florence was Cosimo Medici who liked to spend money on works of art. He asked Uccello to paint three large paintings on panels, each about 3 metres long, to decorate his palace. The subject was to be Three scenes from \"the Battle of San Romano\" in which the Florentine troops defeated the neighbouring town of Siena. In fact, it was not a very fierce battle. Modern soccer matches between Florence and Siena are probably more bloody. But it made three very good pictures which were later divided up between three important art galleries. The National Gallery, London has the left-hand scene of Niccolo Tolentino leading his troops on his magnificent rearing white charger and wearing, of course, a great big Florentine hat of red and gold \"brocade\". The Uffizi Gallery in Florence has the middle scene in which the leader of the enemy forces, Bernadino della Ciarda, has been struck by a lance and is falling off his horse backwards. The right-hand scene, which is in the Louvre in Paris, shows the brave Michelotto di Cotignola swinging his horse around to attack an opponent with his sword.\nEven though, at first glance each battle scene looks quite chaotic, the paintings are very carefully organised. This is particularly noticeable in the way Uccello has arranged the lances that are held upright by the troops and the many weapons that are lying on the ground. They all serve the purpose of leading the viewers eye into the painting. They create perspective. And while the battle is raging in the \"foreground\", in the \"background\" are mountains, fields, hedges and woods. In them are farmers, hunters and animals. The difference in size between the figures in the \"foreground\" and the figures in the \"background\" create distance in the picture.\nPaolo Uccello studied perspective all his life in a way that was quite obsessive. Sometimes he would not come out of his house for weeks. His friend Donatello, another respected artist, begged him to do more painting and less study. Paolo became very good at mathematical calculation of the perspective of buildings, but it was not until his old age that he could fully understand how to calculate the sizes of things like people in the distance. His last painting shows a hunting party, with a great forest of trees, people and dogs, all going away into the distance, from near to far.\nOld age.\nIn 1469 Paolo wrote on his tax assessment that he was too old to work any more and that his wife was ill. Giorgio Vasari, who, 100 years later, researched and wrote the lives of many painters, wrote that, unfortunately Paolo was badly offended by Donatello, who looked at his latest painting and told him, for a joke, to cover it up. Vasari said that Paolo was so hurt that refused to come out of his room but sat working at his drawings, and whenever his wife called him to come to bed he would answer \"What a wonderful thing perspective is!\"\nHe died on 10 November 1475, leaving behind him his old wife and a daughter Antonia who was also very good at painting. Unfortunately, none of her pictures are known today."}
+{"id": "58425", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58425", "title": "Fallen Leaves", "text": "\"Fallen Leaves\" is a song by the Canadian music group Billy Talent. It is the sixth track on the album \"Billy Talent II\" and is their third single to be released."}
+{"id": "58427", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58427", "title": "Sciences", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58428", "revid": "17456", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58428", "title": "Sumer Is Icumen In", "text": "\"Sumer Is Icumen In\" is a very old English song that can be sung as a round. It is the oldest known example of a round. Its composer is unknown. It was written down around the mid-13th century by a monk in Reading Abbey, but we do not know whether that monk composed it or whether it was older.\nThe title means \"Summer has arrived\". The round can be sung in six parts. There are also two parts that can be repeated again and again (an ostinato) throughout the piece. The language is Middle English and is based on the dialect spoken in Wessex, England. at the time.\nMusic.\nThis is the manuscript that the monk wrote:\nTo sing as a round, one singer (or group of singers) would begin at the beginning, a second singer would start at the beginning as the first got to the point marked with the red cross, the third would join in when the second singer got to the red cross, and so on until all six were singing. The repeated pattern is marked \"Pes\". The instructions are written in Latin.\nHere is the song in modern notation:\nEnglish lyrics (secular).\nHere are the words with a Modern English translation:"}
+{"id": "58431", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58431", "title": "Carmen", "text": "Carmen is a French opera written and first performed on 3 March 1875 by Georges Bizet. The story is set in Spain, althorugh the libretto is written in French. It is based on the story of the same title by Prosper M\u00e9rim\u00e9e. \nThe story.\nCarmen is about a gypsy girl who works in a factory. She falls in love with a soldier called Don Jos\u00e9, who loves her. However, he is already engaged to somebody else. Later, he leaves the girl he was engaged to and the army for Carmen. Running away together, they are happy for a while until Carmen decides she loves a bullfighter called Escamillo. She leaves Don Jos\u00e9. One day when Carmen is watching a bullfight, Don Jos\u00e9 waits for her and then tries to make her come back. She refuses, so he stabs her to death. Horrified at what he has done, he goes to jail."}
+{"id": "58447", "revid": "10099316", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58447", "title": "Kumquat", "text": "The kumquats or cumquats in Australian are a group of small fruit-bearing trees. The edible fruit (which is also called \"kumquat\") is similar to other \"Citrus\" but is smaller.\nKumquats are slow-growing, evergreen shrubs or small trees, from 2.5 to 4.5 m tall, with dense branches. Sometimes they have small thorns. The leaves are dark glossy green, and the flowers pure white, similar to citrus flowers.\nKumquats came from China (they are known in literature of the 12th century), and have long been cultivated there and in Japan. They were introduced to Europe in 1846 by Robert Fortune, who was collector for the \"London Horticultural Society\", and a short time later into North America.\nThey are much hardier than citrus plants as oranges. The 'Nagami' kumquat needs a hot summer, ranging from 25\u00a0\u00b0C(77\u00b0F) to 38\u00a0\u00b0C(100.4\u00a0\u00b0F), but can withstand frost down to about -10\u00a0\u00b0C(14\u00a0\u00b0F). It grows in the tea regions of China where the climate is too cold for other citrus fruits, even the Mikan (also known as the Satsuma) orange.\nEtymology.\nThe English name \"kumquat\" derives from the Cantonese pronunciation \"gam1 gwat1\" (given in Jyutping romanization). The alternate name \u67d1\u6a58, also pronounced \"gam gwat\" in Cantonese (\"g\u0101n j\u00fa\" in Mandarin, literally \"large tangerine orange\") is now more commonly written by Cantonese speakers.\nNames in other Asian languages include:"}
+{"id": "58449", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58449", "title": "Labour Party", "text": "Labour Party or Labor Party is a name used by many political parties."}
+{"id": "58452", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58452", "title": "Teton Mountains", "text": "The Teton Mountains are mountains on the border between Wyoming and Idaho in the United States of America. They are in a park called Grand Teton National Park. It is south of Yellowstone National Park, a park known for its hot springs."}
+{"id": "58460", "revid": "201410", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58460", "title": "Baunach", "text": "Baunach is a town in the German state (bundesland) of Bavaria. It is in the district of Bamberg in Upper Franconia. About 3,950 people lived there in 2005."}
+{"id": "58462", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58462", "title": "Burgebrach", "text": "Burgebrach is a municipality in the district of Bamberg in Upper Franconia, Bavaria, Germany. About 6,500 people live in Burgebrach. There are 27 villages in the municipality."}
+{"id": "58476", "revid": "6959959", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58476", "title": "Ostinato", "text": "In music, an ostinato is a short pattern of notes which is repeated several times throughout a song or piece of music. The word \"ostinato\" is related to the word \"obstinate\". It is like a musical idea which is being obstinate and will not go away. The plural can be either \"ostinati\" or \"ostinatos\".\nAn ostinato can last for a section of a piece or it might last for the whole piece of music.\nAn ostinato can be a repeated group of notes or just a rhythm. It is similar to a riff in jazz. Many kinds of music use ostinati, e.g. classical music, jazz, boogie-woogie and African music.\nA ground bass, or \"basso ostinato\", is an ostinato pattern in the lowest notes, which keeps playing while the melodies in the higher notes change. This was often used in baroque musical works. An example is the famous \"Canon in D\" by Pachelbel.\nAn example of a rhythmic ostinato is the first movement from the \"Planets Suite\" by Gustav Holst. This is the movement in 5/4 time which describes Mars. \"Bol\u00e9ro\" by Maurice Ravel also uses a repeated rhythm all the way through the piece.\nAn example from popular music is Pink Floyd's \"Money\"."}
+{"id": "58484", "revid": "18822", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58484", "title": "Coffee system", "text": "A coffee system or hot beverage system is a special coffeemaker. Instead of using coffee beans or ground coffee, it uses special capsules. Each capsule has one serving of coffee, tea, milk, and other ingredients in it. This makes it easy to make coffee, espresso, etc. The process is very clean. The capsules with the coffee cost more money compared to normal coffee. There is also the problem that there is more waste because of the capsule."}
+{"id": "58485", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58485", "title": "Hot beverage system", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58490", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58490", "title": "1492 Pictures", "text": "1492 Pictures is an American movie production company founded by director Chris Columbus in 1995. The name is a play on Columbus's more famous namesake, Christopher Columbus. \nIn addition to various Columbus movies, 1492 Pictures has produced movies by other directors including Brian Levant (\"Jingle All the Way\"), Henry Selick (\"Monkeybone\"), Alfonso Cuar\u00f3n (\"Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban\"), Joe Roth (\"Christmas with the Kranks\"), Tim Story (the \"Fantastic Four\" films), and Shawn Levy (the \"Night at the Museum\" films). The logo music was composed by Academy award winner Hans Zimmer."}
+{"id": "58491", "revid": "1611993", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58491", "title": "Life in Hell", "text": "Life in Hell is a comic strip made by Matt Groening. Its characters are human-like rabbits and a pair of gay lovers named Akbar and Jeff. The comic was released in April 1980. The last comic ended in 2012."}
+{"id": "58496", "revid": "374195", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58496", "title": "Iraq War", "text": "The Iraq War was an armed conflict that began in 2003 with the invasion of Iraq by a United States-led coalition that toppled the government of Saddam Hussein.\nThe conflict continued for much of the next ten years as an insurgency emerged to oppose the occupying forces and the post-invasion Iraqi government. An estimated 151,000 to 600,000 or more Iraqis were killed in the first 3\u20134 years of conflict. The United States officially withdrew from the country in 2011 but left private security contractors in its place to continue the war. In 2014 the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant conquered much of northern Iraq. An American-led new coalition sent troops to help the government of Iraq.\nAustralia, the United Kingdom, The Netherlands and Poland were also involved in the war with support from the Kurdish Peshmerga.\nBackground.\nAfter the Gulf War of 1990-1991 during which a US-led coalition retook Kuwait after the Iraqi invasion, Iraq was severely damaged both economically and socially. Numerous penalties were imposed on the crumbling state of Iraq, including a no-fly zone (essentially barring any civilian and military planes from flying over Iraq), along with UN weapon inspections to ensure that Saddam was not stockpiling WMDs (Weapons of Mass Destruction). In 1998, the Iraqi government stopped allowing these inspections to continue after allegations that the inspectors were spying for the US."}
+{"id": "58498", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58498", "title": "Rt Hon Sir William McMahon", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58499", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58499", "title": "Wolfram", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58500", "revid": "1306278", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58500", "title": "Feijoa", "text": "The feijoa is the fruit of Acca sellowiana, an evergreen shrub or small tree, 1\u20137 m in height. It comes from the highlands of southern Brazil, parts of Colombia, Uruguay, Paraguay and northern Argentina. They are also grown throughout Azerbaijan , Iran (Ramsar), Georgia, Russia (Sochi), New Zealand and, (Tasmania) Australia.\nThe fruit is also called the 'pineapple guava' or 'guavasteen'.\nDescription of fruit and plant.\nThe fruit matures in autumn and is green, and about the size and shape of an egg. It has a sweet, aromatic flavour. The flesh is juicy. The fruit drops when ripe, but can be picked from the tree before to prevent bruising. Feijoa fruit have a distinctive smell. The chemical methyl benzoate smells strongly of feijoas and the aroma of the fruit is caused mostly by this and other closely related chemicals.\nGrowing conditions.\nIt is a warm-temperate to subtropical plant that will also grow in the tropics but requires some winter chilling to fruit. In the northern hemisphere it has been cultivated as far north as western Scotland but does not fruit every year, as winter temperatures below about -11\u00a0\u00b0C will kill the flower buds. A lot of feijoa are grown in New Zealand, where the fruit is a popular garden tree and the fruit is commonly available in season.\nEating.\nThe fruit is usually eaten by cutting it in half, then scooping out the pulp with a spoon. It is popular in New Zealand to stew them in a pot with sugar and serve hot with vanilla ice cream in the wintertime . The fruits have a juicy sweet seed pulp, and slightly gritty flesh nearer the skin. The flavor is aromatic and sweet. The skin itself is tart and sour but also edible. If the utensils needed to eat it this way are not available, the feijoa can be torn or bitten in half, and the contents squeezed out and consumed.\nFruit maturity is not always apparent from the outside as the fruits remain green until they are over mature or rotting. When the fruits are immature the seed pulp is white and opaque, becoming clear and jelly-like when ripe. Fruits are at their optimum maturity when the seed pulp has turned into a clear jelly with no hint of browning. Once the seed pulp and surrounding flesh start to brown, the fruit is over mature and should not be eaten."}
+{"id": "58506", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58506", "title": "Wessex", "text": "Wessex was an old Anglo-Saxon kingdom before England became one country. It was one of seven kingdoms in England. It was named after the West Saxons. It was in the south and southwest of England. Wessex was a kingdom from the 6th century until the English state was made in the 9th century. It was an earldom between 1016 and 1066. Then \"Wessex\" was not an official place name. The 19th century novelist Thomas Hardy wrote about Wessex in his books which tell stories set in that area.\nHis Royal Highness The Prince Edward was given the title \"Earl of Wessex\" when he married Sophie who became the Countess of Wessex. The title Earl of Wessex had not been used since the last earl, King Harold Godwinson, was killed at the Battle of Hastings in 1066."}
+{"id": "58507", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58507", "title": "23 March", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58527", "revid": "1398040", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58527", "title": "Barrel racing", "text": "Barrel racing is an event often seen in rodeos. It involves a rider and horse going around 3 barrels in a cloverleaf pattern, started on either the right or the left side, but more often than not, the right side. Riders go from one barrel to the next making a square pattern around each and then running back past the timer in want of the fastest time."}
+{"id": "58528", "revid": "1117734", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58528", "title": "Clover", "text": "Clover (Trifolium) is a genus of about 300 species of plants in the pea family. It grows worldwide, mainly in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, but many species also in South America and Africa, including at high altitudes on mountains in the tropics.\nThey are small herbaceous plants. It has three sections to each leave, which looks like three leaves. This is called trifoliate.\nClover is often associated with Ireland."}
+{"id": "58531", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58531", "title": "Shot Put", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58532", "revid": "10344427", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58532", "title": "Clover (disambiguation)", "text": "Clover could mean:\nCompanies.\nClover was also the name of a defunct discount department store owned by Strawbridge and Clothier department stores in Pennsylvania."}
+{"id": "58533", "revid": "8909439", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58533", "title": "Discus throw", "text": "The discus throw is an event in athletics, where a heavy disc is thrown for distance. It was invented in 708 BC in Ancient Greece. The goal is to throw the discus farther than your opponents.\nThe discus throw is the subject of a number of well-known ancient Greek statues and Roman copies of them. US thrower Al Oerter is one of only two athletes to win the same individual event at four consecutive Olympic Games. "}
+{"id": "58534", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58534", "title": "Long Jump", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58538", "revid": "17988", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58538", "title": "Athletics", "text": "Athletics may mean:"}
+{"id": "58540", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58540", "title": "Track and field", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58543", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58543", "title": "Discus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58545", "revid": "1061539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58545", "title": "Eragon", "text": "Eragon is a book written by Christopher Paolini. It was published in August 2003. Eragon is the first book in the \"Inheritance Cycle\". The second book in the Inheritance Cycle, called \"Eldest\", was published in mid-2005. The third of the four books, Brisingr, was released in 2008. \"Eragon\" was made into a movie and released in cinemas on December 2006. It was released on DVD in March 2007.\nThe Story.\nA long time ago, the Dragon Riders kept peace in the world between the humans, dragons, elves, and dwarves. They were humans or elves bonded to dragons. However, the dragon of a human Rider named Galbatorix was killed by the Urgals (a species that fights a lot). Galbatorix became insane because of this. The Riders would not give him another dragon, so he decided to destroy them. He stole a black baby dragon and forced it to bond with him with evil magic. Then he and other traitors fought with the Riders. Finally, they killed them all and Galbatorix became king of the humans. The book \"Eragon\" begins 100 years after this. When it begins, Galbatorix is trying to find and destroy the elves (who are hiding in a forest called Du Weldenvarden), dwarves (who are hiding in the Beor Mountains - a gigantic mountain range reaching far above the clouds), and the Varden (a group of rebels hidden with the dwarves). He has not destroyed the elves yet, because he is still cautious of their power. He has not destroyed the Varden or dwarves because he cannot yet find them in the large mountain range.\nThe story itself begins with a young farm boy named Eragon finding a polished blue stone in the Spine (a smaller mountain range and woods). He tries to sell the egg, but no one buys it. The stone turns out to be a dragon egg, and the dragon that hatches from it is named Saphira. When Saphira is about 6 months old, Eragon's uncle, Garrow is killed by the Ra'zac (insect-like creatures that work for Galbatorix), who want to find and capture Eragon and Saphira. Eragon decides to find them and kill them in revenge because of his uncle's death. He and Saphira leave, along with Brom, an old storyteller who tells Eragon and Saphira many things about dragons and Riders and promises to help them. In Yu'Zuac, Eragon and Brom were ambushed by two Urgals. After Brom was knocked from his horse, the Urgals chased Eragon, when he used magic to defeat them. Brom teaches Eragon how to control magic after this. While they are travelling, they find a flask full of corrupted Seithr oil dropped by the Ra'zac. This oil is very rare, so Eragon gets the idea to go to a coastal city for shipping records to find the Ra'zac. The three travel to the city of Teirm to see Brom's old friend, Joed. Joed is a merchant who is secretly giving supplies to the Varden. However all of his ships are being destroyed somehow by someone who knows he is working for the Varden. He helps them find a record of where the Ra'zac are - a city named Dras-Leona. Brom, Eragon, and Saphira travel to Dras-Leona, but Eragon is seen by Galbatorix's soldiers. The three run away, but the Ra'zac find them and capture them. Then they are driven away by a stranger named Murtagh, but they wound Brom first. Brom dies soon, but not before telling Eragon and Murtagh that he was secretly a Rider whose dragon was killed by Galbatorix.\nEragon and Saphira bury Brom. They decide to go to the Varden to fight Galbatorix, with Murtagh who does not want to go, but will help them until they reach the Varden, but they do not know where the Varden are. They go to Gilead, another city, to find someone who knows where the Varden are. While Murtagh is in the city, he comes back and the next morning, Eragon is captured when the three are ambushed by more Urgals. His food and water is drugged to make him forget magic so he can not escape. He realizes he is being given drugs in his food and stops eating the food. Finally, the drugs wear off and Eragon can use magic to escape. He breaks out, only to find Murtagh breaking in. The two rescue an elf that is also in the prison. Her name is Arya. They are attacked by a Shade (a sorcerer controlled by evil spirits), but escape. Arya is unconscious, but Eragon can talk to her in her mind and she tells him where the Varden are. They must go across a desert to get there, and Arya is dying from a poison, so they must hurry. They finally make it to the Varden (who are hiding in the Beor Mountains with the dwarves), but on the way Murtagh tells Eragon that Murtagh is the son of Morzan, a Rider who helped Galbatorix kill the other Riders. When they get to the Varden, Murtagh is captured because he is Morzan's son, but Arya is healed. Then the Varden and their leader (named Ajihad) find out Galbatorix is attacking them with Urgals. Murtagh is released to help the Varden, which he does. There is a big battle. In it, the Shade appears. Eragon fights the Shade and, with the help of Arya and Saphira, he kills the Shade, but his back is hit with a sword by the Shade. While Eragon is unconscious, he is rescued from death by a mysterious elf, who touched his mind and blocked the pain. Eragon promises to go to the elves with Arya for more training. Eragon wakes up and finds he is scarred by Durza's strike. The book ends with Eragon promising again to himself that he will go to the elves.\nReviews.\nChristopher Paolini was only 15 when he started writing \"Eragon\", which many people have found impressive. He has also been praised for his writing style and the world he created. His strong female characters were also praised. However, some people think he is not a good writer, because his book is too much like other books (like The Lord of the Rings) and movies (like Star Wars). They also think he uses many complicated words when he does not need to. Unlike the book, the movie of \"Eragon\" is not liked by many people. They dislike it because it did not follow the book very well and changed many parts of the story which would make making more movies of the series harder."}
+{"id": "58555", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58555", "title": "William Baillie", "text": "Captain William Baillie (5 June 1723 \u2013 22 December 1810) was an Irish military man and artist. \nBaillie went to London at age of 18 to study law, but liked art more. Shortly after getting to London, he joined the army. He served at the Battle of Culloden the Battle of Minden and retired with the rank of Captain. Baillie was later made the Commissioner of Stamps, which he was until 1795.\nWhile he continued as an artist, what he is most famous for was his skill repairing and printing etching plates. He worked on plates by many artists, including Gerard Dou, Nicolas Poussin, and most notably Rembrandt. Apparently he got a number of Rembrandt's worn-out plates. The three best known:\nA book of prints, after the above artists, was published in 1792, in two volumes, with subsequent editions."}
+{"id": "58557", "revid": "1076609", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58557", "title": "Rusty Anderson", "text": "Rusty Anderson (born January 20, 1959) is an American guitarist from La Habra, California. He has played lead guitar for Paul McCartney since 2001. He has played for many famous musicians, for example, Elton John, The Bangles, Courtney Love and Belinda Carlisle. He also has a band called Rusty Anderson Afternoon whose first single \"Effortless\" hit Number One on American radio and whose first full-length record \"RAA\" debuted in the Top Ten Alt Chart on iTunes. "}
+{"id": "58559", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58559", "title": "Nuclear Warfare", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58564", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58564", "title": "HLS", "text": "HLS has a number of meanings:"}
+{"id": "58571", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58571", "title": "Handshake", "text": "A handshake is when two people hold hands for a few seconds and move them up and down before letting go. It is often used like a greeting (like saying \"Hello, Hi\" or \"goodbye\" when people meet) or to say that two people have agreed on something. Handshakes are also used between romantic partners.\nThe action is ancient, and occurs (or occurred) in many cultures. There are, however, many slight differences. In some cultures, the handshake is firm, in others it is gentle. In some cultures the senior person leads the handshake. The length of time also varies between cultures. One thing is almost universal: hand shaking is done with bare hands.\nAnother aspect is: do men shake hands with women? In the past, in many societies, they did not. Today, in western society, handshakes are allowed if the female offers her hand. It is not done between family members, when hugs and kisses are more usual.\nSome secret societies have secret handshakes to show they are part of the group."}
+{"id": "58576", "revid": "1144827", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58576", "title": "Wave (gesture)", "text": "A wave is a movement of the hand that people use to greet each other or say goodbye. People wave by raising their hand and moving it from side to side. They can also wave by moving their hand up and down. The way that people wave generally depends on their culture. "}
+{"id": "58580", "revid": "22653", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58580", "title": "Baseball bat", "text": "A baseball bat is a smooth wooden or metal rod used in the game of baseball to hit the ball after the ball is thrown by the pitcher. It is not more than 2\u2154 inches (70 mm) in diameter at the thickest part and not more than 42 inches (1067 mm) in length. It usually weighs no greater than four pounds (1.8\u00a0kg). The batter uses the bat to try to hit a pitched ball so that he may run around the bases and score points.\nBats are sometimes used as a weapon in fights or attacks. When a bat is used this way, it can be called a \"club\".\nMajor League Baseball is using bats of pink color by players who agree during games played on Mother's Day as an event to support the pink ribbon campaign (breast cancer extermination movement). "}
+{"id": "58583", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58583", "title": "Softball", "text": "Softball is a sport similar to baseball. Men, women, boys, or girls can play softball. \nThere are three types of softball: fastpitch, modified and slow pitch. In both types of softball, pitchers throw underhand (with hand below shoulder level).\nHow softball is played.\nThere are nine to twelve players per team. The basic goal is to get as many players to home plate as possible. In order to get to home plate, a player usually has to hit the ball. There are many techniques for hitting (which is called batting). There are also different types of bunts. \nOnce the ball is in play, the batter runs to first base, then waits until the next player hits the ball in order to advance to second base. This keeps on going on until there are three outs. Then the team on the field goes in to bat, and the team that was up to bat goes to the field. \nEquipment.\nBall: Softballs are not actually soft. They are larger than baseballs, and weigh about 6.25-7.0oz for fastpitch and 5.87-6.12oz for slowpitch. The ball has a raised seam and is usually yellow or white. The softball was invented in Chicago.\nGloves: All defensive players wear gloves. The glove is used to catch the ball when it is hit or thrown to the player. The gloves are usually made out of leather or similar material. The catcher has a special glove that is extra padded to protect the hand from catching the ball thrown by the pitcher. The first baseman may have a special glove also. It has a bigger pocket to catch the ball more easily, because first basemen get the ball thrown to them multiple times during each inning.\nBat: The bat used by the offense can be made out of wood or aluminum or other composite materials, such as carbon fiber. It cannot be longer than 34 inches long, 6.0 inches indiameter (length of one side of a circle to the other side), and 38oz in mass.\nFastpitch.\nFastpitch softball is only for female athletes. The ages range from five years old to the college or professional level. \nFastpitch pitching distance can be between 35 and 45 feet; it all depends on the age of the players. The pitches can travel around 60mph, also depending on the age of the players. The pitcher's arm rotates 360 degrees around her shoulder until the ball is released from the hand. \nSlowpitch.\nSlowpitch softball is for both men and women, usually a sport for adults. \nSlowpitch pitching distance is 50 feet for both male and female players. The pitchers arm motion is a half a windmill, meaning that it is an underhand throw. \nSoftball terms.\nHome plate: A five-sided white flat base. The batter stands next to home plate, and the catcher plays behind the plate.\nShortstop: A defensive position in between 2nd base and third base\nRight field: A defensive outfield position, on the right side of the field (behind the first baseman and second baseman). \nCenter field: A defensive outfield position, right behind second base.\nLeft field: A defensive outfield position, on the left side of the field (behind the shortstop and third baseman).\nInnings: There are usually anywhere in between 3-7 innings in a softball game. The number of innings played usually depends on the league, rules, and whether the game is fastpitch or slowpitch. An inning is over after three outs.\nStrikes: The player gets three strikes before they are out. This is called a strikeout.\nit is commonly played in Antarctica, it is their national sport."}
+{"id": "58587", "revid": "508885", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58587", "title": "Bat (disambiguation)", "text": "Bat or Bats may mean:\nSports:\nEntertainment:\nScience:\nComputing:\nMilitary:\nRoller coasters:\nOther languages:"}
+{"id": "58588", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58588", "title": "Dietrich Buxtehude", "text": "Dietrich Buxtehude (or \"Dieterich\" according to Danish spelling) (born about 1637; died May 9, 1707) was a German (or Danish) composer and organist. He is one of the most important composers of the mid-Baroque period. He is best known for his organ works which are very often heard at recitals and church services. He also wrote a lot of excellent choral music and music for instruments, including the viola da gamba, an instrument which he played. He had a very important influence on Johann Sebastian Bach. When Bach was a very young man he walked over 200 miles to hear Buxtehude play the organ.\nLife.\nEarly years in Denmark.\nVery little is known of Buxtehude\u2019s earliest years. We cannot be sure where he was born. His family came from the town of Buxtehude in North Germany but had moved to Oldesloe which is now in Germany but at that time it was part of Denmark. His father was organist in Oldesloe, but around the time of Dietrich\u2019s birth the family moved to Helsingborg which is now called H\u00e4lsingborg and is in Sweden, but at that time Helsingborg, too, was part of Denmark. \nIn 1641 the family moved to Helsing\u00f8r which was just across the water, in Denmark. Dietrich Buxtehude probably went to school in Helsing\u00f8r and learned music from his father. When he was 20 he got his first job at Helsingborg in the Marienkirche (St Mary\u2019s Church) where his father had been organist some years before. Sweden and Denmark were at war at the time, fighting about which country Helsingborg should be in. This must have made things rather difficult for the young Buxtehude. The people who went to the Marienkirche were German-speaking. \nL\u00fcbeck years.\nIn 1668 Buxtehude got the job of organist at the Marienkirche in L\u00fcbeck in Germany. This was a very important job at one of the biggest churches in Germany. The organist before him had been a man called Franz Tunder. He had a daughter, Anna Margarethe, and Buxtehude married her. His job was not only to play the organ, but also to tune it and do a lot of administration in the church. He composed many cantatas for the services and organized five evening musical performances every year. These concerts were called \u201cAbendmusik\u201d (\u201cEvening Music\u201d) and were held at 4.00pm after the Evening Service. Unfortunately we do not know what music was performed at these concerts.\nBuxtehude stayed in this job for the rest of his life. He never travelled very far. Nicolaus Bruhns was one of his pupils, and Pachelbel wrote a piece of music called \"Hexachordum Apollonis\" for him. In 1706, when Johann Sebastian Bach was 21, he got permission for four weeks holiday so that he could go to L\u00fcbeck to hear Buxtehude play. He stayed in L\u00fcbeck for four months and so he got into trouble when he went back to his job at Arnstadt.\nIn 1707 Buxtehude wanted to retire. Whoever took his job would have to marry Buxtehude\u2019s daughter, Anna. Bach and Mattheson were interested in the job but decided not to take it. Probably they did not want to marry Anna Buxtehude. Buxtehude died, and the man who had been his assistant got the job and married Anna shortly afterwards.\nHis Music.\nThe organs that Buxtehude played were very large instruments with bright sounds (bright mixtures, reeds and a \u201cZimbalstern\u201d which was a star which went round and round, making a tinkling sound). His music is very grand and impressive. Many of his organ pieces have several sections, each one at a different speed. They often sound like a free improvisation. Some of the sections are fugues. At least 128 vocal works survive, they are nearly all church music. He wrote instrumental works, chamber music and pieces for harpsichord."}
+{"id": "58589", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58589", "title": "Dieterich Buxtehude", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58591", "revid": "340060", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58591", "title": "Buxtehude", "text": "Buxtehude () is a town in Northern Germany. It has 39,000 inhabitants. It is by the Este river which joins the city to the important river Elbe just away.\nBuxtehude is known as \"The Fairytale Capital\" of the world. The tale of \"The Bunny and the Hedgehog\" by the Brothers Grimm is set in this town.\nThe \"Pistennacht\" is an event where bars, restaurants and clubs in the old part of town are open all night long. The \"Pfingstmarkt\" is a big fair which is held at Whitsun (Pfingsten). There is a lot to do including rides on a Ferris Wheel. On the first weekend of June there is a big feast in the old part of the town, which also has a wine festival every year."}
+{"id": "58596", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58596", "title": "Summit Entertainment", "text": "Summit Entertainment is an American movie production and distribution company. It is a label of Lionsgate Films, owned by Lionsgate Entertainment. The company was founded in 1991. It is headquartered in Santa Monica, California."}
+{"id": "58599", "revid": "10040735", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58599", "title": "Harlem Renaissance", "text": "The Harlem Renaissance is the name for a movement in African-American culture in the 1920s and 1931 which has had a big influence on African-American literature, philosophy and music. The \"Harlem Renaissance\" is also called the \"Black Literary Renaissance\", '\"The New Negro Movement\" and \"The flowering of Negro literature\". \nThe movement began in Harlem, New York after World War I. In 1925 a book was published called \"The New Negro\", edited by Alain Locke. This book was a collection of writing by African-Americans which looked at their people's lives experiences since the Civil War. From 1925 onwards, there was a movement called the \"New Negro Movement\", named after the book. \nThe movement began to affect the thinking of many African-American writers and artists of all sorts. They challenged the thinking of many white Americans towards black Americans. They refused to be treated as if they were not equal. They refused to just copy the sorts of writing, art and music that white Americans did. They wanted to celebrate the fact that their African culture had survived through the terrible years of slavery, and was being \"reborn\". (The word \"Renaissance\" means \"rebirth\" and is generally used for a time from 1400 to 1600 in Europe.)"}
+{"id": "58602", "revid": "10385142", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58602", "title": "Hollywood Pictures", "text": "Hollywood Pictures was one of Walt Disney Studios movie companies. It makes movies for a more adult audience than Walt Disney Pictures. It is similar to Disney's Touchstone Pictures brand. The studio was launched in 1989, but was closed in 2007."}
+{"id": "58609", "revid": "3609", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58609", "title": "Manchester United", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58615", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58615", "title": "Third World", "text": "The \"Third World\" describes the developing countries.\nThe term \"Third World\" was introduced during the Cold war between the United States and the Soviet Union. At that time, there were three \"worlds\". The term is now considered outdated, but until the late 20th century, it reflected economic and political divisions among nations."}
+{"id": "58618", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58618", "title": "Guan Yunchang", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58619", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58619", "title": "Candlelight", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58629", "revid": "62523", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58629", "title": "Thirty Years' War", "text": "The Thirty Years' War was fought from 1618 to 1648. It was fought primarily in Germany, but several other countries became involved in the conflict, including France, Spain, and Sweden. In fact, almost all of the powerful countries in Europe were involved in the war, which began as a fight about religion between Protestants and Catholics. As the war continued, the Catholic Habsburg dynasty and other countries used the war to try to get more power. For example, Catholic France fought for the Protestants, which made the French-Habsburg rivalry even worse.\nThe Thirty Years' War caused things like famine and disease in almost every country involved. The war lasted for 30 years, but the problems that had caused the war were not fixed for a long time after the war had been over. The war ended with the Treaty of Westphalia.\nCauses.\nThere were several reasons that the Thirty Years' War started.\nFirstly, the Peace of Augsburg (1555), which was signed quickly by Charles V, stopped the fighting between the Lutherans and the Catholics in Germany.\nThe Peace of Augsburg stated:\nThe Peace made the violence end somewhat, but it did not fix the real reason for the fighting. Both groups thought that the Peace meant different things. The Lutherans said it was only an agreement that would last for a short time. Calvinism came quickly into German as a third Christian group in Germany, but it was not part of the Peace of Augsburg. That meant that Calvinists fought both Lutherans and Catholics. \nSecondly, the powerful countries in Europe in the 17th century often disagreed about matters of politics or economics. Spain wanted land in some of the Holy Roman Empire states in what is now Germany because the empire owned some of the Spanish Netherlands. The Dutch fought the Spanish to get independence and got it after some wars, which ended in 1609.\nThirdly, the Holy Roman Empire was a broken group of nations inside a large empire, which had nations like the Austrian House of Habsburg, Bavaria, the Electorate of Saxony, the Margravate of Brandenburg, the Electorate of the Palatinate, Hesse, the Archbishopric of Trier and W\u00fcrttemberg and other small nations and towns. Only Austria was capable of operating on its own. Countries often made alliances with other places ruled by relatives. Because there were so many nations inside the empire, they often disagreed with one another, and the empire could not control the whole territory very well. That meant that the empire could not fix the problems in the whole country.\nFourthly, religious groups did not agree during the second half of the 16th century. The Peace of Augsburg did not work because some bishops had not given up their bishoprics, and Catholic rulers in Spain and Eastern Europe wanted to make Catholicism strong in the region, which caused fighting between the groups. The Catholics made many Protestants leave their homelands. Some places gave Protestants permission to worship. Those disagreements caused violence.\nFifthly, Holy Roman Emperor Matthias, a Catholic, died without any children to take his place in 1619. His lands were given to his cousin Ferdinand of Styria, Matthias's closest male relative, who became Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor. Ferdinand had been educated by the Jesuits. A Catholic, he wanted to make Catholicism the only religion again. That made him unpopular in the German state of Bohemia since most people there were not Catholics but Hussites. The Bohemians rejected Ferdinand and launched the Thirty Years' War.\nThe war can be divided into four major phases: the Bohemian Revolt, the Danish intervention, the Swedish intervention, and the French intervention.\nBohemian Revolt.\n\"Time: 1618\u20131625\"\nEmperor \"Mattias\", who had no children, wanted to give the throne of the Holy Roman Empire to Ferdinand II when he died. To ensure that the transition would work, he wanted to make Ferdinand the Crown Prince of Bohemia, a country that was part of the Holy Roman Empire, in the meantime. Some of the Protestant leaders of Bohemia thought that Ferdinand would take away their religious rights. They liked the Protestant Frederick V, Elector of the Palatinate better. However, some of the other Protestants supported Ferdinand. Enough people preferred Ferdinand that in 1617, he was elected to become the Crown Prince of Bohemia. \nFerdinand sent two Catholic governors to Prague, the capital of Bohemia, in May 1618. Ferdinand wanted them to run the government while he was gone. Suddenly, many angry Protestants took them and threw them out of the high palace window (The Defenestration of Prague), that made the Catholics angry with the Protestants.\nThe Protestants who had thrown the Catholics out the window created a new Protestant government in Bohemia. Many Protestants in Bohemia and the nearby countries started hating the rest of the Holy Roman Empire. The Holy Roman Empire wanted to stop them from doing so, to fight Bohemia, and borrow Spain's money. However, they thought that if that happened, Bohemia's Protestant friends might come in and start fighting them. That made them try to make an agreement with Bohemia to stop the fighting. However, when Emperor Matthias died in 1619, Bohemia decided not to make the agreement because they thought the Holy Roman government was weak now.\nBohemia was so angry about the Catholics it they decided to not make Ferdinand II the king of Bohemia anymore and but made Frederick V the king instead. However, because Matthias was dead and so Ferdinand was the next person waiting to be the emperor, Ferdinand was in charge of the whole Holy Roman Empire now. Some people also thought Frederick should not be allowed to be king of Bohemia. All of that made the Holy Roman Emperor decide to fight Bohemia.\nA large army got money from Maximilian I was led by Count Tilly invaded Bohemia. At the Battle of White Mountain, the Holy Roman Empire beat the Bohemian rebels. Frederick ran away. and the revolt collapsed.\nFrederick was also in charge of a German nation called the Palatinate. Maximilian I, who was in charge of a nearby nation, Bavaria, wanted more power and decided to take over some of the Palatinate. Spain, a Catholic country. joined the war to help Maximilian, who was disliked in the Netherlands. Other countries now became involved in this war. After some fighting, Maximilian and Spain won, and Emperor Ferdinand decided that all of the Palatinate should go to Maximilian. That made some of the other Protestant nations very scared because that meant that Protestant areas were being taken over by Catholics."}
+{"id": "58634", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58634", "title": "Database normalisation", "text": "Database normalisation is an approach to designing databases which was introduced by Edgar F. Codd in the 1970s. Certain databases, known as \"relational databases\", allow data to be stored in separate groups. Each group is commonly called a \"table\". To provide useful information, these groups are connected to each other. For example, students could be stored in one group, and classes in another group. To show that a student is enrolled in a class, a \"relationship\" is established from one group to the other. A student could have a relationship to many classes, each of which he or she would be enrolled in, while a class would have a relationship to many students.\nA traditional alternative is the \"flat file database\", where all of the data is grouped together like in a spreadsheet. The problem with flat file databases is that they can have a lot of blank spaces and there is a lot of information that has to be repeated for each entry. This means that the database is bigger than it has to be, and it makes it more likely that the database will contain mistakes. Relational databases, by breaking the data into groups, reduce the chance of mistakes happening and does not take up any more space than necessary. But for it to work it needs to be well designed. \nDatabase normalization is a method of designing good relational databases, e.g. by eliminating redundancies. There are several \"normal forms\", each of which have rules which the database should be designed to meet. Codd originally specified three sets of criteria that different databases must meet: first, second and third normal form.\nIf a relation (or \"database table\") meets a certain normal form, it is not vulnerable to certain modifications, that will affect data integrity. The drawback of meeting such a set of criteria is usually that querying certain data from the database will become more difficult."}
+{"id": "58637", "revid": "6515894", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58637", "title": "Clipboard", "text": "A clipboard is a thin board with a large (usually metal) clip at the top. Clipboards are a little larger than a piece of paper. They are used to support paper with one hand, while writing on the paper with the other hand. Clipboards are often used in situations where a person may not be able to find a good writing surface.\nClipboards can be made of many things. Most clipboards are made of masonite or particleboard, two types of wood. They can also be made from aluminum, steel, or acrylic, which is a type of plastic. \nPolice and EMT clipboards.\nMany police officers and EMTs carry clipboards. These clipboards are used very often and are usually made of metal. They often have one or two sections inside for carrying papers and reports."}
+{"id": "58639", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58639", "title": "Ugliness", "text": "Ugliness is a property of physical things that are not nice to look at. This word is commonly used in when talking about someone's appearance. The opposite of ugliness is beauty. Someone who discriminates against ugly is called a lookist or cacophobe.\nUgliness can be a matter of opinion. Two people can look at the same object and one may think it is beautiful and the other may think it is ugly. This is shown in the popular phrase \"Beauty is in the eye of the beholder\". \nAlthough \"ugly\" usually means \"a lack of physical beauty\", the property of ugliness may also be used to describe other things such as music, literature, or human behavior. The word can also be used as an insult, even if the person does not think the person they are talking about is ugly."}
+{"id": "58643", "revid": "1073251", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58643", "title": "Texture", "text": "The word texture means: what things are made of and how they feel. \nTextures can be described as \u201crough\u201d, \u201csmooth\u201d, \u201chard\u201d, \u201csoft\u201d, \u201cliquid\u201d, \u201csolid\u201d, \u201clumpy\u201d, \u201cgritty\u201d etc. The word \u201ctexture\u201d is used for many different things. It can even be used in abstract senses, e.g. for music and poetry.\nFood.\nPeople like or dislike food because of its taste, but the texture of the food also plays a part in whether we like it or not. We enjoy the feel of it in our mouth. Food can be hard, soft, lumpy, gritty (e.g. a cake made with ground rice). Adding some lettuce to a cheese sandwich will change the texture of the sandwich: it makes it more crunchy.\nArchitecture.\nIn architecture we often talk about \u201ctexture\u201d. This can mean: the things that the buildings are made of. It can also mean: the general way it looks, e.g. whether everything is built close together or whether there is plenty of space. This is an abstract use of the word, because it compares the way we see things to the way things feel.\nPainting.\nPainters talk about the texture of paintings. This can be seen clearly in pointillism which is a way of painting by using lots of little dots. This gives the painting a very interesting texture.\nMusic.\nIn music, we can talk about the texture of a piece of music. If there are a lot of notes being played at once, we could call this a \u201cthick\u201d texture. If there are just two or three notes being played so that every note can be heard clearly, we could call this a \u201cthin\u201d or \u201cclear\u201d texture. Music may have a \u201cpolyphonic\u201d texture or a \u201cchordal\u201d texture. The word \u201ctexture\u201d, this time, is being used to describe something we hear instead of something we feel."}
+{"id": "58644", "revid": "1350807", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58644", "title": "Outlook Express", "text": "Microsoft Outlook Express, also known as Microsoft Internet Mail and News, is an email program and newsreader program made by Microsoft. It is a free version of Outlook, also made by Microsoft. Microsoft's Outlook Express was discontinued in 2006 with the release of its new operating system, Windows Vista, which has Windows Mail instead.\nProblems.\nOutlook Express needs a database to work, sometimes this database gets damaged when there are too many emails or when the database gets compacted. Compaction is needed when its size gets too large to handle well. Also, sometimes emails or attachments are infected with viruses."}
+{"id": "58646", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58646", "title": "Outlook express", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58647", "revid": "1377006", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58647", "title": "Ugly", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58649", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58649", "title": "Phone call", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58651", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58651", "title": "Telephone call", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58653", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58653", "title": "Michael Spinks", "text": "Michael Spinks (born on July 13, 1956) is a retired American boxer. He was the light heavyweight and heavyweight champion of the world. \nSpinks was a member of the 1976 United States Olympics team and won a gold medal in the boxing competition. He became a professional boxer in 1977 and won the light heavyweight championship in 1981. In 1985 he fought heavyweight champion Larry Holmes and beat him for the title. It was the first time a light heavyweight champion had become heavyweight champion. He beat Holmes again in a rematch and defended his title another two times before losing to Mike Tyson in 1988. He never fought again.\nMichael Spinks is the brother of heavyweight champion Leon Spinks."}
+{"id": "58654", "revid": "10391973", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58654", "title": "Goodbye", "text": "Goodbye is a word used to express good wishes when parting. The phrase is respectful and should be used when parting another. It may originate from the phrase \"God be with you\".\nGoodbye\u00a0can also mean:"}
+{"id": "58655", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58655", "title": "Database Normal Form", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58665", "revid": "9610340", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58665", "title": "Candy cane", "text": "A candy cane is a hard cane-shaped candy stick. It is usually white with red stripes and tastes like peppermint. It is also made in many other flavors and colors. The candy cane is a traditional candy of the Christmas holiday in the United States, but you can find them during the rest of the year. It is a symbolic figure in the Christmas season.\nIn the 17th century, white sticks of candy were popular, but they were not colorful. According to legend, a choir leader in Germany asked the people that made the candy to bend the sticks so that they looked like shepherd's staffs. He then gave the candy canes to the children to keep them quiet during church services. The colors are also said to be symbolic. The white part represents purity, and the red represents the blood of Jesus."}
+{"id": "58669", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58669", "title": "Candy Cane", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58670", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58670", "title": "Leon Spinks", "text": "Leon Spinks (July 11, 1953 \u2013 February 5, 2021) was an American boxer. He won the world heavyweight championship. He won a gold medal in the 1976 Olympics in the boxing category. He became a professional boxer. In his eighth bout, he won the heavyweight championship from Muhammad Ali. In his first defense, he lost the title back to Ali. He was born in St. Louis, Missouri.\nSpinks continued boxing with little success after that. He fought Larry Holmes for the heavyweight title in 1981, but lost. He also fought for the cruiserweight championship, but he lost that fight, too. He stopped fighting in 1995.\nHe ws the brother of boxer Michael Spinks and the father of boxer Cory Spinks.\nIn December 2019, Spinks was hospitalized in Las Vegas after his prostate cancer spread to his bladder. He died on February 5, 2021 from the disease in Henderson, Nevada at the age of 67."}
+{"id": "58671", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58671", "title": "Cruiserweight", "text": "Cruiserweight, also referred to as junior heavyweight, is a weight class in professional boxing. It is between light heavyweight and heavyweight. \"Light heavyweight\" and \"cruiserweight\" used to be used interchangeably in the United Kingdom.\nCurrent World Champions.\nCurrent world rankings.\n\"The Ring\".\nRanking done by Ring magazine, as of , .\nBoxRec.\nAs of , .\nLongest reigning world cruiserweight champions.\nThe table below is a list of longest reigning cruiserweight champions in boxing. It is measured by the individual's longest reign. Career total time as champion (for multiple time champions) does not apply."}
+{"id": "58686", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58686", "title": "Botanic", "text": "Botanic is a district of South Belfast, in the country of Ireland. It is named after Botanic Gardens, a local park dedicated to the science of botany.\nGeography.\nBotanic has a total area of 28 acres."}
+{"id": "58695", "revid": "586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58695", "title": "Steve Jay", "text": "Eugene Stephen Jay (born January 26, 1951) is a bassist best known for working with the singer-songwriter \"Weird Al\" Yankovic."}
+{"id": "58700", "revid": "1529455", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58700", "title": "Minimum wage", "text": "The minimum wage is the least amount of salary that employees of a business can be paid. Around the world, the minimum wage is enforced as a law that every company must follow. If companies do not give their employees at least the minimum wage, the companies will be forced to pay an expensive fine for breaking the law.\nMinimum wage is a relative term. Different countries have different minimum wages. Nunavut in Canada has a minimum wage of $11.00 per hour. Ontario, another place in Canada has a minimum wage of $10.25 per hour. \nSome people think the minimum wage should be raised, so poor working people will have more money and enjoy more human rights. Others think it is worse because the government will not have enough money to pay all the employees, so they will raise the taxes or raise the inflation. Some people think that the minimum will drastically hurt employees because companies only hire employees whose labor is worth the price they are required to pay. They think that if the minimum wage is raised, then employees will lose their job because companies cannot afford to pay them the raised minimum wage.\nNew Zealand was the first country to start minimum wage in 1894."}
+{"id": "58702", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58702", "title": "Dookie", "text": "Dookie is the 3rd album by the band Green Day. It was released in 1994."}
+{"id": "58705", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58705", "title": "Joe Manchin", "text": "Joseph Manchin III (/\u02c8m\u00e6nt\u0283\u026an/ MAN-chin; born August 24, 1947) is an American politician and businessman. He represented West Virginia in the United States Senate from 2010 to 2025. Manchin was also the governor of West Virginia from 2005 to 2010. He was a member of the Democratic Party for most of his life. In 2024, he became a independent politician. Before becoming a politician, he worked in the coal industry. He founded Enersystems, a family-owned coal company.\nManchin calls himself a \"centrist, moderate, conservative Democrat\". He doesn't want American troops in Afghanistan and Syria. He has voted against his party many times. He voted to support many of Donald Trump's policies, even though Trump was a Republican. However, he has supported many Democratic policies too. He supported the Affordable Care Act, or \"Obamacare\". He also voted to convict Donald trump in his impeachment trials. He also voted for Joe Biden's Supreme Court nominee, Ketanji Brown Jackson, and the Inflation Reduction Act.\nAfter the 2020 elections, Manchin had a lot of power in Congress. Because the Senate was split almost evenly between Democrats and Republicans, every single vote mattered a lot. Without Manchin's vote, any Democratic policy became hard to pass.\nEarly life and education.\nJoseph Manchin III was born on August 24, 1947, in Farmington, West Virginia. Farmington is a small coal mining town in northern West Virginia. He is the second of five children. His mother was Mary O. (n\u00e9e Gouzd), who was the daughter of immigrants from Czechoslovakia. His father, John Manchin, was the son of Italian immigrants.\nWhen Manchin was young, he worked in his family's stores. His family lived in West Virginia for generations. Manchin's father and grandfather were both mayor of Huntington. His uncle James Manchin was the Secretary of State and Treasurer of West Virginia.\nManchin graduated from Farmington High School in 1965. He went to West Virginia University and played on its football team, but an injury made him stop playing. He graduated in 1970 with a degree in business.\nEarly political career.\nIn 1982, Manchin was elected to the West Virginia House of Delegates when he was 35. In 1986, he was elected to the West Virginia Senate. Both the Senate and the House of Delegates make and vote on state laws. In 1996, he tried to run for Governor of West Virginia. He lost the Democratic primary election to Charlotte Pritt. It is the only election Manchin has ever lost. Even though he was a Democrat, he supported the Republican candidate for governor. Manchin ran for Secretary of State of West Virginia in 2000 and won. He got 89% of the vote."}
+{"id": "58709", "revid": "9771", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58709", "title": "Macromedia Flash", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58727", "revid": "836655", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58727", "title": "Renaissance art", "text": "Many of the most famous and best-loved works of art in the world were created during the time known as the Renaissance. The Renaissance began about 1400 and lasted until about 1600. Italy, and in particular the city of Florence is thought of as the home of Renaissance art. \nMany Flemish painters from the area of modern Belgium were also very busy at this time. The style of their pictures, and their use of oil painting influenced the Italian painters. \nImportant artworks.\nThe painting is a half-length portrait and depicts a woman whose expression is often described as enigmatic. The ambiguity of the sitter's expression, the monumentality of the half-figure composition, and the subtle modeling of forms and atmospheric illusionism were novel qualities that have contributed to the painting's continuing fascination. Few other works of art have been subject to as much scrutiny, study, mythologizing and parody."}
+{"id": "58728", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58728", "title": "Renaissance architecture", "text": "The Dome of Florence Cathedral\nThis country house was built by Palladio in 1550. It is a square building which looks the same from every side. At the centre, there is a dome. On every side is a large porch, (portico), like a Greek temple. It is such an elegant design that other architects used the same style which can be seen on churches, houses and palaces, including the White House."}
+{"id": "58735", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58735", "title": "Telekinesis", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58757", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58757", "title": "Fiji One", "text": "Fiji One is a free-to-air television channel run by Fiji Television. It is shown all across Fiji. It is paid for by advertisements. For this reason, programs on Fiji One have commercial breaks, to allow advertisers that fund the programs to showcase their products or services."}
+{"id": "58758", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58758", "title": "Comet Group", "text": "Comet was a chain of shops in the UK. They were the second largest retailer of TVs, and biggest retailer of fridges, washing machines and dishwashers in England."}
+{"id": "58766", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58766", "title": "Sainsbury's", "text": "Sainsbury's is the biggest supermarket chain based in the United Kingdom. Sainsbury's originally sold only food, but it now sells other things like mobile phones, clothing, and books. Sainsbury's is the second largest supermarket in the UK (after Tesco). The clothing range at Sainsbury's has changed a lot over the years. It started off with, Jeff & Co, then another range was brought in, after that Adams Kids. Now it is called TU. Sainsbury's sister store is called Argos."}
+{"id": "58767", "revid": "411636", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58767", "title": "Boob", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58771", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58771", "title": "Mummy", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58772", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58772", "title": "Venus of Willendorf", "text": "Venus of Willendorf or Woman of Willendorf, is an 11.1\u00a0cm (4.4 inches) high statuette of a woman or woman-like thing. Someone carved it in prehistoric times, perhaps 30,000 years ago. Archaeologist Josef Szombathy found it in 1908 near Willendorf. The statuette is made of a kind of limestone called oolite. There is no oolite near Willendorf, so scientists think someone carried the stone a very long way. The statue is colored with red ochre. Willendorf is a village in Lower Austria near the city of Krems.\nA study from 1990 said the statue was made between 24,000 and 22,000 BCE. Scientists think someone in the Gravettian culture carved it using flint tools. A study from 2022 said that the oolite in the statue matched oolite from northern Italy, which means someone must have carried the stone over or around the Alps and Danube river.\n\"Venus of Willendorf\" is part of the collection of the Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna .\nSince 1908, archaeologists have found many more statuettes of fat women, like the Venus, so they are called Venus figurines too."}
+{"id": "58773", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58773", "title": "Woman of Willendorf", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58780", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58780", "title": "Acts of Supremacy", "text": "The Acts of Supremacy was passed by Elizabeth I in 1558. This act stated that the king, not the pope was the head of the Church of England.\nWhen this act was originally passed by Henry VIII, in 1534, he had been the \u2018Head of the Church in England\u2019 but under Elizabeth\u2019s reign, she was \u201cSupreme Governor of the Church in England\u201d.\nThe change may have been made to appease Catholics who could not accept the monarch as \"Head of the Church\", seeing the church as the Pope's domain, or it may have been made because Elizabeth was a woman. In the sixteenth century, women were regarded as inferior to men in spiritual matters, and many were uncomfortable with the idea of a woman being in charge. This act also included an oath of loyalty to the Queen that the clergy were expected to take. If they did not take it, then they would lose their office. A High Commission was established to ensure that the oath was taken."}
+{"id": "58786", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58786", "title": "Compact fluorescent lamp", "text": "A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), is a type of lamp (or light bulb) designed to fit into the same space and usually also the same socket as an incandescent bulb, but with the advantages of a fluorescent lamp. Many CFLs can directly replace an existing incandescent lamp. They were invented late in the 20th century and much used after the turn of the century (after 2000).\nThe purchase price of a CFL is often much higher than an incandescent lamp of the same output, and the light from CFLs looks different to light from incandescent lamps. CFLs have a longer rated life and use less energy than an incandescent lamp of the same brightness. A CFL can save over US$30 in electricity costs over the lamp\u2019s lifetime compared to an incandescent lamp.\nAs in other fluorescent lamps, electrified mercury vapor emits ultraviolet (UV) light. A phosphor converts it to visible light. The ballast prevents too much electricity from flowing through the tube. It is usually in the plastic base of the bulb. If the ballast is in the bulb, the bulb is called a self-ballasted lamp. Most are electronic ballasts.\nLifespan.\nThe average rated life of a CFL is 8 to 15 times longer that of incandescents. CFLs typically have a rated lifespan of 6,000 to 15,000 hours, whereas incandescent lamps are usually manufactured to have a lifespan of 750 hours or 1,000 hours.\nThe lifetime of any lamp depends on many factors, including operating voltage, manufacturing defects, exposure to voltage spikes, mechanical shock, frequency of cycling on and off, lamp orientation, and ambient operating temperature. The life of a CFL is significantly shorter if it is turned on and off frequently. In the case of a 5-minute on/off cycle the lifespan of a CFL can be reduced to \"close to that of incandescent light bulbs\". The U.S. Energy Star program suggests that fluorescent lamps be left on when leaving a room for less than 15\u00a0minutes to avoid this problem. If the light must be switched on and off frequently, Cold cathode CFLs can be used. Cold cathode CFLs are designed for many more on/off cycles than standard CFLs.\nMercury content and recycling.\nThe mercury inside the tube is toxic and makes these bulbs hazardous waste. The bulbs must be taken to a recycling center after they stop working. Most CFLs contain an amount of mercury smaller than the tip of a ballpoint pen. During normal use, the mercury cannot escape, although it will escape if the bulb is broken. If a single bulb breaks, it is not usually a cause for concern. It is recommended to open windows to air out the room, and to clean up broken glass with duct tape instead of a vacuum cleaner.\nAlternatives.\nHigh-intensity discharge bulbs such as sodium-vapor, mercury-vapor, and metal-halide lamps are used for lighting large areas, although like fluorescent lamps they contain mercury. Their main advantage is much higher light output.\nHalogen bulbs with a halogen capsule inside a standard incandescent bulb housing contain no mercury. They use more energy than CFLs, but less than traditional incandescents.\nLED bulbs are also becoming a popular alternative. They are also mercury-free, and use about the same amount of energy as CFLs."}
+{"id": "58787", "revid": "9683", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58787", "title": "Compact flourescent lamp", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58791", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58791", "title": "PL Kyodan", "text": "PL Kyodan or the Church of Perfect Liberty is an international religion that developed from the Zen Buddhist culture of Japan early in the 20th century. PL teaches that \"Life is art.\" Humans have been born to express their own unique individuality in everything they do - \"creating true art\". \nTo assist them in improving their lives and overcoming hardships believers are taught why they have these problems and are guided in solving them by the Patriarch (Oshieoya-sama) and ministers.\nPL does not have a holy book (like a Bible), however, they have PL 21 Precepts and the PL 21 Principles which were revealed by the Founders of the Church. \nNowadays the group claims more than 3 million followers worldwide. Most of the parishes are in Japan, however, due to the active missionary work in the 1960s. PL was established in South-America and USA as well. Today they are present also in Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Peru. Oceania headquarters was founded in the 1990s in Brisbane, Australia. Small communities exist in Europe as well, especially in France, Portugal and Hungary.\nPL presents each year in the Japanese headquarters the world' biggest firework. The baseball group of PL High School is very famous in Japan. Often they win the national championship. \nHistory.\nThe movement was founded by the Rev. Tokuharu Miki (1871-1938). He was a Zen Buddhist priest of the Obaku Sect. He is referred to as \"the First Founder\". In 1912 he met the Rev. Tokumitsu Kanada, who instantly cured his chronic asthma by a sacred ritual. He asked Kanada to teach him this ritual so he could cure disease, and became his disciple. Before his death, Kanada told Tokuharu that his Tokumitsu Church had 18 Precepts, but there were three more which were to be revealed to complete the teachings. Five years later, the three precepts were revealed, and he established the new Tokumitsu Church in 1924 and became the First Kyoso (Oshieoya, Founder). In 1931, the name was changed to the Hitonomichi Church, meaning \"the way of humans.\"\nThe Church spread rapidly throughout Japan, Korea, China and to other Southeast Asia countries and its members numbered one million in a short period of time. In 1936 however, the Church was suppressed by the military government and ordered to disband. On July 6, 1938, the Rev. Tokuharu Miki died. \nThe \"Second Founder\", the Rev. Tokuchika Miki (1900-1983), succeeded his father. He was also imprisoned, but was released in 1945. At Tosu City in Saga Prefecture, on September 29, 1946, Tokuchika Miki reestablished the Hitonomichi Church, but under the new name of the Church of Perfect Liberty, declaring the truth, \"Life is Art.\" \nOn September 29, 1947, he revealed the PL 21 Precepts, the basic teachings of PL. The Church expanded rapidly all over Japan and in 1953, construction began on the present Headquarters in Tondabayashi, on the edge of Osaka. Tokuchika Miki organized the \"Federation of New Religious Organizations of Japan\" and chaired it for many years. He visited Pope Paul VI and Pope John Paul II to discuss world peace. He died in 1983.\nThe \"Third Founder\", the Rev. Takahito Miki (born 1957), the adopted son of the Second Founder, succeeded to the divine position of Oshieoya in 1983. He has since visited over 700 PL churches throughout the world. Miki is also the vice president of Shinshuren, Federation of New Religious Organizations of Japan."}
