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+{"id": "63238", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63238", "title": "Work (thermodynamics)", "text": "In thermodynamics, work transfer is an energy transfer in which temperature is not considered during energy transfer. Unit is always in Joules. It is also a result of force acting through the distance. \nformula_1\nwhere formula_2 is the work done, formula_3 is the force acting, and formula_4 is the distance.\nHistory.\n1824.\nWork, i.e. \"weight \"lifted\" through a height\", was originally defined in 1824 by Nicolas L\u00e9onard Sadi Carnot in his famous paper \"Reflections on the Motive Power of Fire\". Specifically, according to Carnot:\n1845.\nIn 1845, the English physicist James Joule wrote a paper \"On the mechanical equivalent of heat\" for the British Association meeting in Cambridge. In this work, he reported his best-known experiment, in which the work released through the action of a \"weight \"falling\" through a height\" was used to turn a paddle-wheel in an insulated barrel of water.\nIn this experiment, the friction and agitation of the paddle-wheel on the body of water caused heat to be generated which, in turn, increased the temperature of water. Both the temperature change \u2206T of the water and the height of the fall \u2206h of the weight mg were recorded. Using these values, Joule was able to determine the mechanical equivalent of heat. Joule estimated a mechanical equivalent of heat to be 819\u00a0ft\u2022lbf/Btu (4.41 J/cal). The modern day definitions of heat, work, temperature, and energy all have connection to this experiment.\nOverview.\nAccording to the \"First law of thermodynamics\", it is useful to separate changes to the internal energy of a thermodynamic system into two sorts of energy transfers. Work refers to forms of energy transfer which can be accounted for in terms of changes in the \"macroscopic\" physical variables of the system, for example energy which goes into expanding the volume of a system against an external pressure, by driving a piston-head out of a cylinder against an external force. This is in contrast to heat energy, which is carried into or out of the system in the form of transfers in the \"microscopic\" thermal motions of particles.\nThe concept of thermodynamic work is slightly more general than that of mechanical work because it includes other types of energy transfers as well. The electrical work required to move a charge against an external electrical field can be measured, as can the work required to move heat against a temperature gradient. Thermodynamic work need not have any mechanical component to be considered such."}
+{"id": "63239", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63239", "title": "Internal energy", "text": "In thermodynamics, the internal energy of a thermodynamic system, or a body with well-defined boundaries, denoted by\u00a0\"U\", or sometimes\u00a0\"E\", is the total of the kinetic energy due to the motion of molecules (translational, rotational, vibrational) and the potential energy associated with the vibrational and electric energy of atoms within molecules or crystals. It includes the energy in all the chemical bonds, and the energy of the free, conduction electrons in metals. \nThe internal energy is a thermodynamic potential and for a closed thermodynamic system held at constant entropy, it will be minimized.\nOne can also calculate the internal energy of electromagnetic or blackbody radiation. It is a state function of a system, an extensive quantity. The SI unit of energy is the joule although other historical, conventional units are still in use, such as the (small and large) calorie for heat. (Calories that are on classic food labels are actually kilo-calories.)\nOverview.\n\"Internal\" energy does not include the translational or rotational kinetic energy of a body \"as a whole\". It also does not include the relativistic mass-energy equivalent \"E\"\u00a0=\u00a0\"mc\"2. It excludes any potential energy a body may have because of its location in external gravitational or electrostatic field, although the potential energy it has in a field due to an induced electric or magnetic dipole moment does count, as does the energy of deformation of solids (stress-strain).\nThe principle of equipartition of energy in classical statistical mechanics states that each molecular degree of freedom receives 1/2\u00a0\"kT\" of energy, a result which was modified when quantum mechanics explained certain anomalies; e.g., in the observed specific heats of crystals (when \"h\"\u03bd\u00a0>\u00a0\"kT\"). For monatomic helium and other noble gases, the internal energy consists only of the translational kinetic energy of the individual atoms. Monatomic particles, of course, do not (sensibly) rotate or vibrate, and are not electronically excited to higher energies except at very high temperatures.\nFrom the standpoint of statistical mechanics, the internal energy is equal to the ensemble average of the total energy of the system."}
+{"id": "63241", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63241", "title": "Physical law", "text": "A physical law, scientific law, or a law of nature is a scientific generalization based on empirical observations of physical behavior. Empirical laws are typically conclusions based on repeated scientific experiments over many years, and which have become accepted universally within the scientific community. The production of a summary description of nature in the form of such laws is a fundamental aim of science.\nLaws of nature are distinct from the law, either religious or civil, and should not be confused with the concept of natural law. \nNor should 'physical law' be confused with 'law of physics' - the term 'physical law' usually covers laws in other sciences (e.g. biology) as well.\nOrigin of laws of nature.\nSome extremely important laws are simply definitions. For example, the central law of mechanics \"F\" = \"dp\"/\"dt\" (Newton's second \"law\" of mechanics) is often treated as a mathematical definition of force just like Newton's first law of mechanics (an object that is at rest stays at rest and an object that is in motion stays in motion unless acted by an out side force). Although the concept of force predates Newton's law, there was no mathematical definition of force before Newton. The principle of least action (or principle of stationary action), Schroedinger equation, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle, causality and a few other laws also fall into this category (of mathematical definitions)."}
+{"id": "63243", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63243", "title": "Pipe (material)", "text": "A pipe is a tube or hollow cylinder for the transport of fluid. The terms 'pipe' and 'tube' can be used for the same objects. 'Pipe' is generally specified by the internal diameter (ID) whereas 'tube' is usually defined by the outside diameter (OD) but may be specified by any combination of dimensions (OD, ID, wall thickness). 'Tube' is often made to custom sizes and may often have more specific sizes and tolerances than pipe. The terms 'tube' and 'tubing' are more widely used in the US and 'pipe' elsewhere in the world.\nBoth \"pipe\" and \"tube\" imply a level of rigidity and permanence, whereas a 'hose' is usually portable and flexible.\nPipe cutter.\nPipe cutters for thin plastic pipes are like scissors. For cutting pipes of large diameter, with thicker walls and made of harder materials, pipe cutters are used, which are a clamp with a cutting wheel, pressure rollers and a lever."}
+{"id": "63245", "revid": "5400", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63245", "title": "Thermal equilibrium", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63247", "revid": "1688926", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63247", "title": "Cameron Diaz", "text": "Cameron Michelle Diaz (born August 30, 1982) is an American actress and former fashion model. She was nominated for four Golden Globe Awards in 2009, 1990, 1992 and 1993.\nEarly life.\nCameron Michelle Diaz was born in San Diego, California. Her mother, Billie Joann (n\u00e9e Early), is an import-export agent. Her father, Emilio Luis Diaz (1949\u20132008), worked for the California oil company UNOCAL for more than 20 years as a field gauger. Diaz has an older sister, Chimene. Her father's family were Cubans with Spanish ancestry and settled in Tampa's Ybor City, later moving to California, where Emilio was born. Her mother has English, German, and Scots-Irish ancestry. Diaz was raised in Long Beach, California."}
+{"id": "63248", "revid": "1313043", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63248", "title": "Bacon number", "text": "The Bacon number of an actor or actress is the number of degrees of separation (see ) they have from actor Kevin Bacon, as defined by the game known as Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon. It applies the Erd\u0151s number concept to the movie industry. The higher the Bacon number, the farther away from Kevin Bacon the actor is.\nFor example, Kevin Bacon's Bacon number is 0. If an actor works in a movie with Kevin Bacon, the actor's Bacon number is 1. If an actor works with an actor who worked with Kevin Bacon in a movie, the first actor's Bacon number is 2, and so forth.\nReferences.\n2. \"Modern Family\", \"Daddy Issues\" (2018)"}
+{"id": "63258", "revid": "551548", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63258", "title": "Pondicherry", "text": "Pondicherry is the capital of the Indian union territory of Puducherry. It is also known as Puducherry since 2006."}
+{"id": "63261", "revid": "10222843", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63261", "title": "Zanzibar", "text": "Zanzibar is the name of an archipelago in the Indian Ocean 25\u201350\u00a0km off the coast of East Africa. There are many small islands and two large ones: Unguja (the main island, sometimes informally referred to as 'Zanzibar') and Pemba Island.\nThe archipelago was once the separate state of Zanzibar, which united with Tanganyika to form Tanzania (derived from the two names). Zanzibar is a semi-autonomous within the union, with its own government.\nThe capital of Zanzibar is Zanzibar City. It is on the island of Unguja. The city's old quarter, known as Stone Town, is a World Heritage Site.\nThe people are mostly African Bantu, with some Asians of Indian origin.\nPolitics.\nZanzibar has its own government, known as the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar. It is made up of the Revolutionary Council and House of Representatives.\nThe main Parties are the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) and the Civic United Front (CUF). Since the early 1990s, the politics of the archipelago have been marked by repeated violent clashes between these two political parties.\nIndependence claimed.\nIn October 2009, Zanzibar President Amani Karume met with CUF Secretary Seif Shariff Hamad at the State House to discus how to save Zanzibar from future political turmoil and to end the backlash between them, a move which was welcomed by many people including the USA and political parties. It was the first time CUF agreed to recognize Karume as the legitimate president of Zanzibar.\nThe relationship between Zanzibar government and Tanzanian Mainland has not been good in recent years since Tanzania Prime Minister Mizengo Pinda's remark about the Isles' sovereignty. He said that Zanzibar is not an independent country outside the Union Government, within which it can only exercise its sovereignty.\nMembers from both the ruling party, Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM), and the opposition Civic United Front (CUF) disagreed with Mr Pinda's interpretation and stand firmly in recognizing Zanzibar as a fully autonomous and full state. The move was not recognized by the Government of the United Republic of Tanzania.\nIn 2008, Tanzanian president Jakaya Kikwete tried to silence the debate when he addressed the nation in a live conference by saying that \"Zanzibar is a state internal but semi-state international\". There the matter rests for the time being.\nA proposal to amend Zanzibar\u2019s laws to allow rival parties to form governments of national unity was adopted by 66.4 per cent of voters, after official results of a referendum which was held on July 31, 2010.\nReligion.\nZanzibar is 95% Islamic in religion, and has been so for hundreds of years. It was once part of the Persian Empire, then under the Caliphate of Oman. It was ruled by a Sultan. Zanzibar was conquered by the British in the late 19th century. The islands were involved in the Arab slave trade, and the British conquest was an attempt to stop this. They appointed puppet rulers, and Zanzibar became a 'protectorate', not a colony.\nZanzibar gained independence on 10th December 1963 from the British.\nSpices.\nZanzibar's main industries are spices (which include cloves, nutmeg, cinnamon and pepper), raffia, and tourism. Zanzibar is also the home of the endemic Zanzibar Red Colobus and the elusive Zanzibar Leopard.\nThe word \"Zanzibar\" probably derives from the Persian \u0632\u0646\u06af\u0628\u0627\u0631, \"Zangi-bar\" (\"coast of the blacks\") and it is also known as Zanji-bar in Arabic. Zanzibar is sometimes referred to as the \"Spice Islands,\" a term that is more often used for the Maluku Islands in Indonesia. Pemba Island is the only island apart from Zanzibar that still produces cloves on a major basis which is the primary source of spice income for the islands.\nEconomy.\nThe islands are poor, and the economy is in trouble. Zanzibaris are living a hard life compare to the mainland. In 2000, the annual income per capita was US$220.\nDuring May and June 2008, Zanzibar suffered a major failure of its electricity system, which left the island without electricity for nearly a month. Another blackout happened from December 2009 to March 2010, due to a problem with the submarine cables and the local plant. This led to a serious and ongoing shock to the island's fragile economy, which is heavily dependent on foreign tourism.\nCloves.\nZanzibar's economy is based primarily on the production of cloves (90% grown on the island of Pemba), the principal foreign exchange earner. Exports have suffered with the downturn in the clove market.\nThe clove, originally from the Moluccan Islands (Indonesia), was introduced to Zanzibar by the Omani sultans in the first half of the XIX century. Zanzibar, mainly Pemba Island, was once the world's leading clove producer, but annual clove sales have plummeted by 80% since the 1970s. Zanzibar's clove industry has been crippled by a fast-moving global market, and international competition.\nTanzania's failed experiment with socialism in the 1960s and 1970s, when the government controlled clove prices and exports, is also a factor. Zanzibar now ranks a distant third with Indonesia supplying 75% of the world's cloves compared to Zanzibar's 7%.\nOther options.\nZanzibar exports spices, seaweed and fine raffia. It also has a large fishing and dugout canoe production.\nTourism is a major foreign currency earner. A number of new hotels and resorts having been built in recent years. Zanzibar has beautiful places to rest and be happy. Zanzibar has beautiful beaches, where people can swim and be happy all day, and it's beautiful for having white sand beaches and clear blue water. Also, people can take beautiful pictures on the beaches. Also, Zanzibar has old arts and old special house designs from old years where our father\u2019s fathers lived, and they have the only special designs for the houses, so it is an attraction for the people. Also, it makes us able to keep special things like the house designs and stories from the old times so other people can remember them forever.\nSpices\nZanzibar is a special place where many yummy and colorful spices grow. Spices like cinnamon, chilies, nutmeg, black pepper, and ginger grow on trees and plants. People from all over the world come to see them and smell their nice scents.When you visit the spice farms, you can see the spices growing, pick them from trees, and learn how people prepare them for cooking. Some spices are also used to help people feel better when they are sick. The people in the village use spices to make medicine, color clothes, and even make special soaps and creams.\nYou can watch cinnamon being taken from tree bark and see fresh fruits picked from trees. You can even taste them! They are fresh and delicious, just like nature made them. When you see these spices and fruits, you might remember the ones from your kitchen at home!\nThe Government of Zanzibar legalized foreign exchange bureaux on the islands. The effect was to increase the availability of consumer commodities. The government has also established a free port area. This stimulates trade and support services. There is a management system for re-exportation of goods.\nThere is also a possibility of oil exploration in Zanzibar on the island of Pemba. Oil would help boost the economy of Zanzibar, but there have been disagreements about dividends between the Tanzanian mainland and Zanzibar, the latter claiming the oil should be excluded in Union matters. A Norwegian consultant has been sent to Zanzibar to investigate its oil potential."}
+{"id": "63264", "revid": "10482910", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63264", "title": "Enya", "text": "Enya (born Eithne P\u00e1draig\u00edn N\u00ed Bhraon\u00e1in on 17 May 1961 in Gweedore, County Donegal, Ireland) is an Irish singer and composer. She became most well-known following the release of her song \"Orinoco Flow (Sail Away)\" on her breakthrough album Watermark (1988). \nShe has also won numerous awards, including four Grammy Awards and seven World Music Awards . Her vocal range across her career spans around four octaves; her vocal type is considered a light mezzo-soprano.\nShe grew up speaking the Irish language, and began to learn English once she attended primary school.\nHer first works were soundtracks for \"The Frog Prince\" movie by David Puttman and \"The Celts\" documentary by BBC.\nEnya is very popular and has sold more than 75 million albums worldwide. Her best selling album is \"A Day Without Rain\" (2000).\nAlbums.\nEnya has recorded the following albums:\nShe has also recorded music for the following movie soundtracks:"}
+{"id": "63265", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63265", "title": "Downing Street", "text": "Downing Street is a street in London. It is close to Whitehall and Buckingham Palace. The official residences of the two most senior Government ministers are here. These are the Prime Minister, and the Chancellor of the Exchequer. \nDowning Street is a few minutes' walk from the Houses of Parliament. The street was built in the 1680s by Sir George Downing, 1st Baronet (1632\u20131689) on the site of a mansion called Hampden House. The Prime Minister, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, and the Chief Whip all have official residences in buildings along one side of the street. The houses on the other side were all replaced by the Foreign Office in the nineteenth century."}
+{"id": "63266", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63266", "title": "1998 in film", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63267", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63267", "title": "29 November", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63268", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63268", "title": "Armenian illuminated manuscripts", "text": "Armenian illuminated manuscripts are a form of artwork in the Byzantine tradition. They come from between the 5th century and the 13th century. They can include prayer rolls, the Mugni Gospels, and the Echmiadzin Gospels."}
+{"id": "63269", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63269", "title": "30 September", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63270", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63270", "title": "Alcatraz", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63271", "revid": "1530097", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63271", "title": "Alcatraz Island", "text": "Alcatraz Island (sometimes just called Alcatraz or The Rock) is a small island in the San Francisco Bay in California. It has been used for a lighthouse, a military fort, a military prison, a federal prison, and now a National Park.\nThe Alcatraz lighthouse, opened in 1854, was the first working lighthouse on the West Coast.\nAbout opening the prison, again: On May 4, 2025, the U.S. president said that he has an (idea or) intention of reopening the prison.\nName.\nThe name \"Alcatraz Island\" comes from the island's original name in Spanish, \"Isla de los alcatraces\" (\"Island of the pelicans\"). Juan Manuel de Ayala, a Spanish explorer, named it that after noticing many pelicans roosting on the island. \nHistory.\nBasic timeline.\nThese are some of the major events in Alcatraz's history:\nIndigenous people.\nIndigenous people lived on Alcatraz Island for 10,000 to 20,000 years before Ayala arrived in 1775.\nWe do not know much about the indigenous people on the island, because they did not keep written records. Instead they used oral history, passing information verbally from generation to generation. However, after European people arrived in California, the Indian population there decreased dramatically. As a result, a lot of oral history has been lost.\nThe United States National Park Service writes:Based on oral history it appears that Alcatraz was used as a place of isolation or ostracization for tribal members who had violated a tribal law or taboo[;] as a camping spot or an area for gathering foods, especially bird eggs and sea-life[; and] a hiding place for many Indians attempting to escape from the California Mission system.\n19th century.\nIn 1850, President Millard Filmore made Alcatraz a military reservation. \nIn the early 1850s, the United States Army built a citadel (fortress) on the island and installed many cannons. During the California Gold Rush (1848-1855), San Francisco grew quickly. The Army wanted to protect the entrance to the San Francisco Bay. They made Alcatraz the most heavily fortified military site on the West Coast. However, it never fired its guns in battle.\nThe Army began housing military prisoners on Alcatraz in the late 1850s. During the American Civil War (1861-1865), they imprisoned Confederate soldiers there. \nAlcatraz became less important for defense. In 1909, the Army tore down the Citadel. For the next two years, military prisoners on the island built a new prison there. It was a \"disciplinary barracks\" for the U.S. Army soldiers. This building was later nicknamed \"The Rock.\nAlcatraz Federal Prison (1934-1963).\nIn 1933, the federal government gave control of Alcatraz to the Department of Justice to use as a federal prison. According to today's Bureau of Prisons:\"The Federal Government had decided to open a maximum-security, minimum-privilege [prison] to deal with the most incorrigible inmates in Federal prisons, and to show the law-abiding public that the Federal Government was serious about stopping the rampant crime of the 1920s and 1930s.\"Escape was supposed to be impossible because the prison was on an island and surrounded by very cold waters with dangerous currents and sharks. \nThe prison opened in August 1934. Over the next 32 years, it became the most famous prison in American history. \nNative American occupations (1964-1971).\nNative American Indian protestors took over Alcatraz Island three times, using civil disobedience. They were protesting for Native American rights, and to make people realize that Native Americans were not treated equally.\nThe first two occupations (on March 9, 1964 and November 9, 1969) did not last long.\nHowever, on November 20, 1969, Native Americans took over the island again. This time, they occupied the island for nineteen months. This drew a lot of attention to their cause. Federal agents finally took back control of the island on June 10, 1971.\nFamous prisoners.\nMost inmates at Alcatraz Prison were ordinary federal prisoners who refused to follow the rules at other prisons. However, some very famous people were imprisoned at Alcatraz.\nThe Hopi Nineteen.\nFrom 1894-1895, the \"Hopi Nineteen\" were imprisoned at Alcatraz. They were a group of Hopi men who lived on a reservation in Arizona. At the time, the U.S. government was requiring Native Americans to send their children to boarding schools, which were designed to assimilate them. When they refused to send their children thousands of miles away to these boarding schools, they were imprisoned and spent a year at Alcatraz. This was controversial, and many people learned about the story through newspaper articles.\nProhibition-era gangsters.\nAlcatraz's famous prisoners included many gangsters who did organized crime around the Prohibition era in the United States. Al \"Scarface\" Capone was sent to Alcatraz just a few weeks after it opened. Capone was a Chicago mob boss who left Alcatraz in 1939. George \"Machine Gun\" Kelly arrived less than a month after Capone. He was a Tennessee bootlegger and armed robber who committed a famous kidnapping. He left Alcatraz in 1951, transferring to Leavenworth federal prison.\nTwo members of the Barker-Karpis Gang were imprisoned at Alcatraz. The Gang operated for four years (from 1931-1935), which made it one of the longest-lived criminal gangs in the Great Depression era. Alvin Karpis, who co-led the gang, was in Alcatraz from 1936-1962. He was the first person the FBI ever named as \"Public Enemy Number One,\" and was at Alcatraz longer than any other prisoner in history. Ma Barker's son Arthur (\"Doc\") was also imprisoned at Alcatraz from 1935-1939. He was shot in 1939 while trying to escape.\nThe 1940s - 1960s.\nRobert Stroud was imprisoned at Alcatraz from 1942-1959). He was a murderer nicknamed \"the Birdman of Alcatraz\". He left the prison in 1959. \"Birdman of Alcatraz,\" a 1962 movie starring Burt Lancaster, became very popular (though it changed many of the details of Stroud's story).\nTen years after Stroud arrived, James \"Bumpy\" Johnson was sent to Alcatraz for trafficking heroin. Johnson was a Harlem drug kingpin. After the Anglin brothers escaped Alcatraz in 1962, an inmate claimed that Johnson had helped them. Johnson left Alcatraz in 1963.\nJames \"Whitey\" Bulger, who later became an Irish Mob leader in Boston, was at Alcatraz from 1959-1962.\nToday.\nToday, Alcatraz is a national park that attracts many visitors. Millions of people come to the San Francisco Bay area to visit the old prison or hike the island. \nSome people have said that Alcatraz is haunted. Visitors often enjoy tales about ghosts on the prison grounds. "}
+{"id": "63277", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63277", "title": "As of 2006", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63278", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63278", "title": "Beverage", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63279", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63279", "title": "11 October", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63280", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63280", "title": "Illuminated manuscript", "text": "An illuminated manuscript is a handwritten book decorated with gold, silver, or miniature pictures. Illuminated manuscripts were most commonly found in medieval Europe, where Christianity was the state religion of various kingdoms. Illuminated manuscripts are said to have played a huge role in the history of arts. The ease of carrying illuminated manuscripts from one region to another contributed to the spread of knowledge. From the 15th century onwards, illuminated manuscripts were replaced by printed manuscripts."}
+{"id": "63281", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63281", "title": "Armenian Illuminated manuscript", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63282", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63282", "title": "Boers", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63283", "revid": "1667218", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63283", "title": "Manuscript", "text": "A manuscript is any document that is written by hand, which is not printed or made in some other way. The early history of writing is closely connected with the history of writing materials, of which the manuscript is one. Early printing made use of many ideas which developed in the era of manuscripts.\nManuscripts have played a important role in human history, serving as tools for sharing knowledge, literature, religious texts, scientific discoveries, and personal writings. They offer insights into the intellectual, cultural, and artistic achievements of civilizations throughout the ages.\nThey were written on palm leaves and compressed birch tree barks. The people who wrote manuscripts were known as scribes. Only the high ranking class, such as kings and nobles could afford a manuscript.\nIn the early stages of human civilization, various materials were used for writing manuscripts, including clay tablets, papyrus, parchment, and paper. These materials influenced the form, durability, and portability of manuscripts, shaping their physical features and preservation needs.\nWith the invention of the printing press in the 15th century, manuscripts gradually gave way to printed books, which allowed for mass production and wider spread of texts. However, early printing methods often borrowed techniques and styles from manuscript production, such as the use of decorative initials and illustrations. The transition from manuscripts to printed books marked a significant shift in the history of written communication and knowledge sharing.\nInfluence in the 21st century.\nIn the modern context, manuscript writing continues to hold relevance, particularly in academic and creative fields. Manuscripts are created for various purposes, including research articles, novels, poetry, plays, and historical texts. While digital technology and word processing software have made it easier to produce and edit manuscripts electronically, there is still a demand for professional manuscript writing services to ensure accuracy, clarity, and adherence to specific style guidelines.\nManuscripts hold a significant place in the history of human communication, helping modern day historians study the past. While new technology has changed standard writing processes, manuscripts continue to be appreciated for their historical value, aesthetic appeal, and the human touch they embody. Manuscripts are admired as an example of the handwritten expression and craftsmanship involved in their creation."}
+{"id": "63285", "revid": "331739", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63285", "title": "Matenadaran", "text": "Mesrop Mashtots' Matenadaran Institute of Ancient Manuscripts in Yerevan, Armenia, is one of the richest depositories of manuscripts and books in the world."}
+{"id": "63287", "revid": "9610713", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63287", "title": "Blue Mosque, Yerevan", "text": "The Blue Mosque (; Persian: <bdi>\u0645\u0633\u062c\u062f \u06a9\u0628\u0648\u062f</bdi> Masdsched-e Kabud) is a mosque in Yerevan, Armenia. It was built in 1766 during the reign of Huseyn Ali."}
+{"id": "63288", "revid": "115351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63288", "title": "Plainview", "text": "Plainview is the name of several places in the United States of America:"}
+{"id": "63290", "revid": "1096394", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63290", "title": "235 BC", "text": "Year 235 BC was a year of the pre-Julian Roman calendar."}
+{"id": "63292", "revid": "1259568", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63292", "title": "302 BC", "text": "Year 302 BC was an extended period of the pre-Julian Roman schedule. At that point, it was known as the Extended period of the Consulship of Denter and Paullus (or, less regularly, year 452 Stomach muscle urbe condita). The category 302 BC during the current year has been utilized since the early middle age time frame, when the In the year of the Lord schedule period turned into the common strategy in Europe for naming years."}
+{"id": "63293", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63293", "title": "Chisinau", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63294", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63294", "title": "San Marino City", "text": "San Marino is the capital of the tiny nation of San Marino. It is the third largest city in the country, after Dogana and Borgo Maggiore."}
+{"id": "63296", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63296", "title": "Fort Worth, Texas", "text": "Forth Worth is the fifth largest city in Texas. It is the 12th most populous city in the United States. It has gotten so big that it has overlapped the next biggest city next to it, Dallas, Texas. Because of this, the area is often referred to as Dallas/Ft. Worth, or DFW. \nFort Worth is the county seat of Tarrant County. Texas Motor Speedway is also in fort Worth.\nThere are a few interesting landmarks in Fort Worth. One is Sundance Square, a popular place to enjoy in downtown. Another is West 7th, an entertainment destination. At last, there is the Fort Worth Stockyards, where rodeos are held.\nHistory.\nMany Confederate monuments and buildings have been removed or renamed in Fort Worth. "}
+{"id": "63297", "revid": "1696139", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63297", "title": "Akdamar Island", "text": "Akdamar Island (Turkish: \"Akdamar Adas\u0131\"; also known as \"Aghtamar\", \"Ahktamar\", and \"Aght'amar\"; Armenian: \"\u0531\u0572\u0569\u0561\u0574\u0561\u0580\"; Kurdish: \"Axtamar\") is a small island in Lake Van in the Eastern Anatolia region of Turkey."}
+{"id": "63300", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63300", "title": "Gandzasar monastery", "text": "The Gandzasar monastery (Armenian: \u0533\u0561\u0576\u0571\u0561\u057d\u0561\u0580) is an Armenian monastery in Nagorno-Karabakh, in the Mardakert region, near the village of Vank. Gandzasar means \"treasure mountain\" in Armenian."}
+{"id": "63301", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63301", "title": "Deportation", "text": "Deportation, means the removal of someone from a country. People may be deported from a country for many reasons. For example, one may be deported from a country if they enter the country illegally or if they overstay longer then their visa allows them to stay in the country.\nDeportation can also happen inside a country. A person or a group of people may be forced to move to a different part of the country, as a type of punishment. Examples include the Crimean Tatars."}
+{"id": "63303", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63303", "title": "23 November", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63304", "revid": "1142876", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63304", "title": "Armenian massacre", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63305", "revid": "1142876", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63305", "title": "Turkish massacre", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63306", "revid": "10249437", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63306", "title": "912", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63307", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63307", "title": "Vahe", "text": "Vahe was a legendary king of Armenia (351 BC\u2013331 BC). He was the last offspring of the Hyke dynasty. He revolted against Alexander the Great and fought a war for Darius the Great of Persia."}
+{"id": "63308", "revid": "1063175", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63308", "title": "Rhadamistus", "text": "Rhadamistus (other names Ghadam or Radamisto) was an Iberian prince who reigned in Armenia from 51 to 53 and 54 to 55 CE. "}
+{"id": "63310", "revid": "1633172", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63310", "title": "Construction", "text": "Construction is the process of erection or assembly of any building or infrastructure on a site. In general, there are three types of construction:\nBuilding construction is the process of adding structure to real property. Industrial construction, though a relatively small part of the entire construction industry, is a very important component.\nHistory.\nThe first buildings were huts and shelters, constructed by hand or with simple tools. As cities grew during the Bronze Age, a class of professional craftsmen appeared. Occasionally, slaves were used for construction work. In the Middle Ages, these were organized into guilds. In the 19th century, steam-powered machinery appeared, and later diesel- and electric powered vehicles such as cranes, excavators and bulldozers.\nModern construction is consistently made of materials such as glass, steel, concrete and bricks. So it is easy to build simple forms like simple cubic forms. The new style of architecture is based on the economic basic principle:"}
+{"id": "63311", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63311", "title": "Infrastructure", "text": "Infrastructure is the term used to describe the built facilities which support modern human life.\nThese are the main items: water supply, sewage plants, housing, roads, cable networks, food supply facilities, schools, hospitals, airports, community meeting places, business and government buildings, bridges, railways. In fact, everything that modern life needs in the way of built environment.\nInfrastructure is closely connected with standard of living and overpopulation. More people will want more roads, water pipes and other infrastructure. Poor countries tend to have fast population growth and cannot provide the needed infrastructure. Standard of living drops and this may lead to other problems like worsening health, exposure to plague and difficult access of emergency units to those that need it."}
+{"id": "63314", "revid": "314538", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63314", "title": "Ceremony", "text": "A ceremony is an activity performed at a special time, usually in a formal setting. Some ceremonies are done to celebrate an event or rite of passage. Another important ceremony is the tea ceremony in Asian cultures. \nA ceremony may mark a rite of passage in a person's job or life, showing how important it is. For example:\nOther ceremonies may mark yearly events like:\nGovernment ceremonies.\nSometimes, a ceremony may only be done by certain people. A wedding is done by a priest or a Civil Celebrant. The President of the United States is sworn in by the Chief Justice of the United States at his or her inauguration. The British monarch is usually made king or queen by the Archbishop of Canterbury at his or her coronation."}
+{"id": "63315", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63315", "title": "Kirk Kerkorian", "text": "Kerkor \"Kirk\" Kerkorian (June 6, 1917 \u2013 June 15, 2015) was an Armenian-American \nbillionaire, and president/CEO of Tracinda Corporation, his private holding company based in Beverly Hills, California.\nKerkorian is known as one of the important figures in shaping the city of Las Vegas, Nevada.\nKerkorian died in Beverly Hills, California on June 15, 2015, nine days after his 98th birthday."}
+{"id": "63319", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63319", "title": "Phylogenetics", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63320", "revid": "9121850", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63320", "title": "Chemical property", "text": "In chemistry, a property is any aspect of a substance which is only seen by means of a chemical reaction. Simply speaking, chemical properties cannot be determined just by viewing or touching the substance. This is different from a physical property, which can be discovered without changing the substance's chemical structure. \nUsually a chemical property is discovered by changing the substance's internal structure. When a substance goes under a chemical reaction, the properties will change drastically, resulting in chemical change. However, a catalytic property would also be a chemical property.\nChemical properties can be used for building chemical classifications. They can be used to identify an unknown substance or to separate or purify it from other substances. "}
+{"id": "63321", "revid": "10351774", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63321", "title": "Bass drum", "text": "A bass drum is a type of musical instrument called a drum. It is a large drum, makes low sounds, and is frequently used in the common drum kit.\nThere are three types of bass drums:"}
+{"id": "63322", "revid": "10202508", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63322", "title": "Drum kit", "text": "A drum kit (or drum set or trap set) is a collection of instruments played by an individual who is called a drummer.\nSetup.\nA normal drum kit consists of the following:\nOther cymbals and drums can be added to the setup for a wider range of sounds like the Splash, a small cymbal around 10\"/25\u00a0cm giving a distinct crash sound with a quick decay, or a China cymbal, that gives an \"oriental feel\" to beats, rhythms, solos and fills. The latter is much like a crash cymbal popped inside out with the screw and sponge holding it to the stand inside it, so it has a shallow bowl shape.\nThe drummer can do other things to the kit, such as attach a tambourine to the spine of the hi-hat, so when he/she puts his/her foot down on the pedal or hits it with a drumstick, the drummer gets the tambourine sound at the same time. Cymbals can also have rivets inserted into them to give them a 'sizzling' sound, or a cowbell can be attached to the top of the bass drum between the snare and floor tom to use in fills, solos, grooves, etc."}
+{"id": "63323", "revid": "1068258", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63323", "title": "Drum stick", "text": "A drum stick or drumstick is a wooden stick that is used to hit percussion instruments to make sound. \nThere are many kinds of drumsticks. Some sticks are made for certain instruments. For instance, a drum kit stick may look very different from a snare drum stick. Weight, length, and tip size are all altering factors in a stick. \nSome drums, such as bongo drums, use no drumstick."}
+{"id": "63324", "revid": "621617", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63324", "title": "Khachkar", "text": "A Khachkar or Khatchkar (\"\u053d\u0561\u0579\u0584\u0561\u0580\" in Armenian, meaning \"cross-stone\", pronounced as ) is a carved memorial stone found in Armenia.\nIt has a crucifix or cross, with a rosette or sun circle below it. Other parts can be filled with patterns of leaves, grapes or knots. Sometimes it has a ledge at the top with saints' or characters from the bible.\nMuch of the time a khachkar is put up for religious reasons such as the salvation of the soul of a living or a dead person. They have also been removed for other reasons, such as to show a military win, building of a new church, or as a protection from natural disasters.\nMost Khachkars are in graveyards. But Armenian gravestones take many other forms, and only a small are khatchkars."}
+{"id": "63326", "revid": "9184657", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63326", "title": "Back Dorm Boys", "text": "Back Dorm Boys () are two Chinese people who have made several well known spoof music videos in 2006. Their name comes from their lip sync video of the Backstreet Boys' song \"As Long as You Love Me\". They are often called the \"Back Dormitory Boys\". Their spoof music videos have been selected by Motorola China to promote mobile phones. The two members of the Back Dorm Boys are \u97e6\u709c (Wei Wei) and \u9ec4\u827a\u99a8 (Huang Yi Xin). They were university students at Guangzhou Arts Institute (\u5e7f\u5dde\u7f8e\u672f\u5b66\u9662) majoring in sculpture. Their videos were very famous in China. The became very famous around the world after the videos were shown on YouTube."}
+{"id": "63327", "revid": "1674404", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63327", "title": "Natt\u014d", "text": "Natto ( (hiragana), \u7d0d\u8c46 (kanji); \"natt\u014d\" or \"nattou\") is a traditional Japanese food made by fermenting soybeans. Natto is known for its strong musty smell and unusual slimy texture, which makes sticky strings when stirred and eaten. In order to balance some of the strong flavors, it is usually eaten on top of rice with , a soy sauce-based condiment, or Japanese mustard. Whether Natto is popular or not depends on regions in Japan. For example, eating Natto as a custom is not so popular in the Kansai region of Japan. \nTypes.\nThere are many kinds of Natto. First, Natto is classified under two types of Natto, Itohiki Natto and Ji Natto. Also Itohiki Natto has three kinds of Natto, Marudaizu Natto, Hikiwari Natto, and Goto Natto. Of these different types, Marudaizu Natto and Hikiwari Natto are most commonly eaten.\nAvailability.\nNatto may be bought in stores in Styrofoam boxes. Sometimes, they come with a mustard packet and a packet of \"tsuyu\" to eat with the natto. \nPreparation.\nAlthough it is not customary to cook natto, natto may be prepared in food items like sushi or \"donburi\". \"Donburi\" is any Japanese dish served with rice in a bowl. Natto can be made into a donburi by adding natto and other items like tuna or egg to rice inside a bowl. \"Nattojiru\" made by adding natto to miso soup as a seasoning. Natto can also be used as a topping for Soba, Udon, Spaghetti, Okonomiyaki and so on.\nSpices and Condiments.\nIn general, soy sauce, tsuyu, and karashi mustard are used to flavor Natto, but some people use egg, leek, Japanese ginger, grated radish, laver (a type of edible seaweed), okra, and other ingredients."}
+{"id": "63328", "revid": "1174418", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63328", "title": "Kichij\u014dji", "text": " is a neighborhood in the city of Musashino in Tokyo, Japan. It has an important commercial activity, with many shops, restaurant and cultural activities, mostly north of its railway station.\nKichij\u014dji also has some famous landmarks. Inokashira Park, for example, is in the south part of the district, and is a favorite place for springtime \"hanami\", or to see cherry-blossoms. The Kanda River (\u795e\u7530\u5ddd) begins to flow from this park. The Seikei University (\u6210\u8e4a\u5927\u5b66), one of Tokyo's biggest private universities, is in the northwestern area of the neighborhood.\nIt is famous for being a location people can visit in Persona 5."}
+{"id": "63330", "revid": "1674404", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63330", "title": "Udon", "text": " is a type of thick, wheat-based noodle popular in Japanese cuisine.\nUdon is most often served hot as a noodle soup in a mild, salty broth. Its simplest form is called \"kake udon\". This consists only of dashi stock, soy sauce (\"sh\u014dyu\"), mirin, and \"udon\" noodles. Different things can be put on top of the soup as toppings. Often thinly cut scallions are used, along with other common toppings such as kamaboko, prawn or vegetable tempura, some spices, and wakame.\nThe flavor of the broth and toppings, as well as even noodle texture and thickness, is different from region to region. Usually, dark brown broth made from dark soy sauce (\"koikuchi sh\u014dyu\") is common in eastern Japan. Light brown broth made from light soy sauce (\"usukuchi sh\u014dyu\") is common in western Japan. However, many other regional types exist outside of just broth color and mainly vary in toppings used.\nKagawa Prefecture is famous for using udon as a staple food.\nDefinition.\nAccording to JAS (Japanese Agricultural Standard), to be udon, a round noodle's diameter has to be over 1.7\u00a0mm and a flat noodle's width over 1.7\u00a0mm. Udon dough is made from wheat flour and salt."}
+{"id": "63332", "revid": "1059492", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63332", "title": "Hachi\u014dji", "text": " is a Japanese city in on the island of Honshu. It is about 40\u00a0kilometers west of the center of the 23 special wards of Tokyo. The city is the 8th biggest city around the Tokyo metropolitan area. It is the 24th largest city in Japan.\nHistory.\nHachi\u014dji officially became a city on September 1, 1917, but it has been an important point on the K\u014dsh\u016b Highway, the main road that connected Edo (the old name of Tokyo) with Western Japan since before modern times, especially during the Edo period. For a short period of time, a castle, Hachi\u014dji Castle (\u516b\u738b\u5b50\u57ce; Hachi\u014dji-j\u014d) was in the area. It was made in 1584 by H\u014dj\u014d Ujiteru (\u5317\u6761\u6c0f\u7167), but was soon broken in war by Toyotomi Hideyoshi in 1590. In the Meiji period, Hachi\u014dji grew larger because of silk and silk textiles. However, the industry became less popular in the 1960s. Today, Hachi\u014dji is home for many Tokyo workers.\nIn Hachioji, there are about 20 colleges and universities, including Takushoku University.\nGeography.\nThere are 3 mountains around Hachioji."}
+{"id": "63335", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63335", "title": "Nerima, Tokyo", "text": "Nerima is one of the 23 special wards in Tokyo, Japan.\nThe municipality calls itself \"Nerima City\" in English.\nNerima is called \"the town of animation\" because the earliest anime businesses started up in the area.\nHistory.\nOn 1 August 1947, the ward of Nerima was formed by separating from the ward of Itabashi.\nGeography.\nNerima is a western ward. It borders Nakano and Suginami on the south. Musashino and Nishitokyo are on the ward's western border. Saitamo Prefecture is on the northern border. Itabashi and Toshima are on the west.\nThere is also a long river in Nerima."}
+{"id": "63338", "revid": "9223751", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63338", "title": "Suginami", "text": " is one of the 23 special wards of Tokyo, Japan.\nThe municipality calls itself \"Suginami City\" in English.\nGeography.\nSuginami is in the western part of Tokyo's special wards. It is next to Setagaya to the south. It's western neighbors are the cities of Mitaka and Musashino. Nerima is on the northern border. Nakano is to the east.\nThe Kanda river runs through the ward."}
+{"id": "63341", "revid": "440188", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63341", "title": "Higashi-Nagasaki Station", "text": "Higashi-Nagasaki Station is the railway station of the Seibu-Ikebukuro line in Toshima Ward, Tokyo, Japan.\nThe station is near the \"Ikebukuro\" station that is center of Tokyo. Only local train stops this station. Limited express, rapid express, semi express and rapid train pass this station. The next station of this station to east is \"Shinamachi\". The next station of this station to west is \"Ekoda\".\nThe area near the Higashi-nagasaki station is named \"Nagasaki\", but Nagasaki and Nagasaki Prefecture in Kyushu are not related. \"Nagasaki\" in Toshima Ward is located in east Japan. So this station's name have \"Higashi\"(means \"east\") to distinguish between this station and Nagasaki station in Kyushu."}
+{"id": "63345", "revid": "551548", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63345", "title": "Sagamihara, Kanagawa", "text": "Sagamihara (, Sagamihara-shi?) is a city in Japan. It is in north central Kanagawa Prefecture, bordering Tokyo, Japan. It is the third most populous city in the prefecture, after Yokohama and Kawasaki. \nThe main areas of commercial activity in Sagamihara are around Hashimoto Station on the JR Yokohama Line and Keio Sagamihara Line, Sagamihara Station on the JR Yokohama Line, and Sagami-\u014cno Station on the Odakyu Odawara Line."}
+{"id": "63346", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63346", "title": "Aomori", "text": " is the capital city of Aomori Prefecture, Japan.\nIt is southwest of the town of Hiranai. It is a coastal city, and is near the Mutsu-wan (\u9678\u5965\u6e7e). It has been recognized as a core city since 2006.\nDemography.\nAccording to Japanese census data,\nFestivals.\nThe Nebuta festival is one of the most famous festivals in Japan. It takes place at the beginning of August. More than 300,000 people come and see this festival every year.\nThis festival is called both \u201cNebuta\u201d and \u201dNeputa\u201d. In Aomori city, they use the word \u201cNebuta\u201d, and in Hirosaki city, they use the word \u201cNeputa\u201d."}
+{"id": "63356", "revid": "1560550", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63356", "title": "HM Land Registry", "text": "Land Registry or His Majesty's Land Registry is a United Kingdom government office which started in 1862. It publicly records interests in land in England and Wales. It answers to the Ministry of Justice.\nPurpose.\nThe office records the owner of land and legal rights over land. It has recorded about half of the land in England and Wales, and they request owners to record the rest.\nPersons make payments to the Land Registry to record land or for copies of the records. The British Government does not make payments to the Land Registry.\nOffices.\nThe Land Registry has 24 offices in England and Wales and a head office at Lincoln\u2019s Inn Fields in London, England. It wants to shut the offices in York and Harrow.\nThe head of the Land Registry is called the Chief Land Registrar and Chief Executive.\nHistory.\nIn 1857 a government committee said there should be a record of land. The Land Registry started after the Land Registry Act 1862. The failure of this law led to a new law in 1875. But this law was also a failure because persons could decide if they wanted to record their land, and most persons decided not to. In 1897 a new law forced persons in London to record their land when they sold it. Step by step this law was applied to the rest of England and Wales by 1990. A new law \u2013 the Land Registration Act 2002 \u2013 modernised the law and made possible the electronic sale of land."}
+{"id": "63360", "revid": "1541887", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63360", "title": "Yamuna", "text": "The Yamuna (), sometimes called Jamuna (, , ) or Jumna, is a major river in North India. It is the largest branch of a bigger river called the Ganges. It is 1370 km long. It begins at the Yamunotri, which is in the Himalayas. It goes through the Indian states of Delhi, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. At the end, it flows into the Ganges. Rivers that come out of the Yamuna include the Tons (the largest of the ones that come out of it), Chambal, Betwa, and Ken"}
+{"id": "63361", "revid": "1541887", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63361", "title": "Ahmedabad", "text": "Ahmedabad is the largest city in the Gujarat state, in Western India. The city is the administrative centre of Ahmedabad district, and was the capital of Gujarat from 1960 to 1970. The city is located on the banks of the Sabarmati River, and it shares proximity with the Gandhinagar, the newly built state capital.\nThe city's area is approximately 8,087 sq.k.m and it's total population of District is 7,486,573 (2014).\nHistory.\nThe city was founded by Sultan Ahmed Shah in 1411 A.D. But, the area around the city has been inhabited since the 11th century when it was known as \"Ashaval\". The city was built on an elevated plain known as \"Bhadra\" on the eastern bank of Sabarmati River.\nIn 1487, the city was fortified with an outer wall 10\u00a0km (6.2\u00a0mi) in circumference by Mahmud Begada, the grandson of Sultan. The fortification consisted of twelve gates, 189 bastions and over 6,000 battlements.\nIn 1573, the city was annexed by the Mughal Empire. But, in the year 1758, Mughals surrendered the city to Marathas after the brief joint-rule from 1739 to 1744.\nGovernance.\nSince July 1950, the city is governed by Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) in urban area and Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority (AUDA) in suburbs area. Both, provides a number of urban services such as water supply, roads construction, sanitation, primary education, city transport etc. In totality, the administration of the city is divided into 14 talukas which includes 556 villages, 1 corporation, 1 cantonment area, and 7 municipalities.\nEconomy.\nFor a long time, the city has been known for its textile mills and have been dubbed as \"\"Manchester of the East\".\" In 1861, the first textile mill was opened and gradually, the whole sector grew through city's own traditional culture and passion for entrepreneurship. Besides textile, Ahmedabad is also known for being automotive and pharmaceutical manufacturing hub.\nTransportation.\nRailway.\nThe city is connected with pan-India railway network. It has three stations - Kalupur Station, Maninagar Station and Sabarmati Station. The Kalupur station is in the center of the city which will be convergence point for Ahmedabad Metro, Ahmedabad BRTS, and upcoming high-speed rail system.\nRoads.\nThe city is well connected to the major cities in the state and the country through several national and state highways.\nAir.\nThe city is served by Sardar Vallabbhai Patel International Airport. The airport is located 9\u00a0km from city center and also caters the state capital Gandhinagar. It was started in the year 1937 with the inaugural flight Bombay-Ahmedabad-Karachi, piloted by J. R. D. Tata."}
+{"id": "63362", "revid": "888555", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63362", "title": "Dachau, Bavaria", "text": "Dachau ( ]; Bavarian: \"Dochau\") is a city in the south of Germany, about north-west of Munich. It has about 40,000 inhabitants. The town contains a historic town centre with an 18th-century castle.\nDachau was founded in the 8th century. In 1933, a concentration camp was built in Dachau. It was the first camp of the Nazis and became the prototype for all other camps. More than 30,000 prisoners died or were killed."}
+{"id": "63366", "revid": "7504", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63366", "title": "Anisoptera", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63367", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63367", "title": "Odonata", "text": "The Odonata are an order of flying insects, the dragonflies and damselflies. They are sometimes listed as the Metapterygota.\nLike most of the flying insects (flies, beetles, Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera), they evolved in the early Mesozoic era. Their prototypes, the giant dragonflies of the Carboniferous, 325 mya, are no longer put in the Odonata. These are now called Protodonata or Meganisoptera.\nThe two suborders are easily distinguished:\nAll Odonata have aquatic larvae called 'nymphs', and all of them, larvae and adults, are carnivorous. The adults can land, but rarely walk. Their legs are specialised for catching prey. They are almost entirely insectivorous.\nDescription.\nThese insects characteristically have large rounded heads covered mostly by big compound eyes, legs that catch prey (other insects) in flight, two pairs of long, transparent wings that move independently, and long abdomens. They have two ocelli (eye spots) and short antennae. The mouthparts are on the underside of the head and include simple chewing mandibles in the adult."}
+{"id": "63371", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63371", "title": "Chordophone", "text": "A chordophone is any musical instrument which produces sound commonly by vibrating a string or strings stretched between two points.\nWhat most westerners would call string instruments are classified as chordophones (for example, violins, guitars and harps)."}
+{"id": "63373", "revid": "40117", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63373", "title": "Will Ferrell", "text": "John William \"Will\" Ferrell (; born , 1967) is an American actor, comedian, and producer. He began his successful career as a cast member of \"Saturday Night Live\". He has since appeared in many different movies, such as \"Blades of Glory\", \"Elf\", ', ', \"Old School\" and \"Despicable Me 4\".\nEarly life.\nFerrell was born in Irvine, California on July 16, 1967 He is the son of Betty Kay (n\u00e9e Overman), a teacher who taught at Old Mill School elementary school and Santa Ana College, and Roy Lee Ferrell Jr., a musician with The Righteous Brothers. His parents were both natives of Roanoke Rapids, North Carolina, and moved to California in 1964. He has a younger brother named Patrick. When he was 8, his parents divorced. Ferrell said of the divorce: \"I was the type of kid who would say, 'Hey, look at the bright side! We'll have two Christmases'.\""}
+{"id": "63374", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63374", "title": "Tritium", "text": "Tritium is an isotope of hydrogen, the lightest element. Tritium has one proton and two neutrons. It heavier than ordinary hydrogen or its isotope deuterium. Hydrogen does not have any neutrons, only a proton. The chemical symbol for Tritium is 3H or T.\nIn nature, tritium is made when cosmic rays hit nitrogen in the Earth's atmosphere. Tritium has a half-life of a little more than twelve years, so there is not much in the atmosphere. People make much more tritium in nuclear reactors, so that they can make things from it.\nWays of using tritium.\nTritium is important for nuclear fusion power. Tritium is added to nuclear bombs to make them more powerful when they explode. \nTritium is often used with phosphors to make glow in the dark key-rings, and sights on rifles. Tritium makes the phosphors glow because it is radioactively unstable and gives energy to the phosphor so it can make light. Before lots of tritium could be made, people used radium to make things light up but this gave people cancer.\nRadioactive decay produces tritium. High levels of tritium were found in 2013 in the Pacific near the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant two years after the Fukushima nuclear disaster. "}
+{"id": "63376", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63376", "title": "Chordophones", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63384", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63384", "title": "Fiber", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63385", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63385", "title": "Wood fibre", "text": "Wood fibres are made of cellulose got from the xylem vessels in plants, especially trees. Other plants providing fibres include straw, bamboo, cotton, hemp, and sugar cane.\nProducts made from processed plant fibres include paper and textiles."}
+{"id": "63386", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63386", "title": "Christian theology", "text": "Christian theology is the study of Christian belief. Christian theologians use analysis and argument to understand, explain, test, critique, defend, or promote Christianity.\nChristian theology starts with the New Testament. Saint Paul, in his letters, and his speeches (Acts of the Apostles), draws upon his training as a rabbi and on his experience of Christ. He started outside Damascus to explain to Jews and Gentiles the meaning of the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus. In the History of Christianity, later writers such as Luther and John Calvin have stressed the Bible as the basis of theology. The bible as a source is not without controversy. Catholic and Orthodox theologians have also stressed the importance of Church tradition for the faith. Thomas Aquinas and Saint Augustine are among the most important writers within the Roman Catholic Church.\nDifferences in theology have led to the many denominations within Christianity. This started with the separation of Jesus' followers from Judaism. Later came the Great Schism and the Reformation. After Luther's quarrel with the Pope, Reformed churches like the Lutherans and Baptists are established. Calvinism is very important within Protestantism, although the followers of Jacob Arminius do not accept it. Attempts at compromise in England between the Catholics and Puritans lead to the establishment of the Church of England.\nLater movements include Methodism, Liberal Christianity, Pentecostalism, and Liberation theology.\nChristian creeds.\nMany important ideas in Christian theology are summarized in statements called creeds. These were usually written by councils of Christians as a statement of their most central beliefs. Most major Christian churches agree with the Nicene Creed.\nThe question of evidence.\nMost scholars of antiquity agree that Jesus existed. There is no indication that writers in antiquity who opposed Christianity questioned the existence of Jesus.\nHowever, there is no physical or archaeological evidence for Jesus, and all the sources we have are documentary. The sources for the historical Jesus are mainly Christian writings, such as the gospels and the letters of the apostles. All sources that mention Jesus were written after his death. The New Testament represents sources from the wide variety of writings in the first centuries AD that are related to Jesus. The authenticity and reliability of these sources have been questioned by many scholars, and few events mentioned in the gospels are universally accepted.\nStrauss' \"Life of Jesus\" was the book which raised all these issues to the surface. In its 451 pages Strauss argued that:"}
+{"id": "63387", "revid": "1670684", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63387", "title": "Professional wrestling", "text": "Professional wrestling, pro wrestling is wrestling done as performance art. It is different from other sports because it is a fixed sport. It is sometimes known as sports entertainment.\nLike other athletes, most wrestlers train each day to maintain their physical condition. They practice for years to learn to execute moves safely while still making them look dangerous. They suffer many injuries, sometimes severe. \nProfessional wrestling is done as a show, like a play. Many wrestlers will wrestle in many fights, called matches. They wrestle inside a 'wrestling ring', which is a place with ropes around it. The best wrestlers can win belts, called 'championship titles', to show that they are the best.\nFamous stars of the ring include \"Gorgeous George\" Wagner, Ric Flair, Hulk Hogan, Andr\u00e9 the Giant, Sting, \"Macho Man\" Randy Savage, Bret \"The Hitman\" Hart, Shawn Michaels, The Undertaker, Triple H, Brock Lesnar, Goldberg, Mick Foley, Stone Cold Steve Austin, Batista, Dwayne \"The Rock\" Johnsonand John Cena.\nThe United States, Canada, Mexico, and Japan and the United Kingdom are countries that have a lot of professional wrestling events. The biggest company of professional wrestling is WWE (World Wrestling Entertainment). Once a year, they have a big wrestling event called WrestleMania. Professional wrestling can be seen both in the audience of an arena or on television."}