+{"id": "58794", "revid": "4608734", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58794", "title": "Winston Smith", "text": "Winston Smith is a fictional character and the protagonist of George Orwell's 1949 novel \"Nineteen Eighty-Four\". In the book, Winston is a clerk for the Ministry of Truth, where his job is to rewrite historical documents so that they match the current party line, which changes on a daily basis."}
+{"id": "58796", "revid": "9238527", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58796", "title": "Yantai", "text": "Yantai is a city in Shandong province, China. It is on the coast facing the Huang Hai. The average annual temperature is 12\u00b0C. The annual rainfall is 20 mm. \nThe city used to be called \"Chefoo\" because an island close to the city was named \"Chefoo\". The name of the city means \"Smokey Tower\" (yan - smoke, tai - tower). The city is named \"Yantai\" because in 1398 the Hongwu Emperor of the Ming dynasty, built watch towers nearby to tell everyone if Japanese pirates were coming.\n the city of Yantai and the area around it had 6,516,900 people living in it. The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was 343.4 billionRMB while the GDP divided by the population was 49,012RMB."}
+{"id": "58798", "revid": "807234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58798", "title": "Qiemo", "text": "Qiemo, also called Cherchen, is an inland city in Xinjiang, China. About 60,000 people live in the city. It is a river town on the edge of the Taklamakan Desert. The area has been settled for a long time. A cemetery at least 3,500 years old is near the town, as well as Bronze Age rock carvings. The town was along the trade route to Tibet. Marco Polo is supposed to have passed through the town in 1273."}
+{"id": "58815", "revid": "780307", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58815", "title": "Fictional universe", "text": "A fictional universe is a made up world that is used as the setting for one or (more commonly) many works of fiction. It is often used in books but can be used in any form used to tell a story, for example role-playing games, television or movies. It can be said that every work of fiction makes a world of its own. A fictional universe is used when things in a story become a part either of other stories, or of games or other things.\nFictional universes are most often used in science fiction and fantasy stories but they can be used in any type of fiction. A fictional universe usually has certain things in them that make them different from the real world. These things could affect anything from cities the author created to entire galaxies. In most fictional universes, the laws of physics are different to let things exist which commonly do not, for example, magic or space travel to other planets. Fictional universes may also take place in any time period during the past, present, or future.\nHowever Fictional universes are inside our Universe as fiction exist in books, movies And books movies are inside the real universe...\nDefinition.\nThe term was first defined by comics historian Don Markstein, in a 1970 article in \"CAPA-alpha\".\nExamples of fictional universes.\nThere are many examples of fictional universes. They are often used to provide a common theme to many different types of things.\nThe \"Star Wars\" expanded universe.\nThe \"Star Wars\" expanded universe is a fictional universe that was started from the first Star Wars movie \"\" in 1977. \nThe \"Buffyverse\".\nBased on \"Buffy the Vampire Slayer\" the television series.\nMany types of fiction have their own \"universe\". Many started in one category and now exist in many of them. For example, Harry Potter started out as a series of books then moved to movies and then video games.\nList of Shared Universes.\nAbandoned shared universes:\nThe reboots of A Nightmare on Elm Street, Friday the 13th and The Texas Chainsaw Massacre shared a universe, the \"New Line Cinema's House of Horror\" which was cancelled following disappointing figures and reviews"}
+{"id": "58816", "revid": "1618275", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58816", "title": "Ronnie James Dio", "text": "Ronnie James Dio (born Ronald James Padavona; July 10, 1942 \u2013 May 16, 2010) was an American heavy metal singer. His parents were Italian Americans. He performed with Elf, Rainbow, Black Sabbath, and his own band Dio. He was also part of the band Heaven and Hell (named after Black Sabbath's most famous song), with some of the original Black Sabbath members. Dio was born in Portsmouth, New Hampshire and raised in Cortland, New York. He starred in the Tenacious D movie, \"The Pick Of Destiny\".\nIn November 2009, Dio was diagnosed with stomach cancer, which caused his death in Houston, Texas, on May 16, 2010. He was 68. "}
+{"id": "58817", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58817", "title": "Chow Yun-fat", "text": "Chow Yun-fat (born May 18, 1955), formerly called Donald Chow, is a Hong Kong actor and singer. He often worked with John Woo in the action movies \"A Better Tomorrow\", \"The Killer\", and \"Hard Boiled\". He also acted in \"\", and has acted in many drama movies.\nCareer.\nHis parents were farmers and poor. He grew up on an island without electricity. While in college, Chow began training to become an actor with TVB. He first appeared on the 1980 TV series \"The Bund\". Chow appeared in many TV series, but he wanted to act in movies. He acted in a few movies, but they were very bad. He finally became successful when he teamed with John Woo in \"A Better Tomorrow\"."}
+{"id": "58828", "revid": "56711", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58828", "title": "Anglican Communion", "text": "The Anglican Communion is an association of all Anglican churches in full communion with the Church of England. There is no single \"Anglican Church\" with universal authority, because each national or regional church has full autonomy. With over one hundred and ten million members, the Anglican Communion is the third largest communion in the world, after the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Churches.\nThe status of full communion means that all rites conducted in one church are recognised by the other. Some of these churches are known as Anglican, explicitly recognising the link to England (\"Ecclesia Anglicana\" means \"Church of England\"). \nThe Archbishop of Canterbury, religious head of the Church of England, has no formal authority outside that jurisdiction, but is recognised as symbolic head of the worldwide communion. \nProvinces of the Anglican Communion.\nAll thirty-eight provinces of the Anglican Communion are independent, each with its own primate and governing structure. These provinces may take the form of national churches (such as in Canada, Uganda, or Japan) or a collection of nations (such as the West Indies, Central Africa, or Southeast Asia). They are, in alphabetical order:\nIn addition, there are six extraprovincial churches, five of which are under the metropolitical authority of the Archbishop of Canterbury:"}
+{"id": "58830", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58830", "title": "1019", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58831", "revid": "974224", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58831", "title": "Joan of Acre", "text": "Joan of Acre (April 1272 \u2013 7 April 1307) was a daughter of King Edward I of England and his first wife, Eleanor of Castile (1241-1290)."}
+{"id": "58833", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58833", "title": "Jules Verne", "text": "Jules Verne (February 8, 1828 \u2013 March 24, 1905) was a French writer. He was one of the first authors to write science fiction. Some of his books include \"Journey To The Centre Of The Earth\" (1864), \"From the Earth to the Moon\" (1865), \"Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea\" (1870), and \"Around the World in Eighty Days\" (1873).\nLife.\nHe was born in the city of Nantes, France. His father was a lawyer, and at the beginning, Verne wanted to study law as well. When he was nineteen, he started writing long pieces of literature, but his father wanted him to earn money as a lawyer, not as a writer. In 1847, his father sent him to Paris to start studying law.\nIn 1848, Jules Verne, on a visit home, fell in love, but the girl's parents did not want her to marry him. Verne was depressed when he heard that the girl had been married to someone else - a rich, older man. In his stories, Jules Verne often writes about women married to people they do not love.\nHe returned to Paris to find it on the verge of revolution: the French Revolution of 1848 deposed the king, and Louis-Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte was elected as the first president of the Republic of France. (A republic is a country which does not have a king or queen, but has a president instead.)\nVerne continued to study law until 1851, but all the time he was writing and meeting with other authors and artists.\nFinally, in 1852, he decided to give up being a lawyer, and become a full-time professional writer instead. His father was very unhappy with this decision, but Verne was stubborn and strong-minded, so he went ahead with his plans.\nVerne went to Paris to try to find success. At first, he did not find any fame. Over time, he became a fan of science, while becoming well known for his writing. His love of science and writing led him to write stories and novels that are now called \"science fiction\". Many people say Jules Verne was the creator of the science fiction genre.\nVerne lived to write. He wrote many stories. These included fiction novels, theater works, and other novels. In 1886, his young nephew, Gaston, who had paranoia, shot Verne in the leg. After that, Verne had a permanent limp in his leg. This may have resulted in his darker writing styles in that time period.\nVerne married Aim\u00e9e du Fraysse de Viane in January 1857 with his father's blessing. In August 1861, their son was born.\nHe continued to write until his death. On 24th of March 1905, Verne, who was sick with diabetes, died at his home in Amiens, France.\nJules Verne and inventions.\nJules Verne wrote about many things which did not exist when he was alive. Some of these things later became real. Verne was far from being a scientist, but his passion for technology and the progress being made at the time served to introduce many of the inventions that were to come and that, over time, have ended up becoming ordinary elements of our every-day life.\nElectric submarine.\nIn \"Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea\", Captain Nemo and his electric submarine were a modern marvel. Electricity was very new at the time, and had never been used to power an underwater ship.\nThe news on the radio and television.\nIn an 1889 article, \"In the Year 2889,\" Jules Verne described an alternative to newspapers: \"Instead of being printed, the\u00a0\"Earth Chronicle\"\u00a0is every morning spoken to subscribers, who, from interesting conversations with reporters, statesmen and scientists, learn the news of the day.\"The first newscast didn't happen until 1920, according to the Associated Press\u2014nearly 30 years after Verne imagined it.\nLunar modules.\nJules Verne wrote about \"projectiles\" in \"From the Earth to the Moon\". These projectiles would carry people to the moon. Verne imagined a big gun which would force the module up to the moon. Today, space modules are sent into space at the top of rockets, which force the module beyond the reach of gravity.\nMusic players and holographs.\nIn\u00a0\"The Carpathian Castle\", some villagers are terrified of a certain castle, from which they can hear voices and see shapes. An intrigued visitor decides to see what is happening, and he finds out that they were hearing just recorded sounds and holographic images."}
+{"id": "58834", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58834", "title": "Becker", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58836", "revid": "1674917", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58836", "title": "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles", "text": "The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, also known as the Teenage Mutant Hero Turtles when they were introduced in the United Kingdom or simply the Ninja Turtles, Hero Turtles, TMNT, TMHT, NT or HT, are a fictional group of four mutant turtles who were taught how to be ninjas by a mutant rat named Master Splinter. The TMNT were created by Kevin Eastman and Peter Laird and made their comic book debut in 1984. In October 2009, Nickelodeon purchased the intellectual property rights from Mirage Studios.\nHistory.\nThe \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\" first appeared in an American comic book published by Mirage Studios in 1984 in Dover, New Hampshire. The concept arose from a humorous drawing sketched out by Kevin Eastman during a casual evening of brainstorming with friend Peter Laird. Using money from a tax refund, together with a loan from Eastman\u2019s uncle, the young artists self-published a single-issue comic intended to parody four of the most popular comics of the early 1980s: Marvel Comics\u2019 \"Daredevil\" and \"New Mutants\", Dave Sim\u2019s \"Cerebus\", and Frank Miller\u2019s \"Ronin\". The \"TMNT\" comic series has been published in various appearances by many comic book companies since 1984.\nThe Turtles started their rise to mainstream success when a licensing agent, Mark Freedman, sought out Eastman and Laird to propose wider merchandising opportunities for the franchise. In 1986, Dark Horse Miniatures produced a set of 15\u00a0mm lead figurines. In January 1987, Eastman and Laird visited the offices of Playmates Toys Inc, a small California toy company that wanted to expand into the action figure market. Development was undertaken by a creative team of companies and individuals: Jerry Sachs, ad man of Sachs-Finley Agency, brought together the animators at Murakami-Wolf-Swenson headed by Fred Wolf. Wolf and his team combined concepts and ideas with the Playmates marketing crew, headed by Karl Aaronian, VP of sales Richard Sallis and President of Playmates Bill Carlson.\nAaronian brought on several designers, and concepteur and writer John C. Schulte and worked out the simple backstory that would live on toy packaging for the entire run of the product and show. Sachs called the high-concept pitch \"Green Against Brick\". The sense of humor was honed with the collaboration of the MWS animation firm's writers. Playmates and their team essentially served as associate producers and contributing writers to the miniseries that was first launched to sell-in the toy action figures. Phrases like \"Heroes in a Half Shell\" and many of the comical catch phrases and battle slogans (\"Turtle Power!\") came from the writing and conceptualization of this creative team. As the series developed, veteran writer Jack Mendelsohn came on board as both a story editor and scriptwriter. David Wise, Michael Charles Hill, and Michael Reaves wrote most of the scripts.\nThe miniseries was repeated three times before it found an audience. Once the product started selling, the show got syndicated and picked up and backed by Group W, which funded the next round of animation. The show then went network, on CBS. Accompanied by the popular \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\" 1987 TV series, and the subsequent action figure line, the TMNT were soon catapulted into pop culture history. At the height of the frenzy, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the Turtles' likenesses could be found on a wide range of children's merchandise, from Pez dispensers to skateboards, breakfast cereal, video games, school supplies, linens, towels, cameras, and even toy shaving kits.\nWhile the animated TV series, which lasted for 10 seasons until 1996, was more light-hearted, the comic book series continued in a much darker tone. In 1990 a live-action feature film was released, with the turtles and Splinter being portrayed by actors in partially animatronic suits created by Jim Henson's Creature Shop. The film became one of the most successful independent films, and made two sequels, as well as inspiring a 3D animated film set in the same continuity, which was released in 2007 under the title \"TMNT\". After the end of the cartoon series, a live action series in the vein of the films was created in 1997 in collaboration with Saban Entertainment. The series was called \"\" and introduced a fifth, female turtle called Venus De Milo, but was very unsuccessful and was canceled after one season.\nThe property lay inactive until in 2003 a new animated TV series also entitled \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\" began to air on Fox Box (4Kids TV). The series storyline was much closer to the original Mirage comic book series, but was still less violent. It lasted for 7 seasons and 156 episodes, ending in February 2009.\nOn October 21, 2009, it was announced that cable channel Nickelodeon (a subsidiary of Viacom) had bought all of Mirage's rights to the \"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\" property. Mirage retains the rights to publish 18 issues a year, though the future involvement of Mirage with the Turtles and the future of Mirage Studios itself is unknown. Nickelodeon has developed a new CGI-animated TMNT television series and will partner with fellow Viacom company Paramount Pictures to bring a new TMNT movie to theaters. The TV show premiered on Nickelodeon on September 29, 2012. However, in June 2012, Paramount shut down their planned production due to script issues, pushing their release date out until May 2014.\nBackground information.\nThe turtles are named after famous artists from the Renaissance period. Their names are Leonardo, Raphael, Donatello, and Michelangelo. They live underground in a sewer under Manhattan, and try to keep themselves hidden from people mankind in general, fearing humanity would never understand. While helping their friends, they often end up in trouble fighting crime and villan. Their enemies may vary from inner town street gangs to extraterrestrials. There are a few humans who know about them, a woman named April O'Neil and a man named Casey Jones, and some other people, depending on version. Some versions also use Casey Jones' grandmother's farmhouse in Northampton in Massachussetts as a hangout for the turtles.\nSplinter's origin differs between versions. In some versions (Mirage, 2003, movies), he was originally a pet rat of Hamato Yoshi, ending up mutated. In other versions (1987 carton, Archie and the 2012 cartoon), he was originally a man, Hamato Yoshi, who ended up accidentally touching the ooze, and turned into a humanoid rat.\nIn the 1987 cartoon, their main antagonists are a Japanese ninjutsu master, Shredder (Oroku Saki), an extraterrestrial called Krang, and two mutant punks, Bebop and Rocksteady, while in the 1984 Mirage comics, Shredder ends up killed by the turtles in the first issue. Krang's appearance is inspired by the Utroms, an extraterrestrial race in the Mirage. The Utroms, however, aren't villains.\nFirst appearance.\nThey first appeared in a comic book which was made in 1984. In 1987, an animated television show was made, it was extremely popular and ran until 1996.\nMerchandise.\nThere were many items based on the show including food, video games and toys. Starting in 1990, three live-action movies were made. In 1997, there was a live-action television series called \"Ninja Turtles: The Mutation\", which was not very successful. In 2003, a new animated series based more on the original comic book than the other series and an animated movie came out in 2007. Finally, the 2003 season came to an end, and a new series, the \"Back to the Sewers\" aired in late 2008-early 2009.\nIn September 2012 another cartoon series began. It takes inspirations from both the Mirage comics, and the 1987 cartoon series. Michael Bay will be producing a reboot of the film coming out on August 8, 2014. The film was directed by Jonathan Liebesman."}
+{"id": "58837", "revid": "124208", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58837", "title": "Turtles", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58838", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58838", "title": "Animated", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58840", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58840", "title": "Atze Schr\u00f6der", "text": "Atze Schr\u00f6der is a German comedy figure played by Hubertus Albers.\nAtze Schr\u00f6der.\nThe figure \"Atze Schr\u00f6der\" was born on 27 September 1965 in the German town Essen.\nBiography of the comedian.\nIn public, he always acts as his pseudonym \"Atze Schr\u00f6der\". Some sources report Emsdetten as his place of birth. He was suing a German newspaper and the German Wikipedia after they published his real name Hubertus Albers."}
+{"id": "58842", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58842", "title": "Autonomy", "text": "Autonomy means being able to rule without having to obey some other higher authority. Autonomy is something that philosophers often talk about. The idea occurs in moral, political, and bioethical philosophy. It means that someone is able to make a sensible decision without being forced to do so by someone else. They are able to make a \"free\" decision. \nIn moral and political philosophy, autonomy is often used when discussing whether someone has a moral responsibility for what he does. One of best known philosophical theories of autonomy was developed by Kant. In medicine, doctors have to respect the autonomy of the patient, i.e. the patient has been given good information about their illness, they should be able to decide whether they want treatment. The doctor cannot force it on them.\nIn politics, autonomy means self-determination that people can govern themselves instead of being ruled by someone else."}
+{"id": "58843", "revid": "8960338", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58843", "title": "Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel", "text": "Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (August 27, 1770 \u2013 November 14, 1831) was a German philosopher born in Stuttgart, W\u00fcrttemberg, which is now southwest Germany. He started Hegelianism and is a part of German Idealism. He influenced many writers and philosophers, including those who agreed with him (Bradley, Sartre, K\u00fcng, Bauer, Stirner, Marx), and those who did not agree with him (Kierkegaard, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Schelling). Hegel's books are difficult to read and deal with many different ideas at the same time. He has written about history, politics, religion, art, logic and metaphysics."}
+{"id": "58848", "revid": "7696", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58848", "title": "Sainsburys", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58849", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58849", "title": "London Borough of Croydon", "text": "The London Borough of Croydon is a London Borough. It is in south London. The borough is the farthest south of Greater London, with the M25 circle motorway touching it at the bottom. In North Croydon the borough mainly borders the London Borough of Bromley to the east as well as the London Boroughs of Southwark and Lambeth to the north. The boroughs of Sutton and Merton are west of Croydon.\nCroydon's main town centre is Croydon itself. The town offers the most office space in Southeast England apart from Central London. There are two shopping centres in Croydon which are named Centrale and the Witgift Centre. Croydon was named the 20 best shopping town in the UK. Croydon is currently being modernised (meaning new buildings are being built). Croydon College and John Ruskin College are the only schools for people over 16 years old.\nThe London Borough of Croydon asked the government for city status in 2000 and again in 2002 but it failed. If the government said yes it would have been the third council in Greater London to hold that status, the others being the City of London and the City of Westminster.\nThe borough is the home of two football clubs, Crystal Palace F.C. who are in the Football League Championship and Croydon F.C. who are in the Ryman League. Croydon is also known for having a lot of parks and open spaces like Mitcham Common and South Norwood Lakes.\nCroydon is a tourist attraction in London. One of the reasons is because it is close to Gatwick Airport and because it has lots of entertainment and historic facilities including the Fairfield Halls, Warehouse Theatre, Croydon Airport (disused), Shirley Windmill, Croydon Palace and the Croydon Clocktower.\nPlaces.\nThe borough includes the following areas:\nAttractions.\nCroydon has many places that people enjoy visiting. There are a lot of places of interest such as Croydon Airport, which was the largest airport in London until its closure in September 1959. It was closed because of it was too small to handle the growing number of flights to Croydon so Heathrow and Gatwick took over. It has become a great place for air plane shows and sometimes is hosts along with Biggin Hill. Addington Palace is an 18th-century mansion that was the home of six archbishops.\nCroydon Clocktower is an arts facility in Central Croydon that includes a cinema, library, museum and conference room. The building links into the official Town Hall of Croydon Council and some areas of the building, most notably the Braithwaite Hall, are part of the original complex. The Clocktower is the tower of the Town Hall. New buildings were built alongside the Town Hall and were opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1994. Croydon Palace is where Archbishops of Canterbury used to stay during the summer. It is more than 500 years old.\nThe Warehouse Theatre is a professional producing with up to a hundred seats in the centre of Croydon based in an oak-beamed former Victorian cement warehouse. The Fairfield Halls is an arts centre in Croydon which opened in 1962. It contains a concert hall, the Ashcroft Theatre (named for local actress ), the Arnhem Gallery civic hall (Croydon is twinned with Arnhem, a city in The Netherlands) and an art gallery. The large concert hall is used by the BBC for recordings."}
+{"id": "58852", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58852", "title": "Nicolas Sarkozy", "text": "Nicolas Sarkozy (born 28 January 1955) is a French politician. He was the 23rd President of France and, because of that position, \"ex officio\" Co-Prince of Andorra from 16 May 2007 to 15 May 2012 succeeding Jacques Chirac.\nHe was the leader of the UMP, and was elected President of the French Republic on 6 May 2007. He defeated S\u00e9gol\u00e8ne Royal, of the Socialist Party.\nPolitical career.\nNicolas Sarkozy was known for his conservative law and order politics and his admiration for a new economic model for France during his presidency. He wanted a more liberalised economy for France because he saw the United States and the United Kingdom as positive examples. Until 26 March 2007, he was the Minister of the Interior of France. His nickname Sarko was used by both supporters and opponents. On 6 May 2012, Sarkozy was defeated in the 2012 election by Socialist Fran\u00e7ois Hollande by a margin of 3.2%, or 1,139,983 votes. After leaving the office, Sarkozy pretended to retire from political life. As a former president, Sarkozy is entitled to \"de jure\" membership in the Constitutional Council. He retired from the council a few months later.\nCorruption trial.\nOn 23 November 2020, a corruption trial started. He was accused for an attempted bribery of a judge. The trial was postponed until November 26, following a request from one of his co-defendants for health reasons.\nOn March 1, 2021, a court in Paris found former Sarkozy guilty of corruption, trading in influence in a wiretapping and illegal data exchange. Sarkozy and his two co-defendants were sentenced to three years, two of them suspended, and one in prison. On December 18, 2024, the Court of Cassation rejected Nicolas Sarkozy's appeal in cassation and the co-defendants, thus making Nicolas Sarkozy's conviction final, who immediately announced that they would refer the matter to the European Court of Human Rights.\nIn September 2025, Sarkozy was convicted of criminal conspiracy for his \"corruption pact\" with former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi and received a five-year prison sentence."}
+{"id": "58854", "revid": "10494279", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58854", "title": "RVV Hillesluis", "text": "Rotterdamse Voetbalvereniging \"Hillesluis\" (translated:\"Rotterdam's Football Society \"Hillesluis\"\") was a football club in Rotterdam. It was located near the Feyenoord stadium. It was created in 1932 in a Rotterdam's town with the same name. It was disestablished in 2012.\nThis club has 21 teams from which:"}
+{"id": "58855", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58855", "title": "Tyrant", "text": "A tyrant (pronounce: \"tie\"-rant) is a person who rules with absolute power. In its Greek origin the word has no negative meaning: we translate \"Oedipus Tyrannus\" as 'Oedipus the King'. A tyrant usually rules a country, and he often got his position as powerful ruler by force, although some of them inherited their power.\nLater, the word came to mean someone who ruled with cruelty and injustice. The rule of a tyrant is called tyranny. The adjective is tyrannical.\nA dictator or despot is someone who rules with absolute authority, usually cruelly. It now has the same meaning as 'tyrant', whereas before, 'tyrant' meant something like 'ruler' or 'king'.\nIn the 10th and 9th centuries BC, Ancient Greece was ruled by monarchs. By the 7th century BC, they were ruled by groups of aristocrats. These aristocrats started to become unpopular. This gave cruel people the chance to get power for themselves, telling the people that they would be good rulers, but turning bad once they got power.\nAround 650 BC the tyrant Cypselus became powerful in Corinth. There were other tyrants in the Asiatic countries that were ruled by Greece. Cypselus\u2019s son Periander was also a cruel tyrant who ruled for 40 years. The tyranny in Corinth came to an end after he died."}
+{"id": "58856", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58856", "title": "Tyranny", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58857", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58857", "title": "Tyrannical", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58858", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58858", "title": "Despotic", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58864", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58864", "title": "Johann Pachelbel", "text": "Johann Pachelbel (born in Nuremberg, baptized 1 September, 1653; died in N\u00fcrnberg, buried 9 March, 1706) was a German composer and organist. He is very famous for his organ music. He also wrote other keyboard music and music for the Protestant church. His \"Canon in D\" has become a very popular piece of music and is very often played today at church weddings and other events.\nHe was brought up in N\u00fcrnberg and had his first music lessons there. In 1669 he went to study at the university of Altdorf, but after a year he had to leave because his father could not afford to keep him. About a year later he went to study at the Gymnasium Poeticum in Regensburg. The directors of that school must have realized that he was an extremely talented musician, because they made an extra scholarship for him and allowed him to have special music lessons outside the school.\nIn 1673 he went to Vienna where he was deputy organist at St Stephen\u2019s Church. He heard a lot more music there, especially the music of the catholic composers of South Germany and Italy. After a short while at Eisenach he got the job of organist at the Predigerkirche in Erfurt.\nIn 1681 he married, but his wife and their baby boy died in the plague. In 1684 he married again and the couple had five sons and two daughters. Pachelbel taught Johann Christoph Bach who later taught Johann Sebastian Bach.\nPachelbel became a very famous organist. He stayed in Erfurt until 1690. After another five years he became organist at St Sebald, N\u00fcrnberg where he stayed for the rest of his life.\nHis music.\nPachelbel is best known for his organ music. He wrote many organ pieces based on chorales while he was in Erfurt. In N\u00fcrnberg he wrote many pieces called \"Magnificat\" fugues. These were preludes which were played before the singers sang the Magnificat. His organ music also includes toccatas, ricercares, fantasias and ciacconas. He wrote many suites for harpsichord and chamber music and vocal music.\nAudio.\n\"Canon in D\" played on a piano:"}
+{"id": "58865", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58865", "title": "Pachelbel", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58867", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58867", "title": "9 March", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58875", "revid": "780307", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58875", "title": "Opioid", "text": "Opioids\u00a0are substances that act on opioid receptors to\u00a0produce morphine-like effects. Opioid receptors are widespread in the brain, and are also in the spinal cord and digestive tract.\nOpioids are chemical substances that relieve pain. There are a wide range of natural and artificial opioids. They are used in hospitals to treat acute pain, as can occur after an operation. They can also be used to relieve pain, where treatment no longer makes sense, for example in certain cancer patients. Drugs that can relieve pain are broadly known as analgesics.\nCertain opioids are used as anesthetics, as well as in emergency medicine and intensive care. There are cases which are difficult to manage with non-opioid analgesics.\nCertain opioids have been used as illegal drugs. They can cause impairment if taken in large amounts. Most opioids are controlled substances, only available by prescription.\nThe term opiate is sometimes used as a synonym. Most often it is used to refer to opium alkaloids, and semi-synthetic opioids.\nNatural opioids.\nEndogenous opioids.\nSo called \"endogenous opioids\", also called endorphins, are peptides produced by the human body. They are used to respond to stress, to suppress pain and hunger. They also interact with sex hormones and they can cause a state of Euphoria. Mammals produce them in the brain.\nOpium alkaloids / Opiates.\nThere are different alkaloids that naturally occur in opium. Opium is produced from Opium poppy. The most important ones are morphine, codeine and thebaine. Papaverine and noscapine also occur in opium, but the way they work is different. Most of the time, they are therefore not counted as \"opiates\".\nSemi-synthetic opioids.\nThese are produced based on natural opioids, which are changed. Examples include heroin and oxycodone.\nFully synthetic opioids.\nExamples are:\nAddiction to opioids.\nDrug tolerance to opioids and other narcotics can develop with long use. This means that higher doses will be needed to keep the same effect. It also means that the body will eventually learn to operate normally with that amount of medication. When the user tries to stop taking these pain killers, withdrawal symptoms appear. Withdrawal from opioids is not life-threatening, but it can be uncomfortable, so it is important to get medical supervision. These symptoms include restlessness, pain in the bones and muscles, insomnia, diarrhoea, vomiting and involuntary leg movements. However, the psychological symptoms, including cravings, depression, anxiety, and insomnia, are more likely to lead a person to relapse if they are not working with a doctor to safely detox.\nIf the addiction keeps on going, eventual permanent brain changes can appear, which eventually adapts to the drug's presence. Both prescription and recreational users of Opioids find that they will have to take increasingly larger doses of the drug to get the same effects, a process known as developing a tolerance. As users take greater and greater amounts of Opioids, they become progressively dependent on them. At this point, a full-blown addiction has developed. Even patients who experience chronic pain may be at risk for addiction, even though they are prescribed Opioids for treatment. "}
+{"id": "58876", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58876", "title": "Analgesic", "text": "Analgetics (one \"analgetic\") (or analgesics) is a word for some drugs that are used to stop pain. These are also known as painkillers. There are several kinds of painkillers. All act on the nervous system. Some painkillers (such as opioids) can make people addicted if they are taken for a long time. Some painkillers have side effects that can harm people when they take too much (e.g., too much paracetamol can be dangerous for the liver)"}
+{"id": "58877", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58877", "title": "Opiate", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58878", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58878", "title": "Analgetic", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58883", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58883", "title": "Blender (software)", "text": "Blender is a free, open source 3D computer graphics program. It is available for many operating systems, for example Microsoft Windows, macOS and Linux. It is made by the Blender Foundation. It was used, for example, to make the short movies Elephants Dream, Big Buck Bunny and Sintel.\nHistory.\nA Dutch animation studio called NeoGeo created Blender as an in-house application. The song Yello, which is from a song album called Baby, started an idea of the name \"Blender\". Ton Roosendaal founded NaN in June 1998. He wanted to make and show off the program to the public. The program was published as shareware until NaN went bankrupt in 2002. The creditors, people who have other people oweing money to them, agreed to sell out Blender under the laws of the GNU General Public License in exchange for a one-time payment of 100,000 Euros (102,000 in U.S. dollars.) On July 18, 2002, Roosendaal put money into a Blender funding campaign\u2014in order to collect donations. On September 7, 2002, the collected funds was given notice to the public. This proved that the Blender source code would be published. Blender is now an open source program. Right now, the Blender Foundation watches and takes care of it. It is the Blender Foundation's responsibility to do such a thing. The Blender Foundation have the right to use dual licensing, so that, in addition to GNU GPL, Blender would also have the permission to use the following name: \"Blender License\". Blender License does \"not\" have a rule that says it needs a disclosing source code but it \"does\" have a rule on payments to the Blender Foundation. On the other hand, this choice was never used and became null in 2005. Right now, Blender belongs only to GNU GPL.\nFeatures.\nBlender has many features and tools, such as:"}
+{"id": "58884", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58884", "title": "Nations", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58885", "revid": "1625577", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58885", "title": "Mark Shuttleworth", "text": "Mark Richard Shuttleworth was born 18 September 1978. He is a South African business person. He is the founder and CEO (chief executive officer) of a company called Canonical. He the first South African and African in space. In 2002, He bought himself his space travel for 9 days. He is also the leader of the Ubuntu project."}
+{"id": "58886", "revid": "105299", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58886", "title": "Dad", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58887", "revid": "1192696", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58887", "title": "Daddy", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58894", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58894", "title": "Paracetamol", "text": "Paracetamol (or acetaminophen) is a common drug for relieving pain. It can also be used to reduce fever, or headache, caused by a cold or a flu.\nOverview.\nThe IUPAC name for paracetamol is acetaminophen. Both \"acetaminophen\" and \"paracetamol\" both come from the names of the chemicals used in the compound: N-acetyl-para-aminophenol and para-acetyl-amino-phenol. Sometimes, it is shortened as APAP, for N-acetyl-para-aminophenol.\nHistory.\nHarmon Northrop Morse was the first to make paracetamol, in the year 1878. Drugs made with paracetamol became common in the 1950s. Today, these drugs are some of the most used, together with those containing salicylic acid, Ibuprofen or Diclofenac. Unlike these, paracetamol has no anti-inflammatory properties. In the year 1977, paracetamol was added to the \"List of Essential Medicines\" of the WHO.\nSafety.\nParacetamol is considered safe for use. The drug is easily available without a prescription. Patients sometimes take too much paracetamol, when they do not know how much should be taken. The recommended dose may not work for some people. Other times, it is because they are trying to commit suicide. Very often, a person's liver can be hurt when they take too much paracetamol.\nA dose of 150 milligrams (mg) for every kilogram (kg) of the person's weight (about 10 grams for most adults) will lead to permanent liver damage, and may cause the liver to fail. For people whose livers have already been damaged, such as alcoholics, and for those with a limited secretion of paracetamol, this amount can be much smaller.\nUnited Kingdom.\nIn England and Wales, about 30,000 people per year go to the hospital after taking too much paracetamol (called paracetamol poisoning), with about 150 dying of the poisoning. Since a law was passed saying that paracetamol packets cannot be too large, fewer people have been committing suicide with paracetamol. In Great Britain and the United States Paracetamol is the main reason for acute liver failure. About half of the cases are because of an \"unintentional overdose\".\nMass poisoning incident in 1982.\nIn 1982, there was a case of sabotage. Packets of paracetamol had been tampered with: Seven people died, because they had taken poisoned samples. As a result, the FDA made stricter regulations. Also, paracetamol-products worth 100 million US dollars were called back."}
+{"id": "58897", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58897", "title": "Morphine", "text": "Morphine (INN) (IPA: ) is a strong opiate pain killer drug. It is the principal active agent in opium and the prototypical opiate. Like other opioids, e.g. \"diacetylmorphine\" (heroin), morphine acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to relieve pain, and at synapses of the nucleus accumbens in particular. Morphine is highly addictive when compared to other substances, and tolerance and physical and mental dependences develop very rapidly. \nPatients on morphine sometimes say they have insomnia, visual hallucinations and nightmares; if these occur then reduction in dosage or switch to an alternative opioid analgesic should be considered.\nThe word \"morphine\" is derived from Morpheus, the god of dreams in Greek mythology. He is the son of Hypnos, god of sleep.\nMedical uses.\nMorphine is used legally: "}
+{"id": "58898", "revid": "10384092", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58898", "title": "S\u00e9gol\u00e8ne Royal", "text": "Marie-S\u00e9gol\u00e8ne Royal (born September 22, 1953 in Dakar, French West Africa, now Senegal) is a French politician. She is the president of the Poitou-Charentes region, a member of the National Assembly and a prominent member of the Socialist Party in France. She was the Socialist Party's candidate for the 2007 French presidential election but lost to Nicolas Sarkozy. She was the partner of former President of France Fran\u00e7ois Hollande from 1978 until 2007.\nShe is known for her admiration for some \"Third Way\" policies, for her controversial insistence on law and order issues and for her support of devolution and participatory democracy.\nIn July 2025, Royal pointed out the growing disenchantment of African nations with France, accused of broken promises.\nBibliography.\nRoyal is the author unless otherwise noted."}
+{"id": "58899", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58899", "title": "Codeine", "text": "Codeine is an opiate drug. In the human body, it is made into morphine by the liver (a prodrug). It is the morphine that gives codeine its effects. It is mainly used to treat pain, coughing, and diarrhea. It is also commonly used as a recreational drug. It is found in the sap of the opium poppy, \"Papaver somniferum\".\nIt is usually used to treat lower amounts of pain than morphine is used for. It might work better if mixed with paracetamol (acetaminophen) as codeine/paracetamol or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) such as aspirin or ibuprofen. It should not be used for coughs in children. It is usually taken by mouth. It typically starts working after half an hour, working best two hours after taking. It lasts for about four to six hours overall. Codeine can be addictive and too much can cause overdose. \nCommon side effects are nausea, vomiting, constipation, itchiness, lightheadedness, and sleepiness. Codeine was first found in 1832 by Pierre Jean Robiquet. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Codeine makes up about 2% of opium."}
+{"id": "58900", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58900", "title": "Methylmorphine", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58901", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58901", "title": "Codeine sulfate", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58902", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58902", "title": "Codeine phosphate", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58903", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58903", "title": "Codeine hydrochloride", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58904", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58904", "title": "Opium", "text": " \nOpium is a narcotic resin produced from opium poppies \"(Papaver somniferum)\". It contains up to 16% morphine, an opiate alkaloid, which is most frequently processed chemically to produce heroin for the black market. The resin also has non-narcotic alkaloids in it. Some of these are papaverine and noscapine. Opium is also known as \"afeem\", and was called \"God's Own Medicine\" during its time of greatest popularity. It can be yellow or dark brown, and has a bitter taste.\nOpium has been used and produced for thousands of years. During this time, the source plant has been changed and adapted. The methods of processing the plant, and extracting substance and consuming it also have changed. The medicinal use of poppies for pain relief dates back to ancient times, but widespread use in patent medicines or as a recreational drug has occurred only in the last few centuries. Drug prohibition laws in most countries were introduced in the 20th century. Today the opium crop is worth in excess of $400 million legally and $7 billion illegally, after processing. Opium caused many wars in China, such as the Opium Wars, because of heavy addiction to the drug. \nPeople who become addicted to opium become dull, lazy, and even sleepy. Opium itself is a very harmful and addictive ingredient and comes in many other forms of illegal drugs; including Heroin AKA Diamorphine. Health risks include, overdose, respiratory depression, risk of HIV if injected, and risk of permanent brain dulling if used for prolonged periods of time."}
+{"id": "58906", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58906", "title": "Union for a Popular Movement", "text": "The Union for a Popular Movement (French: \"Union pour un Mouvement Populaire\", UMP), was the main French centre-right political party. It was formed in 2002. On 30 May 2015, it was replaced by The Republicans.\nThe party had an absolute majority in the National Assembly but lost its majority in the Senate in September 2011. The UMP is a member of the European People's Party (EPP), of the Christian Democrat International (CDI) and of the International Democrat Union (IDU).\nHistory.\nSince the 1980s, the political groups of the parliamentary right joined forces around the values of economic liberalism and the building of Europe. Their rivalries had contributed to their 1981 and 1988 electoral defeats. Therefore, some politicians were in favour of the formation of a confederation, a party.\nUMP was founded from the merger of the Gaullist-conservative Rally for the Republic (\"Rassemblement pour la R\u00e9publique\", RPR), the conservative-liberal Liberal Democracy (\"D\u00e9mocratie Lib\u00e9rale\", DL), and a part of the centrist Union for French Democracy (\"Union pour la D\u00e9mocratie Fran\u00e7aise\", UDF). Many Christian Democrats (such as Philippe Douste-Blazy and Jacques Barrot), the social-liberal Radical Party and the centrist Popular Party for French Democracy (both associate parties to UDF until 2002) joined the party.\nThe party was thus born out of the meeting of four major French political traditions: Gaullism, Liberalism (Republicanism), Christian Democracy (Popularism) and Radicalism.\nThe UMP generally supported the policies of President Jacques Chirac. However, in 2004, the party showed increasing signs of independence. The unpopularity with the electorate of Jacques Chirac and Jean-Pierre Raffarin's government led most members of the UMP to support Nicolas Sarkozy, a rival of Chirac. The party also publicly disapproved of Turkey's proposed membership in the European Union, which Chirac was in favour of.\nThe first president of the UMP, Alain Jupp\u00e9, a close associate of Jacques Chirac, resigned on 15 July 2004. On 29 November 2004, Nicolas Sarkozy announced that he would officially take over the presidency of the UMP.\nIn the 2004 French regional elections the UMP suffered a heavy blow, securing only 2 out of 22 regions in Metropolitan France and half of the departments. This led to the fall of the Jean-Pierre Raffarin government (2001-04), and to the formation of a new cabinet, presided by another UMP politician, Dominique de Villepin.\nOn 22 April 2007 Nicolas Sarkozy won most of the votes in the first round of the 2007 presidential election. In the second round, he faced Socialist Candidate S\u00e9gol\u00e8ne Royal. On 6 May 2007 he won the Presidential election, garnering 53.35% of the vote."}
+{"id": "58909", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58909", "title": "Oxycodone", "text": "Oxycodone is a medicine that is used to treat pain. This kind of pain medicine is called an \"analgesic\".\nOxycodone is a man-made opioid. This means that in the body, it acts like morphine, a powerful, natural painkiller. The chemical elements in oxycodone are very similar to codeine, another natural painkiller.\nForms of Oxycodone.\nOxycodone is a generic drug. It has many different brand names.\nSome forms of oxycodone get released into the body right away. These are short-acting forms of oxycodone - they start working quickly, but do not last very long. The most common brand names for short-acting oxycodone are OxyIR and Roxicodone.\nOther forms of oxycodone have a special coating that makes just a little bit of the medicine get released into the body at a time. A small amount of oxycodone is released, non-stop, into the body for up to 12 hours. The goal is to have the same amount of painkiller in the body all the time. These are called long-acting, extended-release, or controlled-release forms of oxycodone. They do not start working quickly, but they last a long time. The most common brand name for controlled-release oxycodone is OxyContin.\nMixtures of oxycodone.\nOxycodone is often mixed together with other pain medicines. For example:\nSince 2014, a new mixture has been created. It is a mixture of oxycodone and naloxone. Its goal is to stop people from abusing long-acting oxycodone. (See the \"Addiction\" section lower on this page). People sometimes abuse long-acting oxycodone (OxyContin) by chewing, crushing, snorting, or injecting the pills. When oxycodone is mixed with naloxone, if the medicine is swallowed by mouth, like it is supposed to be, the oxycodone works like normal. But if the medicine is chewed, crushed, or dissolved, the naloxone inside is released. The naloxone keeps the oxycodone from working in the brain. This makes it impossible for the person to get the good feelings they wanted to get from abusing the oxycodone.\nHow can Oxycodone be Given?\nOxycodone can be given in many different ways. These are called \"routes of administration\" (which means \"ways of giving a medicine\").\nOxycodone starts working the quickest if it is given by one of these routes:\nOxycodone starts working a little more slowly if it is given by one of these routes:\nOxycodone starts working the slowest, but lasts the longest, if it is given:\nAddiction and Overdose.\nMost people who take oxycodone exactly as their doctor prescribes it do not get addicted to oxycodone.\nBut people can get addicted to oxycodone if they misuse it - for example, by taking it without a doctor's prescription, or taking more than the doctor prescribed. Some people like the good feeling they get when they take oxycodone. They may keep taking more and more oxycodone to keep getting that good feeling. This can lead to addiction.\nOxycodone abuse, addition, and overdoses have become much more common recently.\nLong Term Side Effects of Oxycodone.\nOverdoses and treatment.\nPeople can die from overdosing on oxycodone (taking too much). Too much oxycodone shuts down the part of the brain that tells us to breathe. This can cause respiratory failure - where the body is not getting enough oxygen to survive. Every part of the body needs oxygen to live, and without enough oxygen, parts of the body - like the brain - will start to die. Eventually, a person's breathing can stop. If they do not get help right away, their heart will stop and they will die.\nThere is a medicine called naloxone (Narcan) that can reverse some oxycodone overdoses. Once it is given, the naloxone throws the oxycodone off of the spots on the brain they are attached to. Naloxone attaches there instead. This stops the effects of the oxycodone and helps the brain's breathing center start working more normally again.\nOn November 18, 2015, the FDA approved an \"easy-to-use nasal spray\" version of naloxone. The goal was to make it easier for everyday people to use naloxone without having to have medical training. Before this, naloxone could only be given through a needle into a vein or muscle.\nOxycodone Withdrawal & Detox.\nOxycodone withdrawal symptoms can include:"}
+{"id": "58910", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58910", "title": "Pethidine", "text": "Pethidine or meperidine (often called Demerol in the United States) is a synthetic opioid - a man-made drug similar to morphine. It is a painkiller. It is used against moderate to severe pain. It can mix badly with other medicines, including muscle relaxants, some antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and alcohol.\nPethidine can be bad for people with liver disease, kidney disease, an enlarged prostate, trouble peeing, hyperthyroidism, asthma or Addison's disease. It can also be bad for people who have had seizures or epilepsy."}
+{"id": "58911", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58911", "title": "Meperidine", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58912", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58912", "title": "National Assembly (France)", "text": "The French National Assembly () is one of the two houses of the Parliament of France under the Fifth Republic. The other is the Senate (\"S\u00e9nat\").\nThe National Assembly consists of 577 members known as \"d\u00e9put\u00e9s\" (deputies), each elected by a single-member constituency. Deputies are elected in each constituency through a two-rounds system by which the top two candidates in the first round are usually on the ballot for the second. It is presided over by a president normally from the largest party represented, assisted by vice-presidents from across the represented political spectrum. The term of the National Assembly is five years; however, the President of France may dissolve the Assembly (by i.e.: calling a new election), unless he dissolved it in the preceding year.\nThe official seat of the National Assembly is the Palais Bourbon on the left bank of the river Seine. "}
+{"id": "58914", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58914", "title": "Hyperthyroidism", "text": "Hyperthyroidism is a medical condition. It is caused by a thyroid gland that is too active.\nThe thyroid gland makes hormones. These hormones manage the body\u2019s metabolism. An example of one of these hormones is thyroxine. \nSynthesis.\nThe thyroid-stimulating hormone starts the making of thyroxine. The thyroid-stimulating hormone is also called \u201cTSH.\u201d \nTSH is made in the pituitary gland. Hyperthyroidism is determined by a doctor by blood tests that show a decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level.\nCause.\nThe most common cause of this disorder is \"Graves\u2019 disease.\u201d Graves\u2019 disease is a condition in which the thyroid gland becomes overactive. Antibodies from the immune system in the bloodstream attack itself (this is called an autoimmune disease). This causes the thyroid gland to grow, as well as produce more thyroid hormones.\nSymptoms.\nSome symptoms of this disorder are the swelling of the neck, as well as weight loss. In addition, patients could experience their hands trembling, as well as their blood pressure increasing. They could also experience nervousness and anxiety attacks. Medication can stop the effects of hyperthyroidism. However, hyperthyroidism cannot be fixed completely. Hyperthyroidism can occasionally cause death."}
+{"id": "58916", "revid": "10375567", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58916", "title": "99942 Apophis", "text": "(99942) Apophis is a near-Earth asteroid that worried people for a short time in December 2004. This was because observations seemed to show that it would hit the Earth in 2029. Other observations had more accurate, or better, ideas. During 2029, Apophis would go through a \"gravitational keyhole\", an area in space no more than about 400 meters across. This would make it hit the Earth on April 13, 2029. This danger made the asteroid Level 1 on the Torino impact hazard scale until August 2006.\nMore watching showed scientists that the \"keyhole\" would be missed. On August 5, 2006, Apophis was lowered to a Level 0 on the Torino Scale. As of October 19 2006 the probability that Apophis will hit the Earth on April 13, 2029 is something around 1 in 45,000. It may also hit in 2038, but however the probability for that encounter, or meeting, is 1 in 12.3 million.\nThere is some use, of a symbol ()) for the asteroid Apophis.\nMore reading.\nCooke, Bill. (2006) Fatal attraction. \"Astronomy\", May 2006, pp.\u00a046-51.\nOther websites.\nRisk assessment.\nThese sources are updated as new orbital data becomes available:"}
+{"id": "58921", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58921", "title": "UMP", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58929", "revid": "2131", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58929", "title": "Waffen SS", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58933", "revid": "10326383", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58933", "title": "Dance music", "text": "Dance music is music that is made to be danced to. In a broader sense, an enormous amount of music sounds like dance music, even if it is not composed for dancing. The history of dance music is similar to the history of dance as well as to the history of music.\nDance music was probably the first kind of music there was. Thousands of years ago human beings must have discovered the joy of making noises by beating sticks in rhythm. They probably danced as they did this.\nWe know that the Ancient Greeks danced to music, although we do not know much about what that music was like.\nIn the Dark Ages (before the Middle Ages) dancing was very popular. The Christian Church thought that dancing was bad because it was always linked to the devil. This is why the church people thought that musical instruments were bad, because instruments were used for dancing.\nThe earliest Western dance music that we know are some of the medieval dances such as caroles and the Estampie. Composers started to write their music down on music staves. Dance music had to have a regular beat so that the dancers could dance in time. This is why barlines were invented. The music was divided into bars with a particular number of beats in each bar. This was different from church music which was based on plainchant which was very free in the way it was sung.\nIn the Baroque period many composers started to write pieces of music which were based on dance rhythms. Composers such as Johann Sebastian Bach wrote suites which were collections of dance movements. The most popular dances in a suite were: allemande, courante, sarabande, minuet and gigue. Even when not writing dance movements, a lot of Baroque music is based on dance rhythms, for example: the grand opening chorus of Bach\u2019s \"St Matthew Passion\" is based on the rhythm of a sicilienne.\nIn the Classical music period composers wrote a lot of symphonies and string quartets. They had four movements. The third was normally a minuet, although it was not for dancing to. Composers such as Mozart and Schubert also wrote a lot of music which was for dancing or easy listening. This was the popular music of its time.\nIn the Romantic era the waltz became popular. Many waltzes were written to be danced to, but other composers simply wrote music (especially piano music) called \u201cwaltz\u201d. Chopin wrote piano pieces called after several kinds of dance: waltz, polonaise, mazurka etc. Ballet had become very popular. There was a lot of dance music in operas, especially in French operas.\nIn the 20th century \u201cdance music\u201d was often thought of as meaning: music played by dance bands. This kind of music developed into rock and roll in the 1960s. Nowadays there is a wide variety of popular dance music, including hip hop. Spanish or Latin American dances such as the samba, tango and cha cha cha are popular all over the world. Towards the end of the 20th century, a form of dance music known as electronic dance music (EDM) arose. This is electronic music which is made in a specific way as to be danced to, usually in the setting of a nightclub, discoth\u00e8que or a party. Genres of EDM include post-disco, techno, house and trance, amongst several others. "}
+{"id": "58934", "revid": "1206257", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58934", "title": "Baruch Spinoza", "text": "Baruch Spinoza also known as Benedict Spinoza (24 November 1632 in Amsterdam \u2013 21 February 1677 in The Hague) was a Dutch philosopher of Portuguese Jewish origin. He is considered to be one of the great Rationalist philosophers of the 17th century. Other famous rationalists include Gottfried Leibniz and Ren\u00e9 Descartes.\nLife.\nSpinoza's ideas were not cherished by the Jewish community in Amsterdam of the time, and Spinoza was excommunicated in 1656.\nKey ideas.\nAn important idea in Spinoza's philosophy is that God and Nature (meaning everything that exists) are the same thing. Opposing dualism and free will as a determinist, Spinoza said that the body and the mind (soul) are two of God's infinite attributes. \nThere is no good or evil in Nature, and that these words only have meanings for human beings. For a person, an event that leads to happiness is good, and an event that leads to suffering is bad. \nSpinoza describes two types of thoughts, or emotions:\nThe goal of every person is to intellectually love God (that is, understand Nature as much as humanly possible)."}
+{"id": "58936", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58936", "title": "Rationalism", "text": "Rationalism is the view that reasoning by itself is a source of knowledge or proof. It is a philosophical movement that began in the 17th century, but the same ideas were also talked about before then. Rationalist philosophers believe that all knowledge can be understood through a process of reasoning, without any external sources. They do not believe that human beings can understand everything this way, but that it is theoretically possible. Rationalist philosophers attempt to understand ideas like God and the soul in this manner.\nThe first people to talk about rationalism were Marin Mersenne and Ren\u00e9 Descartes, of the Age of Enlightenment in the 17th and 18th centuries. Other philosophers who are seen as rationalist today include Baruch Spinoza, Gottfried Leibniz and Immanuel Kant. Famous people opposed to this idea were David Hume and John Locke. These opponents favored a view called empiricism.\nRationalism also influenced natural law. Natural law is a theory that says that there are laws given by nature, valid everywhere. Deism was also influenced by rationalism. According to deism, a supreme being created the universe. This being, and other religious truths can be determined by observing nature, and finding natural laws. This would make religions that are based on revelation unnecessary. "}
+{"id": "58943", "revid": "121204", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58943", "title": "List of Universal Pictures movies", "text": "This is a partial listing of movies produced and/or distributed by Universal Pictures, the main production/distribution arm of Universal Studios, a subsidiary of NBCUniversal and Comcast."}
+{"id": "58946", "revid": "21928", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58946", "title": "Neptun", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58949", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58949", "title": "Hubertus Albers", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58951", "revid": "10343639", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58951", "title": "2029", "text": "2029 (MMXXIX) will be a common year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar."}
+{"id": "58953", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58953", "title": "Elephants Dream", "text": "Elephants Dream is a short movie made using mostly open source software. Blender was the main program used to make the movie. It began production in September 2005 and was released on March 24, 2006. It was first developed under the name \"Orange\", then later changed to \"Machina\" then finally to \"Elephants Dream\" since the people working on the movie could not decide how \"Machina\" would be pronounced. The movie is 11 minutes long.\nOverview.\nThe movie has a very random and abstract nature. Despite the film's title, \"Elephants Dream\" does not have any elephants or dreams. It instead has Proog and Emo in an extremely bizarre construction referred to only as \"the machine.\" Proog tries to introduce Emo to its nature, but Emo is reluctant (If a person is reluctant to do something, he/she does not want to do it.) and argues about its purpose.\nBassam Kurdali, Director of Elephants Dream, explained the plot of the movie by saying:\n\"The story is very simple- I'm not sure you can call it a complete story even- It is about how people create ideas/stories/fictions/social realities and communicate them or impose them on others. Thus Proog has created (in his head) the concept of a special place/machine, that he tries to \"show\" to Emo. When Emo does not accept his story, Proog becomes desperate and hits him. It's a parable of human relationships really- You can substitute many ideas (money, religion, social institutions, property) instead of Proog's machine - the story does not say that creating ideas is bad, just hints that it is better to share ideas than force them on others. There are lots of little clues/hints about this in the movie- many little things have a meaning- but we are not very \"tight\" with it, because we are hoping people will have their own ideas about the story, and make a new version of the movie. In this way (and others) we tie the story of the movie with the \"open movie\" idea.\" \nTon Roosendaal announced the film in May 2005. He is the chairman of the Blender Foundation. The Blender Foundation and the Netherlands Media Art Institute funded the project. The Foundation raised a lot of their funds by selling pre-orders of the DVD. Everyone who preordered before September 1 has his or her name listed in the film's credits. The film was released for download on the Official Orange Project website on May 18, 2006."}
+{"id": "58955", "revid": "1258410", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58955", "title": "Chapel Royal", "text": "The Chapel Royal is a department of the monarch's household in the United Kingdom. \nIncorrectly, the term is also used for the choirs of these chapels. The correct name for these choirs is the \"Gentlemen of the Chapel\". They are a group of priests and singers who sing church services for the British monarch (king or queen). They are helped by young boy singers called choristers or \"Children of the Chapel.\" It is an old tradition. \nToday there are two consecrated buildings at St James\u2019s Palace, near Buckingham Palace in London served by the Chapel Royal. These chapels do not belong to the diocese (group of churches in a district). That is why they are called \u201croyal peculiars\u201d (\u201cpeculiar\u201d in this sense does not mean \u201cstrange\u201d but \u201cspecial\u201d). Services are held every Sunday except during August and September. Members of the public are welcome to go to these services. This is the only time that the public can go into the royal chapels. The choir also sing at special services, including one held every year on 6 January to celebrate Epiphany when offerings of gold, frankincense and myrrh are made on behalf of the queen.\nHistory.\nThe Chapel Royal dates back to the late 13th century. At that time the priests and choir travelled with the king wherever he went.\nIn the 17th century the chapel had its own building in Whitehall, which burned down in 1698. Since 1702 it has been based in St. James's Palace.\nIn the 16th and 17th centuries the choir was the best choir in England. William Byrd and Thomas Tallis were both organists there during the reign of Elizabeth I. Boy choristers from choirs outside London were sometimes made to join the Children of the Chapel if they had beautiful voices. These boys also took part in plays at the king or queen\u2019s court. Charles II liked musical instruments, so the choir were often joined by violins, lutes and viols. \nSome very famous composers were organists at the Chapel Royal. These include: Thomas Tallis (c.1545-85), William Byrd (c.1572-c.1618), John Bull (1591-1613), Orlando Gibbons (1605-25), John Blow (1673/4-1708), Henry Purcell (1682-95), Jeremiah Clarke (1704-1707), William Croft (1708-27), and George Frideric Handel who was organist from (1723-59). At the time Handel was appointed he was still German, not English, so he was not allowed to be a member. Instead, he was given a special title: \"Composer of Musick of His Majesty's Chappel Royal\".\nToday the Choir rehearses twice weekly at St James's Palace. The choir consists of six Gentlemen-in-Ordinary who are professional singers, and ten boys who have scholarships to go to the City of London School where they are called Queen's Scholars. \nThe composer Sir Peter Maxwell Davies, who was Master of the Queen's Music, worked closely with the Chapel Royal, composing a new carol for them every Christmas.\nThe head of the Chapel Royal in Scotland is a Dean. Another Chapel Royal once existed in Ireland. "}
+{"id": "58956", "revid": "9274468", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58956", "title": "Orlando Gibbons", "text": "Orlando Gibbons (born: Oxford, baptised 25 December 1583; died Canterbury, 5 June 1625) was an English composer and organist. He was one of the most important composers of his day. He is famous for his church music and organ music. He lived in the late Tudor and early Jacobean periods.\nGibbons was born in Oxford where his father was a city wait. The family moved to Cambridge and his brother Edward, who was 15 years older than Orlando, became Master of the Choristers at King\u2019s College. Between 1596 and 1598 Orlando sang in the choir of King's College, Cambridge where his brother was master. He entered the university in 1598 and got the degree of Bachelor of Music in 1606. He married and had seven children.\nJames I made him a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal, where he was organist from at least 1615 until his death. In 1625 he became senior organist at the Chapel Royal, with Thomas Tomkins as junior organist. He was also keyboard player (mainly harpsichord) in the privy chamber of the court of Prince Charles (later King Charles I), and organist at Westminster Abbey. He died an early death in Canterbury of apoplexy, and a monument to him was built in Canterbury Cathedral.\nGibbons wrote a lot of keyboard works, around thirty fantasias for viols, some madrigals (the best-known being \"The Silver Swan\"), and many popular anthems. He was very good at writing counterpoint as well as lovely melodies. His famous verse anthem \"This is the record of John\" is often sung by choirs at Advent. It has a lovely solo for a countertenor who takes it in turns with the full chorus. Gibbons wrote two settings of the Evensong service: a long one with several verses, and the \"Short\" service. His full anthems include \"O Lord in thy wrath\", and the Palm Sunday setting of \"O clap your hands together\" for 8 voices."}
+{"id": "58960", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58960", "title": "Waits", "text": "Waits or waites were British town musicians. From medieval times up to the early 19th century, every important British town and city had a band of waites. Some other countries in Europe also had waits. They were called Stadtpfeifer in Germany and Pifferi in Italy.\nThe duties (things they had to do) varied in different towns and at different times in history. One of their most important jobs was to play at certain times of day so that people knew what the time was. They often played from the top of church towers. Sometimes they were also guards, watching from the towers so that they could spot any danger. They were like watchmen, making sure everything was all right (there was no police at that time). They woke people up in the mornings by playing music in the streets.\nThe instruments they played also varied. Mostly they were loud wind instruments such as the shawm. It was a paid job. The waits wore smart liveries and silver chains of office with the town's arms.\nIn Germany the Stadtpfeifer would also play at church services. They would play shawms or trombones on normal days, but trumpets and drums on feast-days.\nIn Britain there were no more waits after 1835. The name \u201cwaits\u201d is still used in \u201cChristmas Waits\u201d (any group of people singing carols at Christmas)."}
+{"id": "58961", "revid": "1694771", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58961", "title": "Tennis Court Oath", "text": "The Tennis Court oath was a pledge signed by 576 members (Joseph Martin-Dauch refused to take the oath) out of 577 of France's Third Estate and a few members of the First Estate on June 20, 1789 in a tennis court near the Palace of Versailles. \nThe meeting hall of the Estates General had been locked accidentally, but the Third Estate thought that this was an invasion of their rights, and were very angry with the king. They stood in a nearby indoor tennis court. They made a solemn vow that they would not move until \"the voice of the country was heard\" and their requests were met. They were joined by the nobles and clergy.\nThe vote had always been taken by class, and usually, the nobility and the clergy voted to support whatever the king wanted, so the vote of the middle class did not matter. The middle class argued that voting should be \"by poll\" not by order, because they had more representatives than the first two estates combined. They also wanted the Estates General to meet as one body, so that voting would be by poll, rather than by class.\nA week later , the king agreed and the Estates General met as the \"National Assembly\"."}
+{"id": "58965", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58965", "title": "Diaz", "text": ""}
+{"id": "58971", "revid": "1649829", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58971", "title": "Chart", "text": "A chart or graph is an image which summarizes data and presents it in an easy to understand way. Charts are often used to make it easier to understand the relationships of different aspects of the data. It is easier to read a chart than the raw data."}
+{"id": "58973", "revid": "1618275", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58973", "title": "Samuel Adams", "text": "Samuel Adams (September 27 (OS), 1722 \u2014 October 2, 1803) was an American leader, politician, writer, and political philosopher, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States. Adams helped gather support in the American colonies to rebel against Great Britain. This led to the American Revolution. Adams also shaped the foundations of American politics.\nBorn and raised in Boston, Massachusetts, Adams was brought up in a religious family. He was educated at Boston Latin School and Harvard College. \nHe first became a businessman, but did not like it. He turned his interest instead to politics and became an influential political writer. In his writings, and at town meetings in Boston, Adams urged people to defend their rights and liberties, withdraw from Great Britain, and form a new government. \nAdams wrote protests against the taxes that Parliament imposed on the colonies, like the Stamp Act of 1765. He helped to organize the Boston Tea Party in 1773 and was a member of the Continental Congress. At the Second Continental Congress in 1776, he argued for the Declaration of Independence.\nAdams helped write the Massachusetts Constitution, along with James Bowdoin and his cousin John Adams. Later, Adams helped draft the Articles of Confederation. After the Revolutionary War ended, he ran for the House of Representatives in the 1st United States Congressional election. He lost the election to Fisher Ames, but was elected Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts in 1789. After John Hancock's death in 1793, Adams served as the acting governor. He was then elected governor in January 1794. He served in that position until he retired in June 1797 and settled down in his home in Boston. He died six years later on October 2, 1803.\nFurther reading.\nMany of the foremost works on Adams' life are from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Much of the information in more recent biographies comes from these earlier works."}
+{"id": "58976", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58976", "title": "Bar chart", "text": "A bar chart is a type of chart which shows the values of different categories of data as rectangular bars with different lengths. A histogram is a bar chart that shows how data is spread over its categories.\nIt is another one dimensional diagram also known as pillar diagram or column graph. These bars do not have any specific width but the height of the bar is proportionally to the value of an element. When the variations are small this method is very efficient. "}
+{"id": "58983", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58983", "title": "Pie chart", "text": "A pie chart is a type of chart with the shape of a pie or circle. It presents the relationship of different parts of the data. One would easily see the biggest or smallest share of the total data, by simply looking at the pie chart.\nHistory.\nThe earliest known pie charts were in William Playfair's \"Statistical Breviary\" of 1801, in which two are used.\nThis invention was not widely used at first. The French engineer Charles Joseph Minard was one of the first to use it. In 1858 he used them in maps to add information in a third dimension.\nSome have said that Florence Nightingale invented it, but they were ignorant of Playfair's creation.\nNightingale was one of the first to use graphics to get important statistics to the reading public.\nThe polar area diagram is similar to a usual pie chart, except sectors are equal angles and differ rather in how far each sector extends from the center of the circle.\nThe polar area diagram is used to plot cyclic phenomena (e.g., count of deaths by month).\nFor example, if the count of deaths in each month for a year are to be plotted then there will be 12 sectors (one per month) all with the same angle of 30 degrees each. The radius of each sector would be proportional to the square root of the death count for the month, so the area of a sector represents the number of deaths in a month.\nIf the death count in each month is subdivided by cause of death, it is possible to make multiple comparisons on one diagram, as is seen in the polar area diagram used by Nightingale.\nLimitations.\nPie charts are not the most accurate way to show data: that has been known for some time. Pie charts should be used only when the sum of all categories is meaningful, for example if they represent proportions.\nPie charts are rare in scientific writing. They are more common in business and economics. One reason for this may be that it is more difficult to compare the size of items in a chart when area is used instead of length. Stevens' power law says that it is harder to see small differences using visual area than when using length. This means that length is a better scale to use, because differences can be seen more easily.\nThis can be shown with the image to the right. The pie chart and the bar chart have the same data. Most people have difficulty putting the slices in the pie chart in order by size from biggest to smallest. When using the bar chart, it is much easier to tell the difference between bars that are very similar in size."}
+{"id": "58997", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58997", "title": "Biographical Directory of the United States Congress", "text": "The Biographical Directory of the United States Congress is a biographical dictionary of all present and former members of the United States Congress. It also includes all members of the Continental Congress. It also includes delegates from territories and the District of Columbia and Resident Commissioners from the Philippines and Puerto Rico."}
+{"id": "59017", "revid": "1477174", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59017", "title": "Teapot", "text": "A teapot is a container used to mix tea leaves with boiling water to make tea. Usually the tea leaves are in a tea bag when the tea leaves are put into the water. The tea can be poured from the teapot into cups."}
+{"id": "59021", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59021", "title": "Le Monde", "text": "Le Monde (English: \"The World\") is a French daily evening newspaper. It is among the newspapers most read in France. Its political opinion is slightly left-wing. In many countries outside France, this is the only French newspaper available.\nThe newspaper should not be confused with the monthly publication \"Le Monde diplomatique\". \"Le Monde\" has 51% ownership of the monthly. Despite this, the monthly has a different editorial staff.\n\"Le Monde\" was founded by Hubert Beuve-M\u00e9ry. This was at the request of General Charles de Gaulle after the German army was driven from Paris during World War II. The newspaper took over the format of \"Le Temps\", because the reputation of the latter had suffered during the Occupation of France. Beuve-M\u00e9ry reportedly asked for total editorial independence as the condition for his taking on the project. Its first edition appeared on December 19, 1944. \"Le Monde\" has been available on the Internet since December 19, 1995. It is the main publication of Groupe Le Monde.\nIn 2004, \"Le Monde\" had a circulation of 371,803 copies."}
+{"id": "59030", "revid": "9109908", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59030", "title": "Begging the question", "text": "Begging the question requires two or more ideas. Each of these ideas may or may not be true. The speaker of these ideas tries to show that one idea is true by saying a second idea proves it, but the second idea is true only if the first idea is true already.\nBegging the question is commonly known as circular reasoning, though they are not exactly the same.\nBegging the question is a fallacy.\nModern usage.\n\"This begs the question\" has recently been used to mean \"this raises the question.\" This usage is often criticized as inappropriate."}
+{"id": "59052", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59052", "title": "Nicholas Sarkozy", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59053", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59053", "title": "Ciwan Haco", "text": "Ciwan Haco (born 1957) is a Kurdish singer. He was born near Qamishli in northern Syria near the border with Turkey. After finishing high school, he left for Germany in order to continue his studies. He studied music at the University of Bochum for three years. After university, he started his career as a singer. He combined Kurdish folk music with western style pop music, rock, blues, and jazz. He has released 14 albums. He become well known on the Kurdish music scene after he sang for more than 200.000 people in Batman, south Turkey, in 2003. Haco lives in Sweden with his wife. He has two children, Lorin, 7, and Rosa, 5."}
+{"id": "59054", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59054", "title": "Ciwan haco", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59055", "revid": "466064", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59055", "title": "Mus\u00e9e Maritime, Fluvial et Portuaire de Rouen", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59059", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59059", "title": "Tata Young", "text": "Amita Marie \"Tata\" Young (born December 14, 1980 in Bangkok) is a Thai singer, model and actress, partly from American descent. \nYoung became a singer when she was 15. Her first album was called \"Amita Tata Young\" and it was very successful. It sold more than a million copies in less than 5 months. In 2004, she made an English album called \"I Believe\". It sold many copies and made her famous in other countries as well.\nIn 2006, Young made her second English, \"Temperature Rising\". It made her even more popular, especially in Asia. In 2008, Young released a Thai language album called \"One Love\".\nHer most recent album \"Ready for Love\" was released in 2009."}
+{"id": "59060", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59060", "title": "Trip", "text": "Trip has several meanings:\nTrip may also be:"}
+{"id": "59061", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59061", "title": "Practice", "text": "Practice or practise (a verb form in British English) is the act of repeating a behavior over and over, or doing an activity again and again.\nIt is a way to learn things faster, by repeating them. For example, sport teams practice to prepare for real games, or a musician practices for some hours every day, so he can play perfectly in his concert.\nA practice can also mean the way something is done, like in \"medical practice\"."}
+{"id": "59062", "revid": "9319932", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59062", "title": "Stevens' power law", "text": "Stevens' power law is a proposed relationship between the magnitude of a physical stimulus and the intensity or strength that people feel.\nMost people think that it describes a wider range of sensations than Weber-Fechner law. But critics argue that the validity of the law is not sure.\nThe theory is named after psychophysicist Stanley Smith Stevens (1906\u20131973). Although the idea of a power law had been suggested by 19th century researchers, Stevens is credited with reviving the law and publishing a body of psychophysical data to support it in 1956.\nThe general form of the law is\nwhere formula_2 is the magnitude of the physical stimulus, formula_3 is the psychophysical function capturing sensation (the subjective size of the stimulus), formula_4 is an exponent that depends on the type of stimulation and formula_5 is a proportionality constant that depends on the type of stimulation and the units used.\nThe table to the right lists the exponents reported by Stevens."}
+{"id": "59063", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59063", "title": "Stimulus", "text": "A Stimulus (plural stimuli) is something which causes a response. It is used in various bodies:"}
+{"id": "59079", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59079", "title": "Logic gate", "text": "A logic gate is an electronic component that can be used to conduct electricity based on a rule. The output of the gate is the result of applying this rule to one or more \"inputs\". These inputs may be two wires or the output of other logic gates.\nLogic gates are digital components. They normally work at only two levels of voltage, a positive level and zero level. Commonly they work based on two states: \"On\" and \"Off\". In the On state, voltage is positive. In the Off state, the voltage is at zero. The On state usually uses a voltage in the range of 3.5 to 5 volts. This range can be lower for some uses. \nLogic gates compare the state at their inputs to decide what the state at their output should be. A logic gate is \"on\" or active when its rules are correctly met. At this time, electricity is flowing through the gate and the voltage at its output is at the level of its On state.\nLogic gates are electronic versions of Boolean logic. Truth tables will tell you what the output will be, depending on the inputs.\nAND logic gate.\nAND gates have two inputs. The output of an AND gate is on only if both inputs are on. If at least one of the inputs is off, the output will be off. \nUsing the image at the right, if \"A\" and \"B\" are both in an On state, the output (out) will be an On state. If either \"A\" or \"B\" is in an Off state, the output will also be in an Off state. \"A\" and \"B\" must be On for the output to be On. \nOR logic gate.\nOR gates have two inputs. The output of an OR gate will be on if at least one of the inputs are on. If both inputs are off, the output will be off. \nUsing the image at the right, if either \"A\" or \"B\" is On, the output (\"out\") will also be On. If both \"A\" and \"B\" are Off, the output will be Off. \nNOT logic gate.\nThe NOT logic gate has only one input. If the input is On then the output will be Off. In other words, the NOT logic gate changes the signal from On to Off or from Off to On. It is sometimes called an inverter.\nXOR logic gate.\nXOR (\"exclusive or\") gates have two inputs. The output of a XOR gate will be true only if the two inputs are different from each other. If both inputs are the same, the output will be off.\nNAND logic gate.\nNAND means not both. It is called NAND because it means \"not and.\" This means that it will always output true unless both inputs are on. \nNOR logic gate.\nNOR means not either. The output of the NOR gate will be false unless both inputs are false.\nXNOR logic gate.\nXNOR means \"not exclusive or.\" This means that it will only output true if both inputs are the same. It is the opposite of a XOR logic gate. "}
+{"id": "59098", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59098", "title": "Zebra Mussel", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59104", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59104", "title": "Proof (alcohol)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59109", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59109", "title": "Niagra falls", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59110", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59110", "title": "Lb", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59111", "revid": "10251286", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59111", "title": "Plaza Mayor of Madrid", "text": "The Plaza Mayor of Madrid was built in the 1400's on the same location as the old Plaza del Arrabal (square outside the walls). It was used as a market in the Middle Ages. It is also called the Plaza de la Constituci\u00f3n.\nIn the 1560s, King Philip II and his architect, Juan de Herrera planned to create a proper square for the Courts. The first part to be finished was the Casa de la Panaderia (bakery) in 1590. G\u00f3mez de Mora gave it the rectangular form. The ground is still cobbled. It finally opened in 1620 under the rule of King Philip III.\nThe statue in the middle is King Philip III on horseback made by Juan de Bologna. The statue was moved from the Casa de Campo to the Plaza Mayor in 1848.\nIn the 1700's, it was used for the crowning of kings, bullfights, carnivals and even executions. People watched from the balconies around the square. \nThe Plaza has been damaged by three fires. Juan de Villanova had the plaza built again in 1853 and that is what is seen today. People can enter the plaza through nine different arches."}
+{"id": "59114", "revid": "552367", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59114", "title": "Gran V\u00eda", "text": "The Gran V\u00eda (The Great Way) is one of the most important shopping areas in Madrid, Spain. It also has hotels and large movie theaters.\nMany of the buildings on the Gran V\u00eda are decorated with fancy sculptures. One of the more impressive buildings on the Gran V\u00eda is the Edificio Metropolis. It was built in 1907 by Jules and Raymond F\u00e9vrier. It has a statue of the winged Roman goddess, Victoria, on the top. Madrid's first skyscraper, Telefonica's Head Office, is also on the Gran V\u00eda.\nThe Gran V\u00eda was planned in the 1850s. They did not start building the road until 1904 and finished it in 1929. People laughed at the plan because it took so long to get started. As a joke, they called it the 'gran v\u00eda' or 'great road'."}
+{"id": "59117", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59117", "title": "Plaza Mayor", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59119", "revid": "412378", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59119", "title": "Fountain of Cibeles", "text": "Cibeles is the name given to the marble fountain found in the Plaza de Cibeles (Cybele's Square) in Madrid, Spain. It is on a very busy road crossing. The statue was made by Ventura Rodriguez. King Carlos III asked to have it made in 1716. It has changed several times. It was moved to the central position in 1895.\nThe lady is the Goddess of Fertility. She sits on a chariot pulled by lions. The lions' names are Hippomenes and Atalanta. They were people that the goddess turned into lions because they ruined her temple. The lions were made by Robert Michel. "}
+{"id": "59120", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59120", "title": "Puerta del Sol", "text": "The Puerta del Sol (\"Sun Gate\") is known as 'Spain's belly button'. In the 1400s, it was the gate or entrance of the east side of the city. Since the sun rises in the east, it got the name Puerta del Sol. It is now the center of 'kilometer 0' of Madrid. All roads are measured from this point.\nIt was rebuilt in 1854. The statue of King Carlos III is in the middle of the square. The red brick building there is the former post office. The famous Oso y el Madro\u00f1o (bear eating madro\u00f1os) statue can also be found here. The Puerta del Sol is also famous for its New Year's celebration which has been broadcast on television since December 31, 1962."}
+{"id": "59121", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59121", "title": "Royal Palace of Madrid", "text": "The Palacio Real de Madrid (Royal Palace of Madrid) is the official home of the King of Spain. It is located in Madrid, Spain. It is one of the largest palaces in western Europe.\nKing Felipe V had the palace built to replace the Alcazar that was burned down. It is made of limestone and granite. It was supposed to look a little like the Palace of Versailles in France. Juan Bautista Sachetti was in charge of building the palace. They started to build it in 1738. Carlos III moved into the palace in 1764. It took a hundred years to decorate all the rooms.\nSpanish kings lived there until 1931 when King Alfonso XIII was forced to leave Spain. The Royal Palace is still used for special ceremonies. Letizia was supposed to walk on a red carpet from the Royal Palace to the cathedral for the wedding with Prince Felipe but it rained so she was taken in car.\nFifty of the rooms in the palace are open for public visits. Visitors enter the palace from the Plaza de la Armer\u00eda. Some of the rooms that can be seen are: the 'porcelain' room, 'throne' room and 'clock' room. There is a royal army museum in the palace.\nLocation.\nThe Almudena Cathedral is nearby the palace.\nThe Royal Alcazar of Madrid was originally on the site. "}
+{"id": "59122", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59122", "title": "Puerta de Alcal\u00e1", "text": "The Puerta de Alcal\u00e1 (Alcal\u00e1 Gate) is a monument in the Plaza de la Independencia (\"Independence Square\") in Madrid, Spain. Francisco Sabatini created the monument in 1778 for Carlos III when he arrived in Madrid. It is the gateway to the Court. It is built of granite and limestone. It has three big arches that have lion's heads on top made by Robert Michel. There are two smaller arches on the sides. At the very top of the monument, there are angels, trophies and the coat of arms which were all made by Francisco Guti\u00e9rrez."}
+{"id": "59123", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59123", "title": "Plaza mayor", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59125", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59125", "title": "Plaza", "text": "Plaza is a Spanish word related to \"field\" which describes an open public space in a city, such as a city square. In Spanish America, the plaza mayor of each city had three things: the cathedral, the \"cabildo\" or administrative center, and the \"audiencia\" or law court. The plaza might be large enough to serve as a military parade ground. At times of crisis or fiesta, it was a space where many people could be together at once. Similar to Italian piazzas, plazas are still a center of community life, like the market-place.\nMost colonial cities in Spanish America were planned around a square \"plaza de armas\", where troops could gather.\nA \"plaza de toros\" is a bullring.\nShopping center.\nThe first shopping center in the United States, opened in Kansas City, Missouri in 1922, was called \"Country Club Plaza\" and had Spanish-style architectural details. More recently, \"plaza\" has been used to describe a shopping center, similar to a shopping mall. Calling a shopping center a \"plaza\" is to give the idea of a center of cultural life. "}
+{"id": "59126", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59126", "title": "Transduction (physiology)", "text": "In physiology, transduction is the change of a stimulus from one form to another. \nTransduction in the nervous system means synaptic events where an electrical signal is converted into a chemical one by the release of neurotransmitters. \nIn sensory transduction a chemical or physical stimulus is transduced by sensory receptors into an electrical signal.\nFor example, in the visual system, sensory cells called rod and cone cells in the retina change the physical energy of light signals into electrical impulses that travel to the brain. The light causes a change in a protein called rhodopsin. \nIn mammals, more light hitting the receptor results in the transduction of a signal into fewer electrical impulses. In invertebrates, more rhodopsin activation results in increased frequency of neuron firing."}
+{"id": "59129", "revid": "1449854", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59129", "title": "Resource", "text": "A Resource is something that can be used for a purpose. For example, tools and materials are resources. There are many kinds of resource:"}
+{"id": "59130", "revid": "1291270", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59130", "title": "Royal Palace", "text": "Royal Palace can mean:"}
+{"id": "59132", "revid": "1638327", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59132", "title": "Sport Club Corinthians Paulista", "text": "S.C. Corinthians Paulista is a football club which plays in Brazil.\nHistory.\nFootball (soccer) had already established itself as the popular new sport in Brazil and when the dry season came and the fields dried out they were soon filled with lovers of the new game. S\u00e3o Paulo's sporting elite had formed several clubs,Germ\u00e2nia, Paulistano and Campos El\u00edseos among them, but access to the game was still largely restricted to the city's well off.\nFirst members.\nSo a group of working class fans - painter and decorators Joaquim Ambr\u00f3sio, Ant\u00f4nio Pereira and C\u00e9sar Nunes; cobbler Rafael Perrone; driver Anselmo Correia; foundry worker; Alexandre Magnani: cook Salvador Lopomo; labourer Jo\u00e3o da Silva and tailor Ant\u00f4nio Nunes - decided to start their own team. Bataglia decided to get involved he was named the club's first president.\nName.\nThe new club needed a name. Joaquim Ambr\u00f3sio suggested they call themselves after the Corinthians Casuals Football Club, the famous English team that was then on tour in Brazil. The press and fans in Brazil who were following the tour shortened the English club's name to Corinthian's Team and so the founders did away with the aopstrophe and the club won its elegant name Corinthians.\nNickames.\nCorinthians is also known as \"Big Team\", \"Coring\u00e3o\", \"The Musketeer\" and \"Champion of the Champions\".\nColours.\nFinally, the club picked colours. The club's first strip was beige with black trim and had the distinctive letters \"C\" and \"P\" for Corinthians Paulista. However, when the strips were washed, the black bled into the beige. The directors could not afford to keep buying new strips every time the colours ran so they decided to change their colours. They swapped the beige for white. In present-day, the colours of Corinthians are Black and White.\nStadium.\nThe name of Corinthians\u00b4s stadium is Neo Qu\u00edmica Arena, called Arena Corinthians in the past. The stadium was renamed by Hypera Pharma in 2020, Brazil's largest pharmaceutical company. The stadium is also known as \"Itaquer\u00e3o\" and has a capacity crowd of 49,205. \n1st match.\nThe team from Varzea Paulista. Playing away from home in their first match, Corinthians were expected to lose heavily but they showed they were not there just to make up the numbers and they battled hard before narrowly going down by a goal to nil.\nSecond match and first win.\nThe defeat turned out to be a one-off. Four days later, Corinthians proved they would be a name to be reckoned with and beat Estrela Polar 2-0. The honour of scoring the club's first goal went to striker Lu\u00eds Fabi, who wrote himself into the history books by grabbing the opener. They followed the match with an unbeaten streak that lasted two years.\nThe \"big league\".\nThey then won 1-0 away at Minas Gerais and then beat S\u00e3o Paulo do Bexiga 4-0 at home. They had secured their place in the big league.\nThings got even better the following year and in 1914 a dynasty took hold. In just their second Paulista Championship, Corinthians destroyed the competition and won all 10 games, scoring 39 times in the process. Neco ended the tournament's top goalscorer with 12 goals.\nThreepeats.\nCorinthians picked up yet another Paulista Championship in 1922 but this victory had something special about it. The winner took the title not only of Paulista Champions but also of Centenary Champions, a title they would hold for at least the next 100 years.\nBy this time, winning the Paulista was becoming routine. The team won the league three years in a row in 1922, 1923 and 1924 under the command of Neco, the club's first great idol, and would do so again in 1928, 1929 and 1930.\nRivalry.\nThe great and only rival of Corinthians is Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras. This is one of the most derbie and traditional rivalry in Brazilian football. The fans of Corinthians called Palmeiras as a \"pig\" and the fans of palmeiras called Corinthians as a \"skunk\".\nProblems.\nHowever, and between 1931 and 1934 a series of bad results left the team trailing. Corinthians lost to all their big rivals of the time and failed to make an impression in the league, never finishing higher than fourth.\nSolutions.\nThe turnaround came in 1937, and for the rest of the decade there was only one team in the state. Corinthians won the Paulista Championship in 1937, 1938 and 1939 to become the first team ever to win three back-to-back titles three times. Even today, no other team has managed to equal such a feat. The man who led the way was centre-forward Teleco. One of the club's greatest ever goalscorers, he topped the scoring charts in 1937 and 1939. The former year he scored almost half the club's goals, while in the latter he got an amazing 60 percent.\n100th Goal.\nThe 100-goal attack made history not only for the club but also for the league. In 1951, a front line made up of Carbone, Cl\u00e1udio, Luizinho, Baltazar and M\u00e1rio scored 103 goals in 30 games in the Paulista Championship, an average of 3.43 per game. The title was theirs, as was the trophy for top goalscorer, which went to Carbone, who got 30 of the team's goals.\nAwards.\nIn the years that followed, more titles were added to the growing trophy room at Parque S\u00e3o Jorge. In 1952, the \"Tim\u00e3o\" won the Paulista Championship for the second successive year, with Baltazar finishing top scorer. In 1953, they took the Rio-S\u00e3o Paulo title and the Little World Cup - the club's first international title - and in 1954 they walked off with another Rio-S\u00e3o Paulo as well as the Paulista do IV centen\u00e1rio de S\u00e3o Paulo. In 1956 and 1957, they won the \"Invencible Trophy\", the cup given to the team that went the longest number of games undefeated.\nThe Corinthians Invasion.\nIn 1976, Corinthians almost won their first Brazilian League title and the club's fans played a starring role in one of the most memorable moments in footballing history. Corinthians were drawn against Fluminense in the semi-finals of the league play offs at the Maracan\u00e3. More than 70,000 Corinthians fans made the six-hour trip up the motorway to Rio de Janeiro in a massive convoy that was christened the \"Corinthians Invasion.\"\n10.13.1977.\nCorinthians won the first game but lost the second and so needed to win a third and deciding match to take the title. It was quite a struggle, with the match goalless until the 81st minute. Then, a Z\u00e9 Maria free kick was directed onto the bar by Vaguinho. Wladimir headed the rebound back towards goal where Oscar was on hand to knock it off the line. The ball fell to Bas\u00edlio in the area and he hammered it into the net and gave Corinthians the goal they so desperately wanted. The 1977 Paulista Championship was theirs.\nThe Democracy team.\nThe \"Tim\u00e3o\" was always one of the most important clubs in Brazil. But the Corinthians Democracy movement was unique in world football. Through organisation, team spirit and democracy, they did something no other team has managed before or since. When players as politically and socially conscientious as S\u00f3crates, Wladimir, Casagrande and Zenon get together then there are bound to be changes in the dressing room. Those four stars were the driving force behind the greatest ideological movement in the history of Brazilian football: Corinthians Democracy. And this in the middle of the country's military dictatorship. Corinthians Democracy did something that seemed impossible. Through football, the most popular sport in the country, they got people talking about all sorts of important and relevant questions concerning society, democracy and the end of military rule. In addition to that not inconsiderable feat, they showed that it was possible to create a society in which everyone's opinions are heard and respected and where democracy, through the imposition of the wishes of the majority, could prevail. They won the Paulista Championship in 1982 and 1983, beating city rivals S\u00e3o Paulo both times. In 1982, they battled back after losing the first game 3-2 to take the next two matches 1-0 and 3-1 and lift the trophy. The next year they won again, thanks to a series of brilliant performances from S\u00f3crates. The good doctor scored all the team's goals in the semi-finals against Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras (1-1 and 1-0) as well as in the final against S\u00e3o Paulo Futebol Clube (1-0 and 1-1). His four goals brought the team their 19th Paulista Championship.\nGlorious Decade.\nThe 1990s was to prove a glorious decade for Corinthians, who captured three Brazilian Championships (in 1990 beating S\u00e3o Paulo Futebol Clube, in 1998 beating Cruzeiro and in 1999 led the championship since the beginning at the finished and beating Atl\u00e9tico Mineiro at the final game), three State Championships (in 1995 beating Palmeiras, in 1997 beating S\u00e3o Paulo and 1999 beating Palmeiras again) and a Brazilian Cup (in 1995 beating Gr\u00eamio) in quick succession.\nFIFA Club World Championship.\nIn 2000, Corinthians, who captured FIFA Club World Championship victory against Vasco da Gama(win 4-3 on penalties) at the \"Maracan\u00e3\" Stadium. This match had attendance of 73,000 peoples. This is the most important title of Corinthians. Corinthians played the final game with Dida, \u00cdndio, F\u00e1bio Luciano, Ad\u00edlson & Kl\u00e9ber; Vampeta (Gilmar), Rinc\u00f3n, Marcelinho Carioca & Ricardinho (Edu); Ed\u00edlson (Fernando Baiano) & Luiz\u00e3o. \nCoach: Oswaldo de Oliveira \nNew Era.\nThe final months of 2004 marked a new era for the \"Tim\u00e3o\" and for Brazilian football. The partnership between MSI and Corinthians revolutionised the game and brought internationalists like Carlos T\u00e9vez, Javier Mascherano, Roger, Carlos Alberto and Gustavo Nery to the club. The future was bright for the club and fans could not help but feel optimistic they would enjoy many more triumphs in the coming years.\nAnd so it proved, with success coming quicker than they could have hoped for. Led by Argentine star Carlos T\u00e9vez, the \"Tim\u00e3o\" had a sensational league campaign in 2005 and won their fourth Brazilian League Title in 2005.\nMore signings.\nMore new signings were made in 2006 with Ricardinho, Rafael Moura and goalkeeper Silvio Luiz coming to the club in a bid to strengthen a squad that would be competing for another Brazilian League title and the Copa Libertadores.\nLegendary players.\nNeco (1913-30), Teleco (1933-44), Serv\u00edlio (1938-48), Domingos da Guia (1944-48), Cl\u00e1udio (1945-57), Baltazar (1947-58), Luizinho (1949-62 & 1964-67), Gilmar (1951-61), Rivelino (1965-74), S\u00f3crates (1978-84), Daniel Gonz\u00e1lez (1982), Dunga (1984-85), Neto (1989-93), Carlos Gamarra (1998-99), Dida (1999-2001), Marcelinho Carioca (1993-97, 1998-2001), Ed\u00edlson (1997-2000), Luiz\u00e3o (1999-2002), Carlos T\u00e9vez (2005-06), Ronaldo (2009), Roberto Carlos (2010), Emerson Sheik (2011-2012)."}
+{"id": "59136", "revid": "10357084", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59136", "title": "Lyrics", "text": "Lyrics are the words to a song. A person who writes lyrics is called a lyricist.\nThe lyrics of a song will usually have a meaning. Some times the meaning is easy to find but other times it can be very difficult to know what the lyrics mean. Some lyrics are so strange that it is nearly impossible to understand them. In such cases, people tend to look more at the form, articulation, meter, and symmetries of the lyrics instead of looking at their meaning.\nThere are many websites that have the lyrics to songs. This may be a bad thing since many web sites include copyrighted lyrics without permission from the copyright holder. The United States Music Publishers' Association (MPA), which represents sheet music companies, created a campaign against such sites in December 2005. MPA president Lauren Keiser said that the sites are \"completely illegal\" and that he wanted to see some site operators put in prison.\nEtymology and usage.\n\"Lyric\" is from the Greek; a lyric was originally a song sung with a lyre.\nA lyric poem is one that expresses a subjective, personal point of view.\nThe word \"lyric\" was used for the \"words of a popular song\" about 1876 for the first time. The plural \"lyrics\" was used only in referring to the words of several songs. That it is used for the words of a single song as its \"lyrics\" became increasingly common (probably because of the association between \"lyrics\" and the plural form \"words\"), and is common in modern usage of today's society. Use of the singular form \"lyric\" is still grammatically acceptable."}
+{"id": "59137", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59137", "title": "Judicial review", "text": "Judicial review is the power of a court to decide whether a law or decision by the government is constitutional. This power was established in the United States in the Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison.\nCountries that have judicial review are: India, Ireland, Malaysia, the Philippines, England, Scotland, Spain, Switzerland, and the United States."}
+{"id": "59138", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59138", "title": "Torrance", "text": "Torrance is the name of several places:\nPeople:"}
+{"id": "59142", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59142", "title": "Plaza de la Villa", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59145", "revid": "1291270", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59145", "title": "Asian Dust", "text": "Asian Dust (also yellow dust, yellow sand, yellow wind, or China dust storms) is a weather occurrence that happens each year. It affects much of East Asia during the spring. The dust comes from deserts in Mongolia, northern China, and Kazakhstan. The dust comes from surface winds and dust storms in the desert. The wind carries the clouds eastward to China, Japan, Eastern Siberia, and the Koreas. Smaller particles in the clouds can travel much farther to places like the United States. In the last ten years, these dust storms have become a serious problem because they have picked up industrial pollutants."}
+{"id": "59146", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59146", "title": "Aden Adde", "text": "Aden Abdulle Osman Daar (Aaden Cabdulle Cusmaan Daar) (9 December 1908 \u2013 8 June 2007), was a Somali politician. \nIn February 1944, he joined the Somali Youth Club (later called the Somali Youth League). The group was a nationalist party that wanted independence for Somalia. Daar became a member of the party's steering board. In 1946, he was appointed as the secretary of one section of the party. He was chairman of the Somali Youth League from 1954 to 1956, and again from 1958 to 1959. In 1956, he was elected chairman of the Legislative Assembly.\nWhen Somalia gained its independence on July 1, 1960, Daar was elected as the first president of Somalia. He was beaten in the 1967 presidential election against Abdirashid Ali Shermarke. He finished his term as president on June 10, 1967.\nDaar died in hospital on 8 June 2007 at a hospital in Nairobi, Kenya at the age of 98."}
+{"id": "59151", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59151", "title": "Wait (musician)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59152", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59152", "title": "Waites", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59154", "revid": "9563197", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59154", "title": "Service of worship", "text": "A service of worship is a religious meeting where people of a church come together, in order to worship God. They often meet in a church building made for the purpose, but may do it in some other building or outdoors. The meeting may also be called a church service or prayer service or just service. It is the usual term used in the Christian religion for such a meeting. The term is also used sometimes in Judaism, although \"prayer service\" or just \"service\" are more common.\nChristianity.\nIn the Christian churches services are normally held on Sundays, although there may be services on other days as well, especially in large churches or cathedrals.\nIn the Protestant church services are usually led by a pastor, although sometimes they may be led by laymen (people who are not priests). In Catholic churches and some others, they are called \"Mass\". \nServices often include Holy Communion or Eucharist. Matins is a morning service which does not include communion. An evening service is called Evensong.\nChurch services are also held for weddings, funerals, or other special occasions.\nServices may include prayers, singing, sermons (preaching) and readings from the Bible.\nJudaism.\nIn Judaism, each prayer service is built around two main elements: Shema and Amida. Three prayers are required for each day.\nThe three daily prayers in Judaism are Shaharit (Shacharit) for morning prayer, Minha (Mincha) for afternoon prayer and Arvit or Maariv for evening prayer. The basics of each prayer consist of the Shema (although the afternoon prayer does not require Shema), and the Amida (standing prayer) which is the definitive prayer of each service. Fundamentally, when a Jew says \"prayer\", he or she means Amida. Everything else (which is largely \"Psalms\") is just detail.\nJewish prayer services are held whenever the \"Amidah\" prayer is said. In the morning and evening, they also include \"Shema.\""}
+{"id": "59155", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59155", "title": "Church service", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59156", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59156", "title": "Holy Communion", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59161", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59161", "title": "Bandidos", "text": "Bandidos is a motorcycle club with a worldwide membership. The club was formed in 1966 by Don Chambers in Texas. Its slogan is \"We are the people our parents warned us about\". Bandidos is estimated to have 2 400 members in 195 chapters, located in 14 countries."}
+{"id": "59163", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59163", "title": "Hells Angels", "text": "Hells Angels is a motorcycle club with a worldwide membership. The club was formed in 1948 in Fontana, California. One of the best known members is Ralph 'Sonny' Barger, the \"Godfather of the Hells Angels\"."}
+{"id": "59165", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59165", "title": "Outlaws Motorcycle Club", "text": "The Outlaws Motorcycle Club is an American motorcycle club. It was formed in Mc Cook, Illinois in 1935. The club has chapters in USA, Canada, Australia, Asia and Europe."}
+{"id": "59166", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59166", "title": "Blood and Honour", "text": "Blood and Honour is a Neo-Nazi music promotion network. The group organises concerts and distributes records by Rock Against Communism bands. Ian Stuart Donaldson, singer of the band Skrewdriver, was the founder of Blood and Honour. The name Blood and Honour is taken from the motto of the Hitler Youth, \"Blut und Ehre\"."}
+{"id": "59177", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59177", "title": "Perry Rhodan", "text": "Perry Rhodan is a German science fiction series, published since 1961.\n\"Perry Rhodan\" picks up nearly every theme that has ever appeared in science fiction. People from outside have criticised the series, but its commercial success during several decades has become a literary phenomenon in itself. If nothing else, \"Perry Rhodan\" provides a mirror of the 1960s Cold War, 1970s New Age, and 1980s peace movement in its story line. The series has an important influence on German writers in the field. The writing of the series still goes on.\nHistory.\nWritten by an ever-changing team of authors, \"Perry Rhodan\" is issued in weekly in the traditional German \"Heftchen\" (pulp booklet) format. The series was created in 1961 by K. H. Scheer and Clark Darlton. Initially, it should have thirty volumes, but it became an long lasting success and passed 3100 installments in January 2021.\nStory.\nPerry Rhodan is one of four fictional astronauts of the USA. In 1971, they fly to the moon, where they meet an extraterrestrial space-ship. From its owners they get technology, which they use to end the cold war and to unite the people of the Earth. Then \"Terra\", the Earth, becomes a power in intergalactical politics."}
+{"id": "59182", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59182", "title": "Wielu\u0144", "text": "Wielu\u0144 is a city in the central part of Poland in \u0141\u00f3d\u017a Voivodeship. Around 27,000 people live here. The city was started in 1283.\nTwin towns.\nWielu\u0144 is twinned with:"}
+{"id": "59183", "revid": "417653", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59183", "title": "Wielun", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59189", "revid": "1370780", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59189", "title": "Nasjonal Samling", "text": "Nasjonal Samling (Norwegian for \"National Gathering\" or \"National Unity\") was a fascist party in Norway, active in the period 1933\u20131945. The party was founded by Vidkun Quisling and a group of sympathisers. The party's paramilitary wing was called \"Hirden\" (the Hird) and the party's youth wing was the Nasjonal Samling Ungdomsfylking."}
+{"id": "59195", "revid": "503837", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59195", "title": "One Piece", "text": " is a manga and anime series created by Eiichiro Oda.\n\"One Piece\" follows the story of the Straw Hat Pirates, led by captain Monkey D. Luffy, on their adventures in Grand Line. The main theme is Monkey D. Luffy's dream to find the One Piece, a grand treasure that the king of the Pirates, Gold D. Roger left behind. One Piece takes place in a world with one continent, many different islands, and a vast and large sea filled with monsters, pirates and treasure. \"One Piece\" is serialized in \"Weekly Sh\u014dnen Jump\". The most successful \"One Piece\" movies are \"One Piece Film: Red\", \"One Piece Film: Z,\" and \"One Piece: Stampede\".\nStories.\nRomance Dawn (The start of adventure).\nOnce upon a time, \"The King of Pirates\", \"Gol. D. Roger\" attained all things the world had to offer. As he was being executed by the Marines, he gave a speech regarding his treasure, which he left on an island in the Grand Line called the \"One Piece\". Many pirates wish to claim the \u00a8One Piece\u00a8. This has caused what is called \"The Great Pirate Era\". Then, a boy living in Foosha Village, \"Monkey. D. Luffy\", made friends with \"\"Red-Haired\" Shanks\". \"Shanks\" is a powerful pirate, given the title of \"Yonko\" (Four Emperors, consisting of four of the strongest pirates) staying in the town. One day, \"Luffy\" ate a \"Devil Fruit\" that \"Shanks\"\u00b4 crew had stolen from a Marine ship, called the \"Gomu-Gomu no Mi\" (Gum Gum/Rubber Rubber fruit), giving him the ability to stretch like rubber, in exchange for taking away his ability to swim. At one point \"Luffy\" had gotten angry at some bandits for insulting \"Shanks\" and attacked them. The leader of the bandits was going to kill \"Luffy\", but \"Shanks\" helped save him by defeating the bandits. This angered \"Higuma\" (the leader of the bandits) so he threw \"Luffy\" into the sea. \"Luffy\" was nearly eaten by a \"Sea King\", a sea monster similar to a Sea Serpent, but \"Shanks\" helped him, losing his arm in the process. When \"Shanks\" left Foosha Village, he gave Luffy his straw hat. In exchange, \"Luffy\" had promised \"Shanks\" to become the \"King of the Pirates\" and deliver him his straw hat.\nEast Blue Saga.\nAfter 10 years of training, \"Luffy\" leaves his home, \"Foosha Village\", to begin his journey to become the \"king of pirates\". But soon, his boat got stuck in a whirlpool, and he jumped inside a barrel to survive. He eventually ends up at \"Alvida\u00b4s\" base where he meets \"Koby\". \"Koby\" is a chore boy on \"Alvida\u00b4s\" crew. \"Koby's\" dream is to be a \"marine\", but unfortunately, he is forced to stay on \"Alvida's\" crew in exchange for his life. \"Luffy\" ends up telling \"Koby\" that he would do anything to achieve his dream, and \"Koby\" is inspired. This gives \"Koby\" enough courage to stand up to \"Alvida\" with \"Luffy\". \"Luffy\" ends up defeating \"Alvida\" and sails to \"Shell Town\" with him because it is the nearest \"Marine\" base.\nShell Town (part of East Blue saga).\nIn Shell Town, Luffy meets \"Roronoa Zoro\", the legendary pirate hunter, who is tied to a post in a naval base. \"Zoro\" has been tied up for the crime of killing \"Helmeppo\u00b4s\" (The local captain\u00b4s son) dog because they were about to attack a little girl. \"Helmeppo\" promises \"Zoro\" if he can go after he is tied to the post for 30 days without food or water. However, \"Luffy\" overhears \"Helmeppo\" telling his Marine bodyguards that they\u00b4ll execute \"Zoro\" tomorrow and break his promise. \"Luffy\" becomes enraged over this and punches \"Helmeppo\", who runs to go tell his father, Captain \"Axe-Hand Morgan\" to get him to beat \"Luffy\" up, but Captain \"Morgan\" is too busy raising a statue of himself on top of the base. Luffy accidentally breaks the statue, and Captain \"Morgan\" orders his guards to kill \"Luffy.\" \"Luffy\" grabs \"Helmeppo\" to find out where \"Zoro\u00b4s\" swords are located and \"Koby\" starts untying \"Zoro\" from the post; which gets him shot in the armpit by Captain \"Morgan\". \"Zoro\" and \"Luffy\" join up to defeat Captain \"Morgan\". All the Marines are happy because Captain \"Morgan\" was a tyrant. Koby asks Luffy if they can always be friends even though he\u00b4s joining the Marines, and \"Luffy\" promises to always be friends with \"Koby\". \"Luffy\" ends up getting \"Zoro\" to join his crew, and they set sail.\nBaratie.\nLuffy and Usopp are testing out the new cannons on their ship by firing at an island. Usopp destroys the island first try and Luffy makes him their sniper. They are then jumped by a bounty hunter named Yosaku because the island they destroyed was where he was resting. However Yosaku sees Zoro and stops attacking and calls him 'Big Bro', a title of friendship between them. Yosaku then explains his predicament that his bounty hunting partner is sick with a mysterious disease."}
+{"id": "59197", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59197", "title": "Style guide", "text": "A style guide (also known as style manual) is a set of rules for language usage and design of documents (records). Some style guides are about things related to graphic design, such as arranging words and white space on a page. Website style guides often help with visual or technical things. Literary style guides help with choosing the best words, common errors in grammar, punctuation and spelling; and help for how to express ideas in a precise, fair and forceful way.\nSome modern style guides are for use by all people. These are usually more about language than about how it should look.\nStyle guides do not stop a writer from using his own unique style, but some writers believe style guides are too restrictive.\nLike language itself, many style guides change as time passes. For example, the Associated Press stylebook is updated every year."}
+{"id": "59199", "revid": "9335869", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59199", "title": "Parque del Buen Retiro", "text": "The Retiro Park is the best known park in Madrid. It was planned in 1632 as palace gardens by King Felipe IV. 'Retiro' means retreat or a place to rest.\nWhen it was first built, it was a little way from the city. Now, the city has become so big that it is in the city center. It was opened to the public in 1868.\nPlaces in the park include a famous rose garden, a museum, a boating lake and the Crystal Palace. Many shows and street theaters can be seen at the park on weekends. "}
+{"id": "59200", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59200", "title": "Crystal Palace (Madrid)", "text": "The Palacio de Cristal or Crystal Palace is a large glass building in Madrid, Spain. It is located in the Retiro Park on the Paseo Duque de Fern\u00e1n Nu\u00f1ez. The palace was built in 1887 to keep exotic plants from the Philippines. It is made of glass and steel. Later in 1924 plastic and rubber were added to it. "}
+{"id": "59201", "revid": "9156685", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59201", "title": "Las Ventas", "text": "The Plaza de Toros de Las Ventas is a building in Madrid, Spain used mainly for bullfighting. Sometimes it is just called Las Ventas. It is made of red brick and ceramic tiles. It was built in 1929 by Jos\u00e9 Espelious and Mu\u00f1oz Monasterio. The first bullfight was June 17, 1931. It is also used for concerts.\nMost fights start at 7 p.m. when the sun is not too hot. Tickets are sold for 'sol' or 'sombra'. The 'sombra' tickets for seats not in the sunlight cost more."}
+{"id": "59210", "revid": "1471803", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59210", "title": "Yellow spot", "text": "The yellow spot, scientifically known as the macula, is a small but vital part of the eye that plays a crucial role in our ability to see clearly. Situated at the center of the retina, the yellow spot is responsible for sharp, detailed vision and is essential for activities such as reading, recognizing faces, and driving.\nStructure.\nThe macula is a tiny, circular area, about the size of a pinhead, located at the back of the eye. It contains a high concentration of light-sensitive cells called photoreceptors, particularly cone cells, which are responsible for color vision and detailed visual acuity.\nFunction.\nThe primary function of the yellow spot is to provide central vision, allowing us to focus on objects directly in front of us. When we look at something, light from that object enters the eye and reaches the macula. The photoreceptor cells in the yellow spot then convert this light into electrical signals, which are sent to the brain via the optic nerve. The brain interprets these signals, enabling us to see fine details and vibrant colors.\nImportance.\nThe yellow spot's significance becomes apparent when we engage in activities that require sharp, clear vision, such as reading or driving. Without a healthy macula, these tasks would become challenging or even impossible. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), a condition affecting the macula, is one of the leading causes of vision loss in older adults.\nProtecting the Yellow Spot.\nMaintaining the health of the yellow spot is crucial for preserving good vision. Eating a balanced diet rich in nutrients like vitamins A, C, and E, as well as minerals like zinc, can contribute to eye health. Additionally, protecting the eyes from excessive sunlight by wearing sunglasses with UV protection can help prevent damage to the macula.\nCommon issues.\nAs mentioned earlier, AMD is a common condition that affects the macula, leading to a gradual loss of central vision. Regular eye check-ups with an eye care professional can help detect any early signs of AMD, allowing for prompt intervention and management.\nConclusion.\nIn conclusion, the yellow spot, or macula, is a small but critical part of the eye responsible for central vision. Understanding its structure, function, and the importance of maintaining its health can empower individuals to take proactive steps in preserving their vision. Regular eye examinations and healthy lifestyle choices contribute to overall eye health, ensuring the yellow spot continues to play its crucial role in our ability to see the world around us."}
+{"id": "59215", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59215", "title": "Retina", "text": "The retina is the thin neural tissue that contains light sensitive neurons called photoreceptors (rods and cones) that interact with secondary and tertiary neurons inside the eyeball in humans and in many animals. Its role is to sense the light which gets into the eye and send information about it to the brain.\nMost information about light images that leaves the retina travels through the optic nerve, and is used by the brain to create visual sensations. Information about light which travels through the \"retino-hypothamalic tract\" is for adjusting circadian rhythms to the 24-hour day. \nThe center of the human retina, called the \"fovea centralis\", or just \"fovea\", has the most [cone cells] for sensing bright colors and fine detail of a viewed object. Even though the fovea takes up only 1.5 square millimeters, it plays the most important role in vision. It is only around 1% of the human retina, but the fovea sends about as much information to the visual cortex as the rest of the retina combined. "}
+{"id": "59218", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59218", "title": "The Exploited", "text": "The Exploited is a Scottish punk metal band. The band was formed in 1979 in Edinburgh, Scotland."}
+{"id": "59221", "revid": "1301875", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59221", "title": "4Kids", "text": "4Kids Entertainment (commonly known as 4Kids, later known as 4Licensing Corporation) was an American movie and television production company. They specialized in the creation and distribution of children's entertainment around the world. The company is most well known for the large number of Anime and animated television series it has provided to television stations. These series included \"Yu-Gi-Oh!\" and \"Sonic the Hedgehog\". 4Kids Entertainment dubbed \"Pok\u00e9mon\" until 2006. The company was first created in 1970 as \"Leisure Concepts, Inc\".\n4Kids Entertainment has provided a number of series for the Fox television network. These series have been shown on the network using the name 4Kids TV.\n4Kids Entertainment filed for bankruptcy twice. They first filed for bankruptcy in 2011, and again in 2016.\nHistory.\nIn 1970, the company was originally called \"Leisure Concepts, Inc\". It was created by Mike Germakian and Stan Weston. It was later called 4Licensing Corporation\nDuring the mid-1980s, Ted Wolf came up with the idea of catlike humanoid superheroes. He told his friend Stan Weston, who pitched it to Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment. Both Arthur Rankin Jr and Jules Bass were impressed with the idea. They approved of it and \"ThunderCats\" started.\nDuring the early development stage, Mike Germakian designed much of the ThunderCats' characters, vehicles and locations. He was also responsible for creating the now iconic ThunderCats logo, featuring a stylized black panther head on a red circle.\nCriticism.\n4Kids Entertainment gets most of its anime series from Japan. Before showing the series in the United States and United Kingdom, the series are edited. This editing includes changing the words from Japanese to English. It may also include changing other things which could be thought to be bad. For example, cigarette smoking is often removed before being shown in the United States. Changing the names of items from Japanese items to American items is also often done. This is done so the person watching can understand the show more easily. \nMany times the story of an episode is changed completely to make it better for children. Some people believe all the changes to the anime is a bad thing. They say that the series should be shown exactly the same as it was originally created. They feel 4Kids made \"Americanized kiddy version\" of the original series and that it is not right to do this. "}
+{"id": "59225", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59225", "title": "Cubism", "text": "Cubism was one of the most significant art movements of the 20th century. It began in France about 1907, and flourished from 1910 through the 1920s. It was pioneered by Georges Braque and Pablo Picasso.\nPablo Picasso's 1907 painting \"Les Demoiselles d'Avignon\" was an early Cubist work. Georges Braque's 1908 \"Houses at L\u2019Estaque\" (and related works) prompted the critic Louis Vauxcelles to refer to \"bizarreries cubiques\" (cubic oddities).\nThe first organized group exhibition by Cubists took place at the \"Salon des Ind\u00e9pendants\" in Paris in the spring of 1911. It included works by Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Fernand L\u00e9ger, Robert Delaunay and Henri Le Fauconnier, but no works by Picasso and Braque were exhibited.\nAccording to one art historian, there were three phases of Cubism. There was \"Early Cubism\", (from 1906 to 1908) when the movement was initially developed by Picasso and Braque. In the second phase, \"High Cubism\", (from 1909 to 1914), Juan Gris emerged as an important exponent after 1911. Finally \"Late Cubism\" (from 1914 to 1921) was the last phase of Cubism as a radical avant-garde movement. Douglas Cooper's emphasis on the work of Braque, Picasso, Gris (from 1911) and L\u00e9ger (to a lesser extent) was an intentional value judgement.\nIts methods.\nCubism is a style of art which aims to show all of the possible viewpoints of a person or an object all at once. It is called Cubism because the items represented in the artworks look like they are made out of cubes and other geometrical shapes. Cubism was first started by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. Analytical Cubism is the first type of cubism. Most analytical Cubists painted and drew in monochrome (only one colour) so that the person who was looking at the painting did not pay attention to colour, but only to the shapes and the forms that were being shown.\nThis was changed in 1912 when Picasso first started painting with colours and using collages. Collage is when you glue together different cut-up pieces of paper to make an artwork. This new form of Cubism was called Synthetic Cubism. Picasso invented collage because he was tired of the way he was making his art, and wanted to try out something new.\nPablo Picasso created over 20,000 pictures. From 1912 to 1919 was Picasso's Synthetic Cubism Period.\nReferences.\nTypes of Cubism\nThere were two main types of Cubism:"}
+{"id": "59226", "revid": "9327257", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59226", "title": "Sham 69", "text": "Sham 69 is a punk rock band from England. The band was formed in Hersham in 1975."}
+{"id": "59235", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59235", "title": "Visual acuity", "text": "Visual acuity (VA) is acuteness or clearness of vision, especially form vision, which depends on the sharpness of the retinal focus within the eye, the sensitivity of the nervous elements, and the interpretative faculty of the brain.\nVA is a quantitative measure of the ability to identify black symbols on a white background at a standardized distance when the size of the symbols is varied. The VA represents the smallest size that can be reliably identified. VA is the most common clinical measurement of visual function.\nSome people may suffer from other visual problems, such as color blindness, reduced contrast, or inability to track fast-moving objects and still have normal visual acuity. Thus, normal visual acuity does not mean normal vision. The reason visual acuity is very widely used is that it is a test that corresponds very well with the normal daily activities a person can handle, and evaluate their impairment to do them."}
+{"id": "59241", "revid": "1076232", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59241", "title": "Robert Baker", "text": "Robert \"The Grinder\" Baker (October 26, 1926 - April 23, 2002) also known as Bob Baker, was an American boxer. He was one of the world's leading heavyweight boxers in the 1950s. Bob Baker was born in Canonsburg, Pennsylvania. He started fighting out of Pittsburgh. One of his most notable accomplishments was winning the 1949 Pennsylvania Intercity Golden Gloves championship in the heavyweight division.\nBaker died on April 23, 2002, in the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.\nProfessional career.\nBaker started his professional career with twenty-six straight victories before drawing against Kid Riviera and losing the next fight to another leading boxer, Clarence Henry.\nFrom April 1955 until February 1956, Baker and Archie Moore were both ranked as the leading challengers to Rocky Marciano's heavyweight title. On Wednesday, December 7th, 1955, Baker beat Nino Valdez.\nAfter 13 wins, Baker lost to Tommy Hurricane Jackson on February 3, 1956, in New York's Madison Square Garden. It was a split-decision win for Jackson. Baker lost another split decision rematch with Jackson on September 26, 1956. Opinions on both Baker-Jackson fights were divided in many publications with most of them giving the fight to Baker. The September match was given to Baker by The United Press. It scored the fight 7-5 for Baker. A poll of 13 ringside writers favored Baker 9-4 and it reported that many fans were very surprised with the split decision.\nAfter 1956, Baker's success was limited. His most notable victory was a sound defeat of Canadian George Chuvalo, the future Canadian heavyweight champion, by unanimous decision on September 9, 1957."}
+{"id": "59242", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59242", "title": "Micha\u00eblle Jean", "text": "Her Excellency the Rt. Hon. Micha\u00eblle Jean (born September 6, 1957, in Port-au-Prince, Haiti) is a Haitian-born Canadian politician and journalist. She was the Governor General of Canada, replacing Adrienne Clarkson on 27 September 2005, until 1 October 2010 when David Lloyd Johnston took over. She is the Secretary General of \"Organisation internationale de la Francophonie\" since 2015 and multilingual who speaks English, French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese and Haitian Creole.\nJean was formally appointed Special Envoy for Haiti for the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization on November 8, 2010, for a four-year term."}
+{"id": "59243", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59243", "title": "Pascal Duquenne", "text": "Pascal Duquenne is a Belgian actor. He was born in Vilvoorde, Flanders, Belgium on 8 August 1970. He was diagnosed with Down syndrome.\nIt was Jaco van Dormael who noticed him (as Ducquenne was playing theatre). Dormael offered him his first roles in movies.\nIn 1996 Pascal Duquenne and Daniel Auteuil were awarded a prize (for best male interpretation) at the Cannes Film Festival. Duquenne received the prize for the role of a boy who has Down syndrome. The movie was called \"Le Huiti\u00e8me Jour\" (\"The Eighth Day\").\nHe also has acted in other movies. Currently he lives in Brussels."}
+{"id": "59244", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59244", "title": "Catherine Emmerich", "text": "Sister Anne Catherine Emmerich (September 8, 1774 - February 9, 1824) was a German Augustinian nun. She is remembered for her mystical visions of Jesus' and Mary's lives. What she saw was written in books, for example, \"The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord, Jesus Christ\". The book later had an important part as a main source of information for Mel Gibson's movie \"The Passion of the Christ\".\nStigmata.\nShe was stuck in bed when marks of stigmata showed up she had doctors and physicians examine her markings, and it was found to be a genuine stigmatic case.\nOther websites.\nSister Emmerich and Gibson"}
+{"id": "59249", "revid": "1295416", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59249", "title": "New Year", "text": "The New Year is an event that happens when a culture celebrates the end of one year and the beginning of the next year. Cultures that measure yearly calendars all have New Year celebrations. On January 1, 1600 Scotland was the first country to adopt January 1 as the first day of the New Year. Now, many countries celebrate the New Year on the 31st of December and the 1st of January. Celebrations often include parties and fireworks."}
+{"id": "59250", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59250", "title": "Polyethylene", "text": "Polyethylene (also called polyethene, usually shortened to PE) is a thermoplastic. It is used in consumer goods, typical examples are transport wraps, and garbage bags. Other uses include pre-fabricated plastic parts, plastic tubes, and insulation of electric cables. \nPolyethylene plastic wrap is usually less adhesive than Polyvinyl chloride, but this can be helped by adding linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), which also increases the film's tensile strength. The world makes over 80 million tonnes of polyethylene per year."}
+{"id": "59251", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59251", "title": "Polyethene", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59252", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59252", "title": "Polyvinyl chloride", "text": "Polyvinyl chloride, also called Polychloroethene or PVC, is a thermoplastic. It turns soft when heated and hard when cooled. Polyvinyl chloride is made by polymerization of the monomer vinyl chloride (chloroethene) CH2=CHCl. PVC can be made softer and more flexible by adding plasticizers. Phthalates are often used to soften PVC in this way.\nVinyl polymers are the most common type of plastic. \"Vinyl\" is actually Ethylene, a gas that is used to make those plastics including PVC. In popular usage, \"vinyl\" is often short for PVC, but there are two other vinyl polymers which are more common. The most common is polyethylene, the second-most common is polypropylene. Another, less used, is polystyrene.\nUses.\nSoftened PVC is used in clothing, upholstery, electrical cable insulation, and other products instead of rubber. In the 1950s PVC became the usual material of phonograph records. Some audiophiles use the word \"vinyl\" to mean records made of PVC.\nAbout half of the polyvinyl chloride resin manufactured each year is used to make pipes. PVC pipes are 66% of the newer water pipes in the US. PVC pipes are 75% of new sewer pipes. PVC is useful because of its light weight, high strength, and low reactivity. Also, PVC pipes can be glued together, or they can be connected by heating (similar to joining HDPE pipe). Both kinds of connections make permanent joints that do not leak.\nPVC plastics can be recycled. Their recycling code is \"3\"."}
+{"id": "59253", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59253", "title": "Polychloroethene", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59254", "revid": "62069", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59254", "title": "PVC", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59255", "revid": "5296107", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59255", "title": "Polyamide", "text": "A polyamide is a polymer made of amides which are joined by peptide bonds. Examples for polyamides that occur naturally are proteins, such as wool and silk. It is also possible to artificially produce polyamides, one growth-step at a time. Examples for artificially-made polyamides are nylons, aramids and Sodium poly(aspartate)."}
+{"id": "59256", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59256", "title": "Clarence Henry", "text": "Clarence Henry (March 27, 1926 \u2013 February 28, 1999) was an American heavyweight boxer. Contender for Rocky Marciano's title. \nHe was a leading boxer in the heavyweight division in the early to mid-1950s. Henry was 1948 \"Los Angeles Times\" Golden Gloves Heavyweight Champion. \nHe was elected into the World Boxing Hall of Fame in 1998."}
+{"id": "59270", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59270", "title": "Act of Supremacy", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59276", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59276", "title": "Silk road", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59291", "revid": "9946", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59291", "title": "Khamenei", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59292", "revid": "1392959", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59292", "title": "Supreme Leader of Iran", "text": "The supreme leader of Iran, also called the supreme leadership authority, is the head of state and the highest political and religious authority of Iran above the president. The armed forces, judiciary, state radio and television, and other key government organizations such as the Guardian Council and Expediency Discernment Council are subject to the supreme leader. as supreme leader, Khamenei has issued decrees and made the final decisions on the economy, the environment, foreign policy, education, national planning, and other aspects of governance in Iran.\nThe office was established by the Constitution of Iran in 1979 by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini's concept of the Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist, and is a lifetime appointment. \nIn its history, the Islamic Republic of Iran has had only two supreme leaders: Khomeini, who held the position from 1979 until his death in 1989 and Ali Khamenei, who has held the position for more than 30 years since Khomeini's death."}
+{"id": "59294", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59294", "title": "Mohammed Reza Pahlavi", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59295", "revid": "801736", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59295", "title": "President of Iran", "text": "The President of Iran is the head of government of the Islamic Republic of Iran. The president is chosen by direct popular vote, that is the voters choose the president, they do not vote for other people to choose as in the USA. Unlike other countries, in Iran, the President is not the leader of the country. The President does many of the things that are normally done by a head of state but the Supreme Leader is the person who is actually in control of the country. \nThe current President of Iran is Masoud Pezeshkian since 28 July 2024."}