+{"id": "63389", "revid": "7440", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63389", "title": "Higashi-nagasaki", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63391", "revid": "7440", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63391", "title": "Chinese Backstreet Boys", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63393", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63393", "title": "Monaco-Ville", "text": "Monaco-Ville is the original fortified town of Monaco. It stands on a monolith where the Prince's Palace is located."}
+{"id": "63394", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63394", "title": "Fortified town", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63396", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63396", "title": "H\u0131d\u0131rl\u0131k Tower", "text": "H\u0131d\u0131rl\u0131k Tower is a landmark tower of tawny stone in Antalya, Turkey, where Kalei\u00e7i meets Karaalioglu Park.\nThe tower is at the south side of the place, where the land walls of the city join the sea walls. The 14m high tower consists a circular tower rising on a quadratic pedestal. The tower's gate at the eastern side goes to a small room, from where a narrow staircase goes up. There was some restoration work on the upper part done in the Seljuk and Ottoman eras.\nAround the H\u0131d\u0131rl\u0131k Tower is many caf\u00e9s and restaurants also a view of the Gulf of Antalya."}
+{"id": "63398", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63398", "title": "Mesa, Arizona", "text": "Mesa is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona and part of the Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale Metropolitan Area. It is the 37th most populous city in the United States of America. It was settled by members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in January 1878."}
+{"id": "63400", "revid": "1687111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63400", "title": "Tucson, Arizona", "text": "Tucson is a city in Arizona, United States. It is the seat of Pima County. It is 118 miles (188\u00a0km) southeast of Phoenix and 60 miles (98\u00a0km) north of the Mexican border. It is where the shooting of senator Gabrielle Giffords took place. Arizona has many deserts. It is visited by many people to escape cold weather. Tucson has a population of 547,239 as of 2023 and is the second most populated city in Arizona behind Phoenix. The city has a mean elevation of 2,400 feet. The climate of Tucson is an arid desert climate with very hot summers and mild winters. The monsoon occurs in mid June and ends around late September in the Tucson area.\nHistory.\nTucson was founded on August 20, 1775\u2014an event celebrated annually at Tucson's birthday party, La Fiesta de San Agust\u00edn. But people had long before feeling something special here and made it their home. In fact, the area we call Tucson is one of the oldest continually inhabited areas in North America.\nHohokam Indians lived and farmed here for 4,000 years before Spanish missionaries and soldiers arrived in the late 1600s and established local landmarks such as the Presidio San Agust\u00edn del Tucson and the Mission San Xavier del Bac\u2014the two most iconic and historic structures in the region. \"The Old Pueblo,\" as the adobe-walled Presidio became known, remains one of Tucson's nicknames to this day.\nTucson in the 1800's.\nAll of Arizona, south of the Gila River was legally bought from Mexico as part of the Gadsden Purchase on June 8, 1854, and Tucson officially became a part of the United States of America. During what is commonly referred to as the \"Old West\" era (1860 to 1880) Tucson was the battleground of many clashes between cattle ranchers, settlers, miners, and the Apache Indians.\nIn 1877, Tucson was incorporated as a city, making it the oldest city in Arizona, and with the arrival of the Southern Pacific Railroad in 1880, Tucson's multicultural roots expanded and deepened as new residents adopted customs of both the Tohono O'odham Indians, Mexicans and early settlers that were already living here.\nGeography.\nTucson is situated in the eastern portion of Pima County, Arizona in one of the lushest valleys found in the Sonoran Desert. Surrounded by five unique mountain ranges, opportunities for outdoor exploration are endless. A quick drive along the Catalina Highway-Sky Island National Scenic Byway can take you from the lower elevations of the valley floor to the summit of Mt. Lemmon at 9,157 feet. In roughly an hour this scenic drive traverses seven of the world's nine life zones\u2014the span of ecosystems you'd see driving from Mexico to Canada.\nThe city is bordered on all sides by protected natural areas: Coronado National Forest, Catalina State Park, Ironwood Forest National Monument, and Saguaro National Parks East and West (the best places to see the giant saguaro cactus native only to Southern Arizona and Native Mexico).\nBecause of the variety of terrain and proximity to protected areas and parks Tucson is widely considered one of the world's best destinations for activities such as hiking, cycling, rock climbing, horseback riding, and just about anything else you would want to do outdoors. \nClimate.\nBoasting an average 350 sunny days a year and warm dry air, Tucson's climate is ideal for outdoor recreation, with winter temperatures reaching average highs of 64-75\u00b0F. Summer days are often hot with low humidity\u2014great for indoor activities like museums, art galleries, and shopping or relaxing indoor or poolside at one of the area's world-famous spas or resorts. Cool mornings and evenings and long twilight hours throughout summer make for memorable cookouts, patio dining, and activities like hiking and horseback riding. Golf can be enjoyed year-round with a host of pro-level courses. In summer months both early morning and late afternoon tee times are available at reduced prices, making it even easier to hit the links.\nReferences.\nhttps://www.visittucson.org/\nhttps://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5195762.pdf\nhttps://www.britannica.com/place/Tucson"}
+{"id": "63402", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63402", "title": "Arlington, Texas", "text": "Arlington is a city in Tarrant County, Texas, United States. It is in the Dallas-Fort Worth-Arlington metropolitan area.\nArlington has AT&T Stadium, Globe Life Field, Texas Live, Six Flags, the United States Bowling Congress Nuclear Regulatory Commission Region IV and American Mensa."}
+{"id": "63403", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63403", "title": "Tarrant County, Texas", "text": "Tarrant County is a county in the U.S. state of Texas. In 2020, 2,110,640 people lived there. The county seat is Fort Worth, and in 2020, 918,915 people lived there, making it the largest city in the county. The second largest city in the county is Arlington, where 375,600 people live.\nGeography.\nThe county has a total area of 902 square miles. The land area covers 864 square miles, and water covers 39 square miles."}
+{"id": "63405", "revid": "586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63405", "title": "Spectrophotometer", "text": "A spectrophotometer measures either the amount of light reflected from a sample object or the amount of light that is absorbed by the sample object. Spectrophotometry is the quantity based study of electromagnetic spectra.\nDesign.\nIn short, the sequence of events in a modern spectrophotometer is as follows:\nThere are two kinds of spectrophotometers: single beam and double beam. A double beam spectrophotometer compares the light intensity between two light paths. One path containing a reference sample, the other holding the test sample. A single beam spectrophotometer measures the relative light intensity of the beam before and after a test sample is inserted. A double beam machine makes comparison readings easier and more stable. But a single beam machine can have measure a wider range of light frequencies. Single beam machines have simple optical systems and are more compact. When the spectrophotometer is built into another device (like microscopes or telescopes) only single beam machines will work.\nMany older spectrophotometers must be calibrated by a procedure known as \"zeroing.\" The absorbancy of a reference substance is set as a baseline value, so the absorbancies of all other substances are recorded relative to the initial \"zeroed\" substance. The spectrophotometer then displays % absorbancy (the amount of light absorbed relative to the initial substance).\nSpectrophotometers can also measure luminescence. For example, the machine can shine ultraviolet light of one frequency on the sample. This will excite the sample and make it glow. The detectors can then measure the light glowing from the sample at a different frequency."}
+{"id": "63407", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63407", "title": "Russian Orthodox Church", "text": "The Russian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate are Christians who are united under the Patriarch of Moscow, who in turn is in communion with the other patriarchs and primates of the Eastern Orthodox Church."}
+{"id": "63408", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63408", "title": "Form", "text": "Form (Lat. \"forma\" Eng. \"mould\"), refers to the external three-dimensional outline, appearance or configuration of some thing - in contrast to the matter or content or substance of which it is mainly composed (compare with shape)."}
+{"id": "63409", "revid": "1659580", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63409", "title": "Martiros Saryan", "text": "Martiros Saryan (, 28 February 1880 \u2013 5 May 1972) was a Russian-born Armenian painter.\nHe was born into an Armenian family in Nor Nakhijevan (now part of Russia). In 1895, he was 15, he finished the Nakhichevan school and from 1897 to 1904 learned at the Moscow School of Arts, also in the workshops of Valentin Serov and Konstantin Korovin. He was heavily influenced by the work of Paul Gauguin and Henri Matisse. He showed his works in various shows.\nQuotes.\n\"Nature's ways are wonderful and unfathomable. The grain swells in the soil, the sprout grows and flowers when the time comes and then it bears new fruit and so does not die. We are like grain. We never die because we are One with Nature. To understand this is to comprehend Immortality--the Apotheosis of the Human Race. It is with this conviction that I have lived my Life. My Life is a store of my experience, a Life of aspirations, sorrows, joys and triumphs.\" (M. Saryan)"}
+{"id": "63415", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63415", "title": "Library of Congress", "text": "The Library of Congress is the \"de facto\" national library of the United States and the research arm of the United States Congress.\nRoles.\nThe primary function of the Library of Congress is to serve the Congress. The Library welcomes public use of its general reference facilities and endeavors to offer the widest possible use of its collections consistent with their preservation and with its obligation to serve the Congress and other government agencies.The Library of Congress is the largest library in the world, with millions of books, recordings, photographs, newspapers, maps and manuscripts in its collections. The Library is the main research arm of the U.S. Congress and the home of the U.S. Copyright Office.Libraries are important cornerstones of a healthy community. ... College students often use the library when they are home for the weekend or for holidays. And the reference resources in public libraries are usually unavailable elsewhere in the community. The library is a unique and valuable resource.\nLibrarian of Congress.\nThe librarian of Congress is the head of the Library of Congress, appointed by the president of the United States with the advice and consent of the United States Senate, for a term of ten years."}
+{"id": "63418", "revid": "10139068", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63418", "title": "Forest, Ontario", "text": "Forest, Ontario is a town in Lambton County, Ontario, Canada. About 3,000 people live in the town. It the biggest town in Lambton Shores. The town was an important lumber town. It even had its own train stop. Forest is now a tourist attraction. It has trails and camp facilities.\nHistory.\nForest is located on land that was once dense forest. When the Grand Trunk Railway was built, the station for the town was named for the dense forest. In 1859, the first post office was then named Forest.\nIndustry.\nThe industry of the town was first based on the large amount of fruit growing in the area. There was once a canning factory and a basket factory in Forest. In more recent years, the town has become a dormitory community for the city of Sarnia and, to a lesser extent, London, Ontario. The large tourism area along the shores of nearby Lake Huron also helps local businesses. Several small manufacturing plants supporting the automobile industry have also opened in the past few years.\nPopulation.\nIn 2001, the last year that Forest was a national census unit, the town had a population of 2,857. The average age of the people who live in Forest was about 42. This is five years older than the average for the entire province. The average earnings of the people living in Forest was $27,902 (CAD) in the year 2000. In 2006, the local census unit was changed to the town of Lambton Shores. In 2021, the town of Forest had a population of 2,429.\nEducation.\nForest has a high school, North Lambton Secondary School. The school has a large gymnasium and cafeteria. It also has access to washroom and meal preparation facilities. Forest has two separate school systems. It has a public school system, Kinnwood Central Public School, and a private school system, St. John Fisher. Both systems have elementary schools.\nRecreation and tourism.\nThere are many recreational facilities in the town. These include an enclosed arena/community center with baseball and soccer fields, a lawn bowling club and public tennis courts. There is also an agricultural society with grounds used for a fall fair and campsites. A privately owned golf course is located in the town, Forest Golf and Country Hotel. There are also more than a dozen other golf courses within a drive.\nForest has a natural amphitheatre in the conservation area in the south part of the town. Each year the people of the town act in a religious play called \"The Promise\" in this amphitheatre. They have done the play since 1995. The stage of the amphitheatre is on a small island. The audience sits on the surrounding hillsides."}
+{"id": "63419", "revid": "1674404", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63419", "title": "Soul music", "text": "Soul music is a kind of music that mixes rhythm and blues, gospel music, and pop music. It was created in the 1960s in the United States by African American musicians. Features of soul music are call and response, hand claps, body movement and a tense vocal sound.\nRay Charles is said to be inventor of soul music with his song \"I Got a Woman\". Soul is energetic music, with the main subjects of lyrics being love, dance and life. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame states that soul is \"music that arose out of the black experience in America through the transmutation of gospel and rhythm & blues into a form of funky, secular testifying.\" Recently, singers like Christina Aguilera, Amy Winehouse and Adele have become well known as Blue Eyed Soul singers. In some styles of soul music, brass and saxophones are used a lot."}
+{"id": "63420", "revid": "9248515", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63420", "title": "Garni", "text": "Garni (\"\u0533\u0561\u057c\u0576\u056b\" in Armenian) is a village in the Armenian province of Kotayk. "}
+{"id": "63423", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63423", "title": "Armenian women", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63426", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63426", "title": "Greater Armenia", "text": "Greater Armenia could mean:"}
+{"id": "63428", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63428", "title": "Irredentism", "text": "Irredentism is the desire of a state or some of its people in a state for the annexation of land of another state. Those who want the land say that it really belongs to them because the other state stole it, or they wish to liberate the people who live there who have the same ethnicity or some other connection.\nThe term was invented in the 1870s, when the unification of Italy left out Italians who lived in Austria-Hungary."}
+{"id": "63429", "revid": "10760", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63429", "title": "Irredentist", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63430", "revid": "1203213", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63430", "title": "Greater Armenia (political concept)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63431", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63431", "title": "Fume hood", "text": "A fume hood or fume cupboard is a large piece of scientific equipment common to chemistry laboratories. Fume hoods stop a person coming into contact with hazardous fumes. They contain an air pump that sucks fumes away from the person using them.\nFume hoods have a large glass window that is opened when a scientist needs to get inside. The window protects the scientist from splashes of chemicals or explosions that could harm them. Most chemical reactions are done inside a fume hood. "}
+{"id": "63432", "revid": "10760", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63432", "title": "Scientific", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63433", "revid": "586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63433", "title": "Ghevont Alishan", "text": "Father Ghevont Alishan () (July 6, 1820 \u2013 November 9, 1901; also spelled Ghevond Alishan) was an ordained Armenian Catholic priest, historian and a poet. In 1885, Alishan created the first modern Armenian flag."}
+{"id": "63434", "revid": "10191948", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63434", "title": "Armenian Catholic Church", "text": "The Armenian Catholic Church is an Eastern Catholic church \"sui juris\" within the Catholic Church. Its headquarters are in Bzoummar, Lebanon. The union was established in the Council of Florence, in 1439. During the Armenian Genocide (1915-1918), its followers were scattered, mainly to Syria and Lebanon. Many Armenians also fled to Georgia and Ukraine.\nIn 1991, after the fall of the Iron Curtain, Pope John Paul II merged the churches in Georgia and Ukraine with those in Armenia. He created a new eparchy of Armenia and Eastern Europe. There is a seminary in Gyumri, the largest city in Armenia. Meanwhile, e Catholic Armenians in Georgia de facto entered the newly-formed diocese.The city of Gyumri was chosen because most Catholic Armenians live in the north of the country.\nMany Armenians emigrated to the United States and Canada, mainly in the 1970s. For that reason, Pope Benedict XVI created a diocese for those people. It is responsible for about 35.000 people in the United States and about 10.000 in Canada. \nThe church uses the Armenian Rite and the Armenian language for its services. \nThe current Patriarch of the church is Nerses Bedros XIX Tarmouni."}
+{"id": "63435", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63435", "title": "Armin T. Wegner", "text": "Armin T. Wegner (October 16, 1886 \u2013 May 17, 1978) was a soldier in World War I, a writer and a co-creator of German Expressionism, a political activist for Armenian and Jewish human rights, and a victim of Nazi persecution.\nHe was a war reporter for several German newspapers at the same time. While staying in Turkey, he saw the genocide of Armenians with his own eyes.\nAfter Hitler came to power, Wegner was against the fascists, and spoke against the treatment of Jews. After writing a letter to Hitler, he was arrested and tortured. Wegner survived and escaped and was based in England, and in Italy after the end of World War II."}
+{"id": "63437", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63437", "title": "Political activist", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63438", "revid": "10047860", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63438", "title": "Activism", "text": "Activism is an action to make a change, or stop a change, in society. It can be trying to make a government change its laws, or trying to make people change what they do. There are many forms of activism. Activism is most associated with protests.\nActivist demonstrative forms of activism includes rallies, street marches, strikes, sit-ins, or hunger strikes. When activism is linked to art, the action, in street art is called artivism."}
+{"id": "63439", "revid": "10760", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63439", "title": "Ethnicity", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63440", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63440", "title": "Tiridates III", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63442", "revid": "10351122", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63442", "title": "Assyrian people", "text": "Assyrians, also known as Syriacs, Chaldeans, or Arameans, are a predominantly Christian ethnic group who are indigenous to what is today northern Iraq, northwestern Iran, southeastern Turkey, and northeastern Syria. They descend from ancient Assyria, a civilization that once existed in northern Mesopotamia from 2600 BC, as well as sharing ancestry to other ancient peoples and empires within the broader region.\nHistory.\nThe Assyrians became Christian in the Roman Empire 1st to the 3rd centuries in Syria and Assyria. Along with the Arameans, Armenians, Greeks, and Nabataeans, they were among the first people to practice Christianity. During the Muslim conquest in the 6th century, Assyrians became second-class citizens, and those who fought back Arabization and conversion to Islam were affected by strong religious, ethnic, and cultural discrimination. They also did not enjoy the same political rights as Muslims. \nIn the 7th century, Mesopotamia began to see the arrival of Arabs, Kurds and other Iranian peoples, and then Turkic peoples. Assyrians were set apart and then slowly became a minority in their own homeland, bit they remained in large numbers in Upper Mesopotamia as late as the 14th century. The city of Assur was still in use by Assyrians until the mid-14th century, when Turco-Mongol ruler Timur, a Muslim, carried a mass murder against Assyrians in the name of Islam. The Assyrian population was then greatly lessened in its homeland.\nThe Assyrians suffered a number of religiously- and culturally-driven slaughters throughout the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, such as from Kurdish emirs and the Ottomans. The notable event was the Assyrian genocide, which was committed by the Ottomans during the First World War.\nMost recently, the 2003 invasion of Iraq by the United States and its allies, and the Syrian civil war since 2011 have forced out much of the remaining Assyrian community from its homeland because of ethnic and religious persecution at the hands of Islamic terrorists.\nCulture.\nLanguage.\nAssyrians speak modern languages of Aramaic, but many also speak Arabic and Farsi depending on what country they came from. Those in the diaspora speak the national language of that country, which is typically English, German, Swedish, Dutch, or French. Assyrians remaining in Iraqi Kurdistan may speak or understand Kurdish.\nReligion.\nAssyrians belong to many Christian denominations, such as the Syriac Orthodox Church, which has over 1 million members around the world, the Chaldean Catholic Church, with about 600,000 members, the Assyrian Church of the East, with an estimated 400,000 members, and the Ancient Church of the East, with some 100,000 members. Chaldean Catholic Assyrians are the largest Christian community in Iraq, but are generally more Arabized than other Assyrian communities and even held many high positions in the Ba'ath Party of Iraq\nA few Assyrians have accepted Protestantism. There are some atheist Assyrians, but they still associate with some denomination.\nMusic.\nAssyrian music is a mixture of traditional folk music and western modern music genres: pop music, soft rock, and also electronic dance music. Instruments that are traditionally used by Assyrians include the zurna and davula, but they now also include guitars, pianos, violins, and synthesizers (keyboards and electronic drums.\nDance.\nAssyrians have many traditional dances, which mostly for special occasions like weddings. Assyrian dance is a mix of both native and general Near Eastern elements. Assyrian folk dances are mainly made up of circle dances that are danced in a line that is usually curved, where the dancers vine around the dancehall. The most common form of Assyrian folk dance is khigga, which is commonly danced as the bride and the groom are welcomed into the wedding reception.\nFood and drink.\nAssyrian food is similar to that of other Middle Eastern cuisines and is rich in grains, meat, potatoes, cheese, bread, tomatoes, barley, herbs, spices, as well as herbs, fermented dairy products, and pickles. Rice is given with every meal with a stew put over it. \nTea is a popular drink.\nIdentity.\nHistorically, the region of Assyria was a melting pot of many peoples that included Sumerians, Urartians, Hurrians, Babylonians, Akkadians, Amorites, Arameans, Jews, and Hittites. Assyrians are likely now a mixture of those ancient groups, which generally mixed with their neighbors.\nToday, some Assyrians call themselves Aramean, Syriac or Chaldean for religious, geographic and tribal reasons. Assyrians and other minority ethnic groups in the Middle East may feel pressure to call themselves \"Arabs,\" \"Turks,\" or \"Kurds.\"\nHomeland.\nThe Assyrian homeland includes the old cities of Nineveh (Mosul), Nuhadra (Dohuk), Arrapha/Beth Garmai (Kirkuk), Al Qosh, Tesqopa and Arbela (Arbil) in Iraq; Urmia in Iran; and Hakkari (a large region that comprises the modern towns of Y\u00fcksekova, Hakk\u00e2ri, \u00c7ukurca, \u015eemdinli and Uludere), Edessa/Urhoy (Urfa), Harran, Amida (Diyarbak\u0131r) and Tur Abdin (Midyat and Kafro), in Turkey.\nSubgroups.\nThere are three main Assyrian subgroups: Eastern, Western, and Chaldean.\nDiaspora.\nMany Assyrians have gone to the Caucasus, Canada, the United States, Australia, and Northern Europe during the past century. Thousands more live in Assyrian diaspora communities in the former Soviet Union, New Zealand, Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon.\nOutside of the homeland, most Assyrians live in Sweden (100,000), Germany (100,000), the United States (80,000), and Australia (70,000).\nScript.\nAssyrians mostly use the Syriac script, which is written from right to left. It is one of the Semitic abjads that come directly from the Aramaic alphabet and share similarities with the Phoenician, Hebrew, and Arabic alphabets. Many Assyrian people also use the Latin alphabet, especially in social media, for its ease.\nThe oldest sort of the alphabet is the \"\" script. Even though it is no longer used as the main script for writing Syriac, it has been reused again the 10th century, and was added to the Unicode Standard in September 1999. \nThe East Syriac dialect is usually written in the \"\" type of the alphabet, which is known as a \"modern\" simpler type. \nThe West Syriac dialect is normally written in the \"\" form of the alphabet. Most of the letters come from \u02beEs\u1e6drang\u0113l\u0101 but are simplified.\nGenetics.\nLate-20th-century DNA investigation by Cavalli-Sforza, Paolo Menozzi, and Alberto Piazza shows that Assyrians have a distinct genetic profile, which separate, the population from any other. Genetic study of the Assyrians of Persia shows that they were \"closed,\" with little mixture with the Muslim Persians and that an single Assyrian's genetic makeup is comparatively close to that of the Assyrian population as a whole. The genetic information goes well with history that religion played a big role in keeping the Assyrian population's separate identity during the Christian era.\nIn a 2006 study of the Y chromosome DNA of six regional Armenian populations, including Assyrians and Syrians, researchers found that the Semitic people (Assyrians and Syrians) are very different from one another. A 2008 study on the genetics of \"old ethnic groups in Mesopotamia,\" including 340 people from seven ethnic communities such as Assyrian, Jewish, Zoroastrian, Armenian, Turkmen, and the Arabs in Iran, Iraq, and Kuwait found that Assyrians were more ethnically alike compared than all other ethnic groups that were sampled in the study.\nA 2011 study from the Armenian National Academy of Sciences showed that Assyrians are genetically far from Arabs and are closer to other populations of the Near East and the South Caucasus. It was also shown that Assyrians are closely related to the people of Syunik and Karabakh in eastern Armenia and are far from all Arab groups, which belong to a different group.\nA 2017 study focusing on the genetics of Northern Iraqi groups was found that Iraqi Assyrians and Iraqi Yazidis were closer together but far from the other Northern Iraqi populations and largely in between the West Asian and Southeastern European populations. According to the study, modern Assyrians and Yazidis from northern Iraq may have a stronger relationship to the original genetic stock of the Mesopotamian people."}
+{"id": "63443", "revid": "1444326", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63443", "title": "Uncertainty principle", "text": "The Uncertainty principle is also called the Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. Werner Heisenberg stumbled on a secret of the universe: Nothing has a definite position, a definite trajectory, or a definite momentum. Trying to pin a thing down to one definite position will make its momentum less well pinned down, and vice-versa. In everyday life we can successfully measure the position of an automobile at a definite time and then measure its direction and speed (assuming it is coasting along at a steady rate) in the next few moments. That is because the uncertainties in position and velocity are so small that we could not detect them. We assume, quite correctly, that the trajectory of the automobile will not be noticeably changed when we drop a marker on the ground and click a stopwatch at the same time to note the car's position in time and space.\nWe may bring that experience to the world of atomic-sized phenomena and incorrectly assume that if we measure the position of something like an electron as it moves along its trajectory it will continue to move along that same trajectory, which we imagine we can then accurately detect in the next few moments. We need to learn that the electron did not have a definite position before we located it, and that it also did not have a definite momentum before we measured the trajectory. Moreover, we may justifiably assume that a photon produced by a laser aimed at a detection screen will hit very near to its target on that screen, and confirm this prediction by any number of experiments. Next we will discover that the more closely we try to measure some location of the electron on its way toward the detection screen, the more it and all others like it will be likely to miss that target. So the mere act of measuring the location of an electron makes the trajectory more indefinite, indeterminate, or uncertain. If the trajectory were made more clear and then we were to try to locate that electron along an extension of the trajectory we just staked out, then we would find that the more precise we made our knowledge of the trajectory, the less likely we would be to find the electron where ordinary expectations would lead us to believe it to be. If pitchers threw electrons instead of baseballs, and an overhead camera and side-facing camera were placed somewhere between the pitcher's mound and home plate so that the exact position of the electron could be determined in mid flight, then without the cameras being turned on, the pitcher would throw straight balls, and with the cameras turned on his pitches would start out straight but gyrate wildly after their pictures were taken. The more clearly we know where the ball was halfway toward home place, the more trouble the batter will have in getting ready to hit it with his bat.\nUnexpected consequences of the uncertainty feature of nature support our understanding of such things as nuclear fission, the control of which gave humans a new and very powerful source of energy, and quantum tunneling, which is an operating principle of the semiconductors that are so important to modern computer and other technologies.\nIn technical discussions one almost always talks about position and momentum. Momentum is the product of velocity and mass, and in physics the idea of velocity is the speed that something is going in a certain direction. So sometimes one can also talk about the velocity of the thing in question and ignore its mass, and sometimes it is easier to understand things if we talk about the trajectory or path that something follows. That idea also includes the ideas of speed and direction. In the following diagrams we will show the main features of uncertainty in concrete terms, in the world of real things. Later we will use a little math to be able to give a clear idea of how much wiggle room there is between position and momentum.\nHow did humans learn about uncertainty?\nVery shortly after Werner Heisenberg created the new quantum physics something unexpected came right out of his mathematics, the expression:<br>\nThese symbols put into math form what you have already seen in the pictures above. The symbols say, in a clear way, that you cannot be perfectly certain about where something is and where it is going. If you get clearer on where it is at any time then you have less of an idea on where it is going and how fast. If you get clearer on where it is going and how fast at any time, then you have less of an idea of where it is right now.\nScientists had already learned why certain substances give off characteristic colors of light when they are heated or otherwise excited. Heisenberg was trying to explain why these colors each have a characteristic brightness. It would not have been good enough if he and the other scientists had just said, \"Well, that's just the way it is.\" They were sure that there had to be a good reason for these differences, and for the fact that the ratios among the bright line strengths were always the same for each sample of an element.\nHe had no idea that he was going to stumble over a hidden secret of nature when he set off to discover the explanation for the intensities of the colored lines characteristic of each of the elements. The study of quantum mechanics had already shown why hydrogen has four bright lines in the part of the spectrum that humans can see. It must have seemed that the next thing to learn would simply be how to calculate their brightness. Hydrogen seemed to be the obvious place to start since hydrogen has only one electron to deal with, and only four lines in the visible part of the spectrum. Surely there must be a good reason for their not being equally bright. The explanation for the brightness of the different-colored lines of neon and the other elements could wait.\n<br>\nHeisenberg started working on quantum physics by adapting the classical equations for electricity, which are very complicated to begin with, so the math behind his 1925 paper was very hard to follow.\nHe was trying to find the right way to calculate the intensity of bright lines in the hydrogen lamp spectrum. He had to find a related quantity called \"amplitude\" and multiply amplitude by amplitude (or in other words he had to square the amplitude) to get the intensity he wanted. He had to figure out how to express amplitude in a way that took account of the fact that hydrogen lamps do not radiate at all frequencies, and do not radiate across a continuous range of frequencies in the part of the spectrum that people can see. Heisenberg found a remarkable new way of calculating amplitude.\nThe strange equation that Heisenberg discovered and used to do the multiplication of one quantum quantity (e.g., position) by another (e.g., momentum) was published in what has been called \"Heisenberg's 'magical' paper of July 1925.\" <br>\nThe math above looks very hard, but the math leading up to it is very much harder and is extremely hard to understand. It is given here just to show what it looked like. Heisenberg's paper is a historical landmark. Many of the physicists who read his paper said that they could not disagree with his conclusions, but that they could not follow his explanation of how he got to those conclusions. The beginning equations that Heisenberg used involved Fourier series, and involved many factors. We will come back to the equation above because it is a kind of recipe for writing out and multiplying matrices.\nThe new equations had to be so strange and unusual because Heisenberg was describing a strange world in which some things, such as the orbits of electrons, do not slowly get larger or smaller. The new kinds of changes involve jumps and large gaps between jumps. Electrons can only jump between certain orbits, and the energy gained or lost in changing between orbits is produced when a photon of the right energy is absorbed or a new photon of the right energy is produced. If electrons in hydrogen atoms most frequently jump down (fall) between two particular orbits, then more photons will be emitted at that energy level, and so the light produced at that level will be the most intense.\nIt was difficult to make equations built for continuous spectra (what you see when you put the sun's light through a prism) fit spectra that just have a few peak frequencies between which there is nothing. Almost everything that had already been learned about light and energy had been done with large things like burning candles or suns, and those large objects all produce continuous spectra. Even though these ordinary-sized things were easy to do experiments with, it had still taken a long time to figure out the law (physics)laws that govern them. Now physicists were dealing with things too small to see, things that did not produce continuous spectra, and were trying to find a way to at least get clues from what they already knew that would help them find the laws of these small and gapped-out light sources.\nThe original equations dealt with a kind of vibrating body that would produce a wave, a little like the way a reed in an organ would produce a sound wave of a characteristic frequency. So there was motion back and forward (like the vibrating of a reed) and there was an emitted wave that could be graphed as a sine wave. Much of what had earlier been figured out about physics on the level had to do with electrons moving around nuclei. When a mass moves in an orbit, when it rotates around some kind of a hub, it has what is called \"angular momentum.\" Angular momentum is the way that something like a merry-go-round will continue to rotate after people have stopped pushing it. The math used for phase calculations and angular momentum is complicated. On top of that, Heisenberg did not show all of his calculations in his 1925 paper, so even good mathematicians might have trouble filling out what he did not say.\nEven though many physicists said they could not figure out the various math steps in Heisenberg's breakthrough paper, one recent article that tries to explain how Heisenberg got his result uses twenty math-filled pages. Even that article is not easy to understand. The math started with some really hard stuff and would eventually produce something relatively simple that is shown at the top of this article. Getting the simpler result was not easy, and we are not going to try to show the process of getting from an outdated picture of the universe to the new quantum physics. We need just enough detail to show that almost as soon as Heisenberg made his breakthrough a part of how the universe works that nobody had ever seen before came into view.\nHeisenberg must have been very excited but also very tired when, late at night, he finally made his breakthrough and started proving to himself that it would work. Almost right away he noticed something strange, something that he thought was an annoying little problem that he could make go away somehow. But it turned out that this little nuisance was a big discovery.\nHeisenberg had been working toward multiplying amplitudes by amplitudes, and now he had a good way to express amplitude using his new equation. Naturally he was thinking about multiplication, and about how he would multiply things that were given in terms of complicated equations.\nHeisenberg realized that besides squaring amplitude he would eventually want to multiply position by momentum, or multiply energy by time, and it looked like it would make a difference if he turned the order around in these new cases. Heisenberg did not think it should matter if one multiplied position by momentum or if one multiplied momentum by position. If they had been just simple numbers there would have been no problem. But they were both complicated equations, and how you got the numbers to plug into the equations turned out to be different depending on which way you got started. In nature you had to measure position and then measure momentum, or else you had to measure momentum and then measure position, and in math the same general situation prevailed. (See the English Wikipedia article if you want to learn the fussy details!) The tiny but pesky differences between results were going to remain, not matter how much Heisenberg wished they would go away.\nAt the time Heisenberg could not get rid of that one little problem, but he was exhausted, so he handed his work in to his immediate supervisor, Max Born, and went on vacation.\nMax Born was a remarkable mathematician who soon saw that the equation that Heisenberg had given him was a sort of recipe for writing a matrix. Dr. Born was one of the few people at that time who was interested in this odd kind of math that most people figured was not good for very much. He knew that matrices could be multiplied, so doing all the calculations for accounting for one physics problem could be handled by multiplying one matrix by another. Just being able to put a complicated procedure into a standard and acceptable form would make it easier to work with. It might also make it easier for other people to accept.\nBorn was such a good mathematician that he almost immediately realized that switching the order of multiplying the two matrices would produce a different result, and the results would differ by a small amount. That amount would be h/2\u03c0i. In everyday life, that difference would be so small that we could not even see it.\nOn to a formal theory of uncertainty.\nIt took a couple of years, but Heisenberg was able to prove the Uncertainty Principle, which says that \u0394x \u00d7 \u0394p = h/2, which is the number that comes out of the original equations but leaves out the \u03c0 and the i that have to do with phase changes. Heisenberg explained that he derived his uncertainty principle from this earlier result when he wrote a paper in 1927 introducing this theory.\nThe constant written h, called the Planck constant, is a mysterious number that often occurs, so we need to understand what this tiny number is. Numerically, it is usually given as 6.62607\u00d710^-34 J s (joule seconds). So it is a quantity that involves energy and time.\nIt was discovered when Planck realized that the energy of a perfect radiator (called a black-body radiator) is emitted in units of definite size called \"quanta\" (the singular of this word is \"quantum\"). Radiated energy is emitted as photons, and the frequency of a photon is proportional to the \"punch\" it delivers. We experience different frequencies of visible light as different colors. At the violet end of the spectrum, each photon has a relatively large amount of energy; at the red end of the spectrum each photon has a relatively small amount of energy. The way to calculate the amount of energy of a photon is given by the equation E = h\u03bd (energy equals the Planck constant times \"nu\" or frequency).\nThe Heisenberg uncertainty principle \u0394x \u00d7 \u0394p \u2265 h tells us that whenever we try to measure certain pairs of numbers we cannot get both values with high accuracy. More accuracy of x means less accuracy of p.\u00a0In other words, the less \u0394x, the greater \u0394p.\nAnother pair of physical quantities goes according to the uncertainty relationship: \u0394E \u00d7 \u0394t \u2265 h, and that pair indicates, among other things, that if we look in interstellar space, some place where we would not expect to find anything at all, and we reduce \u0394t closer and closer to 0, then to keep the balance shown in the equation \u0394E has to get larger and larger\u2014and suddenly something with momentum can pop into existence just for that brief period of time.\nHow is this indeterminacy (lack of certainty) to be explained? What is going on in the Universe? It is often said that a new theory that is successful can provide new information about the phenomena under investigation. Heisenberg created a math model that predicted the correct intensities for the bright-line spectrum of hydrogen, but without intending to do so he discovered that certain pairs of physical quantities disclose an unexpected uncertainty. Up until that moment nobody had any idea that measurements could not be forever made more and more precise and accurate. The fact that they could not be made more certain, more definite, was a stunning new discovery. Many people were not willing to accept it.\nBohr and his colleagues argued that photons, electrons, etc. do not have either position or momentum until they are measured. This theoretical position grew out of the discovery of uncertainty, and was not just some personal preference on what to believe. Bohr said that we know nothing about something like a photon or electron until we observe it. In order to observe such a small thing we need to interact with it somehow. In everyday life it is possible to do something like walking alongside an automobile while marking down the times it crosses points on a grid drawn on the pavement. Perhaps the weight of the automobile itself will depress little levers in the pavement that turn off clocks attached to each of them and record the automobile's weight. In the end we would have a clear record of where the car was at various times, and also could compute its direction of progress and weight. We could then know, at any time on the clock, both its position and its momentum (its velocity multiplied by its mass). We would not even imagine that the force required to move the little levers would have any influence on the progress of the car. We would also not imagine that the automobile had no location or trajectory between the points on the pavement where there are levers, or that the car exists in a kind of three-dimensional blur during those times and only settles down while it is depressing a lever. The world that we are familiar with does not reveal these strange kinds of interactions.\nTo locate a ship on the sea during the darkest night we could use a searchlight, and that light would not disturb the position or direction of travel of the ship, but locating an electron with light would require hitting it with one or more photons each having enough momentum to disturb the position and trajectory of the electron. Locating the electron with other means would involve holding it in some kind of physical restraint that would also terminate its forward movement.\nTo locate a photon, the best that can be done without terminating its forward movement is to make it go through a circular hole in a barrier. If one knows the time at which the photon was emitted (by a laser, for instance) and the time that the photon arrives at a detection screen such as a digital camera, then it is possible to compute the time required to travel that distance and the time at which the photon was passing through the hole. However, to permit the photon to pass through it, the circular hole must have a diameter greater than the size of the photon. The smaller the circular hole is made, the closer we come to knowing the exact position of the photon as it goes through it. However, we can never know whether the photon is off-center at that time. If the hole is exactly the same size as the photon it won't pass through. As the diameter of the hole is decreased, the momentum or the direction of the photon as it leaves the hole is more and more greatly changed.\nNiels Bohr and his colleagues argued that we get into big trouble if we assume to be true of the things that are too small to be seen even with a microscope anything that we have proof for only on the scale of everyday life. In everyday life, things have a definite position at all times. On the atomic scale, we have no evidence to support that conclusion. In everyday life, things have a definite time at which they occur. On the atomic scale, we have no evidence to support that conclusion. In everyday life, if one observes a factory from the night shift of day one to the day shift of day two and one sees a finished automobile rolled out to the shipping dock it would make no sense to say that it is impossible to tell whether it was delivered during the night shift or during the day shift. But on the atomic scale, we can show instances when we have to count a single photon as having been produced at two times. (If that is not bad enough, we can also show instances where a single photon is produced from two adjacent lasers.)\nPart of the difficulty with finding out what is happening on the atomic scale is that we would like to know both where something is and what its trajectory is, and to know both things for the same time, but we cannot measure both position and trajectory at the same time. We either measure the momentum of a photon or electron at one time and then without any more delay than necessary measure its position, or we switch things around and measure position first and momentum second. The problem is that in making the first one take on a pretty definite form (by squeezing down on it in some way) we increase the uncertainty involved in the next measurement. If our initial measurements were so crude that lots of error was introduced in each, then we could improve things by using a lighter touch to do each of them, but we could never get beyond a certain limit of accuracy.\nWe know from everyday life that trying to weigh something on a bathroom scale placed on a washing machine in spin cycle will produce inaccurate results because the needle on the scale will jiggle badly. We can turn off the washing machine. But for very accurate measurements we find that trucks going by in the neighborhood make the needle jiggle, so we can put the scale on a something to insulate it from the outside disturbances. We believe that we can eliminate vibrations enough to give us results just as accurate as we want. We never consider that the thing on the scale is itself vibrating or that it possesses an indefinite momentum.\nArguing backwards from the Uncertainty Principle, it looks as though there is in fact no definite position and no definite momentum for any atomic scale thing, and that experimenters can only force things into definiteness within the limit stated by the Uncertainty Principle. Bohr and his colleagues only argued that we could not know anything without making measurements, and when measurements were made we can push things in the direction of more definite position or more definite momentum, but that we can't get the absolute definiteness or certainty that we would like. But others took the possibility seriously, and argued that if the math is right then there cannot be definiteness or certainty in the world of the ultra small. The nature of science is that the math is only a model of reality, and there is no guarantee that it is a correct model.\nThe math and the practical consequences of the things that the math predicts are so reliable that they are very hard to disagree with, but what the math says about the real world has produced several different ideas. Among the scientists who worked with Niels Bohr in Copenhagen, the uncertainty principle was taken to mean that on an elementary level the physical universe does not exist in a deterministic form. Rather, it is a collection of probabilities or potentials.\nCounter to the story woven around the math by the Copenhagen group, there are other stories such as the \"multiple universes interpretation\" that says that every time there are multiple possible outcomes according to quantum theory, each outcomes occurs in its own new universe. Einstein argued that there are no multiple possible outcomes, so there is only one universe and it is determinate, or, as he put it, \"God does not play dice.\"\nObjections against the uncertainty principle.\nAlbert Einstein saw that the new quantum mechanics implied a lack of position and momentum in the time prior to measurements being made, and he objected strongly. He firmly believed that things had definite positions and definite momentums before they were measured, and that the fact that measuring one of a pair of things and disturbing the possibility of accurately measuring the other does not argue for there being a lack of either of them beforehand. He and two of his colleagues wrote what has come to be known as the \"EPR paper.\" That paper argues that there must be characteristics that do determine position and momentum, and that if we could see them, or if we can get information about them, then we can mathematically know and predict position and momentum. For a long time people thought that there was no way to prove or disprove what was for Einstein an article of faith. The argument was very productive because it led to all the modern developments in entanglement.\nMathematically, Einstein has been proven wrong. In 1964 John Stewart Bell developed a math method to distinguish between the behavior of two particles that have determinate states that are merely unknown to the two individuals that investigate them, and two particles that have entangled states that are indeterminate or uncertain until they are measured. His method shows that the probabilities for getting certain results are different under the two different assumptions. His work is called Bell's theorem or Bell's Inequality. Experiments have shown that nature behaves as Bell describes it.\nAnother route to uncertainty.\nThe initial discussions of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle depended on a model that did not consider that particles of matter such as electrons, protons, etc. have a wavelength. In 1926 Louis de Broglie showed that all things, not just photons, have their own frequency. Things have a wave nature and a particle nature, just as photons do. If we try to make the wave of a thing like a proton narrower and taller, that would make its position clearer, but then the momentum would get less well defined. If we try to make the momentum part of a wave description clearer, i.e., make it stay within a narrower range of values, then the wave peak spreads out and its position becomes less definite.\nThe wave that is part of the description of a photon is, in quantum mechanics, not the same kind of thing as a wave on the surface of the ocean or the regions of compressed air and rarefied air that make up sound waves. Instead, these wave have peaks or high amplitude regions that have to do with probability of finding something at that point in space and time. More precisely, it is the square of the amplitude that gives the probability of some phenomenon showing up.\nThe wave that applies to a photon might be a pure sine wave. In that case, the square of the value of every peak would give the probability of observing the photon at that point. Since the amplitudes of the sine waves are everywhere the same, the probability for finding the photon at each of them would be the same. So, practically speaking, knowing the wave for one of these photons would not give a clue about where to look for it. On the other hand, the momentum of a photon is mathematically related to the amplitude of its wave. Since in this case we have a pure sine wave, the amplitude of every cycle of the wave is the same and therefore there is only one momentum value associated with this wave. We would not know where the photon would hit, but we would know exactly how hard it would hit.\nIn beams of light that focus on some point on a detection screen, the waves associated with the photons are not pure sine waves. Instead, they are waves with high amplitude at one point and much lower amplitudes on either side of that highest peak. Mathematically it is possible to analyze such a wave into a number of different sine waves of different wavelengths. It is a little easier to visualize the reverse of this process by looking at an initial sine wave of one frequency to which is added a second sine wave of a different wavelength, then a third, then a fourth, and so on. The result will be a complex wave showing one high peak and containing a large number of waves of different wavelengths and therefore of different momentums. In that case, the probability that the photon will appear at a certain point is extremely high, but the momentum it delivers can turn out to be related to the wavelength of any one of the component waves. In other words, the value of p = \u0127/\u03bb is no longer a single value because all the lengths of the assembled \"waves of different wavelength\" have to be taken into account.\nThe simulation shows how to mathematically model the sharpening up of the location of a particle: Superimpose many different wave forms over the original sine wave. The center will form a higher and higher peak, and the rest of the peaks will be increased in number but decreased in height because they will interfere with each other. So in the end there are many different waves in the superposition, each with a different wavelength and (by p = \u0127/\u03bb) a different momentum, but only one very high peak, one that grows higher and narrower and gives us something closer and closer to a determinate position.\nTo make momentum more and more definite, we would have to take away more and more of the superimposed sine waves until we had only a simple sine wave left. In so doing we would progressively diminish the height of the central peak and progressively increase the heights of the competing places where one might find the particle.\nSo when we start with a wave picture of subatomic particles we typically will always deal with cases with relatively tall central peaks and relatively many component wavelengths. There never will be an exact position or an exact momentum predicted under these circumstances. If the mathematical model is an accurate representation of the real world, then no photon or other subatomic particle has either an exact position or a definite momentum. When we measure such a particle we can choose a method that further squeezes the peak and makes it narrower, or we can choose a method that lowers the peak and evens out the component wavelengths. Depending on what we measure and how we measure it, we can make our location come out more definite or we can make our momentum range narrower. We can take care in designing the experiment to avoid various ways of jiggling the apparatus, but we cannot get rid of the fact that there was nothing completely definite to begin with.\nCultural influences.\nThe Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle has greatly influenced arguments about free will. Under the theories of classical physics it is possible to argue that the laws of cause and effect are inexorable and that once the universe began in a certain way the interactions of all matter and energy to occur in the future could be calculated from that initial state. Since everything is absolutely the result of what came before it, they argued, every decision a human being makes and every situation into which that human being enters was predetermined since the beginning of time. We then have no choice in what we do.\nPeople who believe in free will argue that the laws of quantum mechanics do not predict what will happen but only what is more and what is less likely to occur. Therefore, every action is the result of a series of random \"coin tosses\" and no decision could be traced back to a set of necessary preconditions.\nThe expressions \"quantum leap\" and \"quantum jump\" have become ordinary ways of talking about things. Usually people intend to describe something as involving a huge change that occurs over a short period of time. The term actually applies to the way an electron behaves in an atom either when it absorbs a photon coming in from the outside and so jumps from one orbit around the atom's nucleus to a higher orbit, or when it emits a photon and so falls from a higher orbit to a lower orbit. The idea of Niels Bohr and his colleagues was that the electron does not move between orbits but instead it disappears from one orbit and instantaneously appears in another orbit. So a quantum jump is really not some earth shattering change, but a sudden tiny change.\nWhen humans measure some process on the subatomic scale and the uncertainty principle manifests itself, then human action can be said to have influenced the thing that was being measured. Making a measurement intended to get a definite indication of a particle's location will inevitably influence its momentum and whatever is done to measure that momentum as soon as possible after measuring its position, the probabilities of what momentum will be discovered cannot fail to have been changed. So the uncertainty principle can explain some kinds of interference produced by investigators that influence the results of an experiment or an observation. However, not all observer effects are due to quantum effects or the uncertainty principle. The remainder are \"observer effects\" but not quantum uncertainty effects.\nObserver effects include all kinds of things that operate at our ordinary human scale of events. If an anthropologist tries to get a clear idea of life in a primitive society but his or her presence upsets the community he or she is visiting, then the observations made may be very misleading. However, none of the relevant interactions occur at the level described by quantum mechanics or the uncertainty principle.\nSometimes the word \"quantum\" will be used for advertising purposes to indicate something new and powerful. For instance, the manufacturer of small gasoline motors, Briggs and Stratton, has one line of four-cylinder low horsepower motors for gasoline mowers and similar garden tools that it calls \"Quantum.\"\nBibliography.\nLouis de Broglie, Noonday, 1958\nWerner Heisenberg\nOriginally published in German, \"Zs. Phys. 33 (1925) 879-893. English translation:\n\"Sources of Quantum Mechanics,\" pp.\u00a0261\u2013276. B. L. Van Der Waerden, Dover.\nIan J. R. Aitchison, David A. MacManus, Thomas M. Snyder. https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0404009\nhttp://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/8590/1/Heis1935_EPR_Final_translation.pdf <br>\nIn translation, its title is: \"Is a deterministic completion of quantum mechanics possible?\" and the translators are Elise Crull and Guido Bacciagaluppi. The translation is dated 02 May 2011.\nMore reading.\nJ.P. McEvoy and Oscar Zarate"}
+{"id": "63444", "revid": "1685295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63444", "title": "Assyria", "text": "Assyria was a city-state on the Upper Tigris River during the Middle Bronze Age. It was named after its capital, the ancient city of Assur, which was in what is now Iraq. \nThe Assyrians were just to the north of their rivals, the Babylonians. All of the kingdoms of ancient Mesopotamia used the cuneiform writing system, which had been invented by the Sumerians.\nAssyrian people.\nThe Assyrians are an ethnic group in what are now Iraq, Iran, Turkey, and Syria, but many have immigrated to the Caucasus, North America, and Western Europe during the past century. Hundreds of thousands others live in the Assyrian diaspora. They are part of the Iraqi refugees communities in Europe, the former Soviet Union, the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon."}
+{"id": "63445", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63445", "title": "Assyrians", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63446", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63446", "title": "Assyrian", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63448", "revid": "10760", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63448", "title": "Assyrian empire", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63451", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63451", "title": "Forum", "text": "Forum (plural \"forums\" or \"fora\") may mean:"}
+{"id": "63454", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63454", "title": "Yuri Andropov", "text": "Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov (; 15 June 1914 \u2013 9 February 1984) was a Soviet politician who briefly served as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1982 until his death in 1984. He previously headed the KGB and played a role in suppressing dissent. Andropov's time in power was marked by a focus on domestic issues and efforts to combat corruption, but his tenure was cut short by his death.\nBiography.\nYuri Andropov was born on June 15, 1914, in Nagutskoye, Russia. His early life was shaped by the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, and he grew up during a period of significant political and social change. Andropov joined the Komsomol (Communist Youth League) in 1930 and became a member of the Communist Party in 1939. His career in the Soviet security apparatus began in the 1930s, and he steadily climbed the ranks. Andropov's intelligence work included serving as the Soviet ambassador to Hungary during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956. His role in suppressing the uprising contributed to his reputation within the Communist Party leadership. Andropov continued to ascend in Soviet politics, becoming the head of the KGB in 1967. His leadership at the KGB was marked by a focus on suppressing dissent and maintaining strict control. In 1982, Yuri Andropov became the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, succeeding Leonid Brezhnev. Andropov focused on strengthening the USSR's global position. Domestically, he tightened control to suppress dissent, while internationally, he pursued a cautious approach, emphasizing arms control and improving relations with the West, yet maintaining Soviet influence in global affairs. His brief tenure limited the scope of major policy changes. However, his time as the leader was short-lived, as he passed away in 1984.\nPersonal Life.\nAndropov lived at 26\u00a0Kutuzovsky Prospekt with Leonid Brezhnev and Mikhail Suslov. Andropov married twice, Nina Ivanovna (Married 1935, Divorced 1941), and Tatyana Andropova (Married 1941). They had 4 children, Evgenia Andropova, Igor Andropov, Irina Andropova, and Vladimir Andropov.\nHealth Problems.\nAndropov faced various health issues, including kidney failure and diabetes. His health declined, leading to his death in 1984.\nLegacy.\nAndropov is often remembered for his short tenure and the crackdown on dissent. His legacy includes efforts to combat corruption and a focus on discipline in the Soviet system. His time in power was marked by political repression and a lack of significant reforms."}