+{"id": "59296", "revid": "731605", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59296", "title": "Supreme Leader", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59297", "revid": "475687", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59297", "title": "Ruhollah Khomeini", "text": "Ruhollah Musavi Khomeini (Arabic, ; 24 September 1902 \u2013 3 June 1989) was an Iranian politician, revolutionary and religious leader who was the 1st Supreme Leader of Iran. He was also the Leader of the Islamic Revolution from January 1978 until his victory in the revolution in February 1979 and the Iran\u2013Iraq War from 1980 to 1988.\nKhomeini died of intestinal cancer and a heart attack in Tehran on 3 June 1989, at the age of 86. He was succeeded by Ali Khamenei on July 17, 1989\nPolitical life.\nOn 5 June 1964, Khomeini was arrested and sent into exile. He was exiled to Iraq, Turkey and then to France. Khomeini gave many speeches in France against Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran. Many of his idea's were still reaching the people of Iran via cassette tapes. These tapes became very popular. On 16 January 1979, the Shah left Iran, living in the United States and Egypt, where he died. Two weeks later, on 1 February 1979, Khomeini returned to Iran.\nHe received a traditional religious education in Qom (city in Iran). When he lived in Najaf (a holy city in Iraq) for some years, he spoke about Islam ideas about Government. During that time, he refined his theory of \"velayat-e faqih\" (\"government of the jurist\"), which was highly controversial amongst other religious scholars.\nOn 11 February 1979, as soon as Khomeini overthrew the Shah, he appointed his first own Prime Minister, Mehdi Bazargan. On 30 March 1979, a referendum was held and as a result, the Monarchy was replaced with an Islamic Republic. After the Islamic Revolution, Khomeini became the first ever Supreme Leader of Iran.\nRushdie fatwa.\nIn early 1989 Khomeini issued a fatw\u0101 calling for Muslims to kill Salman Rushdie and \"all those involved in the publication\" of his book called \"The Satanic Verses\". This centred on the novel's suggestion of the Quran containing verses about deception from the devil during the life of Muhammad. As part of the fatwa, Rushdie was on 12 August 2022, resulting in him losing vision in one eye. The Japanese translator of Rushdie's book, , was stabbed to death due to the fatwa, his body being found at the .\nVelayet-e Faqih.\nThe concept of Velayet-e Faqih literally translates to \u2018\u2019The jurist\u2019s trusteeship\u2019\u2019 which was doctrine that ultimately resulted in the clerics having more power in different domains in the country. It granted the clerics the right rule in absence of the Twelve Imams, which meant that the Islamic law in Iran could not only be interpreted by them but also be updated by them. "}
+{"id": "59300", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59300", "title": "Khomeini", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59301", "revid": "3901", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59301", "title": "Islamic Republic of Iran", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59302", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59302", "title": "Theocracy", "text": "In Theocracy, a form of government, the institutions and people that govern the state are very close to the leaders of the main religion or are religious leaders themselves. If the religious leaders do not directly run some bodies of the state, they influence them very much. The word theocracy comes from two Greek words literally meaning God-government, and meaning the government is run by \"The Church\".\nModern-day states that are theocracies.\nAndorra.\nThe Roman Catholic Bishop of Urgell as the Co-Prince, is one of the two heads of states of Andorra (the other Co-Prince as head of state is the President of France). His role is mostly ceremonial, and while Roman Catholicism is the official religion of the country, it is not a theocracy.\nIran.\nIran is a theocratic Islamic republic. In Iran, two bodies, the Supreme Leader and Guardian Council consist of members who are not elected by the people. These two bodies are staffed by Shia clerics. The highest elected official is the President of Iran.\nMohammad Khatami, the former president, said that this model is an alternative to democracy, as it brings in religious elements. He called it a religious democracy.\nVatican City.\nThe Vatican City is a true theocracy, with no separation of church and state. The head of the Catholic Church is the leader of the country. The pope is elected by the Papal Conclave. Most popes have stayed for the rest of their lives, but some have resigned. One who resigned was Pope Benedict XVI.\nState religion.\nMany states have a state religion (also called official religion). Israel, for example mixes some aspects of Halakha and civil law, even though Judaism is not a state or official religion of the country. Also, the state hires rabbis. In some such states, religious leaders also have civil duties, not only religious ones.\nSome historic theocratic states.\nSome (now extinguished) states throughout history had characteristics of a Theocracy, as for example: "}
+{"id": "59303", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59303", "title": "Ahmad Jannati", "text": "Ayatollah Ahmad Jannati (born 23 February 1927) is an Iranian politician and cleric. He has been the secretary of the Guardian Council of the Islamic Republic of Iran since 1988. He is the oldest Iranian official currently in power and one of the oldest living clerics."}
+{"id": "59304", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59304", "title": "Guardian Council", "text": "The Guardian Council is part of the government of Iran. It ensures the laws passed by Iran's legislature conform to Islam. It was created in 1979."}
+{"id": "59305", "revid": "9946", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59305", "title": "Imam Khamenei", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59306", "revid": "752027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59306", "title": "Incumbent", "text": "An incumbent is the current holder of a political office or position. This word is usually used when talking about elections, which are often between the incumbent and one other person or several other people. For example, Donald Trump is the incumbent President of the United States since he is still president. It can also be used in sports to let people know if a sportsman still holds the position or award in question."}
+{"id": "59307", "revid": "1338010", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59307", "title": "Assembly of Experts", "text": "The Assembly of Experts was created after the Islamic Revolution in Iran. It is an assembly of Islamic clerics who have the power to choose the successor of the Supreme Leader of Iran."}
+{"id": "59308", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59308", "title": "Ali Meshkini", "text": "Ayatollah Ali Meshkini (1922-30 July 2007) was the chairman of the Assembly of Experts of the Islamic Republic of Iran from 1984 to 2007."}
+{"id": "59309", "revid": "9946", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59309", "title": "Ali-Akbar Meshkini", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59310", "revid": "9946", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59310", "title": "Ali Akbar Meshkini", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59311", "revid": "8984026", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59311", "title": "Judiciary", "text": "The judiciary or judicial system is the system of courts that administers (or makes decisions about) justice. This kind of system, does its work in the name of the state (or country) or the sovereign. A judicial system is used to resolve disputes.\nThe term is also used to refer collectively to the judges and magistrates who form the basis of the judiciary, as well as the other people who help keep the system running properly.\nSeparation of powers.\nSeparation of powers causes separate branches of government that each has a different purpose. The judiciary is the branch of government that interprets the law. Such systems may have three branches: Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. Often the judiciary branch has courts of first resort, appellate courts, and a supreme court or constitutional court. Decisions of the lower courts may be appealed to the higher courts.\nJudiciary in the USA.\nIn the United States the federal Judicial Branch is an integrated system of courts headed by the Supreme Court of the United States. Each state also has a judicial system."}
+{"id": "59312", "revid": "712621", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59312", "title": "Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi", "text": "Ayatollah Seyyed Mahmoud Hashemi Shahroudi (15 August 1948 \u2013 24 December 2018) was an Iranian politician. He was the Chief Justice of Iran from 1999 to 2009. He was born in Najaf, Iraq.\nAyatollah Shahroudi was best known for ordering a moratorium on stoning as a form of the death penalty. However, later it was shown that executions by stoning are still being carried out, in spite of his claims that they have stopped. Stoning is still happening inside prisons, where the public cannot see it.\nFrom August 2017 to December 2018, Shahroudi was Chairman of Expediency Discernment Council.\nHe died on 24 December 2018 from cancer in Tehran at the age of 70."}
+{"id": "59314", "revid": "1570152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59314", "title": "Expediency Discernment Council", "text": "The Expediency Discernment Council is a governmental body for resolving disputes between the Guardian Council and the legislature in the Islamic Republic of Iran."}
+{"id": "59315", "revid": "9946", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59315", "title": "Expediency Council", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59320", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59320", "title": "Mata Hari", "text": "Mata Hari was the stage name of Margaretha Geertruida (Grietje) Zelle (7 August 1876, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands \u2013 15 October 1917, Vincennes, France). \nShe was a Dutch-Frisian exotic dancer and spy. She was executed by a firing squad of the French Army. French authorities thought she was a spy during World War I. Because she had relationships with both German and French officers, they thought she was a double agent (working for both sides). Her dossier (file) was released in 2017, a hundred years after her death.\nGuilty.\nGerman documents unsealed in the 1970s proved that Mata Hari was truly a German agent. In the autumn of 1915, she entered German service. \nOn the orders of section III B-Chief Walter Nicolai, she was instructed about her duties by Major Roepell during a stay in Cologne. Her direct handler was Captain Hoffmann, who gave her the code name H-21."}
+{"id": "59321", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59321", "title": "Margaretha Geertruida Zelle", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59322", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59322", "title": "Margaretha Grietje Zelle", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59339", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59339", "title": "Die Linkspartei", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59348", "revid": "9365931", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59348", "title": "Father Damien", "text": "Father Damien, also Saint Damien of Molokai, born as Joseph de Veuster in Belgium on January 3, 1840 and died on April 15, 1889, was a Roman Catholic Priest and missionary. He was known for helping people with leprosy in the colony of Kalaupapa on the island of Molokai in Hawaii. Father Damien came to Hawaii in 1864. During this time, many Native Hawaiians were dying from many of the diseases they caught from the white settlers. The King of Hawaii, made the people who had leprosy live in a colony away from other people. Father Damien went to help the sick people and gave them hope. Father Damien also died from leprosy, but what he did helped many people. \nIn 1995, he was beatified (made an important person) by the Pope, and he is recognized by both the Catholic and Anglican churches. Father Damien was canonized by Pope Benedict XVI on Sunday October 11, 2009. \nHis is Patron Saint of the Diocese of Honolulu, as well as all of \ud83c\udf0b, of people with leprosy, and of outcasts, as well as people suffering from HIV and AIDS as well."}
+{"id": "59352", "revid": "1216572", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59352", "title": "Jack Dempsey", "text": "William Harrison \"Jack\" Dempsey (June 24, 1895 \u2013 May 31, 1983) was an American boxer who held the world heavyweight title between 1919 and 1926 Known as \"The Manassa Mauler\", Dempsey was a tremendous puncher famous for his exciting fights, many of which set financial and attendance records.\nHe won the title by beating Jess Willard on July 4, 1919. He defended the title six times before losing it to Gene Tunney in 1926. They had a rematch in 1927 and Tunney again beat Dempsey. It was during this fight where the \"Long Count\" took place. Dempsey knocked Tunney down in the seventh round. The referee would not start counting until Dempsey went to a neutral corner, so it is estimated that Tunney had as many as fourteen seconds to rise (instead of the usual ten).\nDempsey retired in 1928. He fought exhibitions after his retirement, served as a commander in the Coast Guard during World War II, and opened a restaurant in New York City.\nDempsey died in 1983."}
+{"id": "59353", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59353", "title": "Jess Willard", "text": "Jess Willard (December 29, 1881\u2013December 15, 1968) was an American boxer. He was the heavyweight best puncher in the world from 1915 to 1919. When Jack Johnson was the Black world champion, Willard was one of the many \"White Hopes\" who wanted to take the title. He succeeded when he beat Johnson by a 26th round out-cold punch in Cuba in 1915. He fought to keep the title and won once before losing it to Jack Dempsey in 1919."}
+{"id": "59354", "revid": "1392959", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59354", "title": "Nicholas II of Russia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59356", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59356", "title": "3 June", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59360", "revid": "10464362", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59360", "title": "William Tell", "text": "William Tell was a folk hero from Switzerland. In the story, William Tell is a man who refused to bow down to pole that was set up by an army who had taken over the place where he lived. He was arrested and forced to shoot an apple off his son's head with a crossbow. If he did not, both he and his son would be killed. So he shot the apple off the son's head and did not harm his son. He is considered a legend and his actions helped form Switzerland as a nation."}
+{"id": "59366", "revid": "9929411", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59366", "title": "Antioch", "text": "Antioch on the Orontes was an ancient city on the eastern side (left bank) of the Orontes River on the site of the modern city of Antakya, Turkey.\nIt was founded near the end of the 4th century BC by Seleucus I Nicator, one of Alexander the Great's generals. Antioch became a rival of Alexandria as the chief city of the nearer East and the cradle of gentile Christianity. It was one of the four cities of the Syrian tetrapolis.\nThe geographical character of the district north and north-east of the elbow of Orontes makes it the perfect natural centre of Syria, so long as that country is held by a western power; and only Asiatic, and especially Arab, dynasties have neglected it for the oasis of Damascus. During the Crusades, the Christian crusaders laid siege to Antioch. One Wijerd Jelckamas ancestors from his father's side of the family had died at the Siege of Antioch.\nThe siege of Antioch (lost by the Crusaders, initially), was a turning point in the Crusades.\nHistory of Antioch.\nAlexander the Great is said to have camped on the site of Antioch, and dedicated an altar to Zeus Bottiaeus\nAfter Alexander's death in 323 BC, his generals divided up the territory he had conquered. Seleucus I Nicator won the territory of Syria, and he founded four \"sister cities\" in north-western Syria - Antioch, Seleucia Pieria, Apamea and Laodicea-on-the-Sea. Although Seleucia Pieria was at first the Seleucid capital city in north-western Syria, Antioch soon rose above it to become the Syrian capital.\nThe original city of Seleucus was laid out in imitation of the plan of Alexandria by the architect Xenarius. \nThe new city was populated by a mix of local settlers, Athenians brought from the nearby city of Antigonia, Macedonians, and Jews (who were given full status from the beginning). The total free population of Antioch at its foundation has been estimated at between 17,000 and 25,000, not including slaves and native settlers. During the late Hellenistic period and Early Roman period, the population reached its peak of over 500,000 inhabitants (estimates vary from 400,000 to 600,000) and it was the third largest city in the world after Rome and Alexandria. By the 4th century, Antioch's declining population was about 200,000 according to John Chrysostom, a figure which again does not include slaves.\nAntioch became the capital and court-city of the western Seleucid empire under Antiochus I, its counterpart in the east being Seleucia on the Tigris.\nThe Romans both felt and expressed boundless contempt for the hybrid Antiochenes; but the Roman emperors favoured the city from the first, seeing in it a more suitable capital for the eastern part of the empire than Alexandria could ever be, because of the isolated position of Egypt. To a certain extent they tried to make it an eastern Rome. \nThe chief interest of Antioch under the empire lies in its relation to Christianity.\n Evangelized perhaps by Peter, according to the tradition upon which the Antiochene patriarchate still rests its claim for primacy (cf. Acts xi.), and certainly by Barnabas and Paul, who here preached his first Christian sermon in a synagogue, its converts were the first to be called \"Christians\" (Acts 11:26).\nIn 638, during the reign of the emperor Heraclius, Antioch was conquered by the Muslim Arabs during the Battle of Iron Bridge, and became known in Arabic as \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 Ant\u0101kiyyah.\nAntakya.\nIn recent years, what remains of the Roman and late antique city have suffered severe damage as a result of construction related to the expansion of Antakya. In the 1960s, the last surviving Roman bridge was demolished to make way for a modern two-lane bridge. The northern edge of Antakya has been growing rapidly over recent years, and this construction has begun to expose large portions of the ancient city, which are frequently bulldozed and rarely protected by the local museum.\nAntakya was badly damaged and many people died in the 2023 Turkey\u2013Syria earthquake."}
+{"id": "59377", "revid": "170917", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59377", "title": "Board", "text": "Board could mean: "}
+{"id": "59378", "revid": "551548", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59378", "title": "Pitman arm", "text": "The Pitman arm is a part used in automobiles, trucks, SUVs and other vehicles to steer the wheels. When the steering wheel is turned right or left the pitman transmits the motion it receives from the steering gearbox to the tie rod. A \"drop pitman arm\" is used to correct the steering when a vehicle has a suspension lift."}
+{"id": "59383", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59383", "title": "Weasels", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59397", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59397", "title": "F1", "text": "F1 is a function key on the keyboard. It is mainly used to open help pages about an application or a part of it. On some keyboards and computers, it's also a volume key muting the computer."}
+{"id": "59398", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59398", "title": "Formula one", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59417", "revid": "196884", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59417", "title": "Solvent", "text": "A solvent is a substance that becomes a solution by dissolving a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute. A solvent is usually a liquid, but can also be a solid or gas. The most common solvent in everyday life is water.\nSolvents help dissolve, suspend, or extract other materials, usually solids, without changing them chemically. That means they help in mixing things at a molecular level but don't participate in any chemical change of the substance dissolved.\nFor example, water acts as a solvent when sugar is poured into a glass of it. The sugar molecules get surrounded by water molecules and spread out in the glass, so it seems like the sugar has disappeared, but it\u2019s really just mixed in very well. This process is known as dissolution. Water also acts as a solvent when it's used to clean food off a plate. The water molecules surround the food molecules and separates them from each other, causing the mass of food to dissolve. In both cases, water is breaking the physical bonds holding ions or molecules together, but the substances dispersed or dissolved in the water retain their chemical identity.\nTypes of solvents.\nPolar solvents.\nWater is able to dissolve more substances than any other liquid due to its polar nature. That's why water is often referred to as the \u201cuniversal solvent.\" Polarity refers to how evenly distributed the positive and negative charges are within a molecule. In non-polar molecules like oil, the charges are evenly spread out. The molecule has no areas that are more positive or negative. In polar molecules like water, the charges are unevenly distributed. Parts of the molecule are more positive or negative. This creates a \"pole\" - a positive end and a negative end. The polarity of a chemical causes differences in properties like how they dissolve or react.\nThe charge imbalance of polar chemicals like water makes them act like magnets, they surround and hold onto other charged or polar substances, \u201cpulling\u201d them into solution. A water molecule's two hydrogen atoms make up its positive side. It's negative side is its one oxygen atom. Because opposite charges attract, the positive side of one water molecule is attracted to the negative side of another molecule.\nWhen a negatively charged atom is attracted to a positively charged hydrogen atom, we call this attraction a hydrogen bond. Water has a positively charged hydrogen, so it is very good at forming hydrogen bonds with a wide variety of compounds, such as sugar which is also polar. When water encounters sugar, the positive end of the sugar is attracted to the negative side of water, and the negative end of the polar molecule is attracted to the positive side of water. This interaction allows water to surround and dissolve the polar molecules.\nWhen water encounters an ionic compound (a compound made of ions, which are electrically charged atoms or molecules), like table salt, the positively charged ion (cation) is attracted to the negative oxygen side of the water molecule, and the negatively charged ion (anion) is attracted to the negatively charged hydrogen side of the water molecule. This attraction helps to separate the ions from each other, dissolving the ionic compound in water.\nNon-polar solvents.\nAlthough water is an excellent solvent, it cannot dissolve everything. Non-polar substances like oils and fats do not dissolve well in water because they do not form hydrogen bonds and are not attracted to polar water molecules. A common saying in chemistry is \u201clike dissolves like,\u201d meaning polar substances dissolve well in polar solvents, and non-polar substances dissolve well in non-polar solvents. Non-polar solvents usually do not mix well with water, which is where the expression \"oil and water don't mix\" comes from.\nBecause non-polar solvents lack the polarity needed to form hydrogen bonds, they rely on the much weaker Van der Waals force, which is a weak attraction between molecules that occurs when they come very close together. When non-polar molecules, like those in oil, come close to other non-polar molecules, like those in grease, they experience these tiny attractions, allowing them to stick together. This is how oil can dissolve grease.\nOrganic solvents.\nMost other commonly-used solvents are organic (carbon-containing) chemicals. These are called organic solvents. Solvents usually have a low boiling point and evaporate easily or can be removed by distillation, thereby leaving the dissolved substance behind. Solvents should therefore not react chemically with the dissolved compounds - they have to be inert. Solvents can also be used to extract soluble compounds from a mixture, the most common example is the brewing of coffee or tea with hot water. Solvents are usually clear and colorless liquids and many have a characteristic smell. The concentration of a solution is the amount of compound that is dissolved in a certain volume of solvent. The solubility is the maximal amount of compound that is soluble in a certain volume of solvent at a specified temperature.\nCommon uses for organic solvents are in dry cleaning (e.g. tetrachloroethylene), as paint thinners (e.g. toluene, turpentine), as nail polish removers and glue solvents (acetone, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate), in spot removers (e.g. hexane, petrol ether), in detergents (citrus terpenes), in perfumes (ethanol), and in chemical syntheses. Inorganic solvents are used in research chemistry and in a few technological processes.\nHealth and safety.\nSome solvents including chloroform and benzene (an ingredient of gasoline) are carcinogenic. Many others can damage internal organs like the liver, the kidneys, or the brain. Many also can catch fire easily. Ways to work safely include:\nProperties table of common solvents.\nThe solvents are grouped into non-polar, polar aprotic, and polar protic solvents and ordered by increasing polarity. The polarity is given as the Dielectric constant. The density of nonpolar solvents that are heavier than water is bolded."}
+{"id": "59418", "revid": "9654462", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59418", "title": "Chemically inert", "text": "In chemistry, the term inert is used to describe something that is not chemically active. The noble gases were described as being inert because they did not react with the other elements or themselves. \nInert gases are completely inert to basic chemical reactions (such as combustion, for example) because their outer valence shell is completely filled with electrons. With a filled outer valence shell, an inert atom is not able to acquire or lose an electron, and is therefore not able to participate in most chemical reactions. For inert atoms or molecules, a lot of energy is involved before it can combine with other elements to form compounds. A high temperature and pressure is necessary, and sometimes requires the presence of a catalyst.\nFor example, elemental nitrogen is inert under standard room conditions and exists as a diatomic molecule, N2. The inertness of nitrogen is due to the presence of the very strong triple covalent bond in the N2 molecule.\nInert atmospheres of gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen and argon are routinely used in working with processes that will go wrong if air or water is present. For example, some welding must be done in argon so the material will not burn."}
+{"id": "59420", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59420", "title": "Electron shell", "text": "An electron shell, or main energy level, is the part of an atom where electrons are found orbiting the atom's nucleus.\nIn chemistry and atomic physics, an electron shell may be thought of as an orbit followed by electrons around an atom's nucleus. All atoms have one or more electron shell(s), all of which have varying numbers of electrons. \nEach electron shell has one or more electron sub-shells, or sub-levels. Electron shells make up the electron configuration of an atom. The number of electrons that can be in a certain shell is equal to formula_1, where formula_2 is the number of a shell.\nThe name for electron shells came from the Bohr model, which states that electrons orbit the nucleus at certain distances so that their orbits form \"shells\". This term was presented by Niels Henrik David Bohr.\nValence shell.\nThe valence shell is the outermost shell of an atom in its neutral state. The valence shell contains the electrons most likely to be involved in reactions. \nIn a noble gas, an atom tends to have eight electrons in its outer shell (except helium, which is only able to fill its shell with two electrons). Noble gases serve as the model for the octet rule, which states that atoms tend to form bonds or create ions so that they can have eight electrons in their outermost shell. This is mostly applicable to the main-group elements of the second and third periods.\nFor coordination complexes containing transition metals, the valence shell consists of 18 electrons. This is referred to as the \"eighteen electron rule\".\nSub-shells.\nElectron sub-shells are identified by the letters s, p, d, f, g, h, i, etc., corresponding to the : 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, etc. Each shell is able to hold 2, 6, 10, 14, and 18 electrons respectively."}
+{"id": "59421", "revid": "1078549", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59421", "title": "Wheelchair", "text": "A wheelchair is a type of chair usually used by disabled people.\nA wheelchair is moved either manually (by pushing the wheels with the hands, or pushed from behind with handles by somebody who is not sitting in the wheelchair) or by automated systems such as electric motors which can be controlled by the wheelchair user (the person sitting in the chair) or by somebody walking behind or beside the wheelchair if the wheelchair user needs help to move their wheelchair. \nWheelchairs are used by people for whom walking is difficult or impossible due to illness, injury, or disability. Wheelchairs can have extra cushions and other parts added to improve support if the wheelchair user cannot keep their body in a good sitting position, or to make the wheelchair more comfortable to sit in. The earliest record of the wheelchair in England dates from the 1670s [Oxford English Dictionary, (2nd Ed.), 1989, Vol. XX., p. 203.], and in continental Europe this technology dates back to the German Renaissance.\nIn 1655, Stephan Farffler, a 22-year-old paraplegic watchmaker, built the world's first self-propelling chair on a three-wheel chassis using a system of cranks and cogwheels. However, the device resembled a hand bike more than a wheelchair since the design included hand cranks mounted at the front wheel."}
+{"id": "59422", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59422", "title": "Fuel oil", "text": "Fuel oil is a fraction obtained from petroleum distillation, either as a distillate or a residue at the oil refinery.\nBroadly speaking, fuel oil is any liquid petroleum product that is burned in a furnace or boiler for the generation of heat or used in an engine for the generation of power, except oils having a flash point of approximately +40 \u00b0C and oils burned in cotton or wool-wick burners. In this sense, diesel is a type of fuel oil. Fuel oil is made of long hydrocarbon chains, particularly alkanes, cycloalkanes and aromatics. The term \"fuel oil\" is also used in a stricter sense to refer only to the heaviest commercial fuel that can be obtained from crude oil, heavier than gasoline and naphtha.\nSix classes.\nFuel oil in the United States is classified into six classes, according to its boiling temperature, composition and purpose. The boiling point, ranging from 175 to 600 \u00b0C, and carbon chain length, 20 to 70 atoms, of the fuel increases with number. Viscosity also increases with fuel oil number and the heaviest oil has to be heated to get it to flow. Price usually decreases as the fuel number increases. \nNo. 1 fuel oil, No. 2 fuel oil (heating oil), and No. 3 fuel oil are referred to as distillate fuel oils, diesel fuel oils, light fuel oils, gasoil or just distillate. For example, No. 2 fuel oil, No. 2 distillate and No. 2 diesel fuel oil are almost the same thing. Diesel is different in that it also has a cetane number limit which describes the ignition quality of the fuel. Distillate fuel oils are distilled from crude oil."}
+{"id": "59423", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59423", "title": "List of large wind farms", "text": " \nThis is a list of large wind farms, with a generating capacity of 100 megawatts (MW) or more, which are currently operating, under construction, or proposed. Wind power capacity has expanded quickly to 336 GW in June 2014, and wind energy production was about 4% of total worldwide electricity usage, and growing fast. \nWind power is widely used in Europe, and more recently in the United States and Asia. Wind power accounts for approximately 19% of electricity generation in Denmark, 11% in Spain and Portugal, and 9% in the Republic of Ireland.\nOperational wind farms.\nMany of the largest onshore wind farms are in the USA. As of January 2014, the Alta Wind Energy Center is the largest onshore wind farm in the world at 1,020 MW.\nMany of the largest offshore wind farms are in Europe. As of January 2014, the London Array is the largest offshore wind farm in the world at 630 MW."}
+{"id": "59424", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59424", "title": "Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center", "text": "Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center is a large wind farm with 735.5 megawatt (MW) capacity. It consists of 291 GE 1.5 MW wind turbines and 130 Siemens 2.3 MW wind turbines spread over nearly 47,000 acres (190 km\u00b2) of land in Taylor and Nolan County, Texas. \nThe first phase of the Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center consisted of 213 MW and was completed in late 2005; phase two consisted of 223.5 MW and was completed in the second quarter of 2006; phase three which consisted of 299 MW, was completed by the end of 2006."}
+{"id": "59425", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59425", "title": "List of solar thermal power stations", "text": "This is a list of solar thermal power stations. These include the 354\u00a0megawatt (MW) Solar Energy Generating Systems power plant in the US, Solnova solar power station (Spain, 150\u00a0MW), Andasol solar power station (Spain, 100\u00a0MW), Nevada Solar One (USA, 64\u00a0MW), PS20 solar power tower (Spain, 20\u00a0MW), and the PS10 solar power tower (Spain, 11\u00a0MW). Many other plants are under construction or planned, mainly in Spain and the USA. In developing countries, three World Bank projects for integrated solar thermal/combined-cycle gas-turbine power plants in Egypt, Mexico, and Morocco have been approved."}
+{"id": "59426", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59426", "title": "Andasol Solar Power Station", "text": "Andasol Solar Power Station is a large solar thermal power plant, near Guadix in Andalusia, in the province of Granada, one of the sunniest regions in Spain. The plant will cost 310 million euros and is currently under construction.\nAndasol will have a generating capacity of 50 megawatts and liquid salt heat storage will allow for electricity to be generated for seven hours after the sun has gone down. Annual electricity production will be 179 gigawatt hours which will cover the electricity demands of 50,000 households or 200,000 people.\nAndasol should be completed in mid-2008 and a second plant, Andasol 2, is planned."}
+{"id": "59427", "revid": "10358056", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59427", "title": "Atlantic slave trade", "text": "In the Atlantic slave trade, Europeans trafficked African slaves in and around the Atlantic Ocean. This trade lasted from the 15th century to the 19th century. \nMost enslaved people were shipped from West Africa and brought over to the New World on slave ships. This journey across the Atlantic by ship was known as the Middle Passage. The trade began in 1526 when a Portuguese ship brought slaves to Brazil. \nSlave ships had horrible conditions, and deaths were common on board. Between 1500 and 1866, around 12.5 million enslaved Africans were trafficked to the Americas. Around 1.8 million died on the Middle Passage.\nSources of slaves.\nSome slaves were captured in battle with other Africans; others were captured when Europeans held coastal raids and kidnapped Africans. Some were sold into slavery by other Africans as punishment or to pay a debt to Europeans. \nAfter being captured, the enslaved people were shackled together and marched to the coast on journeys lasting weeks or months. When they arrived, they were imprisoned in forts where they were purchased by other Europeans. Most historians today think that 12 to 13 million Africans arrived in the New World.\nThe Dahomian army traded slaves for weapons to protect themselves. King Gezo of Dahomey said in the 1840s:\nSlave trade.\n\"Also see: Middle Passage; Slave ship\"\nTriangular trade.\n\"See the main article: Triangular trade\"\nSome slave ships worked a three-part economic cycle often called the triangular trade. It tied the economies of several regions and continents together. The main triangular trading countries were England, The Netherlands, France, Spain and Portugal. Other ships just worked the slave trade.\nChristopher Columbus first came to the Americas in 1492 while seeking the West Indies. European countries started to build colonies in the Americas. This led to an economic reason for the Atlantic slave trade. African slaves were first imported in large numbers for mining and later to grow sugarcane on plantations. Slavery is much more ancient than the transatlantic trade. Slaves were used in many ancient societies.\nHistorians think that about 4.9 million slaves were brought to Brazil, 1.3 million to the Spanish colonies, and 400 thousand to mainland North America. About 3.9 million were brought to other parts of the Americans, mainly the Caribbean. Records show that only about 9000 slaves were brought to Europe.\nAbolition and illegal trade.\nIn the 18th century, a small opposition developed against the Atlantic slave trade in Britain, America, and some parts of Europe. In Britain and America, opposition to the trade was led by the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) and establishment Evangelicals such as William Wilberforce.\nPeople who protested against the trade were opposed by the owners of land in the Americas. After 1772, slaves became free upon entering the British Isles. Abolitionism became stronger in the 19th century.\nDenmark was the first European country to ban the slave trade, in 1792, which took effect in 1803. \nOn 22 February 1807, the work of William Wilberforce was rewarded with victory. By 283 votes for to 16 against, the British House of Commons passed the Slave Trade Act to abolish the slave trade. The United States abolished it later that year. The Royal Navy set up a blockade of West Africa to stop the trade. Treaties with other nations allowed the blockade ships to stop their slave trade. \nHowever, the smuggling of slaves was very common. Hundreds of thousands of Black people were enslaved illegally. New York City was a center for this illegal slave trade. Judges in New York avoided punishing slave traders through the 19th century.\nMany slaves continued to be sent to Spanish colonies of Cuba, Puerto Rico and much of South America. The slave trade in Brazil was banned in 1831. However, many European Brazilians thought it was necessary for their economy, so the country failed to stop it. \nHundreds of thousands more slaves were brought to Brazil in the 1830s and 1840s until the British forced Brazil to end the slave trade."}
+{"id": "59428", "revid": "10463649", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59428", "title": "African slave trade", "text": "The African slave trade was a trade in slaves and, like most of the world, has carried on for thousands of years in Africa. The first three main routes were passed through the Sahara, the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean, which became part of the Arab slave trades. During and after the Age of Exploration, African slaves became part of the Atlantic slave trade, from which comes the modern, Western and American type of slavery. Despite being against the law, slavery continues in all parts of the world, including Africa. In Mauritania, people could not be punished for having slaves until August 2007."}
+{"id": "59429", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59429", "title": "Pocking Solar Park in Germany", "text": "The Pocking Solar Park is a 10-megawatt (MWp) solar photovoltaic plant which is among the largest in the world. Construction of the power plant started in August 2005 and was completed in March 2006. On the former military training area in the Lower-Bavarian town of Pocking, sheep are now grazing under and around the 57,912 photovoltaic modules."}
+{"id": "59430", "revid": "9683", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59430", "title": "Pocking Solar Park", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59434", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59434", "title": "Fractional distillation", "text": "Fractional distillation is a process of separating a mixture of chemical compounds. This means that each part (called a \"fraction\") of the mixture can be kept apart from the other chemicals. Different chemicals have different boiling points. Fractional distillation is done by heating the mixture so that it evaporates and then each fraction condenses in its own separate compartment. The reason we don't use simple distillation is because for liquids that boil at less than 25\u00a0\u00b0C from each other, some of the other liquid(s) may evaporate and so part of the separated liquid may have part of the other liquid(s).\nIt is a special type of distillation. Generally, the component parts boil at less than 25\u00a0\u00b0C from each other under a pressure of one atmosphere. If the difference in boiling points is greater than 25\u00a0\u00b0C, a simple distillation is used.\nFractionation is done by boiling a mixture in a fractionating column. The mixture evaporates at different times and is caught in a container as a pure compound.\nFractional distillation is the main activity of oil refineries, and is done in a large fractionating column known as a \"fractionation tower\".\nIndustrially, crude oil is heated and sent up along the fractionating column that has decreasing temperatures with height and several platforms at different levels to collect the condensate. Different components of crude oil have different boiling points. High molecular weight components have higher boiling points and condense at lower portions of the column while fractions with lower boiling points rise to the top of the column to condense.\nThe main fractions include refinery gases, gasoline (petrol), naphtha, kerosene, diesel oil, fuel oil, and a residue that contains bitumen. These fractions are mainly used as fuels, although they do have other uses too. Hydrocarbons with small molecules make better fuels than those with large molecules because they are volatile, flow easily and are easily ignited"}
+{"id": "59439", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59439", "title": "Monte Alto solar power plant", "text": "The Monte Alto photovoltaic power plant in Spain has a generating capacity of 9.55 megawatts peak (MWp) and will generate 14 million kilowatt-hours of electricity per year. It cost 65 million Euros [US$87 million]. \nThe plant covers an area of 51 hectares on agricultural land near the locality of Milagro (Navarre) and contains 889 solar structures, of which 864 have automated solar tracking. The rest are fixed structures adapted to the terrain. "}
+{"id": "59440", "revid": "820266", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59440", "title": "Odor", "text": "odor or odour is a volatilized chemical compound, usually at a very low concentration, which humans and other animals perceive by the sense of olfaction.\nOdors are also called smells, which can be used to describe both pleasant and unpleasant odors. The words fragrance, scent, or aroma are used mostly by the food and cosmetic industry to describe a pleasant odor, and is sometimes used to refer to perfumes. On the other hand, the words stench, reek, and stink are used specifically to describe unpleasant odors.\nBasics.\nOdor is a sensation caused by molecules dissolved in air.\nThe widest range of odors are made up of organic compounds although some inorganic substances, such as hydrogen sulfide and ammonia, are also odorants.\nThe perception of an odor effect is a two step process.\nFirst, there is the physiological part; the sense of the stimulus by receptors in the nose.\nAfter that the psychological part follows. The stimuli are processed by the region of the human brain which is responsible for smelling.\nBecause of this, an objective and analytical measure of odor is impossible.\nWhile odor feelings are very personal perceptions, individual reactions are related to gender, age, state of health and private affectations. Common odors that people are used to, such as their own body odor, are less noticeable to individuals than external or uncommon odors.\nFor most people, the process of smelling gives little information concerning the ingredients of a substance. It only offers information related to the emotional impact. However, experienced people, such as flavorists and perfumers can pick out individual chemicals in complex mixes through smell alone.\nOdor analysis.\nThe concentrations of odorant in Germany are defined by the \u201cOlfaktometrie\u201d since the 1870s. In this connection it's about the standard method to define the sense barrier of odors on basis the thinner of concentrated odor loaded assays. Following parameters are defined: odor substance concentration, intensity of odor and hedonism assessment.\nPheromones.\nPheromones are odors that are deliberately used for communication. A female moth may release a pheromone that can entice a male moth that is several kilometers away. Honeybee queens constantly release pheromones that regulate the activity of the hive. Workers can release such smells to call other bees into an appropriate cavity when a swarm moves in or to \"sound\" an alarm when the hive is threatened.\nIn mammals, some pathway of pheromones identification are in the vomeronasal organ and some in olfactory receptors."}
+{"id": "59443", "revid": "586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59443", "title": "European ash", "text": "The European ash (\"Fraxinus excelsior\") is a kind of ash tree. It is found throughout Europe and not just Scandinavia. It is a deciduous tree that grows to a height of 20\u201335 metres.\nUses.\nAsh wood is very easy to bend. It is therefore the material of choice to make bows. Tennis rackets, and the long poles used for snooker are sometimes made from it. \nReligion.\nIn Norse mythology, the tree Yggdrasil was a European ash. The tree linked all the nine world, Niflheim and Asgard, amongst others. Below the tree resides Hel as well as the Well of Urd."}
+{"id": "59446", "revid": "1568212", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59446", "title": "Solar power in Spain", "text": "Spain is the fourth largest manufacturer in the world of solar power technology and exports 80 percent of this output to Germany. Spain is one of the most attractive countries with regard to the development of solar energy, as it has the greatest amount of available sunshine of any country in Europe.\nThe Spanish government wants to produce 12 percent of primary energy from renewable energy by 2010. That would mean a solar generating capacity of 400 megawatts.\nThrough a ministerial ruling in March 2004, the Spanish government removed economic barriers to grid-connection of renewable energy. The widely applauded Royal Decree 436/2004 equalises conditions for large-scale thermal and photovoltaic plants and guarantees feed-in tariffs.\nSolar thermal power plants.\nIn March 2007, Europe's first commercial concentrating solar power tower plant was opened near the sunny southern Spanish city of Seville. The 11 megawatt plant, known as the PS10 solar power tower, produces electricity with 624 large heliostats. Each of these mirrors has a surface measuring 120 square meters (1,290 square feet) that concentrates the Sun's rays to the top of a 115-meter (377\u00a0foot) high tower where a solar receiver and a steam turbine are located. The turbine drives a generator, producing electricity. PS10 is the first of a set of solar electric power generation plants to be constructed in the same area that will total more than 300MW by 2013. This power generation will be accomplished using a variety of technologies.\nSolar thermal power plants designed for solar-only generation are ideally matched to summer noon peak loads in prosperous areas with significant cooling demands, such as Spain. Using thermal energy storage systems, solar thermal operating periods can even be extended to meet base-load needs. For example, the 50-MWe AndaSol solar trough power plants are designed with six to twelve hours of thermal storage, which increases annual availability by some 1,000 to 2,500 hours.\nPhotovoltaics.\nConstruction has started on a 20MW solar photovoltaics power system in Trujillo, C\u00e1ceres, in Spain. Costing \u20ac150m, the new plant will have double the output of the 10MW Bavaria Solar Park in Germany, the previous largest ever photovoltaic (PV) system. The project will use 200 100\u00a0kW units (120,000 PV modules in total), gaining the top feed-in tariff for this type of plant.\nBP Solar has begun constructing a new solar photovoltaic (PV) solar cell manufacturing plant at its European headquarters in Tres Cantos, Madrid.\nFor phase one of the Madrid expansion, BP Solar is aiming to expand its annual cell capacity from 55 megawatts (MW) to around 300 MW. Construction of this facility is underway, with the first manufacturing line expected to be fully operational this year.\nThe new cell lines use innovative screen-printing technology. By fully automating wafer handling, the manufacturing lines will be able to handle the very thinnest of wafers available and ensure the highest quality.\n This is of particular importance since there has been a silicon shortage in recent years.\nSince the beginning of 2007, Aleo Solar AG has also been manufacturing high-quality solar modules for the Spanish market at its own factory in Santa Maria de Palautordera near Barcelona.\nNew building codes.\nNew building code laws in Spain are now mandating solar hot water for new and remodeled private residences, and photovoltaic to offset some power requirements for all new and remodeled commercial buildings. The new laws also reflect inceased awareness of the importance of better building insulation and the use of daylighting.\nResearch and Development.\nThe Plataforma Solar de Almer\u00eda (PSA) in Spain, part of the Center for Energy, Environment and Technological Research (CIEMAT), is the largest center for research, development, and testing of concentrating solar technologies in Europe."}
+{"id": "59447", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59447", "title": "Sensation", "text": "A sensation is excitement, or something that produces excitement. A new song or a new play might be termed a \"sensation\" or producing \"sensation\". A thrilling ride on a roller coaster might be described as \"sensational\".\nPsychology.\nIn psychology, sensation is the process by which the sensory system processes inputs from sense organs. It is the first stage in the biochemical and neurologic events:\nIt begins with a stimulus upon the receptor cells of a sensory organ, which then leads to perception, the mental state that is reflected in statements like \"I see a uniformly blue wall.\"\nA sensation that might lead to that statement could include the excitation of cone cells in the retina.\nIn the West, the human body's senses have sometimes been divided into five, but nowadays are more often divided into eight: visual, auditory, gustatory, olfactory, cutaneous, kinesthetic, vestibular, organic. The ways in which these senses are divided from one another in concept, and combined in varying ratios in perceiving the world, differs based on individual physiology, social and cultural context, and physical surroundings. The whole sensory system, including both physical sensation and interpretation (or cognition) of information from the senses, is referred to as a sensorium.\nSensory system.\nThe sensory system provides many ways to be aware of the world."}
+{"id": "59464", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59464", "title": "Instant soup", "text": "Instant soups are a kind of soup. They are produced on an industrial scale. Later they are treated in different ways to preserve them. Usually they are dried, canned, or treated by freezing.\nPackaged instant soups come in two varieties:"}
+{"id": "59466", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59466", "title": "Sensation (disambiguation)", "text": "Sensation may refer to any of the following:"}
+{"id": "59467", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59467", "title": "Mus\u00e9e maritime fluvial et portuaire de Rouen", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59469", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59469", "title": "Perception", "text": "In psychology and the cognitive sciences, perception is the process of taking in, picking, organizing, and understanding sensory information. It includes collecting data from sense organs and interpreting it in the brain. Consider this: Light enters our eyes, and the brain works on this information to build up a mental picture of what is going on \"out there\". Perception is a lot more than just \"information coming in\". It is an \"active\" process.\nThere are many ways to study perception. There are biological or physiological approaches, psychological approaches through the philosophy of mind and experiments. There are studies by philosophers such as David Hume, John Locke, George Berkeley.\nHistory of the study of perception.\nThe study of perception started with the study of sight. This makes sense because humans understand the world largely by looking at it.\nAncient Greece.\nThe first studies of perception happened in the years 460371 BC by the Greek philosopher Democritus. He believed the shapes we see were pictures which flew to our eyes, where our soul would then recognize them. The philosopher Plato (427\u2013348 BC) later came up with a new idea, he believed the eyes worked by first making light and then scanning the world. Another Greek philosopher and student of Plato called Aristotle (384\u2013322 BC) did not agree with these ideas. He presented a new theory :\nAristotle's ideas were then accepted for hundreds of years.\n10th & 11th Century.\nIbn al-Haytham wrote the first mathematical description of the visual process \n17th Century.\nKepler explained what is inside of the eye. Descartes said that the way our physical senses see the world does not affect how we think about the world. Locke and Descartes both thought humans saw color because of the senses.\n18th Century.\nKant suggested that humans can't know about things which our senses don\u2019t see. Because of this he stated that a god and a soul were not possible.\n19th Century.\nNew techniques were created and used to study the brain and perception. Many of these studies were paired with data on human behavior. The psychologist Wundt stated that perception could not just be explained by the way the body works and that psychology was needed too.\n20th Century.\nGestalt psychology was formed. The idea behind this group of thinkers was that perception is more than the sum of our senses.\nTypes of perception.\nVision.\nVision is what you see. Seeing something happens when light enters the eyes. This light is turned into an electric message which travels to the brain and gets turned into a picture.\nSound.\nSound is what you hear. The ears catch movement from sound waves which move in every direction. The brain takes these in, creating what we hear.\nTouch.\nTouch is what you feel with your skin. The skin's top layer has receptors that take information in when touched. These receptors can sense pain, how hot or cold something is and how heavy something is. Receptors then send this information to our nervous system.\nTaste.\nTaste is the flavor of things we eat or drink. Our tongue has many little bumps which take in our food's flavor. These bumps then send a message to our brain for us to taste.\nSmell.\nThe skin inside your nose has small cells which send messages to your brain when you breathe in. Your brain then senses the smell.\nTheories of Perception.\nTheories of perception can be sorted into two groups. The first group believes in Bottom-Up processing. This approach means that to perceive, humans only needs information from their senses. For example : light enters the eye, this light is sent to the brain and the brain turns it into something we see.\nThe second group is Top-Down processing. In this approach, perception starts off with something general and becomes specific. What we already know or expect has a big effect here. For example : if you see half of a cat, you will have an idea of what it looks like even though half of it is hidden. This is because you have seen a cat before. Top down processing helps humans quickly make sense of their environment without having to think too much.\nBottom-up processing.\nGibson's Ecological Theory.\nJames Gibson (1904-1979) states that perception happens because of our human instincts. This means it can't be learned. He suggests that perception is needed for humans to stay alive. Neanderthals would have needed perception to escape danger, suggesting perception is the result of evolution. Gibson's theory is known as the \"Ecological Theory\" , because he says that perception can only be explained by our environment. To Gibson, Sensation = perception.\nTop-down processing.\nStephen E. Palmer.\nPalmer states that people have ideas about how the world looks like, and they use that knowledge to figure out what things are. He did a study in 1975 to show this. In his study, people were shown groups of 4 pictures. One picture was a location, a kitchen for example. The other three pictures were one object you would find in a kitchen (bread), and two pictures that had no ties to the kitchen (an instrument and a mailbox). This was repeated with many different places and objects. His findings showed that people found it harder to recognize the objects that had no relationship to the location.\nEvolutionary psychology.\nThis recognises how all animals have perception of some kind: because they are mobile they need senses which give them information about what is around them. Of course, primitive animals have simple sense organs, like \"Euglena\" does, whereas complex animals need much more information about their surroundings. Therefore, advanced animals do have advanced visual and other sensory systems.\nThis relates to perception. The main function of sense organs is to guide action."}
+{"id": "59470", "revid": "680", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59470", "title": "Maritime Museum, Fluvial and Harbor of Rouen", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59471", "revid": "680", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59471", "title": "Maritime Museum, Fluvial and Harbour of Rouen", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59479", "revid": "9890", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59479", "title": "Big bang", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59490", "revid": "1674404", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59490", "title": "Soba", "text": " is a type of thin Japanese noodle. It is made from buckwheat flour. It is served either chilled with a dipping sauce, or in hot broth as a noodle soup. Moreover, it is not uncommon in Japan to refer to any thin noodle as \"soba\" in contrast to udon which are thick noodles made from wheat.\nBecause noodles made out of pure buckwheat can easily fall apart when boiled, the buckwheat flour is usually mixed with binders - often wheat flour. Under the Japan Agricultural Standards regulations, the noodles must contain at least 30% buckwheat in order to be called \"soba\" but noodles with a high buckwheat content are seen as more desirable. The raw noodles are made by making a dough out of buckwheat flour and binder. The dough is then spread out flat. After that, strands of noodles are sliced off with a special knife. The quality of noodles is highly dependent on the skill of the maker, especially for soba noodles with high buckwheat content. The raw noodles are boiled before being served hot or cold.\nIn Japan, soba noodles are served in a variety of situations. They are a popular inexpensive fast food at train stations throughout Japan, they are served by exclusive and expensive specialty restaurants, and they are also made at home. Markets sell dried noodles and \"men-tsuyu\", or instant noodle broth, to make home preparation easy.\nSome establishments, especially cheaper and more casual ones, may serve both soba and udon (thick wheat noodles) as they are often served in a similar manner. However, soba is traditionally the noodle of choice for Tokyoites. This tradition originates from the Edo period. At that time, the population of Edo (Tokyo) was much richer than the rural poor, were more susceptible to beriberi because of their high consumption of white rice which is low in thiamine. They are thought to have made up for this by regularly eating thiamine-rich soba. Every neighbourhood had one or two soba establishments, many also serving sake, which functioned much like modern cafes where locals would drop by casually.\nServing soba.\nSoba is almost always eaten with chopsticks, and in Japan, it is traditionally considered polite to slurp the noodles noisily. This is especially common with hot noodles, as drawing up the noodles quickly into the mouth acts to cool them down.\nCommon soba dishes.\nLike many Japanese noodles, soba noodles are often served drained and chilled in the summer, and hot in the winter with a soy-based dashi broth. Extra toppings can be added onto both hot and cold soba. Toppings are chosen to reflect the seasons and to balance with other ingredients. Most toppings are added without much cooking, although some are deep-fried. Most of these dishes may also be prepared with udon. Soba noodles often have a witdh of around 1.5\u00a0mm.\nCold.\nChilled soba is often served on a sieve-like bamboo tray called a zaru, sometimes garnished with bits of dried \"nori\" seaweed, with a dipping sauce known as \"soba tsuyu\" on the side. The \"tsuyu\" is made of a strong mixture of dashi, sweetened soy sauce and mirin. Using chopsticks, the diner picks up a small amount of soba from the tray and swirls it in the cold \"tsuyu\" before eating it. Wasabi, scallions, and grated ginger are often mixed into the \"tsuyu\".\nHot.\nSoba is also often served as a noodle soup in a bowl of hot \"tsuyu\". The hot \"tsuyu\" in this instance is thinner than that used as a dipping sauce for chilled soba. Popular garnishes are sliced scallion and shichimi toragashi (mixed chili powder).\nSoba served on special occasions.\nSoba is traditionally eaten on New Years Eve in most areas of Japan, a tradition which survives to this day. In the Tokyo area, there is also a tradition of giving out soba to new neighbours after a house move, although this practice is now rare.\nVarieties of soba noodles.\nThe most famous Japanese soba noodles come from Nagano. Soba from Nagano is called \"Shinano Soba\" or \"Shinshu soba\". Ni-hachi (\"two-eight\") soba, consists of two parts of wheat and eight of buckwheat.\nOther uses of the word \"soba\".\n\"Soba\" is also the Japanese word for buckwheat. Roasted buckwheat kernels may be made into a grain tea called \"sobacha\", which may be served hot or cold. Buckwheat hulls, or \"sobakawa\", are used to fill pillows.\n\"Soba\" is occasionally used to refer to noodles in general. In Japan, ramen is sometimes called \"ch\u016bka soba\" or \"shina soba\" (both mean \"Chinese noodles\"). Parboiled ch\u016bka soba is stir-fried to make yakisoba. Note that these noodles do not contain buckwheat.\nIn Okinawa, \"soba\" usually refers to Okinawa soba, a completely different dish of noodles made out of flour, not buckwheat. Okinawa soba is also quite popular in the city of Campo Grande (Brazil), due to influence of Japanese (Okinawan) immigrants. It is eaten at street markets or in special restaurants called \"sobarias\"."}
+{"id": "59491", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59491", "title": "Carmen Basilio", "text": "Carmen Basilio (born April 2, 1927 \u2013 November 7, 2012) was an American boxer who held the welterweight and middleweight world championship. He won the welterweight title from Tony DeMarco in 1955. He then fought Sugar Ray Robinson for the middleweight title. He won the belt from Robinson in 1957, but lost it when they fought again.\nHe is the uncle of former welterweight boxing champion Billy Backus."}
+{"id": "59492", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59492", "title": "Johnny Saxton", "text": "Johnny Saxton (July 4, 1930, Newark, New Jersey \u2013 October 4, 2008) was an American boxer who won the welterweight championship.\nLife.\nCareer.\nSaxton beat Kid Gavilan in 1954 to become the welterweight champion. The lost the title the following year to Tony DeMarco. In 1956, he won the title again by beating Carmen Basilio, but lost the title in a rematch with Basilio later in the year. He retired in 1958."}
+{"id": "59493", "revid": "1589884", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59493", "title": "Weber-Fechner law", "text": "The Weber\u2013Fechner law is a proposed relationship between the magnitude of a physical stimulus and the intensity or strength that people feel. \nThe case of weight.\nIn one of his classic experiments, Weber gradually increased the weight that a blindfolded man was holding and asked him to respond when he first felt the increase. Weber found that the response was proportional to a relative increase in the weight. That is to say, if the weight is 1\u00a0kg, an increase of a few grams will not be noticed. Rather, when the mass is increased by a certain factor, an increase in weight is perceived. If the mass is doubled, the threshold is also doubled. \nThe relationship between stimulus and perception is logarithmic. This logarithmic relationship means that if a stimulus varies as a geometric progression (i.e. multiplied by a fixed factor), the corresponding perception is altered in an arithmetic progression (i.e. in additive constant amounts). For example, if a stimulus is tripled in strength (i.e., 3 x 1), the corresponding perception may be two times as strong as its original value (i.e., 1 + 1). If the stimulus is again tripled in strength (i.e., 3 x 3 x 1), the corresponding perception will be three times as strong as its original value (i.e., 1 + 1 + 1). Hence, for multiplications in stimulus strength, the strength of perception only adds.\nThis logarithmic relationship is valid, not just for the sensation of weight, but for other stimuli and our sensory perceptions as well."}
+{"id": "59495", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59495", "title": "Logarithmic scale", "text": "A logarithmic scale is a scale used when there is a large range of quantities. Common uses include earthquake strength, sound loudness, light intensity, spreading rates of epidemics, and pH of solutions.\nIt is based on orders of magnitude, rather than a standard linear scale. The value of each mark on the scale is the value at the previous mark multiplied by a constant.\nLogarithmic scales are also used in slide rules for multiplying or dividing numbers by adding or subtracting lengths on the scales.\nThe logarithmic scale can be helpful when the data cover a large range of values \u2013 the logarithm reduces this to a more manageable range. \nSome of our senses operate in a logarithmic fashion (multiplying the actual input strength adds a constant to the perceived signal strength, see: Stevens' power law). That makes logarithmic scales for these input quantities especially appropriate. In particular, our sense of hearing perceives equal \"multiples\" of frequencies as equal \"differences\" in pitch.\nOn most logarithmic scales, \"small\" multiples (or ratios) of the underlying quantity correspond to \"small\" (possibly negative) values of the logarithmic measure.\nExamples.\nWell-known examples of such scales are:\nSome logarithmic scales were designed such that \"large\" values (or ratios) of the underlying quantity correspond to \"small\" values of the logarithmic measure. Examples of such scales are:\nA logarithmic scale is also a graphical scale on one or both sides of a graph where a number \"x\" is printed at a distance \"c\"\u00b7log(\"x\") from the point marked with the number 1. A slide rule has logarithmic scales, and nomograms often employ logarithmic scales. On a logarithmic scale an equal difference in order of magnitude is represented by an equal distance. The geometric mean of two numbers is midway between the numbers. \nLogarithmic graph paper, before the advent of computer graphics, was a basic scientific tool. Plots on paper with one log scale can show up exponential laws, and on log-log paper power laws, as straight lines (see semilog graph, log-log graph)."}
+{"id": "59496", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59496", "title": "Noodle soup", "text": "Noodle soup is a kind of soup. It contains the normal soup stock, together with noodles, and sometimes other ingredients. This kind of soup is very popular in Asia, where it originally came from. There are also many instant soups of this kind.\nSome of the varieties are:"}
+{"id": "59498", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59498", "title": "Scale (ratio)", "text": "The scale of a map shows the ratio between the distances on the map and the corresponding distances in reality. For example, a map of scale 1:50,000 shows a distance of 50,000 cm (or 500 m) as 1\u00a0cm on a map. A 1:25 scale model of a building with a height of 30 m has a model height of 1.20 m.\nWhen a drawing or model or photograph of an object is larger or smaller than the original, the scale represents how much the object has been \"grown\" or \"shrunk\".\nScale bars.\nScale bars for microscopic or unusual objects are necessary. They help readers to understand the diagram."}
+{"id": "59501", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59501", "title": "Scale", "text": "Scale could mean:\nIn medicine.\nBristol stool scale "}
+{"id": "59504", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59504", "title": "Scale (map)", "text": "A map scale is the size of an object compared to the size of the object's smaller representative on a map. This can be shown by a scale bar and a ratio 1:\"n\". The reader can measure a distance on the map to know what is the distance on the ground. \nPeople sometimes speak of a map as one with a \"large scale\" or \"small scale\". A \"large scale\" map makes things look large, and a \"small scale\" map makes things look small. For example, an island displayed on a 1:10,000 map will appear larger than if it were displayed on a 1:25,000 map. Thus, the former is \"large scale\". What can be confusing is that for a map of a given physical size, say 11 by 17 inches, a \"large scale\" map will have a smaller geographic extent than a \"small scale\" map centred on the same point. \nMaps with a ratio of 1:50 000 or larger (for example, 1:40 000 would be larger) are considered large scale. Maps with a ratio of 1:50 000 to 1:250 000 are considered intermediate scale. Any maps with a smaller scale (for example 1:300 000) are considered small scale. "}
+{"id": "59518", "revid": "1152723", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59518", "title": "Midnight sun", "text": "Midnight sun is a phenomenon that exists north of the Arctic Circle and south of the Antarctic Circle, where the Sun won't set at all and remains above the horizon at solar midnight. It means that the sun, on parts of the year, is visible the whole night long. The sun above the horizon at midnight in the Arctic or Antarctic summer.\nThere are no people living permanently south of the Antarctic Circle (like Antarctica), but in Alaska, Canada, Norway, Greenland, Sweden, Finland, Russia, and some other countries north of the Arctic Circle, it is possible to watch the Midnight sun in the summer.\nThe opposite of the Midnight sun is the Polar night, where the Sun won't rise at all and remains below the horizon even at solar noon."}
+{"id": "59524", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59524", "title": "Eight Below", "text": "Eight Below is a 2006 Walt Disney Pictures movie. It was directed by Frank Marshall and written by David DiGilio. The movie was released on February 17, 2006 in the United States."}
+{"id": "59528", "revid": "40117", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59528", "title": "Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono", "text": "General Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (born 9 September 1949), is an Indonesian retired military general and politician. He was the sixth President of Indonesia from 2004 to 2014. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono is the first president to be elected directly by voters. Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono won the presidency on 20 September 2004. He defeated President Megawati Soekarnoputri.\nLife.\nSusilo Bambang Yudhoyono was born on 9 September 1949, in Tremas, a village in Arjosari, Pacitan Regency, East Java, to a lower-middle-class family. His father was a Javanese man named Raden Soekotjo (1925 \u2013 4 August 2001), whose lineage can be traced to Hamengkubuwono II, while his mother was a Javanese woman named Siti Habibah (30 June 1932 \u2013 30 August 2019).\nHe service in military 1973 to 2000, Yudhoyono ended his military career with the rank of lieutenant general, although he would be made honorary general in 2000.\nPolitical.\nYudhoyono was appointed mining and energy minister in the cabinet of President Abdurrahman Wahid in 1999. According to General Wiranto, who assisted Wahid in the formation of the Cabinet, he had recommended to the president that Yudhoyono would do better as Army chief of staff. In August 2000, after a Cabinet reshuffle, Yudhoyono became the coordinating minister for politic and security affairs. One of his tasks was to separate the army from politics. This was in line with his reformist ideas on the future of Indonesian military, and is a view he has held since his days in an army policy center.\nYudhoyono's supporters saw Yudhoyono's participation in the vice-presidential election as a sign of his popularity and recognised Yudhoyono's potential as a possible leader for Indonesia. One of these supporters, Vence Rumangkang approached Yudhoyono with the idea of forming a political party to help shore up support for the 2004 presidential elections. Yudhoyono approved of the idea and after going through the basic concepts, left Rumangkang in charge of forming the Party.\nFrom 12 to 19 August 2001, Rumangkang began holding a series of meetings to discuss the formation of the party while holding consultations with Yudhoyono. Yudhoyono personally led the meetings on 19 and 20 August 2001, and the basic outline of the Democratic Party was finalised.\nOn 9 September 2001, the formation of the party was officially declared and on 10 September it was registered at the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights.\nThe organizers behind Democratic Party's formation went to extreme lengths to make sure that PD was Yudhoyono's personal political party. The declaration of its formation was 9 September 2001, which was Yudhoyono's birthday and to start off with, the Party had 99 members.\nIn 2004 presidential election, with 69,266,350 popular vote he replace Megawati Sukarnoputri. He re-elected in 2009 presidential election."}
+{"id": "59530", "revid": "458748", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59530", "title": "Order of the Garter", "text": " \nThe Most Noble Order of the Garter is an English order of chivalry. It was started in 1348, by King Edward III of England. The Order is the highest level of knighthood that can be given by the English monarch. It is the world's oldest national order of knighthood. Membership in the Order is limited to those people who have done many great things for the United Kingdom.\nThe Order of the Garter is made up of a very small number of people. This group includes the Sovereign (the King or Queen of Britain) and no more than 25 full members. These members are called \"Companions\". Male companions are called \"Knight Companions\". Female members are called \"Lady Companions\". There are also a number of extra members known as \"Supernumerary\" Knights and Ladies. These members are usually members of the British royal family, and monarchs of other countries. \nThe monarch alone can grant membership to the order. He or she is known as the \"Sovereign of the Garter\", and the Prince of Wales is known as a \"Knight Companion of the Garter\".\nKnights of the Order use the post-nominal letters (KG) and Ladies of the Order (LG). Knights Companion can use the title \"Sir\" before their first name, and their wives can use the title \"Lady\" before their surnames. Ladies Companion can use the title \"Lady\" before their first name, but their husbands cannot use any title.\nCurrent Members.\nKnights and Ladies Companion:\nRoyal Knights and Ladies Companion:"}
+{"id": "59534", "revid": "1177631", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59534", "title": "HD DVD", "text": "HD DVD, also known as High-Definition DVD or High Density Digital Versatile Disc, is an optical disc that is able to store large amounts of data, such as high-definition videos. Now, the HD DVD type is now considered dead.\nThe disc was released in 2006 and fought a format war with rival Blu-ray. On February 19, 2008, Toshiba abandoned the format, announcing it would no longer make HD DVD players and drives. The HD DVD Promotion Group was dissolved on March 28, 2008."}
+{"id": "59535", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59535", "title": "Sunshine", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59555", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59555", "title": "Bruges", "text": "Bruges (Dutch: \"Brugge\") is a city in the northwest of Belgium. \nIt is the capital and largest city of West Flanders. In 2007, 116,982 people lived there.\nBruges is at 51\u00b0 12 North, 03\u00b0 13 East.\nIt is a centre of tourism because of its historic medieval city centre. The centre was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. It is a center of commerce because of its port, Zeebrugge. The movie \"In Bruges\" with Colin Farrell, Brendan Gleeson and Ralph Fiennes was made there in 2008."}
+{"id": "59558", "revid": "9849859", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59558", "title": "Immortality", "text": "Immortality (eternal life) is the idea of something which is alive that will stay alive forever. The opposite of immortality is \"mortality\", which means a living thing can die. Right now, only a small number of living things are known to be biologically immortal. These are mainly simple, lower forms of life like bacteria. Although they are still mortal as they can die from other causes. Stories about immortal people or animals are popular in fiction and mythology, but not yet possible due to the decline of health as the years pass.\nReligious ideas.\nMany religions say people have an immortal soul with an afterlife. This is not the same as the idea of a physical body that doesn't age. Religious ideas of immortality are of two kinds. One idea is that the soul can exist apart from the dead physical body. Some religions teach that the soul cannot die but will live forever in an \"afterlife\". Usually, this afterlife includes punishment or reward for the good or evil that the person did. Hinduism and Buddhism teach that the soul will go into a new body as a baby. This is called re-incarnation. \nReligions such as Christianity, Islam and Judaism believe that the body of dead persons will be made to live again for a final judgement. This is called resurrection of the body. Some who believe in this think that the soul is asleep while waiting for the resurrection, while others believe it exists in a conscious condition in a heaven or hell. Jesus told a story of two men. A rich man went to hell when he died, and the poor man went to heaven. The rich man wanted to return to earth to warn his brothers about hell but was told it was impossible. \nOther Ideas.\nSome people have long used magic and science to look for a way to live forever. Others feel that death is what defines all living things, and as a natural part of life, should not be taken away.\nInsurance actuaries have calculated that even if everyone were physically immortal, the average life span would still be only be 400 years because of the \"accident rate\"; eventually, everyone would die of a fatal accident and it would be very unusual to encounter anyone more than 800 years old. Therefore, physical or biological immortality is better termed \"indefinite life extension\" or anti-aging technology and it would seem that the only practical ways to achieve actual immortality is to upload one's mind into a supercomputer to live in virtual reality, or become a cyborg with a nearly indestructible and invincible body. Futurists such as Ray Kurzweil believe this will become possible about the year 2045 in the technological singularity.\nThe color amaranth represents immortality in Western civilization, while the color peach represents immortality in Chinese civilization."}
+{"id": "59559", "revid": "1475779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59559", "title": "European Union budget", "text": "The European Union (EU) has an independent parliament and civil service which is distinct from those of the 27 member states. It has to pay for expenditure on common policies throughout the EU. Therefore, the EU has an agreed budget of \u20ac862 billion for the period 2007-2013. By comparison, the UK expenditure for 2004 alone was estimated at \u20ac759 billion.\nSetting a budget.\nThe EU has three elements to its government: the Council of Ministers, the European Commission and the European Parliament. All three take a part in setting the annual budget.\nRevenue.\nThe EU obtains most of its revenue indirectly by payments from treasuries of member states. Revenue is divided into three categories.\nTraditional own resources are taxes raised on behalf of the EU as a whole, principally import duties on goods brought into the EU. These are collected by the state where import occurs and passed on to the EU. States are allowed to keep a proportion of the revenue to cover administration.\nVAT based own resources are taxes on EU citizens as a proportion of Value added tax in each member country. VAT rates and exemptions vary in different countries, so a formula is used to create the 'harmonised tax base'. The starting point for calculations is the total VAT raised in a country.\nGNI based own resources currently forms the largest contribution to EU funding. A simple multiplier is applied to the calculated GNI for the country concerned. Revenue is currently capped at 1.24% of GNI for the EU as a whole.\nExpenditure.\nThe largest single expenditure item is the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) at around 45% of the total budget. The second largest element is the regional policy, at 30%. Foreign policy consumes 8%, administration 6%, research 5%."}
+{"id": "59564", "revid": "1063064", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59564", "title": "Wittingen", "text": "Wittingen is a small town in the north of the district of Gifhorn, Lower Saxony, Germany. It has 12.268 inhabitants (2005). Wittingen's postal codes are 29378 and 29379.\nDivisions.\nAround Wittingen, there are 26 villages:\nHistory.\nWittingen was first mentioned in a document of 781.\nDemocracy.\nAccording to the Lower Saxony State Department for Statistics, 12,291 people lived in the town of Wittingen in 2005 in 3,745 buildings with a total of 5,399 homes.\nInfrastructure.\nHealth and medicine.\nWittingen has one hospital (St\u00e4dtisches Krankenhaus), four pharmacies and six dentists."}
+{"id": "59575", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59575", "title": "Golden Gloves", "text": "The Golden Gloves is the name given to competitions held every year for amateur boxing in the United States. The Golden Gloves is often the term used to refer to the National Golden Gloves competition, but it can also mean a few other amateur tournaments, including regional golden gloves tournaments and other notable tournaments such as the Intercity Golden Gloves, the Chicago Golden Gloves, and the New York Golden Gloves.\nThe Golden Gloves are open to all non-professional boxers age 16 and over. There is also a Silver Gloves amateur tournament, which is for young amateur male boxers age 8 to 15 years old."}
+{"id": "59576", "revid": "314538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59576", "title": "Sonny Liston", "text": "Charles L. \"Sonny\" Liston (May 8, 1932 \u2013 December 30, 1970) was an American boxer. He held the world heavyweight championship from 1962 to 1964. \nListon was disliked by much of the public because of his criminal history and rumored association with organized crime characters. Liston served prison sentences for armed robbery and assaulting a police officer. \nHowever, he was a skilled boxer and gained a shot at the heavyweight title held by Floyd Patterson. He knocked Patterson out in the first round to gain the title in 1962. He defeated Patterson by another first-round knockout in their rematch in 1963.\nHe lost the championship to Muhammad Ali (then known as Cassius Clay) when he quit in his corner before the start of the seventh round in their 1964 fight. He was then knocked out in the first round during their second fight, which happened in 1965.\nListon continued to box, but died from congestive heart failure in 1970 in Las Vegas, Nevada."}
+{"id": "59577", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59577", "title": "Buckwheat", "text": "Buckwheat (or common buckwheat) is a plant whose seeds may be used as a cereal. Buckwheat is not a true grass. It is not related to wheat, because wheat \"is\" a true grass, and buckwheat is not. \nBuckwheat seeds look like small beech tree seeds. Both seeds have three sides. \"Beech\" is also called \"buck\", which is how buckwheat got its name. \nInstead, buckwheat is related to sorrel, knotweed, and rhubarb. Buckwheat is referred to as a \"pseudocereal\" because its seeds are used in cooking the same as cereals, because they have complex carbohydrates.\nThe cultivation of buckwheat grain declined sharply in the 20th century with the adoption of nitrogen fertilizer which increased the productivity of other staples."}
+{"id": "59578", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59578", "title": "Common Buckwheat", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59580", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59580", "title": "Kinston Indians", "text": "The Kinston Indians were a Minor league baseball team in Kinston, North Carolina. The team played in the Carolina League from (1956\u20131957, 1962\u20131974 and 1978\u20132011). Professional baseball in Kinston started in 1908, and there have been many teams since then. 2007 was the twenty-first season the Kinston team had been known as the Indians. Before that they were known as the Eagles and the Blue Jays. The Indians, or K-Tribe as they were nicknamed, played their home games in Grainger Stadium. The Indians' mascot was a dog named Scout.\nThe Kinston Indians won their league championship in 1988, 1991, 1995, 2004 and 2006.\nFor the 2012 season the Indians moved to Zebulon, North Carolina to become the Carolina Mudcats. The team still plays in the Carolina League."}
+{"id": "59584", "revid": "1570152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59584", "title": "Columbia University", "text": "Columbia University (officially Columbia University in the City of New York) is a research university in the United States. It is an Ivy League university and often considered one of the best in the world. It is the fifth oldest college in the United States.\nIt was ranked 2nd best college in the United States by Times Higher Education in 2017. It was ranked 8th best university in the world by U.S. News & World Report.\nThe university was founded as \"King's College\" by royal charter from King George II of Great Britain. It was the first college in New York, and the fifth college in the Thirteen Colonies. A lot of the money that paid for the school came from slavery. After the American Revolution it was renamed \"Columbia College\" in 1784 and renamed once again to \"Columbia University\" in 1896 when it moved to its current location in Morningside Heights.\nNinety-Six Nobel Prize winners have been at Columbia, the second most in the United States after Harvard University. Five Founding Fathers attended Columbia: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Robert Livingston, Gouverneur Morris and Egbert Benson. Three U.S. Presidents have attended Columbia: Barack Obama, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Theodore Roosevelt. Ten Supreme Court Justices have attended Columbia including the most recent Associate Justice, Neil Gorsuch, and the first Chief Justice, John Jay. Other famous alumni include: Warren Buffett, Madeline Albright, and Lou Gehrig.\nColumbia is home to the Pulitzer Prize for good work in journalism, literature and music. FM radio was created at Columbia. The school is where the foundation of modern genetics was discovered. Its Morningside Heights campus was the first North American site where the uranium atom was split.\nColumbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons and College of Dental Medicine are in Washington Heights in Northern Manhattan."}
+{"id": "59588", "revid": "10436197", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59588", "title": "Columbian Exchange", "text": "The Columbian Exchange, sometimes called the Grand Exchange was the exchange of goods and ideas from Europe, Africa, and Asia and goods and ideas from the Americas. It also spread different diseases. It started in 1492 when Christopher Columbus arrived in the West Indies (North America).\nThis exchange of plants and animals changed European because of Dhruv thorat, American, African, and Asian ways of life. Foods that had never been seen before by people became a major part of what they ate. For example, before 1492, no potatoes were grown outside of South America. By the 1840s, Ireland was so dependent on the potato that a diseased crop led to the devastating Irish Potato Famine. The first European import to the Americas, the horse, changed the lives of many Native American tribes on the Great Plains, letting them to change to a nomadic lifestyle based on hunting bison on horseback. Italy became famous for its Tomato sauce, made from New World tomatoes, while coffee from Africa and sugarcane from Asia became the main crops of very large Latin American plantations. Also the chili and paprika from South America was introduced in India by the Portuguese and it is today an important part of Indian cuisine.\nBefore the Columbian Exchange, there were no oranges in Florida, no bananas in Ecuador, no paprika in Hungary, no zucchini in Italy, no pineapples in Hawaii, no rubber trees in Africa, no cattle in Texas, no chili peppers in Thailand and India, no cigarettes in France and no chocolate in Switzerland. Even the dandelion was brought to America by Europeans for use as an herb. \nBefore there was regular communication between the two hemispheres, the different types of domesticated animals and diseases were more numerous in the Old World than in the New. This partly led to the horrible effects of Old World diseases on Native American tribes. Smallpox probably caused in the highest death toll for Native Americans. \nBarely any civilization on earth stayed the same by this global ecological exchange."}
+{"id": "59591", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59591", "title": "Palace of the Soviets", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59606", "revid": "387702", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59606", "title": "Ragusa", "text": "Ragusa is the capital of the Province of Ragusa in Italy, with 72,808 inhabitants in the city and more than 310,000 in the province area. "}
+{"id": "59607", "revid": "1508758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59607", "title": "Elliott Carter", "text": "Elliott Carter (December 11, 1908 \u2013 November 5, 2012) was an American composer. He is one of the most important composers of classical music of his time. He experimented with new ideas of composition. He lived to be 103 years old and continued composing all his life. He recently composed a piece called \"Interventions for Piano and Orchestra\" which was given its first performance in the Symphony Hall, Boston where it was played by the Boston Symphony Orchestra conducted by James Levine with the pianist Daniel Barenboim as soloist. The same players played it again a week later on December 11, 2008 in the Carnegie Hall, New York to celebrate Carter's 100th birthday.\nLife.\nElliott Carter was born in New York. The composer Charles Ives noticed his talent and gave him encouragement, taking him to concerts. Carter studied English and music at Harvard University. He then went to Paris to study with Nadia Boulanger, returning to the US in 1935 where he directed the Ballet Caravan.\nIn 1939 he married. The couple had one son.\nHe wrote a ballet called \"Pocahontas\". In 1940 the suite from this ballet got him the Juilliard Publication Award. From then on his got many more important awards and prizes for his music.\nCarter has taught music and other related subjects in a number of well-known places including the Peabody Conservatory, Columbia University, Queen\u2019s College, New York, Yale University and the Julliard School. He has received honorary doctorates from many universities and honours from many countries.\nHe has not written a large number of compositions, but the ones he has written are important works.\nHe died at his home in New York on November 5, 2012.\nMusic.\nWhen Carter went to study in Paris in the early 1930s Stravinsky was the most famous composer who worked there. Carter was influenced to some extent by Stravinsky\u2019s music as well as by that of his friend Charles Ives, but he worked hard to find a style of his own. Some of his music during the Second World War is quite tonal, but his later music uses more atonality (music not in any key) and has complicated rhythms. His best known works include the \"Variations for Orchestra\" (1954-5); the \"Double Concerto\" for harpsichord, piano and two chamber orchestras (1959-61); the \"Piano Concerto\" (1964-65), written as an 85th birthday present for Igor Stravinsky; the \"Concerto for Orchestra\" (1969) and \"A Symphony of Three Orchestras\" (1976)."}
+{"id": "59608", "revid": "10300782", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59608", "title": "Dubrovnik", "text": "Dubrovnik is a city in Croatia on the Dalmatian coast. More than 500 years ago it was called \"Ragusa\". The Italian name of the city is still \"Ragusa\". This sometimes leads to confusion because there is also a city named Ragusa on Sicily. It is on the Adriatic Sea. About 50,000 people lived there in 2001. Because of its age and unique buildings, the old city of Dubrovnik has been declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.\nHistory.\nThe old city of Ragusa was started by Greeks who left Illirya after their home was invaded in the sixth century. They had been part of the Holy Roman Empire. Ragusa in Dalmatia grew to be an important country on the sea, called the \"Republic of Ragusa\". This republic lasted until Napoleonic times.\nRagusa was once the only city in Dalmatia with Roman influence not controlled by the Republic of Venice. After the Middle Ages more and more Croats and Serbs from inland areas of Bosnia-Herzegovina moved to the area. They had started the neighbouring town of Dubrovnik, which eventually joined Ragusa. The original population (the Dalmatian Italians) was reduced to the few people of the ruling class: in the 19th century nearly all the people living in Ragusa were Croats and Serbs. Ragusa officially changed its name to \"Dubrovnik\" (a Croatian name) after 1918, when the city became part of the newly created country of Yugoslavia.\nToday Dubrovnik is one of the main tourist sites in Croatia. Dubrovnik is famous for its Old Town - this is an ancient fortress with large stone walls, which helped Dubrovnik keep its freedom for many centuries. There was a major earthquake in 1667 that destroyed many buildings, but the people living there were able to rebuild the town.\nDubrovnik has been used as a filming location for , where it was used as the city Canto Bight, on the planet Cantonica."}
+{"id": "59609", "revid": "1422317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59609", "title": "Sichuan pepper", "text": "Sichuan pepper (or Szechuan pepper) is a plant fruit which is used as a spice. The outer pods of some species in the genus \"Zanthoxylum\" are used to make the spice. Many people in Asia grow them for the spice. Although the plants are called \"peppers\", they are not related to either black pepper or Chili pepper. \nSichuan pepper is named after Sichuan, China, because it is widely used in food there. It is also used in Tibetan, Bhutani, and Japanese food cultures, among others.\nUses in food.\nSichuan pepper has a unique aroma and taste. This taste is quite different from that of black or white pepper or chile pepper. It tastes a little like lemon. It also creates a special feeling in the mouth, a kind of numbness. \nRecipes say that sichuan pepper should be slightly toasted, then crushed, before it is added to food. Only the hull (outer shells) are used in cooking; the seeds are ignored or thrown away. In general, Sichuan pepper is added at the last moment. Star anise and ginger are often used with it.\nSichuan pepper is often featured in spicy Sichuan food. It goes with fish, duck, and chicken dishes, as well as with fried eggplant. It has an alkaline pH and a numbing effect on the lips when eaten in larger doses. \"Ma la\" (; literally \"numb and hot\"), a flavour common in Sichuan cooking, is a combination of Sichuan pepper and chili pepper.\nIt is also available as an oil (marketed as either \"Sichuan pepper oil\" or \"Hwajiaw oil\"). In this form it is best used in stir fry noodle dishes without hot spices. The preferred recipe includes ginger oil and brown sugar to be cooked with a base of noodles and vegetables, with rice vinegar and Sichuan pepper oil to be added after cooking.\n\"Hua jiao yan\" is a mixture of salt and Sichuan pepper, roasted and browned in a wok and served as a condiment to accompany chicken, duck and pork dishes. The peppercorns can also be lightly fried in order to make a spicy oil with various uses.\nSichuan pepper is one of the few spices which are important for Tibetan and Bhutanese cookery of the Himalayas. This is because few spices can be grown there. One Himalayan specialty is the momo, a dumpling stuffed with vegetables, cottage cheese or minced yak meat, beef or pork and flavoured with Sichuan pepper, garlic, ginger and onion. The noodles are steamed and served dry, together with a fiery sauce. Tibetans believe it can sanitize meat that may not be so fresh. In reality it may only serve to mask foul flavors. \nIn Japan the dried and powdered leaves of \"Zanthoxylum sansho\" are used to make noodle dishes and soups mildly hot and fragrant. The whole leaves, \"kinome\", are used to flavour vegetables, especially bamboo shoots, and to decorate soups. The buds, seeds, flowers, and hulls are also used.\nIn Korean food, two species are used: \"Z. piperitum\" and \"Z. schinifolium\".\nImport ban now lifted.\nFrom 1968 to 2005, the United States Food and Drug Administration banned the importation of Sichuan peppercorns because they can carry a plant disease called citrus canker (since the tree is in the same family, Rutaceae, as the genus \"Citrus\"). This bacterial disease, which is very difficult to control, might harm the foliage and fruit of citrus crops in the U.S. Citrus canker does not harm or affect humans. The import ban was only loosely enforced until 2002. In 2005, the USDA and FDA lifted the ban, as long as the peppercorns are heated to around 70 degrees Celsius (160 degrees Fahrenheit) to kill the canker bacteria before importation. Later, the USDA decided that the heating was not required."}
+{"id": "59612", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59612", "title": "Antiparticle", "text": "There is an antiparticle corresponding to most kinds of particle. It has the same mass and opposite electric charge.\nEven electrically neutral particles, such as the neutron, are not identical to their antiparticle. In the example of the neutron, the 'ordinary' particle is made out of quarks, and the antiparticle out of antiquarks.\nParticle-antiparticle pairs can annihilate each other if they are in appropriate quantum states. They can also be produced in various processes. These processes are used in particle accelerators to create new particles and to test theories of particle physics. High energy processes in nature can create antiparticles. These are visible in cosmic rays and in certain nuclear reactions. The word antimatter properly refers to (elementary) antiparticles, composite antiparticles made with them (such as antihydrogen), and larger assemblies of either.\nHistory.\nIn 1932, soon after the prediction of positrons by Paul Dirac, Carl Anderson found that cosmic-ray collisions produced these particles in a cloud chamber a particle detector in which moving electrons (or positrons) leave behind trails as they move through the gas.\nThe antiproton and antineutron were found by Emilio Segr\u00e8 and Owen Chamberlain in 1955 at the University of California, Berkeley. Since then the antiparticles of many other subatomic particles have been created in particle accelerators. In recent years, complete atoms of antimatter have been assembled out of antiprotons and positrons, collected in electromagnetic traps."}
+{"id": "59616", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59616", "title": "Hamo Beknazarian", "text": "Hamo Beknazarian, also known as Hamo Bek Nazarov (born May 19, 1891 in Yerevan, died April 27, 1965 in Moscow) was an Armenian movie director. His career in cinema started in 1914, when a friend offered him a part in a movie. Between 1914 and 1918, he played about 70 parts, becoming a popular actor in pre-Revolutionary Russian movie. In 1920, instead of going to Armenia as he planned, he went to Tbilisi, where he developed a movie department for Georgian Commissioner's office of Public Education. Many of his movies were filmed in Tbilisi, including \"The Father Murderer\" and \"Lost Treasures\". In 1925, he filmed his first Armenian movie and moved to Armenia. In 1933, he made the first Armenian movie to have sound, \"Pepo\".\nBeknazarian also made a few documentary movies."}
+{"id": "59617", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59617", "title": "Flower pepper", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59618", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59618", "title": "Szechuan pepper", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59619", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59619", "title": "Henrik Malyan", "text": "Henrik Malyan (Armenian language:\u0540\u0565\u0576\u0580\u056b\u056f \u0544\u0561\u056c\u0575\u0561\u0576; 30 September 1925 in Telavi, Georgia \u2013 14 March 1988 in Yerevan, Armenia) was an Armenian movie director.\nHis 1977 movie \"Life Triumphs\" (\"Nahapet\") is considered to be one of the most important Armenian movies to deal with the Armenian Genocide. It was exhibited in the 1978 Cannes Film Festival."}
+{"id": "59622", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59622", "title": "Septuagint", "text": "The original Septuagint (often referred to \"LXX\") was a translation of the Torah, the five books of Moses from the Hebrew Bible into the Greek language. It was done between the 3rd and 1st centuries BC in Alexandria. It was the first translations of the Hebrew Bible. After 350 years, the Church translated all the books of the Old Testament, and it also has books that Catholics and Orthodox Christians call the Deuterocanon. These books are called Apocrypha by Protestants because they do not think these books are sacred.\nAn ancient tradition says that 70 Jewish scholars were in different rooms when they translated the Torah from Hebrew into Greek, yet they all produced exactly the same text. People thought this was a miracle. The Latin language word for \"70\" is \"septuaginta\", and the word \"Septuagint\" comes from that. Another way to write \"70\" is \"LXX\" which is why writers sometimes use that as a short name for Septuagint.\nThe Septuagint was used as the starting point for some later translations of the Bible."}
+{"id": "59627", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59627", "title": "Katharine McPhee", "text": "Katharine Hope McPhee (born March 25, 1984) is an American Pop/R&B singer. She was the runner-up to Taylor Hicks on the fifth season of the television show American Idol in 2006. Her first album, named \"Katharine McPhee\", was released January 30, 2007."}
+{"id": "59629", "revid": "8950", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59629", "title": "Katherine McPhee", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59630", "revid": "8950", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59630", "title": "Katharine Mcphee", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59631", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59631", "title": "Cristal Palace", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59632", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59632", "title": "World Heavyweight Championship (WWE)", "text": "The World Heavyweight Championship was one of the top professional wrestling championships in WWE, along with the WWE Championship. It was created on \"Raw\" to match \"SmackDown's\" WWE Championship in August 2002. Some of the past champions include Edge, Triple H, The Undertaker, Booker T, Batista, and Kurt Angle.\nThe World Heavyweight Championship was brought to Raw by then-General Manager Eric Bischoff after WWE Champion Brock Lesnar became exclusive to SmackDown. Bischoff awarded the championship to Triple H, but he had to defend it against his then-best friend, Ric Flair. Triple H was successful and has held the championship on five different occasions. Other holders of this prestigious championship include John Cena, Randy Orton, CM Punk, Shawn Michaels, Rey Mysterio, and more.\nThe last champion was Randy Orton. He beat then-champion John Cena on December 15, 2013 at . He was already WWE Champion when he won the championship and unified the World Heavyweight Championship with the WWE Championship to make the \"WWE World Heavyweight Championship\". The World Heavyweight Championship was retired the next day.\nIn 2023, a new World Heavyweight Championship was made, but it does not continue the history of the old title."}
+{"id": "59640", "revid": "421309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59640", "title": "TMNT", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59641", "revid": "687081", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59641", "title": "Islamic calendar", "text": "The Islamic calendar or Hijri calendar () is a calendar. It is used to determine Islamic holidays in most of Islam. It is a lunar calendar: it uses the phases of the Moon (rather than the Earth's orbit of the Sun) to count the passing of time. Its year has 12 months of 29 or 30 days, and lasts a total of 354 or 355 days. This means that each year of the Hijri calendar is about 11 days shorter than a solar calendar such as the Gregorian. Islamic years are often called \"hijra\" years, because the first year of the calendar when the \"hijra\" occurred, that is when Prophet Muhammad went from Mecca to Medina.\nThe current Islamic Calendar year is 1445 AH (AH = = Year of the Hijra.)\nTwo Islamic countries (Iran and Afghanistan) use a different calendar, the Solar Hijri Calendar (\"SH\").\nMonths.\nThe timing of the months in the Islamic calendar is determined by direct observation of the Moon. A new month can only begin after a \"waxing crescent Moon\" is observed shortly after sunset. The \"waxing crescent Moon\" is the phase of the Moon which starts right after a New Moon. A lunar month (one new moon to the next) lasts a little over 29.5 days. For convenience, a month is the Islamic calendar is either 29 days or 30 days, one after the other. So a 29-day month is followed by a 30-day month (29+30 is the same as 29.5+29.5). In most years, that means that a year of 12 calendar months last 354 days. But that \"a little over\" is 44 minutes every month so, to keep the calendar in step with reality, an extra day is needed nearly every third year, so these years are 355 days long. \nWhether or not the first crescent moon is actually visible differs by location. For desert communities, cloud-cover is rarely a problem but that is not true for people who live in the rain forest. One option is to use the tabular Islamic calendar, which predicts the moment of waxing crescent moon assuming perfect visibility. This method is used routinely by some Islamic communities but regarded by others as just an aid to securing a successful observation.\nThe commencement of Islamic months occurs at sunset on the first day, coinciding with the visual sighting of the lunar crescent. Lasting approximately 354 days, the lunar year causes the months to cycle in reverse through the seasons, without adherence to the fixed dates of the Gregorian calendar. The months of the Islamic year are:"}
+{"id": "59642", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59642", "title": "Town privileges", "text": "Town privileges were important things. They were special treaties or royal charters used in the Middle Ages. In such a charter, a sovereign, a monarch granted the town or city special rights. These usually included\nMany of those charters were very similar. In the end, only few charters remained in use. Notable ones in the territory of modern-day Germany include the L\u00fcbeck law, the Magdeburg rights and the Kulm law."}
+{"id": "59661", "revid": "1685797", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59661", "title": "Afternoon", "text": "Afternoon is period between 12:00 PM to 6:00 PM.\nIt is considered the period with many urban activities, noisy streets, many people working, kids at school and open businesses."}
+{"id": "59668", "revid": "314538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59668", "title": "Medieval music", "text": "Medieval music is music from the Middle Ages, a long period from about 400 AD to 1400 AD. This music was rarely written down, so historians do not know a great deal about it. However, they do know that medieval people used music both for entertainment and in their religious practice.\nTroubadours and Trouv\u00e8res.\nIn medieval Europe, troubadours (called \"minstrels\" in England and \"minnesinger\" in Germany) were groups of entertainers who earned money by singing and playing musical instruments. They wrote their own songs, and occasionally they wrote down the lyrics, but they never wrote down the tunes. For this reason, we do not know what minstrels' songs sounded like.\nThe round \"Sumer is icumen in\" is a famous minstrel song that did have its lyrics written down by a monk. At the time, monks could often read and write.\nWalther von der Vogelweide was a famous minnesinger in Germany.\nRoles.\nSome minstrels traveled around the countryside. They often went to big houses and entertained the rich people who lived there. Troubadours would go from town to town playing love songs.\nOther minstrels worked for a single master and would accompany them on journeys to battles. Minstrels also sang at important ceremonies like knightings. \nMinstrels were poets and musicians, because they made up their own words and tunes. They wrote and sang ballads: long songs which told stories. Some told people about what was happening in the world. Others were made up and talked about love or mythology.\nRichard the Lionheart.\nRichard the Lionheart was a keen musician. He wrote many songs in the style of the trouv\u00e8res. \nOn the way back from a Crusade, he was captured by Leopold of Austria. The story goes that his attendant, Blondel, was looking for him everywhere. Then he heard Richard\u2019s voice singing a song called \"Ja Nuns Hons Pris\" (\"I am no longer captive\"). By following Richard's voice, Blondel was able to find him.\nDances.\nLine dances and circle dances were the two main types of dance in medieval times. \nThe farandole is one example of a line dance. It was a bit like a modern conga, with people following a leader in a line. \nThe bransle was a round dance or circle dance. The word \u201cbransle\u201d comes from the French word \u201cbranler\u201d (\u201cto sway\u201d). It is pronounced 'Brawl'. \nThe basse dance and estampie were other medieval dances.\nInstruments.\nInstruments could be divided into quiet ones which were used indoors, and loud ones which were used outside. The recorder was a very popular indoor instrument. So were the psaltery and the harp (which looked like a small modern Welsh harp).\nThe bagpipes were loud instruments for outside. They were used for dancing. They were not as loud as modern Scottish bagpipes. They were more like Northumbrian pipes or the French musettes. There was also the hurdy-gurdy, which was played by turning a handle. Pipe and tabor were used for Morris dancing.\nMany medieval plucked string instruments, like the lute and mandolin, were similar to a modern guitar. The dulcimer and zither had strings which were hit with sticks. These are still popular in Eastern Europe today. There were also \u201cfiddles\u201d (vielle) and trombones (called sackbut).\nIt was believed that if you were entertained with music while you are eating it would help you digest your food and help keep your heart healthy. And people believed that you will not get fat even if you scoffed down a load of food. Also eating food while having people dancing for you was believed to have made you fit.\nChurch music.\nChurch music was very important. The mass was the main form of church music. It used the five parts of the mass Ordinary (the Eucharist service): \"Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus\" and \"Agnus Dei\". The priests in the churches wanted church music to be serious. They did not want it to become popular. They thought that if people enjoyed it too much they would forget about worshipping God. Religious plays had become very popular. They told stories from the Bible. However, the church leaders banned them, so they were performed in the streets and squares of the towns.\nInstruments were also banned in church. The church leaders thought that they belonged to the devil. Only singing was allowed. Gradually, however, the organ started to be allowed in church. It helped people to sing. Some organs were very tiny. They were called portative organs. The large organs that were fixed in place were called \u201cpositives\u201d. Bells were also used in church. They looked like our sleigh bells.\nMedieval music was based on plainsong. This was a melody which sounded quite free in rhythm. Composers started adding a second part to the melody as an accompaniment. This was called organum. Sometimes it just simply followed the main tune a fourth or fifth below. This was called \u201cparallel organum\u201d. In the 12th and 13th centuries the original plainsong started to be put at the bottom. It became known as the cantus firmus (the \u201cfirm tune\u201d). Sometimes antiphony was used. The simplest form of antiphony is when a leader sings something and a group (the choir) sing something back.\nThe type of plainchant that evolved was called Gregorian chant. By the 13th century all other types of chant had been forgotten in Western Europe.\nCarols became popular at this time. At first a carol was a dancing song, but often these popular songs became used for songs for particular seasons or festivals. In later periods these developed into Christmas carols as we know them.\nPeople often went around in groups, particularly at Christmas, singing at the houses of rich people. This was called Wassailing. The word means \u201cbeing of good cheer\u201d (i.e. \u201chappy\u201d). \"The Boar\u2019s Head\" is a well-known medieval carol.\nMummers were groups of people who performed religious plays. They were travelling entertainers. They normally wore masks so that people did not know who they were.\nWritten music.\nThere are not many musical manuscripts which have survived from the Middle Ages. Most of them are religious music. They were often written using a system called neumes. The pitch (music) of the music is shown by the neumes, but the rhythms were not very clear. Gradually the system of writing music we know today was evolving. Philippe de Vitry was an important composer and music theorist. He developed ways of writing rhythms.\nHigh medieval music (1150-1300).\nMost of the medieval music we know today belongs to the last part of the Middle Ages. There was a tradition known as the \u201cNotre Dame school\u201d. This music dates from around 1150 to 1250. It was the time that great cathedrals were being built in Gothic architecture. The cathedral of Notre Dame was a very famous example. The music of this time was called \u201cArs antique\u201d. It used a system of rhythms called \u201crhythmic modes\u201d. Gradually a new way of writing was used. This was called \u201cArs nova\u201d (\u201cNew art\u201d). The most famous composer of this time was Guillaume de Machaut. He developed a kind of composition called the isorhythmic motet. He wrote a lot of songs called chansons (the French word for \u201csong\u201d). Other types of song were called \"rondeau\", \"ballade\", and \"virelai\". \nComposers who were born at the end of the Middle Ages such as John Dunstable, Guillaume Dufay, and Gilles Binchois are often thought to belong to the next period in music history: the Renaissance period."}
+{"id": "59670", "revid": "1373270", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59670", "title": "Neolithic", "text": "The Neolithic period is the last part of the Stone Age. After the Neolithic came the Bronze Age. During the Neolithic, people invented farming and started caring for animals, such as cows, sheep and pigs.\nThe Neolithic period started at different times in different places, since not everyone started farming at the same time.\nThe word \"Neolithic\" means \u201cnew Stone Age.\u201d It comes from two words in Greek meaning \"new\" and \"lithic\" (\"stone\")."}
+{"id": "59675", "revid": "806900", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59675", "title": "Crotchet", "text": "A crotchet or quarter note is a note played for one fourth of a whole note (or \"semibreve\"). Quarter notes are written as a filled-in oval (or round) note head and a straight, flagless stem (the line). The stem usually points up (like a d) if it is below the middle line of the stave or down (like a p) if it is on or above the middle line.\nWhen beginners start to learn to play an instrument they are often taught that one crotchet lasts for one beat (one count). That is because they are learning pieces with simple time signatures. It is, however, important to remember that other note lengths (minims, dotted crotchets etc.) can also be treated as one beat, depending on the time signature."}
+{"id": "59677", "revid": "10249098", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59677", "title": "44 BC", "text": "Year 44 BC was either a common year starting on Sunday or Monday or a leap year starting on Friday or Saturday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Caesar and Antony."}
+{"id": "59679", "revid": "1593980", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59679", "title": "Burzum", "text": "Burzum was a black metal/dark ambient one man band from Bergen, Norway. The band was formed in 1991 by Varg Vikernes.\nThe word \"Burzum\" means \"darkness\" in the Black Speech, a fictional language created by J. R. R. Tolkien for The Lord of the Rings novels."}
+{"id": "59685", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59685", "title": "John Collins", "text": "John Collins (born January 31, 1968 in Galashiels, Scotland) is a Scottish footballer. He is currently the manager of Charleroi. Collins played for Celtic in the early 1990s. "}
+{"id": "59695", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59695", "title": "Mayhem (band)", "text": "Mayhem is a Norwegian black metal band. It was founded in 1984 by guitarist \u00d8ystein Aarseth (aka Euronymous), bass guitarist J\u00f8rn Stubberud (aka Necrobutcher), and drummer Kjetil Manheim (aka Manheim). The band name is taken from the Venom song, \"Mayhem with Mercy.\"\nDuring the early years, the band used either session vocalists Messiah or Maniac for live/studio performances. During rehearsals, they played either without a singer, or either Necrobutcher or Euronymous would sing.\nBy late 1987, both Manheim and Maniac had left the band. Members of the band Vomit sang for the band for a short time. In 1988, singer Dead, and drummer Hellhammer joined the band.\nDead Suicide and euronymous murder.\nDead killed himself in 1991. He shot himself in the mouth with a shotgun after cutting his wrists with a knife. The shell he used, was not given to him by Varg Vikernes (Count Grishnackh). His body was found in his room. A suicide note was also found. It said \"Excuse all the blood\". Euronymous took pictures of the body and room. One of these pictures was used as the cover of their \"Dawn of the Black Hearts\" album. This started people saying many things about the band. It was said that Euronymous had cooked and eaten pieces of Dead's brain. It was also said that parts of Dead's skull had been used to make necklaces that both Euronymous and Hellhammer wore. It is not likely that his brains were eaten, but it is known that necklaces were made, and that pictures were taken.\nWith the media and police attention after Dead's suicide, Necrobutcher (J\u00f8rn Stubberud) left the band. Dead was replaced by Occultus (Stian Johansen). He was the ex-singer of Thyabhorrent. He sang and played bass in Mayhem for a few months, but soon left. Varg Vikernes (Burzum) joined as bassist.\nOn August 10th, 1993, Varg Vikernes murdered Euronymous in his apartment. Their relationship before the murder had gotten bad. It is thought that there were many reasons why Vikernes killed him. These include that it was over a girl, jealousy of Euronymous's position in the band, Euronymous owing him money and Euronymous not releasing Burzum's albums on time. Euronymous was found in his underwear with knife wound. Varg was rumoured to try and outdo the murder Faust of the band Emperor did. At his trial, Vikernes came into court with his long hair made into pigtails. He said he had nothing to do with Euronymous's death. He laughed throughout the trial. Vikernes was found guilty the murder. He was sent to prison for 21 years. This is the most time a person can be sent to prison in Norway. When police arrested Vikernes, he was found with over of dynamite and plans to destroy Nidarosdomen on a religious holiday. Nodarosdomen is a large Christian church in Trondheim. Varg Vikernes has a different story to the reasons for killing Euronymous. He created many articles to tell the reasons.\nAfter the trial, Euronymous's parents asked Hellhammer to remove the parts of the bands music that Varg had recorded. He told them he would do this. Since he could not play the bass guitar, the changes were not made. The album remained the same, with Varg playing on it.\nPerformances.\nTheir performances used heavy atmospheric effects. These included things such as pig heads put on wooden poles. Dead's clothes were buried days or weeks before the show. They were dug up before the performances and would be covered in decay, dirt and insects. Pieces of rotting meat were thrown into the audience and given to people to eat or rip on the spot. Dead ravens were placed in a bag so Dead could smell decay and death. Members would also cut themselves onstage."}
+{"id": "59698", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59698", "title": "Anal fucking", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59703", "revid": "8385592", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59703", "title": "Shrek (movie)", "text": " #REDIRECTShrek"}
+{"id": "59704", "revid": "1665182", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59704", "title": "Mom at Sixteen", "text": "Mom at Sixteen is a 2005 American made-for-TV movie. It is about a sixteen year old mother, Jacey Jeffries (Danielle Panabaker) in high school.\nThe story.\nJeffries is hiding the fact that she is the mother of Charley, the baby. Charley is the teen's mother's responsibility. When Jeffries goes to swimming practice and takes her migrane medicine, she faints because of the side effects of the medicine. While thinking she is being taken to the delivery room, she asks if her baby is okay while other students are around. Her classmates and teacher soon find out about Charley. Jeffries is teased by the other students. She decides give up the baby to the foster home at the end, and Charley finds a new home."}
+{"id": "59705", "revid": "593910", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59705", "title": "Danielle Panabaker", "text": "Danielle Nicole Panabaker (born September 19, 1987) is an American actress. She is known for acting in many movies. These include \"Sky High\" and \"Mom at Sixteen\". She has also acted on the television series including \"Shark\" and \"The Flash\". In 2021, she won a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television for her role as Caitlin Snow / Frost in \"The Flash\".\nPanabaker is the older sister of child actress Kay. Both girls act in Disney Channel programs."}
+{"id": "59707", "revid": "7908309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59707", "title": "Renaissance music", "text": "Renaissance music is European music written from about the year 1400 to 1600. This section of time is called the Renaissance, a word which means \u201crebirth\u201d. The Renaissance comes between the Middle Ages and the Baroque times.\nPutting music into time sections does not mean that there were quick changes of type. Music changed slowly, and early Renaissance music was similar to Medieval music. Slowly music-writers started to try new ideas. A lot of medieval church music had become very hard with lots of rules about rhythms and clashes of notes to make dissonances. A lot of Renaissance composers wrote music which was smoother and more gentle. The music was still polyphonic with each voice having a share of melody. Music was starting to become less modal and more tonal. By the time the Baroque period started composers were using a system of major and minor keys like we do today.\nVocal music.\nComposers wrote many masses and motets. The 16th century also saw the birth of the madrigal: secular (not religious) songs which were often about love. The madrigal started in Italy and became very popular for a short while in England from the 1580s. There were lots of other secular songs such as the chanson, canzonetta and villanelle. Songs were often accompanied by a lute.\nMusic was an essential part of civic, religious, and courtly life in the Renaissance. The rich interchange of ideas in Europe, as well as political, economic, and religious events in the period 1400\u20131600 led to major changes in styles of composing, methods of disseminating music, new musical genres, and the development of musical instruments. The most important music of the early Renaissance was compose for use by the church\u2014polyphonic (made up of several simultaneous melodies) masses and motets in Latin for important churches and court chapels. By the end of the sixteenth century, however, patronage was split among many areas: the Catholic Church, Protestant churches and courts, wealthy amateurs, and music printing\u2014all were sources of income for composers.\nMusic notation.\nAn important development during the Renaissance was music notation. Many musicians wrote books about music theory. They are useful for us because they tell us how music sounded in those days and what people thought about it. Music started to be written on a music staff with five lines. There were still no barlines in early Renaissance music. Notes were written with white note heads, e.g. the minim (half note) was at one time the shortest note that could be written (the \u201cminimum\u201d length). Only later did crochets (quarter notes) and quavers (eighth notes) come in. This does not mean that music was slow in those days, it was just the way it was written.\nKey signatures had not yet been invented. Sharps and flats were sometimes shown by accidentals (written in front of the notes). Very often, however, the performers were expected to know or even decide for themselves the sharps and flats (see musica ficta).\nMusic printing.\nAnother very important discovery at this time was music printing. Music printing started in Italy in the mid 16th century.\nComposers of the Renaissance.\nIn the early 15th century there was a group of composers known now as the Burgundian School (from Burgundy). Guillaume Dufay was the most famous. Their music sounded a little bit like medieval music. \nTowards the end of the 15th century a style of polyphonic sacred music had been developed that can be heard in the masses of Johannes Ockeghem and Jacob Obrecht. Ockeghem even composed one piece in which all the parts develop from one idea which was used as a canon.\nIn the 16th century composers started to write music with a clear beat and regular pulse. These included Josquin des Prez and others from the Franco-Flemish School. The was a Roman school, to which the famous Italian Giovanni da Palestrina belonged. His way of writing polyphony has been a model for that style for many centuries. Music students still have to study \u201cPalestrina technique\u201d (how to compose in Palestrina\u2019s style). Although church music at this time is mainly polyphonic it also has homophonic passages where the voices sing the same words together. This helps to make important words really clear.\nIn Venice, from about 1534 until around 1600, a polychoral style developed. Choirs were separated, singing from different parts of the church, often from galleries. This grand music sounded beautiful in big churches such as the Basilica San Marco di Venezia. These composers are often called the \u201cVenetian School\u201d. Andrea Gabrieli and later his nephew Giovanni Gabrieli wrote this kind of music, and later Claudio Monteverdi who started in the Renaissance and lived into the Baroque period.\nThe end of the Renaissance period.\nThe change to the Baroque musical style happened around 1600. This was the time when opera was invented. This needed a new style of composing. The composer Monteverdi wrote in the Renaissance style until about 1600-1650, when he changed to the Baroque style. "}
+{"id": "59715", "revid": "593910", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59715", "title": "Kay Panabaker", "text": "Stephanie Kay Panabaker (born May 2, 1990) is an American actress from Orange, Texas. Some of her best known roles are Emily on \"Life is Ruff\" and Debbie on \"Phil of the Future\". Panabaker is the younger sister of actress Danielle. The two sisters starred together in the movie \"Read it and Weep\" for the Disney Channel. She has had recurring roles on the television series \"\" and \"Angel\"."}
+{"id": "59720", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59720", "title": "Haley Hudson", "text": "Haley Hudson (born June 14, 1986) is an American actress. Her best known roles were in \"Freaky Friday\" and \"Lizzie McGuire\". Her image is a punky Gothic type person."}
+{"id": "59721", "revid": "824868", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59721", "title": "Enslaved (band)", "text": "Enslaved is an extreme metal band from Haugesund, Norway. their music has been called black metal and viking metal. The band was formed in 1991. It was made by Ivar Bj\u00f8rnson and Grutle Kjellson."}
+{"id": "59722", "revid": "1136933", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59722", "title": "Viking metal", "text": "Viking metal is a heavy metal music subgenre inspired by Norse mythology. Swedish metal band Bathory's fourth album, released in 1988 and called \"Blood Fire Death\", was the first Viking metal album. "}
+{"id": "59740", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59740", "title": "Cs", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59741", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59741", "title": "MMVII", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59743", "revid": "1136038", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59743", "title": "Musica ficta", "text": "Musica ficta is a term used in medieval and Renaissance music. It means that when musicians play or sing music they put in accidentals (sharps and flats) which are not written in the music.\nIn those days (near the end of the 16th century) music used modes instead of the modern system of major and minor keys. Sometimes the music would not sound right unless a note was sharpened or flattened (raised or lowered a semitone). For example, to go down from the note B to an F would have sounded bad, so the F would need to be an F sharp. The composer who wrote the music down might not bother to put the sign for F sharp. He would expect the performer to know that it should be an F sharp and not an F. This is what is called musica ficta.\nGradually it became more and more necessary for composers to write exactly what notes they wanted. The modern system of keys was developing. They developed the system of key signatures and accidentals (sharps and flats which are not in the key signature, but written as and when they are needed). The practice of musica ficta gradually ended."}
+{"id": "59744", "revid": "1507217", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59744", "title": "Accidental (music)", "text": "An accidental is a symbol modifying a note's pitch. There are three main types of accidentals:\nA key signature may consist of up to 7 sharps or flats. For example, the key signature for B major has five sharps (F, C, G, D, and A).\nAccidentals in notation.\nIn musical notation, accidentals are written to the left of the note and that accidental applies for the rest of the bar; canceling an accidental within that bar is done by writing in another accidental.\nBelow is an example of the effects of accidentals within bars:\n\\override Score.TimeSignature\n \\relative c' {\n \\time 3/4\n c' des d c des des\n</score>\nNote that the natural accidental in bar 1 is used to cancel the flat accidental of the previous D, and in bar 2 the third note is D because no accidental is being used to cancel.\nNotes outside of the key signature must be indicated with accidentals. For example:\n\\override Score.TimeSignature\n \\relative c' {\n \\time 4/4\n \\key g \\major\n fis2 f e es\n</score>\nDouble sharps and double flats.\nAlthough not commonly seen, double sharps () and double flats () exist. They modify a note's pitch by two semitones. For example, the following passage contains an F:\n\\override Score.TimeSignature\n \\relative c' {\n \\time 3/4\n \\key b \\major\n fis dis e fis fisis gis\n</score>"}
+{"id": "59746", "revid": "4056", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59746", "title": "Global warming controversy", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59747", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59747", "title": "Universal Studios Japan", "text": "Universal Studios Japan is one of four Universal Studios theme parks. It is in Osaka, Japan. The park opened on March 31, 2001."}
+{"id": "59748", "revid": "3609", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59748", "title": "Amusement parks", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59750", "revid": "844779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59750", "title": "Gap year", "text": "A gap year is time taken between completing secondary school and going to a university or college or also between college and graduate school or a profession. It is generally a practice of young people from Australia, Poland, Scandinavia, United Kingdom and United States. The time between the two events is often, but not always, a year. It is often used to travel or to gain experience with an internship at the lowest cost possible."}
+{"id": "59756", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59756", "title": "Beam bridge", "text": "A beam bridge is a strong, horizontal structure that rests on two end supports, and carries traffic by acting as a beam. \nBeam bridges are often used for heavy cars and trains to pass, and some are also built for people to walk on. Beam bridges used to be made from wood and were called \"log bridges\". Modern ones are mostly made of steel. Beam bridges are usually placed over highways, rivers or gaps in the earth so people or cars can cross over them. Beam bridges are simple but they cannot be as long as more complex and expensive kinds. Beam bridges can be connected to make one longer bridge. "}
+{"id": "59764", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59764", "title": "Gene Simmons", "text": "Gene Simmons (born August 25, 1949 in Haifa, Israel) is an American musician, who is the bassist and a singer for the hard rock band Kiss.\nEarly life.\nBorn with the name of Chaim Witz in Haifa, Israel, Gene emigrated at age 8 with his family to Queens, New York. His mother, Flora Klein, was born in Jand, Hungary. His father, Feri Witz, was also born in Hungary. He adopted the stage name of Gene Simmons in the late 1960s. He lives with his longtime partner Shannon Tweed and has two children, Nick and Sophie.\nKiss career.\nin 1972 Gene Simmons together with guitarist Paul Stanley are the band Kiss, Gene and Paul join the band the musicians Ace Frehley on guitar and Peter Criss on drums and vocals. One of the characteristics of the band were his outlandish makeup and costumes. In 1973 Kiss; Paul Stanley guitar and voice, Gene Simmons bass and voice, Ace Frehley in lead guitar released their first album Kiss\", Gene composed the hit \"Strutter\" with Stanley, and \"Deuce\" two of the biggest hits of the band. Kiss recorded their second album Hotter Than Hell, released on October 22, 1974. In 1975 the band released the third album Dressed to Kill, with the theme Rock and Roll All Nite, the most successful of the band, written by Simmons and Stanley. Gene with Kiss, recorded with two of the best live albums \"Alive!\" (1975) and \"Alive II\" (1977). In 1976 and 1977 he edited two of the best albums of the band \"Destroyer\" released on March 15, 1976, and \"Love Gun\" released on June 30, 1977. Gene Simmons as the other members of Kiss released the solo album \"Gene Simmons\" released for sale in 1978. In 1979 he recorded with Kiss \"Dynasty\" a disc-themed disco. After the album Unmasked (1980), Peter Criss left the band, Gene and Paul chose Eric Carr replaced Criss, in the drummer. In 1982 he joined the band the guitarist Vinnie Vincent in substitution for Ace Frehley. With the newly formed launch the album \"Creatures of the Night\", Gene Simmons composed the theme \"I Love It Loud\" one of the most powerful of Kiss. In 1983 Kiss appears without makeup on the cover of the album Lick It Up, the band had changed their style of Hard Rock for the Heavy Metal style. For 1984 released the album Animalize, another powerful album of Heavy Metal. Mark St. John as lead guitarist, was incorporated in replacing Vinnie Vincent. Mark left the band in 1985 and was replaced by Bruce Kulick, who would maintain the lead guitar until 1997. In 1989 Gene recorded with Kiss one of their best album Hot in the Shade, with two of the best tracks from the band \"Hide Your Heart\" and Forever. In 1991 the premature death of Eric Carr forced to Gene and Paul to seek replacements, They chose a young drummer Eric Singer, who had worked with Alice Cooper. With Singer on drums the band released the album \"Revenge\" released on May 19, 1992, an album that recalled the band's early records. They also recorded the third live album Alive III (1993).\nAfter inviting former members of Kiss Criss and Frehley to record the acoustic album. Gene Simmons and Paul Stanley decided, to Frehley and Criss will incorporate the band. Kiss original training again with face painting, leave and turn around the United States and the world. With the original Kiss recorded \"Psycho Circus\" (1998) a studio album after 18 years.\nGene Simmons currently continue performing with Stanley at the head of Kiss. The current formation Kiss is Simmons in Bass and vocals, Paul Stanley in guitar and vocals, Tommy Thayer in lead guitar, and Eric Singer in drums.\nOther works.\nGene Simmons also turned to acting film credits include Runaway (1984), with Tom Selleck and directed by Michael Crichton, Wanted: Dead or Alive (1986), with Rutger Hauer, Red Surf (1990), with George Clooney, Wish You Were Dead (2002), with Christopher Lloyd. And appearances on television series as Miami Vice (1985), The Hitchhiker (1986), Millennium (1998), Third Watch (2004) and more. Simmons and his family starred in the reality show Gene Simmons: Family Jewels (2006-2010)."}
+{"id": "59765", "revid": "10021", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59765", "title": "Bike", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59766", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59766", "title": "Beam", "text": "Beam could mean:"}
+{"id": "59767", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59767", "title": "DreamWorks Animation SKG", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59769", "revid": "284202", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59769", "title": "Fox News", "text": "The Fox News Channel (commonly known as Fox News) is an American 24-hour cable and satellite television entertainment network. It was made by Rupert Murdoch and Roger Ailes. It is owned by . the channel was officially launched in 1996.\nShows.\nThe channel plays up to 15 hours of live shows every day. 6 hours of these are opinion shows.. Fox News Network leans right-wing, but has some liberals (such as Greta van Susteren).\nCriticisms.\nThere was a documentary called \"Outfoxed\" that criticized the channel because they say it is biased towards conservatives and the US Republican Party in its reporting. Fox says its opinion shows are conservative but its regular news programs are not. President Barack Obama, through a spokesperson, accused Fox News of working for the Republican Party. Fox has also been accused of having a right-wing bias, racism, discrimination, race baiting and gender inequality. Roger Ailes has called Fox News \"the balance\" against the liberal networks news groups such as ABC News, NBC News, CBS News, Cable News Network, and MSNBC. "}
+{"id": "59779", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59779", "title": "Myocardium", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59782", "revid": "196884", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59782", "title": "Omsk", "text": "Omsk is a city in Russia in the Siberia region, capital of Omsk Oblast. As of the census in 2024, Omsk had been declared one of the cities in Russia with over 1.1 million people. Omsk is close to the border of Kazakhstan.\nOmsk is the only city in the world which has Metro with only one station."}
+{"id": "59787", "revid": "655971", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59787", "title": "Mayhem", "text": "Mayhem could mean:"}
+{"id": "59795", "revid": "10133785", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59795", "title": "Question mark", "text": "The question mark (?) is a punctuation mark that is used at the end of a sentence when asking a question.\nThe symbol is thought to come from the Latin qu\u00e6stio, meaning \"question\", which was shortened to Qo. The uppercase Q was written above the lowercase o, and this mark was turned into the symbol that we use today.\nAnother guess about where question mark comes from says that it comes from the 9th century, when it was a point followed by the curved part written slanted.\nSome writers put a space between the end of their sentence and the question mark. This is thought to come from a French practice and is called French spacing. In French a space is always put before question marks, exclamation marks, colons, and semicolons. In English, however, using this space is thought of as bad form. Some English books do have these spaces, but are often a very thin space, which are not full spaces but an attempt to make the words easier to read.\nComputing.\nIn computing, the question mark character is represented by ASCII code 63, and is located at Unicode code-point U+003F. The full-width (double-byte) equivalent, \uff1f, is located at Unicode code point U+FF1F."}
+{"id": "59840", "revid": "1681119", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59840", "title": "Kevin Federline", "text": "Kevin Earl Federline (born March 21, 1978) is an American entertainer, who dances, raps and models as his job. He is famous for being the former husband of pop singer Britney Spears. Federline has 6 kids, 2 with actress Shar Jackson, 2 with Spears, 2 with current wife Victoria Prince."}
+{"id": "59841", "revid": "9902704", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59841", "title": "Mercyful Fate", "text": "Mercyful Fate are a heavy metal band from Denmark. The band was formed in Copenhagen in 1980."}
+{"id": "59846", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59846", "title": "Basic", "text": "Basic may be:"}
+{"id": "59857", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59857", "title": "Electrical circuit", "text": "A circuit is a closed path that consists of circuit components in which electrons from a voltage or current source can flow. If the circuit consists of electric components like resistors, capacitors, inductors etc. then it will be called an Electrical circuit and if the circuit includes electronic circuit components like a diode, a Transistor etc. then it will be called an Electronic circuit. Thus, electronic circuits may consist both of the electrical and electronic circuit components, but an electrical circuit will have only the electrical components.\nThe point where electrons enter an electrical circuit is called the \"source\" of electrons. The point where the electrons leave an electrical circuit is called the \"return\" or \"earth ground\". The exit point is called the \"return\" because electrons always end up at the source when they complete the path of an electrical circuit.\nThe part of an electrical circuit that is between the electrons' starting point and the point where they return to the source is called an electrical circuit's \"load\". The load of an electrical circuit may be as simple as those that power home appliances like refrigerators, televisions, or lamps or more complicated, such as the load on the output of a hydroelectric power generating station.\nCircuits use two forms of electrical power: alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC). AC often powers large appliances and motors and is generated by power stations. DC powers battery-operated vehicles and other machines and electronics. Converters can change AC to DC and vice versa. High-voltage direct current transmission uses big converters.\nElectronic circuit.\nElectronic circuits usually use direct current sources. The load of an electronic circuit may be as simple as a few resistors, capacitors, and a lamp, all connected together to create the flash in a camera. Or an electronic circuit can be complicated, connecting thousands of resistors, capacitors, and transistors. It may be an integrated circuit such as the microprocessor in a computer.\nResistors and other circuit elements can be connected in series or in parallel. Resistance in series circuits is the sum of the resistance.\nCircuit and wiring diagram.\nA circuit or wiring diagram is a visual display of an electrical circuit. Electrical and electronic circuits can be complicated. Making a drawing of the connections to all the component parts in the circuit's load makes it easier to understand how circuit components are connected. Drawings for electronic circuits are called \"circuit diagrams\". Drawings for electrical circuits are called \"wiring diagrams\". Like other diagrams, these diagrams are usually drawn by draftsmen, and then printed. Diagrams may also be created digitally using specialised software.\nA schematic is a diagram of an electrical circuit. Schematics are graphical representations of the essential connections in a circuit, but they are not lifelike depictions of a circuit. Schematics use symbols to represent components in the circuit. Conventions are used in a schematic to represent the way electricity flows. The common convention we use is from the positive to the negative terminal. The realistic way electricity flows is from the negative to the positive terminal.\nCircuit diagrams use special symbols. The symbols on the drawings show how components like resistors, capacitors, insulators, motors, outlet boxes, lights, switches, and other electrical and electronic components are connected together. The diagrams are a big help when workers try to find out why a circuit does not work correctly.\nCircuit breakers.\nThe current flowing in an electrical or electronic circuit can suddenly increase when a component part fails. This can cause serious damage to other components in the circuit, or create a fire hazard. To protect against this, a fuse or a device called a \"circuit breaker\" can be wired into a circuit. The circuit breaker will open, or \"break\", the circuit when the current in that circuit becomes too high, or the fuse will \"blow\". This gives protection.\nGround-fault-interrupt (G.F.I.) devices.\nThe standard return for electrical and electronic circuits is the earth ground. When an electrical or electronic device fails, it may open the return circuit to the earth ground. The user of the device could become a part of the device's electrical circuit by providing a return path for the electrons through the user's body instead of the circuit's earth ground. When our body becomes part of an electrical circuit, the user can be seriously shocked, or even killed by electrocution.\nTo prevent the danger of electrical shock and the possibility of electrocution, ground fault interrupts devices detect open circuits to earth ground in attached electrical or electronic devices. When an open circuit to earth ground is detected, the G.F.I. device immediately opens the voltage source to the device. G.F.I. devices are similar to circuit breakers but are designed to protect humans rather than circuit components.\nShort circuits.\nShort circuits are circuits that get back to the power source unused or with the same power as put out. Using these usually blow a fuse but sometimes they don't. Doing this with a battery can cause electrical fires."}
+{"id": "59869", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59869", "title": "Quiz", "text": "A quiz is a type of game in which players (as individuals or in teams) try to answer questions correctly. Quizzes are also used in education and similar fields to improve the growth of someone's knowledge, abilities, and/or skills. \nQuizzes are usually scored in points. Many quizzes are designed for people to determine the winner of a group of participants - usually the participant with the highest score."}