+{"id": "63461", "revid": "595018", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63461", "title": "Van (disambiguation)", "text": "A van is a road vehicle used for transporting goods or groups of people.\nVan or may also refer to:\nPlaces.\nIn Turkey:"}
+{"id": "63464", "revid": "10470285", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63464", "title": "Van, Turkey", "text": "Van (; ) is a city in eastern Turkey and the seat of Van Province. It is on the eastern shore of Lake Van. The city's population in 2005 was 284,464. According to the \"Encyclopedia of the Orient\", Kurds form the majority though no census based on ethnicity was ever held in Turkey."}
+{"id": "63465", "revid": "16647", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63465", "title": "Kurd", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63467", "revid": "10456697", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63467", "title": "Van Province", "text": "Van (, ) is a province in eastern Turkey, between Lake Van and the Iranian border. It is 19,069 km2 in area and has a population of 1,035,418 at the end of 2010. Kurds form the majority of the population in the province.\nHistory.\nIn the 9th century BC, the Van area was the center of the Urartian kingdom. For centuries after that, the area was a major Armenian population center. After World War I Armenian population was forced to leave and was cleansed during the Armenian Genocide."}
+{"id": "63469", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63469", "title": "Armenian-Tatar massacres", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63471", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63471", "title": "Urartian kingdom", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63472", "revid": "268071", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63472", "title": "Urartian language", "text": "Urartian is the name for the language spoken by the people of the ancient kingdom of Urartu in northeast Anatolia (present-day Turkey), in the region of Lake Van.\nUrartian was a language isolate, which was neither Semitic nor Indo-European, but a member of the Hurro-Urartian family.\nThere is a hypothesis that suggests that besides the cuneiform inscriptions of the Urartian language, Urartu had a native hieroglyphic writing system. Armenian scientist Artak Movsisyan published a partial attempt deciphering of Urartian hieroglyphs, saying that they were written in an early form of Armenian."}
+{"id": "63481", "revid": "9462077", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63481", "title": "Yamaha Corporation", "text": "Yamaha is a Japanese multinational company that makes different products, including musical instruments such as keyboards.\nYamaha was founded in 1887 by \"Torakusu Yamaha.\" Yamaha started when the founder \"Torasku Yamaha when\" he successfully completed the first reed organ It was named Nippon Gakki Company, Limited and produced pianos and reed organs at that time. In October 1987, on the 100th anniversary, its name was changed to The Yamaha Corporation. Yamaha produces several musical instruments including keyboards, flutes, guitars and things in a band. Yamaha also produces motorbikes, as well as the voice synthesizer Vocaloid. Yamaha is a big corporation and was founded 125 years ago.\nIn 1989, Yamaha shipped the world's first CD recorder. "}
+{"id": "63485", "revid": "1674404", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63485", "title": "Grease (movie)", "text": "Grease is a 1978 American romantic comedy musical movie directed by Randal Kleiser and produced by Robert Stigwood. The movie tells the story of high-schoolers Rizzo (Stockard Channing), Kenickie (Jeff Conaway), Danny (John Travolta), Frenchy (Didi Conn) and Sandy (Olivia Newton-John).\nIn 2020, Grease was selected by the Library of Congress into the United States National Film Registry.\nPlot.\nDanny Zuko (John Travolta) and Sandy Olsson (Olivia Newton-John) meet in Los Angeles, California in summer 1959 and they fall in love. When Sandy has to leave to go back to Australia, they believe it is the end of their romance. However, Sandy gets transferred to his school and they meet again. When Danny sees Sandy again, he acts as if he does not care about her. He does this to keep up his reputation, but Sandy does not know this and wishes she has never met him. She and Danny date on and off, but Sandy becomes frustrated with him because of the way he treats her. At the end of the movie, Sandy transforms herself into the kind of woman Danny could truly love forever, and they get back together."}
+{"id": "63489", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63489", "title": "Eastern Time Zone", "text": "Eastern Time Zone (ET) is the time zone for the eastern part of the Americas including the United States, Canada and parts of South America and the Caribbean. ET is five hours behind UTC in winter, which is called Eastern Standard Time (EST). It is four hours behind UTC during summer Daylight saving time, when it is called Eastern Daylight Time (EDT).\nThe largest city in the Eastern Time Zone is New York, the largest city in the United States. The New York metropolitan area is the largest in the zone.\nUsage.\nNorth America.\nCanada.\nIn Canada, the following provinces and territories are part of the Eastern Time Zone:\nUnited States.\nIn the United States, the following states are part of the Eastern Time Zone:\nParts of several other states use Eastern Time as well:\nOther countries.\nThe following countries that use Eastern Time Zone include:\nSouth America.\nIn South America this time zone is observed in: "}
+{"id": "63497", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63497", "title": "Armenian Legion", "text": "The Armenian Legion () or Armenische Legion was the name given to the 812th Armenian Battalion which was a foreign unit comprised of several thousand men.\nLeaders Kanayan and Garegin Njdeh counted the support of over 18,000 Armenians.\nIn addition to this exclusively Armenian unit, Nazi Armenians also served in the thirty eight other SS divisions, including the elite Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler."}
+{"id": "63498", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63498", "title": "Garegin Njdeh", "text": "Garegin Njdeh (, real name: Garegin Ter-Harutiunian, 1 January 1886 - late 1955) was an Armenian statesman, military, and political thinker. He was a native of Nakhchivan.\nDeath.\nNjdeh fled Armenia after the triumph of Bolsheviks, and was involved in patriotic activities in Iran, Bulgaria and the United States. A controversial person, he was expelled from Dashnak party. Njdeh was very much against communism. He worked with Nazi Germans during the World War II. He was arrested in Sofia, Bulgaria in 1944 and sent to Moscow, then to Yerevan. He spent the rest of his life in prison in the Russian city of Vladimir, where he died in 1955."}
+{"id": "63499", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63499", "title": "Wehrmacht", "text": "The Wehrmacht (also called the Defence Forces or German Army or German Armed Forces in English) was Nazi Germany's unified military armed forces from 1935 to 1945. The \"Wehrmacht\" consisted of the \"Heer\" (army), the \"Kriegsmarine\" (navy), and the \"Luftwaffe\" (air force). Overall command of all these forces was \"Oberkommando der Wehrmacht\" (OKW).\nThe \"Waffen-SS\" was not part of the Wehrmacht, but was subject to its Supreme Command. It began as a small armed section of Heinrich Himmler's Allgemeine SS, but during World War II it grew to nearly a million members. \nOrigin and use of the terms.\nBefore the rise of the Nazi Party (the NSDAP), the term \"Wehrmacht\" was used in a generic sense to describe armed forces of any nation, being utilized as the \"home defence\" version of the more general \"Streitmacht\". For example, the term \"Britische Wehrmacht\" would identify the British armed forces. \nArticle 47 of the Weimar Constitution of 1919 declared \"Der Reichspr\u00e4sident hat den Oberbefehl \u00fcber die gesamte Wehrmacht des Reiches\" (meaning: \"The \"Reichspr\u00e4sident\" holds supreme command of all armed forces of the \"Reich\"\"). To make a distinction, the term \"Reichswehr\" was commonly used to identify the German armed forces.\nIn 1935, the \"Reichswehr\" was renamed the \"Wehrmacht\". After World War II, under the Allied occupation of Germany, the \"Wehrmacht\" was abolished.\nToday the term \"Wehrmacht\" refers to Germany's armed forces during the Nazi Germany era and World War II, both in German and English. The \"Wehrmacht\" was not only the army (\"Wehrmacht Heer\"). \"Wehrmacht\" vehicles used by \"Heer\", \"Luftwaffe\" or \"Kriegsmarine\" had license plates with WH, WL or WM.\nHistory.\nPost-World War I.\nWorld War I ended with the armistice (ceasefire) of 11 November 1918. The armed forces were called \"Friedensheer\" (peace army) in January 1919. In March 1919, the national assembly passed a law creating a 420,000-member preliminary army as \"Vorl\u00e4ufige Reichswehr\". \nThe terms of the Treaty of Versailles were announced in May and, in June, Germany was forced to sign it. Among other terms, it limited the army to 100,000 men and the navy to 15,000. Tanks and heavy artillery were forbidden and the air force was dissolved. A new post-war military (the Reichswehr) was established on 23 March 1921.\nGermany immediately found ways not to keep to these conditions. It began a secret collaboration with the Soviet Union after the Treaty of Rapallo in 1922. Germany helped the Soviet Union with industrialisation and trained Soviet officers. Meanwhile, in the Soviet Union, the Germans were allowed to research and make chemical weapons (among other projects). German tank and air force specialists could practice in the Soviet Union. Around three hundred German pilots received training at \"Lipetsk;\" some tank training took place near \"Kazan;\" and poison gas was developed at \"Saratov\" for the German army.\nUnder Hitler.\nAfter the death of President Paul von Hindenburg on 2 August 1934, Adolf Hitler became Reichspr\u00e4sident, and thus became commander-in-chief of the \"Wehrmacht\". All officers and soldiers of the German armed forces had to swear a personal oath of loyalty to the \"F\u00fchrer\", as Hitler was now called. By 1935, Germany was openly breaking the military restrictions of the Versailles Treaty, and conscription was reintroduced on 16 March 1935. The conscription law also formalized the name \"Wehrmacht\". \nThe size of the standing army remained at about the 100,000-man limit decreed by the treaty. However, a new group of conscripts equal to this size received training each year. \nOn 15 October 1935, the Nazis officially announced that the \"Wehrmacht\" existed. Their insignia was a simpler version of the Iron Cross (the straight-armed \"Balkenkreuz\" or 'beamed cross'). This had been used as an aircraft and tank marking late in World War I.\nWar years.\nNazi German Army (Wehrmacht Heer).\nThroughout World War II, around 90% of the \"Wehrmacht's\" army units traveled by foot and used horses to move artillery and supplies. Some units were motorized tanks. They received much attention in the world press in the opening years of the war. Some suggested they were the reason why the Nazis succeeded in their invasions of Poland (September 1939), Norway (April 1940), Denmark, Belgium, France and Netherlands (May 1940), Yugoslavia (April 1941) and the early campaigns in the Soviet Union (June 1941) under Gerd von Rundstedt .\nOnce the United States entered the war in December 1941, the Wehrmacht\u2019s Army was engaged in ground campaigns against two major industrial powers. At this critical point, Hitler took personal control of the Wehrmacht military high command. His personal failings as a military commander arguably contributed to major defeats in the spring of 1943, at Stalingrad under Friedrich Paulus and Erwin Rommel\u2019s Afrika Korps in North Africa.\nNazi German Air Force (Luftwaffe).\nThe German Air Force (Luftwaffe), led by Hermann G\u00f6ring, contributed many units of ground forces to the war in Russia as well as the Normandy front. In 1940, the Fallschirmj\u00e4ger paratroops conquered the Belgian Fort Eben-Emael and took part in the airborne invasion of Norway, but after suffering heavy losses in the Battle of Crete, large scale airdrops were discontinued. Operating as ordinary infantry, the 1st Fallschirmj\u00e4ger Division took part in the Battle of Monte Cassino.\nNazi German Navy (Kriegsmarine).\nThe German Navy (Kriegsmarine) played a major role in the Second World War as control over the commerce routes in the Atlantic was crucial for Germany, Britain and later the Soviet Union. In the Battle of the Atlantic, the initially successful German U-boat fleet arm was eventually defeated due to Allied technological advances like sonar, radar, and the breaking of the Enigma code. Large surface vessels were few in number due to construction limitations by international treaties prior to 1935. The \"pocket battleships\" Admiral Graf Spee and Admiral Scheer were important as commerce raiders only in the opening year of the war. No aircraft carrier was operational as German leadership lost interest in the Graf Zeppelin which had been launched in 1938. Following the loss of Bismarck in 1941, with Allied air superiority threatening the remaining battlecruisers in French Atlantic harbours, the ships were ordered to go back to German ports.\nNazi German Armed SS (Waffen-SS).\nAlthough the Waffen-SS (Armed SS) was not technically a part of the Wehrmacht\u2019s Army, they were under the control of the Wehrmacht Military High Command during World War 2. They were considered as elite troops, and suffered heavier losses than the Wehrmacht\u2019s regular army.\nNazi Military War crimes.\nThe Wehrmacht was used as a tool of state policy in the Second World War, for both military and political aims. There is considerable controversy over the allegations that the Wehrmacht was found to be significantly rather than incidentally involved in the Holocaust, especially because the elements of the SS and Gestapo involved in the Holocaust were not the Waffen-SS and not under the control of the OKW or field commanders. \nThe Wehrmacht ordered the Army to participated in massacres of civilians for reprisals, executions of prisoners of war, summary executions of Soviet political officers and executions of military and civilian hostages as punishment for partisan activities in occupied territories. However, the oft-repeated claim of breaking the Geneva convention by its treatment of Russian prisoners of war is not correct. Common Clause 2 of the Geneva Convention states that the treatment requirements apply where both parties are signatories of the Conventions. The Germans were signatories, The Russians refused to sign."}
+{"id": "63500", "revid": "10490934", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63500", "title": "Armed forces", "text": "The armed forces are the backbone of defending the security of their countries on land, sea, and air. They are organised, armed, and trained to achieve the goals set by the state that they fight for. \nDivisions.\nMany countries in the present day separate their armed forces that fight on land, at sea, in the air, and policing the border. These groups are usually called:"}
+{"id": "63502", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63502", "title": "Drastamat Kanayan", "text": "General Drastamat Kanayan (May 31, 1884 \u2013 March 8, 1956) was an Armenian politician, revolutionary, and general. He was the commander of the Armenian Legion of the Wehrmacht, the armed forces of Nazi Germany and part of Armenian national liberation movement.\nDrastamat Kanayan was born in I\u011fd\u0131r, Surmalu, Russian Empire (present-day Turkey) in 1884."}
+{"id": "63503", "revid": "10335097", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63503", "title": "Jack White", "text": "John Anthony Gillis (born July 9, 1975), known as Jack White,\nis an American singer, guitarist, composer and actor. He is best known as one half of The White Stripes with his ex-wife Meg White. They are not actually siblings, contrary to what Jack may had others believe. \nBecause of his successful career with The White Stripes, he has gotten the chance to work many other famous musicians, including Bob Dylan and Loretta Lynn. He has performed many different genres of music, including blues music, folk music, alternative rock, garage rock, and indie music, among other music, in his songs. \nHe married model Karen Elson in 2005. They currently have two children, Scarlett Teresa White and Henry Lee White. As of today, they live in Nashville, Tennessee."}
+{"id": "63506", "revid": "8785644", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63506", "title": "Meg White", "text": "Meg White (born December 10, 1974) is an American former musician and singer. She is known as the drummer for The White Stripes.\nMeg's simple style of drumming has caused a lot of debate. Meg called it \"my strength. A lot of drummers would feel weird about being that simplistic.\""}
+{"id": "63519", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63519", "title": "Adriatic Sea", "text": "The Adriatic Sea is a body of water and is a part of the Mediterranean Sea. The Italian Peninsula from the Balkan Peninsula was separated by the sea. Countries that have a coastline in the Adriatic Sea are Italy, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro and Albania.\nThe average width of the sea is about 160 km. The Strait of Otranto joins the Adriatic Sea and the Ionian Sea and is only 85 to 100 km wide. The sea is very shallow. Its average depth is 240 m (133 fathoms). The sea is deepest east of Monte Gargano and south of Dubrovnik where it dips below 1,460 m (800 fathoms)."}
+{"id": "63520", "revid": "842025", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63520", "title": "Time in Australia", "text": "Mainland Australia has three official time zones. The full names of the time zones are usually shortened by dropping the \"Australian\". Most Australian external territories are in different time zones. Many parts of Australia have daylight saving time.\nHistory.\nThe three official standard time zones were set up in February 1895.\nOriginally South Australia was nine hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) but in May 1899 they added another thirty minutes to that. Some people have disliked having this non-whole number of hours difference. In 1986 and 1994 they tried to take the thirty minutes away again or add another thirty minutes but they failed.\nWhen the Australian Capital Territory separated from New South Wales they kept using Eastern Standard Time. When the Northern Territory separated from South Australia they kept using Central Standard Time.\nChanges.\nThere have been some other changes.\nOutside territories.\nAustralia's many outside territories follow their own time zones. None follow daylight saving time.\nDaylight saving time.\nSouth Australia, New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory, Victoria and Tasmania use daylight saving time every year. In these regions daylight saving time begins on the first Sunday in October at 2:00 am local standard time, and ends on the first Sunday in April at 3:00 am local daylight saving time. The starting and finishing times are sometimes changed when there are special events, such as the Olympic and Commonwealth Games, in Australia.\nThe Northern Territory, Queensland and Western Australia do not have daylight saving time. People living in the northern parts of Australia tend not to be in favour of daylight saving."}
+{"id": "63521", "revid": "10053452", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63521", "title": "Human sacrifice", "text": "Human sacrifice is the act of killing a human as an offering to a deity or other, normally supernatural power.\nIt was practiced in many ancient cultures. The practice was different in different cultures. Some like the Mayans and Aztecs were notorious for their ritual killings, while other cultures have condemned the practice as barbaric.\nVictims were ritually killed in a manner that was supposed to please or appease deities or spirits. Victims ranged from slaves or prisoners to aristocrats, and from infants to the elderly. In Ancient Rome, Vestal Virgins who broke their vow of chastity were ritually killed with their stomaches cut open, with a sharp stone or knife and their hearts were burned. But most often, they were buried alive.\nOver time human sacrifice has become less common around the world, and sacrifices are now very rare. Most religions condemn the practice and present-day laws generally treat it as murder. Nonetheless, it is still occasionally seen today, especially in the least developed areas of the world where traditional beliefs persist.\nMethods.\nHuman sacrifice has been done through numerous methods including the following:\nPhoenicia.\nThe ancient Middle Eastern kingdom of Phoenicia practiced the sacrifice of their children to their god Moloch. It was said to be evil by the Jewish authors of the Bible.\nAztec Empire.\nThe Aztecs were particularly noted for practicing human sacrifice on a large scale; an offering to Huitzilopochtli would be made to restore the blood he lost, as the sun was engaged in a daily battle with darkness and won it by destroying it. Human sacrifices would prevent the end of the world that could happen on an cycle of each 52 years. In the 1487, the re-consecration of the Great Temple of Tenochtitlan happened and many prisoners were sacrificed. \nTlaloc.\nTlaloc would require weeping boys in the first months of the Aztec calendar to be ritually sacrificed.\nInca Empire.\nA number of mummies of sacrificed children have been recovered in the Inca regions of South America."}
+{"id": "63524", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63524", "title": "Tomomi Kahala", "text": "Tomomi Kahala, sometimes spelled Kahara ( \"Kahara Tomomi\" born August 17, 1974 in Tokyo) is a Japanese female singer. Her nickname is \"Tomochan\", and special skill is Horse riding. Her most famous song is \"\"I'm Proud\", \"I Believe\"\"."}
+{"id": "63534", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63534", "title": "Observer effect", "text": "The observer effect, or observer bias, means several things in different situations, although there are similarities.\nUse in science.\nIn science, the term observer effect means that the act of observing will influence the phenomenon being observed.\nFor example, for us to \"see\" an electron, a photon must first interact with it, and this interaction will change the path of that electron. It is also theoretically possible for other, less direct means of measurement to affect the electron; even if the electron is simply put into a position where observing it is \"possible\", without actual observation taking place, it will still (theoretically) alter its position.\nIn physics, a more mundane observer effect can be the result of instruments that by necessity alter the state of what they measure. In electronics, ammeters and voltmeters usually need to be connected to the circuit, and so by their very presence affect the current or the voltage they are measuring. A standard mercury-in-glass thermometer must absorb some thermal energy to record a temperature, and therefore changes the temperature of the body which it is measuring.\nA misunderstanding of the term refers to quantum mechanics, where, if the outcome of an event has not been observed, it exists in a state of \", which is something like being in all possible states at once. In the famous thought experiment known as Schr\u00f6dinger's cat, the cat is empirically neither alive nor dead until observed \u2013 until that time, the cat is theoretically \"both\" alive and dead (technically half-alive and half-dead in probability terms). However, most quantum physicists, in resolving Schr\u00f6dinger's seeming paradox, now understand that the acts of 'observation' and 'measurement' must also be defined in quantum terms before the question makes sense. From this point of view, there is no 'observer effect', only one vastly entangled quantum system. A significant minority still find the equations point to an observer; , who probably worked more deeply on this subject than any physicist thus far, devised a graphic in which the universe was represented by a \"U\" with an eye on one end, turned around and viewing itself, to describe his understanding.\nThe Heisenberg uncertainty principle is also frequently, confused with the \"observer effect\". The uncertainty principle actually describes how precisely we may measure the position and momentum of a particle at the same time \u2013 if we increase the precision in measuring one quantity, we are forced to lose precision in measuring the other. Thus, the uncertainty principle deals with \"measurement\", and not \"observation\". The idea that the Uncertainty Principle is caused by disturbance (and hence by observation) is not considered to be valid by some, although it was discussed in the early years of quantum mechanics, and is often repeated in popular treatments.\nThere is a related issue in quantum mechanics relating to whether systems have pre-existing \u2013 prior to measurement, that is \u2013 properties corresponding to measurements that could possibly be made on them. The assumption that they do is often referred to as \"realism\" in the literature, although it has been argued that the word \"realism\" is being used in a more restricted sense than philosophical realism. A recent experiment in the realm of quantum physics has been quoted as meaning that we have to \"say goodbye\" to realism, although the author of the paper states only that \"we would [..] have to give up certain intuitive features of realism\". These experiments demonstrate a puzzling relationship between the act of measurement and the system being measured, but it is unclear if they require a conscious observer or not.\nUse in Information technology.\nIn information technology, the observer effect refers to potential impact of the act of observing a process output while the process is running. For example, if a process records its progress in a log file, the act of viewing the file while the process is running could cause an I/O error in the process, which could cause it to stop.\nAnother example would be observing the performance of a CPU by running both the observed and observing programs on the same CPU. This will lead to inaccurate results because the observer program itself affects the CPU performance.\nObserving (or rather, \"debugging\") a running program by modifying its source code (such as adding extra output or generating log files) or by running it in a debugger may sometimes cause certain bugs to diminish or change their behavior. This makes more difficulty for the person trying to isolate the so-called \"Heisenbug\".\nUse in the social sciences.\nIn the social sciences and general usage, the effect refers to how people change their behavior when aware of being watched (see Hawthorne effect). For instance, in the armed forces, an announced inspection is used to see how well soldiers can do when they put their minds to it, while a surprise inspection is used to see how well prepared they generally are.\nObserver bias.\nThe related social-science term observer bias is error introduced into measurement when observers overemphasize behavior they expect to find and fail to notice behavior they do not expect. This is why medical trials are normally organized as double-blind tests. Observer bias can also be introduced because researchers see a subject doing something, and interpret it according to what it means to them, whereas it may mean something else to the subject. "}
+{"id": "63535", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63535", "title": "Canton Township, Michigan", "text": "Canton, Michigan is a township in Wayne County in the U.S. state of Michigan. As of the 2020 census, the township had a population of 98,659. The FBI decided that it is the 20th safest city in the United States. The average household in Canton earns $84,000 dollars."}
+{"id": "63537", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63537", "title": "Probability theory", "text": "Probability theory is the part of mathematics that studies random situations. Probability theory usually studies random events, random variables, stochastic processes, and non-deterministic events (events that do not follow a simple pattern). \nTossing a coin, winning the lottery, or rolling a die are random events. However, random events have certain patterns, which can be studied and predicted, using probability theory. \nScientists can use probability theory to obtain information about things that would be too complex to deal with, like statistical mechanics. Also, scientists discovered (in the 20th century) that atoms, and everything that we know, obeys something called quantum mechanics, which uses lots of probability theory.\nHistory.\nThe theory of probability was created by Gerolamo Cardano, a medical doctor and gambler who tried to calculate his luck. Years later, Pierre de Fermat and Blaise Pascal helped develop Cardano's theory. \nToday, probability theory is used in statistics, which is useful to all kinds of areas: like medicine, economy, Science, Mathematics..."}
+{"id": "63540", "revid": "7365", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63540", "title": "Canton, Michigan", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63543", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63543", "title": "The Raven", "text": "\"The Raven\" is a narrative poem by American writer Edgar Allan Poe, first published on January 29, 1845. It tells the story of a mysterious talking raven who visits a lover; it shows how the lover is slowly going insane. It is often called Poe's most famous poem, its publication made him famous in his day, and today it is still one of the most recognized and respected poems in American literature."}
+{"id": "63545", "revid": "1693111", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63545", "title": "Mayan civilization", "text": "The Maya civilization and Mayan religion. They lived there for a long time and a few of the Maya people live there, even today!\nThe Mayans lived there 4,000 years ago (about 2000 BC). At that date complex societies were living in the Mayan region. The staple foods of the Maya diet were cultivated. Their food included maize, beans, squashes, and chili peppers. The first Maya cities developed around 750 BC.\nThe Mayan people used a written language and a numeral system. They were good at art, building, and their priests studied stars and planets, which helped them make calendars.\nThe Mayan civilisation was biggest between the years of 420 AD and 900 AD. The Mayan civilisation spread all the way from central Mexico to Honduras, Guatemala, and northern El Salvador. It is estimated that at its maximum, the civilization had at least ten million people. The Maya people traded with other people in the Americas. Their art and buildings have many different styles. This shows they traded a lot. They made changes to their buildings to make them even better. The Maya civilization started getting smaller after 900 AD.\nThe Conquistadors arrived in the 15th century and took over Mexico and later Central America, even in the Mayan areas. However, the Maya people still live there today. They live in the same areas the Mayan civilization used to live in. They keep the old Mayan traditions and beliefs.\nThere are many Mayan languages still spoken today, including one called the Achi language. A play called \"Rabinal Achi\" is considered important.\nLocation.\nThe people of the Maya civilization lived in three different areas: the southern Maya highlands, the central lowlands, and the northern lowlands. They had many different types of land, including mountains and dry plains. People living in the low plains by the sea were affected by hurricanes and tropical storms from the Caribbean.\nThe area covered what we now call the southern Mexican states of Chiapas and Tabasco, and the Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula states of Quintana Roo, Campeche and Yucat\u00e1n. They also included where we now call Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador and western Honduras.\nHistory.\nThe pre-classical period.\nThe first Maya settlements started about 1800 BC. They lived in the Soconusco region, now the state of Chiapas in Mexico, on the Pacific Ocean. This is called the \"early pre-classic period\" in Mayan history'. People in Central America had been nomads who went from place to place to find food and shelter. Around this time they began to settle down.They started to farm animals and make pottery and small clay figures. They buried their dead in simple burial mounds. Later they started to make these mounds into step pyramids.\nThere were other people around at the time, especially in the north. The Olmec, the Mixe-Zoque, and Zapotec civilizations mostly lived in the area we now call Oaxaca. We don't know exactly where the borders of the Maya civilization were. Many of the most important early examples of writing and buildings appeared in north, so these cultures probably affected the Maya civilization.\nThe classical period.\nFrom about 250 to 909, the Maya civilization built many monuments and cities, and made many important carvings. The \"southern lowlands\" were an important place at the time. The Maya civilization made many discoveries about art and thinking there.\nLike Ancient Greece, their civilization was made up of numerous cities, which all worked in different ways. People gathered around these cities to farm. Well-known cities were Tikal, Palenque, Cop\u00e1n and Calakmul. Lesser-known cities were Dos Pilas, Uaxactun, Altun Ha, and Bonampak, among others. In general, we know more about where the cities were in the south than we do in the north. Some northern cities we do know about were Oxkintok, Chunchucmil, and Uxmal.\nTheir most famous monuments are the pyramids they built as part of their religious centers, and the palaces. The palace at Cancu\u00e9n is the largest we know about in the Maya area. The Maya also made carved stone slabs which they called \"tetun\", or \"tree-stones\". These slabs show rulers along with hieroglyphic writing describing their family, military victories, and other things that they did well.\nTrade with other civilizations.\nThe Maya had trade routes that ran over long distances. They traded with many other Mesoamerican cultures, such as Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, and other groups in central and gulf-coast Mexico. They also traded with groups that were farther away. For example, people who study the Maya civilization found gold from Panama in the Sacred well at Chichen Itza.\nSome important things they traded were cacao, salt, sea shells, jade and obsidian.\nSudden collapse.\nBetween 900 AD and 1000 AD, the cities in the southern lowlands had more and more problems until all the people left. The Maya civilization there stopped making big monuments and carvings. People who study the Maya civilization are not sure why this happened. They have many different ideas - some people think there was a big environmental disaster, or a disease affected a lot of people, or there were just too many people for the amount of food they could grow.\nPost-classical period and decline.\nIn the north, the Maya civilization kept going. Other cultures started mixing with Mayan culture much more. Some of the important sites in this time were Chichen Itza, Uxmal, Edzn\u00e1, and Coba. At some point, the families who ruled over Chichen and Uxmal got weaker and the rulers in the city of Mayapan ruled all of the Mayan civilization in the Yucat\u00e1n peninsula until there was a revolt in 1450. After the revolt, the whole area broke up into different cities who fought against each other, until the Spanish conquest of Yucat\u00e1n.\nThe Itza Maya, Ko'woj, and Yalain groups around what is now Guatamela were still around, but there were not very many of them. By 1520, they had built themselves back up again and started to build cities. The Itza had their capital at Tayasal (also known as Noh Pet\u00e9n), and people who study the Maya civlisation think what's left of this city is below the modern city of Flores, Guatemala on Lake Pet\u00e9n Itz\u00e1. The Ko'woj had their capital at Zacpeten. Some Mayan cultures were still living in the southern highlands.\nThe Quich\u00e9 kingdom produced the most famous Mayan work, the Popol Vuh. It talks about the creation of the world, the Mayan gods and goddesses, how humans and animals were created and why the Quich\u00e9 kingdom was the best one in the Maya civilization.\nThe Spanish started to conquer Maya lands. It took them a long time (170 years) to finish doing this because the Mayans had no capital city and each city had a different culture. The last Mayan states, the Itza city of Tayasal and the Ko'woj city of Zacpeten, still had people living in them late into the 17th century. They were finally conquered in 1697.\nThere are still about 6 million Maya people living in Central America."}
+{"id": "63546", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63546", "title": "Austalian time zones", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63547", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63547", "title": "Mesoamerican chronology", "text": "Looking at the history of pre-Columbian Mesoamerica one can see some rather different periods between the first humans and the early Colonial period (which followed the Spanish colonization of the Americas) in the end.\nOverview.\nPaleo-Indian period.\nThe Paleo-Indian (not so often Lithic) period or era begins with the first signs of human presence in the region and leads to agriculture and other practices (e.g. pottery, permanent settlements) characteristic of proto-civilizations. In Mesoamerica, the end of this phase was about 8,000 BC. It was a period of hunter-gatherers.\nArchaic Era.\nc. 8,000 BCE - 2,000 BCE\nIn this time agriculture and permanent villages developed in the region. Late in this era, people used pottery and started weaving with a loom.\nPreclassic Era or Formative Period.\nc. 2,000 BCE - 200 CE\nNation-states developed and with them the first large scale ceremonial architecture and cities. That were the Olmec civilization, the early Zapotec, Monte Alto Culture in Guatemala's Pacifc lowlands, and Maya civilization.\nClassic Era.\nc. mid 2nd century - early 10th century\nTeotihuacan grows to a metropolis and its empire dominates Mesoamerica. During this time the cities of the Maya southern lowlands, such as Tikal, Palenque, and Cop\u00e1n have their greatest era. The Classic Era ended earlier in Central Mexico, with the fall of Teotihuacan around the 7th century, than it did in the Maya area, which continued for centuries more. Around this time, many southern lowland sites (most notably in Tikal) experienced a short period of limited decline, called the Middle Classic Hiatus. The later period of Maya's continued growth is sometimes known as the Florescent Era.\nPostclassic Era.\n10th century - 16th century.\nMany of the great nations and cities of the Classic Era collapsed, but some continue, such as in Oaxaca, Cholula, and the Maya of Yucat\u00e1n, such as at Chichen Itza and Uxmal. This is sometimes seen as a period of increased chaos and warfare. The Toltec dominated central Mexico in the 11th - 13th century, then collapsed. The northern Maya are for a time united under Mayapan. The Aztec Empire rises in the early 15th century and seems on the path to gain a dominance over the whole region not seen since Teotihuacan, when Mesoamerica is discovered by Spain and conquered by the Conquistadores. Arguably, the Post-Classic continued until the conquest of the last independent native state of Mesoamerica, Tayasal, in 1697."}
+{"id": "63549", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63549", "title": "Beck", "text": "Beck Hansen (better known as simply Beck) (born Bek David Campbell, July 8, 1970 in Los Angeles, California) is an American singer, musician, and multi-instrumentalist. He is known for folky rock music, unusual lyrics, and post-modern arrangements, which has made him one of the most outstanding in 1990s alternative rock.\nHe became extremely popular with his hit song \"Loser\" in 1994. Beck is known for including various styles of music into his songs, including folk music, electronica, indie music, techno, rock music, and alternative music, among others.\nHansen married actress Marissa Ribisi in 2004. They currently have two children: a son, Cosimo Henri, and a daughter, Tuesday."}
+{"id": "63555", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63555", "title": "Willow Rosenberg", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63571", "revid": "1504534", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63571", "title": "Prime Meridian", "text": "The Prime Meridian is the meridian (line of longitude) that goes through the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in London it is also known as the International Meridian or Greenwich Meridian. Other longitudes are given as east or west of the Prime Meridian.\nLines like this are not actually lines on the ground, but are ways of saying where a place is on the globe. The ones that run horizontal (east to west) are called latitude. They tell us how far a location is from the equator. The other lines are vertical and are known as longitudes. \nSuch is the Meridian's fame that each year, hundreds of thousands of visitors from all around the world make their way to the Observatory to stand astride the Line. But its position is marked in hundreds of other places too. On its path from pole to pole, the Meridian passes through England, France, Spain, Algeria, Mali, Burkina Faso, Togo, Ghana and Antarctica."}
+{"id": "63572", "revid": "1508758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63572", "title": "Retirement", "text": "Retirement is when people stop working. People may retire when they reach a certain age, or if they get sick or have an accident, or even for their own choice. People cannot generally retire unless they have a pension. Some people may semi-retire and keep some sort of job. People typically do this after working for so many years and growing tired of it.\nPeople who become less able to look after themselves may move to retirement homes, retirement villages, sheltered housing, or nursing homes. They may have to pay for care,or their family may care for them.\nRetirement in other uses.\nThe term may also be used when it's not related to people. This can maybe used for when something is out of service, like an old model vehicle."}
+{"id": "63573", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63573", "title": "Sophia", "text": "Sophia and sofia may mean:"}
+{"id": "63574", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63574", "title": "Trdat the Architect", "text": "Trdat the Architect (c. 950-1020) (Armenian: \u054f\u0580\u0564\u0561\u057f \u0573\u0561\u0580\u057f\u0561\u0580\u0561\u057a\u0565\u057f), known in Latin as Tiridates, was chief architect of the Bagratuni Dynasty of Armenia.\nAfter a great earthquake in 989 destroyed the dome of Hagia Sophia, the Byzantine officials sent Trdat to Byzantium to organize repairs. The restored dome was completed by 994."}
+{"id": "63575", "revid": "10760", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63575", "title": "Byzantine", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63577", "revid": "1343687", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63577", "title": "Eastern Roman Empire", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63578", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63578", "title": "Byzantium", "text": "Byzantium () was an ancient Greek city. The name \"Byzantium\" is a Latinization of the original name Byzantion.\nThe city became the center of the Byzantine Empire, (the Greek-speaking Roman Empire of late Antiquity and the Middle Ages), but at that time it was already called Constantinople.\nHistory.\nLegend.\nThe origins of Byzantium are not clear. There is only a legend. It tells that a certain Byzas from Megara (a town near Athens), founded Byzantium, when he sailed northeast across the Aegean Sea. He had asked the Oracle at Delphi where he should found his new city. The Oracle told him to find it \"opposite the blind.\" At the time, he did not know what this meant. But when he came upon the Bosporus he realized what it meant: on the Asiatic shore was a Greek city, Chalcedon. It was they who must have been blind because they had not seen that obviously superior land was just a half mile away on the other side of the Bosporus. Byzas founded his city here in this \"superior\" land and named it Byzantion after himself.\nHistory before Constantine I.\nByzantion was mainly a trading city due to its strategic location at the Black Sea's only entrance. Byzantion later conquered Chalcedon, across the Bosporus.\nWhen it fought with Pescennius Niger against the victorious Septimius Severus, the city was besieged by Roman forces and suffered extensive damage in 196 AD. Byzantium was rebuilt by Septimius Severus, when he had become emperor, and quickly regained its earlier prosperity.\nCenter of the Eastern Roman Empire.\nWhen Roman Emperor Constantine I decided to move his capital to the Eastern part of the Roman Empire he chose the place of Byzantion because of its strategical value. He refounded it, in 330 AD, as \"Nova Roma\". After his death the city was called Constantinople ('city of Constantine'). It remained the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, which was later called the Byzantine Empire by historians.\nEmblem.\nFollowing the legend the citizens of Byzantium claimed the crescent moon as their state symbol, after an important victory in 340 BC. However, the origin of the crescent and star as a symbol dates back much earlier - to ancient Babylon and ancient Egypt. But Byzantium was the first city that used the crescent moon as its symbol. In 330 AD Constantine I added the Virgin Mary's star to the flag."}
+{"id": "63580", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63580", "title": "Coat of arms of Armenia", "text": "The national coat of arms of Armenia consists of an eagle and a lion supporting a shield. The coat of arms combines new and old symbols. The eagle and lion are ancient Armenian symbols dating from the first Armenian kingdoms that existed prior to Christ.\nThe current coat of arms was adopted on 19 April 1992 by the Armenian Supreme Council decision. On 15 June 2006, the law on the state coat of arms of Armenia was passed by the Armenian Parliament.\nSymbolism.\nShield.\nThe shield consists of many parts. In the center is an image of Mount Ararat with Noah's Ark sitting on top of it. According to tradition, the ark is said to have finally rested on the mountain after the great flood. Ararat is considered the national symbol of Armenia and so is of significant importance to the coat of arms. Surrounding Mount Ararat are symbols of old Armenian dynasties. In the lower left portion of the shield, there are two eagles looking at each other, symbolizing the length of the Armenian territory during the reign of the Artaxiad Dynasty that ruled in the 1st century BC. In the upper left portion, there is a lion with a cross, the emblem for the Bagratuni dynasty that ruled during the Middle Ages, between 7th and 11th centuries. Under this dynasty, Armenia blossomed culturally, making its capital, Ani, one of the most important cultural, social and commercial centers of its time. Bagratuni was destroyed by the Byzantine Empire's encroachment and by Seljuk invasions in the 11th century AD. In the upper right portion, there is a two-headed eagle, the emblem of the first dynasty to reign over a Christian Armenia, the Arsacid Dynasty of Armenia. Tiridates III of Arsacid Dynasty made Armenia the first Christian nation in 301 AD. This dynasty ruled from the 1st century AD to 428 AD. In the lower right portion, there is a lion with a cross, the emblem of the Rubenid dynasty. This dynasty reigned in Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, a state that expanded and prospered during the 12th and 13th centuries, until the Mamelukes and Turks eventually conquered it.\nEagle and Lion.\nThe eagle supports the shield on the left side of the coat of arms, while the lion on the right side. The eagle was the symbol of the Artaxiad Dynasty and later on the symbol of the Arsacid Dynasty of Armenia. It holds the Artaxiad Dynasty's branch of the shield. Whereas, the lion was the symbol of the Bagratuni Dynasty and later on the symbol of the Rubenid Dynasty. It holds the Rubenid Dynasty's branch of the shield.\nBoth of these animals were chosen because of their power, courage, patience, wisdom, and nobility in animal kingdom.\nHistory.\nCoat of arms of the Democratic Republic of Armenia.\nThe present-day Armenian coat of arms has its origins with the establishment of the Democratic Republic of Armenia (DRA) in 1918. In that year, an early variation of the coat of arms was adopted by the DRA. The symbols on this earlier version were placed in a slightly different order and the eagle and lion have their tongues out, giving them a more menacing look. It's also worthy to note that only Mount Ararat (along with Little Ararat) are depicted while Noah's Ark is absent. The coat of arms was designed by architect and member of the Russian Academy of Fine Arts Alexander Tamanian (best known for his work on Yerevan's city plan) and artist Hakob Kojoyan.\nTranscaucasian SFSR.\nIn 1922 Armenia was incorporated into Transcaucasian SFSR with Georgia and Azerbaijan. The coat of arms of the Transcaucasian SFSR was adopted by the government of the Transcaucasian SFSR. It is uncertain when exactly it was adopted. It incorporates designs from each of the three major groups that combined in the Transcaucasian SFSR, the Armenians, Azeri and Georgians, and unusually features Islamic art and communist elements side by side. The latticework in the star itself bespeaks the former coat of arms of Georgia from 1918 to 1921 and adopted again from 1991 to 2004; the crescent moon represents the Muslim Azeris, on a background depicting the national symbol of the Armenians, Mount Ararat.\nSoviet coat of arms.\nIn 1937, a new coat of arms was adopted. Like the DRA coat of arms, this coat showed Mount Ararat along with the Soviet hammer and sickle and red star behind it. The inclusion of Ararat brought objections from Turkey because the mountain is part of its territory. The Kremlin retorted that although the Turkish symbol was the crescent, it did not mean that they laid claim to the moon. The Soviet Union broke apart in 1991 and Armenia thus became an independent republic.\nBald eagles, like other eagles worldwide, had been seen by many as symbols of strength, courage, freedom and immortality for generations."}
+{"id": "63582", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63582", "title": "Arsacid Dynasty of Armenia", "text": "The Arsacid Dynasty or (sometimes called the Arshakuni Dynasty) ruled the Kingdom of Armenia from 54 to 428. They started as a branch of the Parthian Arsacids but became a distinctly Armenian dynasty later on. Armenia was between the Parthian and Roman Empires and both were trying to control it. Arsacid Kings reigned intermittently throughout the chaotic years after the fall of the Artaxiad Dynasty until 62 when Tiridates I of Armenia secured Arsacid rule in Armenia.\nAn independent line of Kings was established by Vologases II of Armenia (Valarses/Vagharshak) in 180. Two of the most notable events under Arsacid rule in Armenian history were the conversion of Armenia to Christianity by St. Gregory the Illuminator in 301 and the creation of the Armenian alphabet by Mesrop Mashtots in 405."}
+{"id": "63584", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63584", "title": "Hakob Kojoyan", "text": "Hakob Karapetovich Kojoyan (1883 - 1959) was an Armenian artist. He worked in genres of painting, landscapes, and applied art. Hakob Kojoyan was awarded the designation of \"People's Artist of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic.\" He helped Armenian architect Alexander Tamanian to create the coat of arms for the Democratic Republic of Armenia.\nBiography.\nHakob Kojoyan was born in Akhaltsikhe (now in Georgia) to a family of Armenian jewelers. As a boy he apprenticed to the goldsmith's craft and learned engraving. At age 20 he went to study art in Munich, Germany, and in 1905 went to the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts in Russia, where he studied for two years. He later spent time in Paris and Moscow, then in 1918 returned to Armenia."}
+{"id": "63585", "revid": "1696139", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63585", "title": "Alexander Tamanian", "text": "Alexander Tamanian (, March 4, 1878, Yekaterinodar - February 20, 1936, Yerevan) was an Armenian neoclassical architect, who is remembered today for his work in the city of Yerevan."}
+{"id": "63586", "revid": "1210239", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63586", "title": "Ani", "text": "Ani () is a ruined and uninhabited medieval city-site in Turkey. It is in the province of Kars, beside the border with Armenia. It was once the capital of a medieval Armenian kingdom that covered much of present-day Armenia and eastern Turkey.\nAt the height of its great times, Ani had a population of 100,000 - 200,000 people and was the rival of Constantinople, Baghdad and Cairo. Long ago renowned for its splendor and magnificence, Ani has been abandoned and largely forgotten for centuries.\nHistory.\nArmenian chroniclers first mention Ani in the 5th century AD. They describe it as a strong fortress built on a hilltop and a possession of the Armenian Kamsarakan dynasty.\nBy the early 9th century the former territories of the Kamsarakans in Arsharunik and Shirak (including Ani) had been incorporated into the territories of the Armenian Bagratuni dynasty. Their leader, Ashot \"Msaker\" (Ashot the Meateater) (806-827) was given the title of \"ishkhan\" (prince) of Armenia by the Caliphate in 804.\nOther monuments.\nThere are many other minor monuments at Ani. These include a convent known as the Virgins' chapel; a church used by Chalcedonian Armenians; the remains of a single-arched bridge over the Arpa river; the ruins of numerous oil-presses and several bath houses; the remains of a second mosque with a collapsed minaret; a palace that probably dates from the 13th century; the foundations of several other palaces and smaller residences; the recently excavated remains of several streets lined with shops; etc."}
+{"id": "63587", "revid": "10760", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63587", "title": "Ani (Turkey)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63590", "revid": "1053137", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63590", "title": "Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic", "text": "The Armenian SSR or Soviet Socialist Republic of Armenia, came into being on 29 November 1920. On 1 December 1920, the Prime Minister Simon Vratsian handed over control of the country to the Communist Party of Armenia. The name was later changed to the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic.\nThe modern Republic of Armenia became independent in 1991 during the dissolution of the Soviet Union."}
+{"id": "63591", "revid": "2897", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63591", "title": "Soviet Armenia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63592", "revid": "11594", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63592", "title": "Aryans", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63593", "revid": "9771", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63593", "title": "Retire", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63594", "revid": "855736", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63594", "title": "Extinct language", "text": "An extinct language is a language that no longer is the first language or the second language of anyone. The opposite of a modern language, an extinct language is not spoken anymore and so no longer develops or changes. The first recorded example in human history is Sumerian.\nIt is not to be confused with a dead language, such as Latin, which is still spoken as a second language.\nRecently-extinct languages.\nWith last known speaker and/or date of death."}
+{"id": "63603", "revid": "8781289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63603", "title": "Armenian Americans", "text": "An Armenian-American or American Armenian is an American citizen who is Armenian, whether by culture, ethnicity, or religion. During the 2009 Census in the United States, 1,270,000 Americans indicated either full or partial Armenian ancestry.\nHistory.\nThe first Armenian known to have moved to America is nicknamed \"Martin the Armenian\". He was one of the settlers in the Jamestown Colony in Virginia. He arrived in Jamestown in 1618, when the colony was only 11 years old. Martin was invited to the colony to raise silk worms. Other Armenians were also brought to the colony but they went back to Europe.\nArmenians began to arrive in the United States in high numbers in the late 19th century. However, the influx was intensified when over 100,000 Armenian refugees came after World War I to flee the Armenian Genocide in the Ottoman Empire."}
+{"id": "63604", "revid": "309668", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63604", "title": "Thomas Cavendish", "text": "Sir Thomas Cavendish (or Candish) (1560-1592) was an English sea explorer. He was known as \"the Navigator\" because he led the third expedition to travel around (\"circumnavigate\") the globe. Cavendish was the first who set sail to do this. Magellan and Francis Drake were the first two to circumnavigate the globe, but they did not intend to do so. Cavendish died at sea on his second voyage around the world."}
+{"id": "63606", "revid": "10760", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63606", "title": "Thomas cavendish", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63607", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63607", "title": "Martin the Armenian", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63609", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63609", "title": "William Saroyan", "text": "William Saroyan () (August 31, 1908 - May 18, 1981) was an American author who wrote many plays and short stories about growing up impoverished as the son of Armenian immigrants. These stories were popular during the Great Depression. Saroyan grew up in Fresno, the center of Armenian-Americans in California, where many of his works are set (although he sometimes gave the city a fictional name).\nAsked how to say his name, he told \"The Literary Digest\" \"In Armenian it is \"sor-row'yan\", accent on \"row\". In America it is mispronounced with... 'roy.'\" \nLife.\nSaroyan was born in Fresno, California, the son of an Armenian immigrant. His father moved to New Jersey in 1905 - he was a small vineyard owner, who had been educated as a Presbyterian minister. At a certain point his father was forced to take farm-laboring work, and he died in 1911. At the age of four, William Saroyan was placed in the Fred Finch Orphanage in Oakland, California, together with his brother and sister - an experience he later described in his writing. Five years later the family reunited in Fresno, where his mother, Takoohi, had obtained work in a cannery."}
+{"id": "63610", "revid": "10760", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63610", "title": "Employment", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63611", "revid": "1241374", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63611", "title": "Raphael Lemkin", "text": "Raphael Lemkin (; 24 June 1900 \u2013 28 August 1959) was a lawyer of Polish-Jewish descent. Before World War II, Lemkin was interested in the Armenian Genocide and campaigned in the League of Nations to ban what he called \"barbarity\" and \"vandalism\". He is best known for his work against genocide, a word he coined in 1943 from the root words \"genos\" (Greek for family, tribe or race) and \"-cide\" (Latin for killing).\nDeath.\nLemkin died of a heart attack at the public relations office of Milton H. Blow in New York City in 1959, at the age of 59."}
+{"id": "63613", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63613", "title": "Vak\u0131fl\u0131", "text": "Vak\u0131fl\u0131 K\u00f6y\u00fc ( \u2014 Vakif) is the only ethnic Armenian village in Turkey. It is on the slopes of Musa Dagh in the Samanda\u011f district of Hatay Province. It has a view of the Mediterranean Sea. From the village, people can see the Syrian border. It has a population of about 130 people. The village was destroyed in the 2023 Turkey\u2013Syria earthquake."}
+{"id": "63614", "revid": "1375466", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63614", "title": "Spanish colonization of the Americas", "text": "During the Spanish colonization of the Americas, Spain took control of lands in the Americas and established colonies in what is now the United States. Spanish colonization began with the arrival in America of Christopher Columbus (Crist\u00f3bal Col\u00f3n) in 1492. This began the European colonization of the Americas.\nThe conquistadors.\nSpanish conquistadors (\"conquerors\") took over more and more land in the Americas until they owned Central America, most of South America, Mexico, the South of what today is Southern United States, the Western part of what today is the United States, the Southwestern part of what today is British Columbia in Canada, and even Alaska. \nThe conquistadors were not solely representatives of the Spanish crown. They had diverse motivations; some wanted to gain wealth and glory, while others wanted to convert, pursue, and conquer indigenous peoples and lands. The conquistadors often acted in their own self-interest rather than the crown's. \nThe conquistadors were not exclusively of European descent; many were of mixed heritage. \nConquistadors like Bernal Diaz del Castillo and Hernan Cortes wrote the first accounts of Spanish conquest in the Americas. In these accounts, they described themselves as good men doing good things. They emphasized their bravery, and did not mention the brutality of the Spanish rule and the suffering it caused indigenous people. In their reports, Cortes and Diaz present themselves as exceptional conquistadors whose goals were to get rich without using force, to seize land, and to convert the indigenous peoples to Catholicism. \nIndigenous peoples.\nThe indigenous peoples of the Americas used various methods to communicate with the Spanish conquistadors. They used interpreters, communicated using gestures, or simply learned each other\u2019s languages. \nSpanish colonization of the Americas was an incomplete process, as the continent was not fully under Spanish control upon initial contact with the native peoples. \nThe Americas were not underdeveloped before the arrival of the Spanish. The indigenous peoples did not live in a state of primitiveness, but instead had incredibly advanced agricultural, social, and architectural systems. The Spanish conquistadors were not superior to the indigenous peoples, some of whom belonged to advanced societies with complex cultures and technological advancements.\nWritings about Spanish colonization.\nDuring the 19th and early 20th centuries.\nThe story of the Spanish conquest of the Americas has evolved significantly throughout the years, becoming more historically accurate over time. \nFor a long time, stories about Spanish colonization of the Americas celebrated the conquistadors and did not consider their impact on indigenous people. However, in the 19th century, indigenous people's writings about Spanish colonization began to gain recognition. The works of native writers were finally acknowledged. These works emphasized native peoples' resistance towards the Conquest, and suggested that the Conquest utterly destroyed these people's lives. \nBy the mid-20th century, writings about Spanish colonization that celebrated the Conquest became less popular. Writings increasingly focused on how negatively the Conquest affected indigenous peoples. They discussed how the conquistadors portrayed themselves inaccurately and had some selfish motivations: they wanted to get rich; to obtain glory and wealth; and to convert, pursue, and conquer indigenous peoples and lands. New interpretations of the Conquest story argued that Diaz and Cortes were not brave, but reckless, viewing the New World and its inhabitants merely as territory they could control by force. \n\"Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest\" (2007).\nIn his 2007 book \"Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest\", Michael Restall challenges the traditional narrative that portrayed Spanish conquistadors as extraordinarily courageous. He emphasizes that the conquistadors' writings related only to individual strategic goals and personal perspective. \nHe suggests that the seven myths about the Spanish Conquest are The Myth of Exceptional Men, King\u2019s Army, White Conquistador, Completion, (Mis)Communication, Native Desolation, and Superiority. Specifically, Restall writes that the Spanish conquistadors who participated in the conquest of the Americas were not exceptional, but average, and merely got lucky. "}
+{"id": "63615", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63615", "title": "Conquistador", "text": "A Conquistador (English: \"Conqueror\"; : \"Conquistadores\", or \"Conquistadors\") was a Spanish or Portuguese soldier, explorer, and adventurer. The \"Conquistadors\" invaded and conquered much of the Americas and the Philippines Islands, as well as other islands in Asia Pacific. Many of them were \"hidalgos\" (low-status noblemen).\nTheir conquests brought these lands under Spanish and Portuguese colonial rule between the 15th and 17th centuries, starting with the 1492 settlement by Christopher Columbus in what is now the Bahamas. They created what is now called Latin America.\nThe first successful conquistador was Hern\u00e1n Cort\u00e9s. Between 1520 and 1521, Cort\u00e9s and the native enemies of the Aztecs conquered the mighty Aztec Empire. Present-day Mexico became New Spain, a colony of the Spanish Empire. Francisco Pizarro later found and conquered the similarly large Inca Empire."}