+{"id": "59881", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59881", "title": "John Hancock", "text": "John Hancock (January 12, 1737 \u2013 October 8, 1793) was an early American patriot, a leader in the American Revolutionary War, and an American statesman. He was the first man to sign America's Declaration of Independence. Today in the United States, \"John Hancock\" is a synonym for signature.\nHancock's ancestors arrived in the English colonies in 1652. In 1737, Hancock was born in Braintree (now Quincy, Massachusetts). When his father died, he was adopted by his uncle, a merchant in Boston, Massachusetts. At his uncle's death in 1754, Hancock inherited the business. He became a leading merchant in Boston and one of the richest in the colonies. \nIn 1768, British officials seized Hancock's ship, the \"Liberty,\" and accused him of smuggling. The \"Liberty\" was carrying a shipment of wine at the time. Patriots in Boston rioted, and Hancock was acquitted. This was one of the events that led to the American Revolutionary War.\nHancock had several important jobs in Colonial America and the early United States of America. He was president of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress in 1774 and 1775. He used his money to support American independence. The British thought him a very dangerous man.\nHancock was president of the Continental Congress in 1774 and 1775. He wanted to lead the Continental Army, but George Washington got the job instead. With 5,000 troops, he tried to free Rhode Island from the British, but was not successful.\nHancock led the convention that adopted the Massachusetts Constitution in 1780. He was the first Governor of Massachusetts, and served nine terms. \nIn his later life, Hancock suffered from gout. He died in 1793."}
+{"id": "59883", "revid": "10190889", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59883", "title": "Huldrych Zwingli", "text": "Huldrych (or Ulrich) Zwingli or Ulricus Zuinglius (January 1, 1484 \u2013 October 11, 1531) was the leader of the Protestant Reformation in Switzerland and the founder of the Swiss Reformed churches. Separately from Martin Luther, Zwingli arrived at similar final beliefs by studying the Bible from the point of view of a humanist scholar.\nEarly life.\nHis father was also called Ulrich Zwingli, and his mother was Margaret Meili. Zwingli had two sisters and seven brothers.\nZwingli was born in Toggenburg, Wildhaus, St. Gallen, Switzerland, to an important family in the middle class. \nReformation.\nZwingli's Reformation was supported by the judge and the people of Z\u00fcrich. That led to major changes in the lives of the people and the government in Z\u00fcrich.\nZwingli was killed at Kappel am Albis in a battle against the Roman Catholic cantons of Switzerland."}
+{"id": "59884", "revid": "7365", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59884", "title": "Ulrich Zwingli", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59885", "revid": "7365", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59885", "title": "Ulricus Zuinglius", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59895", "revid": "10384859", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59895", "title": "20th-century classical music", "text": "20th-century classical music is classical music written during the last century. During earlier periods of music history composers from different countries wrote in styles which were often quite similar. For example, composers in the Classical music period (about 1740-1820) had fairly similar ideas about what forms to use (e.g. sonata form), what instruments should be used in orchestras or how to write good tunes.\nClassical music from the 20th century is extremely varied. There are lots of different \u201cschools\u201d (meaning: ways of thinking) as lots of composers had their own ideas about how to compose in ways that were different from what had been done before. A lot of these genres (types of music) had names ending in \u201cism\u201d: there was serialism, Expressionism, Neoclassicism, Impressionism as well as jazz, world music (music from non-European cultures) and folksong and, later on electronic music and then Minimalism and even post-modernism.\nThe names of periods in history were usually given to them many years afterwards. For example, the term Middle Ages was not used until long after the Middle Ages had finished. It is difficult to know what to call the period we live in now. In music people often talk about \u201cModern Music\u201d meaning any music written after 1900. We also talk about \u201cContemporary Music\u201d meaning more or less the same thing (\u201ccontemporary\u201d means \u201cthings that are happening in our time\u201d, i.e. \u201cliving composers\u201d). Now that the 21st century has started some musicians are starting to talk about \u201c20th century music\u201d (1900-2000) and a period called \u201cContemporary Music\u201d (1975-today).\nThis article will discuss classical music written from 1900 to the year 1999.\nReaction to Romanticism.\nMany European composers at the beginning of the 20th century felt that the system of tonality (music in major and minor keys) had been used for so long that it was time to do create a new approach and try something different. Arnold Schoenberg and Igor Stravinsky were two of the most important composers at that time, and they had very different ideas about how to compose music.\nSchoenberg's music became very atonal (not in any key). Eventually he developed what he called twelve tone music. This was atonal music which was organized by putting the notes of a musical idea in a particular order which could be changed in many ways during the piece. This way of organizing music is called \u201cserialism\u201d (a \u201cseries\u201d is a \u201crow of things\u201d). Many composers were influenced by Schoenberg, especially Alban Berg and Anton von Webern.\nStravinsky came from Russia. He was inspired by Russian culture. He wrote some music for a ballet called Rite of Spring. This music was very new. It had very irregular rhythms which the dancers found very difficult to dance to at first. It also used polytonality (being in more than one key at once). Later on Stravinsky was inspired by music from the 18th century. He used it, but made changes to it, adding dissonant notes and strange chords. This is called neoclassicism (\u201cneo\u201d means \u201cnew\u201d). Stravinsky's music seemed to many people to be the opposite of serialism, but in his last years Stravinsky started to use serialism as well.\nImpressionism.\nIn France a movement called Impressionism was popular with painters. Composers were very interested in these paintings. Claude Debussy wrote music which is often called \u201cImpressionistic\u201d. The ideas of clear tonality (being clear about which key the music is in) are often deliberately blurred. He uses interesting chords just for the sound that they make. He used the whole tone scale and pentatonic scale and was inspired by Javanese music. Maurice Ravel\u2019s music is sometimes similar, although he developed his own style. Later French composers include Olivier Messiaen who used a system of new scales which he called Modes of limited transposition. He was also interested in music from around the world, and he also used bird song in his music.\nLate Romanticism.\nWhile all this was happening there were some composers who continued to write in a style which was basically Romantic. Edward Elgar \u2018s music is often described as \u201cEdwardian\u201d (from the period of King Edward VII). Other British composers of the time were also inspired by English folkmusic, i.e. Ralph Vaughan Williams, George Butterworth, Roger Quilter and Gerald Finzi. Frederick Delius wrote Romantic music which was also quite Impressionistic. The Russian Sergei Rachmaninoff and the German Richard Strauss continued to write in a Romantic style until their deaths in the 1940s. The Finnish composer Jean Sibelius and the Dane Carl Nielsen wrote great symphonies which were still in a tonal style, and in Italy Puccini was writing operas in a Romantic style, often called \u201cverismo\u201d (\u201clike real life\u201d).\nSymphonic tradition.\nIn Russia, which became the Soviet Union after the 1917 Revolution, composers were not allowed to be experimental. It was difficult for them because they had to please the politicians who told them that their music should reflect \u201cSocialist realism\u201d (meaning the workers\u2019 struggle against capitalism). The great tradition of writing symphonies continued with Sergei Prokofiev (who spent some time in exile) and Shostakovich (who remained in the Soviet Union).\nThe Hungarian composer B\u00e9la Bart\u00f3k developed a modern style influenced by folk music from his country and other East European countries. His music is often quite neoclassical, for example the famous \"Concerto for Orchestra\".\nAvant garde experiments.\nIn the mid-20th century a group of composers known as the \u201cDarmstadt School\u201d (because they often met in Darmstadt) continued to write music which was based on serialism. This included Pierre Boulez and Karlheinz Stockhausen. Many of them, including both Boulez and Stockhausen, also experimented with electronic music. The term Avant Garde is often used to describe their music. It means that it expands the limits, or pushes ahead into new ground (literally the \u201cfront guard\u201d, a military analogy). Other American composers were experimental, e.g. Charles Ives and John Cage who is famous for using a \u201cprepared piano\u201d (a piano which makes strange sounds because strange objects are put inside it).\nJazz influence.\nIn America jazz was a big influence on classical composers. George Gershwin\u2019s music is halfway between jazz and classical. Aaron Copland and Leonard Bernstein used jazz elements in their music. In Europe many composer used ideas from jazz, e.g. Maurice Ravel and Kurt Weill.\nMinimalism.\nAround the 1960s some composers thought that a lot of music was getting too complicated. Music of the avant garde school such as Edgard Var\u00e8se, Elliott Carter, Milton Babbitt was becoming too difficult for people to understand. People found it too mathematical and intellectual. They wanted music with feeling and emotion. A group of composers developed a style called Minimalism which uses music based around a simple idea which repeats itself again and again but gradually changes. Steve Reich, Philip Glass, Terry Riley, John Cage and to some extent John Adams all used minimalist techniques. It was a reaction against music that had become too complicated.\nOther paths based on tradition.\nWhile all these different schools of thought were coming and going there were still some composers who managed to keep to a more traditional path and find new ways to use tonality in their music. The greatest figure in British music was Benjamin Britten who was an eclectic composer (i.e. he took ideas from many different people). Two other great composers were Michael Tippett and William Walton, who each developed their own style. In America there were composers such as Samuel Barber, Roy Harris and Alan Hovhaness. In Germany Paul Hindemith was one of the most important composers. Like Kurt Weill, he often wrote music which had a political purpose, but Weill's music is more jazz-inspired.\nSome contemporary composers (alive today) write music which is deeply religious. These include John Tavener and Arvo P\u00e4rt. John Rutter and Bob Chilcott, who write music for choirs which sounds fresh and attractive to new audiences. Other composers have found various ways of creating their own style, e.g. the Scottish composers James MacMillan and Judith Weir and the Master of the Queen's Music: Sir Peter Maxwell Davies. In Russia Sofia Gubaidulina and Galina Ustvolskaya are important voices in the search for new music."}
+{"id": "59896", "revid": "1013278", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59896", "title": "Cuxhaven", "text": "Cuxhaven ( , ; ) is an independent town and seat of Cuxhaven, in Lower Saxony, Germany. The town includes the northernmost point of Lower Saxony. It is on the shore of the North Sea at the mouth of the Elbe River. Cuxhaven has a footprint of (east\u2013west) by (north\u2013south). Its town quarters Duhnen, D\u00f6se and Sahlenburg are popular vacation spots on the North Sea and home to about 52,000 residents.\nGeographical and cultural background.\nThe town is served by Cuxhaven station.\nThe island of Neuwerk is off the coast from Cuxhaven.\nTwin towns \u2013 sister cities.\nCuxhaven is twinned with:"}
+{"id": "59907", "revid": "731605", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59907", "title": "Fox News Channel", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59913", "revid": "10498865", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59913", "title": "Haifa Wehbe", "text": "Haifa Wehbe (, born 10 March 1972) is a female Lebanese singer, actress, model, and jewelry designer who is known in the Arab world. Wehbe was born to Shia parents in a rural town in Southern Lebanon and currently lives in Beirut. She started her music career with her debut album \"Huwa az-Zaman\" (, \"It is Time\").\nEarly life and career.\nHaifa Wehbe was born to Lebanese Shia parents in Southern Lebanon. Before she became a singer, she was a model. She won title \"Miss South Lebanon\" when she was sixteen. In 1995, she was the runner-up for Miss Lebanon before the public found out she had a daughter named Zeinab.\nHer second 2005 album was \"Baddi 'Ay\u0161\" (, \"I Want to Live\"). Her second songs was \"Ana Haifa\" (\"I am Haifa\").\nShe also appeared in Pepsi ad with French footballer Thierry Henry."}
+{"id": "59919", "revid": "1627410", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59919", "title": "Dynamics (music)", "text": "In music, the dynamics in the piece is the variation in loudness between notes or phrases. \nIn written music the dynamics are shown by letters which stand for Italian words for the dynamic levels. They are listed in the table below. Notice that \u201cpiano\u201d, as a dynamic level, is pronounced the Italian way (\u201cpi-AH-no\u201d).\nUse more than two ps or fs to show that the music is very, very quiet, or very, very loud. Tchaikovsky sometimes used five ps or fs, though only up to three are normally found in sheet music.\nDynamic levels are not something that can be measured exactly. Exactly how loud mp should be depends on several things: what is happening in the music, the instrument, the size of the room in which the music is being played etc. The important thing is that dynamic levels should be correct in relation to one another.\nSome composers are very precise about writing the dynamics they want. Others leave a lot to the performer to decide. Historically, composers several centuries ago, such as Bach, only wrote occasional dynamic marks. Even Mozart only wrote a few, mostly p and f. By the 19th century composers were writing dynamics in much more detail in their music.\nSometimes accents are shown by marks similar to dynamic marks. \"Sforzando\" means a strong, sudden accent and is abbreviated as sf, sfz or fz. The notation sfzp (or sfp) means a \"sforzando\" followed immediately by \"piano\"\nThe terms \"crescendo\", and \"diminuendo\" (or sometimes \"decrescendo\"), mean a gradual getting louder or quieter. They can also be shown by signs known as \"hairpins\". A hairpin opening out is a \"crescendo\", one which closes is a \"diminuendo\".\nFor a quick change in dynamics, molto cresc. and molto dim. are often used (\"molto\" means \"a lot\"). For slow changes poco a poco cresc. and poco a poco dim. are used (\"poco a poco\" means \"little by little\", i.e. very gradually.)"}
+{"id": "59921", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59921", "title": "Francesco Botticini", "text": "Francesco Botticini (real name Francesco di Giovanni, 1446 \u2013 16 January 1498) was an Italian painter. He lived in the early part of the Renaissance period. He was born in Florence about 1446 and is best known for his painting called \"Assumption of the Virgin\".\nHe died in 1497 or 1498. After he had been an assistant to the painter Neri di Bicci he started his own workshop. The shop was famous for its decorative works, a few of which can be seen in the cloistered church of Empoli. Botticini was influenced by Filippino Lippi and Botticelli who were two very famous Florentine painters."}
+{"id": "59922", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59922", "title": "Botticini", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59923", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59923", "title": "Botticelli", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59924", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59924", "title": "Apprentice", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59925", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59925", "title": "Twentieth century classical music", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59929", "revid": "1055293", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59929", "title": "Grana Padano", "text": "Grana Padano is a type of hard cheese. It is similar to parmesan cheese. The name comes from the noun \"grana\" (\u2018grain\u2019), which refers to the distinctively grainy texture of the cheese, and the adjective \"Padano\", which refers to the river Po.\nGrana Padano was created by the Cistercian monks of Chiaravalle. They used ripened cheese as a way of preserving extra milk. By the year 1477, it was regarded as one of the most famous cheeses of Italy. Today, this product is made in the regions of Piedmont, Lombardy and Veneto, and in the province of Trento.\nLike Parmigiano Reggiano, Grana Padano is a semi-fat hard cheese which is cooked and ripened slowly (for up to 18 months). It is produced by curdling the milk of grass-fed cows. The cows are milked twice a day, the milk is left to stand, and then partially creamed. It is produced all year round and the quality can vary seasonally as well as by year.\nA wheel of Grana Padano is cylindrical, with slightly convex or almost straight sides and flat faces. The rind, which is thin, is white or straw yellow.\nGrana Padano cheese has been produced since the 12th century, and production and quality are now overseen by the Consorzio per la Tutela del Formaggio Grana Padano."}
+{"id": "59932", "revid": "7365", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59932", "title": "Blue balliet", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59933", "revid": "9342201", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59933", "title": "North American Free Trade Agreement", "text": "The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was a trade agreement between Mexico, the United States, and Canada. The agreement was signed by U.S. President George H.W. Bush, Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, and Mexican President Carlos Salinas on December 17, 1992 in San Antonio, Texas, and took effect on January 1, 1994. It removed taxes on products traded between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. It also protects copyrights, patents, and trademarks between those three countries. It was updated with the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation, which helped set more environment regulations and helped reduce pollution. It was also updated with the North American Agreement for Labor Cooperation, which helped people fight for better work conditions.\nOn September 30, 2018, it was announced that the United States, Mexico, and Canada had come to an agreement to replace NAFTA with the United States\u2013Mexico\u2013Canada Agreement (USMCA).\nEffects.\nSince it took away taxes between products traded between the US, Canada, and Mexico. Mexico has been buying more products from the US. It saved U.S. companies on the cost of selling products to Mexico, and it saved Mexican companies on the cost of buying things from U.S. companies.\nA benefit of the bill is that labels on products exchanged between the three countries come in French, English, and Spanish. That way, Mexicans and Americans who speak Spanish can read the Spanish label, Americans and Canadians can read the English label, and Canadians who speak French can read the French label.\nNAFTA also encourages more immigration from Mexico to the US. Since small businesses can no longer be protected by tariffs, many small business owners in Mexico cannot compete with the prices of subsidized products from the US and therefore many of them have gone under, or they lost more money than they could make. As a result, many Mexicans have gone to the US looking for work. The human rights organization EZLN (Ej\u00e9rcito Zapatista de la Liberaci\u00f3n Nacional), a revolutionary Mexican grass roots movement, is a strong opponent of NAFTA and points out how its provisions only make the economic situation worse for the poorest in Mexico and better for multi-national corporations.\nJob losses.\nSmall Business Chronicle\nWith the increased ease by which Mexico can import food products from the United States, the role of Mexican farmers is overwhelmed by the output of American farming. This is a notable con of NAFTA. According to Thomas Net Industry Market Trends, over 1 million Mexican farmers have lost their jobs as a result of the agreement.\nThe American economy lost about 683,000 jobs thanks to NAFTA\u2014more than 60% of which were in the manufacturing sector. Almost 35,000 Ohioans found themselves unemployed, or without jobs, thanks to a free trade agreement that's been a disaster for our nation\u2019s industrial base. - Sharrod Brown\nImmigration.\nIt was possible that NAFTA would encourage Mexican citizens to stay in their country since their manufacturing work could still reach the American market easily. But since the creation of NAFTA, illegal immigration between Mexico and the United States has only gotten worse. Over the 10-year period between 1990 and 2000, the number of illegal immigrants per year doubled, or increased two times, despite the creation of NAFTA in 1994, according to Thomas Net Industry Market Trends. NAFTA not being more effective in preventing the immigration crisis is a disadvantage to the agreement."}
+{"id": "59935", "revid": "9030094", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59935", "title": "Language revival", "text": "Language revival is people trying to make a language spoken often again when it is not spoken or is spoken very little. Language death happens when a language is not used by the people who used to speak it.\nLanguage revival tries to save a language that is dead or endangered. The Hebrew language was once a language that was not spoken, but the language was revived, and people now speak and use it again. Many people are now trying to revive their languages. The revival of languages is useful as it can give insight to older languages."}
+{"id": "59937", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59937", "title": "John Travolta", "text": "John Joseph Travolta (born February 18, 1954) is an American actor, dancer and singer.\nBiography.\nThe youngest of six children, John Joseph Travolta was born and raised in Englewood, New Jersey. His father, Salvatore Travolta (November 1912 \u2013 May 1995), was a semi-professional American football player of Italian descent. His mother, Helen Cecilia (n\u00e9e Burke, January 1912 \u2013 December 1978), was an Irish-American actress and singer. He was raised Roman Catholic, but changed to Scientology in 1975. \nTravolta was engaged with Diana Hyland who died of breast cancer in 1977, they met while filming \"The Boy in the Plastic Bubble\". He married actress Kelly Preston in 1991. The couple had a son, Jett (1992\u20132009). Their daughter, Ella Bleu, was born in 2000. On May 18, 2010, Travolta and Preston said she was pregnant with the couple's third child. Later they said it would be a boy. Their son, Benjamin, was born on November 23, 2010 in Florida. \nHe starred in the movies \"Grease\" with Olivia Newton-John, \"Pulp Fiction\" with Samuel L. Jackson and \"Hairspray\".\nHis wife, Kelly Preston died of breast cancer in July 2020."}
+{"id": "59938", "revid": "7365", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59938", "title": "NAFTA", "text": ""}
+{"id": "59939", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59939", "title": "Ukrainian", "text": "Ukrainian might mean:"}
+{"id": "59944", "revid": "7895413", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59944", "title": "Objectivity (science)", "text": "Objectivity in science means that scientific ideas and measurements are tested. That means they are independent from the individual scientist (the subject) who proposes them. In other words, if scientist A claims something, scientist B must be able to check whether A is right.\nThe evidence can (in principle) be shown to anyone who doubts it. The \"in principle\" bit is because some science needs complex machinery, and if you don't understand the machinery, you won't understand the results. But elementary science can often be shown in a classroom, or on television.\nSome science does need a proper scientific education. To some extent the general public has to trust a qualified scientist to present the idea in some suitable form. That means on television or on the web, or perhaps in published articles or books. Most awards of the Nobel Prize in science are followed by presentations on various web channels.\nIt is generally agreed that, at least in some subjects, modern science needs a person to have some education before they can understand it. Specialist communicators often do this on television or the web. 150 years ago, people read science directly from books written by scientists like Faraday and Darwin. Now most people get their science from people who act as communicators of science.\nObjectivity in measurement.\nTo avoid the variety in subjective (ambiguous) interpretation of quantifying terms such as \"green\", \"hot\", \"large\", \"considerable\", and \"negligible\", scientists try hard, where possible, to eliminate human senses by use of standardized measuring tools (meter stick, stopwatch, thermometer, etc.) and mechanical/electronic measuring instruments (spectrometer, voltmeter, timer, oscilloscope, gravimeter, etc.) for performing the actual measuring process, eliminating much of the perceptive variability of individual observers. The results of measurements are expressed on a numerical scale of standard units - so that everybody else understands them the same way. Where data must need be used, the ideal is to use \"hard\", \"objective\" criteria for assigning the classifications (see definition), such that different classifiers would get the same results."}
+{"id": "59961", "revid": "1407872", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59961", "title": "Roundhay Garden Scene", "text": "Roundhay Garden Scene is a short silent movie made on October 14, 1888 in the garden of \"Oakwood Grange\", Roundhay, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. It was made by a French man named Louis Le Prince. The movie had Adolphe Le Prince, Sarah Whitley, Joseph Whitley, and Harriet Hartley walking in the garden of Oakwood Grange. It is believed to be the oldest surviving movie by many people. It is 1.66 seconds long. The digitalized version lasts 2.11 seconds."}
+{"id": "59963", "revid": "170917", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59963", "title": "Herpetology", "text": "Herpetology is the branch of zoology concerned with reptiles and amphibians. It is about cold-blooded animals like salamanders, frogs, toads, snakes, lizards, turtles, tuataras and crocodilians.\nHerp.\n\"Herp\" is a vernacular term for reptiles and amphibians. It is derived from the old term \"herpetile\". Linnaeus grouped reptiles and amphibians together in the same class, and that is where the term comes from. The term has persisted, particularly in the names of herpetology, the scientific study of reptiles and amphibians, and herpetoculture, the captive care and breeding of reptiles and amphibians. There are over 6700 species of amphibians and over 9000 species of reptiles. \nBatrachology.\nBatrachology is the study of amphibians. Batrachology can also mean that a person enjoys amphibians and are among their favorite pets."}
+{"id": "59965", "revid": "1476056", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59965", "title": "Hector Barbossa", "text": "Captain Hector Barbossa is a fictional character and a recurring antagonist of the \"Pirates of the Caribbean\" franchise. He appeared in the first five movies of the series. \nAt first he was the main antagonist as an undead pirate in ' (2003). The character dies at the end of the movie, however, he is revealed to have been brought back to life at the end of '. \nHe later became an antihero in supporting roles as a Pirate Lord in ' (2007), a privateer with the Royal Navy in ' (2011), and finally as the rich pirate in \" (2017).\nHe is seen as the evil version of Captain Jack Sparrow."}
+{"id": "59971", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59971", "title": "Alpha Kappa Alpha", "text": "Alpha Kappa Alpha is the first sorority founded by African-American women. The sorority was founded on January 15, 1908, at Howard University. The sorority has more than 300,000 women in over one thousand chapters. They are in the United States, the Caribbean, Germany, Korea and Japan."}
+{"id": "59977", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59977", "title": "Objectivity", "text": "Objectivity can mean:"}
+{"id": "59986", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59986", "title": "Fraud", "text": "Fraud (or defrauding or scamming) is a crime in which someone tricks somebody else to get unfair or unlawful gain. Frauds are almost always about money, either directly or indirectly. \nA \"fraudster\" or a \"fraud\" is the person who commits the fraud. Something that involves fraud is \"fraudulent\" (as in \"He tried to pass a fraudulent cheque).\" To \"defraud\" someone is to commit a fraud against them. \nMethods.\nFraudsters may find people to defraud by phone calls, emails, or websites. \nFraud often starts by saying there is a free or low-price item. The fraudster then asks for personal information, such as a home address and bank account numbers. Instead of giving an item in return, the fraudster takes their money. Fraudsters often target senior citizens.\nPonzi schemes and pyramid schemes are forms of investment fraud. In 2009 Bernie Madoff was charged for defrauding over 40,800 people in a $64 billion Ponzi scheme. The scheme has been described as \"the largest fraudulent scheme in history\" and \"one of the most prolific financial crimes in American history\u201d.\nSome fraudsters use ransomware and/or phishing to gather private information from their victims.\nLaws.\nFraud is a criminal wrong: a fraudster may be prosecuted and imprisoned. It is also a civil wrong: a fraud victim may sue the fraudster to get compensation.\nLaws against fraud differ in each jurisdiction. \nEngland.\nIn England an Act of Parliament defines three kinds of fraud.\nLesser cases are heard in a Magistrates' Court; more serious offences are tried in the High Court (jury proceedings)."}
+{"id": "59990", "revid": "914540", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59990", "title": "Pump", "text": "A pump is a machine which moves a liquid from one place to another, often upwards.\nPumps need some kind of power, often kinetic energy, to make them work. Sometimes the power comes from a person. Sometimes the power comes from a motor.\nTypes of pumps.\nThere are many different kinds of pumps. Some types of pumps are:"}
+{"id": "59998", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59998", "title": "Alpha (disambiguation)", "text": "Alpha may mean: \nThe Greek letter alpha.\nAlpha, a letter in the Greek alphabet. \u03b1 may be used as the symbol for:"}
+{"id": "60003", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60003", "title": "Ioan P. Culianu", "text": "Ioan Petru Culianu (5 January 1950 \u2013 21 May 1991) was a Romanian historian of religion, culture, ideas, philosopher, political essayist, poet, mystic and short story writer.\nHe was 41 when he was shot in the head in the men's room in his University, Divine School where he was teaching on May 21 1991. At times he preached against communism and its system of brainwashing youth. It is alleged that he was killed on the orders of outgoing Romanian Communist Party leaders."}
+{"id": "60008", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60008", "title": "Single (music)", "text": "In popular music marketing, a single is a record release with only one or two songs. The first song (usually the one given the most promotion, and heard more often in the media) is called an A-side, while any other song on the single is called a B-side.\nThe pairing of recordings on a single comes from the days of shellac and vinyl records, when discs had two playable sides. Modern compact disc singles may contain more than one version of either the A- or B-side, or sometimes an additional recording by the same performer. B-sides may be selections from an album, or songs not otherwise issued for sale.\nMany times the chance to get a new song issued as an A-side creates competition between members of bands, or teams of songwriters. John Lennon and Paul McCartney of The Beatles tried to write better songs than each other, to get more A-sides than the other. George Harrison, also a Beatle, rarely had his songs chosen for singles, but had a hit with \"Something\" for the band. \nIn the days of vinyl singles, royalties for both A- and B-sides were paid equally. Many listeners never played B-sides more than once, and radio focused on A-sides. Many people who made recordings knew this, and used it to earn extra money from sales, or to promote other music they made. Phil Spector sometimes used short jam sessions by his studio band as B-sides to singles he produced. \nMichael Nesmith of The Monkees wanted his songs to appear on Monkees singles. He would settle for B-sides, if he could not get an A-side. Don Kirshner, who oversaw the band's early music, wanted the B-sides to come from other songwriters who worked for him. Nesmith and Kirshner disagreed, and it caused tension for the Monkees and their company.\nRecords that include more than two or three songs are usually called EPs (for \"extended play\"), and may include four or more distinct songs, but not as many as on an album."}
+{"id": "60017", "revid": "10071", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60017", "title": "Snakes on a plane", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60018", "revid": "10021", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60018", "title": "The People's Republic of China", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60022", "revid": "9708139", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60022", "title": "Captain America", "text": "Captain America is a fictional superhero from the Marvel Comics. He made his first appearance in the comic book \"Captain America Comics #1\" in 1941\".\" He wears a suit that has a white star on his chest with 2 stripes (still white) on each side next to the star. His suit is blue. He also has an indestructible shield with a bullseye and a star on the front of it. He is also known as his alter ego Steve Rogers. Captain America had a sidekick (friend), Bucky who later became the Winter Soldier, is a very good fighter, both hand-to-hand and using his guns to take care of his enemies easily. Captain America has an nemesis called Red Skull. He later joins a team called the Avengers to help protect the world.\nPower and abilities.\nAlthough Captain America has enhanced body strength, speed, agility, endurance, reflexes, reaction time, and natural self-healing ability, he actually has no superpowers. The reason why he has all these abilities is because of the Super Soldier Serum.\nFilm and TV.\nThe character has adapted to different forms of media, including toys, movies, television series, and video games.\nHe first appeared in the serial (film) Captain America, which was from 1940.\nHe appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, played by Chris Evans. He was in ' (2011), ' (2014) and \"\" (2016), as well as Marvel's \"The Avengers\" (2012), and (2015), (2018), and (2019).\nIn Real Life.\nIn 1966, Joe Simon (one of the people who helped make Captain America) sued Marvel, saying that he was the one who should be able to use the character, not them. It was agreed that Captain America was made under the publisher's rules, and belonged to them. This meant that Marvel won. "}
+{"id": "60023", "revid": "10441", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60023", "title": "Objectivity (journalism)", "text": "Objectivity is a significant principle of journalistic professionalism. It involves presenting information that can be relied upon.\nObjectivity may have several meanings in the eye of the public. \"Fairness\" involves making sure that multiple sides of an issue are presented. \"Disinterestedness\" means that the presenters are neutral in a story in which the people involved try to influence them. \"Factuality\" bases story content on facts that can be checked by an independent agent. \"Nonpartisanship\" means not taking sides, especially on political matters. Depending on the topic of a story, any or all of these factors may be relevant in the journalist's remaining objective.\nThe editorial board of media outlets such as the press or broadcast news chooses what information to present, so the editors' selection may be biased toward one position or belief system.\nIn many countries, \"advocacy journalism,\" which supports a particular position, is considered as a legitimate sort of professional journalism. These stories may be either news or analysis. They may or may not be objective.\nDefinitions.\nFew journalists would make a claim to total neutrality or impartiality. However, most try to keep distance from their own personal biases in their news work. In \"Discovering the News\" (1978), sociologist Michael Schudson argues that \"the belief in objectivity is a faith in 'facts,' a distrust in 'values,' and a commitment to their segregation.\" In the United States, an objective story is typically considered to be one that steers a middle path between two poles of political rhetoric. \nJournalism without any bias, as if one just came to Earth from another planet and had no opinions about our behavior or ways is rarely practiced, although some argue it would lead to radical changes in reporting. (See, for example, Noam Chomsky, The Journalist from Mars.)"}
+{"id": "60024", "revid": "81377", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60024", "title": "Sega Nomad", "text": "The Sega Nomad is a portable video game console released by the Sega Corporation. It has a colour screen and can play most games designed for the Sega Mega Drive/Genesis, as it shares similarities with the hardware of the Sega Genesis (Mega Drive)\nIt cannot be used with the Sega CD and Sega 32X unless special modifications are made. But such special modifications may not be safe.\nFewer than one million Genesis Nomads were sold. \nHistory.\nThe Sega Genesis was Sega's entry into the 16-bit era of video game consoles. In Japan, Sega released the Mega Jet, a portable version of the Mega Drive for use on Japan Airlines flights. The Mega Jet requires a connection to a television screen and a power source, and so outside of airline flights can only be used in cars equipped with a television set and cigarette lighter receptacle. On planes, the Mega Jet was connected into armrest monitors. It had a limited consumer release in Japanese department stores in 1994 but did not see success."}
+{"id": "60026", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60026", "title": "Captain barbossa", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60030", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60030", "title": "Erlasee Solar Park", "text": "The Erlasee Solar Park is in one of the sunniest regions of Germany. On the former wine-producing Erlasee estate near Arnstein in Bavaria, in southern Germany, SOLON has constructed what is currently the largest tracking photovoltaic solar power station in the world with an output of 12 MW. Just under 1,500 \"SOLON-Movers\" modules convert sunlight into environmentally friendly power, generating as much as the average consumption of the nearby town of Arnstein. \nThe solar power plant cost \u00a335 million and covers 77 hectares of land."}
+{"id": "60032", "revid": "224035", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60032", "title": "Khula", "text": "Khula is the right of a woman to ask her husband for a divorce and to offer him a compensation in case he does so. Following the Sharia the husband has no right to ask for a compensation of a higher value than that what he gave his wife when they married. \nAfter divorce the former husband is responsible for education, food and residence of children. The children live with the mother for 7 years. After 7 years children have the right to live with father or mother, as they decide."}
+{"id": "60033", "revid": "10089", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60033", "title": "Meshkini", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60034", "revid": "10089", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60034", "title": "Jannati", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60035", "revid": "10472771", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60035", "title": "Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani", "text": "Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (, \"Akbar H\u0101shem\u012b Rafanj\u0101n\u012b\"), Hashemi Bahramani (; August 25, 1934 \u2013 January 8, 2017) was an influential Iranian politician. He was the Chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council of Iran from 1989 to his death.\n\"Forbes\" magazine listed Rafsanjani in its list of richest people in the world and wrote that as the real power behind the Iranian government, he \"has more or less run the Islamic Republic for the past 24 years.\" His wealth has earned him the infamous nickname of \"Akbar Shah\" in Iran.\nRafsanjani was President of Iran from 1989 to 1997 and lost on the second ballot to Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in the 2005 election on his attempt for a third term in office. He then ntried to use his position in the Expediency Discernment Council to denounce Ahmadinejad's administration. He wanted to carry out privatizations and change foreign policy. However, Ahmadinejad noted Rafsanjani's failure to make a difference between privatizations and taking over government-owned companies. Ahmadinejad also commmented on the foreign policies of Rafsanjani's administration, which led to sanctions against Iran in 1995 and 1996.\nCurrently, one of his sons has been accused of receiving a bribe of $80,000,000 from Total oil company. Analysts expect that his son will not be put on trial, however. \nRafsanjani died on January 8, 2017 in Tehran from a heart attack at the age of 82."}
+{"id": "60037", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60037", "title": "Ali Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60039", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60039", "title": "Ayatollah Rafsanjani", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60040", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60040", "title": "Ayatollah Hashemi Rafsanjani", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60055", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60055", "title": "Evander Holyfield", "text": "Evander Holyfield (born October 19, 1962) is an American boxer. He held both the world heavyweight championship and the world cruiserweight championship. He also won a bronze medal at the 1984 Summer Olympics.\nHolyfield was born in Atmore, Alabama. He became a professional boxer in 1984 and won the cruiserweight championship from Dwight Muhammad Qawi in 1986. He moved to the heavyweight division in 1988 and won the world championship from James \"Buster\" Douglas in 1990. He defended the title three times, including fights against former champions Larry Holmes and George Foreman. He lost the title to Riddick Bowe in 1992 but won it back the next year. In 1994 he lost to Michael Moorer and briefly retired. He soon fought again, however, and surprised many by knocking out Mike Tyson in 1996. He had a draw against Lennox Lewis in 1998 and then lost a rematch to him in 1999. \nIn 2005, Holyfield was a contestant on season 1 of \"Dancing with the Stars\". He was a housemate in the January 2014 series of Celebrity Big Brother (UK). "}
+{"id": "60063", "revid": "1222750", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60063", "title": "Porthmadog F.C.", "text": "Porthmadog Football Club is a football team, playing in the Cymru North. The club was started in 1884."}
+{"id": "60077", "revid": "1668934", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60077", "title": "Sharia", "text": "Sharia, Sharia law or Islamic law is a set of religious principles which form part of the Muslim faith. The Arabic word \"shar\u012b\u02bfah\" () refers to the revealed law of God and originally meant \"way\" or \"path\".\nClassical sharia deals with many aspects of public and private life, including religious rituals, family life, business, crimes, and warfare. In former times, sharia was interpreted by independent jurists, who based their legal opinions on Qur'an, Hadith and centuries of debate, interpretation and precedent. Some parts of sharia can be described as \"law\" in the usual sense of that word, while other parts are better understood as rules for living life in accordance with God's will.\nCountries in the Muslim world all have their own laws. In most of them only a small part of the legal system is based on classical sharia. Muslims disagree on how sharia should be applied.\nSome of the practices of Sharia have been deemed evil and incompatible with human rights, gender equality and freedom of speech and expression.\nMeaning and origins.\nPeople of different religions who speak Arabic use the word \"shar\u012b\u02bfah\" to describe a religious tradition that comes from teachings of prophets. Christians and Jews in the Middle East have used it to describe their own religion. For many Muslims the word \"sharia\" means simply \"justice\". They will say that any law agrees with sharia as long as it helps to build a more fair and prosperous society.\nMost Muslims believe sharia should be interpreted by experts in Islamic law. In Arabic, the word \"shar\u012b\u02bfah\" refers to God's revelation, which does not change. In contrast, the rules of behavior created by scholars as they try to understand God's revelation are called \"fiqh\". These rules can change and Islamic scholars have often disagreed about them.\nScholars disagree about the origins of the word \"sharia\". Some say that \"sharia\" comes from the old Arabic word meaning \"pathway to be followed\". This would make it similar to \"halakha\" (the way to go), the Hebrew word for Jewish law. Other scholars think that the word \"sharia\" originally meant \"path to the water hole\". They say that knowing the way to a water hole could save a man's life in the deserts of Arabia, and that is why this word came to refer to God's guidance to man.\nTheory.\nIslamic scholars who lived during the first centuries of Islam developed different methods for interpreting sharia. Most of them came to agree that sharia rules should be derived from the following main sources:\nThe process of deriving sharia rules from the Qur'an and hadith is called \"ijtihad\". Sharia rules classify actions into one of the following categories:\nThese acts have \"material or moral\" provisions in the understanding of Sharia. The abandonment of the actions \"that are considered fard, wajib and sunnah\", and doing the forbidden ones \"that are considered makruh and haram\" are penalized. (hadd or tazir punishments). E.g.; Beating, imprisoning and killing those who insist on not praying can be considered in this context.\nSharia in Islam is viewed as the revealed law of God, which cannot be altered. On the other hand, its interpretation, called \"fiqh\", is the work of legal scholars, who have frequently differed in their legal opinions. Some parts of sharia are similar to what people in the West call \"law\", while other parts are better understood as rules for living life in accordance with God's will.\nThere are several schools of legal thought in Islam, of which the most important are the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i and Hanbali schools of Sunni Islam and the Ja'fari school of Shia Islam.\nBranches of sharia.\nThe divisions of sharia are called \"branches\" (\"furu\") in Arabic. The main branches are \"ibadat\" (rituals or acts of worship) and \"mu'amalat\" (human interactions or social relations). These branches are divided into many smaller branches, some of which are listed bellow:\nActs of worship.\nThe Five Pillars of Islam are:\nThere are two holidays that are considered Sunnah.\nThere are some special recommended acts used during these holidays:\nDietary laws.\nIslamic law lists only some specific foods and drinks that are not allowed.\nWhile Islamic law prohibits already-dead meat, this does not apply to fish and locusts. Also, hadith literature prohibits beasts having sharp canine teeth, birds having claws and talons in their feet, tamed donkeys, and any piece cut from a living animal.\nSacrifice.\nThere are some specific rules regarding the killing of animals in Islam.\nCrime and punishment.\nSharia recognizes three categories of crime:\nAlthough there is some disagreement about which crimes are \"hudud\" crimes, they usually include theft, highway robbery, zina (sex with forbidden partners/adultery), falsely accusing someone of \"zina\", and drinking alcohol. The prescribed punishments for these crimes range from 80 lashes to death. However, classical jurists developed very strict rules which restrict when these punishments could be applied, so that in many cases it became almost impossible to convict anyone under these rules. For example, there must be four adult Muslim witnesses to a hudud crime or a confession repeated four times, before someone can be punished. If a criminal could not be convicted of a \"hudud\" crime, they could still receive a \"tazir\" punishment.\nIn the historical practice, qisas appears in two ways. One of them is the punishment of the perpetrator with a \u201ccounter-action\u201d, exactly the same as the crime committed, in crimes against the person's bodily integrity; A life for a life, an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth... etc.\nAnother application is related to the social status of the perpetrator and the victim. In the tribal understanding, when a person kills a woman, a slave or an honorable person from another tribe, a person \"of similar status from the tribe to which the murderer belongs\" will be killed in return. As a general custom, killing the master's to slave, father's to child, husband's to wife was not punished with retaliation, and retaliation was not applied to the man who killed the woman as a rule. The condition of \"social equality\" in qisas means that; \"if a socially inferior person kills someone from the upper class, qisas will be applied\", whereas \"if someone from the upper class kills someone from the lower class, it cannot be applied\". On this pre-Islamic understandings the discussion \"whether a Muslim could be executed for a non-Muslim\" was added in Islamic period.\nIn these cases, \"compensation (Diya)\" can be paid to the family of the murdered person.\nThe main verse for implementation in Islam is Al Baqara; 178 verse;\n\": \"\"Believers! Retaliation is ordained for you regarding the people who were killed. Free versus free, captive versus captive, woman versus woman. Whoever is forgiven by the brother of the slain for a price, let him abide by the custom and pay the price well.\"\nWhile retaliation is certain in crimes of murder, according to the verse(2:178)), the situation is not clear in the crimes of wounding. For such (an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth, etc.) punishments, the expression \"This is how we wrote to them (the Children of Israel) in the book\", is used. (5: 45)\nMurder, bodily injury and property damage - intentional or unintentional - is considered a civil dispute under sharia law. The victim, victim's heir(s) or guardian is given the option to either forgive the offender, demand Qisas (equal retaliation) or accept a compensation (Diyya). Under sharia law, the Diyya compensation received by the victim or victim's family is in cash.\nContrary to wide-held beliefs, the death penalty for Apostasy is not consistent with Qur'anic teachings. The Qur'an states: \u201cO you who believe! If anyone of you should renounce his Faith (let him remember that) Allah will bring forth (in his stead) a people (more zealous in faith) whom He will love and who will love Him. . . .\u201d (5:54). In Surah 2 of the Qur'an it states: \u201cThere is no compulsion of any sort in religion (as) the right way does stand obviously distinguished from the way of error.\u201d (2:256). Renowned Kurdish scholar , in his commentary on this verse within Al-K\u0203mil f\u00ee al-T\u0203r\u00eekh (The Complete History), encapsulates its essence with the following explanation: \u201cYou do not need to force anyone to accept Islam and follow its rules, as it is so manifest and clear, and arguments and reasoning in its favor are so powerful and convincing that there is no need of any force. Whosoever receives guidance from Allah, opens his breast to the Truth, and possesses the wisdom to understand the arguments in this Book will accept it voluntarily. And if a person is so blind as not to see any reason, his acceptance of Islam is useless\u201d. \nThe Qur'an additionally states: \u201c(O Prophet!) You cannot guide whom you desire, but it is Allah who guides whom He wills. He knows well those who are receptive to guidance.\u201d (28:56)\nThis sentiment is further echoed in verse 10:99: \u201cAnd if your Lord had enforced His will, all those on earth would have believed together.\u201d If Allah does not impose His will by force, it is not conceivable that humans should coerce or punish nonbelievers for not believing or leaving Islam. Several other verses in the Holy Quran convey a similar message (cf. 18:29; 26:3\u20134; 76:3).\nLegal system.\nMuftis.\nDuring the Islamic Golden Age, sharia was interpreted by experts in Islamic law (\"muftis\"), most of whom were independent religious scholars. Anyone could ask them a question about law, and they were expected to give an answer for free. Their legal opinions were called \"fatwas\".\nQadi's courts.\nWhen there was a legal dispute about family or financial matters, it would be handled in a court headed by a \"qadi\" (judge). These judges also had a legal education, and they were appointed to their post by the ruler. In simple cases, qadis would pronounce a verdict based on their own knowledge of sharia. In more difficult cases, they would express the details of the case in general terms and ask a mufti for his legal opinion.\nMazalim courts.\nCriminal cases were usually handled in \"ma\u1e93\u0101lim\" courts. These courts were controlled by the ruler's council. \"Mazalim\" courts were supposed to follow \"the spirit of sharia\". Qadis and muftis were present in those courts to make sure the verdicts did not go against it. However, these courts did not necessarily follow the letter of the law, and they had fewer legal restrictions than qadi's courts. \"Mazalim\" courts also handled complaints against government officials. Their purpose of \"mazalim\" courts was to \"right wrongs\" which could not be addressed through procedures of qadi's courts. Less serious crimes were often handled by local police and market inspectors according to local customs, which were only loosely related to sharia.\nNon-Muslims.\nNon-Muslim communities living under Islamic rule were allowed to follow their own laws. The government kept out of their internal legal affairs, except when there was a dispute between people of different religions. Such cases were handled by a qadi. When that happened, sharia rules gave Muslims some legal advantages over non-Muslims. However, Non-Muslims often won cases against Muslims and even against high government officials, because people thought that sharia was a reflection of divine justice which should defend the weak against the powerful.\nSharia in the modern world.\nIn the modern era, most parts of the Muslim world came under influence or control of European powers. This led to major changes in the legal systems of these lands. In some cases, this was because Muslim governments wanted to make their states more powerful and they took European states as models of what a modern state should look like. In other cases, it was because Europeans who colonized these lands forced them to abandon parts of Islamic law and follow European laws instead.\nEarly legal reforms.\nIn modern times, criminal laws in the Muslim world were widely replaced by codes which were inspired by European laws. Court procedures and legal education were also made similar to European practice. The constitutions of most Muslim-majority states mention sharia in one way or another. However, the classical rules of sharia were preserved mostly in family laws. In earlier times, sharia was interpreted by independent scholars who often disagreed with each other, and all their opinions were never written down in one place. In the modern era, it was the government who controlled the laws. Different states created their own legal codes, where the laws were clearly stated. The governments wanted to make family laws fit better in the modern world, but they still wanted people to view them as laws based on sharia. In order to do this, the scholars who wrote down these laws decided to pick and choose rules from the different legal opinions available in the classical books of law. When some of the laws they picked disagreed with the current norms of society, the government tried to solve this problem by creating additional court procedures. For example, when family laws in some states seemed to treat women unfairly to the population, the government created procedures that made it more difficult for men to take advantage of these laws in an unfair manner.\nRecent legal reforms.\nIn the last quarter of the 20th century, many Muslims around the world became disappointed in their governments. These governments had adopted Western ways in their legal systems and other matters, but many people regarded their actions as oppressive, corrupt, and ineffective. More and more Muslims started to think that things would improve if their government returned to Islamic traditions. They began calling for return of sharia, and conservative members of the public wanted the government to deal with crime using all the traditional methods, including \"hudud\" punishments. In a few countries, the government put some elements of classical criminal law into the legal code. However, in some of these countries (for example, Iran and Sudan) the supreme court has rarely approved the harsher \"hudud\" punishments, while in the other countries which adopted \"hudud\" laws (for example, Pakistan and Nigeria), the supreme court never approves them.\nIn some countries, progressive Muslim reformers have been able to change how the state interprets sharia family laws to make them more fair to women.\nSaudi Arabia.\nSaudi Arabia is an exceptional case in the legal history of the Muslim world. It has always continued to use sharia in different areas of law, and it never codified its laws. Its judges have always tried to follow traditional sharia rules for dealing with crimes, and they often impose harsh punishments that inspire international protests. However, these punishments are not necessarily prescribed by sharia. Judges in Saudi Arabia follow the classical principle which says that \"hudud\" punishments should be avoided if at all possible, and the punishments which they apply are usually \"tazir\" punishments which are left to their own choice. Saudi Arabia is often criticized for its public executions, and their frequency has increased in recent decades. Executions became more frequent because the government and courts decided to crack down on violent crime which became more frequent during the 1970s, as also happened in the U.S. and China.\nSupport and opposition.\nSupport.\nA 2013 survey based on interviews of 38,000 Muslims, randomly selected from urban and rural parts in 39 countries using statictical designs, by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life found that a majority\u2014in some cases \"overwhelming\" majority\u2014of Muslims in a number of countries support making \"Sharia\" or \"Islamic law\" the law of the land, including Afghanistan (99%), Iraq (91%), Niger (86%), Malaysia (86%), Pakistan (84%), Morocco (83%), Bangladesh (82%), Egypt (74%), Indonesia (72%), Jordan (71%), Uganda (66%), Ethiopia (65%), Mali (63%), Ghana (58%), and Tunisia (56%). In Muslim regions of Southern-Eastern Europe and Central Asia, the support is less than 50%: Russia (42%), Kyrgyzstan (35%), Tajikistan (27%), Kosovo (20%), Albania (12%), Turkey (12%), Kazakhstan (10%), Azerbaijan (8%). Regional averages of support were 84% in South Asia, 77% in Southeast Asia, 74% in the Middle-East/North Africa, 64%, in Sub-Saharan Africa, 18% in Southern-Eastern Europe, and 12% in Central Asia .\nHowever, while most of those who support implementation of Sharia favor using it in family and property disputes, fewer supported application of severe punishments such as whippings and cutting off hands, and interpretations of some aspects differed widely. According to the Pew poll, among Muslims who support making Sharia the law of the land, most do not believe that it should be applied to non-Muslims. In the Muslim-majority countries surveyed this proportion varied between 74% (of 74% in Egypt) and 19% (of 10% in Kazakhstan), as percentage of those who favored making Sharia the law of the land.\nIn all of the countries surveyed, respondents were more likely to define Sharia as \"the revealed word of God\" rather than as \"a body of law developed by men based on the word of God\". In analyzing the poll, Amaney Jamal has argued that there is no single, shared understanding of the ideas \"Sharia\" and \"Islamic law\" among the respondents. In particular, in countries where Muslim citizens have little experience with rigid application of Sharia-based state laws, these ideas tend to be more associated with Islamic ideals like equality and social justice than with forbidden acts Other polls have indicated that for Egyptians, the word \"Sharia\" is associated with ideas of political, social and gender justice.\nIn 2008, Rowan Williams, the Archbishop of Canterbury, has suggested that Islamic and Orthodox Jewish courts should be integrated into the British legal system alongside church courts to handle marriage and divorce, subject to agreement of all parties and strict requirements for protection of equal rights for women. His reference to the sharia sparked a controversy. Later that year, Nicholas Phillips, then Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales, stated that there was \"no reason why sharia principles [...] should not be the basis for mediation or other forms of alternative dispute resolution.\" A 2008 YouGov poll in the United Kingdom found 40% of Muslim students interviewed supported the introduction of sharia into British law for Muslims. Michael Broyde, professor of law at Emory University specializing in alternative dispute resolution and Jewish law, has argued that sharia courts can be joined into the American religious arbitration system, provided that they adopt appropriate institutional requirements as American rabbinical courts have done.\nOpposition.\nIn the Western world, Sharia has been called a source of \"hysteria\", \"more controversial than ever\", the one aspect of Islam that inspires \"particular dread\". On the Internet, \"dozens of self-styled counter-jihadis\" emerged to campaign against Sharia law, describing it in strict interpretations resembling those of Salafi Muslims. Also, fear of Sharia law and of the ideology of extremism among Muslims as well as certain congregations donating money to terrorist organizations within the Muslim community reportedly spread to mainstream conservative Republicans in the United States. Former House Speaker Newt Gingrich won ovations calling for a federal ban on Sharia law.\nThe issue of \"liberty versus Sharia\" was called a \"momentous civilisational debate\" by right-wing pundit Diana West.\nIn 2008 in Britain, the future Prime Minister (David Cameron) declared his opposition to \"any expansion of Sharia law in the UK.\" In Germany, in 2014, the Interior Minister (Thomas de Maizi\u00e8re) told a newspaper (\"Bild\"), \"Sharia law is not tolerated on German soil.\"\nSome countries and jurisdictions have explicit bans on sharia law. In Canada, for example, sharia law has been explicitly banned in Quebec by a 2005 unanimous vote of the National Assembly, while the province of Ontario allows family law disputes to be arbitrated only under Ontario law. In the U.S., opponents of Sharia have sought to ban it from being considered in courts, where it has been routinely used alongside traditional Jewish and Catholic laws to decide legal, business, and family disputes subject to contracts drafted with reference to such laws, as long as they do not violate secular law or the U.S. constitution. After failing to gather support for a federal law making observing Sharia a felony punishable by up to 20 years in prison, anti-Sharia protesters have focused on state legislatures. By 2014, bills aimed against use of Sharia have been introduced in 34 states and passed in 11. A notable example of this would be 2010 Oklahoma State Question 755, which sought to permanently ban the use of Sharia law in courts. While approved by voters, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals placed an injunction on the law. Citing the unconstitutionality of the law's impartial focus on a specific religion, the law was struck down and never took effect. These bills have generally referred to banning foreign or religious law in order to thwart legal challenges.\nAccording to Jan Michiel Otto, Professor of Law and Governance in Developing Countries at Leiden University, \"[a]nthropological research shows that people in local communities often do not distinguish clearly whether and to what extent their norms and practices are based on local tradition, tribal custom, or religion. Those who adhere to a confrontational view of Sharia tend to ascribe many undesirable practices to Sharia and religion overlooking custom and culture, even if high-ranking religious authorities have stated the opposite.\""}
+{"id": "60081", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60081", "title": "Wadowice", "text": "Wadowice () is a town in Poland in Lesser Poland Voivodeship in the mountainous range known as Zakopane region, southeast of Krakow - (former Polish capital).\nPope John Paul II (Karol Wojtyla) was born there on May 18 1920. He also attended elementary and high school there, graduating with honors in 1938.\nThe town is twinned with 4 others, all in Italy."}
+{"id": "60083", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60083", "title": "Piano duet", "text": "A piano duet is a piece of music written for two people to play at one piano. It is often called Piano 4 hands.\nTo play piano duets the two players sit with one person on the right (playing the high notes) and the other person on the left (playing the low notes). The person on the right is called \u201cPrimo\u201d (\u201cFirst\u201d) and the person on the left is called \u201cSecondo\u201d (\u201cSecond\u201d).\nPiano duet music is usually printed with the Secondo part on the left-hand page and the Primo part on the right-hand page. Occasionally it is printed with the two parts underneath one another.\nPlaying piano duets is great fun and an excellent way to become a better musician. Like all group music making, each player has to learn to listen and adapt to what is going on in the other part. Sometimes one player will have to take away his or her hand quickly so that the other player can play the same note immediately afterwards. Sometimes the players have to cross their hands (secondo\u2019s right hand crosses with primo\u2019s left hand).\nA lot of the time the primo\u2019s part may have both hands written in the treble clef and the secondo\u2019s part may have both hands written in the bass clef. This can sometimes be confusing at first.\nThe pedalling is usually done by the secondo player. This is because pedalling is very much about keeping chords going (\u201csustaining\u201d), and it is the secondo who usually has the chords which give the harmony because these are in the lower part.\nRepertoire.\nThere are lots of piano duets available for people to play. Some of these are simple ones written for beginner pianists. Some are written by the great composers.\nSome pieces that are really supposed to be played by an orchestra have been arranged for piano duet. In some cases the composer himself made this arrangement. Examples from famous composers include Stravinsky\u2019s \"Rite of Spring\" which is extremely hard to play, and Maurice Ravel\u2019s suite \"Ma M\u00e8re l\u2019Oie\".\nSome very famous piano duets which were originally written in this form include several sonatas by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, several pieces by Franz Schubert including a \"Fantasia in f minor\", Gabriel Faur\u00e9\u2019s \"Dolly Suite\", Debussy\u2019s \"Petite Suite\" and Georges Bizet\u2019s \"Jeux d\u2019Enfants\" (which he also arranged for orchestra).\nPiano Duos.\nSome works are written for two people to play together using two pianos. These are usually called piano duos. Examples include Mozart\u2019s Sonata in D major K448. The Sonata op 34 by Johannes Brahms started as a string quintet but he changed it to a piano concerto, then a piano duo, and eventually a piano quintet. The Suite op 17 by Rachmaninoff is another. Most piano duos are very hard to play and need very good pianists. Piano concertos can be played on two pianos, with one player playing the solo part and the other playing the orchestra\u2019s music.\nPiano Six Hands.\nThere is also a small repertoire of pieces for three people to play at one piano. This is called Piano six hands. These pieces are often fun pieces which are not too hard to play, although there are examples of serious pieces. The three people need to be good friends, because it is a bit of a squash. The player at the bottom ought to do the pedalling but it may be easier for the middle player to do it."}
+{"id": "60084", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60084", "title": "Piano duo", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60085", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60085", "title": "Piano four hands", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60086", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60086", "title": "Piano six hands", "text": "Music described as piano six hands is for three pianists at one piano, as distinct from piano duet which is music for two pianists at one piano, and from piano trio which is music for piano, violin and cello. Not much music has been written for this combination, although there are several arrangements of music originally written for other forces.\nExamples.\nCompositions include 5 pieces by Percy Grainger, Sergei Rachmaninoff's Romance and Valse, Alfred Schnittke's Hommage, Carl Czerny's op.17 and 741, Jean Cras's \"\u00c2mes d\u2019enfants\", Paul Robinson (composer)'s \"Pensees\" and \"Monmartre\", various pieces by German composer Armin Fuchs, Bulgarian composer Tomislav Baynov's \"Metrorhythmia 1\", John Pitts's \"Are You Going?\", Greek composer Dionysis Boukouvalas's \"Fantasy on a theme by Steve Reich\", Canadian composer Paul Frehner's \"Slowdown\" and Italian composer Fabio Mengozzi's \"Promenade\"."}
+{"id": "60087", "revid": "211304", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60087", "title": "Pedal", "text": "A pedal is something that is made to work by someone's foot. The word \"pedal\" comes from the Latin word for \"foot\". Many things can be made to work by pedals. These include:"}
+{"id": "60088", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60088", "title": "Rice wine", "text": "Rice wine is a word some people use to talk about alcoholic drinks. However, it is not a true wine, despite the name. True wine is made by fermenting grapes, and perhaps other fruit. In rice wine, the starch in the rice is first changed into sugar. This sugar is then fermented. This process is more like the fermentation as it is done in beer. \nThe \"rice wines\" made in this manner have more alcohol in them than normal wines (18\u201325% alcohol compared to 10\u201314% for normal wines). Beers on the other hand usually have 4\u20138% alcohol in them.\nMany people use the term \"rice wine\" to refer to sake (which is just one variant of many different kinds of rice wines). "}
+{"id": "60092", "revid": "62523", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60092", "title": "Alcopop", "text": "An alcopop is an alcoholic drink, also known as ready-to-drink (RTD), flavored alcoholic beverage (FAB) or flavored malt beverage (FMB). They are usually available in bottles or cans. They contain about the same amount of alcohol as a beer. Usually, they are very sweet, so that the alcohol can not be tasted. \nThere are two different kinds of this drinks. In Europe, they are usually spirits mixed with lemonade, like vodka with lemon juice (and a lot of sugar, so the alcohol cannot be tasted), or rum with fruit juice (also very sweet). In the US, they tend to be beers, which taste very sweet.\nBecause they are very sweet, alcopops tend to be more popular among young people. Since the fact that they contain alcohol is usually not obvious from the taste, these drinks are considered to be dangerous for young people by many countries. These have either raised the taxes on the drinks, or they have outlawed the sale of these drinks to people under a certain age (usually 18, sometimes 21 years)."}