+{"id": "63616", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63616", "title": "Shushanik Kurghinian", "text": "Shushanik Kurghinian (Popoljian) (1876-1927) was an Armenian poet. Kurghinian received little or no recognition for her outstanding poems. Although a socialist with some stirring poems of labour's rebellion to her name, she remained a dim star even in the Soviet era. Today she is almost unknown, away from the literary canon in Armenia and the Diaspora.\nBackground.\nShushanik Kurghinian was born on August 18, 1876, in Alexandrapol, in the Yerevan province of Eastern Armenia, into a poor family of Popolji Harout. In her autobiography Shushanik writes of her childhood: \u201cSometimes father would bring his [shoe-repair] \u2018workstation\u2019 home, in order to save money, and I would work for him \u2013 demanding my wages, every single kopek (Coin). My mother, having been raised in a traditional household, would reprove my \u2018ill behavior toward my parent,\u2019and blamed those harmful books for corrupting me.\u201d\nWorks.\n`Whoever is without hope, dulled, without spirit,<br>\nalone and lacking faith...<br>\nbring them to me<br>\nmy spirit is free<br>\nI will give them of my soul...'<br>"}
+{"id": "63617", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63617", "title": "Soviet era", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63618", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63618", "title": "Gyumri", "text": "Gyumri (Armenian:\u0533\u0575\u0578\u0582\u0574\u0580\u056b) is the capital and largest city of the Shirak province in northwest Armenia. It is located about 75 miles from the capital Yerevan, and, with a population of 150,917 (2001 census), is the second-largest city in Armenia."}
+{"id": "63619", "revid": "10760", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63619", "title": "Alexandrapol", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63620", "revid": "10318417", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63620", "title": "Arminianism", "text": " Study Helps: www.umich.edu.BibleKJV, simple search: study., 2Timothy 2:15., 2Timothy 3:16-17, Joshua 24:15, Isaiah Chapter 55, Isaiah 35:8, John Chapters 1 and 3, John 1:12, John 3:3 John 3:16, John 10:10, John 14:6 Romans chapter 10, Acts 3:19, Acts 4:12, Ephesians 2:8-9, Revelation 12:11, Revelation 22:15. 39 Old Testament Books 27 New Testament Books. Other Study Tools: Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, Webster's 1828 Dictionary, Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, Oxford English Dictionaries."}
+{"id": "63622", "revid": "1145577", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63622", "title": "Ruben Sevak", "text": "Sevak Ruben or Ruben Sevak (February 15, 1885 \u2013 August 26, 1915) was an Armenian poet a prose-writer, and a doctor.\nAmong many others, he was arrested on April 24, 1915 and killed on August 26, 1915 during the Armenian Genocide."}
+{"id": "63623", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63623", "title": "National Gallery of Armenia", "text": "National Gallery of Armenia at Yerevan, Armenia.\nThe old Armenian subdivision owns works of famous Armenian artists of early medieval and succeeding periods.\nToday its collection is over 19,000 specimens shown in the Russian, Armenian and West-European divisions of paintings, sculptures, graphic and applied arts.\nThe National Art Gallery of Armenia has a lot of branches in Yerevan and other towns of the republic. The memorial-houses of the artist Hakop Kojoyan and the sculptor Ara Sarkissian are in the capital. They exhibit the best works of the two far-famed men of arts.\nNational Gallery of Armenia is one of the biggest museums of the Republic. NGA was founded in 1921 as an art section of the State museum. The foundation of the section has been consisted of dozens of works purchased from Armenian painters\u2019 exhibition organized in August 1921. A decisive factor in the formation of the art section was the assignation of the rich collection of The Armenian Palace of Culture / The former Lazarian Gymnasium/ and the donations of Armenian artists to it. Already in 1925 there were exposed about 400 works of Armenian, Russian and European masters in the six halls of the art section.\nIn 1935 the art section was changed into Art Museum, in 1947 it was called State Museum of Armenia and from 1991 it was renamed as National Gallery of Armenia. In 1978 a new 8 storey building was put into exploitation. Now the collection of the NGA includes about 26.000 museum exhibits and the building has 56 exposition halls in which there are presented the museums treasures by temporary and permanent exhibitions.\nArmenian art presents the considerable part of the exposition. It begins with ancient and Medieval Art: Urartu frescoes, with valuable documental copies of Garni temple\u2019s mosaics and Medieval wall-paintings and miniatures, also Clerical paintings of XVII-XIX centuries, silver book-covers of manuscripts, crosses, etc.\nThe exposition is continued by the works of Armenian classics /H.Hovnatanian, H.Ayvazovski, G.Bashinjaghian, P.Terlemezian, V.Sureniants, V.Mahokian / by works of XX century artists /M.Saryan, H.Kojoyan, H.Gurdjian, E.Chahin, G.Khanjian, M.Avetisian and by works of other remarkable artists /.\nRussian art is representative in the collection of NGA. Here you can see sacred images of XVI-XVII centuries and works of XVIII-XX centuries well known artists F. Rokotov, I.Argunov, F.Shubin, I.Repin,V.Serov,M.Goncharova,I.Mashkov,S.Konenkov,W.Kandinski,M.Chagal, etc.\nIn the halls of foreign art the exposition begins with the culture of Ancient World Egypt and Greece. Here there are presented works by well-known artists of Italian, Holland, Flemish and French art schools /F. Guerchino, Jan Van Goyen, P. Claesz, E. M. Falconet, J. B.Greuze, T.Rousseau, A. Monticelli/.\nThe Oriental art is presented by highly artistic samples of Iranian, Chinese and Japanese decorative and applied art/ ornamented porcelain and faience service-set, objects made of stone, bone, metal and carved furniture/ by valuable Indian medieval fresco copies done after Armenian artist S. Khatchatrian and by Iranian paintings of XIX century.\nIn 2008 there was opened pavilion of Hakob Gurjian\u2019s works, also reopened and enlarged the permanent exposition of XVII-XIX centuries Armenian Clerical art.\nThe restoration and conservation studios operate in the gallery. There is a library, an archive, cafeteria, souvenir and book store, also operates film and lecturing hall.\nThe National Gallery of Armenia participates to international exhibitions with separate art works from his collection, organizes exhibitions of Armenian art in different countries greatly facilitating the recognition of national art.\nThe National Gallery has branch museums in Yerevan/ H.Kojoyan and A.Sargsian home-museum, Jotto /G. Grigorian studio/,in Echmiadzin/The Echmiadzin gallery,Mher Abeghian museum/in Hrazdan/Hrazdan gallery/,in Jermuk/The Jermuk gallery/,in Sisian/The Sisian gallery/, in Alaverdi/The Alaverdi gallery/in Eghegnadzor /The Eghjegnadzor gallery/, in Gavar/the Academician H.Buniatian Gavar gallery/, in Martuni/the Martuni gallery/and in Jajur the M. Avetissian museum/.\nIn different years the gallery directed R. Drambian /1925-1951/, R.Parsamian /1952-1962/, A.Chilingarian/1962-1967/, E.Isabekian/ 1967-1986/, A.TerGabrielian/ 1986-1990/, Sh.Khatchatrian/ 1991-2002/ and P.Mirzoyan/2002/ noted artists who has great contribution to the enlargement of the collection in the field of popularization and scientific research."}
+{"id": "63625", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63625", "title": "Armenian Evangelical Church", "text": "The Armenian Evangelical Church (Armenian: \u0540\u0561\u0575\u0561\u057d\u057f\u0561\u0576\u0565\u0561\u0575\u0581 \u0531\u0582\u0565\u057f\u0561\u0580\u0561\u0576\u0561\u056f\u0561\u0576 \u0535\u056f\u0565\u0572\u0565\u0581\u056b) was established on July 1, 1846 by thirty-seven men and three women in Constantinople.\nHistory.\nIn the 19th century, there was intellectual and spiritual awakening in Constantinople. This awakening and enlightenment pushed the reformists to study the Bible. Under the patronage of the Armenian Patriarchate, a school was opened, headed by Krikor Peshdimaljian, one of the leading intellectuals of the time. The principal aim of this school was to train qualified clergy for the Armenian Apostolic Church.\nToday, there are 88 Armenian Evangelical Churches in the following countries: Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Cyprus, Egypt, England, France, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Uruguay, and the United States of America."}
+{"id": "63626", "revid": "10760", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63626", "title": "Armenian Language", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63628", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63628", "title": "Armenian alphabet", "text": "The Armenian alphabet is an alphabet that has been used to write the Armenian language since the 5th century.\nThe Armenian word for \"alphabet\" is \u0561\u0575\u0562\u0578\u0582\u0562\u0565\u0576 (CA, EA: , or WA: ), named after the first two letters of the Armenian alphabet.\nOther websites.\nUnicode Support for Armenian"}
+{"id": "63630", "revid": "10100864", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63630", "title": "Orontid dynasty", "text": "The Orontid dynasty, also known by their native name Eruandid or Yervanduni, was an Armenian dynasty that ruled the Satrapy of Armenia until 321 BC and the Kingdom of Armenia from 321 BC to 200 BC.\nOrigins.\nThe origins of the dynasty are a matter of debate, it has been described as an \"Iranian\" or \"Armenian\" dynasty. Some historians claim that the Orontids had a lineage relationship with the Achaemenid dynasty.\nPanossian states the following about the Orontids (Yervandunis);\"\"It is not known whether the Yervandunis were ethnically Armenian. They probably had marriage links to the rulers of Persia and other leading noble houses in Armenia.\"\nCulture and language.\nDuring the Orontids, despite the Hellenistic invasion; Persian and local Armenian culture remained the most powerful element in society and elites. The Orontid dynasty spoke Armenian. Some have suggested a continuity with the Hittite name Arnuwanda. "}
+{"id": "63631", "revid": "10100909", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63631", "title": "Armenian highlands", "text": "The Armenian Highland (also known as the Armenian Upland or Armenian Plateau) is part of the Anatolian plateau and constitutes the continuation of the Caucasus mountains, also referred as eastern Armenia.\nThe apricot is native to China and spread to Europe through the Armenia Highlands. It came to be known throughout the ancient world as the Armenian fruit. Its botanical name Prunus armeniaca, derives from the Latin vernacular for apricot, armeniacum, which some scholars have linked to its Akkadian name \"\".\nMany scholars place the Indo-European homeland in the Armenian Highlands and the plateau of Asia Minor to the southwest.\nOthers believe that it was in Eastern Europe or southern Russia.\nSome scholars believe, for example, that the earliest mention of the Armenians is in the Akkadian inscriptions dating to the 28th-27th centuries BC, in which the Armenians are referred to as the sons of Haya, after the regional god of the Armenian Highlands."}
+{"id": "63632", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63632", "title": "Armenian Quarter", "text": "The Armenian Quarter is one of the four quarters of the Old City of Jerusalem. Although the Armenian people are Christians, the Armenian Quarter is distinct from the Christian Quarter."}
+{"id": "63644", "revid": "8950", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63644", "title": "Snowboard", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63645", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63645", "title": "Tinga (footballer)", "text": "Paulo C\u00e9sar Fonseca do Nascimento (born 13 January 1978) is a former Brazilian football player.\nHonours.\nClub.\nInternacional\nCruzeiro"}
+{"id": "63646", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63646", "title": "Lina Hahne", "text": "Lina Hahne (born January 23, 1984) was crowned Miss Sweden on June 26. She represented the country in Miss Universe 2008."}
+{"id": "63647", "revid": "1451744", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63647", "title": "Miss Universe", "text": "Miss Universe is an international beauty contest. It was started in 1952 and today has over 190 countries taking part. About one billion people watch it on television every year.\nThe competition was first shown on American national television in 1955. In 1960, the show moved from California to Florida. Until 1971, the competition was held in the United States, and since 1972 - every year in a new country. \nThe pageant is owned by WME and IMG, with Fox owning the rights to broadcast the pageant on television. Until 2015, it was owned by NBC and Donald Trump. In 2015, Trump started his campaign for President of the United States and said he wanted to stop illegal immigrants from Mexico from coming into the US. NBC then stopped working with him, and so Trump bought Miss Universe out, and sold it to its current owners a few days later.\nHistory.\nAfter winning the 1951 Miss America competition, Yolanda Betbese refused to pose in Catalina swimwear from Pacific Mills, sponsor of the competition. Because of this, in 1952 the company left the Miss America competition and organized an alternative national Miss USA competition, as well as an international Miss Universe competition.\nSponsored by the American airline Pan Am and the Universal Film Studio The Miss Universe pageant was first held on June 28, 1952 in Long Beach, California. At the beginning of its existence, it was intended to promote beach fashion: for a month, applicants advertised beach products. \nThe first winner of the Miss Universe title was 17-year-old Armi Kuusela from Finland. She was crowned with the wedding tiara of the Romanov dynasty. The competition was attended by girls from 30 countries."}
+{"id": "63648", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63648", "title": "Frank Thomas", "text": "Frank Thomas (born May 27, 1968) is a former American Major League Baseball player who spent most of his career with the Chicago White Sox. Near the end of his career, he also played with the Oakland Athletics and Toronto Blue Jays. He hit his 500th career home run on June 28, 2007. He was the 21st person to hit 500 home runs.\nThomas was elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 2014, and will officially enter the Hall on July 27."}
+{"id": "63651", "revid": "1691157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63651", "title": "Northwest", "text": "Northwest (also written north west) is one of the eight main compass directions. It is the direction that is exactly halfway between north and west. On a compass, northwest is at 315 degrees. If you face directly north (0\u00b0) and turn 45 degrees to the left (counter-clockwise), you are facing northwest. The opposite direction is southeast, which is 135 degrees\u2014exactly 180 degrees from northwest."}
+{"id": "63652", "revid": "873387", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63652", "title": "Southeast", "text": "Southeast or south east is the direction halfway between south and east. It is the opposite of northwest."}
+{"id": "63653", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63653", "title": "Silvia Night", "text": " \nSilvia Night is a fictional (not real) character played by Eva Augusta from Iceland. Silvia Night participated in Eurovision Song Contest 2006 in \"Greece\". She is famous for her larger than life and narcissistic persona.\nOther websites.\nSilvia Night homepage"}
+{"id": "63654", "revid": "1275011", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63654", "title": "Donald Trump", "text": " \nDonald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is an American businessman, media personality, and politician who is the 47th and current president of the United States since 2025. Before, he was the 45th president from 2017 to 2021. He is a member of the Republican Party. Before becoming president, he was a businessman and television personality. \nTrump is a billionaire. He was the chairman of The Trump Organization from 1971 to 2017. Much of his money was made in real estate in New York City, Las Vegas, and Atlantic City. From 2004 to 2015, Trump was the host of his own reality television show \"The Apprentice\".\nTrump became the Republican Party nominee for president in 2016. He won that year's presidential election against Democrat Hillary Clinton. He was inaugurated as the 45th president in 2017. Trump lost a second term to former Vice President Joe Biden in the 2020 election. He did not agree with the result and said he won the election by a \"big amount\". He tried but failed to change the election results. During his first term, he was impeached two times: in 2019 and in 2021. \nIn 2023, Trump became the first former U.S. president to face criminal charges. In 2024, he became the first former U.S. president convicted of a felony. \nIn 2022, Trump announced another presidential campaign for the 2024 presidential election. In July 2024, he survived being shot during a campaign rally in Pennsylvania. In November 2024, he defeated Vice President Kamala Harris to be elected the 47th president. He is the first felon to serve as president.\nEarly life.\nDonald John Trump was born at Jamaica Hospital Medical Center in Queens, New York City. He is the son of Fred Trump and his wife Mary Anne (n\u00e9e MacLeod). They married in 1936. His mother was born on the Isle of Lewis, off the west coast of Scotland. Donald was one of five children. Donald's oldest brother, Fred Jr., died in 1981 at the age of 43, due to an alcohol addiction. Trump's sister, Maryanne, is a judge in New York. Trump's father's parents were German immigrants.\nHis grandfather, Frederick Trump, immigrated to the United States in 1885. He became a naturalized American citizen in 1892. Frederick married Elisabeth Christ (October 10, 1880 \u2013 June 6, 1966) at Kallstadt, State of Bavaria, Germany, on August 26, 1902. They had three children. He studied at Fordham University until transferring to the University of Pennsylvania.\nTrump was not drafted during the Vietnam War. This was due to four college deferments and one medical deferment. In an interview with \"The New York Times\", he said his medical deferment was because of heel spurs.\nCareer.\nHotel developments.\nTrump began his career at his father's real estate company, Elizabeth Trump & Son. He later renamed the company The Trump Organization, which has its headquarters at 40 Wall Street. The company focused on middle-class rental housing in Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. One of Trump's first projects, while he was still in college, was the revitalization of the foreclosed Swifton Village apartment complex in Cincinnati, Ohio. His father had purchased it for $5.7\u00a0million in 1962. Trump became closely involved in the project. With a $500,000 investment, he turned the 1200-unit complex with a 66\u00a0percent vacancy rate to 100\u00a0percent occupancy within two years. In 1972, the Trump Organization sold Swifton Village for $6 million.\nTrump has developed many real estate projects. They include Trump International Hotel and Tower in Honolulu, Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago, Trump International Hotel and Tower in Toronto, and Trump Tower in Tampa. In Fort Lauderdale, Florida, one Trump construction project was put on hold in favor of another (Trump International Hotel and Tower in Fort Lauderdale). Trump Towers in Atlanta was being developed in the housing market, however the project fell after the 2008 recession and instead buildings that didn't belong to Trump were built.\nIn its October 7, 2007 \"Forbes\" 400 issue, \"Acreage Aces\", \"Forbes\" valued Trump's wealth at $3\u00a0billion. Since 2011, his net worth has been estimated from $2\u00a0billion to $7 billion. \"Forbes\" estimated his net worth at $3.1 billion in 2019.\nBeauty pageants.\nFrom 1996 until 2015, Trump owned part or all of the Miss Universe, Miss USA, and Miss Teen USA beauty pageants.\nWrestling support.\nTrump is a WWE (World Wrestling Entertainment) fan, and a friend of WWE owner Vince McMahon. In 1988\u201389 he hosted WrestleMania IV and V at Boardwalk Hall (dubbed \"Trump Plaza\" for storyline purposes) and has been an active participant in several of the shows. Trump was inducted into the celebrity wing of the WWE Hall of Fame in 2013 at Madison Square Garden for his contributions to the promotion. He made his sixth WrestleMania appearance the next night.\n\"The Apprentice\".\nIn 2003, Trump became the executive producer and host of the NBC reality show \"The Apprentice\", in which a group of competitors battled for a high-level management job in one of Trump's commercial enterprises. In 2004, Trump filed a trademark application for the catchphrase \"You're fired!\"\nFor the first year of the show, Trump earned $50,000 per episode (roughly $700,000 for the first season), but following the show's initial success, he was paid $1\u00a0million per episode. In a July 2015 press release, Trump's campaign manager said that NBCUniversal had paid him $213,606,575 for his 14 seasons hosting the show.\nOn February 16, 2015, NBC announced that they would be renewing \"The Apprentice\" for a 15th season. On February 27, Trump stated that he was \"not ready\" to sign on for another season because of the possibility of a presidential run. On June 29, after a widespread negative reaction stemming from Trump's campaign announcement speech, NBC released a statement saying, \"Due to the recent derogatory statements by Donald Trump regarding immigrants, NBCUniversal is ending its business relationship with Mr. Trump.\" Trump was replaced by former Governor of California and actor Arnold Schwarzenegger.\nPolitical activity before 2015.\nTrump switched between political parties a number of times. He registered as a Republican in 1987, a member of the Independence Party in 1999, a Democrat in 2001, a Republican in 2009, with no political party in 2011, and a Republican in 2012.\nIn 2011, Trump said that President Barack Obama was born in Kenya; Obama was actually born in Hawaii. If Obama had been born in Kenya, he would not have been allowed to run for president. Trump repeatedly said that Obama was lying about where he was born, an idea called \"Birtherism\". Even after Obama shared his birth certificate with the public, Trump suggested that it could be fake.\n2016 presidential campaign.\nAnnouncement.\nTrump made a formal announcement of his candidacy for president of the United States for the 2016 elections on June 16, 2015. He made the announcement at 11am EST from his headquarters in Trump Tower in New York City. Trump launched his campaign saying, \"We are going to make our Country Great Again\" with a commitment to become the \"greatest jobs president.\" Trump's official campaign slogan was \"Make America Great Again.\" That was first used by Alexander Wiley, but Donald Trump trademarked it.\nOn May 4, 2016, Trump became the presumptive nominee after his only challengers, Texas United States senator Ted Cruz and Governor of Ohio John Kasich, dropped out.\nBorder security and illegal immigration remarks.\nDuring his announcement speech he stated in part, \"When Mexico sends its people, they're not sending their best. They're sending people that have lots of problems, and they're bringing those problems with us. They're bringing drugs. They're bringing crime. They're rapists. And some, I assume, are good people.\" On July 6, 2015, Trump issued a written statement to clarify his position on illegal immigration, which drew a reaction from critics.\nIdeology.\nTrump has described his political leanings and positions in many ways over time. \"Politico\" has called his positions as \"eclectic, improvisational and often contradictory\". He has listed several different party affiliations over the years, and has also run as a Reform Party candidate. The positions that he has revised or reversed include stances on progressive taxation, abortion, and government involvement in health care.\nHe has supported Christian groups in the U.S., claiming that he will reverse unfavorable tax treatments preventing them from expressing themselves in the political arena and promising to revive a more widespread use of the phrase \"Merry Christmas\" instead of \"Happy Holidays\" in department stores. Other issues he highlighted include taking care of military veterans, making the military \"strong\", aggressive bombing of the Mideast terrorist group ISIS, surveillance of certain mosques in the U.S., and making trade agreements more favorable to American workers.\nPrimaries.\nTrump entered a large field of candidates consisting of 16 other Republican candidates campaigning for the nomination, the largest presidential field in American history. By early 2016, the race had mostly centered on Donald Trump and U.S. Senator Ted Cruz. On , Trump won the majority of the delegates and remained the front-runner throughout the primaries.\nFinishing in June 2016 with nearly 14 million votes, Trump broke the all-time record for winning the most primary votes in the history of the Republican Party.\nGeneral campaign and election.\nAfter becoming the presumptive Republican nominee, Trump's focus shifted to the general election, urging remaining primary voters to \"save [their] vote for the general election.\" Trump began targeting Hillary Clinton, who became the presumptive Democratic nominee on June 6, 2016 after beating Bernie Sanders in the Democratic primaries, and continued to campaign across the country. Clinton had established a significant lead in national polls over Trump throughout most of 2016. In early July, Clinton's lead narrowed in national polling averages following the FBI's conclusion of its investigation into her ongoing email controversy.\nOn September 26, 2016, Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton faced off in the first presidential debate at Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York. Lester Holt, an anchor with NBC News, was the moderator. This was the most watched presidential debate in United States history.\nOn November 8, 2016, Trump won the presidency with 306 electoral votes to Clinton's 232 votes, even though Trump won a smaller part of the popular vote than Clinton. He is the fourth person to become president without winning the popular vote. The final popular vote difference between Clinton and Trump is that Clinton finished ahead by 2.86 million or 2.1 percentage points, 48.04% to 45.95%, with neither candidate reaching a majority. Trump's victory was considered a big political upset, as nearly all national polls at the time showed Hillary Clinton with a modest lead over Trump, and state polls showed her with a modest lead to win the Electoral College. In the early hours of November 9, 2016, Trump received a phone call in which Clinton conceded the presidency to him. Trump then delivered his victory speech before hundreds of supporters in the Hilton Hotel in New York City.\nTrump's presidential transition team was led by Chris Christie until November 11, 2016, when Vice President-elect Mike Pence took over.\nFirst presidency, 2017\u20132021.\nInauguration.\nOn January 20, 2017, Trump was sworn in by Chief Justice John G. Roberts as President of the United States at his inauguration ceremony at the United States Capitol Building. Within his first hour as president, he signed several executive orders, including an order to minimize \"the economic burden\" of the Affordable Care Act, also known as Obamacare.\nOn the Saturday following Trump's inauguration there were massive demonstrations protesting Trump in the United States and worldwide, including the 2017 Women's March.\nCabinet and staff.\nThe following people were part of Donald Trump's cabinet. They are the most senior officers of the executive branch.\nThe following people held other important jobs in the executive branch. They are also selected by the president.\nFirst days.\nOn January 23, 2017 Trump signed the executive order withdrawing the United States from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), a trade agreement between the United States and eleven Pacific Rim nations\u2014Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, and Vietnam that would have created a \"free-trade zone for about 40 percent of the world's economy.\" Two days later, he ordered the construction of the Mexico border wall. He reopened the Keystone XL and Dakota Access pipeline construction projects.\nOn January 27, an order suspended admission of refugees for 120 days and denied entry to citizens of Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria and Yemen for 90 days, citing security concerns about terrorism. Later, the administration seemed to reverse a portion of part of the order, effectively exempting visitors with a green card. Several federal judges issued rulings that curtailed parts of the immigration order, stopping the federal government from deporting visitors already affected.\nOn January 30, 2017, Trump fired Acting Attorney General Sally Yates because of her criticisms of Trump's immigration suspension. On January 31, 2017, Trump nominated Judge Neil Gorsuch to the United States Supreme Court to replace the late Justice Antonin Scalia.\nAllegations of Russian interference in the 2016 election.\nTrump claimed there was no collusion and no obstruction and on May 9, 2017, Trump fired FBI Director James Comey after he reportedly asked for more information and funding for the investigation of Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections. The White House stated that this was not true, and that Trump fired Comey in order to end the investigation. After \"The Wall Street Journal\" reported that Trump's National Security Advisor Michael T. Flynn was under investigation by U.S. counterintelligence agents for his communications with Russian officials, Flynn resigned on February 13, 2017. Two days later on February 15, Trump's Secretary of Labor-nominee Andrew Puzder withdrew his nomination due to not having support from Democrats or Republicans to confirm his nomination.\nAs of March 2018, Trump is reportedly a \"subject\" of the Robert Mueller investigation into the Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, meaning his conduct is being looked at, but not a \"target\" which would indicate the likelihood of criminal charges.\nMilitary actions.\nOn April 7, 2017, Trump ordered the launch of 59 Tomahawk cruise missiles from the Mediterranean Sea into Syria, aimed at Shayrat Airbase as a reaction to the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack.\nHealthcare.\nOn May 4, 2017, the American Health Care Act of 2017 (AHCA) was passed narrowly to replace and repeal Obamacare by the United States House of Representatives with a vote of 217 to 213, sending the bill to the Senate for voting. This is the second time the AHCA was voted in the House as the first version was not approved by the House in March 2017.\nParis Agreement withdrawal.\nOn June 1, 2017, he announced that the United States would withdraw from the Paris Climate agreement, making the United States one of only three nations, including Syria and Nicaragua, to do so. On June 16, 2017, President Trump announced that he was \"cancelling\" the Obama administrations deals with Cuba, while also expressing that a new deal could be negotiated between the Cuban and United States governments. In response to President Biden's rejoining of the Paris Climate agreement, President Trump withdrew once again after being inaugurated on January 20, 2025.\nFirst actions to impeach.\nOn July 12, 2017, California Representative Brad Sherman formally introduced an article of impeachment, H. Res. 438, accusing the president of obstructing justice regarding the investigation of Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election.\nLGBT rights.\nOn July 26, 2017, Trump tweeted that the \"United States Government will not accept or allow transgender individuals to serve in any capacity in the U.S. Military. Our military must be focused on decisive and overwhelming victory and cannot be burdened with the tremendous medical costs and disruption that transgender in the military would entail.\" Trump cited the alleged \"disruption\" and \"tremendous medical costs\" of having transgender service members. \nUnite the Right rally.\nBetween August 11 and 12, 2017, there was a violent white supremacist rally in Charlottesville, Virginia regarding the removal of Confederate statues. Trump did not speak out against white nationalists explicitly, instead condemning \"hatred, bigotry, and violence on many sides\" leading people to think he did not take a harsh approach on racism.\nNorth Korea.\nIn late August, Trump dramatically increased tensions against North Korea, warning that more threats against the U.S. will be responded to with \"fire and fury like the world has never seen.\" North Korean leader Kim Jong-un then threatened to direct the country's next missile test toward Guam. Trump responded in his war-related service that if North Korea took steps to attack Guam, \"things [would] happen to them like they never thought possible.\"\nIn March 2018, Trump fired United States Secretary of State Rex Tillerson and replaced him with Director of the Central Intelligence Agency Mike Pompeo. Later that month, the White House confirmed that President Trump would accept a meeting invitation from Kim Jong-un. Press secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders said that \"in the meantime, all sanctions and maximum pressure must remain.\"\nIn May 2018, Trump announced on Twitter that he will meet with North Korean Supreme Leader Kim Jong-un on June 12, 2018, in Singapore for peace talks.\nImmigration.\nIn September 2017, Trump controversially oversaw the rescinding of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals or \"DACA\" which removed protections for children immigrants and removed benefits. The decision was announced by Attorney General Jeff Sessions. Two injunctions in January and February 2018 allowed renewals of applications and stopped the rolling back of DACA, and in April 2018 a federal judge ordered the acceptance of new applications; this would go into effect in 90 days.\nHurricane Maria.\nOn October 3, Trump visited Puerto Rico after it was damaged by Hurricane Maria and the next day visited Las Vegas to visit the victims from the Las Vegas shooting.\nEconomy.\nIn December 2017, Trump signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, which cut the corporate tax rate to 21%, lowered personal tax brackets, increased child tax credit, doubled the estate tax threshold to $11.2\u00a0million, and limited the state and local tax deduction to $10,000.\nIn February 2018, Trump praised the bill for increasing pay for millions, after announcements of bonuses from many companies. These bonuses have been criticized by the bill's opponents as publicity stunts, and economists have said many of them would have happened anyway due to low unemployment.\nFirst impeachment.\nOn December 18, 2019, the House of Representatives voted to have Trump impeached for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. On February 5, 2020, the Senate found Trump not guilty of all charges.\n2020 re-election bid.\nTrump announced his plans to run for a second term by filing with the FEC within a few hours of assuming the presidency. This transformed his 2016 election committee into a 2020 reelection one. Trump marked the official start of the campaign with a rally in Melbourne, Florida, on February 18, 2017, less than a month after taking office.\nBy January 2018, Trump's re-election committee had $22\u00a0million in hand, and it had raised a total amount exceeding $67\u00a0million by December 2018. $23\u00a0million was spent in the fourth quarter of 2018, as Trump supported various Republican candidates for the 2018 midterm elections. He made an official re-election campaign launch on June 18, 2019 in Orlando, Florida.\nIn the 2020 primaries, Trump faced primary challenges from former Massachusetts Governor Bill Weld and former U.S. Representatives Joe Walsh. Former South Carolina Governor and former U.S. Representative Mark Sanford also campaigned against him but withdrew from the race.\nTrump lost re-election and refused to concede.\nDefeat and attempts to overturn results.\nOn November 7, Trump was defeated by former Vice President Joe Biden after Trump lost Pennsylvania and Nevada. Trump claimed voter fraud through the mail-in voting and threatened to use the United States Supreme Court to stop the states from counting the vote. He had unsuccessfully sued many states trying to make him the winner in Michigan, Pennsylvania, Arizona, Wisconsin and Georgia.\nMany Republican representatives and senators planned to object the United States Congress's formally recognizing Biden's electoral college victory on January 6, 2021. In early January 2021, Trump made a phone call to Georgia Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger in an attempt to find \"11,780 votes\" trying to remove Biden's victory in the state.\nU.S. Capitol riots.\nOn January 6, 2021, while the United States Congress were certifying the election results, rioters stormed the United States Capitol in violent protests across Washington, D.C..\nAfter this, Trump got his Instagram, Facebook and Twitter accounts deleted. On January 8, 2021, Trump was banned from Twitter. The events from the Capitol riots led to new efforts to impeach Trump from the presidency.\nSecond impeachment.\nHis actions towards the Capitol riots, led to the U.S. House to impeach Trump for a second time, making him the only President to be impeached twice.\nCourt appointments.\nDuring his presidency, Trump appointed three justices to the Supreme Court: Neil Gorsuch, Brett Kavanaugh, and Amy Coney Barrett.\nFirst post-presidency, 2021\u20132025.\nElection obstruction case (in federal court).\nTrump is being prosecuted (as of 2024), \"for trying to overturn the 2020 presidential election\". About when the case can go to trial: \"it almost certainly\" cannot happen before the presidential election in November, according to Politico.com; Furthermore, about the chances of the case going to trial: \"there\u2019s still [a possibility, or] a narrow window\" for that to happen. The case is being handled by a lower court in the federal court system.\nMedia said that the Supreme Court\u2019s decision in July, says \"that former presidents have \u201cabsolute\u201d immunity from criminal prosecution over actions that fall within their \u201ccore constitutional powers,\u201d and that they are also entitledto immunity for many other \u201cofficial\u201d acts.\"\nThe indictment was [made narrow, or] narrowed by the supreme court's decision (in July), according to media.\nEarlier (August 1, 2023) a Washington D.C. federal grand jury indicted Trump on four counts related to his attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election:\nThis Election obstruction case, is sometimes called the \"federal election case in Washington D.C.\" Trump is charged with conspiring to subvert the 2020 election, according to media.\".\nTrump is charged with conspiring to subvert the 2020 election, according to media\"\".<br><br>The judge (in the trial) \"has scheduled a Sept. 5 hearing to set a course for the case\", according to media. Furthermore, during the previous month, a new \"indictment [... removed] some specific allegations against Trump\".<br><br>\n2024 hearing in U.S. supreme court.\nThe supreme court made (July 2024) its decision about its hearing about Trump's claim of immunity from prosecution. The decision says, according to media, that \"Trump is immune from prosecution for some [things, or] acts in\" at least one of the court cases, the \"federal election case\"; Furthermore, \"The opinion leaves much [without a decision, or] unresolved; Furthermore, the court has sent \"the case back to trial court for further proceedings\".\nSome of the decisions (by the court), are called an \"opinion\".\nEarlier (April 2024), the U.S. supreme court started to hear (ideas or) arguments about immunity against prosecution.\nThe hearing is sometimes called Trump v. United States (2024).\nFalsifying business records (trial in state court).\nIn May 2024, Trump was convicted by a jury; The judge (in the case) is supposed to hand down a sentence, on November 26; Earlier, Trump \"had a probation interview as part of the sentencing process for his criminal conviction\", according to media; Furthermore, he \"did the interview [by video link, or] virtually from his Florida home ... with a probation officer at the Manhattan court\"; Trump's lawyer was alongside Trump. From the day of getting his sentence, Trump will have 30 days to make an appeal. Trump is not detained (as of the beginning of July). He has not been ordered to (pay or) post bail (in this case.)\nA (theory about Law, or a) \"legal theory [was used in the court case,] that [made it possible or] enabled prosecutors to [change or] transform 34 misdemeanor counts [...] into a felony case against\" Trump, according to Politico.com.\nEarlier, Michael Cohen [gave] his testimony; He is \"prosecutors\u2019 key witness against\" Trump, according to the media. Earlier, Stormy Daniels gave her testimony.\nEarlier (April 15, 2024), the trial started. \nEarlier (March 30, 2023) the Manhattan district attorney's office confirmed that a New York grand jury had indicted Trump.\nMedia wrote (September 3, 2024) that the judge is \"weighing requests from Trump to toss out the verdict or postpone the sentencing hearing until after Election Day\".\n\"Classified documents\" case (in federal court).\nThere is no date for the trial in Florida [as of July 5]; Trump's lawyers have asked the judge, if Trump can get a \"chance to argue the immunity issue\", in front of the judge \"between now and early September, [... and that will delay or pause] all other proceedings in the case by two months\". Earlier (March 1, 2024) a hearing was held; The judge \"did not [make or] issue any rulings\", during the hearing.\nEarlier (June 8, 2023) the Justice Department indicted Trump in Miami federal court, for \nTrump pleaded not guilty to all charges. The judge in the court case tried to find out in court if the U.S. attorney general \"is supervising Jack Smith\" [as of June 2024]; The judge did not get information about how much contact there is between the \"special prosecutors\" and the U.S. attorney general.\nOn July 15, 2024, the judge at Donald Trump's trial for withholding classified documents after his departure from the White House annuls the entire procedure, considering that the appointment of special prosecutor Jack Smith was illegal.\nThe case is sometimes called the \"Government and classified documents case\".\nBackground.\nOn December 19, 2022, (a committee of the U.S. Congress, or) the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack recommended criminal charges against Trump for obstructing an official proceeding, conspiracy to defraud the United States, and inciting or assisting an insurrection. Earlier (August 8, 2022) FBI agents searched Trump's residence, office, and storage areas at Mar-a-Lago to find government documents and material Trump had taken with him when he left office in violation of the Presidential Records Act. The items taken in the search included 11 sets of classified documents; Four of those had the tag \"top secret\" and one had the tag \"top secret/SCI\", the highest level of classification. The search warrant (was signed by, or) was approved by U.S. Attorney General Merrick Garland.\nOther trials and cases.\nGeorgia election interference case (in state court).\nThe state of Georgia has criminal charges against Trump. A trial \"will not come before a jury in 2024\", according to media (in June). Furthermore, an appeals court made a decision (early June 2024), to stop pretrial proceedings while a panel (of three) judges thinks about having the lead prosecutor kicked off the case; She is also the district attorney of Fulton county.\nEarlier (May 2024), an appeals court made a decision to hear the [ demand] that the district attorney should be kicked off the case against Trump. Three \"of the 13 felony counts [that] Trump faces in the case\", have been taken away, according to media (on March 13, 2024); Furthermore, \"the central charge of a racketeering conspiracy aimed at overturning the results of the 2020 presidential election in the state\", is still in place. (A \"count\", is an offence that a defendant gets charged with, in an indictment.)\nAs of 2024's first quarter, there are allegations that there has been (wrong behavior or) prosecutorial misconduct in that case. The judge ruled (March 15) that the district attorney \"can continue\" in the case against \"Trump and his co-defendants ... if one of her top prosecutors on the case ... is removed from the team\"; That prosecutor resigned that day. In regard to the court hearings about taking the district attorney off the case (or disqualifying her): On March 1, there was a court hearing. Earlier (February 27) one of those that witnessed at an earlier hearing, testified again; He had been ordered to testify again. Media said earlier (February 23) that a new affidavit from a private investigator, says that phone records show that the district attorney and Nathan Wade had more than 2,000 phone calls and more than 11,000 text messages during an 11 month period of 2021; The district attorney and Wade have testified that they were not in a romantic relationship during that time; Earlier (February 15) a hearing started; Earlier (February 12), the judge in the case said that he will consider taking district attorney Fani Willis off the case, if there was a financial conflict-of-interest between Willis and the man that she gave a job to (as special prosecutor in the Trump case); That man is Nathan Wade.\nEarlier (February 2), Willis said in a document to the court, that she has been in a personal relationship with Wade since 2022.\nAs of the beginning of March 2024, trial dates for 15 defendants have not been set; Four other defendants have earlier made a \"guilty\" plea. \nThe court case is in Fulton County Superior Court, a state court. \"Georgia election racketeering prosecution\", is one of the names of the case.\nNew York State's fraud case (trial in civil court).\nIn September 2022, the New York State Attorney General filed a fraud case (a \"civil lawsuit\") against Trump, his three oldest children, and the Trump Organization. \nIn February 2024, the court found Trump (responsible according to law, or) liable. Trump said he would appeal the verdict. In March, the court system said that he \"can post a bond of $175 million while he appeals the verdict\". On April 1, he posted bond. A U.S. authority has asked [the court] (and \"filed notice\"), \"for evidence that the company, which backed the bond ... can pay up if\" necessary.\nThe case is sometimes called \"New York civil investigation of The Trump Organization\".\nE. Jean Carroll's lawsuits (trial in civil court).\nIn February 2024, there was a verdict against Trump. The next month, Trump got \"a bond that will prevent E. Jean Carroll from immediately enforcing [a c. $83 million, or] an $83.3 million defamation verdict while Trump\" is appealing (or asking for another trial, in a higher court).\nCases with a final decision (or verdict).\nCase about being on the ballot (March 2024) in Illinois.\nTrump won a case in March 2024; He gets to have his name on the ballot in Illinois. During the previous month, Trump appealed a court ruling in Illinois, that says that the Illinois Board of Elections must remove Trump's name from the ballot of the (March 19) primary election.\n2024 presidential campaign.\nOn November 15, 2022, Trump announced his candidacy for the 2024 United States presidential election and created a fundraising account.\nHe has won 995 delegates, as of March 6, 2024. He needs to have 1,215 to win the primary elections (or the Republican presidential caucus).\nOn July 15, 2024, the first day of the Republican National Convention, Trump announced JD Vance as his nominee for vice president.\nAttempted assassination.\nOn July 13, 2024, during a rally in Butler, Pennsylvania, Thomas Matthew Crooks shot Trump. People at the rally and in videos have shown that Trump was bleeding from his right ear after the shooting. He put his fist into the air for a few seconds. He was quickly brought to a vehicle afterwards. He was brought to the hospital. The shooter and a spectator were killed. Trump and two others were injured.\nSecond presidency, 2025\u2013present.\nPresidential transition.\nTrump was elected the 47th president of the United States in November 2024. He beat vice president Kamala Harris. He became the second president in U.S. history elected to serve non-consecutive terms after former president Grover Cleveland. The Associated Press and BBC News described it as a comeback for a former president. At age 78 at the time of the 2024 election, Trump is the oldest person to be elected U.S. president, and the first convicted felon to become U.S. president. He was also set to become the first Republican in twenty years to win the popular vote in the U.S. presidential elections. Trump received congratulatory messages from politicians all over the world.\nPersonal life.\nTrump has five children by three marriages and has ten grandchildren. Trump is a Presbyterian. As a child, he began going to church at the First Presbyterian Church in Jamaica, Queens.\nMarriages.\nTrump married his first wife, Czech model Ivana Zeln\u00ed\u010dkov\u00e1, on April 7, 1977, at the Marble Collegiate Church in Manhattan. They had three children: son Donald Trump Jr. (born December 31, 1977), daughter Ivanka (born October 30, 1981), and son Eric (born January 6, 1984). Ivana became a naturalized United States citizen in 1988. By early 1990, Trump's troubled marriage to Ivana and affair with actress Marla Maples had been reported in the tabloid press. They were divorced in 1992.\nTrump married his second wife, actress Marla Maples in 1993. They had one daughter together, Tiffany (born October 13, 1993). The couple were separated in 1997 and later divorced in 1999.\nIn 1998, Trump began a relationship with Slovene model Melania Knauss, who became his third wife. They were engaged in April 2004 and were married on January 22, 2005, at Bethesda-by-the-Sea Episcopal Church, in Palm Beach, Florida. In 2006, Melania became a naturalized United States citizen. On March 20, 2006, she gave birth to their son, whom they named Barron Trump.\nRelationship with Jeffrey Epstein.\nTrump was friends with Jeffrey Epstein for 15 years. In 2025, there was a controversy when his administration did not release files relating to Epstein. Trump had made a promise to release them during his 2024 campaign.\nHealth.\nA medical report by his doctor, Harold Bornstein MD, showed that Trump's blood pressure, liver and thyroid function were in normal range. Trump says that he has never smoked cigarettes or consumed other drugs, including marijuana. He also does not drink alcohol, a decision after his brother's death caused by alcoholism. His BMI, according to his December 2016 visit on Doctor Oz, is just under 30, which is \"high\".\nIn February 2019, a new medical test found Trump to be clinically obese. He was later diagnosed with coronary artery disease.\nOn October 1, 2020, Trump announced on Twitter that he and his wife tested positive for COVID-19. He was briefly hospitalized at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center.\nIn July 2025, Trump's doctor, Sean Barbabella, explained that Trump's right hand had bruising due to handshakes."}
+{"id": "63655", "revid": "873387", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63655", "title": "Northeast", "text": "Northeast or north east is the direction halfway between north and east. It is the opposite of southwest."}
+{"id": "63658", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63658", "title": "Mona Sahlin", "text": "Mona Ingeborg Sahlin (born Andersson on 9 March 1957 in Sollefte\u00e5, Sweden) is a former leader for the Swedish Social Democratic Party, when she replaced G\u00f6ran Persson after his ten years as leader, she was the first woman to do so. She was the minister responsible for the handling of the Heart 2 Art Exhibition in Stockholm 2002. Toblerone Scandal or Sahlin Scandal is the name of a Swedish scandal, in which there in October 1995 came to public attention that the Socialist politician Mona Sahlin during her time as Minister for Employment, 1990-1991, on several occasions used its credit cards for private expenses."}
+{"id": "63659", "revid": "10010280", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63659", "title": "Swedish Social Democratic Party", "text": "The Swedish Social Democratic Party () was established on 23 April 1889, and is Sweden's biggest political party of social democracy. The party has been in the lead with a Prime Minister for the longest and most amount of time in Sweden. Stefan L\u00f6fven is the current leader for the party. The party lost to the Moderate Party in the 2006 and 2010 elections. However, in 2014 The Swedish Social Democratic Party won with 31% of the votes.\nOlof Palme, one of Sweden's most famous politicians, was the party leader from October many years before he was murdered in February 1986."}
+{"id": "63660", "revid": "10260771", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63660", "title": "Olof Palme", "text": "Olof Palme (30 January 1927 \u2013 28 February 1986) was a Swedish politician. He was the leader of the Social Democratic Party from 1969 until his assassination and Prime Minister of Sweden from 1969 to 1976 and 1982 to 1986.\nDeath.\nPalme was shot and killed in Stockholm after going to the cinema on 28 February 1986. His wife was also shot but she survived. The murderer has never been identified, and the gun has never been found. His murder is still a mystery for Swedish police, even though people have been arrested in connection with it.\nHe was a pacifist and against \"apartheid\", The Vietnam War, and nuclear weapons. He made efforts to improve welfare and economic, social and cultural rights for workers."}
+{"id": "63661", "revid": "1508758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63661", "title": "Helena Paparizou", "text": "Helena Paparizou (born 31 January 1982) is a Swedish-Greek singer. Paparizou became known while being a member of the band Antique. She is one of the most popular singers in Greece.\nCareer.\nIn 2001, Paparizou represented Greece at the Eurovision Song Contest 2001 as a member of the eurodance duo Antique alongside Nikos Panagiotidis. The duo's song, \"Die For You\", placed 3rd in the contest. In 2003, the duo split up until their reunion in 2022.\nPaparizou returned to represent Greece at the Eurovision Song Contest 2005 with the song \"My Number One\", which won the competition. She has almost returned to Eurovision on two occasions: in 2014, where she attempted to represent Sweden but placed 4th in their national selection and in 2018, when she was offered the opportunity to represent Cyprus at Eurovision 2018 with the song \"Fuego\", but she declined. She has since performed at various Eurovision-related events.\nFollowing her Eurovision win, she became a big star in Greece and Cyprus. Her most successful song is \"An Me Dis Na Kleo\" featuring Anastasios Rammos which has gained over 30 million views on YouTube. Paparizou has appeared on several Greek television shows. She was a judge on \"Dancing on Ice Greece\" in 2011 and 2012 and a judge on \"The Voice of Greece\" from 2016 to 2023. \nPersonal life.\nPaparizou was born in Sweden in 1982 to Greek parents. Her family moved back to Greece when she was young because she had developed asthma and could not handle the Scandinavian air. They moved back to Sweden after her asthma had improved. Paparizou is a follower of the Eastern Orthodox Church. "}
+{"id": "63662", "revid": "121204", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63662", "title": "Miss World", "text": "Miss World is an international beauty pageant that started in 1951. It is the oldest surviving major international beauty pageant. The contest was created in the United Kingdom by Eric Morley, and run as part of the Mecca Leisure Group. Since his death in 2000, Morley's wife, Julia Morley, co-chairs the pageant.\nWith its rivals Miss Universe and Miss Earth, this is one of the most publicised beauty contests in the world.\nThe winner spends a year travelling to represent the Miss World Organization and its various causes. The current Miss World is Toni-Ann Singh of Jamaica who was crowned on December 14, 2019, in London, England, United Kingdom. She is the fourth Jamaican woman to win Miss World. Traditionally, Miss World lives in London during her reign."}
+{"id": "63665", "revid": "10760", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63665", "title": "St. Gregory the Illuminator", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63666", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63666", "title": "Gregory the Illuminator", "text": "Saint Gregory the Illuminator or Saint Gregory the Enlightener, the founder and patron saint of the Armenian Apostolic Church, he was born about 257. He belonged to the royal line of the Arsacid Dynasty, being the son of a Parthian named Anak, who assassinated Chosroes I of Armenia, and thus brought ruin on himself and his family."}
+{"id": "63668", "revid": "10760", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63668", "title": "Arsacid Dynasty", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63669", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63669", "title": "Easy", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63670", "revid": "10077661", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63670", "title": "Bow Wow (rapper)", "text": "Shad Gregory Moss (born March 9, 1987 in Columbus, Ohio) better known as Bow Wow (formerly Lil' Bow Wow ) is an American rapper and actor. His career began when he was discovered by rapper Snoop Dogg in the late 1990s. He finally got introduced to producer Jermaine Dupri and was signed to Dupri's label, So So Def Recordings. He released his first album, Beware of Dog, in 2000 (as Lil' Bow Wow). The album was followed by Doggy Bag a year later. \nHe won a Billboard Music Award for Single of the Year for his song \"Bow Wow (That's My Name)\". Moss started alongside Crispin Glover in the sports movie \"Like Mike\", released in 2002.\nPersonal life.\nHe has two children: a daughter named Shai (born April 2012) and a son (born September 2020). \nAwards and nominations.\nBET Awards\nBillboard Music Awards\nBillboard R&B/Hip-Hop Awards\nBlack Reel Awards\nMTV Video Music Awards Japan\nNAACP Image Awards\nNickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards\nSoul Train Music Awards\nTeen Choice Awards\nVibe Awards\nYoung Artist Awards"}
+{"id": "63672", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63672", "title": "John Cage", "text": "John Milton Cage, Jr. usually known as just John Cage, (September 5, 1912 - August 12, 1992) was an American composer, writer, philosopher, and visual artist. He was one of the first composers (or \"musicians\") to introduce different styles of music to popular culture. He made mostly avant-garde music and electronic music, and was very well known for making the piece 4'33\", which challenged what music is. He also wrote music for pianos that had been \"prepared\" by having screws and nails placed in them. He was gay. His life partner from 1943 until his death was choreographer Merce Cunningham (1919-2009). Cage died of a stroke in New York City.\n4'33\".\nThis piece is in 3 movements (sections), and is special in that all of the movements are silent, the score having the Latin word for silence three times (tacit, tacit, tacit). Some people think that it is just a joke because of this, as there is nothing to listen to. It was written in 1952, and is 4\u00a0minutes and thirty three seconds long. Cage got the idea from being in a soundless chamber, but realising that even here there was no true silence because he could hear his heart beating."}
+{"id": "63673", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63673", "title": "4\u203233\u2033", "text": "4\u203233\u2033 is a musical composition written by avant-garde (non-traditional) musician John Cage. It is his most famous work. It consists of no notes, only 4 minutes and thirty-three seconds of silence. The piece challenges the definition of music. The only thing the sheet music says is \"tacet\", or \"it is silent\". It was first played by David Tudor in Woodstock, New York."}
+{"id": "63674", "revid": "1680953", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63674", "title": "McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet", "text": " The F/A-18 Hornet (CF-18, F-18) is a fighter jet that is made by Boeing, and was originally manufactured by the McDonnell-Douglas Company. It first flew in 1978 and was introduced in 1983. Its main user is the United States Navy. It can take off from aircraft carriers because of its special design. The F/A-18 can attack land and air targets. Any aircraft which can do this is called \"multi-role\". The Hornet is also flown by the Blue Angels.\nVariants.\nF/A-18A/B Hornet.\nThe \"F/A-18A,\" single-seat variant, can employ the AGM-84 Harpoon, AGM-65E Maverick, AGM-88 HARM and the AGM-62 Walleye I/II. The F/A-18A was also equipped with the AN/AAS-38 Nite Hawk targeting pod and the AN/ASQ-173 laser spot tracker for targeting. During the Gulf War, there were limited numbers of the Nite hawk for USN and USMC Hornets. The \"F/A-18B\" has space for the two-seat cockpit, provided by a relocation of avionics equipment and a 6% reduction in internal fuel. Two-seat Hornets are otherwise fully combat-capable. The B-model is used primarily for training.\nIn 1992, the original Hughes AN/APG-65 radar was replaced with the Hughes (now Raytheon) AN/APG-73, a faster and more capable radar. A-model Hornets that have been upgraded to the AN/APG-73 and are capable of carrying the AIM-120 AMRAAM are designated \"F/A-18A+\".\nF/A-18C/D Hornet.\nThe F/A-18C and D models are a better version created in 1987 with improved equipment and can carry new missiles such as the AIM-120 AMRAAM air-to-air missile and later on the AGM-84E SLAM as well as the IR version of the AGM-65 (AGM-65F). The \"F/A-18C\" is the single-seat variant and the \"F/A-18D\" is the two-seat variant.\nProduction of the C- and D- models stopped in 2000. The last F/A-18C was assembled in Finland and delivered to the Finnish Air Force in August 2000. The last F/A-18D was delivered to the U.S. Marine Corps in August 2000.\nThe U.S. Navy retired its F/A-18C/D in February 2019. However, the USMC still retains theirs, and is in the process of upgrading their radar to APG-79(V)4 Active Electronically Scanned Array (AESA) radar system.\nF/A-18E/F Super Hornet.\nThe single-seat \"F/A-18E\" and two-seat \"F/A-18F\", both officially named \"Super Hornet\", is a very redesigned version of the original F/A-18 but have been extensively redesigned by McDonnell Douglas. It is a larger airplane with more powerful engines. The Super Hornet is also operated by Australia and Kuwait.\nEA-18G Growler.\nThe EA-18G Growler is an electronic warfare version of the two-seat F/A-18F, which entered production in 2007. The Growler has replaced the Navy's Grumman EA-6B Prowler and carries a Naval Flight Officer as a second crewman in an Electronic Warfare Officer (EWO) role.\nUsers.\nThe F/A-18 is used by many countries, including the United States Navy\nUnited States.\nThe United States navy is the biggest user of the hornet. The hornet is currently only used by the United States Marine Corps, but until 2019 the U.S. Navy also had them.\nThe USMC currently has 143 F/A-18 hornets.\nBlue Angels.\nThe Blue Angels are the aerobatic team of the U.S. Navy. They use the F/A-18. Before the F/A-18 existed, they used the A-4 Skyhawk.\nAustralia.\nThe Royal Australian Air force (RAAF) bought 57 F/A-18A and 18 F/A-18B (the b was used for training) in 1981 to replace the old Mirage III. The difference between the RAAF hornet and the US hornet is that the RAAF removed the carrier Capabilities, because Australia doesn't have any aircraft carriers big enough to fit the plane.\nFinland.\nThe Finnish Air force 53 F/A-18Cs and 7 F/A-18Ds in use as of 2025. This was so they could replace their old Mig-21 and Saab Drakens.\nArmament.\nThe hornet can carry a lot of bombs, missiles, rockets and guns. It can also carry pods, pods give the aircraft more options, the Litening targeting pod,for example, lets the pilot see the ground and guide bombs to the target.\nBombs.\nB81 and B83 nuclear bombs\nJoint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM)\nPaveway laser guided bombs (the bombs are guided by the targeting pod)\nMk80 bombs general purpose\nCBU100 cluster bomb\nRockets.\n2.75 in (70\u00a0mm) Hydra 70 rockets\n5 in (127.0\u00a0mm) Zuni rockets\nMissiles.\nAir to Air.\nAim-120 AMRAAM\nAim-9 Sidewinder\nAim-132 ASRAAM\nIris-T\nAim-7 Sparrow\nAir to Ground.\nAGM-65 Maverick\nAGM-88 HARM\nAGM-164 Joint Standoff Weapon (JSOW)\nTaurus Cruise Missile\nAnti Ship.\nAGM-84 Harpoon"}
+{"id": "63675", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63675", "title": "Fighter jet", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63676", "revid": "9968064", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63676", "title": "McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle", "text": "The F-15 Eagle is a fighter jet that was originally made by McDonnell-Douglas (later Boeing). It is known around the world for its toughness and \"undefeated\" record, meaning that it has never been shot down by an enemy plane. It is used primarily by the United States Air Force, but it is also used in Israel, Japan, Saudi Arabia and South Korea. It usually carries missiles and an M61 Vulcan gun to shoot down enemy fighter jet planes. More than a thousand have been made.\nRedesign.\nIn 1981, the F-15 was redesigned to include the ability to carry bombs, allowing the F-15 to do the job of attack aircraft. This means it can also destroy things on the ground. This new variant of the aircraft was called the McDonnell Douglas F-15E Strike Eagle.\nAnother redesign, the F-15EX, is expected to enter service in the Summer of 2024 with mainly better equipment for electronic warfare."}
+{"id": "63678", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63678", "title": "F-18", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63679", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63679", "title": "CF-18", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63681", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63681", "title": "Dicotyledon", "text": "The dicotyledons, also known as dicots, are one of the two groups of flowering plants (angiosperms). The name refers to their seeds having two embryonic leaves or cotyledons. There are around 200,000 species in this group. \nThe other group of flowering plants were called monocotyledons or monocots, with one cotyledon. Historically, these two groups formed the two divisions of the flowering plants.\nSequence analysis showed what botanists already suspected: dicotyledons are not a monophyletic group. They are a number of lines, such as the magnoliids, and groups now known as basal angiosperms. They diverged earlier than the monocots did. The traditional dicots are a paraphyletic group. \nThe largest clade of the dicotyledons are known as the eudicots. They are definitely monophyletic. They differ from all other flowering plants in the structure of their pollen. Other dicotyledons and monocotyledons have an older type of pollen, whereas eudicots have derived pollen.\nCompared to monocotyledons.\nApart from cotyledon number, there are other differences between monocots and dicots. These are differences mainly between monocots and eudicots. Many early-diverging dicot groups have \"monocot\" characteristics such as scattered vascular bundles, trimerous flowers, and old-type pollen. Also, some monocots have dicot characteristics such as reticulated leaf veins."}
+{"id": "63682", "revid": "10764", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63682", "title": "Boeing Commercial Airplanes", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63684", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63684", "title": "James Clark Ross", "text": "Sir James Clark Ross (15 April 1800 \u2013 3 April 1862), was a English naval officer and explorer. He explored the Arctic with his uncle Sir John Ross and Sir William Parry. He later led his own journey to Antarctica. He was born on April 15, 1800 in London, England and died on April 3, 1862 in Aylesbury, England."}
+{"id": "63685", "revid": "8950", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63685", "title": "James clark ross", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63686", "revid": "8950", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63686", "title": "Sir James Clark Ross", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63687", "revid": "9594263", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63687", "title": "Hrant Dink", "text": "Hrant Dink (, IPA: [h\u0259\u0279\u0251nt di\u02d0nk]) (15 September 1954 \u2013 19 January 2007) was a Turkish-Armenian editor, journalist and columnist.\nHistory.\nAs editor-in-chief of the bilingual Turkish-Armenian newspaper \"Agos\" (\u0531\u056f\u0585\u057d), Dink was a prominent member of the Armenian minority in Turkey.\nDeath.\nOn 19 January 2007, Dink was shot three times in Istanbul by Og\u00fcn Samast, a 17 year old ultra-nationalist Turk. He was pronounced dead at the scene. He was 52 years old."}
+{"id": "63689", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63689", "title": "Agos", "text": "Agos (, \"Furrow\") established 5 April 1996 is an Armenian weekly newspaper published in Turkey. It is published in Istanbul and has a circulation of around 5,000. It has both Armenian and Turkish pages as well as an on-line English edition. Hrant Dink was its chief editor from the newspaper's start until his assassination outside of the newspaper's offices in Istanbul in January 2007. \nHrant Dink's son Arat Dink who worked as the executive editor of the weekly was named as a co-defendant in the dispute brought against Hrant Dink for insulting Turkishness. After Hrant Dink's murder, the editor-in-chief of the weekly became Etyen Mah\u00e7upyan and Arat Dink continued to work as the executive editor. The present editor-in-chief is Rober Kopta\u015f."}
+{"id": "63699", "revid": "10361518", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63699", "title": "St Kilda Football Club", "text": "St Kilda Football Club (nicknamed The Saints) is an Australian rules football club. They play in the Australian Football League. The club first played in 1873. Their home ground is the Marvel Stadium in Melbourne. Their current captain is Jarryn Geary and their current coach is Brett Ratten. They wear a guernsey that is red, white and black, in vertical stripes.\nHistory.\nThe first mention of a football team in St Kilda was made in 1859. The current club was started in 1873. It was based on the South Yarra Football Club which had closed the year before. The club colours were formed when the red and white of the South Yarra Football Club merged with the black and white of the new St. Kilda Football Club. The first guernsey worn by the club was red and black striped horizontally, with a white neckerchief. The club joined the new Victorian Football League in 1897, and lost its first 48 games. Their home ground was the Junction Oval, in the Melbourne suburb of St. Kilda. In 1964, the team moved from St Kilda to Moorabbin, where they now train.\nThe team won their first and only premiership in 1966, beating Collingwood. In recent years they have been more competitive, playing in the 1997 Grand Final, losing to Adelaide. Between 2004 and 2011, St. Kilda established a period of dominance, playing in all but the 2007 finals series, and playing in the Preliminary Finals in 2004, 2005, 2008, 2009 and 2010. In 2009, St. Kilda went the first 19 games of the season without being beaten, only to lose to Geelong in the Grand Final by 12 points. In 2010 they played in the Grand Final and drew with Collingwood. A moment etched in the memories of St. Kilda supporters was the moment Stephen Milne opted to let the ball bounce through for a behind in the dying minutes, when he had the opportunity to secure St. Kilda's second premiership with a goal. They were defeated in a replay the next week. They have also placed last on the ladder 26 times since their establishment, the most of any team. \nSt. Kilda has featured a number of star players, with 10 , including Ian Stewart and Robert Harvey, who won the award twice. In 1987, Tony Lockett won the Brownlow Medal as well as the Coleman Medal kicking 117 goals.\nMedalists.\nSt Kilda Brownlow Medalists:\nSt Kilda Coleman Medalists:\nClub song.\n<poem>\n\"Oh when the Saints, go marching in,\"\n\"Oh when the Saints go marching in,\"\n\"Oh how I want to be with St Kilda.\"\n\"When the Saints go marching in.\"\n\"Oh when the Saints, go marching in,\"\n\"Oh when the Saints go marching in,\"\n\"Oh how I want to be with St Kilda.\"\n\"When the Saints go marching in.\"\n</poem>"}
+{"id": "63702", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63702", "title": "Ingvar Carlsson", "text": "Ingvar Carlsson (born 9 November 1934), is a Swedish politician, former Prime Minister of Sweden (March 1986\u2013October 1991; October 1994\u2013March 1996) and leader of the Social Democratic Party (March 1986\u2013March 1996). He became Prime Minister in 1986 when Olof Palme was assassinated. He was born in Bor\u00e5s, V\u00e4stra G\u00f6taland County (then \u00c4lvsborg County), Sweden."}
+{"id": "63703", "revid": "224035", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63703", "title": "Shilpa Shetty", "text": "Shilpa Shetty (Tulu: \u0cb6\u0cbf\u0cb2\u0ccd\u0caa \u0cb6\u0cc6\u0c9f\u0ccd\u0c9f\u0cbf) (born 8 June 1975) in Mangalore is a four-time Filmfare Award-nominated Indian movie actress and model. Since making her debut in the movie \"Baazigar\" (1993), she has appeared in nearly 50 more movies and made her first lead role in 1994's \"Aag\". She currently resides at the centre of the Hindi-language movie industry in Mumbai, India. Her younger sister Shamita Shetty is also a Bollywood movie actress. \nShilpa was announced as the winner of \"Celebrity Big Brother UK\" on 28 January 2007 with 63% of the final votes, after an international reported racism controversy involving her and fellow contestants Jade Goody, Jo O'Meara and Danielle Lloyd. She is also a yoga practitioner, particularly interested in the Ashtanga vinyasa form of yoga and power yoga."}
+{"id": "63707", "revid": "1061539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63707", "title": "Third party (politics)", "text": "In any two-party system of politics, a third party is a party other than the two main ones. While the term should be used only when discussing the third largest party, it is often used to describe any smaller party. For example, in the United Kingdom a third party is a national political party other than the Conservative Party and Labour Party that has a presence in the House of Commons. In the United States, a third party is a political party other than the Democratic Party or Republican Party that has national influence.\nThe term \"third parties\" is used in countries with first past the post electoral systems as these systems tend to create a two-party system because successful smaller parties are rare.\nCountries using proportional representation have less of a tendency to create a two-party system because successful smaller parties are common. In fact, coalitions between the smaller parties are normal in such a country. A party generally needs to have a certain level of success to be called a third party. Smaller parties that only win a small percentage of the vote and no seats in the legislature are often called \"minor parties\" or \"fringe parties\".\nThird parties are not usually likely to win the presidency. Despite this, there are many reasons for third parties to run. In an election, the two main parties listen to the opinions of third parties. The larger parties must respond to these opinions, and sometimes the larger parties copy ideas from third parties. Some third parties also hope that the party can slowly build its support and eventually become one of the dominant parties, as the Labour Party did in Britain."}
+{"id": "63708", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63708", "title": "Paula DeAnda", "text": "Paula DeAnda (born 1989 in Corpus Christi, Texas) is an American singer. She is best known for her 2007 hit songs \"Doing Too Much\", \"Walk Away (Remember Me)\" and \"Easy\". DeAnda is of Mexican descent.\nEasy.\n\"Easy\" is a song by DeAnda. It also has a remix with Bow Wow. This version is used in the PC video game, \"Bratz Babyz\"."}
+{"id": "63713", "revid": "1638451", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63713", "title": "Republican", "text": "Republican could mean:"}
+{"id": "63714", "revid": "1063175", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63714", "title": "Third party", "text": "Third party is often used in the English language to refer to a person or group that has some connection to a relationship between two parties. Here, a \"party\" is a person or group of people who act together. If two parties share a close relationship, a third party is farther away or more different from them. It could more directly mean:"}
+{"id": "63715", "revid": "888555", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63715", "title": "Canton of Fribourg", "text": "Fribourg is one of the twenty-six cantons of Switzerland. About 250,000 people live in the canton. Of these, about 100,000 live in the urban area of the capital of this canton: Fribourg City.\nGeography.\nThe canton of Fribourg is found in the west of Switzerland. The river Saane (Sarine) flows from the south to the north of the canton. It borders the cantons of Vaud, Bern and Neuch\u00e2tel.\nMunicipalities.\nThere are 168 municipalities in the canton of Fribourg:"}
+{"id": "63716", "revid": "6493823", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63716", "title": "Fribourg", "text": "Fribourg can mean one of two areas in Switzerland"}
+{"id": "63720", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63720", "title": "Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Molotov", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63723", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63723", "title": "F-15", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63726", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63726", "title": "F/A-18", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63727", "revid": "873387", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63727", "title": "Compass rose", "text": "A compass rose is a drawing on a map that shows the cardinal directions."}
+{"id": "63728", "revid": "873387", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63728", "title": "Cardinal direction", "text": "Cardinal directions or cardinal points are the four main directions or points of the compass: north, east, south and west. These direction are also written in short form as N, E, S and W.\nNorth and south are directed towards the north and south poles of the Earth. The Earth's rotation defines east and west. The sun rises in the morning in the east, and sets in the afternoon in the west.\nIf a needle is magnetised and allowed to move freely (for example floated on water) it will align itself with the Earth's magnetic field which is almost in the same direction as north. The direction of the needle in this situation is called magnetic north which in some places differs from the direction of the North Pole by a few degrees.\nCardinal directions in world cultures.\nThrough history, different cultures have given different values to each direction. For example, in old Asian culture, each direction is given a color, as follows:"}
+{"id": "63729", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63729", "title": "Social Democratic Party", "text": "The name Social Democratic Party has been used by many parties in various countries around the world.\nNote: Country names and dates in parentheses are not part of official party names."}
+{"id": "63733", "revid": "9759677", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63733", "title": "Knight (chess)", "text": "A knight is a chess piece. It is represented by a horse's head and neck. Each player starts the game with two knights. It moves in an L pattern, two squares in one direction then one square in another. It is the only piece in chess that can jump over other pieces. It is also the only piece that can be in position to attack a king, queen, bishop, or rook without also being attacked by that piece. \n'Knight' is shortened to Kt or N when recording games. In printed game scores, it is represented by a figurine."}
+{"id": "63734", "revid": "10105052", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63734", "title": "Queen (chess)", "text": "The queen is a chess piece that stands next to the king at the start of a game.The queen starts on the d1 square for white and the d8 square for black. It can move any number of unoccupied squares diagonally, vertically, or horizontally. When recording games, it is shortened to Q.\nThe queen's movement.\nThe queen moves like both the bishop and rook. Both players start with one queen. A player may promote a pawn to a queen when the pawn reaches the end of the board.\nHistory of the queen in chess.\nThe Indo-Persian game lasted for nearly a thousand years, until the end of the 15th century. In it, the piece next to the Shah was the Firz\u0101n or Visier, who was a counsellor. This piece had a movement even more limited than the king. It moved just one square at a time, on the diagonal. Not surprising, then, that when the move changed into its modern form, the Italians called the new game \"schacci alla rabioso\" (~furious chess)."}
+{"id": "63735", "revid": "10631", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63735", "title": "Anarcho syndicalism", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63736", "revid": "83846", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63736", "title": "2002 in film", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63737", "revid": "687081", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63737", "title": "1999 in film", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63738", "revid": "687081", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63738", "title": "2001 in film", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63743", "revid": "1267963", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63743", "title": "Dennis the Menace", "text": "Dennis the Menace is the name of two different comic strips, which both debuted in 1951. One is a British comic strip, that is featured in the UK comic magazine, The Beano. The other is a daily newspaper comic strip from the United States. This daily strip was a single panel, but the Sunday strip was longer. The single panels were sometimes collected into small paperbacks. Dennis also had a comic book.\nIn Britain, Dennis is usually drawn as wearing a red and black striped jumper, and spikey black hair. He is normally with his black dog called Gnasher. \nIn the United States, Dennis the Menace (Dennis Mitchell) wore a red and white striped tee-shirt and bib overalls. He had blond hair and a large cowlick. His dog was a sheepdog called Ruff. Dennis' parents are Henry and Alice. His neighbors are George and Martha Wilson. Dennis wants to be helpful but his attempts often end in disaster. Dennis' friends are Tommy Anderson, Joey McDonald, and Margaret Wade. In 1959, the comic strip was developed into a CBS television sitcom called \"Dennis the Menace\". It stars Jay North as Dennis and Joseph Kearns as George Wilson. The series aired for four years and has been released to DVD."}
+{"id": "63745", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63745", "title": "Snoop Doggy Dogg", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63746", "revid": "793", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63746", "title": "The Everly Brothers", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63747", "revid": "10249144", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63747", "title": "5 BC", "text": "Year 5 BC was a common year starting on Monday or Tuesday of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Sulla."}
+{"id": "63751", "revid": "1688005", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63751", "title": "Taner Ak\u00e7am", "text": "Altu\u011f Taner Ak\u00e7am or Tanner Aktscham is a German sociologist and author.\nTaner Ak\u00e7am was born in Ardahan, Turkey in 1953. He graduated from the department of administrative sciences of . After 1973, he joined left-wing political groups such as ODT\u00dc-DER and ADY\u00d6D. In 1975, he was tried for spreading communist and Kurdish nationalist propaganda. He was arrested in 1976 and convicted with 9 years prison sentence. On 12 May 1977, he escaped from the prison and moved to Germany. He lived in Germany between 1978 and 1995. He received his PhD in 1995 at . After he became a professor, Ak\u00e7am worked in and in United States.\nAk\u00e7am is known for his research on the Armenian\u2014Turkish history of 1915. His work is funded by the , a think-tank that serves Armenian Revolutionary Federation. Taner Ak\u00e7am uses old Turkish documents in his books but critics state that he cannot read Ottoman Turkish.\nResearch.\nTaner Ak\u00e7am worked on the history of Ottoman Armenians. He researched and 1919 Istanbul trials. According to him, what happened to Armenians meets the legal definition of genocide. However, he ignores that many Turks died during First World War. Therefore, his research shows pro-Armenian bias.\nAk\u00e7am worked in the Ottoman archives and found many documents. However, experts showed that he wrongly translated some documents and that some other documents were fake. Examples of those documents are the Andonian documents, the memoirs of Sarkis Torosyan, a telegram from Talat Pasha, and the court documents of 1919.\nThe telegraph from Talat Pasha.\nIn his 2011 book, \"The Young Turks' Crimes Against Humanity\", Taner Ak\u00e7am cited a telegraph from Talat Pasha. In the telegraph dated 29 August 1915, Talat Pasha stated that \"The Armenian issue in Eastern provinces has been resolved.\" Ak\u00e7am claimed that this proved the \"genocidal intent\" of the Ottoman government. However, Ak\u00e7am cited only the first two sentences of the telegraph. The full text shows the government ordered the protection of Armenians. Taner Ak\u00e7am's falsification had been revealed in three different publications. Ak\u00e7am did not reply to the allegations of academic dishonesty.\nMemoirs of Sarkis Torossian.\nBetween 2013 and 2017, Taner Ak\u00e7am published disputed articles about the memoirs of Sarkis Torosyan. \nAyhan Aktar, a Turkish academician, published in Turkish the memoirs of Sarkis Torossian in 2012. The memoir is about the story of an Ottoman Armenian soldier. In the story, the soldier fights for the Ottoman Empire during First World War. He is brilliant and earns a military reward. However, he changes sides when his family is killed by the government. Historians Halil Berktay and Hakan Erdem found factual and logical mistakes in the book. They concluded that the story was fake. But their research was published in Turkish. People, who lived outside Turkey, couldn't read them. Taner Ak\u00e7am and Ayhan Aktar falsely told the Western press that the memoirs were true. They also falsely claimed that Turkish people denied the memoirs because of political and racist reasons. After that, historian Edhem Eldem published an article that criticized Taner Ak\u00e7am for his dishonesty."}
+{"id": "63752", "revid": "10760", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63752", "title": "Taner Akcam", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63755", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63755", "title": "International Date Line", "text": "The International Date Line (IDL), also known as just the Date Line, is an imaginary line on the surface of the Earth, going from north to south in the Pacific Ocean. The date becomes one day later as one travels across it in western direction, and one day earlier as one travels across it in eastern direction.\nThe reason for this effect is that the countries on the western side of the International Date Line, (in or outside eastern Asia) have the time zone 10\u201312 hours more than Greenwich. And the countries on eastern side of it (Alaska/Hawaii and other areas) have the time zone 9\u201312 hours less than Greenwich. So when travelling across the line, one's watch has to be adjusted 20\u201324 hours, depending on the time zones. \nFor example, New Zealand is twelve hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time while Hawaii is ten hours behind Greenwich Mean Time. When travelling from New Zealand to Hawaii the clocks must be switched 22 hours backwards, about one day.\nGeography.\nInternational Date Line follows the meridian of 180\u00b0 longitude down the middle of the Pacific Ocean for some distance. So that it does not cross nations, it passes around the far east of Russia and other archipelagos in the Pacific.\nIn the north the date line turns to the east through the Bering Strait and then west past the Aleutian Islands in order to keep Alaska and Russia on opposite sides of the line. This is to keep it in agreement with the date of the rest of those countries. The date line passes equidistantly between the two Diomede Islands\u2014Little Diomede Island (US) and Big Diomede Island (Russia)\u2014at a distance of 1.5\u00a0km (1\u00a0mi) from each island.\nThe date line circumvents the territory of Kiribati by swinging far to the east, almost reaching the 150\u00b0 meridian.\nIn the South Pacific the date line swings east such that Wallis and Futuna, Fiji, Tonga, and New Zealand's Kermadec Islands have the same date but Samoa is one day earlier.\nThe International Date Line can cause confusion among airline travelers. The most problematic situation usually occurs with short journeys from west to east. To travel from Tonga to Samoa by air, for example, takes about two hours but involves crossing the International Date Line, causing passengers to arrive the day before they left. This often causes confusion in travel schedules, like hotel bookings. Some examples of time zone adjustments for real air trips are: Alaska-Siberia 21 hours, New Zealand-Cook Islands 22 hours, and Samoa-Tonga 24 hours.\nIf someone travels around the globe in an airplane from east to west (the same direction as Magellan), they should subtract one hour for every 15\u00b0 of longitude crossed, losing 24 hours for one circuit of the globe; but 24 hours are added when crossing the International Date Line (from east to west). The International Date Line must therefore be observed in conjunction with Earth's time zones: the net adjustment to one's watch is zero. If one crosses the date line at precisely midnight, going westward, one skips an entire day; while going eastward, one repeats the entire day.\nFor two hours every day, at UTC 10:00\u201311:59, there are actually three different days observed at the same time. At UTC time Thursday 10:15, for example, it is Wednesday 23:15 in Samoa, which is eleven hours behind UTC, and it is Friday 00:15 in Kiritimati (separated from Samoa by the IDL), which is fourteen hours ahead of UTC. For the first hour (UTC 10:00\u201310:59), this phenomenon affects inhabited territories, whereas during the second hour (UTC 11:00\u201311:59) it only affects an uninhabited maritime time zone twelve hours behind UTC.\nProblems.\nOriginally, the date line ran along the 180\u00b0 meridian. This is a relatively good choice, because most of the time, there is no land there. There are however some problems.\nChukchi Peninsula.\nLooking from the north, one of the first places where the meridian runs over dry land is the Chukchi Peninsula, which is part of Russia. The whole peninsula has been declared part of the UTC+12. This means that all of Russia (and with it, all of Asia) is on the same side of the date line.\nGroups of islands.\nThere are many groups of islands in the Pacific Ocean. These groups belong to states which do not want some islands on one side of the date line, and the rest on the other. They have therefore decided to move the date line, so that all islands are in the same time zone. Examples of this are the Aleutian Islands, which are on both sides of the 180\u00b0 meridian. They are part of Alaska, and are therefore all in the UTC-10 timezone. The date line has a \"bump\" to the west, there.\nThere are a few Islands, east of the 180\u00b0, which belong to New Zealand. It was decided that they should have the same date as New Zealand, so the date line runs east of the meridian there.\nKiribati is a state consisting of many small islands, spread over a huge portion of the Pacific; the meridian runs right through the state. Because the state needed the same date over all its territory, the date line was shifted east, the biggest shift to occur, in 1995. The easternmost island of Kiribati was renamed to Millennium Island, because it was the first part of the world which saw the new millennium.\nThe Philippines had very good trade relations with Mexico. They therefore decided they wanted the same date, date line to the west of the state. When the trade with China grew, this was inconvenient. They changed, after Monday, 30 December 1844, came Wednesday, 1 January 1845.\nDifference in religions.\nJews and Muslims and Christians regard particular days of the week as holy. For Muslims this is Friday, Jews (and a few Christian denominations) regard Saturday as the Sabbath, while most Christians observe Sunday as \"the Lord's Day\" in honour of the 7th day of creation when God was said to have rested. This works well if the traveller stays on the same side of the date line, but there is a problem when travellers move across it. For the traveller it might still be Friday, but the place where he is might say that it is Saturday."}
+{"id": "63756", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63756", "title": "Boredom", "text": "Boredom is an emotional state that comes when a person has nothing to do, and is not interested in anything. To stop boredom, most people do something to occupy or amuse themselves. \nThe first known use of the word \"boredom\" is in the novel \"Bleak House\" by Charles Dickens, written in 1852, but the saying \"to be a bore\" had been used to mean \"to be tiresome or dull\" since 1768.\nWhen referring to the mind, boredom is a bad state in which the person feels a deep lack of interest in what is going on around them, and where it is hard to focus."}
+{"id": "63757", "revid": "8950", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63757", "title": "Bored", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63761", "revid": "62069", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63761", "title": "Circle of latitude", "text": "On the Earth, a circle of latitude is an imaginary east-west circle that connects all locations with a given latitude. A location's position along a circle of latitude is given by its longitude. Circles of latitude are often called parallels because they are parallel to each other. It is measured in absolute location.\nThe five major circles of latitude are, from north to south:"}
+{"id": "63766", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63766", "title": "J-pop", "text": "J-pop is a popular music in Japan. J-pop is a short name for Japanese pop, which means popular music or songs in Japan. Some people calls \"\u6b4c\u8b21\u66f2\" toward older songs. From around 1940s until recently, J-Pop has been influenced (affected) by Western popular music and culture. But new J-Pop nowadays sounds different than older J-Pop. This kind of music is common in Japan and it is often played by young and old music groups.\nHistory.\nThere are many songwriters and singer-songwriters who have been playing Japanese pops. Such musicians follows: "}
+{"id": "63767", "revid": "45940", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63767", "title": "List of J-pop artists", "text": "A list of Japanese pop musicians and bands."}
+{"id": "63769", "revid": "744335", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63769", "title": "Ara Darzi", "text": "Ara Darzi (born 7 May 1960) is a British doctor. He was appointed head of Minister of Healthcare of Great Britain.\nAra Darzi was born in Iraq in a family with Armenian descent, which escaped the Genocide of 1915. But most of his life was lived in Ireland."}
+{"id": "63770", "revid": "1570152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63770", "title": "Puffy AmiYumi", "text": "Puffy AmiYumi was the one of the more popular J-pop groups of the 1990s. The band has two members, Ami Onuki and Yumi Yoshimura. It was first formed in December 1995.\nThey had some success when they went to the United States to record and perform. They had a short-lived (November 19, 2004 \u2013 June 27, 2006; 118 episodes) cartoon series on Cartoon Network called Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi. It can still be seen occasionally on the Japanese version of Cartoon Network."}
+{"id": "63771", "revid": "10315944", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63771", "title": "Mika Nakashima", "text": " is a Japanese singer, model, and actress. She's 160\u00a0cm tall and her weight is 39\u00a0kg."}
+{"id": "63772", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63772", "title": "Yui (singer)", "text": "YUI (born 26 March 1987 in Fukuoka, Japan), is a Japanese musician. She is signed to Sony Music Records Japan. She sings, and plays the guitar, keyboard and electric guitar, although she usually performs with only an acoustic guitar. She started in a Japanese movie released on 17 June 2006 titled 'Taiy\u014d no Uta' (A Song to the Sun). She is popular with young girls,but she decided to stop her music activity as YUI in 2012. It means she carry on her music work but not YUI.\nHistory.\nBefore debut.\nShe dropped out high school because she want to live with music.Then she started taking music lesson at ongakujyuku.It is famous music private night-school.She practiced playing the guitar and making songs. She participated in music contest and got first prize.By that winning, she can get right to major debut. \n2005~2007.\nShe made a debut with \"feel my soul\". This is her first major song. Afterthat she made many hit songs.Especially,her fifth single goodbye days was hit.And she appeared in \"taiyou no uta\" that is the movie her song was used.\nSongs.\nYUI has released seven albums:\nAnd she makes many new single CD."}
+{"id": "63773", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63773", "title": "Zard", "text": "Zard was a J-pop girl group. Zard's music did not often appear on television. The group had many famous songs, for example \"Makenaide\". One of Zard's members was Izumi Sakai. Her true name was Sachiko Kamachi. She was a vocalist. Other Zard's members changed many times. Izumi Sakai was born in Fukuoka on February 6, 1967. She fought illness in Keiougijyuku University hospital. She had cervical cancer. Izumi Sakai died on May 27, 2007. When she died, she was 40 years old."}
+{"id": "63774", "revid": "1398040", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63774", "title": "Wyolica", "text": "Wyolica is a two-person band from Japan. The members are Azumi (vocals) and So-to (guitar). The group is not well known outside of Japan. Their sound is very similar of many American pop acts but sung in Japanese.\nTheir first album, \"Who Said La La?\" was released in 2000. Since then they have released a number of albums and singles, including a six-song EP of acoustic songs."}
+{"id": "63775", "revid": "1674404", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63775", "title": "Crystal Kay", "text": "Crystal Kay Williams (born 26 February 1986 in Yokohama, Japan) is a Japanese-born singer, songwriter, actress and radio host. She is also known as \"Kuri\" by her fans. She is well known for her songs \"Koi ni Ochitara\" and \"Boyfriend -part II-\". As of April 2021, she has released thirteen albums. \nBorn and raised in Yokohama to an African-American father and a Japanese mother of Korean descent, Crystal Kay speaks English and Japanese fluently and records music in both languages. In 2003 she released an English compilation album called \"Natural: World Premiere Album\". She started singing on television commercials when she was four years old. When she was twelve she was signed to Epic Records. Kay's first album \"C.L.L Crystal Lover Light\" was released on March 23, 2000 when Kay was fourteen. "}
+{"id": "63776", "revid": "814900", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63776", "title": "Speed (band)", "text": "SPEED is a Japanese music group that is has four female singers from Okinawa, Japan. The members are Hiroko Shimabukuro, Eriko Imai, Takako Uehara and Hitoe Arakaki. Hiroko and Eriko are lead vocal singers.\nWhen the group debuted, Hiroko was 12 years old. It made its debut single, \u201cBody & Soul\u201d, in 1996. The group has many songs, which sold million records.\nIt broke up on March 31, 2000. From 2000 to 2008, it broke up and came back together several times. The group made its latest comeback in 2008."}
+{"id": "63777", "revid": "4834004", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63777", "title": "Glay", "text": "Glay is a Japanese rock band. There are 4 men in the band. The member's names are Takuro (guitar & piano), Teru (vocals), Hisashi (guitar), and Jiro (bass). They are one of the most popular rock bands in Japan. They are from Hakodate in Hokkaido. \"HOWEVER\" is their most famous song. This song made them famous. Many of their CDs and albums have sold millions of copies .\nSince 2007, Teru has been in ads shown on television and in theaters to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS."}
+{"id": "63778", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63778", "title": "Aiko (singer)", "text": "Aiko (born November 22, 1975) is a Japanese singer and guitar player. She has a high popularity among young people. Her most famous song is \"Kabutomushi\". Aiko has won several Japan Gold Disc Awards.\nAiko debuted in 1998. She sings songs about love and girls' feelings. Her famous songs are \"Hanabi\", \"Boyfriend\", \"Kabutomushi\", \"Kirakira\", and so on. \"milk/Nageki no Kisu\", her \"mukaiawase\"\u3000double A-side single, was her first single to hit #1 on Oricon since her debut..She do many concerts at everywhere in Japan."}
+{"id": "63779", "revid": "11806", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63779", "title": "Baroque (Japanese band)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63780", "revid": "1584019", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63780", "title": "Ringo Shiina", "text": "Yumiko Shiina (born November 25, 1978) known as Ringo Sheena, is a Japanese singer and guitarist. She is a member of Tokyo Jihen. Shiina is from Fukuoka. \nShe was the creative supervisor and music director of the Flag Handover Ceremony at the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics / Paralympics.\nShe stayed in the UK from January to March 1997.\nCareer \n1998\nDebut \n1999\nReleased the fourth single Honno(instinct). This single has become a million seller\n2004-2012\nin TOKYO JIHEN(INCIDENTS TOKYO)\n2018\nParticipated in the 69th NHK Red vs. White Song Battle"}
+{"id": "63781", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63781", "title": "GO!GO!7188", "text": "GO!GO!7188 was a band from Japan with three members. One plays guitar, one plays drums, and one plays bass. The main vocalist is a woman. One of their famous songs is \"Koinouta\".\nGO!GO!7188 formed in 1998 by YUU (singer/guitarist) and AKKO (singer/bassist); high school classmates in Kagoshima prefecture. In 1999, they headed to Tokyo where they meet drummer TURKEY.\nEver since they have released 9 full-length albums, 12 singles and 3 DVDs.\nWhen they made their debut in the Japanese music scene, they were quoted to be one of the leading girl's punk band which mixes rock'n roll music with Japanese pop.\nThey have raised their evaluation as one of most important Japanese rock bands, making performances in live houses events to Nippon Budokan hall, with songs rich and full of originality and high performance ability.\nDiscography.\nsingle"}
+{"id": "63782", "revid": "1398040", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63782", "title": "Porno Graffitti", "text": "Porno Graffitti is a Japanese J-Pop band. The members of the band are Akihito Okano (vocals) and Haruichi Shindo (guitar). The band is from Innoshima in Hiroshima. The band first started playing in 1999 with three members. The third member, Tama, left the band in 2004. The band has become one of the duos leading the music in Japan."}
+{"id": "63783", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63783", "title": "Yuki (singer)", "text": "Yuki Isoya (born February 17, 1972) is a Japanese singer. Isoya debuted as a singer of the group Judy and Mary in 1993. Judy and Mary broke up in 1999. She began her solo singing career in February, 2002. Isoya has released four albums. "}
+{"id": "63784", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63784", "title": "Mr. Children", "text": "Mr. Children, usually called , is a Japanese rock band made in 1988. They belong to Oorong-sha (). Their record company is Toy's Factory.\nSuccess.\nThey are one of the most successful Japanese bands, selling over 50 million records. \nFan Club.\nThe official fan club of Mr. Children is called Father & Mother. The fan club was started in 1994. The fan club can only be joined by mail and requires an admission fee of 3.500 yen, with yearly re-applications for membership. And there are concert ticket only for the members.\nAlbums.\nAs of 2007, Mr. Children has published twelve original studio albums and 30 singles, three compilation albums, a live album, and ten home video releases."}
+{"id": "63785", "revid": "1684917", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63785", "title": "3B Lab", "text": "3B LAB.* is a Japanese punk band. They are all men. The vocalist also sang in the folk-rock band 19. Their most popular song is \"Ichigo Ichi\". They're now called 3B Lab.\u2606S. Tamakoshi Masahiro left this group in 2009.\nMembers :\nKorea Selatan\nKorea Selatan\nJepang\nJepang\nKorea Selatan\nAmerika\nKorea Selatan\nKorea Selatan\nIndonesia"}
+{"id": "63786", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63786", "title": "Ellegarden", "text": "Ellegarden is a Japanese band formed in 1998 by four young men.Their activity pauses now.\nMembers.\nHosomi Takeshi(Guiter&Vocal)\nUbukata Shinichi(Guiter)\nTakada yuichi(Bass)\nTakahashi Hirotaka(Drums)"}
+{"id": "63787", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63787", "title": "Def Tech", "text": "Def Tech is a Japanese group. The band has three members: Shen, Micro and Playa T. They have sold more than 2.8 million copies of their albums \"Def Tech\" and \"Lokahi Lani\". The band took a break in September 2007 and have since reunited as of June 2010."}
+{"id": "63788", "revid": "9156907", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63788", "title": "Ai Otsuka", "text": "Ai Otsuka (born September 9, 1982) is a Japanese pop female singer-songwriter and pianist from Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan. Her music is famous because it varies a lot in style but is mainly happy pop. Her first single was called Momo No Hanbira, but it was not until her second single, which was called Sakuranbo, that people really noticed her music."}
+{"id": "63789", "revid": "1398040", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63789", "title": "Remioromen", "text": "Remioromen are a three-man band from Japan that started in 2000. "}
+{"id": "63790", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63790", "title": "Ayaka", "text": "Ayaka Iida (born December 18, 1987 in Moriguchi, Osaka Prefecture, Japan) is a Japanese female singer signed and songwriter. \nAyaka is married to Hiro Mizushima. Her favorite singer is the Beatles, DREAMS COME TRUE, Mr.Children and so on. She started musical activities when she was 1st high school student.She released \"I believe\" and she made her debut in 2006. She sufferd from Basedow's disease and she stopped musical activity in 2009 in order to concentrate on getting well. But she started activities again in 2011 and announced that she made her own record company.\nDiscography.\nAlbums.\noriginal album\nbest album"}
+{"id": "63791", "revid": "10342165", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63791", "title": "Kyu Sakamoto", "text": "Kyu Sakamoto \"\u5742\u672c\u4e5d\" (real name \"Hisasi Osima\") was a singer and actor, born on December 10, 1941 in Kanagawa, Japan.\nMusical career.\nSakamoto's song \"Sukiyaki\" became the first Japanese song in the United States to sell a million copies and reached No.1 on a music chart on June 15, 1963. Its original (Japanese) title is \"\u4e0a\u3092\u5411\u3044\u3066\u6b69\u3053\u3046\" which means \"I look up as I walk\".\nDeath.\nOn August 12, 1985, Sakamoto is one of 509 passengers on Japan Air Lines Flight 123 aboard from Kanagawa crashed into the Mount Takamagahara in Gunma Prefecture caused by in-flight structural failure due to improper maintenance leading to explosive decompression. He, along with 519 others were killed, including all 15 crew member on board and leaving 4 female passengers survived with their serious injuries. He is survived by his wife and their two daughters.\nHis hit songs.\nHis major hit songs were as follows.\n<br>"}
+{"id": "63792", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63792", "title": "Orange Range", "text": " is a Japanese rock band from Okinawa signed to Sony Music. They are a group of 5, and they were all born in the mid-80s.\nHistory.\nOn March, 2001, the present members were composed of the classmates from the preschool and YOH\u2019s younger brother, RYO. When they were indies, they did lots of their concerts on the street, and the audience was surely increased. On July 4, 2003, they debuted and became major by their 1st single, \u201cKirikirimai\u201d. Their 2nd single, \u201cShanghai Honey\u201d was appreciated by the mass media and became a hit. On February 25,2004, they released their 5th single, \u201cMichishirube\uff5ea road home\uff5e\u201d came in 1st place in the Japanese single charts for the first time in themselves, and since then, their singe continued to come in 1st place to their 13th single, \u201cChampione\u201d.\nMembers.\nAlso, a member of other bands, including \"Soy-sauce\" and \"Pechuniarokkusu\". He writes more than half of all Orange Range songs.\nBefore joining the group Orange Range, he was a member of another band, \"Ruse\". He and Yoh are brothers.\nHe has not cut his hair since releasing the song \"Hana\".\nHe usually plays bass, but uses a guitar when he makes songs.\nIt is said that he has a screwdriver when he records music because it makes him relaxed, but sometimes its sound is also recorded and they have to record again."}
+{"id": "63793", "revid": "487619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63793", "title": "Bump of Chicken", "text": "Bump of Chicken is a Japanese rock music group. The members are four men. All members in this group were born in 1979. The vocalist of the group is Fujiwara Motoo. The bassist of the group is Naoi Yoshifumi. The guitarist of the group is Masukawa Hiroaki. The drummer of the group is Masu Hideo. They have been friends since they started school at a young age. The voice of Fujiwara Motoo and the words of their music, which he writes, are popular. They released the debut album \u201cFLAME VEIN\u201d in 1999."}
+{"id": "63794", "revid": "1674404", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63794", "title": "Kumi Koda", "text": " is a Japanese pop singer from the city Kyoto who started in the year 2000 with the album \"Take Back\". Her most well known song is \"Butterfly\", and this song made her well known. She got Japanese record grand prix, an award. Her new album \"Kingdom\" was released on January 30, 2008, and her new single was released on January 23, 2008. Her young sister is misono who is J-pop singer."}
+{"id": "63795", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63795", "title": "Zeebra", "text": "Zeebra ( \"\", born 2 April 1971 in Tokyo, Japan) is a famous Japanese hip hop artist, who is known as the first rapper in Japan. He was born and raised in Tokyo. He made his first appearance in 1995. Zeebra was a member of the hip-hop group King Giddra, which also included DJ Oasis and K Dub Shine. He became a solo artist in 1997. Because he has been in many TV commercials, started hip-hop television programs, and produced songs for upcoming rappers, Zeebra could be called the father of the Japanese rap scene. His daughter is Rima Yokoi, a rapper as a member of the girl group NiziU."}
+{"id": "63796", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63796", "title": "Utada Hikaru", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63797", "revid": "1398040", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63797", "title": "Dreams Come True", "text": "Dreams Come True is a Japanese J-Pop music group.\nThe group is made up of a woman and a man. The vocalist is Miwa Yoshida and the bassist is Masato Namamura. They made their debut in 1988. The group tends to use humorous and ambiguous language in their songs."}
+{"id": "63798", "revid": "1050767", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63798", "title": "Every Little Thing (band)", "text": "Every Little Thing is a Japanese rock band. The group is made up of a woman and a man. The woman, Kaori Mochida, is a singer from Tokyo, and the man, Ichiro Ito, is a guitarist from Kanagawa Prefecture. This group made their debut in 1996. And next year they took part in Kohaku (New Year's) Song battle for the first time. When they started the band, there were three members. But Mitsuru Igarashi left the band in 2000, and he started to focus on his production. He made all of Every Little Thing's songs and wrote their lyrics. So since he left, Every little thing sound changed a little. Now they released 35 single CDs, 8 original albums, 2 best albums and 3 ballad best albums. They took part in \"Kouhakuutagassen\" eight times. They are often called \"ELT\". \nBiography.\nEarly careers.\nIto began playing guitar in local bands around the US Yokota Air Base in Fussa, Tokyo, performing cover versions of songs by rock acts like Van Halen to local sailors. He initially intended to play drums.\nMochida made her debut as a baby in an advertisement for diapers as her mom hoped she would enter the entertainment business. In 1991, at the age of 13, she joined the eight-member girl group The Kuro Buta All-Stars. Though not successful, the experience convinced her to record a two track demo, featuring the two songs, \"Mouichido\" (The Kuro Buta All-Stars) and a cover song from 1970s/80s singer-songwriter Mariya Takeuchi.\nShe sent the demo to Avex Trax, where Mitsuru Igarashi was a producer looking for a girl for a new duo with him as the keyboardist. Impressed by her strong yet sweet voice, Igarashi asked her to join as a duo, and then asked his guitarist friend Ichiro Ito, then working as a studio receptionist, to help on the first single \"Feel My Heart\", created by Igarashi. Ito, over ten years Mochida's senior, has said that when first meeting the young Mochida wearing gyaru style thick platform boots, he didn't even know how to strike up conversation."}
+{"id": "63799", "revid": "1059492", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63799", "title": "KAT-TUN", "text": "KAT-TUN is a Japanese J-Pop band.\nHistory.\nThe group is made up of six young Japanese men. Their debut was announced January 29, 2006. The debut was accompanied by a concert tour of Japan. They released a single (\"Real Face\"), an album (\"Best of KAT-TUN\"), and a DVD (\"Real Face Film\") on the same day, March 22, 2006.\u3000\nKAT-TUN is now made up of three members:\nMembers who left the group:\nKAT-TUN not only sings and dances. KAT-TUN also acts.\nThey will disband on 31 March 2025."}
+{"id": "63803", "revid": "1398040", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63803", "title": "BoA", "text": "Kwon Bo-ah (born 5 November 1986 in Guri, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea) is a South Korean singer. She is commonly known by her stage name BoA. She has been active in both South Korea and Japan. Aside from Korean, BoA also speaks Japanese and English and has released songs in those languages. She also released some Chinese songs, but she does not know Chinese. BoA succeeded not only in Korea, but in all of East Asia as well.\nBoA was born and raised in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. She was discovered by SM Entertainment talent agents when she accompanied her older brother to a talent search. In 2000, after two years of training, she released ID; Peace B, her debut Korean album. Two years later, she released her debut Japanese album, Listen to My Heart.\nOn October 21, 2008, BoA debuted in the United States with the single \"Eat You Up\", and released her debut English-language album, BoA on March 17, 2009."}
+{"id": "63804", "revid": "1674404", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63804", "title": "Namie Amuro", "text": "Namie Amuro is a Japanese singer, born September 20, 1977 in Naha, Okinawa. She was the top J-Pop star of the 1990s, with a long string of number-one hits.\nWhen she had a baby in the late 1990s her popularity went down, but her albums became popular again when she released \"Queen of Hip-Hop\". Her next album \"Play\" became #1. Her 2008 hit single, 60s 70s 80s, sold about 293,000 copies and came #1. That was her first #1 single since 1999.\nIn July 2008, Namie released her third greatest hits album BEST FICTION, which sold over 1.500,000 copies. It was the year's the most selling female album in Japan and second most selling album."}
+{"id": "63806", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63806", "title": "Saturn (mythology)", "text": " \nSaturn (Latin: \"S\u0101turnus\") is a Roman god of agriculture. In Roman mythology, Saturn is the father of Ceres, Jupiter, Veritas, and others. He is associated with time, wealth, and liberation. He is also identified with the Greek titan Kronos, whose rule, often called the Golden Age, is seen as a time of peace and abundance.\nTemple of Saturn.\nThe\u00a0Temple of Saturn located at the\u00a0Roman Forum housed the state treasury. In December, the festival of Saturnalia, perhaps the most famous of all the\u00a0Roman festivals, was held in his honor \u2014 it had a public banquet, role reversals, private gift-giving and revelry. The planet Saturn is named after him and the modern English weekday Saturday bears his name."}
+{"id": "63807", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63807", "title": "Comanche", "text": "Comanche peoples are Native Americans who lived in an area called the \"Comancheria\". This is where Eastern New Mexico, Southern Colorado, Southern Kansas, all of Oklahoma and most of Northern and Southern Texas are today. There once were as many as 20,000 Comanches. Today the Comanche Nation has 10,000 members, most in Oklahoma (centered at Lawton) and the rest in Texas, California, and New Mexico. The Comanche speak a language of their own, the Comanche language that is related to other Native American ones, called \"Uto-Aztecan language family\".\nThe name Comanche was given by the Mexicans and it was the word the Comanche used to call them, \"kleptomania\" (enemy, foreigner). But the Comanches' call themselves \"Numinous\", meaning \"human being\" or \"the People\". They were very good warriors and fought the white settlers and army for many years until they gave up in 1875.\nThe woman in the family made the teepees. They gathered wild potatoes, fruits, nuts and berries. The woman in the family cooked, cleaned and made their clothing. The clothing was made out either bear, deer, bison, buffalo, wolves or coyotes."}
+{"id": "63808", "revid": "9620", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63808", "title": "Emily Bronte", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63809", "revid": "9620", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63809", "title": "Anne Bronte", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63810", "revid": "9620", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63810", "title": "Charlotte Bronte", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63812", "revid": "48755", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63812", "title": "Cuvette", "text": "A cuvette is a kind of laboratory glassware, usually a small tube of circular or square cross shape, closed at one end and open at the other, made of plastic, glass, or optical grade quartz and made to hold samples for spectroscopic experiments. The best cuvettes are as clear as possible, without impurities that might affect a spectroscopic reading. Like a test tube, a cuvette may be open to the air on top or have a glass or other material to close it."}
+{"id": "63814", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63814", "title": "John Abbot", "text": "John Abbot (1587/1588 \u2013 c. 1650) was an English Roman Catholic priest and poet. Nobody knows where he was born, he might have been from either London or Leicester. Abbot was from a strongly Protestant family because he was the nephew of George Abbot, the Archbishop of Canterbury, but after being educated at Balliol College, Oxford, he travelled to the European continent where he was converted to Roman Catholicism. On returning to England he was in Jesuit orders for a while, before working as a priest. In 1635 he was put in jail. He was released within a year, but in 1637 he was again arrested, and spent the rest of his life in prison.\nHis best known work is his poem \"Devout Rhapsodies\" (2 vols., 1647), about the war between Good and Evil and the temptation and fall of man."}
+{"id": "63816", "revid": "440188", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63816", "title": "Lemuel Abbott", "text": "Lemuel Abbott (c. 1730 \u2013 April 1776) was an English priest and poet. Little is known of his background, but he worked as a priest in Ansty, Leicestershire and Thornton. He is known mostly for his collection of poems called \"Poems on Various Subjects, whereto is Prefixed a Short Essay on the Structure of English Verse\", published in 1765. Abbott and his wife Mary were probably the parents of the artist Lemuel Francis Abbott."}
+{"id": "63817", "revid": "109566", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63817", "title": "Thomas Eastoe Abbott", "text": "Thomas Eastoe Abbott (1786/1787|7 \u2013 18 February 1854) was an English poet. He was born in East Dereham, Norfolk. He lived in Darlington, where he worked at the Royal Free Grammar School. He wrote many books like \"Peace, a Lyric Poem\" (1814); \"Resignation\" (1817); \"The Triumph of Christianity\" (1819); and \"The Soldier's Friend\" (1828). Abbott died in Darlington, County Durham in 1854."}
+{"id": "63818", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63818", "title": "Division of labour", "text": "In ancient history, a division of labour (or specialisation) was when some people in a city stopped growing crops and took other jobs. This usually happened because of a surplus of food. This means that there was more than enough food for everyone, so some people did not have to grow crops anymore.\nXenophon was a philosopher of the 4th century BC. In his book Cryopedia (\"The Education of Cyrus\") he writes about the division of labour: \n\"Just as the various trades are most highly developed in large cities, in the same way food at the palace is prepared in a far superior manner. In small towns the same man makes couches, doors, ploughs and tables, and often he even builds houses, and still he is thankful if only he can find enough work to support himself. And it is impossible for a man of many trades to do all of them well. In large cities, however, because many make demands on each trade, one alone is enough to support a man, and often less than one: for instance one man makes shoes for men, another for women, there are places even where one man earns a living just by mending shoes, another by cutting them out, another just by sewing the uppers together, while there is another who performs none of these operations but assembles the parts, Of necessity, he who pursues a very specialised task will do it best.\""}
+{"id": "63819", "revid": "8540018", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63819", "title": "Euphrates", "text": "The Euphrates is the western of the two rivers that define the borders of Mesopotamia. The other is the Tigris, which joins the Euphrates to form the Shatt-al-Arab and flow into the Persian Gulf. Several dams have been built since the 1970s. As a result, less water flows down the river into the sea. \nThe Euphrates, along with the Tigris, were very important to ancient Mesopotamians because they would provide water and irrigation. It is 1,728 miles long and is one of the longest rivers in all of Mesopotamia. It is slower than the Tigris river but at the same time longer. "}
+{"id": "63820", "revid": "10506317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63820", "title": "JC Chasez", "text": "JC Chasez (born Joshua Scott Chasez on August 8, 1976 in Washington, D.C.), is an American singer, songwriter, actor, and producer. He is best known as one of the lead singers in the boy band NSYNC. On February 24, 2004 Chasez's solo album \"Schizophrenic\" was released. Three singles were released from the album. Chasez made a girl group called Girl Radical with Jimmy Harry.\nDiscography.\nNSYNC\nSolo Career"}
+{"id": "63821", "revid": "8950", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63821", "title": "Saturn (god)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63822", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63822", "title": "Surplus", "text": "Surplus is when there is more of something than is needed. Therefore:"}
+{"id": "63823", "revid": "201410", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63823", "title": "Herl", "text": "Herl is a municipality and a part of the Ruwer (municipality) in the Trier-Saarburg district, in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. As of 31 December 2018, 253 people lived there."}
+{"id": "63824", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63824", "title": "Ricky Martin", "text": "Enrique Martin Morales (born on December 24, 1971), also most commonly or better known by his stage name as Ricky Martin, is a two-time Grammy Award and 4 Latin Grammy Award-winning Puerto Rican-American pop singer, dancer, musician, recording artist and actor. He has since then rose up to fame, first as an elite member of the Latin boy band Menudo, and then as a prominent solo musical pop artist ever since then from 1991-present. And throughout over his entire singing career he has annually recorded, released and sold out over 95 million singing albums and groundbreaking records all over around the world, while charting up with nearly and about up to 27 top 10 greatest hits as of on the US Latin Charts, and with over and about 11 breaking records of which have overly reached up with number one and a total of over 40 hit released singles.\nDiscography.\nStudio Albums\nExtended Plays\nLive Albums\nCompilation Albums\nDVDs"}
+{"id": "63825", "revid": "4828360", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63825", "title": "Fiefdom", "text": "In feudalism, a fiefdom (also called a fief, feud, feoff, or fee) was a property or right that an overlord gave a vassal in exchange for military service. This property, of whatever size, could be inherited by the man's heirs. However, not only land but anything of value could be held in fee, including a political office, hunting or fishing rights or monopolies in trade. A fief included the right of possession of something but with conditions."}
+{"id": "63826", "revid": "1386780", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63826", "title": "Nicky Hilton Rothschild", "text": "Nicholai \"Nicky\" Olivia Hilton (born October 5, 1983, in New York City, New York) is an American fashion model, socialite, and fashion designer. Hilton is also an heiress to a part of the Hilton Hotels chain, as well as to about 5\u201315% of her father's real estate fortune and investments. She shares her nickname with her grandfather's brother, Conrad \"Nicky\" Hilton, who died 14 years before she was born. She is the sister of celebrity Paris Hilton."}
+{"id": "63827", "revid": "8950", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63827", "title": "Fief", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63830", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63830", "title": "Disappearance of Madeleine McCann", "text": "Madeleine McCann (born 12 May 2003) was reported missing on the evening of Thursday, 3 May 2007 from a holiday apartment in Praia da Luz in the Algarve, Portugal. One newspaper said it was \"the most heavily reported missing-person case in modern history\". It is still not known where she is or what happened to her.\nMadeleine was on holiday with her parents, her two-year-old twin brother and sister, and family friends. She and the twins had been left asleep at 20:30 in a ground floor apartment, while the McCanns and friends had dinner in a restaurant away. The parents checked on the children every so often, until it was discovered Madeleine was missing at 22:00. Over the next few weeks, the Portuguese police started to believe that Madeleine had died in an accident in the apartment and the parents had covered it up.\nThere was a lot of news coverage around the world about the case. Rumours that Madeleine has been taken to countries such as Morocco and Malta have all turned out to be untrue.\nMadeleine's parents have started a website in their daughter's name where people can keep up to date on events and write to the family. They have also started \"Madeleine's Fund\" to which people can give money.\nRobert Murat was the first official suspect. On 8 September 2007, Madeleine's mother, Kate McCann, and her father, Gerry McCann, were declared official suspects as well, after the finding of blood and fluids in their apartment. Murat stopped being an official suspect in July 2008, Kate and Gerry in August 2008.\nThe case remains unsolved. However, in June 2020 a possible suspect who is yet to be named is being held in custody for question by German authorities. The person being held is known to have committed other sexual assaults on children."}
+{"id": "63835", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63835", "title": "Linda Thelenius", "text": "Linda Thelenius (born Linda Maria Elisabeth Gedin later \"Linda Rosing\" 21 January 1974 in V\u00e4ster\u00e5s, Sweden) is a model and was a participant in the 2003 edition of \"Big Brother\" in Sweden. In the Big Brother house, she and another participant, Micke, became involved in a relationship which was followed closely by the producers. During the show, she had sex on live TV, making her an instant tabloid celebrity.\nThelenius released her debut single, \"Summer Love\", in 2004. In 2006, she released her autobiography, \"Den nakna sanningen\" (\"The naked truth\"), written together with journalist and television host Daniel Nyhl\u00e9n.\nIn the summer of 2006, Thelenius became the leader of a new political party, 'Unika Partiet', or 'The Unique Party'. This is a so-called non-registered party, meaning that there is no official record of the party. Thelenius was listed as the only candidate for the party, listed as an author on the party ballot. She received 222 votes out of more than 5.6 million votes cast in the election. Thelenius is also famous for her many plastic surgery operations. She has breast implants, has had a facelift, and uses botox injections."}
+{"id": "63838", "revid": "36199", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63838", "title": "Linda Bengtzing", "text": "Linda Bengtzing (born March 13, 1974 in Gullspang, Sweden) is a singer and television host. She has sung three times in the Swedish Melodifestivalen."}