+{"id": "60093", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60093", "title": "Ready-to-drink", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60094", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60094", "title": "Flavored Alcoholic Beverage", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60095", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60095", "title": "Flavored Malt Beverage", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60096", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60096", "title": "Pedal (music)", "text": "Pedals on musical instruments are used to control parts of the instrument, or provide extra notes.\nThere are several musical instruments which have pedals for various reasons.\nPiano.\nThe piano has at least two pedals; large concert grand pianos always have three. The pedal on the right (operated by the player's right foot) sustains the sound of the notes for as long as the pedal is depressed. It does this by lifting the dampers from the strings. Some of the other strings even start to vibrate as well (\"in sympathy\").\nThe pedal on the left makes the sound quieter. It is called the \"una corda\" pedal (Italian for \"one string\"). This is because, in the early days of the piano, the una corda pedal made all the hammers move over so that a hammer would only hit one string for each note instead of three (most notes on a piano each have three strings to make a bigger sound). On modern pianos the hammers actually hit two strings instead of just one. They also tend to hit the string at a point where the hammer is softer, away from the grooves which get worn in the hammerhead. On an upright piano the una corda pedal moves the hammers closer to the strings so that they do not hit them so hard.\nOn pianos which have a middle pedal (called a sostenuto pedal) any note or chord which the player is holding down when the pedal is pressed will be sustained, but any more notes he plays afterwards will not be affected.\nOrgan.\nOn pipe organs there is a pedalboard with pedals which play notes in the same way that the fingers are playing notes. An organ pedalboard usually has two and a half octaves of notes. These are low notes written in the bass clef. An organist has to learn to play with the feet at the same time as with the hands. He uses the toes or the heels of his shoes. It is even possible to play four notes at once (four part chords) but this is very difficult and usually found in some modern French music.\nHarp.\nThere are seven pedals on a concert harp. Each pedal can be in a high, middle or low position. The strings of the harp can be thought of like the white notes of a piano, tuned to naturals (C,D,E etc.). Each pedal can change one of the letter-named notes one semitone higher or lower. For example: the pedal on the left changes all the Ds to D flat (if the pedal is in the highest position) or D sharp (in the lowest position). From left to right the pedals operate the Ds, Cs, Bs, Es, Fs, Gs and As.\nTimpani.\nPedal timpani are timpani with a pedal which will tighten or loosen the drumhead. This will make the note go up or down in pitch. It is a fairly new invention. Composers in the Classical music period never had pedal timpani. Their timpani always had to be tuned by hand using the taps around the side. Composers like B\u00e9la Bart\u00f3k wrote for pedal timpani.\nHarpsichord.\nModern harpsichords often have pedals which change the sound in the same way that stops on an organ change the sound. In earlier harpsichords the sound was more often changed by pushing in or pulling out hand stops."}
+{"id": "60098", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60098", "title": "Pedal note", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60099", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60099", "title": "Alcoholism", "text": "Alcoholism is the addiction to alcohol. People who have alcoholism are called alcoholics. \nAlcoholism is a disease. It often gets worse over time and can kill a person. However, alcoholism can be treated.\nAlcohol is the most commonly used drug in the world. Around the world, there are at least 208 million people with alcoholism. \nAlcoholism is a condition with a social stigma. Because of this, alcoholics often feel ashamed of their drinking. They may try to hide their drinking, avoid getting help, or refuse to believe that they are alcoholics because they are too ashamed.\nDiagnosis.\nBeing an alcoholic does not mean that a person just drinks a lot of alcohol. It means that they cannot control how much alcohol they drink. No matter how badly they want to, once they take one drink, they cannot stop drinking.\nTo be diagnosed with alcoholism, a person has to have three of these symptoms in the past year:\nThere is no medical test, like a blood test, that can say whether a person is an alcoholic. There are some questionnaires (lists of questions) that can help tell whether a person \"may\" be an alcoholic. These questionnaires include the CAGE questionnaire (for adults) and the CRAFFT Screening Test (for teenagers).\nSide effects.\nProblems in the body.\nAlcoholism can cause many health problems. For example, it can cause:\nIf a person drinks too much at one time, they can get alcohol poisoning. This can cause breathing problems, coma, and even death.\nIn 2012, alcohol use caused 3.3 million deaths around the world. This means that in 2012, about 3 out of every 50 deaths in the world were caused by alcohol use.\nProblems in life.\nAlcoholism can also cause many problems in alcoholics' lives. These include:\nAlcohol withdrawal.\nIf an alcoholic stops drinking suddenly, they can get alcohol withdrawal.\nThe most serious form of alcohol withdrawal is delirium tremens (often called \"DTs\"). Delirium tremens is a medical emergency. Many people who get the DTs die from them.\nThis does not mean that alcoholics should not stop drinking. It means that alcoholics should talk to a doctor or go to a hospital before they stop drinking. Doctors can give medications to make sure that a person is safe while they stop drinking.\nEpidemiology.\nIn 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that there were 208 million people with alcoholism around the world. (This is 4.1% of the world's population over age 15.) In 2001, the WHO estimated that there were about 140 million alcoholics around the world. This means that in the nine years between 2001 and 2010, about 68 million people became alcoholics. \nAround the world.\nPeople in developed countries drink the most alcohol.p.4 \nAlcoholism is more common in some areas than others. Here is a list of all the areas in the world. It is in order from the areas where alcoholism is most common to the areas where it is least common:p.21\nThere are many reasons why alcoholism is more common in some areas than others. Some of these reasons include religion, culture, laws, and people's attitudes about drinking. For example, on average, people in Northern Africa, the Middle East, and islands in the Indian Ocean drink less than people anywhere else in the world.p.4 These are areas where many people are Muslims. Many Muslims in these areas do not drink any alcohol, because the Koran says not to.p.4 In some of these countries, drinking alcohol is illegal. \nHowever, in other areas, like Western Europe, alcohol is a part of daily life. It is legal and easy to get. People very commonly drink alcohol with meals. Very few people drink no alcohol. People's attitudes about alcohol are very different than attitudes in mostly Muslim countries. This is an example of how differences in religion, culture, laws, and attitudes about drinking can affect the amount of alcohol use and alcoholism in different areas.\nMen and women.\nAlcoholism is more common in men than in women. However, in the past few decades, the number of female alcoholics has increased. \nFemale alcoholics are most common in the Americas and Europe. In the United States and Western Europe, five to ten percent of women will become alcoholics at some point in their lives.\nIn the Southeast Asian and Western Pacific areas, less than 1% of women are alcoholics. In Africa and the Eastern Mediterranean area, almost no women are alcoholics.p.21\nYoung people.\nIn many countries, young people are using more and more alcohol. In a 2008 WHO survey, underage drinking had increased in 71% of countries. Drinking by young adults (ages 18-25) had increased in 80% of countries.p.10\nControls.\nLots of things have been tried to get people to drink less alcohol. In 1920 selling alcohol was made illegal in the United States. Less alcohol was drunk but there was more crime. Minimum unit pricing has been tried more recently. The cost of these cheapest alcohol goes up. Fewer people end up in hospital.\nTreatment options.\nAlcoholism can be treated. There are many forms of treatment for alcoholism.\nDetoxification.\nDetoxification (detox) is often the first step in treating alcoholism. \"Detoxification\" means \"getting toxins out of the body.\" Alcohol detoxification means that an alcoholic stops drinking, so that alcohol (a toxin) can get out of their body. An alcoholic also needs to give the body time to recover from not having alcohol any more.\nIt is not safe for an alcoholic to suddenly stop drinking on their own. The safest way to stop drinking is to go to a hospital that specializes in alcohol detoxification. These hospitals are often called \"detoxes\" or \"rehabs.\" These places can make sure that an alcoholic has a safe detox. They can also give medications to make a detoxing alcoholic more comfortable, and to prevent symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. The most common medications that doctors give during alcohol detox are benzodiazepines.p.35\nOnce a person stops drinking alcohol, they are called \"sober\". Most people need other treatments to help them stay sober.\nDetox can be an intense process, and some people experience very strong emotions during it. This is complicated by the fact that, in the past, they may have used drugs or alcohol to help them handle strong emotions. In detox, the therapist helps them manage their emotions.\nTherapy.\nPsychotherapy and group therapy can help alcoholics stay sober. For example, they can help alcoholics learn how to:\nMedications.\nSome medications can help alcoholics stay sober. These medications include:pp.130-144\nVitamins.\nMany alcoholics do not have enough vitamins in their body. This can cause serious problems. For example, if an alcoholic does not have enough thiamine, they can get brain damage. Often, alcoholics are treated with thiamine to prevent brain damage. They may also be given other vitamins if needed.p.144\nGroups for alcoholics.\nAlcoholics Anonymous (AA) is the biggest support and mutual aid group for alcoholics in the world. This means that in AA groups, alcoholics come together to support each other and help each other recover. AA uses a twelve-step program. This program is meant to help alcoholics fix the problems their alcoholism has caused.\nThere are also other groups for alcoholics, like:\nOther websites.\nHelp for alcoholism.\nGroups for alcoholics and their families"}
+{"id": "60114", "revid": "9857742", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60114", "title": "Sprain", "text": "A sprain is a type of injury in which a person hurts the part really bad, but it is not broken. It has common side effects of a broken bone, but it is less serious.\nDegrees.\nThe first degree is only a minor tear or stretch of a ligament.\nThe second degree is a tear of a ligament, which is usually followed by pain or swelling.\nThe third degree is a complete rupture.\nSigns and symptoms.\nThe typical signs and symptoms associated with a sprain are the main signs of inflammation: \nJoints involved.\nAlthough any joint can experience a sprain, some of the more common include:\nPrevention.\nSprains can best be prevented by proper use of safety equipment (wrist, ankle guards), warm-ups and cool-downs (including stretching), being aware of your surroundings and maintaining strength and flexibility. Physical conditioning is the best way to avoid or lessen the degree of sprains."}
+{"id": "60119", "revid": "1646326", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60119", "title": "Second Sino-Japanese War", "text": "The Second Sino-Japanese War (July 7, 1937 to September 2, 1945) was a major war fought between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. It started in 1937 and became part of World War II when Japan entered that war on the side of the Axis powers. Part of the war was fought in northern Burma (now Myanmar) and northeastern India. The war ended in 1945, when Japan surrendered after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and the Soviet invasion of the counrtry.\nDuring the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894 and 1895, led by Emperor Meiji, the grandfather of Hirohito Japan had won against the Qing dynasty, which ruled China.\nInvasion of China.\nJapan invaded China in 1931 after it has used the Mukden Incident as an excuse. It is sometimes said that the war started then. Hovewer, the invasion grew into a full-scale war only after the 1937 Marco Polo Bridge incident. Japanese officers said that their soldier got lost, and they were allowed to search for him in Beiping (now called Beijing). \nThe Empire of Japan needed more and more raw materials to create its heavy industry and intended to get them by colonizing more of Asia. Also, the Japanese military and Japanese nationalism, were becoming stronger and more popular. \nThe Nationalist Party government, led by Chiang Kai-Shek, and the Communist Party, led by Mao Zedong, who were enemies to each other, cooperated a little to try to fight off Japan. It was called the Chinese United Front. However, for the most part, they continued to fight each other as well. \nJapanese occupation of China.\nIn 1931, the Imperial Japanese Army began to occupy China, starting in the northeastern region of Manchuria, where they created a puppet state, called Manchukuo. In 1937, the Japanese occupied Beijing and then Nanjing. For six weeks in Nanjing, the army was committing the Nanjing Massacre. During the massacre, Japanese soldiers killed between 40,000 and 300,000 Chinese people, and raped at least 20,000 women and girls. \nAfter six weeks, the Japanese Army left Nanjing and finally occupied southern China's industrial cities. Chiang moved his capital city from Nanjing to Chongqing and began a tactic of \"using space to trade for time\". His tactics forced Japanese Army to spread out too thin and so they were covering too much space with too few soldiers. That made it harder for them to fight and easier for partisans to fight the Japanese occupation.\nMany soldiers died on both sides. In 1938, the Chinese destroyed the dam that was supposed to hold back the water of Yellow River, which slowed down the Japanese significantly. However, more than 900,000 civilians were also killed directly or indirectly. At least 7,000 Japanese soldiers were injured. \nIn 1940, the Japanese was no longer able to move farther into China and take more land. That year China began to fight back, and Japan could no longer conquer the country.\nEngagement of Americans inside China.\nIn the autumn of 1937, the Chinese started to pay attention to Yunnanyi Airport. During the war, the \"air route\" from India to China was called \"The Hump\" by the pilots. The Chinese received supplies from the Allies via that route. The Japanese bombed Kunming heavily. By 1942, a significant number of Americans had come to Yunnan to assist China.\nEngagement of Chinese Army outside China.\nThe Japanese had persuaded Thailand to let their troops pass safely. Therefore, the next goal of the Japanese was to occupy Burma (now Myanmar). The British and Joseph Stilwell, an American general, were having a difficult time in Burma.\nAs the Chinese believed that the road connection with Burma was of strategic importance, they decided to send troops out of China to help the Allies. Famous Chinese commanders who led the troops included Sun Li-jen, Du Yuming and Wei Lihuang. The Japanese lost many battles, such as the Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan (1943 - 1945).\nSome Chinese ended up in British India, because the Allies decided to get out of Burma in an orderly manner. The retreat preserved their military strength. Some Chinese returned home, through the jungles and mountains, instead of following the Allies to India.\nEnd of war.\nAfter Japan bombed Pearl Harbor, an American naval base, on December 7, 1941, the war became part of World War II and became part of a fighting area, called the China Burma India theatre. The American entering the war in Asia meant that the Chinese military started receiving Lend-Lease supplies from the British and the Americans over the Burma Road. That helped the Chinese fight back and get much-needed modern weapons. \nThroughout the war, Japan was severely exhausted. Instead of quickly winning the war, Japan's military had already fought China for four years. That made it much more difficult for the Japanese to keep fighting since they were now in the Pacific against the Allied forces. That may have been one of the reasons for Japan eventually losing the war.\nIn China, the war had some important effects. It increased support for the Communists, which helped them win against the Nationalists in 1949 during the Chinese Civil War."}
+{"id": "60121", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60121", "title": "Ligament", "text": "In anatomy, the word ligament usually means the fibrous tissue that joins bones to other bones or cartilages.\nA ligament is a short band of tough fibrous connective tissue made of long, stringy collagen fibres. Ligaments join bones to other bones to form a joint. They do \"not\" connect muscles to bones; that is the function of tendons. Some ligaments limit the amount of movement in a joint, or stop certain movements altogether. \nLigaments are only slightly elastic; when under tension, they gradually lengthen. This is one reason why dislocated joints must be set as quickly as possible: if the ligaments lengthen too much, then the joint will be weakened. Athletes, gymnasts, dancers, and martial artists perform stretching exercises to lengthen their ligaments, making their joints more supple. \nThe result of a broken ligament can be instability of the joint. Not all broken ligaments need surgery, but if surgery is needed to stabilise the joint, the broken ligament can be joined."}
+{"id": "60124", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60124", "title": "Powiat", "text": "A county (Polish: \"powiat\", pronounced \"povyat\"; plural, \"powiaty\") is the Polish second-level unit of administration, equivalent to a county, district or prefecture in other countries. A county is part of a larger unit called a \"voivodship\" (in Polish, \"wojew\u00f3dztwo\". One would call it in English \"province\").\nNames.\nMost Polish counties are named after their capital city, or county seat. \nIf a county seat has a double-barreled name, as with \"Mak\u00f3w Mazowiecki,\" the county may become either \"Mak\u00f3w County\" or \"Mak\u00f3w-Mazowiecki County.\" Due, in all but the first case, to the existence, respectively, of two \"double-barreled\" county seats with the identical noun name, the corresponding adjectives \"\"bielski\",\" \"\"grodziski\",\" \"\"ostrowski\" and \"tomaszowski\"\" each denote \"two\" distinct counties.\nHistory and functioning.\nSome Polish urban communes constitute administrative entities called the \"urban county\" (\"powiat grodzki\"), similar in local administration and self-governance to \"land counties.\" An average county (the largest being the powiat of Bia\u0142ystok) comprises 5 \u2013 8 communes. The largest urban county, in terms of population and area, is the city of Warsaw. \nThe history of Polish counties goes back to the second half of the 14th century. They remained the basic units of territorial organization in Poland, then in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, until the latter's total dismemberment by its neighbors in 1795. \nIn the 19th century, the county continued to function in the part of Poland that had been incorporated into the Russian Empire (\"Congress Poland\"), and as the Polish equivalent of the German \"Kreis\" in the German-governed Grand Duchy of Pozna\u0144. \nAfter Poland regained independence in 1918, the county again became the basic territorial unit throughout Poland. \"Powiat\"s (counties) were abolished in 1975 in favor of a larger number of voivodships, but were reintroduced in 1999. There are now 314 \"land counties\" (\"powiat ziemski\") and 65 \"urban counties\" (\"powiat grodzki\"), more formally \"municipalities with county status\" (\"miasto na prawach powiatu\")."}
+{"id": "60127", "revid": "9365296", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60127", "title": "1. FC K\u00f6ln", "text": "1. FC Cologne, also known by its German name 1. FC K\u00f6ln or simply just FC Cologne, is a football club that is from Cologne, Germany. The 1. FC KOLN was created in 1948. It was a connection of two football clubs in Cologne (K\u00f6lner BC 01 und SpVgg S\u00fclz 07).\nIn the present day, 1.FC K\u00f6ln plays in the Bundesliga, the first teir of German football. The club's main rival is Borussia M\u00f6nchengladbach, though their Ultr\u00e1 group WH96 does have friendly connections to The Unity of Borussia Dortmund."}
+{"id": "60136", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60136", "title": "Carolina Gynning", "text": "Carolina Gynning (born 6 October 1978) is a Swedish celebrity and model. She also is the winner of the 2004 season of reality television program Big Brother. Gynning has also written the book, \"Ego Girl\". It is a biography of her early life. In 2008 it was reported that Gynning would write a continuation to \"Ego Girl\" called \"Ego Woman\"."}
+{"id": "60138", "revid": "1260226", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60138", "title": "Carrie Underwood", "text": "Carrie Marie Underwood (born March 10, 1983) is an American country singer-songwriter and actress. She won the fourth season of \"American Idol\". Her first album, \"Some Hearts\", has sold 7 million copies. Underwood has won one American Music Award, eight Billboard Music Awards, and two Grammy Awards, including Best New Artist, and more.\nCarrie Underwood grew up in Oklahoma, on her family's farm in Checotah. She started singing at a young age, initially at church and later in school plays and talent shows. In 2002 she entered Northeastern State University in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, with intentions to pursue a career in broadcast journalism. She has had fourteen songs reach number one on charts in the United States and Canada, including \"Inside Your Heaven\", \"Jesus, Take the Wheel\", and \"Before He Cheats\". In 2007, Underwood sang during one of the live shows of American Idol, season 6. On December 5, 2013, Underwood appeared in \"The Sound of Music Live\" on NBC television. She played the heroine Maria von Trapp in the three-hour production. She received critical praise in the \"New York Times\" for her singing, but was reviewed negatively for her acting."}
+{"id": "60139", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60139", "title": "Nicole Richie", "text": "Nicole Camille Richie (born September 21, 1981) is an American socialite, actress, and author. She is the adopted daughter of Lionel Richie, and is best known for being in the reality show \"The Simple Life\". During late 2007 Nicole Richie faced charges of drunk driving and risked a jail sentence similar to Paris Hilton, her co-star and friend in \"The Simple Life\". She has had two children with Joel Madden: Harlow and Sparrow Madden. On February 15, 2010, she announced that she was engaged with Madden. They got married later in 2010.\nIn 2013, Richie was in the video for the song \"Let There Be Love\" by Christina Aguilera.\nRichie is of black, Creole, English, French, French-Canadian, Indigenous Mexican, Mexican, Cherokee Native American, Scottish and Spanish descent."}
+{"id": "60140", "revid": "1674917", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60140", "title": "The Simple Life", "text": "The Simple Life is the name of a reality television series originally broadcast on Fox from 2003 to 2005 and on E! from 2006 to 2007. The series stars Paris Hilton and Nicole Richie doing ordinary jobs."}
+{"id": "60143", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60143", "title": "Jordin Sparks", "text": "Jordin Brianna Sparks (born December 22, 1989 in Phoenix, Arizona) is an American recording artist, record producer, dancer, model, singer and actress. On May 23, 2007, she won the 6th season of the reality television show \"American Idol\". She was the youngest winner of the talent show. She has released two studio albums \"Jordin Sparks\" and \"Battlefield\". She has a vocal range of a mezzo-soprano."}
+{"id": "60144", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60144", "title": "The simple life", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60145", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60145", "title": "Taylor Hicks", "text": "Taylor Reuben Hicks (born October 7, 1976) is an American singer, songwriter and musician. In 2006, he won the fifth season of \"American Idol\". The runner-up was Katharine McPhee. After he won, he was signed to Arista Records. His album called \"Taylor Hicks\" was released on December 12, 2006."}
+{"id": "60147", "revid": "9781964", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60147", "title": "Oba Chandler", "text": "Oba Chandler (October 11, 1946 in Cincinnati, Ohio - November 15, 2011 in Raiford, Florida) was an American convicted murderer who was executed in Florida for the murders of Joan Rogers and her two teenage daughters. Their bodies were found floating in the Tampa Bay, Tampa in June 1989. They had been bound and gagged and then tossed into the bay with concrete blocks tied to their necks while still alive.\nBillboards were used in the later stages of the investigation to try to find whoever did the murders. The billboards that were spread all over Tampa had pictures of the Rogers women and a picture of the hand-writing of the suspected triple murderer. This method had never been used before, and became useful in searches for missing people later on.\nChandler was arrested in September 1992. He was put on trial where he was found guilty of the murders by a 12-member jury. On November 4, 1994 he was sentenced to death by a deadly injection by the judge in the case. Before his execution, Chandler was locked up at Union Correctional Institution in Florida. Author Thomas French in 1998 won the Pulitzer Prize for his article series Angels & Demons which told the story of the murders.\nBackground.\nEarly life.\nOba Chandler was born in Cincinnati in the state of Ohio. He was the fourth of five children. His parents were Oba Chandler Sr. and Margaret Johnson. At the age of 10, Chandler's father Oba Chandler Senior hanged himself in the Chandler family's basement. This upset Oba so much that he jumped into his father's grave during the funeral in 1957 while gravediggers were covering the coffin with dirt. Afterwards, Oba's life spun out of control and he was arrested many times and had been arrested 20 times by the time he was a teenager. As an adult, he was charged with a long list of crimes, including theft, having fake money, burglary, kidnapping and armed robbery. Chandler would also father a total of eight children before his arrest, the latest one being Whitney born in February, 1989 with his wife at the time Debra Chandler. Between May and September 1991 Chandler worked as an informant for the US customs Tampa office, at the same time as Tampa police investigated the Rogers family triple murder.\nFacts of the murders.\nJoan Rogers and her two daughters, Michelle (17 years of age) and Christe (14 years of age) left their family dairy farm on May 26, 1989 in Willshire for a vacation in Florida.\n They had never before left the state of Ohio. On their last day in Florida they became lost and drove into Tampa to ask for directions to the nearest hotel, in a store they came across Oba Chandler and asked him. It is thought that he saw the Ohio state car license plates on Joan's car and used that as means to ask the family to join him out for a boat trip later.\nThe discovery of the bodies.\nThe women's bodies were discovered floating in the Tampa Bay on June 4, 1989 with bound hands and feet with concrete blocks tied to their necks and duct tape over their mouths. The first body was found floating over the Sunshine Skyway bridge when a sailboat on its way home to Tampa after a trip to Key West, had just crossed under the Sunshine Skyway when many people on board saw an object in the water. They soon realized it was a dead body of a female. Soon another body was found and yet another third body was also dragged out of the bay within an hour. All three bodies had been tied and gagged and had concrete blocks tied around their necks. Autopsies thought all three had been tossed into the bay while still alive.\nInvestigation.\nSubsequent investigaton.\nThe Rogers mother and her children were identified a week after their bodies where found in the bay. A hotel maid had discovered that a hotel room had stood unused for several days. And when the reports about the murders started to leap into the media the hotel decided to contact investigators in the case. Soon it became clear that it was indeed the family\u2019s room after fingerprints were matched to those of the victims, some snaphots from a camera were also discovered in the room which showed where the family had traveled and also a last shot over Tampa Bay. This photo was taken just minutes before the they went out to meet Oba Chandler to go on a boat ride out on the bay.\nIncriminating fact and arrest.\nThe case remained unsolved and cold for several years, partly due to the volume of tips pouring in to the police who investigated the crime.\nChandler would not be arrested for the murders until September 24, 1992. His handwritten directions and palmprint on a brochure found in the Rogers' vehicle, along with a description of his boat written by Jo Rogers on the brochure, were the primary clues that led to his being named a suspect. Also, authorities had posted the handwriting from the brochure on billboards, which was historic as it was used for the first time in an attempt to find the unknown killer, and this led to a tip from a former neighbor who was able to provide a copy of a work order that Chandler had written. A handwriting analysis conclusively matched the two.\nSentence and aftermath.\nJoan Rogers, Michelle Rogers and Christe Rogers were all buried on June 13, 1989 after a funeral service at the Zion Lutheral Church in their hometown of Willshire, Ohio. About 300 people among them family and friends of the victims attended the service. Numerous police officers were also present to keep all news media and crews out of the church during the funeral service because of the huge media interest in the case at the time. Chandler was tried and found guilty of the murders, and sentenced to death on November 4, 1994. After sentencing, the jury forewoman commented regarding the death sentence that \"They need to do this swiftly. The man is a mutation of a human being and he needs to be destroyed.\" In July 2008, it was revealed that Chandler was on Florida's short-list of executions.\nProfiling experts believe that Chandler may have killed previously, based on the speculation that a first-time killer would not be experienced or bold enough to abduct and kill three people at once. Chandler remains a suspect in a 1982 murder of a woman found floating off Anna Maria Island, he is also a suspect in a rape case concerning a Canadian woman weeks before the Rogers women's murder. However, Chandler has never been charged with other murders. Chandler got an Institutional Adjustment disciplinary report on December 15, 2001, for disobeying orders in prison. All of Chandler's appeals since his 1994 conviction have been denied, the latest one in May 2007. Author Thomas French in 1998 won the Pulitzer prize for his article series Angels & Demons which told the story of the murders.\nExecution.\nOba Chandler was executed on November 15, 2011 with a lethal injection at 4:25\u00a0pm in Florida State Prison in Raiford, Florida."}
+{"id": "60149", "revid": "314538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60149", "title": "All Saints' Day", "text": "All Saints' Day is a mandatory religious holiday in Catholicism which honors the saints in heaven. Catholics celebrate this holiday on November 1. They following day, they celebrate All Souls' Day, which focuses on praying for the dead (especially souls in Purgatory). Both days are considered important and are integrated with each other.\nSome other Christians also celebrate All Saints' Day (though not necessarily on November 1). The festival was retained after the Reformation in the calendar of the Church of England and in many Lutheran churches.\nIn the past, All Saints' Day was called All Hallows or Hallowmas.\nCustoms.\nAll Saints' Day customs differ around the world. \nPeople make \"ofrendas\" (offerings) to the saints in Portugal, Spain and Mexico. In Spain, the play \"Don Juan Tenorio\" is traditionally performed. In Spain, Portugal, Italy and France, people bring flowers to the graves of dead relatives. \nIn Poland, Slovenia, Slovakia, Lithuania, Croatia, Austria and Germany, the tradition is to light candles and visit the graves of deceased relatives. Filipinos do the same, but often in a picnic-like atmosphere. \nIn English-speaking countries, the festival is traditionally celebrated with the hymn \"For All the Saints\" by William Walsham How. The most familiar tune for this hymn is \"Sine Nomine\" by Ralph Vaughan Williams. "}
+{"id": "60158", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60158", "title": "Tok Islet", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60160", "revid": "9882401", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60160", "title": "Ishy Bilady", "text": "\"Ishy Bilady\" (, ; \"Long Live My Country\") is the national anthem (a song that represents the country) of the seven United Arab Emirates. The tune was written in the year 1971 without words to sing. Then, in the year 1986 Arif Al Sheikh Abdullah Al Hassan Sahab came up with words for the song. The song is dedicated to the UAE. In the song, the people praise their country by stating that \"the unity of the Emirates has lived\" and \"the United Arab Emirates has lived to be the nation, whose religion is Islam and whose guide is the Quran\" the people also vow to forever work hard and sincerely for the country. The people also state that they \"supply their country with their body, blood and souls.\" The song is a representation of love and submission of the Emirati people to country. It music was composed by Mohammed Abdul Wahab.\nLyrics.\nEnglish translation.\n<poem>Long live my country, the unity of our Emirates lives.\nYou've lived for the nation's faith of Islam and guide of the Quran.\nI've made you stronger in God's name, o homeland.\nMy country, my country, my country, my country.\nGod protected you from the evils of time.\nWe have sworn to build and work \u2013\nwork earnestly, work earnestly.\nwe will be sincere.\nThe safety has lasted, the flag has lived, o our Emirates!\nThe symbol of Arabism: we all sacrifice for you and give you our blood;\nFor you we sacrifice with our souls, o homeland!</poem>"}
+{"id": "60166", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60166", "title": "Origami", "text": "Origami is a traditional Japanese art of paper folding. It uses many techniques and various objects can be created. The object is made of origami paper, which is specially made for folding and staying in shape. Many dictionaries and television shows suggest that origami is only paper cranes, waterbombs, and paper planes, but many new models and creatures have been made because of new folding techniques.\nWhen Japanese people first folded origami, they used only one piece of paper. A different kind of origami called \"modular origami\" uses many small pieces that are the same, which are combined to form one large model. Also, many mathematical shapes can be made with origami.\nHistory.\nThe beginnings of origami are not clear. Paperfolding started in China in the 1st or 2nd century. It arrived in Japan in the 6th century. Instead of making models that looked exactly like things, the first origami models only looked similar to things. People often folded models and gave them to other people for good luck. For example, Shinto nobles celebrated weddings with sake in glasses decorated with origami butterflies, which gave good luck to the bride and groom.\nThere were also independent paperfolding traditions in other countries, like Germany and Spain. The earliest evidence of paperfolding in Europe is a picture of a boat in 1490. There was also a paper box from 1440. Finally, in 1845, \"Kan no mado\" was written, and it was the first book of origami models.\nRecently, people have become more interested in origami. In 1954, Japanese paperfolder Akira Yoshizawa created rules to explain how to fold origami models. His instructions on paperfolding are now used in all countries.\nPaper.\nPeter Engel, who is a well-known paperfolder, says \"the best paper [for origami] is thin and crisp and absolutely square.\" Pre-cut origami paper is sold in many colors, sizes, and patterns. Duo paper, or paper with different colors on each side, is used by paperfolders because it makes areas of different color on the finished model. There are also special papers, like textured, metallic, and patterned.\nMany people like to make their own paper. Engel describes a process shown to him by Robert J. Lang that is \"a sandwich of aluminum foil and two pieces of tissue paper.\" In this method, two pieces of paper are pasted to each side of the aluminum foil. Many people like origami because there is almost always paper. Copy paper, napkins, wallpaper, index cards, and even paper money can be used to make interesting and unique models.\nTools.\nMany paperfolders prefer to use a flat surface to fold models on, but others, like Japanese people, fold in the air. Traditional paperfolders believe that only the hands should be used when folding, but many modern folders use other tools when folding. Tweezers and paper clips can be used to make very small folds. Some folders use rulers or other flat tools to make sharper creases in the models.\nTypes.\nNew types of origami have been made because more people are making origami models.\nPureland.\nPureland origami is origami with one rule: only one fold can be made at a time. British paper folder John Smith started pureland origami for inexperienced paperfolders or for people with poor motor skills. Hard folds, like the inside-reverse fold, are not allowed in pureland origami."}
+{"id": "60172", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60172", "title": "Statement", "text": "Statement has several meanings:"}
+{"id": "60173", "revid": "10122", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60173", "title": "Steaming", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60174", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60174", "title": "Salvation", "text": "In theology, salvation can mean various things:"}
+{"id": "60176", "revid": "1331382", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60176", "title": "Polyhedron", "text": "A polyhedron (\"polyhedra\" or \"polyhedrons\" if more than one) is a geometrical shape. It is a 3D shape with flat faces, and straight edges. Each face is a polygon surrounded by edges. Usually it is known by the number of faces, corners, or edges it has. \nThere are many groups of polyhedra, which can either be only a small set, or can be infinite. Prisms, pyramids, antiprisms, and bipyramids are groups of polyhedra. \nA regular polyhedron has faces that are all the same, corners that are all the same, and edges that are all the same. A uniform polyhedron can have one or two kinds of its parts be all the same. \nDefinition.\nTwo types of polyhedron are convex and concave. The edge connecting any two points of a convex polyhedron is inside the polyhedron. The line connecting two points of a concave polyhedron may go outside the polyhedron. The Platonic solids are regular convex polyhedra. \nMathematicians do not always agree on what makes a polyhedron. Some may only consider the convex polyhedra, and disregard the ones that are not convex. Some polyhedra are degenerate, meaning that when drawn as real objects, they look flat.\nNaming.\nUsually, polyhedra are named by the number of faces they have. The first polyhedra are the tetrahedron, which is made of four triangles, pentahedron (five faces, can look like a four-sided pyramid), hexahedron (six faces, a cube if it is regular), heptahedron (seven faces) and octahedron (eight faces). Prisms, pyramids and other shapes can also be named after how many faces they have."}
+{"id": "60177", "revid": "1507217", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60177", "title": "Pentagon", "text": "A pentagon is a polygon with five edges. It is defined by five points, which are all on a plane. If all the edges have the same length and the angles at the corners are all 108\u00b0, the pentagon is called \"regular\". If the pentagon intersects itself, it is called a pentagram.\nPentagons also occur in nature: Fruits of the Okra are pentangular. The flowers of Ipomoea are pentagular. In chemistry, many Cyclic compounds are pentangles: Cyclopentane and Furan are examples for this. In architecture, many bastions are pentangular: Bourtange, in the Netherlands has been completely restored, and is a pentangle. The Citadel of Lille, Nyenschantz, near St. Petersburg, or the Citadel of Pamplona are . The Villa Farnese is a palace in the form of a pentagon, so is the castle of Nowy Wi\u015bnicz. The Pilgrimage Church of Saint John of Nepomuk near \u017d\u010f\u00e1r nad S\u00e1zavou also uses a pentangular design.\nFormulas.\n\"Note: these formulas only work for regular pentagons.\"\nformula_1\nformula_2\nformula_3\nformula_4\n\"R\" is the radius of the circumcircle."}
+{"id": "60178", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60178", "title": "Polyhedra", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60181", "revid": "9876812", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60181", "title": "Calendar date", "text": "A Calendar date is a way to refer to a certain day in a calendar. With the calendar date and the calendar, the exact day can be identified. With a different calendar, the same calendar date may refer to a different day. This can be seen easiest when comparing the Julian calendar with the Gregorian calendar. \nCalendar dates are important to refer to events (most holidays are fixed with reference to a particular event or calendar date.) One example may be Easter. In the Middle Ages, it has been fixed that Easter is to be the first Sunday that is (on or after) the 14th day after the spring equinox. \nMost calendar systems have a date format that has three parts, the day of a certain month, the month and the year. Sometimes the week is added. "}
+{"id": "60184", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60184", "title": "Iranian calendars", "text": "The Iranian calendar also known as Persian calendar or the Persian Calendar is a Shahanshahi Or King calendar. It is currently used in Iran and Persia. It is observation-based, rather than rule-based. Each year starts on the vernal equinox as precisely determined by astronomical observations from Tehran (or the 52.5\u00b0E meridian, which also defines IRST) and Tehran. This makes it more accurate than the Gregorian Calendar.\nThe current Iranian Calendar year is 2582 AP\" (AP = Anno Persico/Anno Persarum = Persian year)\"."}
+{"id": "60185", "revid": "1063175", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60185", "title": "Iranian calendar", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60187", "revid": "1063175", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60187", "title": "Jal\u0101li Calendar", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60189", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60189", "title": "Vernal equinox", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60194", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60194", "title": "Hexagon", "text": "A hexagon is a polygon with 6 sides and 6 corners (vertices). Like regular triangles and squares, hexagons fit together without gaps. This is known as a tessellation. Because of this, they are often used for tiling floors. They are also quite common in nature. For example, the honeycombs in a beehive are hexagons."}
+{"id": "60198", "revid": "10139335", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60198", "title": "West Edmonton Mall", "text": "The West Edmonton Mall (WEM) is the second-largest shopping centre in North America. It is in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. It is one of the main tourist attractions in Alberta. The mall is also the fourth largest in the world. WEM first opened on September 15, 1981.\nAttractions.\nIn addition to the over 500 shops in the West Edmonton Mall, there are many other things which people go to the mall for.\nThe mall also has an Ice skating rink, miniature golf course, casino, skate park, hotel, petting zoo, three movie theaters and many other things to see."}
+{"id": "60202", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60202", "title": "West edmonton mall", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60205", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60205", "title": "Combustion Reactions", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60207", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60207", "title": "West Edmonton mall", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60210", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60210", "title": "Rafsanjani", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60211", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60211", "title": "Ahmad Khatami", "text": "Ayatollah Sayyid Ahmad Khatami () is a member of the Iranian Assembly of Experts.\nAlthough his name resembles that of Mohammad Khatami, the reformist former president of Iran, the two men are not related. In fact, they have opposite points of view on many issues, such as democracy and velayate faqih in Iran."}
+{"id": "60213", "revid": "24306", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60213", "title": "Mail on Sunday", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60214", "revid": "527152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60214", "title": "Tendon", "text": "A tendon (or sinew) is a tough band of tissue that connects muscle to bone. It is built to withstand tension. Tendons are similar to ligaments except that ligaments join one bone to another. Tendons and muscles work together, roughly as follows. When muscles contract, the tendon transmits the pull to the bone.\nAnatomy.\nA tendon connects to a muscle at one end, and to bone at the other end. Each tendon has these two \"insertions\".\nCollagen fibres connect the muscle to the bones. A tendon inserts into bone at one end, and into the muscle at the other end. \nTendons do not create any pulling force of their own. The tendons transfer the force of muscles pulling on the bone. Unlike elastin (another bodily tissue) tendons have very little \"give\". \nTendons are often connected to joints."}
+{"id": "60216", "revid": "10049613", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60216", "title": "Coffee substitute", "text": "Coffee substitutes are products that try to taste like coffee. The idea for using them is to have a drink that tastes like coffee, but has no caffeine in it. The main reasons for making coffee substitutes are medical and economic. In World War II, acorns were used to make coffee, however it tasted foul. It was also hard to get. In the American Civil War there was a similar story -\n\"For the stimulating property to which both tea and coffee owe their chief value, there is unfortunately no substitute; the best we can do is to dilute the little stocks which still remain, and cheat the palate, if we cannot deceive the nerves.\" The Southern Banner, 1865\nIngredients.\nGrain coffee and other substitutes can be made by roasting or decocting various organic substances.\nSome ingredients used include: almond, acorn, asparagus, barley and malt, beech nut, beetroot, carrot, chicory root, corn, cotton seed, dandelion root, fig, boiled-down molasses, okra seed, pea, persimmon seed, potato peel, rye, sassafras nut, sweet potato.\nChicory has been sold commercially on a large scale since around 1970, and it has become a mainstream product. It was widely used during the American Civil War on both sides. Chicory is a native plant of Western Asia, Europe, and Northern Africa. And the cultivation of the plant is considered to be originated in Egypt. In France, around the 1800s, chicory was used as an ingredient or substitute for coffee.\nPostum is an instant type beverage used in place of coffee. It made from roasted grains and molasses. Postum history goes back to 1895 when an American named C.W. Post created the coffee substitute, inspired by a caramel coffee recipe made by Harvey Kellogg. It reached the height of its popularity during World War II. It also really caught on with people who for health or religious reasons preferred not to consume drinks that contained caffeine. For popular usage on the sitcom Seinfeld George says to Jerry he does not know why postum is not a more popular beverage."}
+{"id": "60227", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60227", "title": "Kuzcham Dherai", "text": "Kuzcham Dherai (also sometimes called Dherai, Dehrai or Derai) is a town in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan. It is located on the bank of the river Swat and a couple of miles away from Swat Saidu Sharif airport. The population of Dherai is about 10,000 people.\nHistory.\nIt is believed that Alexander the Great once passed through this area."}
+{"id": "60228", "revid": "1618275", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60228", "title": "Class", "text": "Class could mean:"}
+{"id": "60229", "revid": "1678399", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60229", "title": "Croatian language", "text": "The Croatian language is spoken mainly throughout the countries of Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina and in the surrounding countries of Europe.\nCroatian grammar is the grammar of the Croatian language. The Croatian language consists of three vernaculars (Kaikavian, Chakavian and Shtokavian).\nCroatian grammar books show that the codification of the language started at the beginning of the 17th century (the first grammar was written by Bartol Ka\u0161i\u0107 in Latin in 1604). This means that the rules for the language were written down. From 1604 to 1836 there were 17 grammars. Most of them described the \u0160tokavian dialect, but some were about Kajkavian. In the 19th century, more grammars based on \u0160tokavian were written. They were \"Nova ricsoslovnica illiricka\", written by \u0160ime Star\u010devi\u0107 (1812), and \"Grammatik der illyrischen Sprache\", written by Ignjat Alojzije Brli\u0107 (1833). Even before the 19th century, the three dialects of the Croatian language were almost equally used. However, the way each dialect was written down varied throughout Croatia. Near the Adriatic coast, there was Chakavian dialect, with some old and distorted Italian words. Near Croatian north border, prevailes Chakavian dialect that has some regional differencies along north border with Hungary. \nAll grammars of the above period (1604-1836) used three accents: acute, grave and circumflex, Star\u010devi\u0107's grammar is an exception as it uses a system of four accents.\nIn 19th century, Ljudevit Gaj proposed new letters from Czech (\u010d,\u017e,\u0161,\u013e,\u0148,\u010f and \u01e7). The letters that were accepted were \u010d, \u017e and \u0161, and from Polish, \u0107. For other phonemes (sounds), the digraphs that were accepted were ie, lj, nj and d\u017e. Later dj or gj was changed to \u0111 (according to proposal by \u0110uro Dani\u010di\u0107).\nOrthography.\nThe Croatian language uses a Latin script of 30 letters and one diphthong \"ie\" or \"ije\", and \"\u0155\". This system is called \"gajica\" in Croatian (or Croatian Gaj's Latin alphabet). The name came from Ljudevit Gaj. The letter order (and whole alphabet) is called \"abeceda\" in Croatian, because the first 4 letters are spelled \"a, be, ce, de\". For writing foreign names and words, and in some professions, the Croatian language uses letters which do not belong to \"gajica\", like \"X, x (iks), Y,y (ipsilon)\" and others.\nCroatian alphabet (Gaica) 1830.c\nGrammatical cases.\nIn Croatian, nouns change form depending on the composition of the sentence. This is called declension. For people who are learning Croatian, declension is the most difficult part of the language to master. It is very complicated and time-consuming to explain it and because of that we will use simpler techniques. However, many languages have noun and pronoun declension, including English. In English, though, only pronoun declension now remains. Let us start by explaining all of the seven Croatian grammatical cases. The technique that is most frequently used in determining grammatical cases (the same technique is used in Croatian schools when taught to children) is by asking yourself a question when you are trying to figure out which case a noun should be in. In Croatian, grammatical cases are called pade\u017ei (plural) and pade\u017e (singular).\nThe question you will ask yourself here is: \u201cWhere is Kre\u0161imir going?\u201d. And the answer is that he's going to school. By looking at the table below you will see that the question 'where' is used for the Locative case.\nGender.\nCroatian nouns are divided into three genders: the masculine, feminine and neuter gender. To know a noun's gender is very important because it affects all the words in a sentence that are tied to the noun, such as adjectives. A gender is determined by the noun's ending (with some exceptions). This makes it easier to tell what gender a noun is without memorizing the gender of every word. See the table below.\nNouns retain their gender in plural. For instance, even though the noun '\u017eene' (women) ends in -e, it is of the feminine gender.\nGrammatical aspects.\nCroatian verbs have two grammatical aspects: the perfective and imperfective. The perfective aspect depicts an action that has already been finished. The imperfective aspect depicts an action that is still continuing. So, each verb in its infinitive form can be written in 2 ways: in its perfective and imperfective aspect. The table below is showing 5 verbs both in their perfective and imperfective aspects.\nGrammatical tenses.\nIn Croatian, there are seven grammatical tenses. They can be divided in two ways: by the time they take place in and by their complexity. Simple tenses consist of only 1 word (simple tenses are aorist, imperfect, and present) while complex tenses consist of 2 or even 3 words (complex tenses are pluperfect, perfect, first future, second future) because they also consist of auxiliary verbs. Also, some grammatical tenses cannot be formed with both grammatical aspects, they work with only one aspect.\nCommon phrases.\nThe Croatian week starts with Monday and ends with Sunday, unlike weeks from some other countries, where Sunday is the first day and Saturday the last."}
+{"id": "60231", "revid": "10122", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60231", "title": "Deer article", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60232", "revid": "190121", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60232", "title": "Prize", "text": "A prize is an award given to a person or a group of people to reward good work. \nOfficial prizes often include monetary rewards as well as the fame that comes with them. Some prizes are given out in famous ceremonies, such as the Oscars.\nPrizes are given for a number of reasons: as an honour for special persons, for exemplary behaviour and to provide incentives in competitions, etc. In general, prizes are regarded in a positive light, and their winners are admired. However, many prizes, especially the more famous ones, have often caused controversy and jealousy.\nSpecific types of prizes include:"}
+{"id": "60237", "revid": "1646734", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60237", "title": "Christian Church", "text": "A Christian Church is a set group of Christians. They meet together to practice Christianity. \"The Church\" can also mean all Christians everywhere, also called the Catholic Church. It means every person who has ever accepted or ever will accept the Christian Faith. \nThe idea is that all these people together make up one \"body\" called \"the Church\". \"The Church\" (in this sense) is not thought of by Christians as an ordinary human organisation. It is thought of as being part of God's way to bring people close to him. \"The Church\" was begun by Jesus in the 1st century AD. It is called \"The Christian Church\" because Jesus was called \"The Christ\" (or holy one from God).\nToday there are many churches in the sense of \"church organisations\". The different organised churches are called Christian denominations.\nThe main Christian beliefs are held by all major Christian denominations. These beliefs are often said aloud by Christian people in a \"statement of faith\" which is called the Creed. The Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, Lutheran, Anglican Communion and other Protestant churches all believe that God is the \"creator and eternal father of all things\", that Jesus was the \"Christ\" and son of God who died to save people from the punishment for their sins, and that the Holy Spirit is God's gift to help and comfort Christian people. Christians believe that these are three parts of One God.\nThere are many other beliefs that are different between different denominations. These differences have sometimes caused arguments and have caused the organised church to split into denominations. The different opinions are called controversies.\nDuring Late Antiquity, the Christian Church started became the most important persecuting organization in human history.\nTerminology.\nThe English word \"church\" comes from the Greek \u03ba\u03c5\u03c1\u03b9\u03b1\u03ba\u03ae (kyriake) meaning \"Master's (house)\", or \"Lord's (house)\". In modern English the word \"church\" is used for both a church building and \"the Christian Church\" throughout the world.\nIn 381 AD, at a meeting of bishops known as the First Council of Constantinople, the Nicene Creed (a statement of beliefs) that was used at the time was changed to include a description of the Church. The words that were added to the Nicene Creed are \"One Holy, Catholic and Apostolic Church\". This important addition describes the four most important things that Christians were to believe about the Christian Church.\nThese are the four words that are used in the Nicene Creed: \nControversies.\nOne important controversy is simply the definition of the Christian or Catholic Church. To some degree this controversy comes from the Nicene Creed with its words \"One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church\" which means \"universal\" church. Many denominations believe that all denominations are part of a world-wide Christian Church and think that the most important thing is the \"common faith\" and not a common organisation or tradition. (\"Common faith\" means \"the faith that is the same\". The word \"common\" does not mean \"ordinary\" in this sense.)\nFor hundreds of years, the Roman Catholic Church has regarded itself as the only Christian Church and has called itself the \"Catholic\" (or \"universal\") church. In other words, only those people who were within the \"organisation\" of the Roman Catholic Church were believed to belong to the \"Universal Church\". In the 20th century this view began to change and in the late 20th century there was a strong movement within parts of the Roman Catholic Church to reach out to other denominations. The Eastern Orthodox Church has thought of itself in the same way, but in the late 20th century there has been much more discussion between the Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic, Lutheran and Anglican Churches. Some smaller denominations such as Jehovah's Witnesses also believe that they are the one and only true Christian Church."}
+{"id": "60238", "revid": "10484723", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60238", "title": "Church (disambiguation)", "text": "Church could mean:"}
+{"id": "60239", "revid": "687081", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60239", "title": "Religious denomination", "text": "A religious denomination (also simply denomination) is a subgroup within a religion that has a common name, tradition, and identity.\nThe term is often used for several Christian denominations including Eastern Orthodoxy, Catholicism, and the many sorts of Protestantism like: Baptist, Methodist, Episcopalian, and Pentecostal.\nIt is also used for the four branches of Judaism (Orthodox, Conservative, Reform, and Reconstructionist), and for the main branches of Islam (Sunnism and Shi'ism, Quranism, Ibadism, Sufism, Muwahhidism).\nIn Hinduism the major deity or philosophical belief functions as the identifier of a denomination and typically each has distinct cultural and religious practices. The major denominations include: Shaivism, Shaktism, Vaishnavism, Smartism, and Halumatha. "}
+{"id": "60240", "revid": "1391867", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60240", "title": "Christian denomination", "text": "The term Christian (United Baptist Christianity) is used for a large group of Christian people across the world who use the same name, the same sort of organization and have the same (or very similar) beliefs. Christianity is divided into six main groups. These groups all branched out at different dates from the early Christianity founded by the followers of Jesus. The splits generally happened because they could not agree on certain beliefs or practices. The groups then divided into smaller groups. Each group that has its own separate name is a \"denomination\". The word \"denomination\" means \"Being given a name\u201d.\nDenominations.\nWorldwide Christianity is divided into 6 major groups, each with important subdivisions:\nThere are also other (smaller) groups that are not mentioned here.Many Christian denomination see themselves as part of the worldwide Church which includes other denominations as well. Some denominations, such as the Roman Catholic and Orthodox Churches and some Protestant Churches, believe that they are the \"only\" true Christian church. Some denominations have a middle view that, while they are the most correct Christian church, other churches are less correct but still part of the worldwide church. \nThere were some movements considered heresies by the early church which do not exist today and are not generally referred to as denominations. Examples include the Gnostics (who had believed in an esoteric dualism), the Ebionites (who venerated Christ's blood relatives), and the Arians. The greatest divisions in Christianity today, however, are between Eastern Orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism, and various denominations formed during and after the Protestant Reformation. There also exists in Protestantism and Orthodoxy various degrees of unity and division.\nThe Evangelical and Nontrinitarian branches of Christianity are much more divided up than the others. Each separate Evangelical church is often called a \"denomination\". While the Roman Catholic Church looks to a single earthly leader, the Pope, and has similar beliefs right across the world, the several Protestant denominations do not look to a single leader and sometimes have beliefs that are very different from each other. Many Christian denominations see rejection of the Trinity as an apostasy, and so see Nontrinitarian denominations as non-Christian. \nComparisons between denominations must be approached with caution. For example, some churches are part of a larger church organization or diocese while, in other groups, each congregation is an independent organization. This issue is further complicated by the existence of groups of congregations with a common heritage that are officially nondenominational and have no centralized authority or records, but which are identified as denominations by non-adherents. Study of such churches in denominational terms is therefore a more complex proposition.\nNumerical comparisons are also problematic. Some groups count membership based on adult believers and baptized children of believers, while others only count adult baptized believers. Others may count membership based on those adult believers who have formally affiliated themselves with the congregation. In addition, there may be political motives of advocates or opponents of a particular group to inflate or deflate membership numbers through propaganda or outright deception."}
+{"id": "60242", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60242", "title": "List of Christian denominations by number of members", "text": "This article gives information about the relative size of denominations, based mainly on claims by the churches themselves.\nChristianity \u2013 2.51 billion.\nCatholicism \u2013 1.329 billion.\nCatholicism is the largest branch of Christianity with 1.329 billion and the Catholic Church is the largest among churches. Figures below are in accordance with the \"Annuario Pontificio\", at 2018. The total figure does not include independent Catholic denominations (18 million).\nIndependent Catholicism \u2013 18 million.\nVarious denominations self-identifying as Catholic, despite not being affiliated with the Catholic Church.\nProtestantism \u2013 900 million.\nProtestantism is the second largest major group of Christians by number of followers. Estimates vary from 600 million to a billion, or nearly 24%-40% of all Christians. The main reason for this wide range is the lack of a common agreement among scholars as to which denominations constitute Protestantism. For instance, most sources but not all include Anabaptism, Anglicanism, Baptists and Independent Nondenominational Christianity as part of Protestantism. Moreover, Protestant denominations altogether do not form a single structure comparable to the Catholic Church, or to a lesser extent the Eastern Orthodox Communion. However, several different comparable communions exist within Protestantism, such as the Anglican Communion, World Communion of Reformed Churches, World Baptist Alliance, World Methodist Council and the World Lutheran Federation. Regardless, 900 million is the most accepted figure among various authors and scholars, and thus is used in this article. Note that this 900 million figure also includes Anglicanism, as well as Anabaptists, Baptists and multiple other groups that might sometimes disavow a common \"Protestant\" designation, and would rather prefer to be called, simply, \"Christian\".\nHistorical Protestantism \u2013 300\u2013400 million.\nThe number of individuals who are members of historical Protestant Churches totals to 300-400 million.\nAnglicanism \u2013 110 million.\nThere are about 110 million Christians in Anglican tradition, mostly part of the Anglican Communion, the third largest Christian denomination in the world.\nBaptist churches \u2013 75\u2013105 million.\nThe number of individuals who hold membership in the Baptist denomination totals to 75-105 million, being represented in the following Churches:\nLutheranism \u2013 70\u201390 million.\nThe number of adherents in the Lutheran denomination totals to 70-90 million persons, being represented in the following Churches:\nReformed churches (Calvinism) \u2013 60\u201380 million.\nThe Reformed tradition is represented by 60-80 million people who hold membership in the following Churches:\nMethodism \u2013 60\u201380 million.\nThe number of members in the Methodist denomination totals to 60-80 million people, being represented in the following Churches:\nSeventh-day Adventist Church \u2013 22.8 million.\nThe Seventh-day Adventist Church has a membership of 22.8 million people.\nPlymouth Brethren \u2013 1 million.\nThe Plymouth Brethren number around 1 million members.\nModern Protestantism \u2013 400\u2013500 million.\nThe denominations listed below did not emerge from the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century or its commonly acknowledged offshoots. Instead, they are broadly linked to Pentecostalism or similar other independent evangelical and revivalistic movements that originated in the beginning of the 20th century. For this reason, several sources tend to differentiate them from Protestants and classify them as together as Independents, Non-core Protestants etc. Also included in this category are the numerous, yet very similar Nondenominational churches. Nonetheless, sources eventually combine their numbers to the Protestant tally. Despite the absence of centralized control or leadership, if considered as a single cohort, this will easily be the second largest Christian tradition after Roman Catholicism. According to the Center for the Study of Global Christianity (CSGC), there are an estimated 450 million Independents world-wide, as of mid-2019.\nPentecostalism \u2013 280 million.\nThose who are members of the Pentecostal denomination number around 280 million people.\nAfrican initiated churches \u2013 60 million.\n60 million people are members of African initiated churches.\nNew Apostolic Church \u2013 10 million.\nThe New Apostolic Church has around 10 million members.\nEastern Orthodoxy \u2013 230 million.\nThe best estimate of the number of Eastern Orthodox Christians is 210\u2013230 million or 80% of all Orthodox Christians worldwide. Its main body consists of the various autocephalous churches along with the autonomous and other churches canonically linked to them, for the most part form a single communion, making the Eastern Orthodox Church the second largest single denomination behind the Catholic Church. In addition, there are several Eastern Orthodox splinter groups and non-universally recognized churches.\nOriental Orthodoxy \u2013 62 million.\nThe Oriental Orthodox Churches are those descended from those that rejected the Council of Chalcedon in 451. Despite the similar name, they are therefore a different branch of Christianity from the Eastern Orthodox (see above). There are an estimated 62 million Oriental Orthodox Christians, worldwide.\nNon-trinitarian Restorationism \u2013 35 million.\nA sixth group is composed by Non-trinitarian Restorationists. These groups are quite distinct from orthodox Trinitarian restorationist groups such as the Disciples of Christ, despite some shared history."}
+{"id": "60243", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60243", "title": "Christendom", "text": "Christendom or the Christian world, in the widest sense, means Christianity as a territorial phenomenon. That means: those countries where most people are Christian and because of that are part of Christendom.\nPeople have used the term Christendom for the medieval and Renaissance understanding of the Christian world as one single \"Body of Christ\" with Christ as the head. With the rise of modern secularism and the Reformation during the early 16th century the understanding changed to a modern idea of a tolerant and diverse society that consists of many different communities."}
+{"id": "60244", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60244", "title": "Creed", "text": "A creed is a statement or confession of belief \u2014 usually religious belief \u2014 or faith. The word comes from the Latin \"credo\" for \"I believe\". It is called \"symbol\" (Greek, \u03c3\u03c5\u03bc\u03b2\u03bf\u03bb\u03bf\u03bd), that means a \"token\" by which persons of like beliefs might recognize each other.\nChristian creeds.\nIt is likely that the earliest creed of Christianity that deserves the title in full is the Apostles' Creed. The Apostles' Creed seems to have been formulated to resist Gnosticism; it emphasizes the birth, physical death, and bodily Resurrection of Jesus Christ. It reads:\nThe Nicene Creed is clearly derived from the Apostles' Creed, and represents an elaboration of its basic themes. The most important additions to this creed are much more elaborate statements concerning Christology and the Trinity. \nChristians today probably use the Nicene Creed most widely, followed by the Apostles' Creed.\nJewish Creed: the \"Shmah\".\nThe Jewish faith recognizes a single creed called the Shmah or Shema Yisrael, a statement of faith in strict unitarian monotheism, the belief in one God. This creed is embodied in a single prayer recited twice a day: \"Hear O Israel, the Lord is our God, the Lord is One\", also translated as \"Hear O Israel, the Lord is our God, the Lord is unique [\"or\" alone].\"\nIn Hebrew: \u05e9\u05de\u05e2 \u05d9\u05e9\u05e8\u05d0\u05dc \u05d0\u05d3\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d0\u05dc\u05d4\u05d9\u05e0\u05d5 \u05d0\u05d3\u05e0\u05d9 \u05d0\u05d7\u05d3\nThis is pronounced phonetically in Hebrew: \"Shema Yisrael Adonai Eloheinu Adonai Echad\".\nIslamic creeds.\nThe most basic attempt to put the religion of Islam in a brief statement of doctrine is the shahada, the proclamation that there is no god but Allah, and Muhammad is His prophet.\nMore detailed credal declarations of Islamic dogma constitute aqidah.\nThe six Sunni articles of belief are:\nAlso from the Aqidah of the Salaf is the belief that the faith (i.e. Eemaan) consists of (both) speech and action and that it increases and decreases. This differs from the Murji\u2019ah a sect who uphold the belief of \u201cIrjaa\u2019\u201d-to hold that sins major and minor, do not affect the faith and that faith neither increases nor decreases.\nAnd they uphold the belief that the Quran is the Speech of Allah, His Revelation and Light. It is not created, since the Quran is from Allah and that which is from Allah is not created. One of the attributes of Allah is his Speech. Since His attributes have been with Him eternally, His Speech cannot be created and therefore, the Quran is not created. According to the Salaf, debating about it is disbelief. It is not denied except by a Jahmee. A Jahmee is one who denies Allah\u2019s attributes."}
+{"id": "60245", "revid": "10173363", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60245", "title": "Creed (disambiguation)", "text": "A creed is a statement of belief, usually religious.\nCreed may also refer to:\nGovernment.\nMilitary\nPeople.\nFictional\nOther.\nCompanies\nLiterature\nMusic\nPlaces"}
+{"id": "60246", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60246", "title": "Shahada", "text": "The Shahada (, ) is the first pillar of Islam. The saying is \"L\u0101 \u02beIl\u0101ha \u02beIll\u0101 Allah, Mu\u1e25ammadun Ras\u016bl Allah\", meaning \"There is no deity but God, Muhammad is the messenger of God\". this saying also declared for conversion to Islam.\nIn one of the many ayahs (proofs, evidence, verses, signs, revelations, etc.) within the Qur'an. The ayah says 3:18 \n3:18\n\u0634\u064e\u0647\u0650\u062f\u064e \u0671\u0644\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0647\u064f \u0623\u064e\u0646\u064e\u0651\u0647\u064f\u06e5 \u0644\u064e\u0622 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0640\u0670\u0647\u064e \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0647\u064f\u0648\u064e \u0648\u064e\u0671\u0644\u0652\u0645\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0640\u0670\u0653\u0626\u0650\u0643\u064e\u0629\u064f \u0648\u064e\u0623\u064f\u0648\u06df\u0644\u064f\u0648\u0627\u06df \u0671\u0644\u0652\u0639\u0650\u0644\u0652\u0645\u0650 \u0642\u064e\u0622\u0626\u0650\u0645\u064b\u06e2\u0627 \u0628\u0650\u0671\u0644\u0652\u0642\u0650\u0633\u0652\u0637\u0650 \u06da \u0644\u064e\u0622 \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0640\u0670\u0647\u064e \u0625\u0650\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0627 \u0647\u064f\u0648\u064e \u0671\u0644\u0652\u0639\u064e\u0632\u0650\u064a\u0632\u064f \u0671\u0644\u0652\u062d\u064e\u0643\u0650\u064a\u0645\u064f \u0661\u0668\n\u00a0 All\u00e2h bears witness that L\u00e2 il\u00e2ha illa Huwa (none has the right to be worshipped but He), and the angels, and those having knowledge (also give this witness); (He always) maintains His creation in Justice. L\u00e2 il\u00e2ha illa Huwa (none has the right to be worshipped but He), the All-Mighty, the All-Wise."}