+{"id": "63839", "revid": "1386610", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63839", "title": "Melodifestivalen", "text": "Melodifestivalen (translated as the \"Melody Festival\") is a Swedish annual music competition held to decide Sweden's song and performer at the Eurovision Song Contest. It is organised by Sveriges Television (SVT) and Sveriges Radio (SR).\nHistory.\nIt has been staged under various formats almost every year since Sweden first participated in the Eurovision Song Contest in 1958. The first year, no TV or radio broadcasted event was held, but in 1959, the first public competition was held. The competition is the most popular television programme in Sweden, a title it has held since 2000, at times eclipsing even Eurovision itself. In 2007, an estimated four million Swedes\u2014almost 44% of the country's population\u2014watched the final, while the semifinals averaged around 3.1 million viewers.\nThe winner is chosen by a number of regional juries and a national televote. Until 2001 the competition was normally limited to between eight and twelve songs (in 1981, only five songs), but since the introduction of semifinals in 2002 that number has risen to thirty-two.\nThe Melodifestival has produced five Eurovision-winning songs and fifteen placings in the top five for Sweden at the Contest. The event is often seen as being dominated by light orchestrated pop songs, known locally as Schlager. music\u2014so much so that it is sometimes referred to as \"Schlagerfestivalen\" (the \"Schlager Festival\") or \"Schlager-SM\" (\"Swedish schlager championship\") by the Swedish media but other styles of music such as rap, reggae and glam rock have made an appearance since the competition's expansion. \nThe competition makes a significant impact on music charts in Sweden; twenty-three participants reached the domestic singles chart in 2006 and twenty-one in 2007. There would have been more people taking part, but Agnes Carlsson was disqualified because she discussed her song in an interview with the Aftonblad newspaper.\nFormat.\nCreated in 1958, Melodifestivalen has been the competition which all but one of the Swedish Eurovision entries had to go through. There are typically four \"heats\" of around seven entries each. From each heat, the two most voted-for entries go through to the final while the 3rd and 4th placed entries from each heat go to the \"Second Chance Round\". From this round, four more finalists are chosen. \nIn 2022, the second-chance round was replaced with a semi-final where the eight winners of the heats were taken down to four finalists. In 2024, the semi-final will be scrapped and a new fifth heat will be added.\nWinners.\nThere have been fifty-six winners of Melodifestivalen. "}
+{"id": "63840", "revid": "1651351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63840", "title": "Katie Price", "text": "Katrina Amy Alexandra Alexis Infield Price (born 22 May 1978), also known as Katie Price and her pseudonym Jordan, is an English socialite, media personality and glamour model. \nShe was born in Brighton, East Sussex, England.\nShe first became known as a topless female glamour model in a pictorial \"Page 3\" tabloid newspaper \"The Sun\". Later, her life in the public spotlight allowed her to develop a variety of different activities including television, books, fashion and music.\nHer singles include \"A Whole New World\" with Peter Andre. It peaked at number 12. A solo \"Free To Love Again\" peaked at number 60.\nShe won \"Celebrity Big Brother\" in 2015 and was also a contestant twice on \"I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!\".\nPersonal life.\nPrice has had many plastic surgeries on her breasts and her face. In 2002, Price had a leiomyosarcoma (a type of cancer) removed from her finger. Although estimates of her net worth were approximately \u00a340 million, on November 26th 2019 she was declared bankrupt.\nRelationships.\nShe married Peter Andre in September 2005; they divorced in 2009. She married Alex Reid in February 2010; they divorced in 2011. In January 2013, she married Kieran Hayler. Price has a son, Harvey (born in May 2002), by footballer Dwight Yorke. He is blind, has ADHD and Prader-Willi syndrome and is autistic. She has a son Junior (born June 2005), and daughter, Princess (born June 2007), by Andre. She has a son, Jett (born August 2013), by Hayler. The couple separated in May 2014. Their daughter was born in August 2014.\nShe got engaged to Kris Boyson in July 2019."}
+{"id": "63841", "revid": "1464674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63841", "title": "Nikki Grahame", "text": "Nicola Rachele-Beth \"Nikki\" Grahame (28 April 1982 \u2013 9 April 2021) was a British television personality. \nBig Brother.\nGrahame became famous in the UK when she became housemate on \"Big Brother 7\" in 2006. A former model and promotions girl, Grahame has become renowned for throwing temper tantrums \u2014 behaviour that divided viewer opinion during her time on Big Brother. It led to her being given her own reality television show called \"Princess Nikki\".\nGrahame won a National Television Award for most popular TV contender in 2006. Grahame wrote a regular column in \"OK!'s\" \"Hot Stars\" magazine.\nShe returned to the Big Brother house in June 2015 as a special guest at Big Brother 16, spending a total of 16 days inside the house. She was a HouseGuest in season 4 of \"Big Brother Canada\", having entered the house in March 2016.\nHealth.\nGrahame spent most of her adolescence in psychiatric hospitals. She had the eating disorder anorexia nervosa, a condition that left her comatose and near death at the age of 12. She has told about her experience in two autobiography books called \"Dying To Be Thin - The True Story Of My Lifelong Battle Against Anorexia\" released in 2009 and \"Fragile - The True Story of My Lifelong Battle With Anorexia\" released in 2012. In October 2011, Grahame said she had relapsed and was suffering from anorexia again. She had checked into her 11th institution and weighed just \n. In 2012, Grahame was put in hospital after she took an overdose of pills.\nDeath.\nGrahame died in a private hospital in England on 9 April 2021 from anorexia at the age of 38."}
+{"id": "63842", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63842", "title": "Jc chasez", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63844", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63844", "title": "Venus Williams", "text": "Venus Ebony Starr Williams (born June 17, 1980) is an American professional tennis player. William is a former world No. 1 in both singles and doubles, Williams is often said to be one of the all-time greats of the sport of tennis. She is also an Olympic gold medalist who has won 7 Grand Slam titles. She was ranked World No. 24 as of October 22, 2012 in singles.\nWilliams is the older sister of Serena Williams. Serena has also been ranked as number one in the world. The Williams sisters' are well known for their power games. Venus holds the record for the fastest serve by a female player in a main draw match (128.8 mph).\nPersonal life.\nIn 2003, the sister and personal assistant to Venus Williams, Yetunde Price, was shot dead in Compton, California near the courts on which the sisters once practiced. Shortly after her death, the Williams' family stated their personal distress and grief over the event; declaring her an invaluable \"confidante\".\nOn December 13, 2007, Williams got her associate degree in fashion design from the Art Institute of Fort Lauderdale.\nIn 2011, Williams was forced to stop playing in the US Open before her second-round match after she learned she had Sj\u00f6gren's syndrome. After she learned this, Williams started following a vegan diet and lowered the amount of calories and sugars in her diet.\nIn 2015, Williams got a Bachelor of Science degree in business administration from Indiana University East. She began studying for the degree in 2011 through an agreement between the university and the Women's Tennis Association. The agreement lets athletes play tennis professionally while studying online. Williams has said that she wants to earn a MBA (masters) as well.\nWilliams is a Jehovah's Witness.\nRelationships.\nWilliams has dated golfer Hank Kuehne. They were seen together from 2007 until 2010. In 2012, she met Cuban model Elio Pis. They dated until 2015. She dated publishing heir Nicholas Hammond for two years until 2019.\n2017 car accident.\nOn June 9, 2017, Williams was in an accident in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida. A car collided with her SUV as she was driving through an intersection. The accident caused the death of a 78-year-old man and injured another person in the other vehicle. When the accident happened, Police said that Williams was \"at fault\". After they reviewed the surveillance video, they said that she had not caused it.\nOn December 21, 2017, authorities said that the accident had occurred after Williams' vehicle was unlawfully cut off by an unidentified driver of a third vehicle. A nearby surveillance camera showed that this was not true. Authorities said the accident was caused by the unidentified third driver, not by Williams."}
+{"id": "63845", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63845", "title": "Serena Williams", "text": "Serena Jameka Williams (born September 26, 1981) is an American professional tennis player. She is the younger sister of another former world no. 1 professional female tennis player, Venus Williams.\nPersonal life.\nThe Williams sisters grew up in Los Angeles. She lives in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida, United States with her husband Alexis Ohanian and daughter. She is a Jehovah's witness."}
+{"id": "63849", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63849", "title": "Miki Ando", "text": " is a Japanese athlete. She is best known as a figure skater.\nAndo was born in Nagoya.\nCareer.\nAndo won the 2004-2005 Japanese National Championship; and she placed first again in 2011.\nShe won the World Championships in 2007 and 2011.\nShe was a member of the Japanese team at the 2006 Winter Olympics at Turin in Italy. She also competed at Vancouver in the 2010 Winter Olympics."}
+{"id": "63852", "revid": "8950", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63852", "title": "Avril Levigne", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63853", "revid": "1508758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63853", "title": "Kelly Ripa", "text": "Kelly Maria Ripa (born October 2, 1970) is an American actress, talk show host, and television producer. Ripa, who played Hayley Vaughan on the television soap opera \"All My Children\" from 1990\u20132002, is best known as co-host of the popular syndicated morning talk show \"Live! with Kelly and Ryan\". She is also known for her role as Faith Fairfield on \"Hope & Faith\". Additionally, Ripa and her husband Mark Consuelos own a New York based production company, Milojo.\nIn 2012, \"The Hollywood Reporter\" named her one of the Most Powerful People in Media.\nEarly life.\nRipa was born in Stratford, New Jersey. She is the daughter of Esther, a homemaker, and Joseph Ripa, a labor-union president and bus driver. She has a younger sister, Linda, who is a children's book author. She is of Italian and Irish ancestry. Her father has been the Democratic County Clerk for Camden County, New Jersey since June 2009. She is the first in her family to enter the acting profession. She has studied ballet since age three, plays the piano, and, in her words, is \"no Barbra Streisand,\" but can carry a tune.\nRipa graduated from Eastern High School in Voorhees Township, New Jersey, where she became a cheerleader and was later encouraged by her drama teacher to pursue acting. \"I owe so much of my career to Jim Beckley,\" she said. \"He thought I was a natural performer and so he gave me the lead in the next show.\" She starred in local theatre productions and was discovered while performing in the comedy play \"The Ugly Duckling\" (c. 1941), by A.A. Milne, during her senior year. She attended Camden County College studying psychology, but dropped out and moved to New York City to be an actress."}
+{"id": "63855", "revid": "8630", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63855", "title": "Faith Ford", "text": "Faith Alexis Ford (born September 14, 1964, in Alexandria, Louisiana) is an American television and movie actress. She is best known for her role as Corky Sherwood on \"Murphy Brown\" and as Hope in the television series, \"Hope & Faith\"."}
+{"id": "63856", "revid": "10388127", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63856", "title": "Hope & Faith", "text": "Hope & Faith was an American television series. It was a sitcom that aired for three seasons on ABC from 2003 to 2006. For its first two seasons the series was part of a revived TGIF comedy block.\nThe series starred Faith Ford as Hope and Kelly Ripa as Faith. Ford plays a homemaker with a husband (played by Ted McGinley) and three children. Ripa plays her sister, a soap opera star whose character is killed off, leading her to move in with her sister's family. The series is based in part on the life of its creator, Joanna Johnson, a former cast member of \"The Bold and the Beautiful\". The series featured guest stars such as Tony Curtis, Dean Cain, Robert Wagner, Regis Philbin (Ripa's co-host on \"Live with Regis and Kelly\"), Kathie Lee Gifford, and Mark Consuelos (Ripa's husband).\nThe series was primarily filmed at New York City's Silvercup East, a sister studio to Silvercup Studios, to accommodate Ripa's schedule with \"Live with Regis and Kelly\".\nAll 73 episodes were picked up by the American television network , as the total number of produced episodes was short of what was required for American television syndication."}
+{"id": "63858", "revid": "1685581", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63858", "title": "Live! with Kelly", "text": "Live! with Kelly and Mark is a syndicated American television talk show, hosted by Kelly Ripa and Mark Consuelos.\nThe show began in 1983 as a local New York City program called \"The Morning Show\", hosted by Regis Philbin and Cyndy Garvey (then the wife of Major League Baseball player Steve Garvey). A year later, Garvey left the show and was replaced by Ann Abernathy. In 1985, after Abernathy married and moved to Los Angeles, Kathie Lee Gifford became Philbin's co-host. The show went into national syndication in 1988 as Live! with Regis and Kathie Lee. Gifford left the show in 2000; the show continued as \"Live! with Regis\" while Philbin and the show's producers teamed him with several potential co-hosts.\nIn 2001, Ripa was named as Philbin's co-host, with the show then being renamed Live! with Regis and Kelly. Philbin and Ripa remained a team until 2011; in January of that year, he announced he was leaving the show, with his last show airing on November 18. The show then became Live! with Kelly, with Ripa appearing with a wide array of guest co-hosts. Former New York Giants star defensive lineman Strahan became the new full-time co-host effective with the 2012\u201313 season premiere. At that point the show became Live! with Kelly and Michael.\n\"Live!'s\" mixture of A-list guests and the interaction between co-hosts have made it one of daytime's most popular and venerable talk shows.\nIn 2016, Strahan announced he was leaving the show to join Good Morning America. Ryan Seacrest began hosting in 2017, prompting the show's name change to \"Live! with Kelly and Ryan\". Seacrest left in April of 2023 and was replaced by Ripa's husband, Mark Consuelos, soon afterward."}
+{"id": "63861", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63861", "title": "?", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63862", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63862", "title": "Charley Uchea", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63864", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63864", "title": "Sven-G\u00f6ran Eriksson", "text": "Sven-G\u00f6ran Eriksson (5 February 1948 \u2013 26 August 2024) was a Swedish football manager. \nEriksson managed the national teams of England, Mexico, Philippines, and the Ivory Coast, as well as Manchester City and Leicester City in England. Eriksson has coached in 10 countries: Sweden, Portugal, Italy, England, Mexico, Ivory Coast, Thailand, the United Arab Emirates, China, and the Philippines.\nDeath.\nIn January 2024, Eriksson announced that he was diagnosed with terminal pancreatic cancer. He died from the disease on 26 August 2024 at his home near Sunne, Sweden at the age of 76."}
+{"id": "63865", "revid": "8950", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63865", "title": "Afraid", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63866", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63866", "title": "Jade Goody", "text": "Jade Goody (5 June 1981 \u2013 22 March 2009) was a British television personality. \nShe became famous when she was in the third series of the reality television show Big Brother in 2002. She had been a dental nurse before she went into the Big Brother house. \nGoody starred in fitness DVDs, got somebody to write a book about her, had her own beauty salon and line of perfume. \nGoody was a housemate once again in Celebrity Big Brother 2007. While in the show, there was a lot of controversy because people said that she was racist towards Shilpa Shetty. \nShe had two sons by Jeff Brazier. She married Jack Tweed on 22 February 2009 and died from metastatic cervical cancer a month later (on the 22 of March). She was 27 years old."}
+{"id": "63868", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63868", "title": "Sara Rue", "text": "Sara Rue (born January 26, 1979 in New York City, New York) is an American actress. She played the roles of \"Carmen Ferrara\" on the drama \"Popular\" and \"Claudia Casey\" on the sitcom \"Less Than Perfect\". "}
+{"id": "63869", "revid": "10379959", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63869", "title": "Less Than Perfect", "text": "Less Than Perfect was an American television series. It was a sitcom that began airing on ABC on October 1, 2002 and ended on June 6, 2006. The series is about a young female office employee (played by Sara Rue) and her co-workers The series was directed by Skip Collector and Ted Wass, among others."}
+{"id": "63871", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63871", "title": "Hilary Hahn", "text": "Hilary Hahn (born November 27, 1979) is an American Grammy Award\u2013winning violinist.\nBiography.\nShe was born into a Lutheran family and moved to Baltimore, Maryland at the age of three and began playing the violin one month before her fourth birthday in the Suzuki Program of Baltimore\u2019s Peabody Conservatory.\nHahn became interested in the violin after taking a walk with her father in their Baltimore neighborhood (Zaustinsky 1999). The two passed a branch of the Peabody Conservatory that advertised music lessons for four-year-olds and observed a music lesson where a young boy was playing \"Twinkle Twinkle Little Star\". Hahn began taking lessons the following week and participated in a Suzuki class for about a year.\nIn 1995 Hahn made her international debut in Germany with a performance of the Beethoven Concerto for Violin and Orchestra in D Major with Lorin Maazel and the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra. The concert was broadcast on radio and television throughout Europe. A year later, Hahn debuted at Carnegie Hall in New York as a soloist with the Philadelphia Orchestra.\nBy the age of sixteen, Hahn had completed the Curtis Institute's university requirements, but elected to remain at the Institute for several more years to pursue additional elective courses, until her graduation in May 1999 with a Bachelor Of Music degree. During this time she regularly coached violin with Jaime Laredo, and studied chamber music with Felix Galimir and Gary Graffman. In an interview with PBS in December 2001, Hahn stated that of all the musical disciplines, she is most interested in musical performance (PBS Interview).\nHahn has played with orchestras such as the London Symphony Orchestra, New York Philharmonic, Singapore Symphony Orchestra, just to name a few. She debuted with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra in March 2007.\nShe began performing and touring in a crossover duo with singer-songwriter Josh Ritter in 2005 and (early 2007) with singer-songwriter Tom Brosseau.\nCareer.\nIn 2001, Time Magazine named Hahn as \u201cAmerica\u2019s Best\u201d young classical musician. Throughout her career, Hahn has performed with numerous orchestras around the globe. She previously recorded five albums with Sony Classical, but now records exclusively for Deutsche Grammophon.\nIn 1996 Sony Music signed Hahn to an exclusive recording contract, which made her one of the youngest exclusive artists in the label\u2019s history. Hahn\u2019s first recording, released in 1997, featured selected solo sonatas and partitas by J.S. Bach, and spent weeks as a bestseller on the Billboard classical charts.\nIn addition to being a solo violinist, Hahn has also performed as a chamber musician. Since the summer of 1992 she has performed nearly every year with the Skaneateles Chamber Music Festival in Skaneateles, New York. Between 1995 and 2000 she spent performing and studying chamber music at the Marlboro Music Festival in Vermont, and in 1996 she served as an artist and a member of the chamber music mentoring program of The Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center.\nFrom Sony Classical to Deutsche Grammophon.\nHahn signed with Deutsche Grammophon in 2003 after her contract with Sony expired in 2002. After Hahn completed her part of the contract with Sony, which was for five recordings over six years, she decided against renewing the contract due to the fact that she and Sony did not agree on her future projects (Lark Ascending).\nPersonal.\nIn an interview with \"Strings Magazine\" conducted in 1999, Hahn cited several people as being influential on her development as a musician and a student. Two of these influences include David Zinman, the conductor of the Baltimore Symphony and Hahn\u2019s mentor since she was ten, and Lorin Maazel, with whom she worked in Europe with the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra. In the interview, Hahn also stated that she enjoys watching movies, reading, and writing in her free time. Other hobbies that she lists include: meeting new people, exploring cities, ballet, working out, swimming, and bike riding. She also enjoys animals and rowing (The Daily Princetonian).\nWhat she plays.\nHilary Hahn plays an 1864 Vuillaume violin( II Cannone Guarneri copy) that was formerly owned by the Russian violinist Samuel Lande who was a friend of Klara Berkovich, Hahn\u2019s first teacher. Hahn uses Dominant strings and bows by French bow makers Paul Jombar and Emil Miquel (Zaustinsky 1999). But now, she plays on the 1865 Vuillaume violin( Alard Stradivarius copy) which she bought at Tarisio Auctions.\nOn playing Bach.\nAs of 1999, Hahn has stated that she plays Bach more than any other composer and that she has played solo Bach pieces every day since she was eight (Zaustinsky 1999). The following is an excerpt from the liner notes to Hahn\u2019s album \"Hilary Hahn Plays Bach\":\n\"Bach is, for me, the touchstone that keeps my playing honest. Keeping the intonation pure in double stops, bringing out the various voices where the phrasing requires it, crossing the strings so that there are not inadvertent accents, presenting the structure in such a way that it's clear to the listener without being pedantic - one can't fake things in Bach, and if one gets all of them to work, the music sings in the most wonderful way.\"\nIn a segment on NPR entitled \"\u201cMusicians in Their Own Words\u201d\", Hahn speaks about the surreal experience of playing the Bach \"Chaconne\" (from the Solo Violin Partita No. 2) alone on the concert stage. In the same segment, she also discusses her experiences emulating a lark while playing \"The Lark Ascending\" by Ralph Vaughan Williams. The complete transcript can be found here:\nMusicians in Their Own Words"}
+{"id": "63872", "revid": "10492598", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63872", "title": "Larry King", "text": "Larry King (November 19, 1933 \u2013 January 23, 2021) was an American writer, journalist and broadcaster.\nEarly life.\nKing was born Lawrence Leibel Harvey Zeiger in Brooklyn, New York City to immigrant parents. His father came from Austria and his mother from Belarus. Both parents were Orthodox Jews.\nCareer.\nFor many years, he hosted a nightly interview program on the Cable News Network (CNN) called \"Larry King Live\". The program ran from 1985 to 2010. It was simulcast on Westwood One radio network until 2009. Before that, he hosted a radio talk show on Mutual Radio called the \"Larry King Show.\" There he sometimes told funny stories. He interviewed some 40,000 politicians, athletes and entertainers.\nAwards.\nKing won several awards. He hosted a talk show called \"Politicking\". That show is on Russia Television, an English language television network run by the Russian state.\nViews.\nKing stated he was liberal politically.\nPersonal life.\nKing had a heart attack in 1987 and wrote two books about life with a heart disease. He founded the Larry King Cardiac Foundation in 1988 to help those without insurance cover the costs of treatment. His first show of \"Larry King Live\" was in 1985. He had interviewed every President of the United States (POTUS) since Gerald Ford. Meanwhile, Larry King married eight times. His wives include:\nDeath.\nOn December 22, 2020, King was hospitalized in Los Angeles with heart attack. King died at the age of 87 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center on January 23, 2021 from sepsis. His ex-wife said the infection was not mistakenly related to heart attack. He also died of respiratory failure."}
+{"id": "63877", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63877", "title": "Oprah", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63879", "revid": "10032628", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63879", "title": "Norfolk, Virginia", "text": "Norfolk is a large city in Virginia, United States. It is the 96th most populous city in the United States.\nAs of the census of 2020, there were 238,005 people, 93,447 households, and 51,978 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,724.9/km\u00b2 (4,467.5/mi\u00b2). There were 101,386 housing units at an average density of 734.8/km\u00b2 (1,903.1/mi\u00b2). The racial makeup of the city was 43.2% White, 40.2% African American, 0.6% Native American, 3.8% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 4.0% from other races, and 8.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.7% of the population.\nIt is home to the Norfolk Admirals of the ECHL."}
+{"id": "63880", "revid": "10536", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63880", "title": "List of U.S. big cities", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63881", "revid": "10536", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63881", "title": "Biggest Cities in the U.S.", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63882", "revid": "1524674", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63882", "title": "Cream Lemon", "text": "Cream Lemon is an anime series. It is a collection of short stories. There are many different types of stories in the anime, for example, soap opera (the Ami series), fantasy (Rall series), horror (Cream Lemon Dark) and parody (Pop Chaser). It deals with a lot of heavy perversions including S&M, men being raped by groups of women, bondage, torture, yuri and incest.\nThe first \"Cream Lemon\" OVA was released in August 1984. \"New Century Cream Lemon\" was released from July 27, 2001 to August 23, 2002. \"Cream Lemon New Generation\" was released from March 23, 2006 to May 31, 2006.\n\"Project A-ko\" was originally intended to be a part of this series. \"Cream Lemon\" was one of the first anime series to feature the work of iconic character designer Yoshiyuki Tomino, who is better known for his work on \"Mobile Suit Gundam\". While \"Cream Lemon\" is far from the typical work he\u2019s known for, Tomino\u2019s involvement in the series adds an interesting layer, as it contrasts with the more mainstream works that defined his career. \"Cream Lemon\" is a groundbreaking series in the history of anime, notable for being one of the first to explore adult themes and contribute to the emergence of the \"hentai\" genre. Premiering in 1984, it was produced by the animation studio \"Doi Production\", and each episode was a standalone story, often mixing fantasy, romance, and explicit content. What set \"Cream Lemon\" apart was its willingness to tackle taboo subjects and push the boundaries of what was acceptable in mainstream animation, something that was relatively unheard of at the time. Despite its adult content, \"Cream Lemon\" featured high-quality animation, with notable works by skilled animators who helped elevate the series' visual appeal. Its impact on anime culture is still felt today, as it was a precursor to later adult-themed anime, influencing both the aesthetic and storytelling approach of many series in the genre. \"Cream Lemon\" stands as a controversial yet important part of anime history. One of the key aspects that set \"Cream Lemon\" apart from other anime of its time was its willingness to blend adult themes with high-quality animation. While anime aimed at a mature audience had existed prior to \"Cream Lemon\", most were either too experimental or too niche to reach a broader audience. What made \"Cream Lemon\" significant was that it introduced explicit content in a polished, visually appealing format. The animation quality, considering its adult nature, was highly regarded, and this level of attention to detail helped establish \"Cream Lemon\" as one of the first anime series to showcase the potential for adult themes in a visually captivating way.\nDespite its explicit content, \"Cream Lemon\" is also recognized for trying to incorporate complex narratives and exploring themes of love, relationships, and personal growth. For instance, in some of its episodes, characters were shown grappling with complex emotions, and the interactions, though sexually charged, were sometimes treated with a sense of intimacy and vulnerability that set \"Cream Lemon\" apart from other adult works at the time. Some episodes even ventured into psychological themes, exploring the darker sides of human desire, consent, and the implications of sexual relationships.\nThe influence of \"Cream Lemon\" on the industry was far-reaching. In the years following its release, it inspired many other adult-themed anime, paving the way for series that would push the boundaries of both sexuality and animation. As a direct precursor to later \"hentai\" titles, it influenced not just the thematic content of the genre, but also its aesthetic\u2014helping to define the unique visual style that would come to characterize much of adult anime. The series\u2019 success also demonstrated to producers that there was an audience for adult-themed animation, which, in turn, spurred the creation of more mature anime content in the years that followed.\nFurthermore, \"Cream Lemon\" is a series often debated within the anime community. Some see it as a pivotal moment in the evolution of anime as a medium, showing its potential to explore mature, adult themes. Others criticize it for its explicit content and the ways it contributed to the mainstream visibility of \"hentai\", a genre often viewed as controversial and even problematic by some audiences. Regardless of one's stance on the content, there's no denying that \"Cream Lemon\" had a lasting impact on both the adult animation genre and the broader anime landscape, forever changing the way anime was consumed, appreciated, and critiqued."}
+{"id": "63883", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63883", "title": "Vahan Tekeyan", "text": "Vahan Tekeyan (, January 21, 1878, Constantinople - April 4, 1948) was an Armenian poet, journalist, and public activist. He was educated in Armenian schools in Constantinople and moved to Egypt in 1914, escaping the Armenian Genocide."}
+{"id": "63884", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63884", "title": "Pontic Greeks", "text": "Pontic Greeks, Pontian Greeks, Pontians or Greeks of Pontus (, ) can refer to Greeks specifically from the area of Pontus in the region of the former Empire of Trebizond on the Black Sea coast of Eastern Turkey, or in other cases more generally all Greeks from the shores of the Black Sea or the Pontus. Greeks from Trabzon traditionally speak Pontic Greek. The terms Pontic and Pontian can be used interchangeably."}
+{"id": "63885", "revid": "1582584", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63885", "title": "Nynorsk", "text": "Nynorsk (New Norwegian) is one of the two official written standards of Norwegian; the other is Bokm\u00e5l. It is based on Norwegian dialects and is especially common around Bergen. Ivar Aasen created it during the 19th century as a Norwegian alternative to Danish upon which it is based. Danish was then often written in Norway."}
+{"id": "63887", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63887", "title": "Austrian Armenian Cultural Society", "text": "The Austrian Armenian Cultural Society was founded in 1974 at Vienna, Austria, the Austrian-Armenian Cultural Society is an organization that promotes cultural ties between Armenia and Austria and a lot more. \nIts main goal is to introduce Austrians to the Armenian culture and heritage as well as informing Armenians about the Austrian culture and history. The Austrian-Armenian Cultural Society whose members are Armenians as well as Austrians, e.g. scientists, writers, artists, renowned leaders, and more. The organization is maintaining cultural ties to different organizations in Austria, Armenia and the diaspora. \nAmong its many activities, it runs Armenian language lessons, useful programs to Armenia, youth camping events and way more."}
+{"id": "63888", "revid": "9722733", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63888", "title": "Laredo, Texas", "text": "Laredo is a mid-sized city in southern Texas, United States established in the year 1755. Laredo has a population of 255,205. Hispanics make up 90% of the total population, and the city is largely Catholic. Laredo is a border city which is part of the bi-national metropolitan area of Laredo, Texas - Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, Mexico with a total population over 600,000. The main sources of income for Laredo is international trade, followed by retail sales.\nHistory.\nLaredo was founded by Don Tomas Sanchez under the name of Villa de San Agustin de Laredo in 1755 in a colony called Nuevo Santander in New Spain. Today, most of Nuevo Santander is part of Texas. "}
+{"id": "63892", "revid": "1398040", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63892", "title": "German\u2013Armenian Society", "text": "The German-Armenian Society was founded in Berlin in 1914. Apart from Johannes Lepsius, its original members included the journalist Paul Rohrbach and Armenian author Avetik Issahakyan. The goals of DAG are the promotion and understanding between Germans and Armenians and to safeguard the likings of Armenians living in Germany. \nFurthermore, the DAG defends the rights and interests of Armenian minorities, including in Turkey and other Middle Eastern countries."}
+{"id": "63893", "revid": "10760", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63893", "title": "Middle Eastern", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63894", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63894", "title": "Swiss-Armenian Association", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63895", "revid": "1269178", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63895", "title": "Asbarez", "text": "\"Asbarez\" Newspaper began its publication in August 1908 in Fresno as a weekly. After several successful decades the offices and publishing headquarters moved to Los Angeles in the early 1970s. Today it is still active.\n\"Asbarez\" is the official publisher of the Armenian Revolutionary Federation Western United States Central Committee, and mainly serves the more than 500,000 strong Armenian-American community in the Western states.\nOn May 1, 1970 when \"Asbarez\" began publishing its English section. Today, that section, which became a daily publication in January 1993, is the voice of the community and a source of information within the halls of Congress, in libraries around the country and newsrooms of major media outlets."}
+{"id": "63896", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63896", "title": "ARF History Museum", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63899", "revid": "1660968", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63899", "title": "Nuevo Laredo", "text": "Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas is a mid-sized city in northern Tamaulipas, Mexico established in the year 1847. Nuevo Laredo has a population of 355,827. Nuevo Laredo is a border city which is part of the bi-national metropolitan area of Laredo, Texas, United States - Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas, Mexico with a total population of 575,585. The main sources of income for Nuevo Laredo is international trade, followed by retail sales.\nHistory.\nLaredo, Texas was founded by Don Tomas Sanchez under the name of Villa de San Agustin de Laredo in 1755 in a colony called Nuevo Santander in New Spain. Today, most of Nuevo Santander is part of Texas. Laredo was named after a village in Spain also called Laredo in Cantabria. In 1847, when Texas became part of the United States, 17 families decided to remain Mexican and crossed the Rio Grande into Mexico and established Ciudad Nuevo Laredo."}
+{"id": "63900", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63900", "title": "United States military chocolate", "text": "Military chocolate has been a part of U.S. armed forces rations since 1937, and is issued to troops as part of basic field rations and sundry packs. Chocolate rations served two purposes: as a morale boost, and as a high-energy, pocket-sized emergency ration. "}
+{"id": "63901", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63901", "title": "U.S. armed forces", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63903", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63903", "title": "Marion Bartoli", "text": "Marion Bartoli (born 2 October 1984) is a French retired female professional tennis player.\nHer highest ranking was 7th in the world in singles and 15th in doubles. She won seven Women's Tennis Association tournaments in singles and three in doubles. She was known for playing two-handed shots on both forehand and backhand, which is unusual.\nIn 2007, she played in the Wimbledon final against Venus Williams, after winning against the World Number 1 Justine Henin in the semi-finals. It was considered one of the biggest shocks in Wimbledon history. Bartoli lost against Williams in the final, finishing as runner-up. Bartoli won the Wimbledon singles in 2013.\nBartoli retired in August 2013 due to pain from injuries. She lives in Geneva in Switzerland.\nOther websites.\nBartoli in the Wimbledon final"}
+{"id": "63905", "revid": "1514846", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63905", "title": "Bandana", "text": "A bandana is a triangular or square piece of cloth tied around the head, face or neck. It can be used for protection or decoration. It was made by Middle eastern and south Asians in the city Kashmir. They were wearing it as a symbol of love between the Middle East and South Asia.\nHistory.\nThe word \"bandana\" is thought to derive from the Sanskrit word \u201cbadhnati\u201d, meaning \u201cto bind\u201d or \u201cto tie.\u201d The term traveled through Portuguese as \u201cbandannoe\u201d before being anglicized to \"bandana\" in the mid-eighteenth century. Early bandanas were introduced to Europe through colonial trade from South Asia and the Middle East, gaining popularity in Western cultures by the late 17th century. Bandanas were made from cambric, a plain-woven cotton fabric, although silk versions were also common. "}
+{"id": "63908", "revid": "10255809", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63908", "title": "Roger Federer", "text": "Roger Federer (born 8 August 1981, Basel) is a former professional Swiss tennis player. \nFederer spent 427 weeks at the top spot in the world ranking, the most before Novak Djokovic. He holds the record for most weeks at the top spot in a row, with 237 weeks. Many experts believe that Federer is by far the greatest tennis players of all time. He won 20 Grand Slam singles titles: six at the Australian Open (2004, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2017 and 2018), one at the French Open (2009), eight at Wimbledon (2003 to 2007, 2009, 2012 and 2017) and five at the U.S. Open (2004 to 2008). In 2007, he equalled the record for the most titles in a row (five) at Wimbledon set by Bj\u00f6rn Borg. He won a gold medal at the 2008 Summer Olympics and a silver medal at the 2012 Summer Olympics.\nHe was named the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year for a record four years in a row (2005\u20132008), and again in 2018.\nFederer's first language is Swiss-German and he speaks English, German and French very well. He also speaks some Swedish and Italian. His wife is former tennis player Mirka Vavrinec. After Wimbledon 2009, he became a father of twin girls who were named Charlene Riva and Myla Rose.\nIn May 2014 he became a father again, to twin boys named Leo and Lenny.\nGrand Slam record.\nThis table shows Federer's performance in each Grand Slam tournament in singles competition."}
+{"id": "63910", "revid": "1675140", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63910", "title": "Martina Hingis", "text": "Martina Hingis (born 30 September 1980 in Ko\u0161ice, Slovakia, then Czechoslovakia) is a Swiss professional tennis player who spent a total of 209 weeks as World No. 1. She is known as the \"Swiss Miss\". She has won five Grand Slam singles titles, three at the Australian Open (1997 to 1999), one at Wimbledon (1997) and one at the U.S. Open (1997). She is a dominant player in doubles, winning 10 Grand Slam doubles titles and 3 mixed doubles titles.\nHingis has retired twice from the game. The first time was in 2002, when she was struggling with injuries and was only 22. She returned to tennis in 2005, but retired two years later after sustaining more injuries. A blood test had also proved that she was using cocaine, an illegal drug. In 2013, she returned to playing doubles and became a tennis coach. She won the 2015 Wimbledon doubles title together with Sania Mirza, 19 years after winning her first Wimbledon doubles title in 1996.\nShe was a contestant in the 2009 series of \"Strictly Come Dancing\"."}
+{"id": "63911", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63911", "title": "Noisettes", "text": "The Noisettes are a band from England. They mostly play rock and alternative rock. With Shingai Shoniwa singing and playing bass guitar guitar, Dan Smith playing guitar, and Jamie Morrison who drums.\nThey released their first EP \"Three Moods of the Noisettes\" in April 2005 on the independent record label Side Salad Records which led to signing internationally with Universal Music Group, who released the EP in the US on the Low Altitude imprint.\nNoisettes have performed in Europe and the United States with bands such as TV on the Radio, Tom Vek, Babyshambles, Bloc Party and the Mystery Jets, and Muse. In 2007 the band released their first album \"What's the Time Mr. Wolf?\"."}
+{"id": "63912", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63912", "title": "Rafael Nadal", "text": "Rafael Nadal Parera (born 3 June 1986 in Manacor, Majorca, Spain) is a Spanish professional tennis player who has won 22 Grand Slam singles titles; fourteen at the French Open, four at the US Open, two at Wimbledon and two at the Australian Open. He has been ranked number one in the world for 209 weeks. He plays very well on clay courts, and many people regard Nadal as the greatest clay-court tennis player in history. He plays tennis with his left hand.\nNadal has won 36 ATP Masters Series titles and the 2008 Olympic gold medal in singles. He is a part of the Spain Davis Cup team and has won the cup four times, in 2004, 2008, 2009, and 2011.\nNadal is often known simply as Rafa. He has rivalries against Roger Federer, Novak Djokovic and Andy Murray. Nadal is agnostic.\nGrand slams (Participation and victories).\nThis table shows Nadal's performance in each Grand Slam tournament in singles."}
+{"id": "63913", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63913", "title": "Justine Henin", "text": "Justine Henin (born June 1, 1982 in Li\u00e8ge) is a Belgian former professional tennis player and a World Number 1. She won seven Grand Slam singles titles, including four (and three in a row) at the French Open. She is two-time runner up at Wimbledon but never won the title. Her mental toughness and her one-handed backhand are recognized by great tennis players. One of the greatest tennis player of all time, Billie Jean King has said that Justine is the best player of her generation. She was known as \"Justine Henin-Hardenne\" for a while, until she separated from her husband in 2007 and went back to her maiden name of Justine Henin. She retired in 2008 but announced her comeback on 22 September after seeing the success of her compatriot Kim Clijsters."}
+{"id": "63914", "revid": "5413", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63914", "title": "Justine Henin-Hardenne", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63915", "revid": "5413", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63915", "title": "Wimbeldon", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63924", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63924", "title": "Carla Garapedian", "text": "Carla Garapedian (born 27 February 1961) is an American movie director. She was the anchor of BBC World News. \nMovies directed by Garapedian include:"}
+{"id": "63926", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63926", "title": "Massacres in Erzurum", "text": "The Massacres of Erzerum. Turkish soldiers took an active part in the massacres in Erzeroum. The soldiers began a massacre of the Armenians and the Turkish populace joined in the attack. The shops and houses of the Armenians were pillaged.\nBritish consul.\nFollowing the massacres of Erzeroum of October 30, 1895, a British consul put the hand on two letters sent to his brother and to his parents by a Turkish soldier:\n\"My brother, if you want news from here, we killed 1 200 Armenians, all tiny rooms in p\u00e2t\u00e9e for dog [... ] Mother, I am healthy and except. Father, twenty days ago, we carried out the war against the Armenian incr\u00e9dules. By the grace of God, no misfortune arrived to us. The rumour says that our battalion will be dispatched in your part of the world - if it is the case, we will kill all the Armenians there. Other share, 511 Armenians were wounded, and it perishes about it one or two each day. If you want news of the soldiers and bachi bouzouks, not only one did not bleed of the nose [... ] That God blesses you.\" "}
+{"id": "63927", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63927", "title": "Lake Kari", "text": "Lake Kari () is a lake in Armenia, in the slopes of Mount Aragats. It is mostly formed by ice and snow."}
+{"id": "63928", "revid": "1507217", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63928", "title": "Mount Aragats", "text": "Mount Aragats () is the highest point in Armenia. It is in the province of Aragatsotn, northwest from Yerevan. It is a standalone extinct stratovolcano with four main peaks forming the rim of the crater. It is a popular destination for local alpinists."}
+{"id": "63932", "revid": "593910", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63932", "title": "Crystle Stewart", "text": "Crystle Danae Stewart (born September 20, 1981) is a beauty queen from Houston, Texas. She won the Miss USA beauty contest in to the 2008.\nStewart graduated from the University of Houston in 2007. She won the Miss Texas USA 2008 title in a state pageant held in Laredo, Texas on July 1, 2007. She competed against 121 other contestants. She is the second African American to win the crown at Miss Texas USA. Chelsi Smith was crowned Miss Texas USA 1995. Smith later became Miss USA and Miss Universe.\nStewart became the ninth Texan to win the Miss USA title.\nStewart hosted the Miss Teen USA 2009 competition on July 31, 2009 with Seth Goldman. Goldman and Stewart again hosted the Miss Teen USA pageant on July 24, 2010. Stewart hosted the 2011 Miss Texas USA contest with Jason Feinberg."}
+{"id": "63933", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63933", "title": "Victoria Cross for Australia", "text": "The Victoria Cross for Australia (VC) is the highest military decoration given for bravery \"in the face of the enemy\" to members of the Australia Armed Forces. The medal was called the \"Victoria Cross\", but the name was changed in 1991. The \"Victoria Cross\" was started in 1856 for bravery in the Crimean War. The first medals were made from captured Russian cannons. The Victoria Cross for Australia looks exactly the same as the Victoria Cross.\nThe first winner of the \"Victoria Cross for Australia\" is SAS Trooper Mark Donaldson. Donaldson won the medal for bravery in Afghanistan in September 2008. The medal was given to him in a ceremony on January 16, 2009. He was the first winner of a VC for 40 years."}
+{"id": "63934", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63934", "title": "White Pines Forest State Park", "text": "White Pines Forest State Park, also known as White Pines State Park, is an Illinois state park in Ogle County, Illinois."}
+{"id": "63935", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63935", "title": "George Stainforth", "text": "Wing Commander George Hedley Stainforth AFC RAF (1899 - 27 September 1942) was a British Royal Air Force pilot. He was the first man in the world to exceed 400 miles per hour in an aircraft."}
+{"id": "63936", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63936", "title": "Ion Heliade R\u0103dulescu", "text": "Ion Heliade R\u0103dulescu or Ion Heliade (also known as Eliad or Eliade R\u0103dulescu January 6, 1802 \u2013 April 27, 1872) was a Wallachian-born Romanian academic, Romantic and Classicist poet, essayist, short story writer, newspaper editor and politician."}
+{"id": "63937", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63937", "title": "Chosroid dynasty", "text": "The Chosroids (Khosro[v]iani, Georgian: \u10ee\u10dd\u10e1\u10e0\u10dd[\u10d5]\u10d8\u10d0\u10dc\u10d8) were a dynasty of the kings and later of the ruling princes of the early Georgian state of Iberia, natively known as Kartli, from the fourth to the ninth centuries. Presumably of Iranian origin and a branch of the Mihranid House, the family accepted Christianity as their official religion around the year 337, and maneuvered between the Byzantine Empire and Sassanid, Iran to retain a degree of independence. "}
+{"id": "63939", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63939", "title": "Guaramid dynasty", "text": "The Guaramid Dynasty was the younger branch of the Chosroid royal house of Iberia (Kartli, eastern Georgia)."}
+{"id": "63940", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63940", "title": "George II of Imereti", "text": "George II (; died in 1585), of the Bagrationi Dynasty, was a king of Imereti from 1565 to 1585."}
+{"id": "63941", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63941", "title": "Bagrat III of Imereti", "text": "Bagrat III () (September 23, 1495 \u2013 1565), of the Bagrationi Dynasty, was a king of Imereti from April 1, 1510 to 1565."}
+{"id": "63942", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63942", "title": "1982 Glasgow Hillhead by-election", "text": "The Glasgow Hillhead by-election was held on 25 March 1982. The by-election was caused by the death of the Conservative Party Member of Parliament for Glasgow Hillhead Tam Galbraith on 2 January 1982.\nHillhead had been held by the Conservatives at every election since it was created in 1918. Roy Jenkins was chosen as the candidate for the Social Democratic Party. He was one of the \"Gang of Four\" well known people who started the party in 1981. \nWithin days of Galbraith's death, \"The Glasgow Herald\" predicted that the by-election contest to succeed him would be 'one of the most fiercely contested in Scotland this century'.\nJenkins won with just over one third of the votes cast. Malone, the Conservative took second place, just ahead of Wiseman, the Labour candidate.\nAfter that the SDP had 29 members of parliament, and the party had won three of the four by-elections since it was started one year earlier. Jenkins received \"a hero's reception\" when he joined David Steel at the Scottish Liberal Party's conference at St Andrews the day after his victory. They argued that the Alliance now needed to take the votes of the SNP, with Steel calling on SNP supporters disillusioned with that party to back the Alliance to win Scottish home rule.\nJenkins won the seat again in the 1983 general election, but lost it at the 1987 general election to Labour's George Galloway. "}
+{"id": "63943", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63943", "title": "Solaris", "text": "Solaris is an operating system created by Sun Microsystems in 1992. It was created to run on their workstations (but it can be used on most modern PCs) and is still developed today. It used to be called SunOS until it was renamed to Solaris in 1992. As of 2010, it is one of the main commercial UNIX variants (The others are HP-UX, AIX, and z/OS). Solaris is ultimately based on UNIX System V. With version 10, released in 2009, most parts of it were made Open Source, and released as OpenSolaris. Solaris 10 runs on SPARC processors, as well as the 32-bit and 64-bit Intel and AMD processors. Oracle Corporation acquired Sun Microsystems in January 2010. Oracle continued developing Solaris, but it stopped developing OpenSolaris. OpenSolaris was later forked into the illumos kernel and the OpenIndiana distribution.\nIt is mostly used in advanced servers like the ones that run the Internet, on some workstations, and for programming in languages like Java, having advanced features for programmers."}
+{"id": "63944", "revid": "373511", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63944", "title": "Puja Gupta", "text": "Puja Gupta (born 30 January 1984 in Kozhikode, Kerala, India) was the winner of Miss India Universe in 2007. She represented India in Miss Universe 2007 and placed in the top ten. Puja Gupta wants to be a writer and her hobbies are yoga, writing, horse riding and drawing."}
+{"id": "63945", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63945", "title": "Charles A. Johns", "text": "Charles A. Johns (June 25, 1857 \u2013 January 11, 1932) was an American lawyer, jurist and politician. He served as the 47th Associate Justice of the Oregon Supreme Court."}
+{"id": "63946", "revid": "9390570", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63946", "title": "Saved!", "text": "Saved! is a 2004 American teen comedy movie. It is a religious satire. It is set in Maryland. The movie stars Jena Malone, Macaulay Culkin, and Mandy Moore."}
+{"id": "63947", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63947", "title": "Gibraltar Chronicle", "text": "The Gibraltar Chronicle is a newspaper published daily in Gibraltar since 1801. It is not only the oldest newspaper in Gibraltar, but also the second oldest English newspaper in the world."}
+{"id": "63948", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63948", "title": "Alan Johnston", "text": "Alan Graham Johnston (born May 17, 1962) is a British journalist working for the BBC. On March 12, 2007, he was taken by a group of armed men in Gaza. He was kept as a hostage until he was let free on July 4."}
+{"id": "63949", "revid": "1674917", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63949", "title": "BBC Television Centre", "text": "BBC Television Centre (sometimes abbreviated TVC or TC) in White City, London is home to much of the BBC's television output. Since 1998, almost all of the corporation's national TV and radio news by BBC News is made there too."}
+{"id": "63950", "revid": "1570152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63950", "title": "Liberty Bell", "text": "The Liberty Bell is an important and famous symbol of American independence (freedom). It used to be in the Pennsylvania State House (now known as Independence Hall). The bell was ordered from the London firm of Lester and Pack (which is known as the Whitechapel Bell Foundry today) in 1752. It had the letters \"Proclaim LIBERTY throughout all the land unto all the inhabitants thereof.\" Those words are a part of Leviticus 25:10. The bell first cracked when it was first rung when it came to Philadelphia, and was made again twice by John Pass and John Stow, two workmen. When it was first made, the Liberty Bell was used to make lawmakers come to legislative meetings. It was also used to call people to public meetings. \nBells were rung when the Declaration of Independence was read on July 8, 1776. While there is no record that the Liberty Bell also was rung, most historians believe it was rung with the other bells. In the 1830s, the bell was used as a symbol by abolitionist societies, who called it the \"Liberty Bell\". The bell got its large, well-known crack in the early 19th century. One story claims it was cracked while ringing after the death of Chief Justice John Marshall in 1835.\nThe bell became widely famous after a short story in 1847 claimed that an old bell-ringer rang it on July 4, 1776, after hearing the Second Continental Congress's vote for independence. Actually, the bell could not have been rung on that Fourth of July, because no announcement of the Declaration was made that day. However, many people believed this story. Even some historians accepted it as a fact. From 1885, the City of Philadelphia, which owned the bell, allowed it to go to many different patriotic meetings. Many people came to see the bell, and it grew even more cracked. Pieces were broken off by souvenir hunters. The last such journey was in 1915. After that, the city refused any more requests of that kind.\nFounding (1751\u20131753).\nEver since the city began in 1682, Philadelphia had been using its city bell to make its people know about meetings or civil danger. The first bell hung from a tree behind the Pennsylvania State House, now known as Independence Hall. In 1751, a bell tower was built in the Pennsylvania State House, and the leaders there began looking for a bell which could be heard from far away (the city was growing larger quickly). Isaac Norris, speaker of the Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly, ordered the colony's London agent, Robert Charles, to get a \"good Bell of about two thousands pound weight\".\nWe hope and rely (trust) on thy (your) care and assistance (help) in this affair and that thou (you) wilt (will) procure (get) and forward it by the first good oppo as our workmen inform us it will be much less trouble to hang the Bell before their Scaffolds are struck from the Building where we intend (wish) to place it which will not be done 'till the end of next Summer or beginning of the Fall. Let the bell be cast by the best workmen & examined carefully before it is Shipped with the following words well shaped around it vizt.<br>\nBy Order of the Assembly of the Povince\u00a0 of Pensylvania\u00a0 for the State house in the City of Philada 1752<br>\nthe home of the Liberty Bell was philadelphia \nProclaim Liberty thro' all the Land to all the Inhabitants thereof.-Levit. XXV. 10.\nSo Charles paid Lester and Pack (today the Whitechapel Bell Foundry) \u00a3150 13s 8d, (the same amount of money as about $36,400 today) for the bell, including the cost of taking it to Philadelphia and its insurance. It arrived in Philadelphia in August 1752.\nBecoming a symbol (1847\u20131865).\nA big reason why the bell became famous was because of a writer named George Lippard. On January 2, 1847, his story \"Fourth of July, 1776\" appeared in \"Saturday Review\" magazine. The short story was about an old man on July 4, 1776. It described how he was sitting sadly by the bell, afraid that Congress would not be able to declare independence. Suddenly, a young boy comes to tell the old man to ring the bell. The story was widely reprinted. This made people think of the Liberty Bell and the Declaration of Independence as closely related."}
+{"id": "63951", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63951", "title": "Frank Lloyd Wright", "text": "Frank Lloyd Wright (born Frank Lincoln Wright; June 8, 1867 \u2013 April 9, 1959) was a famous American architect from the early 20th century. He designed all kinds of buildings including banks, holiday resorts, office buildings, churches, a synagogue, a gas station, a beer garden and an art museum.\nWright designed more than 1,000 structures and completed 532 works. Wright believed in designing structures which were in peace with humanity and its environment. He called his belief organic architecture. He used this technique for his design for Fallingwater (1935), which has been called \"the best all-time work of American architecture\". Wright was a leader of the Prairie School movement of architecture and developed the image of the Usonian home, his one-of-a-kind vision for urban planning in the United States.\nHe began an American style of building design and is said to be one of the greatest architects of the twentieth century.\nWright was born in Richland Center, Wisconsin on June 8, 1867 to a farming family.\nHis work includes original and creative examples of many building types. Wright also designed many of the interior elements of his buildings, such as the furniture and stained glass. Wright authored 20 books and many articles and was a popular lecturer in the United States and in Europe.\nHis colorful personal life often made headlines, most notably for the 1914 fire and murders at his Taliesin studio. Already well known during his lifetime, Wright was recognized in 1991 by the American Institute of Architects as \"the greatest American architect of all time.\"\nWright died on April 9, 1959 in Phoenix, Arizona from surgical complications. He was 91 years old.\nEarly life.\nFrank Lloyd Wright was born in the farming town of Richland Center, Wisconsin, United States, on June 8, 1867. He was born Frank Lincoln Wright. His father, William Carey Wright (1825\u20131904), was a locally admired speaker, music teacher, sometimes a lawyer, and minister. William Wright had met and married Anna Lloyd Jones (1838/39 \u2013 1923), a county school teacher of Welsh descent, the previous year when he was employed as the superintendent of schools for Richland County.\nThe Wright family moved from Richland Center to Weymouth, Massachusetts. Afterwards, The Wright Family struggled financially in Weymouth and returned to Spring Green, Wisconsin. They settled in Madison. Although William was a distant parent, he shared his love of music, especially the works of Johann Sebastian Bach, with his children.\nWright attended a Madison High School, but there is no evidence he ever graduated. He was admitted to the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison as a special student in 1886. There he joined Phi Delta Theta fraternity, took classes part-time for two semesters, and worked with a professor of civil engineering, Allan D. Conover. He moved to Chicago, Illinois in 1887.\nEarly career.\nWright did not get along well with other draftsmen. He wrote that several violent events happened between them during the first years of his apprenticeship. Afterwards many other draftsmen showed very little respect for his employees as well. In spite of this, \"Sullivan took [Wright] under his wing and gave him great design responsibility.\" As an act of respect, Wright would later refer to Sullivan as \"Lieber Meister\" (German for \"Dear Master\"). Wright also formed a bond with office foreman Paul Mueller. Wright would later engage Mueller to build several of his public and commercial buildings between 1903 and 1923.\nAs Wright began to work on residential projects for Adler & Sullivan. Wright designed his houses on his own time. Sullivan knew nothing of Wright's works until 1893, when he recognized that one of the houses was a Frank Lloyd Wright design. This particular house, built for Allison Harlan, was only blocks away from Sullivan's townhouse in the Chicago community of Kenwood.\nMany examples of his work are in Buffalo, New York as a result of friendship between Wright and Darwin D. Martin. In 1902, the Larkin Company decided to build a new building. Wright came to Buffalo and designed not only the Larkin Administration Building (completed in 1904, demolished in 1950), but also homes for three of the company's executives including the Darwin D. Martin House in 1904. Wright later built their summer home. He also designed the Graycliff Estate, also designed for Darwin D. Martin and his wife, Isabelle.\n1914 Taliesin murders.\nOn August 15, 1914, while Wright was working in Chicago, Julian Carlton, a male servant from Barbados who had been hired several months earlier, set fire to the living room of Taliesin and murdered seven people with an axe as the fire burned. The dead included Mamah; her two children, John and Martha; a gardener; a draftsman named Emil Brodelle; a worker; and another workman's son. Two people survived the mayhem. One of them helped to put out the fire that almost completely burned the residential wing of the house.\nRight after the attack, Carlton tried to kill himself by drinking muriatic acid . He was nearly lynched on the spot, but was taken to the Dodgeville jail. Carlton died from starvation seven weeks after the attack, despite medical attention.\nFamous works.\nFallingwater.\nFrank Lloyd Wright designed a summer-house in 1935 for the Kaufmann family over a waterfall in Pennsylvania. He called the house \"Fallingwater\". Some people say it is the most famous private home in the world.\nThe house actually sits low in the valley over the stream, but looks dramatic from further downstream. It has large terraces, and some of them stick straight out and hang over the waterfall or the stream. There are windows and glass doors, with only narrow steel supports between them, wrapping all the way around the living room.\nThere are also windows going all the way from the floor to the ceiling in all three stories of the tower.\nMost of the house is made from stone. There are strong horizontal and vertical lines in the design of the house. It resembles the horizontal and vertical lines in the rock formations and other natural features. The waterfall can be heard everywhere in the house. Wright wanted there to be a close connection between inside and outside, and for the house itself to be natural.\nIn 1991, members of the American Institute of Architects named the Fallingwater house the \"best all-time work of American architecture\".\nRobie House.\nOne famous house was called the Robie House. It had a maze like layout and geometric stained glass windows. The Robie House was a unique house with odd shapes, colors and form. He finished making it in 1910, as a house for children. In fact, many children lived and played in that house with their families up until 1926 when it was closed for living in, and closed to the public. Many times, it was planned to be destroyed. However, twice, Wright saved his house from destruction because of the reasons he built it and all the memories of it that he loved so much. It is now being restored at a cost of $10 million.\nJohnson Wax Headquarters.\nAnother famous building by Wright was called the Johnson Wax Headquarters. The building has Wright's idea of the streamlined Art Moderne style popular in the 1930s. In a break with Wright's earlier Prairie School structures, the building features many circular forms and needed over 200 different curved \"Cherokee red\" bricks to create the sweeping curves of the inside and outside.\nThe mortar between the bricks was created in traditional Wright-style to give the horizontality of the building. The warm, reddish hue of the bricks was used in the polished concrete floor as well. The white stone trim and white columns create a slight yet striking difference. All of the furniture, created by Steelcase, was designed for the building by Wright and it mirrored many of the building's unique design features.\nThe entrance is in the structure, entering the building on one side with a covered carport on the other. The carport is supported by short versions of the steel-reinforced (tree-like) concrete columns that appear in the Great Workroom.\nThe Illinois.\nWright proposed to build a skyscraper called The Illinois that would be the height of a distance of a mile. It was intended to be constructed in Chicago, Illinois. It could have included 528 stories, with a gross area of 18,460,000 square feet (1,715,000 m2). Wright stated that there would be parking for 15,000 cars and 150 helicopters.\nSolomon R. Guggenheim Museum.\nThe Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum in New York City. Wright worked on this project for 16\u00a0years (1943\u20131959) and is probably his most recognized masterpiece. The building is on Fifth Avenue. Its interior is similar to the inside of a seashell.\nIts one of a kind central geometry was created to allow visitors to easily see Guggenheim's collection of his paintings by taking an elevator to the top-level and then viewing artworks by walking down the slowly descending, central spiral ramp, the floor of which is lodged with circular shapes and triangular light bulbs to complement the geometric nature of the building.\nHowever, when the museum was completed, some of Wright's design were ignored, such as his desire for the interior to be painted off-white. Further, the Museum currently designs exhibits to be viewed by walking up the curved walkway without walking down from the top-level.\nLater career.\nWright strongly believed in working alone. He did not support the American Institute of Architects during his career, going so far as to call the organization \"a harbor of refuge for the incompetent,\" and \"a form of refined gangsterism.\" When an the Institute called him \"an old amateur\" Wright later responded, \"I am the oldest.\" In 1940, Wright started the Frank Lloyd Wright Foundation. It was set up for educational purposes. It looks after two Wright buildings, Taliesin East in Wisconsin, and Taliesin West in Arizona. It has a library with more than 22,000 of Wright's drawings, and 300,000 documents. It is home to the Frank Lloyd Wright School of Architecture.\nPersonal life.\nFrank Lloyd Wright was married three times and fathered seven children, four sons and three daughters. He also adopted Svetlana Milanoff, the daughter of his third wife, Olgivanna Lloyd Wright. Wright once had an apprentice who was married to Joseph Stalin's daughter.\nHis wives were:\nThe Oscar-winning actress Anne Baxter was Wright's granddaughter.\nWright was a fan of Japanese Art and collected them throughout his career. Wright continued to collect them until his death in 1959. He used prints to help him pay for loans. He often relyed upon his art business to help financially.\nDeath.\nWright died on April 9, 1959, while undergoing surgery in Phoenix, Arizona, to remove an intestinal obstruction. His third wife, Olgivanna, ran the Fellowship after Wright's death, until her own death in Scottsdale, Arizona, in 1985.\nLater that year, it was learned that her dying wish had been that Wright, she, and her daughter by a first marriage all be cremated and relocated to Scottsdale. By then, Wright's body had lain for over 25 years in the Lloyd-Jones cemetery, next to the Unity Chapel, near Taliesin, Wright's later-life home in Spring Green, Wisconsin. Wright's remains were removed from his grave by members of the Taliesin Fellowship. Then, his remains were cremated and sent to Scottsdale where they were later interred in the memorial garden.\nLegacy.\nIn 1966, the United States Postal Service honored Wright with a \"Prominent Americans series\" 2\u00a2 postage stamp. Several of Wright's buildings have been proposed by the United States to be UNESCO World Heritage sites.\nShortly after his death, Simon & Garfunkel recorded \"So Long, Frank Lloyd Wright\" as a tribute to Wright.\nIn 2000, Fallingwater was named \"The Building of the 20th century\" in \"Top-Ten\" poll taken by members attending the AIA annual convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. On that list, Wright was listed along with many of the USA's other greatest architects including Eero Saarinen, I. M. Pei, Louis Kahn, Philip Johnson and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. He was the only architect who had more than one building on the list. The other three buildings were the Guggenheim Museum, the Frederick C. Robie House and the Johnson Wax Headquarters."}
+{"id": "63952", "revid": "9596934", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63952", "title": "Law enforcement in Cuba", "text": "Law enforcement in Cuba is the responsibility of the National Revolutionary Police Force (Spanish: Polic\u00eda Nacional Revolucionaria, PNR) under the administration of the Cuban Ministry of the Interior."}
+{"id": "63953", "revid": "1618062", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63953", "title": "Battle of Damascus (1941)", "text": "he Battle of Damascus (18\u201321 June 1941) was a World War II battle in Syria. When Allied Forces (Including British, Indian, Australian and Free French) captured the city of Damascus from Vichy French soldiers."}
+{"id": "63954", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63954", "title": "Laurence Mancuso", "text": "Laurence Mancuso (born June 30, 1934 - died June 10, 2007) was the founding abbot of the New Skete Eastern Orthodox monastic community in upstate New York."}
+{"id": "63955", "revid": "116667", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63955", "title": "Joseph Jukes", "text": "Joseph Beete Jukes (1811-1869) was a famous English geologist. He wrote of several geological manuals, and served as a naturalist on the trips of the ship \"H.M.S Fly\". He was born to John and Sophia Jukes in Birmingham, England"}
+{"id": "63956", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63956", "title": "Second Severn Crossing", "text": "The Second Severn Crossing () is a bridge over the River Severn between South Gloucestershire in England and Monmouthshire in Wales. \nThe bridge carrie 6 lanes of M4 motorway and is one of the main routes into South Wales. It was opened on 5 June 1996 to allow more traffic than the original Severn Bridge, which opened in 1966. Both bridges are still in use although the newer crossing is more direct and less likely to be closed in strong winds. "}
+{"id": "63958", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63958", "title": "Spitz (band)", "text": "Spitz is a Japanese rock band that set up in 1987. Masamune Kusano is a vocalist and plays the guitar, too. Tetsuya Miwa plays the guitar. Akihiro Tamura plays the bass. Tatsuo Sakiyama plays the drums. Their songs, especially \"Robinson\", \"Cherry\" and \"Soramotoberuhazu,\"are very popular."}
+{"id": "63959", "revid": "9782379", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63959", "title": "Yakima, Washington", "text": "Yakima is a city in the state of Washington."}
+{"id": "63960", "revid": "13560", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63960", "title": "Soda Pop", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63962", "revid": "134900", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63962", "title": "Sprite", "text": "Sprite is a lemon-lime soda, similar to 7 Up and Starry. It is made by the Coca-Cola Company. It has no caffeine.\nVariants.\nThere are many variants of Sprite. According to the Coca-Cola website, currently sold Sprite variants include:\nThere are also flavors exclusive to Coca-Cola Freestyle machines not listed here."}
+{"id": "63964", "revid": "217159", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63964", "title": "University of Washington", "text": "The University of Washington (UW) is the main state university of the U.S. state of Washington. There are over 40,000 students. It is in Seattle, Washington. The University of Washington's sports teams (the Huskies) are part of the Big Ten Conference of the National Collegiate Athletic Association.\nEvery year UW has a rivalry game with Washington State University. This game is called the Apple Cup in which the two football teams play each other. As of the year 2010 the University of Washington has won 66 Apple Cups and Washington State University only has 31. The longest consecutive wins of the Apple Cup belongs to U.W. with 8 consecutive wins, with Washington State at 2 consecutive wins."}
+{"id": "63965", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63965", "title": "Howl", "text": "Howl may mean:"}
+{"id": "63966", "revid": "10132306", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63966", "title": "The Hershey Company", "text": "The Hershey Company (), until April 2005 Hershey Foods Corporation, commonly called Hershey's, is America's largest chocolate company. Its main office is in Hershey, Pennsylvania, a town that smells strongly of cocoa on some days, and home to Hershey's Chocolate World. The company was founded by Milton S. Hershey in 1894 as the Hershey Chocolate Company. Hershey's candies and other products are sold around the world. Popular Hershey candy is Hershey milk chocolate, Reese's, KitKat, Hershey kisses, Twizzlers, Jolly Rancher, Icebreakers gum, Payday, and Dot's pretzels."}
+{"id": "63967", "revid": "1674917", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63967", "title": "Totally Spies!", "text": "Totally Spies! is a French/Canadian animated series produced by Marathon Media and Image Entertainment Corporation. The show was first broadcast on November 3, 2001 on ABC Family in USA. It was also broadcast on TF1 in France and Teletoon in Canada.\nTotally Spies! The Movie was released on July 22, 2009 in France. The show had been running since 2001. A sixth season was confirmed by Marathon Media to premiere on September 4, 2013. 156 episodes divided in 6 seasons\nPlot.\nThe series centers around the adventures of three teenage girls - Sam, Alex and Clover - who live a double life as spies working for the World Organization of Human Protection (WOOHP). The girls are recruited by the organization's leader, Jerry Lewis, to solve crises that arise around the world. Many of their missions involve dealing with disgruntled villains who have been wronged in some form during their past. Several have exacted revenge on the spies by invading their personal lives. The b-stories focus on the girls' daytime lives as high school students, dealing with relationships, school and school rivals.\nEpisodes.\nThe show premiered a season 1 with 26 episode a second season with 26 episodes a Third season was Co-produced by Image and Teletoon. The show had a third season with 26 episodes, a Fourth season with 26 episodes and a Fifth season with 26 episodes it was going to be canceled but a Sixth season of Totally Spies! was confirmed in 2011 by Marathon Media with 26 episodes to be in production or making in 2012 with TF1 and The Walt Disney company France each episode was 26 minutes long Zodiak Kids licensing to TF1 France, Teletoon Canada, Super DEA Kids Italy, Nickelodeon Central and Eastern Europe, Nickelodeon Germany, Nickelodeon Netherlands and Cartoon Network Latin America\nMovie.\n\"Main Article\" : Totally Spies! The Movie\nTotally Spies! The Movie 2009 film by Marathon Media hit 110 theaters in France and Netherlands. The Film was awarded 2011 kidscreen \nRelease.\nBroadcast.\nTotally Spies premiered on November 3, 2001 on ABC Family. It later premiered in Europe on channels such as Germany's ProSieben, France's TF1 and the United Kingdom's Channel 4 during the spring of 2002. The show later moved to Cartoon Network, where it attracted 1.6 million viewers (aged 4 \u2013 10) daily and continued airing until 2009. The show has also attracted over one million viewers in France since its debut. It was later re-licensed and its sixith season, along with Totally Spies! The Movie and the show's spin off The Amazing Spiez!. The show aired its sixth season in France and is being broadcast around Europe. The Amazing Spiez! was broadcast in France on TF1, Canada on Teletoon, Japan on NHK, USA on Cartoon Network, Southeast Asia on Disney Channel Asia. The sixth season of Totally Spies! was re-licensed with new and old broadcasters! The sixith season made its debut on its Original network of TF1 in France on September 4, 2013 and Teletoon in Canada on September 7, 2014.\nHome media.\nGood Times Entertainment released seasons 1-3 formated on DVD on Amazon."}
+{"id": "63968", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63968", "title": "Screamers (2006 movie)", "text": "Screamers is a 2006 documentary by director Carla Garapedian. "}
+{"id": "63972", "revid": "7365", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63972", "title": "Yakima", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63973", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63973", "title": "Hershey's", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63977", "revid": "1508758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63977", "title": "Ross Bagdasarian", "text": "Ross Bagdasarian (January 27, 1919 \u2013 January 16, 1972) was an American pianist, songwriter, actor, and record producer of Armenian descent. He was born in Fresno, California. During his professional life he was better known by the stage name David Seville, which he used on his recordings featuring Alvin and the Chipmunks."}
+{"id": "63978", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63978", "title": "Shawn Michaels", "text": "Michael Shawn Hickenbottom (born July 22, 1965), better known by the ring name Shawn Michaels, is an American television presenter, actor, and retired professional wrestler, he has been given the nickname of \"The Heartbreak Kid\" (sometimes referred to as HBK). He used to perform on the Raw brand of World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). Michaels retired from wrestling after a loss to The Undertaker. He is a 2011 inductee in to the WWE Hall of Fame.\nMichaels is one of the two wrestlers that performed on the very first episode of \"WWF Monday Night RAW\" that is still part of the company, the other being The Undertaker."}
+{"id": "63979", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63979", "title": "Glaciers", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63980", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63980", "title": "Denali", "text": "Denali, called Mount McKinley by the U.S. government since 2025, is the highest mountain peak in both the United States and North America, and one of Seven Summits. It is exactly high. It is in the highest part of the Alaska Range.\nName.\nDenali means \"the high one\" in the Athabaskan language. In 1896, a gold prospector named it Mount McKinley after William McKinley, who would win the presidency that year. The U.S. government adopted \"Mount McKinley\" in 1917. In 1975, the Alaskan government began calling the mountain \"Denali\". The U.S. government followed suit in 2015. In 2025, President Donald Trump ordered government agencies to once again call the mountain \"Mount McKinley\".\nLocation.\nDenali is in the middle of the Alaska Range. It is about north-northwest of Anchorage and southwest of Fairbanks. The summit is about from the nearest major road, the George Parks Highway."}
+{"id": "63981", "revid": "1248114", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63981", "title": "Dune", "text": "In physical geography, a dune is a hill or ridge of sand, usually deposited by eolian processes (wind) or sometimes by the flow of water. Dune fields cover large parts of some\u00a0deserts,\u00a0and some beaches have dunes. Mars has many dunes. Sand dunes have different forms and sizes based on their interaction with the wind. Sometimes they migrate downwind. "}
+{"id": "63982", "revid": "10495", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63982", "title": "Sand dunes", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63983", "revid": "373511", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63983", "title": "Hurri", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63987", "revid": "9907", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63987", "title": "15 July", "text": ""}
+{"id": "63994", "revid": "1676619", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63994", "title": "Detective", "text": "A detective is a person who figures out who committed a crime. Most detectives are police officers. Some are hired by a private person or company, for example to stop theft. Those are called private investigators. There are many stories about detectives. Some famous fictional (not real) detectives are Sherlock Holmes, Inspector Clouseau, Nancy Drew, The Hardy Boys.\nDetectives will search public and private databases, investigate people and examine evidence in order to solve the case."}
+{"id": "63999", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63999", "title": "Kieran Richardson", "text": "Kieran Edward Richardson (born 21 October 1984) is an English former professional footballer who played as a winger, left-back, or central midfielder.\nHonours.\nManchester United Youth\nManchester United\nAston Villa"}
+{"id": "64000", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64000", "title": "Juan Pablo Montoya", "text": "Juan Pablo Montoya (born September 20, 1975 in Bogot\u00e1, Colombia) is an IndyCar Series racecar driver. He used to race in NASCAR and Formula 1. His wife is named Connie and he has a son and a daughter. He was a CART champion winning the Indianapolis 500., his first win in \"NASCAR\" came in 2007 and the second in 2010 for Chip Ganassi's racing team. He was in Formula One from 2000 to 2006 winning at 7 Grand Prix's one of them in Monte Carlo, Monaco. While in NASCAR, he drove for Earnhardt Ganassi Racing (his old CART Team), and his teammate was Jamie McMurray. He left Ganassi and NASCAR in 2014 to race IndyCars for Penske Racing. In 2014, he won his first race since leaving NASCAR when he won a race at Pocono Raceway."}
+{"id": "64002", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64002", "title": "Riyo Mori", "text": "Riyo Mori (born 24 December 1986 in Aoi-ku, Shizuoka, Japan) is a pageant titleholder. She won the Miss Universe 2007 title in May 2007. She was the second woman from Japan to hold the title. (The first Miss Universe winner from Japan was Akiko Kojima in 1959.) Mori is the eleventh Asian woman to win the pageant.\nIn 2008, Mori crowned Dayana Mendoza of Venezuela as Miss Universe 2008. "}
+{"id": "64004", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64004", "title": "Aeolian processes", "text": "Eolian (or aeolian or \u00e6olian) is an event that occurs in nature. It is related to the winds and its ability to modify the surface of the Earth and other planets.\nWinds cause erosion, and move sand and other materials. Wind is powerful in dry regions with sparse vegetation, such as deserts. Although water is, generally speaking, a much more powerful eroding force than wind, aeolian processes are primary in deserts.\nSand dust from the Sahara gets all over Europe, and even as far as the Amazon basin. Winds and global air movements are what causes this widespread travel of materials from the ground."}
+{"id": "64005", "revid": "19506", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64005", "title": "American Girl", "text": "The American Girl series is a series of books and accompanying dolls about fictional girls who live in different time periods in America's history. The American Girl series was first created by The Pleasant Company in 1986, founded by Pleasant T. Rowland. Today, the dolls and books are made by Mattel, a large toy company. Each doll has her own line of accessories that includes a series of books about her life, furniture, clothing, pets, and things that she would use or play with. For some dolls, a doll of her best friend is included in the collection. Four of the dolls have had movies made about their stories. \n'Retired' dolls.\nThere have also been some dolls who have been \"retired\":\nGirl of the Year.\nThere is also another line of dolls called \"Girl of the Year,\" (called \"American Girl of Today\" before 2006). Each girl stars in her two book (one book before 2007) series. Their stories take place in modern times in the year they are released. The line was made starting in 2001. However, there wasn't a Girl of the Year in 2002 and 2004 due to low sales of Lindsey. These are the Girls of the Year:"}
+{"id": "64006", "revid": "45220", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64006", "title": "American Girl series", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64014", "revid": "508885", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64014", "title": "Hot spring", "text": "A hot spring is a spring produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater from the top layer of the Earth's ground. Hot springs are in many places, especially in mountains. The water issuing from a hot spring is heated by geothermal energy, i.e., heat from the Earth's mantle.\nDefinitions.\nThere is no universally accepted definition of a hot spring. For example, one can find the phrase \"hot spring\" defined as "}
+{"id": "64015", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64015", "title": "Sergei Parajanov", "text": "Sergei Parajanov ( \"Sargis Hovsepi Parajanyan\"; \"Sergej Iosifovich Paradzhanov\"; also spelled Paradzhanov or Paradjanov), (January 9, 1924 \u2013 July 20 1990), is considered by many to be one of the most original and critically acclaimed filmmakers of the 20th century. His work reflected the ethnic diversity of the Caucasus where he was raised.\nEarly life.\nHe was born to Armenian parents Iosif Paradjanyan and Siranush Bejanyan, in Tbilisi, Georgia. In 1945, Parajanov traveled to Moscow, enrolled in the directing department at VGIK, one of the oldest and highly respected film schools of Europe, and studied under the tutelage of directors Igor Savchenko and Aleksandr Dovzhenko.\nPersonal life.\nIn 1950 Parajanov married his first wife, Nigyar Kerimova in Moscow. She came from a Muslim Tatar family and converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity to marry Parajanov, to terrible consequences: she was later murdered by her relatives in retaliation for her conversion. As a result of this tragic event Parajanov moved to Kyiv. There he produced several documentaries (\"Dumka\", \"Golden Hands\",\n\"Natalia Uzhvy\") and a handful of narrative films based on Ukrainian and Moldovan folktales, such as \"Andriesh\", \"Ukrainian Rhapsody\", and \"Flower on the Stone\". He became fluent in Ukrainian, remarried (Svetlana Ivanovna Sherbatiuk in 1956) and had a son (Suren, 1958)."}
+{"id": "64016", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64016", "title": "Artavazd Peleshyan", "text": "Artavazd Peleshyan (born November 22, 1938) is an Armenian movie director. He makes documentaries.\nPeleshyan is also the author of many books, such as his 1988 book \"Moyo kino\" (\"My Cinema\").\nPeleshyan's work has not been recognized by world cinema until after the fall of the Soviet Union. Since then, he has been able to make two more short films, \"Life\" (1993) and \"The End\" (1994). He is now living in Moscow and suffering from a severe mental illness."}
+{"id": "64019", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64019", "title": "Dress", "text": "A dress is one of the basic styles of female clothing. It is a garment of a skirt (bottom half) with an attached bodice (top half). The colouring and style of the dress gives the effect of a one-piece garment. A dress is also known as a frock or a gown. In Europe and the Americas, dresses are worn by females of all ages as an alternative to a separate skirt and blouse or trousers.\nThere are many types of dresses. A dress is usually worn at formal occasions, such as a wedding or a dance. It is also worn in the summer to keep cool. Younger females tend to prefer shorter skirts than older females.\nHistory.\nIn the 11th century, women in Europe wore dresses that were like men's tunics and were loose with the hem(the very bottom cloth of a dress) below the knees or lower. \nLater in the 1550s French women were inspired by Spanish-style bodices and also wore ruffs(a frilly circle worn on the neck). In England, Queen Elizabeth said what kinds of dresses women could wear. \nDuring the 17 century, Lace and slashing(when fabric is layered and cut so it feels like velvet) became popular decorations. Skirts were full, and the overskirt(the skirt worn over all the others) allowed the display of an underskirt of contrasting fabric. Necklines became lower as well.\nSkirts were wide and supported by hoop underskirts in the 18th century. One-piece gowns were popular until the middle of the century. During the 1760s in France, hoop petticoats(undergarments like skirts) were reduced in size. Women also liked lighter colors and lighter fabrics.\nWomen's dresses in the 19th century began to be sorted by the time of day or purpose of the dress. Dresses with high waists were popular until around 1830. Europeans styles in dresses increased quickly to the hoop skirt and the crinoline using styles of the 1860s. Dresses had \"day\" bodice with a high neckline and long sleeves, and an \"evening\" bodice with a low neckline and very short sleeves. Skirts of the 1860s had a lot of decoration."}
+{"id": "64021", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64021", "title": "Giza", "text": "Giza or Gizah (Arabic, \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0632\u0629, transliterated \"al-G\u012bzah\"; pronounced in dialect of Cairo of Egyptian Arabic \"eg-G\u012bza;\" also sometimes spelled in English as Gizeh, Ghizeh, or Geezeh) is a city in Egypt. It is on the west bank of the Nile river. It is about 20\u00a0km southwest of central Cairo. Today it is part of the greater Cairo metropolis. It is the capital of the Al Jizah Governorate, and is near the northeast border of this governorate in coordinates . It is right on the banks of the Nile River. It had 4,779,000 people living in it in 1998.\nGiza is known for being the place where the Giza Plateau is. The plateau is the site of some of the most impressive ancient monuments in the world. There are a complex of ancient Egyptian royal mortuary and sacred structures there. These include the Great Sphinx, the Great Pyramid of Giza, and a number of other large pyramids and temples.\nThe Great Pyramid of Giza was once advocated (1884) as the location for the Prime Meridian, a reference point used for determining a base longitude.\nHistory.\nGiza's most famous archaeological site, the Giza Plateau, holds some of the most astonishing monuments in Egyptian history. Once thriving with the Nile that flowed right into the Giza Plateau, the Pyramids of Giza were built overlooking the ancient Egyptian capital of Memphis, which was near modern-day Cairo.\nThe Giza Plateau is also home to many other Ancient Egyptian monuments, including the tomb of Pharaoh Djet of the First dynasty as well as that of Pharaoh Ninetjer of the Second dynasty.\nThe city itself has seen changes over time. Changes in infrastructure during the different occupations of Egypt by various rulers, including the British in the 19th and early 20th century, focused on the construction of roads, streets, and buildings in the area. It is commonly misunderstood that the Giza area is a complete desert area; however, Giza has become a thriving centre of Egyptian culture and is quite heavily populated, with many facilities and buildings in the current area. Giza saw much attention in particular to its vast amount of ancient Egyptian monuments found on the Giza Plateau, and has astonished thousands of visitors and tourists over the years. Giza's infrastructure saw much attention from both the British government prior to the 1952 coup d'\u00e9tat as well as the current Egyptian government due to the city's importance in tourism.\nParts of Giza include Alharam famous in the past for its night clubs, Zamalek predominantly populated by middle class Egyptians and relatively recently overpopulated Almohan\nInternational access.\nAccess to the city of Giza, which has its own Governorate adjacent to the governorate of Cairo, is dependent on Cairo International Airport, since no official International Airport is located in Giza.\nFictional references.\nGiza is also known for its appearance as a dig and discovery site in the fictional universe of Stargate. An interplanetary transportation device is found and is the central basis for a movie and 2 popular television shows."}
+{"id": "64022", "revid": "8950", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64022", "title": "Fishy", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64023", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64023", "title": "Thorn", "text": "Thorn has several meanings:"}
+{"id": "64024", "revid": "8554841", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64024", "title": "Thorns, spines and prickles", "text": "Botanists use three different words for sharp things on plants. They are thorns, spines, and prickles. Thorns are the ends of branches that are hard and sharp. Spines are hard structures with sharp ends. There are many different kinds of spines. Some are on leaves, and some grow instead of leaves. Prickles are on the outside of stems. \nSpines, prickles, and thorns protect plants from plant-eating animals (defence against herbivory). Some plants and animals, such as the acacia tree and giraffe have evolved in response to each other. The plants grow very long spines and the animals develop very long tongues to reach past the spines and feed on the leaves."}
+{"id": "64026", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64026", "title": "Pope Pius IX", "text": "Pope Pius IX (, ; May 13, 1792 \u2013 February 7, 1878), born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Feretti, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 256th Pope, from 1846 until his death. Only Saint Peter himself led the church longer than the 32-year reign of Pius IX.\nIn 2000, he was beatified, which is a step in the process of naming a saint of the Catholic Church.\nCareer.\nMastai-Feretti was ordained as a priest in 1819.\nBishop.\nFather Mastai-Feretti was named Bishop of Spoleto in 1827. In 1877, the Golden Jubilee celebrations recalled the 50 years since he was named a bishop.\nCardinal.\nIn 1840, Pope Gregory XVI made Bishop Mastai-Feretti a cardinal.\nPope.\nCardinal Mastai-Feretti was elected Pope in 1846; and he took the name Pius IX.\nIn 1846, Pius IX declared an amnesty for political prisoners.\nIn 1848 he ordered that the gates to the Jewish ghetto in Rome be knocked down.\nPius formally defined the dogma of the Immaculate Conception.\nPapal States.\nIn 1849, Pius was deposed as the temporal ruler of the Papal States. As a result of Italian nationalism and the Risorgimento, the Papal States and all of the pope's land outside the Apostolic Palace were seized in 1870 and pope spent his last years a virtual prisoner within the Vatican. \nFirst Vatican Council.\nIn 1869-1870, Pope Pius brought together the church's bishops and cardinals in a meeting called the Vatican Council (not to be confused with the Second Vatican Council which occured almost a century later). The council defined the dogma of papal infallibility.\nPius died at age 85.\nAfter his death.\nThe process of recognizing Pius IX as a saint began in 1907.\nThe body of Pope Pius IX was exhumed in 1956. This was part of a ceremony of \"recognition\".\nPreparations for beatification were almost finished in 1962; and they were completed in 1984."}
+{"id": "64028", "revid": "1389430", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64028", "title": "Sickle", "text": "A sickle is a curved cutting tool used in agriculture for harvesting grain crops. It is a hand tool and was used before machines for harvesting. It has a curved blade with an attached handle. The inside part of the curve is sharp, so the user can swing the blade against the crop's base (stem or stalk), catching it in the curve and slicing it. Some sickles have a serrated (toothed) blade like a saw.\nA sickle is sometimes used as a weapon. In Greek mythology, Cronus and Perseus did this.\nA sickle and a hammer are the symbols of the Soviet Union and Communism. The sickle symbolizes the farmers and the hammer symbolizes the workers in factories."}
+{"id": "64029", "revid": "11132", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64029", "title": "Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64030", "revid": "10464557", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64030", "title": "Kilometres per hour", "text": "Kilometres per hour (km/h or km\u00b7h\u22121) is a unit of measurement for speed or velocity. \nDefinition.\nBy definition, an object travelling at a speed of one km/h in a straight line for one hour moves one kilometre. The unit is the most commonly used unit of speed worldwide, more common than the SI unit of speed, metres per second (m/s or ms-1)."}
+{"id": "64031", "revid": "5413", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64031", "title": "Km/h", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64032", "revid": "10123855", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64032", "title": "Amanda Bynes", "text": "Amanda Laura Bynes (born April 3, 1986) is an American actress, former program host on Nickelodeon and fashion designer. After appearing in several successful television series on Nickelodeon in the late 1990s and early 2000s, including her own series, \"The Amanda Show\", Bynes had migrated into a movie career and starred in several movies aimed at teenage audiences. These included \"Big Fat Liar\", \"She's the Man\", \"Hairspray,\" and \"Easy A\". She and Drake Bell are the only cast members to have appeared in every episode of \"The Amanda Show\".\nBynes has been described by \"The Boston Globe\" as having an \"everygirl\" appeal, embodying \"both everything her teen fans dream of being and everything they know they really are, and they love her for it.\" In 2006, she was named one of \"Teen People's\" \"25 Hottest Stars Under 25\". \nShe was listed on the 2007 Forbes list as the fifth among the highest paid celebrities under 21, her earning $2.5 million.\nCareer.\nOn June 19, 2010, Bynes said on her Twitter that she is retiring from acting saying she does not like it as much as she used to. A month later, Bynes changed her mind and returned to acting.\nAgain in 2012 she said that she is retiring from acting.\nPersonal life.\nIn April 2012 Bynes was arrested for side-swiping a police car. In June 2012 she was charged with driving under alcohol or drugs when she was arrested in April.\nIn May 2013 Bynes was arrested at her house in Manhattan for having marijuana. In July she was arrested after she set fire to a stranger's driveway. The police decided that she should be kept for psychiatric evaluation for her own safety. Since September 2013 Bynes has been in The Canyon rehab in Malibu for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder treatment.\nOn March 20, 2023 Bynes was found roaming the streets of Downtown Los Angeles unclothed. Bynes waved down a car and told them she was \"coming down from a psychotic episode\". After calling 911 herself, Bynes was taken to a nearby police station and after an evaluation by mental health officials, she was placed under a psychiatric hold. This comes merely days away from her one-year anniversary of being released from her conservatorship held by her parents Rick and Lynn Bynes."}
+{"id": "64033", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64033", "title": "Exclamation mark", "text": "An exclamation mark (!) is a punctuation mark. It is used to show strong emotion at the end of a sentence or after an interjection. \nHistory.\nThe exclamation mark is made by putting a vertical line over a period. It is thought that it came from the Latin exclamation \"io\", which shows joy. Over time, the I got put above the o and later the o became a dot.\nUses.\nIn coding, \"!\" sometimes means \"not\". In mathematics, the use of an exclamation mark can be used for the factorial function (for example, formula_1)."}
+{"id": "64034", "revid": "1006116", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64034", "title": "!", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64035", "revid": "9890", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64035", "title": "Michelangelo's David", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64036", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64036", "title": "Yupik", "text": "The Yupik (in the Central Alaskan Yup'ik language, Yup'ik, plural Yupiit) people are a group of native people who mainly live in certain parts of Alaska, somewhere near Fairbanks. The 1918 influenza pandemic killed many of the indigenous people in Alaska. Many died during famines and the culture suffered when the Soviet government made villagers move. Some of the Yupi'k people's traditions are celebrating the dead. They celebrate by having ceremonies with a shaman, where they connect with the dead. They also name the next child born after the most recent person who has died."}
+{"id": "64041", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64041", "title": "Anna Kournikova", "text": "Anna Sergeevna Kournikova (born June 7, 1981, in Moscow, Russia, then USSR) (Russian: \u0410\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0421\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0435\u0435\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u041a\u0443\u0440\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0430) is a Russian model and retired professional tennis player. She won two Grand Slam doubles tournaments, both with Swiss player Martina Hingis. In 1999, the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) said she was the best doubles player in the world. She also played tennis for Russia in an international competition called the Fed Cup.\nKournikova played in her last Grand Slam tournament in 2009. Since then, she modeled clothes and played in exhibition tennis matches. Although she was born in Russia, she lives in Miami, Florida, in the United States. She appeared in several advertisements mainly about tennis. As of July 2008, her boyfriend is Spanish singer Enrique Iglesias.\nPersonal life.\nKournikova was born in Moscow, Russia, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1981. Her mother is called Alla, and her father is called Ser. She first picked up a tennis racket when she was five years old and joined the Spartak Tennis Club. She improved very much and when she was 10 years old she moved to Florida to train at an academy.\nIn 2000, it was reported that she was going to marry Russian NHL player Pavel Bure. Another Russian ice hockey player, Sergei Fedorov, who played for the Detroit Red Wings said he married Kournikova in 2001, but they divorced later that year. In 2002, she was in a music video with Enrique Iglesias for his song \"Escape\". She was Iglesias's girlfriend after this video, but she later said she did not want to get married. Iglesias said Kournikova kept saying no when he would ask her to marry him. He said \"I always try, but she doesn't want to.\" Kournikova has said that she is not interested in getting married: \"I'm never getting married. Everything is good.\"\nIn 2002, she was the second most popular athlete searched for on Google, and was voted the \"Sexiest Woman In The World\" by FHM readers. However, some experts working for ESPN voted her the 18th biggest sports failure from 1979 to 2004.\nIt is estimated Kournikova earned about \u00a350 million in her career as of 2007, but most of this did not come from tennis. She said \"You cannot just be a great tennis player or just be a beautiful person to succeed in the game any more. You have to have it all: the talent, the looks, the brains and the drive.\"\nOn December 16, 2017, Anna and Enrique Iglesias welcomed twins, a boy and a girl born in Miami.\nPlaying style.\nKournikova holds her racket in her right hand but uses both hands when she plays backhand shots. She is a good player at the net. She has several different types of shots, some of which are her hard shots from the back of the court and drop shots which land just over the net.\nProfessional tennis career.\nOverview.\nKournikova became a professional tennis player in October 1995 when she was 14 years old. In 1996, the WTA gave her a prize for being the best new player in the world. She won the first of her 16 WTA tour doubles titles in September 1998 in Tokyo, in Japan. Her partner for the victory was American player Monica Seles. After this, Kournikova would often play her doubles matches with Swiss player Martina Hingis. She finished the year in the top 20 women tennis players in the world. In 1999, the pair won five doubles tournaments, one of which was the Australian Open, and they came second in the French Open. That year, the WTA gave them an award for being the best doubles pair in the world. Kournikova won six doubles tournaments in 2000, four of them with Hingis.\nIn 2001, Kournikova suffered an injury to her foot which meant she was unable to play in many tournaments that year. She got better and won the doubles tournament at the Australian Open in 2002, again with Hingis. Other injuries like a bad back meant that in 2003, Kournikova played very few tournaments and said \"I do not want to go on playing unless I can participate 100%\".\nKournikova also played tennis for Russia in the Fed Cup. She played both singles and doubles and won 12 out of 19 matches between 1996 and 2000.\nGrand Slam record.\nSingles.\nThe following table shows how far Kournikova progressed in each of the Grand Slam singles tournaments she has played in.\nDoubles.\nKournikova won two doubles tournaments. She won the 1999 Australian Open with Swiss player Martina Hingis when they defeated Lindsay Davenport and Natasha Zvereva. Kournikova and Hingis won the 2002 Australian Open, when they defeated Daniela Hantuchov\u00e1 and Arantxa S\u00e1nchez Vicario. They were also runners-up in the 1999 French Open where they lost to the American pair Venus and Serena Williams. At the end of 1999, Kournikova was the best doubles player in the world.\nKournikova has also played mixed doubles. She was runner-up with Swede Jonas Bj\u00f6rkman in 1999 at the Wimbledon Championships. She also finished runner-up with Max Mirnyi from Belarus in the 2000 US Open.\nVictories.\nThe following table is a summary of the Women's Tennis Association and Grand Slam tournaments won by Kournikova.\nModeling and sponsorship.\nKournikova began to be a model while she was still playing tennis. When she lost in the first round at Wimbledon in 2002, she had an interview with a reporter from the BBC. The reporter suggested that her modeling was making her concentrate less on tennis. This upset her and she nearly walked out of the interview. She said she was \"100% committed to tennis\".\nKournikova sponsored a video game called \"Anna Kournikova's Smash Court Tennis\" for the Sony PlayStation in 1999. She was also sponsored by sportswear manufacturer Adidas and sports bra manufacturer Berlei. She made more than ten times as much money from her sponsors than from playing tennis that year. She made a \u00a37 million agreement to be in an advertising campaign for the internet company Lycos. In 2002, Adidas said they were worried she was not concentrating on tennis enough.\nAs of July 2008, she is sponsored by sportswear manufacturer K-Swiss."}
+{"id": "64042", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64042", "title": "Sk8er Boi", "text": "Sk8er Boi is a single by pop-punk singer Avril Lavigne. It is one of her most famous songs.\nSong information.\nIn this song, she tells the story of a relationship between a \"sk8er boi\" (skater boy) and a more preppy girl who does ballet. Although both of them \"want\" each other, the girl rejects him against her own secret feelings because of peer pressure. In the end, the skater boy becomes famous and is with another punk girl (Avril sings in that girl's point of view) who cares for him, leaving the preppy girl behind.\nMusic video.\nThe music video begins with what may be the \"Sk8er Boi\" in the alley of a city with a bunch of spray paint on the ground. The music video goes along with posters that have a star on them advertising a concert Avril hosts, where people use their cars and amplifiers to have the concert on the streets. The concert gets so wild the police come in trying to stop it. At the end of the video, Avril crashes her guitar into the car windshield. A police helicopter comes in, leaving a mystery as to what they will do.\nMovie adaptation.\nIn 2003, Paramount Pictures optioned the song for adaptation into a feature film. However, as of December 2006, the film has apparently been abandoned or is stuck in development hell."}
+{"id": "64043", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64043", "title": "Pay", "text": "Pay may refer to:"}
+{"id": "64045", "revid": "1554279", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64045", "title": "Talk show", "text": "A talk show is a radio or television program where one or more hosts discuss current issues or other topics with guests. Many talk shows (especially those on radio) allow members of the public to join in, through telephone calls, letters, e-mail and Internet chat. Talk shows are often meant to entertain, and many feature comedy or performing. Many shows, though, do a , by informing the public and discussing issues openly. While some are locally based, and serve only one station's audience, others become and play on many stations, or are broadcast by a regional or national network.\nThe host of a talk show may already be a celebrity, or may become one as their show becomes popular. Some are professionals or experts in a field of knowledge, such as psychology or business. Others are well-known performers who can converse well with others. Guests on a talk show may also be experts in a field of knowledge or work, longtime professionals, or new and familiar celebrities, performers or athletes. Sometimes guests are members of the public who do something that interests others, such as inventors and authors, or someone who comes to public attention through a disaster or mishap. \nTalk shows can vary in format, ranging from lighthearted and humorous discussions to more serious debates, and often provide a platform for important social and political issues to be addressed. \nTelevision.\nJohnny Carson hosted NBC's \"The Tonight Show\" for thirty years, with guests from every walk of life, including many old and new celebrities. (Comedian Jay Leno took over \"The Tonight Show\" when Carson retired.) Singer Mike Douglas hosted a popular, long-running show, co-hosted by weekly guests. Merv Griffin, David Frost and Dick Cavett also had long-running talk shows. Dr. Joyce Brothers was one of the first women to host a national talk show. Other women followed as hosts, including Oprah Winfrey, Joan Rivers, Ricki Lake, Rosie O'Donnell, and Ellen DeGeneres.\nMany celebrities host a talk show after they finish work on a television series, to change the direction of their career or to promote things they think are important. Many such series last only a season or two, and some even less. Actresses Gabrielle Carteris, Caroline Rhea and Megan Mullally each hosted short-lived talk shows, after leaving successful series. Nearly every show aired at the same time as \"The Tonight Show\" has been cancelled after a short run, including shows hosted by Chevy Chase and Dennis Miller. Arsenio Hall came close, with a show lasting five seasons. \"Late Show with David Letterman\" has been the most successful, and is still airing. (Ironically, David Letterman was a hopeful to take over \"The Tonight Show\" from Carson when he retired in 1992.)\nRadio.\nTalk shows became more and more popular on from the 1970s onward, as AM stations began to play less music. Today talk shows are heard on AM, FM, and also radio stations, , and the Internet. Larry King began his career on radio, and \"crossed over\" to television after many years as a popular host. Howard Stern led the trend of \"\", using profanity and personal topics to make his show more exciting. Art Bell talked about controversial topics, like UFOs and possible government conspiracies.\nCall-in shows are meant especially for members of the public to join in, by telephone. Callers may wish to talk about current topics in politics, economics or social trends, or to seek advice, or help with a personal problem. Dr. Laura Schlesinger, Dr. Joy Browne, and Bruce Williams help callers with problems, while Michael Savage and many other hosts discuss current issues, on their radio shows."}
+{"id": "64046", "revid": "10743", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64046", "title": "Sk8er boi", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64047", "revid": "1652218", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64047", "title": "Graduated cylinder", "text": "A graduated cylinder (also called measuring cylinder) is a piece of laboratory glassware used to measure the volume of liquids. It is used to accurately measure the volume of chemicals for use in reactions. \nOften, the biggest graduated cylinders are made of polyethylene or other stiff plastic, making them lighter and less fragile than glass, but more difficult to sterilize."}
+{"id": "64048", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64048", "title": "Edmond Keosayan", "text": "Edmond Keosayan (; Leninakan, now Gyumri, October 9, 1936 - Moscow, April 21, 1994) was an Armenian Soviet movie director and musician. From 1954 to 1956 Keosayan studied in Plekhanov Moscow Institute of Economy. From 1956 to 1958 he studied in Yerevan Fine Arts and Theatre Institute. In 1964, he graduated from the Directing Department of VGIK (E.Dzigan's master class). Since 1964 Keosayan has been a director at Mosfilm Studio. He has worked worked a few times for Armenfilm Studio.\nHe was also a Master of Ceremonies of the Soviet State Variety Orchestra. \nHis films are mainly in the Armenian and \nRussian languages."}
+{"id": "64049", "revid": "10495", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64049", "title": "Spanish guitar", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64051", "revid": "10331", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64051", "title": "Sand dune", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64052", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64052", "title": "Amerigo Vespucci", "text": "Amerigo Vespucci (9 March 1451- 22 February 1512) was an Italian merchant, explorer and cartographer. He was the first person to explain that the places discovered by Christopher Columbus in 1492 were not part of east Asia, but an unknown continent which he called \"The New World\". America got its name when other cartographers used a feminized and latinized version of his first name, \"Americus\". \nNot much is known of Vespucci's life. Two books were published saying he wrote them. Some letters exist, also saying he wrote them. He visited the New World at least twice, and died of malaria."}
+{"id": "64053", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64053", "title": "Cartographer", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64054", "revid": "1663157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64054", "title": "Titanic (1997 movie)", "text": "Titanic is a 1997 American epic romantic drama disaster movie. It was directed, written, and co-produced by James Cameron. The movie is about the 1912 sinking of the\" RMS Titanic\". It stars Kate Winslet and Leonardo DiCaprio. The two play characters who are of different social classes. They fall in love after meeting aboard the ship, but it was not good for a rich girl to fall in love with a poor boy in 1912. Titanic ran for 200 days in cinemas. Production of the movie began in 1995. Cameron recorded footage of the real \"Titanic\" wreck. The reconstruction of the \"Titanic\" was created at Playas de Rosarito in Baja California. To create the sinking of the ship, scale models and computer-generated imagery were used. Paramount Pictures and 20th Century Fox helped with half of the funding for the movie. At the time when the movie was released, it was the most expensive movie ever made. It had a budget of $200 million.\nThe movie was released on December 19, 1997. It received positive critical reviews. The movie won 11 Academy Awards, and was nominated for fourteen total Academy Awards. It was also a commercial success with a total worldwide gross of $2.196 billion.\nStory.\nA 100-year-old woman named Rose DeWitt Bukater (Dawson) tells a story about her voyage on the famous ship\" Titanic\". She is sharing the story with her granddaughter, Lizzy Calvert, and a crew of men who are interested in the \"Titanic\" shipwreck. The members of the crew are named Brock Lovett, Lewis Bodine, Bobby Buell, and Anatoly Mikailavich. She tells the story while on the \"Keldysh. \"The men are on the\" Keldysh \"trying to find a famous necklace called \"The Heart of the Ocean\" that they think sank with the ship\".\" She goes on to explain the whole story from the ship's departure to the sinking of Titanic on its first (and last) voyage at 2:20 in the morning on 15 April 1912. Most of the movie is not Old Rose telling the story, but Young Rose actually living the story.\nOn 10 April 1912, Young Rose boards a ship called \"Titanic\" with the upper-class passengers, her mother, Ruth DeWitt Bukater, and her fianc\u00e9, Caledon 'Cal' Hockley. Meanwhile, a drifter and artist named Jack Dawson and his best friend Fabrizio De Rossi win third-class tickets to the ship in a game.\nRose DeWitt Bukater who is on her way to Philadelphia to marry her rich snob fianc\u00e9 Cal Hockley. Rose feels helplessly trapped by her situation and makes her way to the aft deck and thinks of suicide until she is rescued by a 20-year-old Third Class passenger artist named Jack Dawson. On her way back up, Rose slips and screams in panic. Her screams were heard by three of the ship\u2019s crew members, who rush her to aid. They found Jack who saved Rose. Quartermaster Rowe assumes that Jack tried to assault that young woman, and summons for the Master-At-Arms. \nLater, Cal and his Pinkerton detective Spicer Paul Lovejoy arrive at the scene. A security guard named Walter King handcuffs Jack, but then, Rose lies to Cal that Jack saved her. Cal is therefore obliged to invite Jack to dine at their first-class table where he suffers through the slights of his snobbish hosts. In return, he spirits Rose off to third class for an evening of dancing, giving her the time of her life. Deciding to forsake her intended future all together, Rose asks Jack, who has made his living making sketches on the streets of Paris, to draw her in the nude wearing the invaluable blue diamond Cal has given her. Later on 14 April, Frederick Fleet and Reginald Lee both spotted an iceberg. He then rings the bell that William Murdoch heard, and telephones James Moody at the bridge, shouting \u201cIceberg, right ahead!\u201d \"Titanic\" tries to avoid it, but it was too late. \nAt 11:40 p.m., \"Titanic\" collided with an iceberg on a starboard side. Lovejoy slips the Heart of the Ocean into Jack\u2019s pocket. Cal sets up Jack to be arrested, framing him for stealing the necklace. Lovejoy asks the \"Titanic\"\u2019s Master-At-Arms to take Jack into custody in their office on E-Deck. Rose later finds and uses an axe to break Jack free, and after they ran to Boat-Deck, Rose went on a lifeboat. Unable to leave Jack behind, Rose jumped back onto the sinking \"Titanic\". Cal became enraged, and stole Lovejoy\u2019s gun. Rose and Jack both run from Cal at the Grand Staircase.\nIn a deleted scene, Lovejoy searches for them while the Dining Saloon is flooding. But then, Jack fights him and smashes his head against a window. Lovejoy pushes Jack, saying \u201cYou little shit.\u201d But then, Jack hits him again and hits his head against a pillar, saying \u201cWith compliments of the Chippewa Falls Dawsons.\u201d Jack and Rose both ran to the stern of the \"Titanic\". Captain Smith, who locked himself in his wheelhouse, died after the windows shattered because the water\u2019s pressure on them was too great. With all the lifeboats gone, all passengers start panicking after the bow sank. \"Titanic\"\u2019s propellers are now visible and they start to rise from the water. The bow is sinking deeper while the stern is rising higher into the air. At the same this time, the first funnel collapses, killing Fabrizio and several others, and the Grand Staircase's dome implodes by the pressure. \nAround 2:18 a.m., \"Titanic\" reaches an angle of 45 degrees. In the electric rooms, an engineer was electrocuted by a massive electric shots and Titanic\u2019s lights instantly went out. Her steel structure fails, and \"Titanic\" breaks in half. Lovejoy then died after he fell into a huge crack. The stern rises again to 90 degrees. \"Titanic\" disappears beneath the ocean. Jack later dies of hypothermia, and his body sank to the ocean floor. The film returns to 1996, with Old Rose revealing that only 6 of 1,503 were rescued from the water. Back in 1912, Rose sees the Cunard liner RMS \"Carpathia\". \"Carpathia\" later arrives in Titanic\u2019s original destination in the United States, New York City. Taking Jack's last name, Rose then gives her name as Rose Dawson. Cal later commits suicide in the Wall Street Crash of 1929.\nBack in 1996, treasure hunter Brock Lovett and his team has reached the most famous shipwreck of all - the RMS \"Titanic\". Emerging with a safe believed to contain a famous diamond called the \"Heart of the Ocean\", he discovers that the safe does not hold the diamond, but a drawing of a beautiful young woman wearing it. When Lovett is later interviewed on television, he shows the drawing to the cameras, and Rose Dawson Calvert, now 101, recognizes the young woman in the drawing - herself. She and her granddaughter Lizzy visit Lovett on his research ship over the wrecksite, and tells her story of the \"Titanic\" and its ill-fated maiden voyage. Rose later died in her sleep while on a ship in 1996. In Heaven (or a dream), Rose is reunited with Jack at \"Titanic\"\u2019s Grand Staircase, applauded by those who died that night.\nProduction.\nThe movie scenes of the ship's journey were taken on the \"Akademik Mstislav Keldysh\" in July 1996. Principal photography for \"Titanic\" began in September 1996. The location was at the newly built Fox Baja Studios. The poop deck was built on a move-able machine. This allow it to rise from zero to ninety degrees in a few seconds. This was used during the sinking scene of the movie. Many props were made of foam rubber. The material was used for the safety of the stuntmen. On November 15, the boarding scenes were recorded. Cameron decided to build his RMS \"Titanic\" on the starboard side. This was because weather data showed north-to-south winds. This caused the funnel smoke to move in one direction.\nCoach.\nA full-time etiquette coach was hired. He taught the cast on the manners of the upper class during the year 1912. However, several critics noticed that some cast members were not very good. They also noticed the two main stars on the movie were not well trained. Cameron sketched Jack's nude portrait of Rose for the nude scene. He said \"You know what it means for her, the freedom she must be feeling. It's kind of exhilarating (happy) for that reason.\" The nude scene was DiCaprio and Winslet's first scene together. Cameron said, \"It wasn't by any kind of design, although I couldn't have designed it better. There's a nervousness and an energy and a hesitance [unsure] in them.\" This was the first scene to be recorded. Cameron said that the \"big set\" was not yet ready. The crew members had to record something so they decided to do the nude scene first.\nIncident.\nAn angry crew member put the dissociative drug PCP into the soup that Cameron and other members ate one night. This caused more than 50 people to be rushed to the hospital. \"There were people just rolling around, completely out of it. Some of them said they were seeing streaks and psychedelics,\" said actor Lewis Abernathy. Cameron had vomited before the drug began working. Abernathy was shocked at the way he looked. \"One eye was completely red, like the \"Terminator\" eye. A pupil, no iris, beet red. The other eye looked like he'd been sniffing glue since he was four.\" The person who poisoned the cast members was never found.\nSchedule.\nFilming was scheduled to last 138 days. However, it grew to 160. Many cast members came down with colds, flu, or kidney infections. This happened during the many hours they spent in the cold water. Winslet, who also had these symptoms, decided she would not work with Cameron again unless she earned \"a lot of money\". Several other cast members left the movie. Three stuntmen broke their bones. The Screen Actors Guild decided to begin an investigation. They concluded that there was nothing unsafe going on on the set.\nBudget.\nThe movie's budget reached $200 million. Fox executives were worrying. They suggested an hour of different scenes to be removed from the three-hour movie. James Cameron did not accept this. He told Fox that if they want to remove some scenes out that they would need to fire him. The executives did not want to start over. This meant they would lose their entire investment.\nSoundtrack.\nThe soundtrack of the movie was written, orchestrated and conducted by James Horner. The soundtrack was released by Sony Classical on November 18, 1997. When the movie was released, the soundtrack topped the charts in two-dozen countries. It sold over 30 million copies. It then became one of the best-selling albums of all time. It was also the highest-selling orchestral soundtracks ever. Horner wrote the song \"My Heart Will Go On\". He wrote the song in secrecy because Cameron did not want any songs with singing in the movie. C\u00e9line Dion agreed to record a demonstration. Her husband, Ren\u00e9 Ang\u00e9lil, asked Dion many times to do it, since she did not want to record it at first. Horner waited until Cameron was in a happy mood. After playing it several times, Cameron approved of the song. However, Cameron feared that he might be criticized for \"going commercial at the end of the movie\".\n3D and re-release.\nJames Cameron announced that \"Titanic\" was being converted to 3D. The 3D version came out on April 6, 2012. This was the 100th anniversary of the sinking of the \"Titanic\". It took $18 million to produce it. The 3D conversion was done by Stereo D. Sony Music with Slam Content's Panther Records, re-worked the . The movie grossed $4.7 million on the first day of its re-release in North America. It went on to make $17.3 million during the weekend. It then became the third most-watched movie for that week. The movie earned $35.2 million worldwide. It then became the second most-watched movie for that week. The following week saw an increase of the movie's earnings. It became the number one movie for that week with $98.9 million. It was more successful in China. It earned $11.6 million on its opening day in that country. It then earned a record-breaking $67 million for that week. The re-release earned a total of $343.4 million worldwide. In China the total was at $145 million. In Canada and the United States, it made $57.8 million from those countries."}
+{"id": "64056", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64056", "title": "Rip Slyme", "text": "Rip Slyme is a Japanese hip hop group formed in 1994. It has 5 members - 4 MCs and 1 DJ. "}
+{"id": "64059", "revid": "209999", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64059", "title": "Laboratory flask", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64067", "revid": "1696168", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64067", "title": "Names of large numbers", "text": " \nThere are two main ways of using words to write large numbers. The American way or \"short form\" for naming large numbers is different from the European way or \"long form\" of naming large numbers. This is mainly because of American finance. \nShort form numbering is based on thousands and Long form is based on millions. Because of this, in Short form a billion is one thousand millions (109) while in Long form it is one million millions (1012).\nThe change in the United Kingdom (UK) to short-form numbering happened in 1973. Today, Short form is most commonly used in most English speaking countries.\nHistory.\nPrehistory.\nNumbers were first used by prehistoric tribes. Those prehistoric tribes invented numbers as a way to measure and calculate items, something which required counting. More advanced prehistoric tribes later invented mathematics and they started adding, subtracting, and multiplying as a way to measure and calculate more advanced and complex items and certain fields.\nBronze Age.\nLarge numbers were first used by ancient civilizations such as Sumer, Ancient Egypt, Akkad, Babylonia, the Hittite Empire, Rome, and Greece, for measuring and calculating items. As civilizations grew more complex, numbers did as well.\nRenaissance.\nThe words \"billion\" and \"trillion\", and \"millions\" were first written to describe extremely large numbers in 1475 by Jehan Adam. In 1484, Nicolas Chuquet used the words \"million\", \"billion\", \"trillion\", and even further to write and describe much larger numbers. Adam and Chuquet both used long scale. For example, Adam's \"billion\" (Chuquet's (\"bi)llion\") was used to write 1012. While these were the first writings that used these words, Adam and Chuquet were probably not the creators of the words. The word \"million\" comes from the Old Italian \"millione\". These words were also probably commonly used before the books were written.\nNames for small, large numbers.\nBeyond Absolute Infinity\nThis is a framework organized from 0 to &100.\nThe number TREE 4 and SSCG 3-5 is so incomprehensibly big it dwarfs every other number compared to it, far surpassing even exponential growth or the number of atoms in the known universe. It originates from a mathematical game about arranging trees (graph structures) under specific rules, where the challenge is to avoid repeating any previously created tree patterns."}