+{"id": "60251", "revid": "497303", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60251", "title": "Purgatory", "text": "According to the teaching of the Roman Catholic Church, Purgatory is the \"final purification of the elect\": \"All who die in God's grace and friendship, but still imperfectly purified, are indeed assured of their eternal salvation; but after death they undergo purification, so as to achieve the holiness necessary to enter the joy of heaven.\" \n\u201cIn Purgatory there are different levels; the lowest is close to hell and the highest gradually draws near to Heaven. It is not All Souls Day, but, Christmas, that the greatest number of souls leave Purgatory.\nThere are in Purgatory, souls who pray ardently to God, but for whom no relative or friend prays on earth. God makes them benefit from the prayers of other people.\nIt happens that God permits them to manifest themselves in different way, close to their relatives on earth, in order to remind men of the existence of Purgatory and to solicit their prayers to come close to God who is just, but good.\nPurgatory in art and culture.\nPerhaps the best-known instance of purgatory in the arts is Dante's \"Purgatorio\", the second book of his \"Divine Comedy\". Likewise, the Ghost in William Shakespeare's \"Hamlet\" may also presuppose a belief in purgatory, "}
+{"id": "60252", "revid": "10252849", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60252", "title": "William Blake", "text": "William Blake (28 November 1757 - 12 August 1827) was an English poet, visionary, painter, and printmaker. He was born and died in London.\nDuring his lifetime he was not very well known. Today Blake's work is thought to be important in the history of both poetry and the visual arts. Blake's first collection of poems, \"Poetical Sketches\", was printed around 1783. His most famous poem \"And did those feet in ancient time\" was, over 100 years later, put to music by Hubert Parry. The hymn is called \"Jerusalem\".\nBlake was voted 38th in a poll of the 100 Greatest Britons organised by the BBC in 2002.\nOther websites.\nProfiles\nArchives\nDigital editions and research"}
+{"id": "60255", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60255", "title": "Hashemi Shahrudi", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60256", "revid": "10435389", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60256", "title": "Institution", "text": "An institution is a system of rules and norms created by humans that guide and limit social behavior. Most definitions of institutions agree that they last over time and are stable. Examples include laws, rules, traditions, and social norms. Some institutions are formal, like governments, while others are informal, like customs.\nInstitutions are important in many social sciences, such as political science, anthropology, economics, and sociology. \u00c9mile Durkheim described sociology as the \"science of institutions, their genesis and their functioning\". Some large institutions, like the family or money, are called \"meta-institutions\" because they include smaller related institutions. Institutions are also important in law, which creates and enforces formal rules. Historians also study how institutions begin, change, or disappear as part of political, economic, and cultural history.\nDefinition.\nThe term \"institution\" has many definitions. Some definitions include informal customs like handshakes, while others only include formal systems with clear rules and structures.\nWolfgang Streeck and Kathleen Thelen describe institutions as \"building blocks of social order\" made up of shared expectations about behavior. Sociologists often include informal practices, while political scientists may focus on formal rules enforced by third parties.\nJack Knight defines institutions as shared rules that shape how people interact. These do not include personal habits or one-time customs.\nRandall Calvert defines an institution as a stable way people behave in a situation, where most follow the rules because they expect others to do the same.\nRobert Keohane describes institutions as lasting sets of rules\u2014formal or informal\u2014that guide behavior, set roles, and shape expectations. Samuel P. Huntington defines them as regular and valued patterns of behavior.\nAvner Greif and David D. Laitin say institutions are shared systems of rules, beliefs, and norms that shape behavior and create patterns in society. They explain that organizations are one kind of institution that can shape what people believe and how they act.\nMost scholars agree that institutions last over time and bring consistency. Examples include laws, rules, customs, and social norms.\nAlthough \"institution\" and \"organization\" can sometimes mean the same thing, Jack Knight points out that organizations are usually smaller and have their own internal rules.\nGeoffrey Hodgson says institutions are not just behaviors, but systems of rules that shape how people interact.\nTypes.\nExamples of institutions include:\n ** Includes psychiatric hospitals \u2013 see history of psychiatric institutions."}
+{"id": "60257", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60257", "title": "Race (biology)", "text": "In biology, races are distinct populations within the same species with relatively small morphological and genetic differences. \nThe populations are \"ecological races\" if they arise from adaptation to different local habitats or \"geographic races\" when they are geographically isolated. \nIf sufficiently different, two or more races may be described as subspecies, which is an official biological taxonomy unit below 'species'. \nIf not, they are called \"races\", which means that a formal rank should not be given to the group, or taxonomists are unsure whether or not a formal rank should be given. \nAccording to Ernst Mayr, \"a subspecies is a \"geographic race\" that is sufficiently different taxonomically to be worthy of a separate name\" \nExample.\nThe key lime is a shrub that grows to a size of about 5 metres in height. It has many thorns. It produces a fruit that is yellow when it is ripe. This fruit is preferred by bartenders to mix cocktails. They prefer this lime, rather than the Persian lime. \nThe lime plant originally came from southeast Asia, where it is native. It was taken to the Middle East, and Crusaders took it to Europe and North Africa. Spanish explorers took it to the West Indies and the Florida Keys. In 1926, a hurricane destroyed most of the commercially-grown limes in the region. The Persian lime was reintroduced then.\nSome of the original shrubs grew wild in the Florida Keys. It became clear that the originally introduced shrubs (now known as \"Mexican limes\") had modified their fruits. These were darker green than the original Persian limes, they also had a thicker skin.\nMore detail.\nIn biological taxonomy, race is an informal rank below the level of subspecies. It may be used as a higher rank than \"strain\". There are various definitions. Races may be genetically distinct populations in the same species, or they may be defined in other ways, e.g. geographically, or physiologically. Genetic isolation between races is not complete (some interbreeding takes place between the groups).\nHowever, the genetic differences are not (yet) enough to put the groups into separate species. The term \"race\" is recognized by some, but is not governed by any of the formal codes of biological classification.\nHuman beings.\nIn former times, scientists often divided human beings into races. For example, they called people with a dark skin \"Negroid\" or \"black race\". But, human gene sequences are very similar compared to many other animals. This is one reason why modern biology says that there is only one human race."}
+{"id": "60258", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60258", "title": "Modern world", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60259", "revid": "1063175", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60259", "title": "Phenotype", "text": "The phenotype of an organism is the whole set of characters (or traits) of that organism.\nIt does not mean just 'what you can see on the surface'. Rather, it means anything which can be made visible by suitable means. For example, blood groups are definitely a part of the phenotype. However, they are not visible just by looking at a person.\nIn biology, the phenotype is distinguished from the genotype. This was proposed by Wilhelm Johannsen in 1911 to make clear the difference between an organism's heredity and what that heredity produces. The distinction is similar to that proposed by August Weismann, who distinguished between \"germ plasm\" (gametes or their stem cells) and \"somatic cells\" (the body).\nThe phenotype is important because it is exposed to natural selection:\nPhenotypes are determined mainly by genes and are influenced by environmental factors. So, knowing the genome of an organism does not give an exact prediction of its phenotype.\nTraits vary greatly in how much they owe to heredity (nature vs nurture). The interaction between genotype and phenotype has often been conceptualized by the following relationship:\nExtensions.\nThe term 'phenotype' must include characteristics that can be made visible by some technical procedure (such as blood types). Another extension adds behaviour to the phenotype since behaviours are also affected by both genotypic and environmental factors.\nThe idea of the extended phenotype has been developed by Richard Dawkins to mean all the effects a gene has on the outside world that may influence its chances of being inherited. These can be effects on the organism carrying the trait, the environment, or other organisms. For instance, a beaver dam might be considered a phenotype of beaver genes, the same way beavers' powerful incisor teeth are phenotype expressions of their genes. Dawkins also cites the effect of an organism on the behaviour of another organism (such as the devoted nurturing of a cuckoo by a parent clearly of a different species) as an example of the extended phenotype."}
+{"id": "60260", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60260", "title": "Key lime", "text": "The Key lime is a citrus fruit. Its Latin name is \"Citrus aurantiifolia\" (often, less correctly: \"C. aurantifolia\"), or \"Citrus\" x \"aurantiifolia\" (Christm.) Swingle. It is also known as the Mexican lime, West Indian lime or Bartender's lime. It is a shrub that grows to about 5m in height. \nIts fruit is 2.5-5 cm in diameter (1-2 in). The fruit is yellow when ripe but usually, it is picked green. It is smaller, seedier, has higher acidity, a stronger aroma, and a thinner rind than that of the more common Persian lime. It is valued for its unique flavor compared to other lime. The Key lime usually has a more tart and bitter flavor. It is perhaps most distinguished as an ingredient in the Key lime pie. \n\"C. aurantiifolia\" is a shrubby tree, that grows to 5 m (16 ft), with many thorns. Dwarf varieties are popular with home growers and can be grown indoors in winter in colder climates. The trunk rarely grows straight, with many branches that often originate quite far down on the trunk. The leaves are ovate 2.5\u20139 cm (1\u20133.5 in) long. They resemble orange leaves (the scientific name \"aurantiifolia\" refers to the leaves' resemblance). The flowers are 2.5 cm (1 in) in diameter. They are yellowish-white with a light purple tinge on the margins. Flowers and fruit appear throughout the year but are most abundant from May to September .\n\"C. aurantiifolia\" originally came from Southeast Asia. It was introduced through the Middle East to North Africa and Europe during the Crusades. Spanish explorers then took it to the West Indies (at some point including the Florida Keys) contemporaneously with Columbus, then tropical and sub-tropical North America including Mexico, Florida, and later California . The English name \"lime\" was derived from the Persian name \u0644\u06cc\u0645\u0648 \"Limu\" in this course. \"Key\" would seem to have been added sometime after the Persian lime cultivar became more important commercially in the United States. This was after the hurricane of 1926. The hurricane destroyed most U.S. \"C. aurantiifolia\" plants. Some plants growing in the wild in the Keys survived the hurricane. Since the North American Free Trade Agreement came into effect, many Key limes are grown in Mexico and Central America. They are also grown in Texas and California."}
+{"id": "60261", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60261", "title": "Age of Discovery", "text": "The Age of Discovery or Age of Exploration was a period from the early 15th century that continued into the early 17th century, during which European ships traveled around the world to search for new trading routes and partners.\nThey were in search of trading goods such as gold, silver and spices. In the process, Europeans met people and mapped lands previously unknown to them. Among the most famous explorers of the period were Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, Pedro \u00c1lvares Cabral, John Cabot, , Juan Ponce de Le\u00f3n, Juan Sebastian Elcano, Bartholomeu Dias, Ferdinand Magellan, Willem Barentsz, Abel Tasman, Jean Alfonse, Jacques Cartier, Samuel de Champlain, and Willem Blaeu.\nPortuguese Empire.\nHenry the Navigator started by paying Portuguese sailors to explore the west coast of Africa. In 1419 Joao Goncalves Zarco discovered the Madeira Islands. Later in the 15th century, Vasco da Gama reached the southwestern tip of Africa and established the city of Cape Town, a Portuguese colony. This opened the way to the Indian Ocean. In the next two centuries, the Portuguese created a great trading empire on coasts of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, and India. The Portuguese Empire eventually weakened after the Dutch East India Company rose as the major power in Indian Ocean trade.\nSpanish Empire.\nIn a hurry to compete with Portugal for a colonial empire, Spain sent explorer Christopher Columbus to the opposite route of the Portuguese. Instead of going south along the west coast of Africa, Columbus sailed across the Atlantic Ocean. He believed that he came to Asia. Later, some Spanish sailors found out that this land was a different continent than Asia. It is now called the Americas.\nIn the 16th century, Spanish conquistadores gained the whole of what later became Latin America, except some British and French colonies in northeastern South America, and Brazil, which belonged to Portugal. The Spanish concentrated on conquest, unlike the Portuguese who focused on trading. They eventually developed a vast colonial empire, in contrast to the Portuguese who ruled a few islands and coastal cities along the Indian Ocean. During the Iberian Union of Spain and Portugal under King Philip II of Spain , their combined empire was the largest on earth.\nIn 1522 the fleet of Ferdinand Magellan returned to Spain. The survivors were the first ever to sail all the way around the world.\nBritain, France, and the Netherlands.\nIn the 17th century, political and religious wars with Britain, France, and the Netherlands weakened the Iberian Peninsula. These three nations emerged as the main winners of the wars and became major powers like Spain and Portugal. In the next two centuries, the world became a battlefield of the three nations. Britain and France held land in North America, in India and other distant places. The Dutch colonized smaller parts of the Americas, took the former Portuguese trading centers around the Indian Ocean, and conquered Indonesia. These three new great powers also had influence all around the world.\nEventually, the result was a series of wars that were fought both in Europe and overseas, with Britain emerging victorious. The British took the former land of French Canada and India in the 18th century. They seized power in the Indian Ocean and defeated the Dutch navy. By 1763, the British Empire had become the second global empire after Spain. However, in 1776, thirteen colonies of British America declared independence. With help from the French, Dutch and Spanish, they defeated Britain in the American Revolution.\nExploration of the Southern Pacific Ocean.\nIn 1778, Captain James Cook of Britain sailed across the South Pacific Ocean looking for a mysterious continent in the Southern Hemisphere. He landed on two large islands. Then he sailed west and found a bigger piece of land. The first, was modern New Zealand; the second was Australia. Captain Cook claimed these lands for Britain. He then explored the Pacific world for another year and died in a fight with the Hawaiians.\nEffects of the Age of Discovery.\nMany slaves brought from Africa were brought to the Americas which was claimed to be found by Christopher Columbus himself. In conclusion, the Portuguese were weakened after the Dutch rose in the Indian Ocean trade route. Spain gained almost all of Latin America and a massive amount of silver.\nWhen Christopher Columbus tried to find a new trade route to Asia, he thought that he could travel around the world. Instead, he had found a New World. Vikings had briefly visited Vinland around 1000 A.D."}
+{"id": "60262", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60262", "title": "Persian lime", "text": "Persian Lime (\"Citrus x latifolia\"), also known as Tahiti lime or Bearss lime is a kind of citrus fruit. It is the primary citrus fruit grown commercially in the U.S. It is sold simply as a \"lime\". The fruit is about 6 cm in diameter. Very often, it has slightly nippled ends. It is usually sold quite green, although it yellows as it reaches full ripeness. It is larger, thicker-skinned, and less aromatic than the key lime. The key lime is grown more often worldwide. The Persian lime is bigger than the key lime, and has fewer seeds. The plant is also hardier, and has no thorns on the bushes. The fruit also has a longer shelf life. \nPersian limes are less acidic than key limes and do not have the bitterness that lends to the key lime's unique flavour. Persian limes are sold primarily in six sizes, known as 110's, 150's, 175's, 200's, 230's and 250's. They are grown primarily in Florida in the U.S. The Persian lime became more important when key lime orchards were wiped out by a hurricane in 1926. Persian lime orchards themselves were devastated by Hurricane Andrew in 1992. Large numbers of Persian limes are grown, processed and exported every year primarily from Mart\u00ednez de la Torre, Veracruz, Mexico, to the American, European and Asian markets. U.S. Persian lime imports from Mexico are handled mostly through McAllen, Texas."}
+{"id": "60263", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60263", "title": "Mexican lime", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60264", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60264", "title": "West Indian lime", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60265", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60265", "title": "Bartender's lime", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60266", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60266", "title": "Tahiti lime", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60267", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60267", "title": "Bearss lime", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60270", "revid": "1450467", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60270", "title": "Kaffir lime", "text": "The Kaffir lime (\"Citrus hystrix \"DC., Rutaceae), also known as kieffer lime, makrut or magrood, is a citrus fruit native to Indonesia. It is widely grown worldwide as a garden shrub. It is usually grown for its fruit, the lime. The leaves are used for cooking. Vegetable oil obtained from the leaves is used to make perfumes.\nThe plant.\nThe plant is a very thorny bush with aromatic leaves. The oil obtained from the rind of the fruit can be used as an insecticide. The plant is well suited to being grown in a container. The green fruits are different from other limes because of their bumpy and rough exterior. They are also quite small, about 4 centimetres across. The leaves are shaped like an hourglass. The leaves and the leaf-shaped stem are widely used in the cuisine of Cambodia, Thailand and Laos.\n\"Citrus x hystrix\" leaves are also popular in Cambodia but less so in Vietnam. Malay, Burmese and Indonesian (especially Balinese and Javanese; see also Indonesian bay leaf) cuisines use them sporadically with chicken and fish.\nThe leaves can be used fresh or dried and can be stored frozen.\nAlthough the most common product of the \"Citrus x hystrix\" tree is its leaves (which give a sharp Lime/neroli flavour to Cambodian base paste known as Krueng, Thai dishes such as tom yum and Indonesian food such as sayur assam - literally \"sour vegetables\"), the juice and rind of the small, dark-green gnarled fruit (known as jeruk obat - literally \"medicine citrus\") are used in traditional Indonesian medicine.\nThe zest is widely used in Creole cuisine and to impart flavour to \"arranged\" rums on R\u00e9union and Madagascar.\nOther names.\nOther names for \"Citrus x hystrix\":\nTerminology.\n\"The Oxford Companion to Food\" () recommends that the name \"kaffir lime\" should be avoided in favour of \"makrut lime\" because \"Kaffir\" is an offensive term in certain cultures and also has no clear reason for being attached to this plant. However \"kaffir lime\" appears to be much more common."}
+{"id": "60272", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60272", "title": "Kieffer lime", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60273", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60273", "title": "Makrut", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60274", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60274", "title": "Magrood", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60278", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60278", "title": "Medina", "text": "Medina (; , ' , \"the radiant city\"; or , ' (), \"the city\"), also transliterated as Mad\u012bnah, is a city in the Hejaz, and the capital of the Al Madinah Region of Saudi Arabia. The city contains al-Masjid al-Nabawi (\"the Prophet's Mosque\"), which is the burial place of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and is the second-holiest city in Islam after Mecca.\nMedina was Muhammad's destination after his Hijrah from Mecca, and became the capital of a rapidly increasing Muslim Empire, first under Muhammad's leadership, and then under the first four Rashidun caliphs, Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali. It served as the power base of Islam in its first century where the early Muslim community developed. Medina is home to the three oldest mosques, namely the Quba Mosque, al-Masjid an-Nabawi, and Masjid al-Qiblatayn (\"the mosque of the two qiblas\"). Muslims believe that the chronologically final surahs of the Quran were revealed to Muhammad in Medina, and are called Medinan surahs in contrast to the earlier Meccan surahs.\nSimilarly to Mecca, non-Muslims are forbidden from entering the sacred core of Medina or the center of the city.\nOverview.\nMedina currently has a population of more than 1,300,000 people (2006). The city was originally known as \"Yathrib\", but later its name was changed to Mad\u012bnat al-Nab\u012b (\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \ufe8d\ufedf\ufee8\ufe92\ufef2 \"city of the prophet\") or \"Al Mad\u012bnah al Munawwarah\" (\"the enlightened city\" or \"the radiant city\"). The short form \"Mad\u012bnah\" simply means \"city\". Madina is the second holiest city of Islam, after Mecca (Makkah).\nMedina's religious significance in Islam.\nMedina is the second holiest site in Islam after Mecca that's why Medina is very important to Muslims. This is because Prophet Muhammad is buried in a mosque known as 'Masjid-e-Nabawi' or 'The Mosque of The Prophet' located in Medina. The Mosque was built on a site next to Muhammad's home. Muslims believe that Prophets must be buried at the very same place that they die. Accordingly, Muhammad was buried in his house. The tomb later became part of the mosque when it was expanded by the Umayyad Caliph Al-Walid I. The first mosque of Islam is also in Medina. It is known as \"Masjid Quba,\" (the Quba Mosque).\nLike Mecca, the city of Medina only permits Muslims to enter. The \"haram\" (area closed to non-Muslims) of Medina is much smaller than that of Mecca, though. Many facilities on the outskirts of Medina are open to non-Muslims. In Mecca the area closed to non-Muslims extends well beyond the limits of the built-up area. Both cities' numerous mosques are the destination for large numbers of Muslims on their annual pilgrimage. Hundreds of thousands of Muslims come to Medina each year to visit the 'Tomb of Prophet' and to worship at mosques in a unified celebration. Muslims believe that praying once in the Mosque of the Prophet is equal to praying at least 1000 times in any other mosque."}
+{"id": "60286", "revid": "908533", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60286", "title": "Doctrine", "text": "Doctrine (Latin: \"doctrina\") is a code of beliefs or \"a body of teachings\".\nDoctrine often means several religious dogmas that a church teaches. \nBut it can also mean a principle of law, in the common law traditions, established through a history of past decisions, such as the doctrine of self-defense, or the principle of fair use.\nIn matters of foreign policy, a doctrine, also known as dogma, is group of fundamental rules for a nation's foreign policy. Examples include the Monroe Doctrine, the Stimson Doctrine, the Truman Doctrine, the Eisenhower Doctrine, the Nixon Doctrine, the Brezhnev Doctrine, the Kirkpatrick doctrine, and the Bush Doctrine.\nReligious usage.\nExamples of religious doctrines include:\nOne department of the Roman Curia is called the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.\nMilitary usage.\nThe term also applies to the concept of an established procedure to a complex operation in warfare. The typical example is tactical doctrine in which a standard set of maneuvers, kinds of troops and weapons are employed as a default approach to a kind of attack.\nExamples of military doctrines include:"}
+{"id": "60287", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60287", "title": "Mad\u012bnah", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60288", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60288", "title": "Al Mad\u012bnat al Munawwarah", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60292", "revid": "428394", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60292", "title": "Salvadore Allende", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60295", "revid": "1351064", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60295", "title": "Citron", "text": "The citron (\"Citrus medica\") is a species of citrus fruit. It usually has a thick rind and small sections. Originally, the tree came from Southeast Asia. Today it is mainly grown in Sicily, Morocco, Crete, and Corsica, as well as Puerto Rico. The tree can grow to a size of about 3 metres. The fruit can grow to a size of about 25\u00a0cm in length, and about 4\u00a0kg in weight. The pulp of the fruit is hardly ever used. The rind is used. It is made into an additive for cooking. Jam can also be made from the rind. The rind is also used to make vegetable oil, which is used for perfumes.\nGenerally, it is eaten preserved or in bakery goods, such as fruitcakes. (The candied peel rather than the fruit is often used in cooking.) In some cultures, it is made into a fruity tea. Pliny the Elder states that in his time , the citron could only be grown in Media and Persia (\"HN\" xii.7). The Romans tried to transport it into the Roman Empire in tightly packed pots, but failed, according to Pliny. There is evidence, however, which shows it was cultivated in the Mediterranean during Pliny's lifetime. Zohary and Hopf believe this tree was first domesticated in India. They think that its wild forms, along with those of the mandarin and pomelo, were the original citrus species.\nThe citron has many names in different countries; one popular reference is \"Cedrat\", which is the French name for the fruit. Theophrastus referred to the citron as the Persian or Median Apple, and the fruit later came to be known as the Citrus Apple. Pliny calls the tree the Assyrian, or the Median, \"apple\" (the generic Greco-Roman name for globose fruits). Other citrus crops were not introduced to the Mediterranean basin until Islamic times.\nIn many languages other than English, a normal lemon is called a \"citron\" and a Lime is called a \"limon\". Although the East Asian citrus fruit \"yuzu\" (also called \"yuja\") is sometimes called a citron, it is actually a separate species, \"Citrus junos\". \nCultivation and uses.\nThe citron fruit is slow-growing. The citron tree is typically grown from cuttings that are two to four years old; the tree begins to bear fruit when it is around three years old. The fruit is oblong in shape, and sometimes as much as six inches in length. Its skin is thick, somewhat hard, fragrant, and covered with protuberances; the pulp is white and subacid. \nIn Pliny's time the fruit was never eaten (it began to be used in cooking by the early 2nd century), but its intense perfume was used, penetrating clothes to repel noxious insects (compare Citronella). \nIn Hebrew, the citron is known as the etrog (). It is one of the Four Species used during the holiday of Sukkot each fall. The role of the citron in that holiday was portrayed in the Israeli movie Ushpizin. Citrons that have been bred with lemon (in order to increase output per tree and make the tree less fragile) are not kosher for use as part of the Four Species.\nIn South Indian cuisine, especially Tamil cuisine, citron is widely used in pickles and preserves. In Tamil, the unripe fruit is referred to as 'narthangai', which is usually salted and dried to make a preserve. The tender leaves of the plant are often used in conjunction with chili powder and other spices to make a powder, called 'narthellai podi', literally translating to 'powder of citron leaves'. Both narthangai and narthellai podi are usually consumed with 'thayir sadam' (Curd Rice - Yogurt Rice).\nIn Korea, it is used to create a syrupy tea (called Yuja cha) where the slices of whole fruit are eaten with the sweet tea. The fruit is thinly sliced (peel, pith and pulp) and soaked or cooked in honey or sugar to create a chunky syrup. This syrupy candied fruit is mixed with hot water as a fragrant tea, where the fruit at the bottom of the cup is eaten as well. Often perserved in the syrup for the cold months, Yuja tea served as a source of fruit in winter. It is also popular in Taiwan, where it is known as \u67da\u5b50\u8336 (Youzi cha).\n[Note: The Korean Yuja is the same as the Japanese Yuzu \u67da\u5b50 and must be different from the citron being described in this article. The Japanese Yuzu = Citrus junos.]"}
+{"id": "60296", "revid": "9771", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60296", "title": "Motherfucking snakes", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60297", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60297", "title": "Citric acid", "text": "Citric acid is a weak organic acid. It can be found in citrus fruits. It is used by organisms for Krebs cycle. It acts like a preservative when added to food. It is also used to add a sour (acidic) taste to foods and soft drinks. In the European Union it is known as E 330, as a food additive.\nCarl Wilhelm Scheele was the first who could extract citric acid from lemons, in 1782. The substance was probably known to alchemists, perhaps with a different name. The Arabian alchemist Geber is said to have discovered citric acid in the 9th century. Citric Acid contains 6 Carbon atoms, 8 Hydrogen atoms and 7 Oxygen atoms. Its chemical formula is C6H8O7."}
+{"id": "60299", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60299", "title": "Alchemist", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60300", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60300", "title": "Preservative", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60301", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60301", "title": "Geber", "text": "J\u0101bir ibn \u1e24ayy\u0101n (; ; died between 806 and 816), is the name for the writer of a great number of writings in Arabic. The writings together have the name Jabirian corpus. The most important subjects of these writings are: alchemy, cosmology, numerology, astrology, medicine, magic, mysticism, and philosophy.\nJabir's writings have in them the oldest known list of chemical substances. For the first time, the writings gave an explanation of how to produce an inorganic substance (ammonium chloride) from organic substances (such as plants, blood, and hair).\nModern scholars doubt the historical existence of Jabir. It is probable that one person did not write all of the writings in the Jabirian corpus. Instead, scholars see Jabir ibn Hayyan as a pseudonym that a group of writers used.\nTranslations into Latin of some of Jabir's Arabic writings (like the \"Book of Mercy\", and the \"Book of Seventy\") came into existence in the Middle Ages. In Latin, Jabir had the name \"Geber\", a transliteration of \"Jabir\".\nIn 13th-century Europe an anonymous writer, called pseudo-Geber, started to produce new writings about alchemy under the name Geber. People still read the in the 17th century. The \"\" was one of the writings that pseudo-Geber produced in the 13th century. It was an influence on early modern chemists like Robert Boyle (1627\u20131691)."}
+{"id": "60303", "revid": "18539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60303", "title": "Carl Wilhelm Scheele", "text": "Carl Wilhelm Scheele (December 9, 1742 - May 21, 1786) a German-Swedish pharmaceutical chemist, born in Stralsund, Western Pomerania, Germany (at the time under Swedish rule), was the discoverer of many chemical substances, most notably discovering oxygen before Joseph Priestley and chlorine before Humphry Davy."}
+{"id": "60304", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60304", "title": "Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60306", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60306", "title": "J Lo", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60313", "revid": "9115313", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60313", "title": "Micheline Calmy-Rey", "text": "Micheline Calmy-Rey (born 8 July 1945) is a Swiss politician. She was Switzerland's foreign minister as head of the Federal Department of Foreign Affairs. She was also a member of the Swiss Federal Council from 2003. She was President of the Confederation in 2007 and again in 2011. She resigned her office as member of the Federal Council on 31 December 2011."}
+{"id": "60314", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60314", "title": "Mystery Ink", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60315", "revid": "1674917", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60315", "title": "Criss Angel Mindfreak", "text": "Criss Angel Mindfreak is an American television program. The program is hosted by illusionist Criss Angel. Angel performs many different types of stunts and illusions on the program such as street magic, levitation, and setting himself on fire. The program was first shown on July 20, 2005. It is shown and distributed by the A&E network."}
+{"id": "60321", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60321", "title": "Jennifer L\u00f3pez", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60327", "revid": "9699", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60327", "title": "Distilling", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60332", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60332", "title": "Piano trio", "text": "A piano trio is a group of three instruments including a piano. Usually it is a piano, a violin and a cello. This combination of instruments has been a very popular form of chamber music from the Classical music period onwards. A piano trio can also mean a piece of music written for a piano trio to play.\nOther combinations of piano with two instruments are often called by the featuring wind instrument. For example: Mozart wrote a trio for piano, clarinet and viola which is usually called a \u201cclarinet trio\u201d. Brahms wrote a trio for piano, violin and French horn which is usually called a \u201chorn trio\u201d.\nMusic for three people to play at one piano is called music for piano six hands.\nFamous music for piano trio.\nHaydn, Mozart and Beethoven all wrote several piano trios for the traditional combination of piano, violin and cello. Beethoven\u2019s last piano trio has the nickname \"Archduke\" because it was written for the Archduke Rudolph. Franz Schubert wrote two beautiful piano trios.\nIn the Romantic period some of the best piano trios were written by Felix Mendelssohn, Anton\u00edn Dvo\u0159\u00e1k, C\u00e9sar Franck and Pyotr Tchaikovsky.\nIn the 20th century Maurice Ravel and Dmitri Shostakovich each wrote a famous piano trio.\nFamous piano trios.\nAlfred Cortot, Jacques Thibaud and Pablo Casals were world famous musicians who played and recorded piano trios in the early 20th century.\nDuring the second half of the 20th century the Beaux Arts Trio were the best known group. Today there are many young musicians who play piano trios, including three Japanese sisters called the Fujita Piano Trio who play a lot of their music all from memory."}
+{"id": "60333", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60333", "title": "Franz Grillparzer", "text": "Franz Grillparzer (born Vienna, 15 January 1791 \u2013 died Vienna, 21 January 1872) was an Austrian dramatist and poet. His dramas include three plays (a \u201ctrilogy\u201d) called \"Das Goldene Vliess\" (\"The Golden Fleece\").\nWorks.\nTwo other famous plays are \"Des Meeres und der Liebe Wellen\" (\"The Waves of the Sea and of Love\") and \"Der Traum, ein Leben\" (\"The Dream, a Life\"). Although he said he was not interested in prose his short story \"Der arme Spielmann\" (\"The poor minstrel\") is probably the best known of his works and one of the best short stories of the 19th century. Grillparzer wrote the funeral speech for Beethoven's funeral in 1827.\nLegacy\nAn Austrian pastry is named after him: the Grillparzertorte."}
+{"id": "60337", "revid": "9650585", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60337", "title": "Pastry", "text": "Pastry is the dough from which some baked products are made. Pastry dough is rolled out thinly and used as a base for baked products. It is made from ingredients such as flour, sugar, milk, butter, shortening, baking powder, and/or eggs. Common pastry dishes include pies, tarts, quiches and pasties.\nPastry is also the name given to various kinds of baked products. Small cakes, tarts and other sweet or savoury baked products are called \"pastries.\" "}
+{"id": "60338", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60338", "title": "Gateau", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60339", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60339", "title": "G\u00e2teau", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60340", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60340", "title": "Johann Georg Albrechtsberger", "text": "Johann Georg Albrechtsberger (born 3 February 1736 in Klosterneuburg near Vienna; died 7 March 1809 in Vienna) was an Austrian composer, organist, music theorist and music teacher. He is most known today because he was Beethoven's teacher for a time.\nLife.\nFrom the age of seven, Albrechtsberger was a choirboy. He had lessons in organ and music theory. As an adult, he had several jobs in churches in small towns. He became Kapellmeister at St Stephen\u2019s Church, Vienna in 1793. This was the best job for a church musician in the empire.\nWriting music.\nAlbrechtsberger wrote hundreds of compositions. He wrote most of them before he got the job in Vienna. He wrote in a classical style. Albrechsberger enjoyed doing things with music which were not normally done. He would ask string players to tune their strings in different ways (called \u201cscordatura\u201d). He would also write slow movements with muted strings. As well as classical sonatas he wrote lots of fugues. Several people, including Mozart, thought of him as the greatest organist in the world.\nTeaching.\nAlbrechtsberger was a very important music teacher. Joseph Haydn thought he was the best teacher in Vienna. He was very interested in contrapuntal music of the Baroque period. He copied many fugues by Bach and other composers.\nWhen Beethoven was a young man, he had some composition lessons from Joseph Haydn. When Haydn was going to travel to England for several months, he asked Albrechtsberger to teach Beethoven while he was gone. These lessons took place from 1793 to 1795. A few years later, Albrechtsberger said about Beethoven that \u201che learned absolutely nothing and will never accomplish anything decent\u201d. Beethoven said that Albrechtsberger was a \u201cmusical pedant\u201d. However, Beethoven still studied Albrechtsberger\u2019s books on music theory. The string quartets which Beethoven wrote near the end of his life show the influence of Albrechtsberger."}
+{"id": "60341", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60341", "title": "Grillparzer", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60342", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60342", "title": "Albrechtsberger", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60343", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60343", "title": "Johann Albrechtsberger", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60346", "revid": "10355310", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60346", "title": "Fidelio", "text": "Fidelio is an opera in two acts by Ludwig van Beethoven. It is Beethoven's only opera. The German libretto is by Joseph Sonnleithner based on a French story. The opera tells how Leonore, disguised as a prison guard called \"Fidelio\", rescues her husband Florestan from death in a political prison.\n\"Fidelio\" is an example of a \u201crescue opera\u201d, a type of opera which was popular at the time. The hero (or heroine) has to fight against cruel people in order to rescue a lover. It was written at the time of the French Revolution. At this time, ideas about freedom and peace were being talked about by everyone, and this led to wars all over Europe. The famous Prisoners\u2019 Chorus is a song for freedom, just like the last movement of his Ninth Symphony.\nBeethoven spent some time working on the opera before he was completely happy with it. The first time it was performed (in 1805) it was a three-act opera called \"Leonore\". There were a lot of French military officers in the audience and they thought they were being criticised. In 1806 it was performed again with two acts and a new overture (now known as \"Overture: Leonore No. 3\"). But arguments between Beethoven and the theatre management meant there were no more performances. Eight years later Beethoven revised his opera again. This time it was called \"Fidelio\", and it was a great success. It has remained a famous opera ever since.\nPlot.\nThe setting is a Spanish state prison, a few miles from Seville, in the late 18th century.\nAct I.\nJaquino is a prison guard. He wants to marry Marzelline, the daughter of Rocco who is the warden of the prison. But Marzelline has just fallen in love with someone she thinks is a man called Fidelio. Actually Fidelio is a woman who has dressed up as a man so that she can get into the prison where her husband Florestan is a prisoner (he has been arrested for political reasons). She is pretending to return Marzelline\u2019s love so that she can find a way of rescuing Florestan. Rocco says he is happy for Marzelline to marry Fidelio. Fidelio (Leonore) says she will help Rocco with his job of looking after the prisoners. Rocco says she can do this, but there is one prisoner she is not allowed to guard. He has been locked up alone for two years. Leonore thinks it may be her husband, but she is not sure.\nDon Pizarro, the military governor of the prison, hears that the prison is going to be looked at by inspectors who make sure that the prison is being properly managed. He knows that he should not have locked Florestan up, so decides to kill him before the inspection starts. He asks Rocco to dig the grave so that he can get rid of the body quickly. Rocco does not want to do this, but has to agree.\nLeonore lets the prisoners have a walk in the garden. Rocco tells Leonore that he must help him dig the grave. Rocco is very cross that the prisoners are walking in the garden, but Rocco says they should be allowed because it is the King\u2019s name-day. Rocco says they should be locked up again. So he locked them again.\nAct II.\nFlorestan sits alone in his cell. In his mind he imagines an angel who looks like his wife who is telling him to come to Heaven.\nLeonore goes with Rocco to the prisoner. She is still not sure whether it is her husband. She gives him some bread. When Pizarro comes he gets ready to kill Florestan, but Leonore stands between them and tells Pizarro she will shoot him if he comes nearer. A trumpet is heard playing a fanfare because the Minister is arriving.\nOutside the prison the Minister says that all the prisoners are now free. He is horrified to find Florestan among the prisoners, because he is his friend. The crowd ask for Pizarro to be punished. Leonore frees her husband from his chains and the crowd say that she is a great heroine.\nThe Overtures.\nBeethoven made several changes to the opera at different times. This included writing four different overtures. They are called \"Leonore 1\", \"Leonore 2\", \"Leonore 3\" and \"Fidelio\". The overture \"Fidelio\" is the one that is normally heard now at the beginning of the opera. \"Leonore 2\" was the overture performed at the first performance in 1805. \"Leonore 3\", composed in 1806, is the most famous of the overtures. \"Leonore 1\" may have been written in 1805, or it may have been intended for a performance in 1807 in Prague which never took place\". Sometimes the \"Leonore 3\" overture is played during Act II between the two scenes. However, many people think it does not work dramatically there. It is usually heard today as a separate concert piece. The overture \"Fidelio\" was composed for performances of the opera in 1814."}
+{"id": "60348", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60348", "title": "Criticise", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60349", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60349", "title": "Criticize", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60350", "revid": "1475106", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60350", "title": "F\u00fcr Elise", "text": "\"F\u00fcr Elise\" (German for \"For Elise\") is the common name of the song \"Bagatelle in A minor.\" It was written for the piano by the composer Ludwig van Beethoven in 1810. The song is thought to be written for Therese, a woman that Beethoven wanted to marry in 1810. It is believed that his handwriting was not translated correctly when the song was transcribed. This caused the piece to be known as \" F\u00fcr Elise\" rather than \" F\u00fcr Therese\". \nThe piece of music was not published until 1865. This was a long time after the death of Beethoven. It is one of the most well-known pieces of piano music in the world.\nForm.\nThe piece is in rondo form. There is a main section (A) which appears three times. Between these three sections there are two other sections (B and C), so the form of the piece can be described as: A B A C A.\nThe main section has a time signature of 3/8. It is based on arpeggios which flow from one hand to the other. This is the section that many beginner pianists want to play. The two middle sections are harder to play at the correct speed. They have fast scales, arpeggios and left hand demisemiquavers (32nd notes)."}
+{"id": "60352", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60352", "title": "Teplice", "text": "Teplice () is a city in Bohemia, the western area of the Czech Republic. Teplice (pronounced in Czech: \u201cTep-li-tse\u201d) is a famous spa town where, in earlier times, lots of famous people went for holidays to improve their health. Goethe, Beethoven, Chopin, Franz Liszt and Richard Wagner all stayed there.\nTeplice lies between Prague and Dresden in a mountain area called Kru\u0161n\u00e9 hory (Iron Mountains). In the year 762, hot springs were found there. The waters from these springs helped people who were ill to get better so it became a spa town.\nSince 1990, many buildings have been restored. The Kru\u0161nohorsk\u00e9 divadlo (Kru\u0161nohorsk\u00e9 theatre) is now being refurbished. The North Bohemia Philharmonic Orchestra give concerts there in the open air. There is a museum and many restaurants, wine bars and caf\u00e9s. In the winter the mountain slopes are good for skiing."}
+{"id": "60353", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60353", "title": "Teplitz", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60354", "revid": "10477513", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60354", "title": "Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven)", "text": "Symphony No. 9 in D minor, Op. 125, is a symphony written by Ludwig van Beethoven. It is one of the most famous pieces of music ever written.\nA symphony is a piece of music for orchestra. Beethoven wrote nine symphonies. This one, the last one he wrote, is very unusual because the last movement also has singing in it: there are four soloists (soprano, alto, tenor and bass) and a choir. This is why it is known as the \u201cchoral\u201d symphony (\u201cchoral\u201d means: \u201cfor choir\u201d). It is a very long work, lasting more than an hour. This, too, was unusual.\nThis symphony has four movements. The first movement is in sonata form. The second and third movements come the other way round from the usual order: the second movement is the scherzo and the third movement is the slow movement. It is a theme and variations. The last movement sets the words of a poem by Friedrich Schiller, a famous poet who had only recently died. The poem was called \"Ode an die Freude\" (in English: \"Ode to Joy\"). The poem has a strong message to all mankind: it is about living in peace and harmony together. It was written at the time of the French Revolution when these ideas were becoming very important in Europe.\nThe main tune of the last movement (sung to the words: \u201cFreude, sch\u00f6ne G\u00f6tterfunken, Tochter aus Elysium\u201d) is one of the best known tunes in the world. Many children like to play it on instruments because the first part of the tune only uses five notes (it can be played on D, E, F-sharp, G, A). When the tune comes the first time in the symphony it is played by the cellos and double basses.\nThe \"Ode to Joy\" was adopted as Europe's \u201cNational anthem\u201d in 1972, with an official arrangement for orchestra written by Herbert von Karajan.\nBeethoven had been interested in Schiller\u2019s famous poem since he was young. In 1817 he started to write the first two movements of the symphony. In 1822 he decided to use Schiller\u2019s poem in the symphony. Most of the rest of the symphony was written in 1823 and he finished it in 1824. It was first performed in May of that year. Beethoven conducted the performance. The story is told that he wondered why the audience were not applauding when it had finished. They were applauding, but Beethoven was deaf so he could not hear. Caroline Unger, the alto soloist, made him turn round, and he saw that people were applauding enthusiastically."}
+{"id": "60357", "revid": "36199", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60357", "title": "Symphony No 9 (Beethoven)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60358", "revid": "1475779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60358", "title": "Shatin Pui Ying College", "text": "Shatin Pui Ying College () is a Christian secondary school in Hong Kong. Its English name is simply said to be SPYC or PYC. It was started in 1978, and uses the money given by the Hong Kong government. There are 4 classes each for Forms 1 to 6 (as in 2019). The school icon is an eagle, which means courage and determination. Its location is at 9 Fung Shun Street, Wo Che Estate, Sha Tin District, Hong Kong.\nWhat the school does.\nThe school teaches its students for public examinations. The school motto is: Faith, Hope, Love\" (\u300c\u4fe1\u3001\u671b\u3001\u611b\u300d). The school teaches the students other things to gain higher qualities of moral (\u5fb7), intelligent (\u667a), physical (\u9ad4), social (\u7fa4), art (\u7f8e) and heart (\u9748).\nSchool history.\nThe father of the school is Rev Henry Noyes. In 1879, he built a school in Guangzhou, teaching Mathematics and Science. Later he built more schools in Taishan, Jiangmen and Hong Kong.\nIn 1978, someone built the 5th school which is Shatin Pui Ying College. Mr Wong Wai Wah was the Principal. In the first year, the school worked on the campus of Baptist Lui Ming Choi Secondary School at Lek Yuen Estate. In September 1979, the school could move into Wo Che Estate. The school library was opened since September 1982.\nIn order to make it possible for all the Form 3 students to study as Form 4 in the school, the school changed the class structure. The Student Union was set up in September 1995 and Parent-Teacher Association in 1996. In 1996, Principal Wong gave up working and the Vice Principal Ms Yau Oi Yuen started doing his work. The elite class system was deleted in September, 1996.\nThe library system was changed to use computer since September 2001. The new wing building of the school has been finished since July 2005. In the new wing, there are classrooms for higher forms classes, a new library, some special rooms and computer rooms.\nTeaching languages.\nEnglish.\nExchange students from Italy and Germany help the students learn English. The school has many English activities such as English Tutorial Class, English Drama Competition, Form 1 Bridging Programme, Lyrics-writing Course, English Immersion Speech Competition, Interviewing Tourists, English Phonetics Class, English Enhancement Course, Summer English Class, Overseas Immersion Course, Summer English Camp for senior form students, Summer English Day Camp for junior form students, Intra-school and Inter-school English Debate Competitions and English Musicals.\nChinese.\nThe Chinese Language teachers write their own teaching units for the students. There are many Chinese activities such as Creative Writing Class, Chinese Week, Prose Writing Class, Reading Club, Modern Poetry Writing Class, Verse-speaking Gathering, Story Writing Class, and Seminar on Reading, Seminar on Modern Poetry, Intra-school and Inter-school Chinese Debate Competitions and Report and Comment on Chinese Words of Wisdom.\nPutonghua.\nThe school teaches Putonghua. There are many activities such as Putonghua Day, Tongue-Twisters, Putonghua Class, Singing Contest, Putonghua Broadcast and Putonghua Corner. Students in the school can learn more about the Chinese culture from the activities such as Workshop on Chinese clipart, Chinese Tea Tao and Chinese Culture and General Studies Competition.\nStudents in examinations.\nAll Form 1 new students are Band 1 students. All of the Form 3 students can study as Form 4 in the school. Students have good results in public examinations. The average passing percentage for the HKCEE and HKALE is higher than 90%. The best student in HKCEE got 8As in 2004.\nAll Form 6 students in the school are from the Form 5 in the same school, except the exchange students from other countries. Most of the Form 7 students can study in the universities these years.\nAccording to the government, the school teaches Chinese language, English language and Mathematics very well from 2000 to 2006.\nThe school gives the good students some awards, such as scholarships, Academic Awards, Flying Eagle Awards and Improvement Awards. The school gives money to some students to take part in some inter-school competition and courses in some universities such as the University of Hong Kong, the Chinese University of Hong Kong and the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. There are some tutorial classes to improve junior students' skills in both English and Chinese languages and also Mathematics.\nSpecial things.\nReading activities.\nReading Time is designed to help students having a good reading habit. Reading Days are held by the school library for all students to read or to take part in activities related to reading.\nInformation technology.\nThere are many computer subjects in the school, such as Information Technology (IT) for Forms 1 to 3, Computer and Information Technology (CIT) for Forms 4 and 5, and Computer Applications (CA) for Forms 6 and 7.\nTeaching art.\nThe school has organised 3 musicals, The Comeback Kid, Soul for Sale and The Last Move. The songs inside are written by the students and past students. Every Form 1 student has to play at least 1 musical instrument. The Photography Club and the Audio-Visual Group teaches students many skills, such as film editing, image recording, lighting, backdrop setting and sound engineering.\nStudy about the world.\nThe school invites some guest speakers to the school to give speeches. Students can know more about the political, social and economic issues in Hong Kong and around the world. The school lets the students to join some extracurricular activities such as \"The Youth Summit\", \"Dinner with Outstanding Citizens\" and \"Hong Kong International Model United Nations\". The school lets the students to join mainland and overseas cultural tours.\nStudent leaders.\nThe students can take leadership-training courses and extracurricular activities, such as activities such as \u201cYouth Leaders Auditorium 2005\u201d, \u201cThe 6th Basic Certificate Course for Student Leaders\u201d, \u201cOutstanding Leadership Development Programme\u201d and \u201cYouth Think Tank Training Project\u201d. There are Free Talks so that students can have better training in giving speeches.\nFlying Eagle Award.\nThis award is only for the students who have good learning habit, good examination results, good self-discipline, good responsibility, community skills and studies in school activities. There are 4 phases in this award. Students can get a Bronze Eagle Badge in Phase 1, a Silver Eagle Badge in Phase 2, a Gold Eagle Badge in Phase 3 and a cup in Phase 4.\nStudy about God.\nThere are many activities to teach students about the Christian principles, such as Gospel Week, Gospel Camp Evangelical Team, Evangelical Broadcast, Bible Study Groups and Christian Fellowship.\nSchool life.\nSchool songs.\nThere is a school song with Chinese lyrics. Its melody is the same as the song O Christmas Tree and there are two paragraphs. There is also a school hymn with English lyrics. There are three paragraphs in this school hymn.\nSchool uniform.\nAll boys in the school wear white shirts and green trousers, and all girls wear white dresses with green drawstrings as summer uniform. The boys wear grey trousers and the girls wear grey dresses with white socks as winter uniform. Both boys and girls wear green ties when wearing winter uniform.\nWhen students have physical education lessons, they wear PE uniform. From 2000, students can wear PE uniform to school without changing at school. From 2001, the PE uniform has been changed into a new format that is grey and blue in colour. The PE T-shirts have 3 different colours, namely black, blue and red, with respect to the students\u2019 house.\nClasses.\nThe class names are combined with one number and one English character, such as \u201c6B\u201d. After the New Secondary School program was out, the number of classes and students per class was changed. There are about 30 students in each class from Form 1 to Form 6. 1A and 1B are remedial classes whereas 1C to 1E perform better in exams. The classes are mixed when students go into Form 2 or Form 3.\nAll Form 3 students have to choose their subjects after finishing their year. After finishing years of High Form study, students have to join the public exam, DSE (usually in April).\nHouses.\nEach Form forms a House, with its own chairman and committee members elected by the students in the own Form. Each House has its own colour such as black, blue or red, just like the students\u2019 PE uniform. The forms from the same colours form some cheering teams during the sports days.\nSports days and swimming gala.\nThere are 2 sports days every year. The sports days take places on the Yuen Wo Road Sports Ground. Besides the various types of sports competitions, there are competitions among the cheering teams. The swimming gala is held every year with the Pui Ying Secondary School. It takes place on the Hong Kong Island or Sha Tin District alternatively every two years.\nExternal competitions.\nStudents in the school take parts in many external competitions in many fields such as music, sports, debates, writings, mathematics and other academic competitions. One of the most notable competitions is the Hang Lung Mathematics Award. The school\u2019s HLMA team got an Honourable Mention in 2004 and a Special Commendation in 2006.\nSchool organizations.\nStudent union.\nThe Student Union was established in November 1994. Its election activity is held in November every year. It helps the school setting new school rules and improves students\u2019 lives. It organises activities such as blood donation days and ball game competitions.\nStudent Guidance Committee.\nIt is formed by some teachers, social worker and psychologist to teach students how to have a true value.\nCareers Guidance Committee.\nIt helps students plan for their future by giving them information about different study opportunities and the world of work.\nDisciplinary Committee.\nSome students may be naughty, so there are some prefects catching the naughty students.\nSchool library.\nThe school library has over 20000 books available to students. Every year there are about 100 school librarians. The book borrowing system was changed from man power only into computer system in 2001. The location of it was moved to the new wing building of the school in 2005. It organises Reading Day every year.\nInformation Technology Committee.\nIt is made up of an IT technician and some teachers. They work together to provide the up-to-date information for the use of IT in teaching and learning. It trains the teachers and maintaining computer hardware and software. It also provide some advanced computers and facilities including digital video cameras and viewers.\nExtra-curricular Activities Committee.\nThere are 5 groups of extracurricular activities, including studying, services, entertainment, sports and Christian programme. They are divided into 40 clubs and activity groups.\nCivic Education Committee.\nIt teaches the students about civic education. There are many activities for the students to join..\nReligious Education Committee.\nIt is formed by a group of Christian teachers and Christ's Harvest Church to organize some special activities, Morning Assembly and Fellowship.\nPui Ying family.\nThe school has good relationship with Guangzhou Pui Ying, Xiguan Pui Ying, Jiangmen Pui Ying, Taishan Pui Ying and Pui Ying Secondary School. In Canada, there is a Pui Ying Christian Services Society Pui Ying Alumni Associations can be found all over the world, such as in the USA, Canada, New Zealand, Australia, England, South Africa, Japan, Peru, Singapore, Thailand, Guangzhou, Taishan, Jiangmen and Taiwan."}
+{"id": "60359", "revid": "9980", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60359", "title": "SPYC", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60360", "revid": "9980", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60360", "title": "PYC", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60361", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60361", "title": "Perfect Number", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60362", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60362", "title": "Heuristic", "text": "A heuristic is a practical way to solve a problem. It is better than chance, but does not always work. A person develops a heuristic by using intelligence, experience, and common sense.\nTrial and error is the simplest heuristic, but one of the weakest. \"Rule of thumb\" and \"educated guesses\" are other names for simple heuristics. Since a heuristic is not certain to get a result, there are always exceptions.\nOverview.\nHeuristics can be vague, such as\nwhich is a guide to behaviour. Whereas,\nis a bit clearer. A heuristic can also be a set of stages. When doctors examines a patient, they go through a whole set of tests and observations. They may not find out what is wrong, but they give themselves the best chance of succeeding. This is called a diagnosis. \nComputer science.\nIn computer science, a \"heuristic\" is a kind of algorithm. Algorithms are written to get a good solution to a problem. A heuristic algorithm might usually find pretty good solutions, but there is no guarantee or proof that the solutions are correct. The time it takes to run the algorithm is another consideration.\nDiscussion.\nHeuristics is the art of finding an adequate solution to a problem, using limited knowledge and little time. More formally, heuristics are based on experience; they can speed up the search for a solution using simple rules. A complete search may take too long, or may be too difficult to do. \nIn more precise terms, heuristics are strategies using readily accessible, though loosely applicable, information to control problem solving in human beings and machines.\nApplications.\nHeuristics can be used in some fields of science, but not in others: For economics, a solution that is one percent off is often acceptable; a telescope that has an error of one degree is probably unusable if aimed at a far-away object. The same telescope pointed to the window across the street will probably tolerate this error; missing by one degree will not have a big impact on a short distance. \nHeuristics can be used to estimate an answer which is then made more clear by performing an exact solution at a very small scale, perhaps to save time, money or labor on a project. For instance, a heuristic guess as to how much weight a bridge is expected to carry can be used to determine whether the bridge should be made of wood, stone or steel, and appropriate quantities of the needed material can be purchased while the exact design of the bridge is being completed.\nHowever, the use of heuristics in certain very technical fields may be damaging computer science is one example. Programming a computer to perform more or less the desired actions may result in severe glitches. Therefore, computer tasks generally must be fairly exact. However, there are certain areas in which computers can calculate heuristic solutions safely for example Google's search technology relies heavily on heuristics, producing \"near-miss\" matches to a search query when an exact match cannot be found. \nThis enables a user to correct for any mistakes the search produces. Example: Searching for the name \"Peter Smith\" and unable to find that exact name, the search engine heuristically matches \"Pete Smith\" instead, and the person using the search engine must decide whether Pete and Peter are the same person.\nExamples.\nPolya.\nHere are some other commonly used heuristics, from Polya's 1945 book, \"How to Solve It\":\nPacking problem.\nOne example where heuristics are useful is a kind of packing problem. The problem consists of packing a number of items. There are rules that need to be respected. For example, each item has a value and a weight. The problem now is to get the most valuable items, with the least weight possible. Another instance is fitting a number of differently-sized items into a confined space, like the trunk of a car.\nTo get the perfect solution to the problem, all possibilities must be tried. This is often not a good option, as trying them takes a long time, and on average, half the possibilities must be tried until a solution is found. So what most people will do is to start with the biggest item, fit it in, and then try to arrange the other items around it. This will give a good solution, most of the time. There are cases however, where such a solution is very bad and another technique must be used. Therefore, this is a heuristic solution."}
+{"id": "60363", "revid": "417795", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60363", "title": "Mersenne prime", "text": "In mathematics, a Mersenne number is a number that is one less than a \"power of two\".\nA Mersenne prime is a \"Mersenne number\" that is a prime number. This however, is not sufficient. Many mathematicians prefer the definition of a Mersenne number where exponent \"n\" to be a prime number.\nFor example, \"31 = 25 \u2212 1\", and 5 is a prime number, so 31 is a Mersenne number; and 31 is also a Mersenne prime because it is a prime number. But the Mersenne number \"2047 = 211 \u2212 1\" is not a prime because it is divisible by 89 and 23. And \"24 \u2212 1 = 15\" can be shown to be composite because 4 is not prime.\nThroughout modern times, the largest known prime number has very often been a Mersenne prime. Most sources restrict the term \"Mersenne number\" to where \"n\" is prime, as all Mersenne primes must be of this form as seen below.\nMersenne primes have a close connection to perfect numbers, which are numbers equal to the sum of their proper divisors. Historically, the study of Mersenne primes was motivated by this connection; in the 4th century BC Euclid demonstrated that if \"M\" is a Mersenne prime then \"M\"(\"M\"+1)/2 is a perfect number. In the 18th century, Leonhard Euler proved that all even perfect numbers have this form. No odd perfect numbers are known, and it is suspected that none exist (if one does, it would have to be greater than 102200).\nIt is currently unknown if there is an infinite number of Mersenne primes. Most mathematicians who have studied the question think there are an infinite number of Mersenne primes. Carl Pomerance, Samuel S. Wagstaff Jr. and Hendrik Lenstra developed a formula which they think should say about how many Mersenne primes there are under a given number.\nThe binary representation of 2\"n\" - 1 is \"n\" repetitions of the digit 1.\nFor example, 2\"5\" - 1 = 11111 in binary.\nThe first four Mersenne primes were known by the Ancient Greeks. They are 3, 7, 31 and 127. The next, 8191, was discovered in 1456. Some people like trying to find big primes. Since there are tricks and algorithms to finding Mersenne primes quickly, the largest known primes are also Mersenne primes.\nAs of 2024, 52 Mersenne primes are known. The largest known prime number is Mersenne prime formula_1."}
+{"id": "60364", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60364", "title": "Mersenne number", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60365", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60365", "title": "Solar radiation", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60367", "revid": "10095839", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60367", "title": "Insolation", "text": "Insolation is derived from the words \"incoming solar radiation\". Insolation is specifically applied to radiation which is arriving at earth\u2019s atmosphere first and then earth's surface. The heat comes from solar energy. Insolation is the solar radiation that reaches the earth's surface. It is measured by the amount of solar energy received per square centimetre per minute. Solar energy received over the planet\u2019s surface varies according to season, latitude, transparency of the atmosphere, and aspect , ground slope and albedo effect . \nInsolation affects temperature. The more the insolation, the higher the temperature.\nIn any given day, the strongest insolation is received at noon.\nFactors influencing insolation.\nThe amount of insolation received on the earth\u2019s surface is not the same everywhere. It varies according to the place and time. Tropical regions get the most insolation, it gradually decreases towards the poles. Insolation happens more in summers and less in winters. The major factors which influence the amount of insolation received are:\nSolar Constant.\nAt the top of the earth\u2019s atmosphere, received insolation is expressed as the solar constant. It receives at the top of the atmospheric surface (thermopause) on a perpendicular plane to the solar beam. The average insolation received at the thermopause i.e.1368Wm2 (Watt per squaremetre) energy(solar constant) is in the form of short wave. Thus, it is termed as solar constant for that mean distance from the sun. These solar constant is varying over 1 Wm2 by periodic disturbances and explosions in the solar surface basically related to sun spot. Sun spots are dark and cooler areas visible on the sun\u2019s surface. The recent researches have shown that more and more energy is released when the sunpots are in large number. The number of sunspots also increases or decreases on a regular basis, in a cycle of 11 years.\nThe angle of incidence.\nSince the earth is a geoid resembling a sphere, the sun\u2019s rays strike the surface at different angles at different places. This depends on the latitude of the place. The higher the latitude, the less is the angle they make with the surface of the earth. The area covered by the vertical rays is always less than the slant rays. If more area is covered, the energy gets distributed and the net energy received per unit area decreases. Moreover, the sun\u2019s rays with small angle traverse more of the atmosphere than rays striking at a large angle.\nHow long is the day?\nThe length of the day determines the duration of sunlight, which affects the amount of solar radiation received by the earth\u2019s surface. The more hours of sunshine, the greater the quantity of solar radiation will be received by a particular place. For example, at the equator, days and nights are each 12 hours in all the months. In the Arctic and Antarctic regions, the sunny time varies between 0 and 24 hours. On the autumn and spring equinoxes (September and March respectively), the sun is overhead at the equatorial noon. The night and day all over the earth are equal on these days. The maximum amount of insolation is received at the equator on those days, and the amount of insolation decreases towards the poles. This is because sunshine is vertical at the equator but with increasing latitudes, the rays become more and more slanting. Therefore, poleward, the received energy flux is less.\nEarth's Distance from Sun.\nThe earth is revolving around the sun in an elliptical orbit, resulting continuous change in the distance between sun and the earth on annual basis. It leads to seasonal variation in solar energy received by the earth.The mean distance between the earth and sun is about 149,600,000 kilometers (92,900,000 miles). When earth position is farthest (152 million km) from sun is known as \u2018aphelion\u2019 on July 4. It is perihelion (147 million km) occurs on January 3 each year which is the closest distance. During aphelion the northern hemisphere is facing the sun and therefore receives energy about 7% less than the perihelion (southern hemisphere).\nTransparency of the Atmosphere.\nAtmosphere is not transparent for all the radiation coming from the sun because of different composition and layers. It is also one of the controlling factors of insolation to reach earth surface. The atmosphere is composed of gases, water vapour and particulate matters. The atmosphere is a mixture of gases: nitrogen (N), oxygen (O2), Argon, carbon dioxide, Neon (Ne), Helium (He), Methane (CH4), Krypton (Kr), Ozone (O3), Nitrous oxide (N2O), Hydrogen (H) and Xenon (Xe). The atmosphere also contains water vapour, water in the gaseous state.\nThe longer the duration of daylight, the more the insolation received per day."}
+{"id": "60368", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60368", "title": "Comet (retailer)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "60370", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60370", "title": "The Settlers II", "text": "The Settlers II is a real-time strategy (RTS) computer video game. It was released by Blue Byte Software in 1996."}