+{"id": "64068", "revid": "10145649", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64068", "title": "Acetylene", "text": "Acetylene is a hydrocarbon, belonging to the alkyne group. It is the simplest type of alkyne, as it has only two hydrogen atoms and two carbon atoms. Acetylene is an unsaturated organic compound because its four atoms are triple bonded through a covalent bond. It was discovered in 1836 by Edmund Davy. The chemical symbol is C2H2.\n80% of all acetylene produced yearly in the United States is used for chemical synthesis. It is a toxic chemical; breathing the substance causes dizziness, headache and nausea."}
+{"id": "64069", "revid": "9582435", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64069", "title": "Ralf Schumacher", "text": "Ralf Schumacher (born 30 June 1975) is a retired German Formula one driver. He was born in H\u00fcrth, North Rhine-Westphalia and is the younger brother of Michael Schumacher. He drove for Jordan, Williams and Toyota.\nRacing record.\nComplete Formula One results.\n\u2020 Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance."}
+{"id": "64071", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64071", "title": "Racecar", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64072", "revid": "605822", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64072", "title": "Auto racing", "text": "Auto racing (also known as automobile racing, autosport or motorsport) is a sport involving racing cars. Auto racing began in France in 1895 and is now one of the world's most popular spectator sports.\nTypes of auto racing.\nFormula One is the top level racing championship worldwide. Formula One cars have no fenders or quarter panels like regular passenger cars. At the front and back of each car there is a spoiler, or wing, which uses air to push the car onto the ground and give it more grip to go faster. Each Formula One race takes place in a different country. These races are called Grands Prix (French for \"grand prize\"). \nIndy Cars look very similar to Formula One cars, but race on oval tracks that have only banked left-hand turns, and more complex road courses which have both left and right hand turns.\nEndurance races are a type of race involving heavily modified cars called \"touring cars\" and purpose-built race cars called \"sports prototypes\". Each race team has more than one driver because endurance races last for several hours, so drivers take turns. The world's most famous endurance race is the 24 Hours of Le Mans in France.\nNASCAR is an American organization that runs races on oval tracks with many cars or pickup trucks. The cars, called \"stock cars\", look like passenger cars, but have plenty of racing upgrades."}
+{"id": "64073", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64073", "title": "Autosport", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64074", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64074", "title": "Motorsport", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64075", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64075", "title": "Automobile racing", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64076", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64076", "title": "Lascelles Abercrombie", "text": "Lascelles Abercrombie (January 9, 1881 \u2013 October 27, 1938) was a British poet and critic of Literature, and he was a member of a group of famous poets called \"Dymock poets\". He was born in Ashton upon Mersey and studied at the University of Manchester. \nBefore the First World War, he lived for a time at Dymock in Gloucestershire. In 1922, they gave him the job of Professor of English at the University of Leeds. In 1929 he moved on to the University of London, and in 1935 to the University of Oxford. He wrote many poems, that were put together in a book called 'Poems' (1930). In the same year he wrote his most important poem, \"The Sale of Saint Thomas\" in six Acts. He was the brother of the architect Patrick Abercrombie, and his son was the scientist Michael Abercrombie."}
+{"id": "64077", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64077", "title": "Eliza Acton", "text": "Elizabeth \"Eliza\" Acton (17 April 1799 \u2013 13 February 1859) was an English poet and cook. She was born in Battle, Sussex and raised in Suffolk. She wrote one the first cookbooks for cooking at home, not for professional cook or chef, \"Modern Cookery for Private Families\". In this book she started the use of listing the ingredients and suggested cooking times with each recipe, like all the world does now. \"Modern Cookery\" was sold for a long time after her death, until 1914 and can still be found at many libraries. Her recipes are still very famous."}
+{"id": "64078", "revid": "1498485", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64078", "title": "Ralph Fiennes", "text": "Ralph Fiennes (born 22 December 1962) is an English actor. He has won several awards including the Tony Award and was nominated for the Academy Award for his work in Steven Spielberg's movie \"Schindler's List\", and the Genie Award. He was nominated for another Academy Award for his role in \"The English Patient\".\nFiennes is also well known for portraying Lord Voldemort in four of the eight \"Harry Potter\" movies. He also played Gareth Mallory / M in the \"James Bond\" movies \"Skyfall\" (2012), \"Spectre\" (2015), and \"No Time to Die\" (2021).\nIn 2024, Fiennes played Cardinal Thomas Lawrence in the mystery thriller movie \"Conclave\".\nFamily.\nHis parents were Jennifer Lash and Mark Fiennes. His brothers and sisters are Joseph Fiennes, Sophie Fiennes, Martha Fiennes, Magnus Fiennes and Jacob Fiennes. He was born in Ipswich, Suffolk."}
+{"id": "64079", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64079", "title": "The O2", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64084", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64084", "title": "Wellington Koo", "text": "Vi Kyuin Wellington Koo (Chinese: \u987e\u7ef4\u94a7\uff1bPinyin: G\u00f9 W\u00e9ij\u016bn; Wade-Giles: Ku Wei-ch\u00fcn) (January 29, 1887 - November 14, 1985) was a Chinese diplomat. He was a representative at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. His wife was Chinese-American diplomat Juliana Koo.\nBorn in Shanghai in 1887, he went to the United States in 1904 and studied Western culture in order to help China with the problem of imperialism. He spoke perfect fluent English, and came to be interested in China's position in international society."}
+{"id": "64087", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64087", "title": "Wade\u2013Giles", "text": "Wade\u2013Giles (), sometimes abbreviated Wade, is a romanization system for Chinese that is based on the form of Mandarin used in Beijing. The system was produced by Thomas Wade in the mid-19th century and was fully developed in Herbert Giles's 1892 Chinese-English dictionary.\nWade-Giles was the main transliteration system in the English-speaking world for much of the 20th century. It is used in several standard reference books and in all books about China that were published before 1979. It replaced the Nanjing-based romanization systems that was common until the late 19th century. Wade-Giles has been replaced by pinyin but remains commonly used in Taiwan, also known as the Republic of China.\nOne well-known feature of Wade-Giles is that it uses the apostrophe to mark aspirated consonants, or breathy consonants, as in Ancient Greek. For example, \"ping\" in pinyin would be written as \"p'ing\" in Wade-Giles, but \"bing\" in pinyin would be written as \"ping\". Sounds are written that way because Chinese, unlike English, has no voiced stop consonants, fricatives, or affricates. Chinese distinguishes only aspirated and unaspirated sounds. Therefore, an apostrophe, instead of a different letter, is used.\nHowever, the apostrophe was not understood well by people who do not know the Wade-Giles spelling and so many people would ignore the apostrophe when reading or copying Chinese words, which led many non-Chinese people to say Chinese words incorrectly, including Tao, tai chi, and kung fu. Wade-Giles spellings that ignore the apostrophe completely are called bastardized Wade-Giles.\nSample sentences of Wade-Giles.\nHere are sample sentences written in Chinese characters, pinyin, and Wade-Giles with English translations:"}
+{"id": "64088", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64088", "title": "Prince (disambiguation)", "text": "A prince is a member of the highest aristocracy\nPrince may refer to:"}
+{"id": "64090", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64090", "title": "Natalia Oreiro", "text": "Natalia Oreiro (born May 18, 1977 in Montevideo,Uruguay) is a Latin Grammy-nominated Uruguayan singer and actress. She has been in both soap operas and movies. She is best known for her participation in the soap opera, \"Mu\u00f1eca Brava\" (1998-1999), which was an every-afternoon-smash-hit during its run in Argentina. Her most recent soap opera, \"Sos mi vida\" (2006), was shown in more than 40 countries.\nLife.\nNatalia Oreiro was born in Montevideo, Uruguay on May 19, 1977. She is daughter of Carlos Oreiro Poggio and the painter Mabel Iglesias Bouri\u00e9. She studied drama when she was eight years old than she appeared in advertisements at twelve years old such as Coca-Cola, Pepsi and Johnson & Johnson.\nWhen she was fifteen years old, she joined Latin America's show \"El Show de Xuxa\" and won the competition. At the age of 16 she moved to Argentina to work there. She worked as an MTV VJ and in 1995, she landed a role in the soap opera \"Dulce Ana\". After that she st in the TV series \"90-60-90 modelos\" (1996) and \"Ricos y famosos\" (1997). In \"Ricos y famosos\", Oreiro played fictional character Valeria.\nIn 1998, Natalia Oreiro starred in her first movie \"Un Argentino en New York\" with Guillermo Francella. \"Un Argentino en New York\" was watched by 1.634.702 people in Argentina. After the movie, she released three studio albums (\"Natalia Oreiro, Tu Veneno, Turmalina\") and she starred many TV series and movies.\nMusic.\n\"Natalia Oreiro\".\nIn 1998, Natalia Oreiro released single \"Que S\u00ed, Que S\u00ed\" from \"Un Argentino en New York\". Than she launched her first studio album \"Natalia Oreiro\" (1998). \"Cambio Dolor\" was first single from her debut album and became the opening theme for the prime time show \"Mu\u00f1eca Brava\" (1998-1999).\nAlbum was ranked eighty-first in list of \"Worldbeat Global Album Chart\" and sold over 140,000 copies therefore received a double platinum disc in Argentina and gold disc in countries like Greece, Slovenia and Israel.\n\"Tu Veneno\".\nIn 2000, her second studio album, \"Tu Veneno\" (Your Poison) was released and was presentation in \"Gala de la Hispanidad\", \"Gala de Murcia\" (both in Spain) and \"Festival de la Calle 8\" in Miami. She was nominated for Latin Grammy Awards, but lost to Christina Aguilera's \"Mi Reflejo\". Oreiro was first Uruguayan nominated for a Grammy. She was crowned Queen of that event at Vi\u00f1a del Mar Festival 2000 in Chile. 3rd music video of album \"C\u00f3mo Te Olvido\" (2001) was directed by Tudor Giurgiu in Dracula's Castle, Romania.\n\"Turmalina\".\nOreiro's next and last album, \"Turmalina\", was released in 2002 and centered around a superhero character named Turmalina who is created by Oreiro. \"Turmalina\" was produced by Latin maker Kike Santander. The album was recorded in USA. \"Que Digan Lo Que Quieran\" (Should they say whatever they want) was first single from \"Turmalina\". \"Cuesta Arriba, Cuesta Abajo\" became the opening theme for soap opera \"Kahorra\". Natalia made contributions with singer/songwriter Jaime Roos and Falta y Resto for the official Uruguayan 2002 FIFA World Cup song \"Pasi\u00f3n Celeste\"."}
+{"id": "64092", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64092", "title": "Prince (artist)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64096", "revid": "1354829", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64096", "title": "Democratic Progressive Party", "text": "The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) (Traditional Chinese: ; Simplified Chinese: ; abbreviated to or ; Pinyin: M\u00ednj\u00ecnd\u01ceng) is a major political party in the Republic of China (Taiwan). The party has been linked with the pan-green coalition and de jure Taiwan independence movement. The DPP is a member of Liberal International and a founding member of the Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats. The DPP represented Taiwan in the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation."}
+{"id": "64097", "revid": "1354829", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64097", "title": "President of the Republic of China", "text": "The President of the Republic of China is the head of state and Commander-in-Chief of the democratic country known officially as the Republic of China. The Republic of China government has controlled Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other islands after the Nationalist lost the war and moved the government from mainland China in 1949. \nThe presidential office was created in 1948 under the 1947 Constitution of the Republic of China.\nIn the previous Kuomintang administration, the title of \"President of the Republic of China\" was used (). The current Democratic Progressive Party administration refers to the President as the \"President of the Republic of China (Taiwan)\" ()."}
+{"id": "64101", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64101", "title": "Anastas Mikoyan", "text": "Anastas Hovhannesi Mikoyan (, \"Anastas Hovhannesi Mikoyan\"; ; \u00a0\u2013 21 October 1978) was an Armenian Old Bolshevik and Soviet statesman during the Stalin and Khrushchev years.\nIt was told that, during Khrushchev time, he was the second most powerful man in the Soviet Union."}
+{"id": "64103", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64103", "title": "Mitanni", "text": "Mitanni was an Indo aryan Hurrian speaking kingdom in northern Mesopotamia from ca. 1500 BC. Since no histories, royal annals or chronicles have yet been found in its excavated sites, knowledge about Mitanni is sparse compared to the other powers in the area, and dependent on what its neighbours commented in their texts.\nA number of proper names and glosses (technical terminology) of the Mitanni are of Indo-Aryan or Proto-Indo-Aryan origins. Starting from Shuttarna I who is the first Mitanni ruler historically attested to have existed, the Mitanni had Indo-Aryan throne names. The Kikkuli's horse training text includes technical terms of Indo-Aryan origin, and the Indo-Aryan deities Mitra, Varuna, Indra, and Nasatya (Ashvins) are listed and invoked in two treaties found in Hattusa, between the kings Sattiwaza of Mitanni and \u0160uppiluliuma I the Hittite: (treaty KBo I 3) and (treaty KBo I 1 and its duplicates). The toponym of the Mitanni capital of Washukanni is also \"unanimously accepted\" to have been derived from an Indo-Aryan dialect. Annelies Kammenhuber (1968) suggested that this vocabulary was derived from the still undivided Indo-Iranian language, but Mayrhofer has shown that specifically Indo-Aryan features are present.\nIt is generally believed that Indo-Aryan peoples settled in Upper Mesopotamia and northern Syria, and established the Kingdom of Mitanni following a period of political vacuum, while also adopting Hurrian. This is considered a part of the Indo-Aryan migrations. Since the late 20th century, the view that the Mitanni kingdom was ruled by royal house and aristocracy of Indo-Aryan origin has been prevalent among the scholars; accordingly, a branch of Indo-Aryans separated from the other Indo-Iranians around the turn of second millennium BCE and migrated into West Asia, hence giving rise to the Mitanni kingdom, while also adopting Hurrian language. Some of the recent studies such as those by Eva von Dassow (2022) and Cotticelli-Kurras and Pisaniello (2023), while noting the modern identification of Mittani as Indo-Aryan and the role of Indo-Aryan speakers in establishing its dynasty, have disputed the significance of Indo-Aryan vocabulary in an otherwise Hurrian-speaking state stating that it does not indicate any Indo-Aryan origins for Mitanni kings. According to Alexander Lubotsky (2023), however, the military elite of Mitanni kingdom (see Maryannu) was of Aryan descent and that their language displays a clear Indo-Aryan character. \nJasper Eidem in 2014 reported on Farouk Ismail's earlier study, in reference to the word \"marijannu\" that was found in a letter from Tell Leilan in northeastern Syria dating to a period slightly before 1761 BC, which is the time when the reign of Zimri-Lim ended in the region of Mari. Kroonen et al. (2018) consider this as an early Indo-Aryan linguistic presence in Syria two centuries prior to the formation of the Mitanni realm, as \"mariannu\" is generally seen as a Hurrianized form of the Indo-Aryan \"*marya\", which means 'man' or 'youth', associated to military affairs and chariots."}
+{"id": "64104", "revid": "10760", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64104", "title": "Hurrian", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64105", "revid": "9741094", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64105", "title": "Russians in the United Kingdom", "text": "There may be many as 300,000 Russians in the United Kingdom. About half of these were born in Russia. Some of the others are citizens of the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania). Since they joined the EU in 2004, they are free to live in other EU countries, including the UK. There are many Russian language schools in London and the South East. These schools were founded by immigrants from Russia to the United Kingdom. They send their children to the schools so the children can learn about their parents' culture."}
+{"id": "64107", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64107", "title": "6 December", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64108", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64108", "title": "12 May", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64110", "revid": "407690", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64110", "title": "Larry Griffin", "text": "Larry Griffin (September 23, 1954 \u2013 June 21, 1995) was a man accused of killing 19-year-old Quintin Moss. The alleged crime happened in Saint Louis, Missouri, on June 26, 1980 On June 21, 1995, the State of Missouri executed Griffin by lethal injection. He maintained his innocence until he was executed for the crime.\nRe-opened investigation.\nAfter Griffin's execution, a 2005 post-execution investigation was sponsored by the NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund. This NAACP investigation raised doubts about the conviction (the shooter's identity), and caused an investigation by the St. Louis City Circuit Attorney's Office. The St. Louis City investigation ended in a finding that \"the right person was convicted\"."}
+{"id": "64111", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64111", "title": "Nassau County, New York", "text": "Nassau County is a suburban county in the New York Metropolitan area east of New York City and west of Suffolk County, in the U.S. state of New York. In 2020, 1,395,774 people lived there. Nassau County is in western Long Island, and is bordered by Suffolk County to the east and by the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens to the west. Until 1899, Nassau County was part of Queens County. The county seat is Mineola. Along with Suffolk, it was named the safest county in the United States in 2005 by Forbes.\nCommunities.\nNassau County is split into three towns and two cities:\nHamlets in Nassau County include Manhasset, New York."}
+{"id": "64114", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64114", "title": "First Nagorno-Karabakh War", "text": "The First Nagorno-Karabakh War was a war that had happened since February 1988 until May 1994, over the small ethnic enclave of Nagorno-Karabakh in southwestern Azerbaijan, between the mostly ethnic Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh backed by Armenia and Azerbaijan. The war originates from 1918, when the World War I came to an end and the Ottoman Empire collapsed into independent states including Armenia and Azerbaijan, while the region was recognized as part of Azerbaijan. Since then, Armenia has claimed it; Armenians have made many efforts to unify the region, although Azerbaijanis also have worked to protect their sovereignty as well as national identity.\nIn February 1988, the war finally started, during the course of which both Armenia and Azerbaijan had utilized the legislatures to legitimize themselves while both caused pogroms as well as massacres against each other, with territorial loss of both sides alternated. Furthermore, the Soviet Union, before its collapse in 1991, and Russia had been involved with this Nagorno-Karabakh War, which had an impact on the fate of the war. The estimated death toll of the entire war is more than 30,000 on both sides.\nNot only Moscow but also European countries, the neighboring countries of both Armenia and Azerbaijan, the United Nations, as well as the United States, had made a variety of efforts to make a ceasefire come true. However, there were conflicting interests among them and Nagorno-Karabakh itself therefore was not the most urgent matter for them.\nIn the end, the war ended with a Russian-brokered ceasefire that had been in effect since midnight on 11 and 12 May 1994 until April 2 2016.\nBefore the War Erupted.\nIn 1918, after the World War I as well as the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Armenia and Azerbaijan became independent, both of which claimed Nagorno-Karabakh. Consequently, the region was admitted as territory of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic of 1918-1920 at the Versailles Peace Conference. In the early 1920s, the South Caucasus countries got annexed by the Soviet Union, whose Caucasus Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party of the Bolsheviks made Nagorno-Karabakh remain under the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1923, the region was accorded the autonomous status as the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast.\nHowever, Armenia claimed that Armenians living in Nagorno-Karabakh endured discrimination by Azerbaijanis, who also neglected the region, although the living standard there was high, compared with other mountainous regions in the Soviet Union. On 13 February 1988, Karabakh Armenians held a political rally in the Lenin Square in Yerevan, joined by several hundred people, and called for the affiliation of the region to Armenia. This political rally was held at the same time when a delegation of Karabakh Armenian artists and writers who visited and petitioned Moscow returned. Those demonstrators chanted \"Unity!\" in Armenian (\"Miatsum!\"), which was a single-word slogan of their campaign. This incident intensified antagonism among Azerbaijanis living in Nagorno-Karabakh, which accounted for about 25% of the population, and Azerbaijani residents of Shusha, which is a neighboring town of Stepanakert and 90% of the town's total population were Azerbaijanis, started to establish counter-protests.\nA week later on 20 February 1988, the Regional Soviet of Nagorno-Karabakh held an emergency session, in spite of the failed efforts by Boris Kevorkov, who was the leader of the Armenian Party and still loyal to Azerbaijan, and Kameran Bagirov, the first secretary of the Communist Party of Azerbaijan, to prevent the emergency session from taking place. Consequently, it adopted the resolution to place the region under the Armenian sovereignty; 110 Armenian deputies voted for this resolution while the Azerbaijani deputies did not vote.\nThen the Azerbaijan SSR as well as the Soviet Union condemned this decision. According to Erick Melander's \"\u201d (2001), the Soviet Union was concerned that similar desires would emerge and resultant disruptions would prevail in other parts within the state. With regard to this, Thomas de Waal reveals in \"Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War\" (2013) that the Soviet Union had nineteen potential territorial disputes and Mikhail Gorbachev did not want to make concession to any of those since it would provide a precedent to energize such territorial conflicts. Gorbachev decided to intervene the affairs of Nagorno-Karabakh and sent a large delegation to the region. The Moscow delegation replaced Kevorkov with his deputy, Genrikh Pogosian, who, however, started to support the unification with Armenia because of greater respect he enjoyed from the Armenians living in the region.\nDuring these days, violence already started to happen. For instance, in the second week of the protest, Arif Yunusov, a historian who was gathering information on events in Nagorno-Karabakh, visited the Republican Hospital in Baku, where he met two Azerbaijani girls who trained in the Pedagogic Institute in Stepanakert and had been raped during an attack against their hostel.\nArmenian Unification Efforts.\nLong before 1988 but especially in the late 1980s, the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic had tried to put Nagorno-Karabakh under its sovereignty. Armenians sent letters and petitions to Moscow to make the unification come true, no matter when a political change happened there. According to Thomas de Waal's book \"Armenia and Azerbaijan through Peace and War\" (2013), on 3 March 1988, Gorbachev pointed out that the Politburo had failed to acknowledge such Armenian efforts as possible threats, saying \"The Central Committee received five hundred letters in the last three years on the question of Nagorno-Karabakh. Who paid any attention to this?\"\nThe latest unification effort by Armenians previous to 1988, however, was unique in that the major organizers were Karabakh Armenians who lived outside Nagorno-Karabakh in cities such as Moscow, Yerevan and Tashkent, although its predecessors were mobilized from inside the region. One of those organizers was Igor Muradian. He brought a letter to Moscow in February 1986, which he persuaded nine members and scientists of the Soviet Armenian Communist Party to sign. Furthermore, with support from Karen Demirchian, who was the leader of the Armenian Communist Party, he tried to discredit Heidar Aliev, who was an Azerbaijani politician as well as a full member of the Politburo and most likely to disrupt the unification campaign in their view.\nMuradian also worked as a subversive. He got in touch with members of the Dashnaktsutiun Party (the Dashnaks) in underground cells that they have in Yerevan and abroad. The illegal Armenian nationalist party helped the unification activists to obtain small arms from abroad and form paramilitary groups in Nagorno-Karabakh.\nIn order to legitimize their campaign, those activists adopted what they called a referendum on unification, as well. They visited farms and factories across Nagorno-Karabakh to gather signatures for it. In August 1987, this work culminated in a huge petition with more than seventy five thousand signatures from the people in the region as well as Armenia. It was sent to Moscow; then the Karabakh Armenians dispatched two delegations to the Soviet capital and appealed to the Central Committee.\nThere were other Armenians who lobbied abroad. For instance, on 16 November 1987, Abel Aganbekian, who was a Gorbachev's main economic adviser, stated in front of French Armenians in Paris that Nagorno-Karabakh had \"greater links with Armenia than with Azerbaijan.\" Then L'Humanit\u00e9, the French Communist Party's newspaper which was accessible in the Soviet Union, reported on his views and because of his position as a Gorbachev's adviser and Armenian nationality, many Azerbaijanis thought that Gorbachev was supporting Armenians.\nThose Azerbaijanis, however, were wrong since Gorbachev did not back Aganbekian and after all, the Armenian lobbying efforts in Moscow could not change the Politburo's mind.\nAlthough those Armenian activists were not going to obtain support from Gorbachev and the Politburo, they mobilized a huge number of people to the streets. On 20 February 1988, slightly before the Regional Soviet held the emergency session in Stepankert, 30,000 people took to the streets in Theater Square in Yerevan. Two days later, the number of protestors reached more than 100,000; it is estimated that 300,000 gathered on 23 February, which led to a transport strike declaration in Yerevan. On 25 February, perhaps almost a million people demonstrated on the streets in Yerevan.\nCounter-measures by Azerbaijanis.\nAzerbaijanis did not overlook those Armenian efforts, though Azerbaijani nationalist movement had not been well-organized until even later. Seven days after the Armenian political rally that started on 13 February 1988, they formed their first political protest. Students, workers, and intellectuals marched down to the Supreme Soviet of the Azerbaijan SSR with placards showing that Nagorno-Karabakh was a part of Azerbaijan. For Azerbaijanis, Armenians were trying to destroy their own republic as well as national identity.\nAzerbaijani historians were also among the first to take a counter-measure. Bakhtiar Vahabzade, who was a poet, and Suleiman Aliarov, who was a historian, claimed in the journal \"Azerbaijan\" that Nagorno-Karabakh was historically a part of Azerbaijan, that Armenian unification efforts were based on an irredentist tradition and that Azerbaijani people were the victims. This counterargument, however, did not reach Moscow.\nOnset of the War.\nFirst Casualties.\nOn 22 February, two days after the Regional Soviet of Nagorno-Karabakh issued the resolution, protests happened in Aghdam, from where angry protestors headed to Stepanakert. On the way they clashed policemen as well as Armenian villagers in the Armenian village, Askeran. As a consequence, two Azerbaijanis were killed, who were the first casualties in the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan, with both sides wounded.\nThis killing upset residents of Aghdam and they armed themselves with stones, crossbows, staves, etc. and started to march toward Stepanakert. However, a female resident of the city, Khuraman Abasova, stopped the protestors from getting intensified by taking off her head scarf on the roof of a car in front of the crowd. For women to take off their head scarf in public is a signal that men must not go further according to the Azerbaijani custom.\nThe situation, however, was getting worse especially after 20 February 1988. Azerbaijanis who lived in the Kafan District in southern Armenia started to flee; many of them were injured from beatings and fights although no official reports of deaths were published, and rushed to their relatives in Baku.\nSix days after the Regional Soviet decided to allow Nagorno-Karabakh to leave the Azerbaijan SSR, a group of forty or fifty people who were mobilized by some of the Azerbaijani refugees protested in the Lenin Square in Sumgait. The next day the demonstration culminated in several hundred people and in the evening, incidents of violence were confirmed. The local police consisted of a huge majority of Azerbaijanis and it did not function at all when violence occurred. Furthermore, in the same evening, Alexander Katusev, who was the military prosecutor of the USSR in Azerbaijan, revealed on national TV broadcast and on Baku Radio that the two Azerbaijanis were killed in Askeran five days before, which angered the crowd.\nSumgait Pogroms.\nThe protest in Sumgait finally turned into pogroms. The rioters were roaming and looking for Armenians to attack while they destroyed windows and things, stole expensive things from houses, put automobiles on fire and even tortured and killed Armenians. Several victims were amputated so terribly that the bodies did not show who they were; those gangs stripped women naked and burned them alive, while some women were raped again and again.\nMost of the rioters did not arm themselves well; they overwhelmed the victims in numbers. Some Armenians battled back against those attackers and this may be why six Azerbaijanis were included in the number of casualties.\nHowever, there were not many differences between Soviet Armenians and Azerbaijanis; in Sumgait, both of the peoples basically had conversation in an almost identical Russian while many Armenians in the city spoke Azeri well, which means that it was difficult for the rioters to find whom they were going to attack. In order to catch Armenians, they asked people to pronounce the Azerbaijani word \"fundukh\", whose pronunciation is hazelnut and Armenians were said to have difficulty in pronouncing the f, and with regard to this, Thomas de Waal states that Sumgait pogroms brought about dissolution of 'a \"Soviet\" identity.'\nThe situation in Sumgait started to calm down on 29 February thanks to a military regiment and a curfew deployed by the Soviet Union. Consequently, by the end of the day, the official number of casualties reached thirty two, twenty six Armenians and six Azerbaijanis, and over four hundred men were arrested. Furthermore, almost all the Armenians who lived in the city, 14,000, left while thousands of Armenians living across Azerbaijan left their places, as well.\nEscalating War.\nGorbachev and the Politburo had made efforts for both the Armenian SSR and the Azerbaijan SSR to arrive at compromise over Nagorno-Karabakh, all of which, however, failed in the end. In May 1988, Pogosian rejected the compromise plan that gives the region the status of Autonomous Republic with some privileges such as its own government and constitution, while it remains under the Azerbaijani sovereignty.\nThen, on 15 June, the Supreme Soviet of Armenia issued a resolution that approved the unification of Nagorno-Karabakh. Two days later, the Supreme Soviet of Azerbaijan reemphasized that the region is a part of their sovereignty, by adopting a counter-resolution. The Regional Soviet in Stepanakert finally decided to annex the region unilaterally and rename it the Artsakh Armenian Autonomous Region. However, on July 18, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was met in Moscow, which reaffirmed that Nagorno-Karabakh was within the Azerbaijani sovereignty. In other words, the unification of Nagorno-Karabakh was rejected by the Azerbaijan SSR as well as Gorvachev.\nBy the end of the year, all the Azerbaijanis who had remained in Armenia were being expelled, while in the Armenian countryside, dozens of villages were abandoned by the deported; Armenian gangs attacked Azerbaijani villages where many residents had to face torture, see their houses burned, and escape on foot. Yunusov conducted a two-year-long research with Azerbaijani refugees and revealed that 216 Azerbaijanis in total died in 1998; most of them were murdered by Armenians while some were burned to death, froze to death as they fled into Azerbaijan, took their own lives or died in Azerbaijani hospitals.\nOn-site in Nagorno-Karabakh.\nArmenians living in the region accounted for approximately 75% of the total population; they protested against the Azerbaijanis by sheer force of numbers. The Armenians attacked buses and trucks that brought goods to Shusha, while in Stepanakert, Azerbaijani workers were fired. They even prevented Azerbaijani shepherds from bringing back a flock of sheep from their summer pastures. According to Thomas de Waal, when hearing of this incident, Arkady Volsky, who had worked in the region as the representative of the Politburo, said \"Sheep have no national ambitions.\"\nOn the other hand, the Azerbaijanis took advantage of the enclave's location, which was within the Azerbaijani territory. The transportation of goods to Spepanakert, for instance, was disrupted by them.\nIn September 1988, around Khojaly, a convoy of Soviet Union's soldiers and Armenian civilians were transporting goods to Stepanakert. Azerbaijani people attacked them, which made some angry armed Armenians storm the village and its Azerbaijani residents; two of the Soviet soldiers were confirmed dead. As a consequence, a minority of Armenians in Shusha all left while in Stepanakert, the Azerbaijani residents were deported.\nIn the summer of 1989, Azerbaijanis went further; while almost ninety percent of railways in Armenia came from Azerbaijan, they blocked all the railways to Armenia. Because of this blockade, petrol and food were lacking in Armenia.\nIn January the same year, Volsky-led Committee of Special Administration for Nagorny Karabakh banned political activities and installed military troops to maintain order in the region. However, on 16 August, the Armenians there formed a National Council that consisted of seventy nine members and it declared that it was controlling Nagorno-Karabakh. The Armenian Supreme Soviet, together with the National Council, adopted a resolution which confirmed the region's unification and gave the residents citizenship of the Armenian SSR.\nBlack January.\nIn this way, contrary to the rejection by the Azerbaijan SSR and the Soviet Union, the Armenian SSR started to establish their own political structures in Nagorno-Karabakh. On 9 January 1990, the Armenian parliament decided to control the region under its budget system, which angered Azerbaijanis and both sides fought each other in the villages in Khanlar and Shaumian regions; consequently, four Russian soldiers dispatched by Soviet Union died.\nOn 13 January, violence against Armenians happened in Baku; as a result, some ninety Armenians died during the Baku pogroms and thousands of surviving Armenians escaped from the city. Facing the chaos there, Gorbachev finally ordered to send the army to the city on the night of 19 and 20 January, when a massacre of the Bakuvians, known as Black January, happened.\nInternationalized War.\nOn 19 August 1991, a coup d'\u00e9tat happened in Moscow and Gorbachev was removed from power, but temporarily. Three days later, he restored power while the betrayers were put in jail. However, this political chaos in Moscow demoralized the Soviet Union army deployed in Nagorno-Karabakh, which now became leaderless.\nThe chaos also helped the two Union Republics, the Armenian SSR and the Azerbaijan SSR, go further toward independence from the Soviet Union. On 30 August 1991, Azerbaijani independence was declared while on 21 September, a referendum was held in Armenia, where 95% of the citizens supported its independence.\nAlthough the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh had been one of the internal affairs that the Soviet Union had, after their independence, it became a territorial dispute between the two independent countries. On 2 September 1991, the Regional Soviet in Stepanakert declared that Nagorno-Karabakh became independent as Nagorno Karabakh Republic.\nAs the situation was escalating, the neighboring countries mediated a peace agreement between Republic of Armenia and Republic of Azerbaijan; Boris Yeltsin visited Stepanakert in September 1991 with the then Kazakh President, Nursultan Nazarbayev, and what is called Zheleznovodsk declaration was adopted. However, on 20 November in Martuni, Vagif Jafarov, who was the head of Shusha, as well as Russian and Kazakh officials who were in charge of the implementation of the peace agreement, were killed in a helicopter crash that was caused by Armenian fighters. In response, the Azerbaijani National Council declared on 26 November that Nagorno-Karabakh was under the Azerbaijani sovereignty and that Stepanakert was now Khankendi, although Armenians in the region held a referendum on 10 December with support from Armenia; 108,615 people voted for the region's independence, while there were no Azerbaijanis voting.\nWar Reaching its Climax.\nKhojaly Massacre.\nSince the beginning of 1992, Karabakh Armenians had stormed the Azerbaijani villages around Stepanakert and deported the remaining residents. Among those Azerbaijani villages, Khojaly was the focal point since it was the center of a wide-scale Azerbaijani resettlement program. The Armenians cut off access by road to Khojaly in October 1991; consequently, the town was just there without electricity, oil and running water. Finally on the night of 25 and 26 February 1992, when was the forth anniversary of the Sumgait pogroms, the Armenians surrounded the town and attacked the Azerbaijani residents, which is known as Khojaly Massacre, the most brutal part of the war.\nThe Khojaly Massacre enraged Azerbaijanis; they accused the government of not protecting the town and hundreds of them chose to fight voluntarily.\nAlongside of the massacre, from mid-February, Azerbaijan had conducted artillery bombardments against Stepanakert, from Shusha. Karabakh Azerbaijanis were forced to leave their villages and now, they gathered in Shusha as well as a few villages around it, from where they could defeat the Armenians. However, eventually in the morning of 9 May, Shusha fell into the Armenian hands and Stepanakert, now almost a ruins, was relieved.\nFurthermore, on 18 May, Karabakh Armenians took control of Lachin and finally opened a road to Armenia. The transportation of goods to the region was reestablished and Armenians could enter it freely for reinforcements; the Azerbaijanis who still remained there all were deported.\nRussian Presence as the War Escalated.\nOn 12 June 1992, Azerbaijan launched an offensive and overran the northern area of Nagorno-Karabakh; they took control of Shaumian and Martakert regions. The Azerbaijanis used approximately 150 armored cars and tanks that they obtained from a division of the Soviet 4th Army deployed in Ganje. Consequently, thousands of refugees fled into the south and the Russian military, which was asked to intervene, sent helicopters and conducted bombardments from the air to stop the Azerbaijani offensive.\nIn August, however, Azerbaijani forces that placed about half of Nagorno-Karabakh under their control conducted air strikes in Stepanakert. To counter, the then Armenian President Ter-Petrosian and his allies in the region decided to conscript all the Karabakh Armanian males who were between eighteen and forty five years old into a new army.\nFor a while, Azerbaijan had enjoyed more military advantage than Armenia. For instance, Armenia had only three divisions and no airfields since, with Republic of Turkey, a NATO member, being its neighbor, the Soviet Union saw it a possible combat zone in case of a war. On the contrary, Azerbaijan had five divisions and five airfields; moreover, it had ten thousand railroad cars of ammunition, which was 20 times more than Armenia. To catch up with Azerbaijan in terms of weaponry, Armenia called on Russia for further shipments of weapons and Russia met the Armenian needs.\nThis situation, however, had reversed in late 1992, when the Russian military started to leave Azerbaijan and shut down its bases there while in Armenia, the Gyumri-based Soviet 7th Army chose did not leave and now worked as a Russian force. Tracing back to September 1992, when Pavel Grachev, who was the Russian Defense Minister, tried to dispatch fifty six Russian observers to the combat zone in Nagorno-Karabakh, Iskender Hamidov, the Azerbaijani Interior Minister, condemned the Russian intervention and this incident helped the Russian Defense Ministry to become pro-Armenian.\nChaos on the Azerbaijani side.\nAzerbaijan's political and military turmoil was also responsible. In February 1993, for example, Rahim Gaziev, who was the Azerbaijani Defense Minister, was forced to step down; before the resignation, he was leaving the soldiers alone that were deployed in Haterk and surrounded by Armenian forces.\nLoss of Kelbajar.\nArmenia started an offensive against Kelbajar on 27 March 1993 and it was captured on 3 April. With the fall of Kelbajar, Armenia established another land route that helped them to easily access Nagorno-Karabakh.\nHowever, because Armenia seized an Azerbaijani region outside the region, international society started to take action. On 30 April 1933, the United Nations Security Council adopted a resolution on the territorial dispute for the first time; the resolution called on both Armenia and Azerbaijan to stop the war, while it demanded that Armenia immediately withdraw its forces from Kelbajar. Furthermore, Turkey decided not to open the bilateral diplomatic relations in 1992 and later, closed its border with Armenia.\nConsequently, Ter-Petrosian and Karabakh Armenians agreed to a ceasefire plan, stating that the Armenian forces would retreat from Kelbajar on the condition of security guarantees in Nagorno-Karabakh.\nSeeing political and military chaos happening in Azerbaijan, however, Armenia took back control of Martakert as well as most of the northern area of Nagorno-Karabakh on 27 June. Almost a month later on 23 July, they put Aghdam under their control. As a result, Azerbaijan lost five regions and the northern part of Nagorno-Karabakh that equal to nearly five thousand square kilometers in total.\nToward a Ceasefire.\nThe CSCE.\nBack in January 1992, the Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe allowed many former Soviet republics including Armenia and Azerbaijan to join the organization at a meeting that was held in Prague, where the British delegation stated that now the CSCE should take action on Nagorno-Karabakh. The CSCE held another meeting in Helsinki on 24 March and there the foreign ministers decided to have a peace conference on the territorial matter. The Minsk Conference, named after the host country, Belarus, was supposed to take place with Armenia, Azerbaijan, nine other CSCE members as well as both Armenian and Azerbaijani representatives of Nagorno-Karabakh, but it never came true due to the on-going and escalated war. Instead, the Minsk Group of the CSCE was launched the same year; Mario Rafaelli, who was a former Deputy Foreign Minister of Italy, served as its first chairperson and the first negotiations took place in Rome.\nFor both Armenia and Azerbaijan, the OSCE and the Minsk Group did not work enough. Vafa Guluzade described ambassadors from France as well as other countries as \"completely incompetent\" while Ter-Petrosian once stated that for them, Nagorno-Karabakh was not the first priority.\nCompetition between Washington and Moscow.\nThe international involvement was also a risk, since the two giants would compete each other for increasing their influence over the Caucasus, rather than a ceasefire. Yeltsin issued the statement where he suggested that Russia should be able to act, with acknowledgement from reliable international organizations such as the UN, in order to maintain peace and stability in the region, a part of a former Soviet republic. For Russia, if their troops are deployed in the region for a ceasefire, they could keep their influence there.\nOn the other hand, John Maresca, who was the U.S. representative to the Minsk Group, revealed that the Western countries had not seen the Nagorno-Karabakh War as very important. The United States hoped that Azerbaijan as well as Georgia were more independent from Russia, which was a condition where U.S. oil companies could start to invest in Azerbaijan.\nUltimately, on 30 November 1993, the Minsk Group decided that direct dialogues with Armenian and Azerbaijani representatives in the region should be necessary; more visits to the region were organized.\nLast Phase of the War.\nIn August 1993, Serzh Sarkisian, who was from Nagorno-Karabakh, became the Defense Minister of Armenia, which mobilized Armenian soldiers from not only the region alone but also Armenia. On the other hand, Azerbaijan gathered almost twenty five hundred Afghan \"mujahadin\" fighters.\nThen in December, the war was re-intensified. The consequence of the winter between late 1993 and early 1994, however, was an estimated number of those who were killed, four thousand on the Azerbaijani side and two thousand on the Armenian side, with only small pieces of Azerbaijani territory in the north and south of Nagorno-Karabakh regained.\nCeasefire Agreed.\nOn 4 and 5 May 1994, parliamentary delegations from the CIS countries including Armenia and Azerbaijan, held a meeting in Bishkek where Karen Baburian, who was the representative of the parliament in Nagorno-Karabakh, was also invited. There what is called the Bishkek Protocol, which urged all the parties in the region to implement a ceasefire from midnight on 8 and 9 May, was signed by Vladimir Kazimirov, the Russian envoy, and the Armenians. However, the Azerbaijani delegation did not since they had not yet obtained the approval of Aliev, who was the then President of Azerbaijan.\nIn the end, on 9 May, Mamedrafi Mamedov, who was the Azerbaijani Defense Minister, signed; the next day, his Armenian counterpart Sarkisian did in Yerevan, as well. On 11, Samvel Babayan, who was the Karabakh Armenian commander, gave consent in Stepanakert and finally at midnight on 11 and 12, the ceasefire was put into effect."}
+{"id": "64115", "revid": "10760", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64115", "title": "Republic of Armenia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64122", "revid": "18101", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64122", "title": "Trentino-Alto Adige/S\u00fcdtirol", "text": "Trentino-Alto Adige/S\u00fcdtirol, also known as Trentino-South Tyrol (Italian: \"Trentino-Alto Adige\", German: \"Trentino-S\u00fcdtirol\", Southern Bavarian: \"Trentino-Sidtiroul\", 1972\". Trentino-Tirouler Etschlond\", Ladin: \"Trentin-S\u00fcdtirol\") is a region of northern Italy. The two main cities are Bolzano (Bozen) and Trento.\nData.\nThe region is divided into two provinces: \nThe province of Bozen wanted more autonomy, because the main German-speaking community of Italy lives there.\nIn the province of Trient, the people speak Italian. It has 339 official towns.\nThe most important cities are:\nTrentino has an area of 6,207\u00a0km2, most of it mountainous land (20% is over and 70% over 1,000 m) and covered by vast forests (50% of the territory). The climate is various through the province, from an alpine climate to subcontinental one, with warm and variable summers and cold and quite sowy winters. The region has always been a favourite destination for tourists, both in winter for skiing in the high mountains and in summer to visit the wide valleys and many lakes (the largest being Lake Garda).\nAlto Adige/South Tyrol has an area of , all of it mountainous land and covered by vast forests. The climate is of the continental type, owing to the influence of the many mountain ranges which stand at well over above sea level and the wide valleys through which flow the main river, the Adige, from north to south and its numerous tributaries. In the city of Bolzano, capital of the province, the average air temperature stands at and the average rainfall at . The lowest pass across the Alps, the Brenner Pass, is located at tinatheirth of the region on the border with Austria.\nIn Trentino the majority language is Italian, although there are Cimbrian minorities in the municipality of Luserna and four M\u00f2cheno municipalities in the M\u00f2cheni Valley. There are also Ladin-speaking minorities living in the Fassa Valley and in Non Valley (3.5% of the population). While in Fassa Valley Ladin already enjoys official status, in Non Valley it still does not, in spite of the fact that the number of speakers outnumbers those in Fassa Valley. Sole Valley also historically belongs to the Ladin area.\nThe majority of people in Alto Adige/S\u00fcdtirol speaks German. However more Italian speakers than Germans live in the capital of Bolzano.\nA tiny minority group called the Ladins lives in the Dolomites region: they speak an old Rheto-Romanic language.\nWords and ways of talking in this area are spread in the valleys around the Dolomites mountain group: Gardena, Badia Mareo Valley (Alto Adige/S\u00fcdtirol)and Fassa Valley (Trentino). Ladin is also spoken in the town of Cortina d'Ampezzo and areas around there.\nThe Ladin language of the Fassa Valley Ladin is more like Italian: the Ladins of this valley speak a language with a lot of Italian or Trentino style sentences."}
+{"id": "64124", "revid": "731605", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64124", "title": "SMAP", "text": "SMAP is a Japanese boy band. Their music is produced by Johnny's. SMAP was formed in April 1988. Now, the group has five members but at the beginning it had six members. They held their first concert at Nippon Budokan in January 1991. They released their first album \"Can't Stop!!-LOVING\" on September 9, 1991.\nSMAP is an acronym. It is a short way of writing Sports Music Assemble People.\nThey officially disbanded on 31 December 2016.\nMembers.\nKatsuyuki Mori withdrew from the group in 1996 to be an auto racer."}
+{"id": "64125", "revid": "1398040", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64125", "title": "Kick the Can Crew", "text": "Kick the Can Crew is a Japanese hip-hop group. The style is 3MC and 1DJ. The group was started by 1996 and it broke up in 2004. They started making music again in 2017."}
+{"id": "64126", "revid": "9120920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64126", "title": "Judy and Mary", "text": "Judy and Mary is a Japanese rock band. This group began in 1992. The members were YUKI, Yoshihito Onda, Kota Igarashi and TAKUYA. They were very famous, but this group ended in 2001. Their famous songs include \"Sobakasu\", \"Lucky Pool\" and \"Sanpomichi\". Their songs have been sung by many Japanese people at karaoke."}
+{"id": "64127", "revid": "1598585", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64127", "title": "Angela Aki", "text": "Angela Aki (born September 15, 1977) is a J-pop singer-songwriter. Her former Japanese name is Aki Kiyomi. \nAki was born in Itano of Tokushima prefecture. Her father is Japanese and her mother is Italian-American. She is bilingual in English and Japanese. She was raised in Japan, but she moved to Hawaii when she was fifteen. \nThen she went to university at George Washington University. She released an indie album in the United States in 2000, called \"These Words\". Now she is signed under Sony Japan."}
+{"id": "64129", "revid": "8000076", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64129", "title": "Reduction", "text": "Reduction in a general sense means to take of a part of a whole thing or to make it smaller. \n'Reduction or reducing may may mean in special\nIn mathematics and computer science:"}
+{"id": "64133", "revid": "295266", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64133", "title": "IPA chart for English", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64134", "revid": "10590", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64134", "title": "World Heritage", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64135", "revid": "1663461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64135", "title": "Spanish Empire", "text": "The Spanish Empire, also known as the Hispanic Monarchy or the Catholic Monarchy, was one of the largest empires in history and one of the first global empires in world history.\nSoon after the Reconquista, Spain became the biggest global empire. It led European exploration of the New World, building the large viceroyalties in the New World. Spain also created the first trade routes across the oceans. The Spanish traded goods across the Atlantic Ocean, between Spain and its viceroyalties in the Americas. They also traded across the Pacific Ocean between Asian and Pacific countries and Mexico throughout the Spanish treasure fleet and the Manila sailing ships.\nSpanish conquistadores conquered the Aztecs, Inca and Maya with the help of other Native American tribes and took large areas of land in North America, South America, Asia, Africa and Oceania. Spain made the regions into viceroyalties. Spain, especially the Kingdom of Castile, became much more powerful. Through royal marriages, the Spanish monarchs created alliances with other European powers, which allowed the Spanish Empire to gain control of many territories in Europe. All of those territories and colonies made the Spanish Empire become one of the greatest and richest empires in the world.\nFor a time, the Spanish Empire was a great power in the oceans, with its experienced navy. Its infantry, which was known as \"tercios\" and recruited from many countries under the rule of the Spanish monarchy, was undefeated for a century and a half. Spain enjoyed a cultural golden age in the 16th and 17th centuries. The French, Portuguese, and British tried to weaken the Spanish monarchy. Starting in the second half of the 17th century, the Spanish Empire suffered bankruptcies and lost battles. In the 19th century, Spain lost its last major territories overseas in the Spanish-American War.\nColonization.\nThe Spanish Empire was the second global empire in world history and was scattered all over the world. It was constantly fighting with other powers about territories, trade, or religion. The Spanish Empire fought:\nThe Spanish Empire slowly lost power, as it gradually lost territory to other empires. In 1648, Spain and many other powers signed the Peace of Westphalia, which ended both the Thirty Years' War and the Eighty Years' War. In 1659, the Treaty of the Pyrenees ended fighting between France and Spain. With those treaties, Spain began to lose its status as the most powerful in Europe.\nIn 1713, Philip V signed the Peace of Utrecht, which made Spain give up its territories in Italy and The Netherlands. Spain was no longer Europe's greatest power. However, it still had an important role in European politics and a huge empire in the Americas and the Pacific.\nDuring this time, Spain kept its large overseas empire and even made it larger. The Spanish Empire fought against Britain, which was trying to take over more of America; France; and the Netherlands in the New World. Spain remained a major economic power until it lost its colonies in the Americas.\nDecolonization.\nSpain kept control of two colonies in its empire in America: Cuba and Puerto Rico. It also held onto the Philippines and some preserved islands in Oceania, including the Caroline Islands (including the Palau Islands) and the Marianas (including Guam).\nWhen Spain lost the Spanish-American War of 1898, it lost almost all of its last territories. Spain kept control only of small islands of Oceania (not including Guam). Spain sold those islands to Germany in 1899. Spain still kept territories in Africa. Spain controlled part of Morocco, as well as Western Sahara and Equatorial Guinea, until decolonization in the 1960s and the 1970s. The last colony to gain independence was Western Sahara, in 1975, which was soon annexed by Morocco.\nDefinition.\nThe \"Spanish Empire\" generally means Spain's overseas provinces in the Americas, Africa, the Pacific and Europe. Territories such as the Low Countries or Spanish Netherlands were included as they were part of the possessions of the King of Spain, governed by Spanish officials and defended by Spanish troops. Many historians use both \"Habsburg\" and \"Spanish\" when they speak of the empire of Charles V or Philip II. \nThe Portuguese Colonial Empire joined Spain and was ruled by the same monarch in \"personal union\", but Portugal remained a separate state. The Portuguese empire continued to be ruled from Lisbon during this period. There was a joint Spanish-Portuguese rule for some time, which is sometimes called the \"Spanish-Portuguese Empire\".\nIn 1492, Spain finished a 781-year period of Reconquista with the fall of the last Moorish kingdom of Granada. The same year, the Catholic Monarchs paid for Christopher Columbus's voyage to reach India by sailing westwards. Columbus instead found America, which was the start of the Spanish colonization of the continent.\nBy the Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494, the globe was divided into two hemispheres between Spain and Portugal. Therefore, Spain had the right to start colonies in all of the New World from Alaska to Cape Horn (except in Brazil), as well as in Asia. The Castilian Empire was the result of a period of rapid colonial expansion into the New World, as well as the Philippines and colonies in Africa. Melilla was captured by Castile in 1497 and Oran in 1509.\nResults until today.\nThe Spanish language and the Roman Catholic Church were brought to the Americas and to the Spanish East Indies (now the Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, Marianas, Palau and the Philippines) by Spanish colonization, which began in the 15th century. Together with the Portuguese Empire, the Spanish Empire laid the foundations of a globalized trade and culture by opening up the great trans-oceanic trade routes. The Laws of the Indies regulated social, political and economic life in the Americas over centuries to protect the Indigenous peoples of the Americas, which started a miscegenation process that was more common than in all of the other empires. The mix between Spaniards, Native Americans and Blacks can be seen in most of the countries that used to be part of the Spanish Empire.\nThe Spanish Empire left a huge cultural, urban, and architectural legacy in the Western Hemisphere. Hundreds of towns and cities in the Americas were founded during the Spanish rule. The tangible heritage includes universities, forts, cities, cathedrals, schools, hospitals, missions, government buildings and colonial residences, many of which still stand today. Many present-day roads, canals, ports or bridges were built by Spanish engineers centuries ago. The oldest universities in the Americas were founded by Spanish scholars and Catholic missionaries. The Spanish Empire also left a vast cultural and linguistic legacy. With over 470 million native speakers today, Spanish is the second most spoken native language in the world. Another cultural legacy of the Spanish empire overseas is the Catholic Church, which remains the main religion in the Spanish Americas. The cultural legacy is also present in the music, architecture, cuisine and fashion of much of Spanish America.\nThe Spanish dollar was the world's first global currency.\nOne of the features of this trade was the exchange of a great array of domesticated plants and animals between the Old World and the New World. Some that were introduced to America included wheat, barley, apples, cattle, sheep, pigs, horses, donkeys, and many others. The Old World received from America maize, potatoes, chili peppers, tomatoes, tobacco, beans, squash, cacao (chocolate), vanilla, avocados, pineapples, chewing gum, rubber, peanuts, cashews, Brazil nuts, pecans, blueberries, strawberries, quinoa, amaranth, chia, and agave.\nThe exchanges, which are generally known as the Columbian Exchange, had the reusult of improving the agricultural potential of not only America but also Europe and Asia."}
+{"id": "64136", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64136", "title": "Viceroyalty of New Spain", "text": "The Viceroyalty of New Spain was the name of the territories of the Spanish Empire in North America and its peripheries in Asia that were ruled by the viceroy from 1521 to 1821. New Spain was the name that the Spanish gave to what is now central and southern Mexico, and since the area's viceroy had his capital in Mexico City, the name was also used for the viceroyalty.\nThe viceroyalty's territory included what are now the Bay Islands of Honduras (until 1643), Cayman Islands (until 1670), Central America (as far as the southern border of Costa Rica until 1821), Cuba, Florida, Hispaniola (including Haiti until 1700), Jamaica (until 1670) Mariana Islands, Mexico, Philippines, Puerto Rico, nearly all of the Southwestern United States (including all or parts of the U.S. states of California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Florida). Spain claimed areas as far north as British Columbia and Alaska, but the northern boundary of New Spain was redefined by the Adams-On\u00eds Treaty of 1819. New Spain also included Venezuela before it was annexed to the Viceroyalty of New Granada in 1717. \nThe territories were separated into provinces, each of which was led by a governor, who was responsible for its administration and often also led its army and militias. The provinces were grouped together under five high courts, called \"audiencias\" in Spanish, at Santo Domingo, Mexico City, Guatemala, Guadalajara, and Manila. The high courts and the governors had much autonomy from the viceroy and carried out most duties on their own. Only on important issues would the viceroy become directly involved in ruling the provinces.\nIn 1821, Spain lost its continental territories and recognized the independence of Mexico, as well as that of Santo Domingo (now the Dominican Republic) when it was invaded by Haiti that year. However, Cuba, Puerto Rico, and Spanish East Indies (including the Mariana Islands and the Philippines) remained part of the Spanish Empire until it lost the 1898 Spanish\u2013American War to the United States."}
+{"id": "64137", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64137", "title": "Matthew Perry", "text": "Matthew Langford Perry (August 19, 1969 \u2013 October 28, 2023) was a Golden Globe and Emmy nominated American and Canadian movie and television actor. He was best known for his work as Chandler Bing in the sitcom \"Friends\". \nEarly life and education.\nMatthew Perry was born in Williamstown, Massachusetts on August 19, 1969. His mother, Suzanne Jane Louise Morrison (n\u00e9e Langford), is a Canadian journalist. She was a press secretary to Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. Perry's father, John Bennett Perry, is an American actor and model. Perry was a citizen of both the United States and Canada. He was very good at speaking French. \nHis parents divorced (broke-up) before his 1st birthday. His mother is remarried to Keith Morrison, a broadcast journalist. Perry was raised by his mother in Ottawa. While growing up in Ontario, Matthew Perry was very interested in tennis. He soon became a top-ranked junior player. He had been good friends with professional tennis player Jennifer Capriati. By age 10, Perry started to steal money, smoke, and beat up fellow student and future Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau. The schools he went to were Rockcliffe Park Public School, Lisgar Collegiate Institute and Ashbury College. All of them are in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.\nDrug problems and recovery.\nIn the past, Perry had problems with alcohol, and addiction to drugs. He started drinking alcohol at an early age. He also was addicted to different drugs, also legal ones, such as painkillers.\nHe received a Champion of Recovery award in May 2013 from the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy for opening Perry House, a rehab center in his former mansion in Malibu, California. In 2015, Perry sold the mansion and relocated its services.\nDeath.\nPerry died on October 28, 2023 at the age of 54. He was found dead in his hot tub at his Los Angeles home. Foul play was not suspected. On December 15, 2023, Perry's death was revealed to have been \"acute effects of ketamine\". Other causes of death included the effects of buprenorphine, drowning, and coronary artery disease.==\nOn August 15, 2024, five people were charged with Perry's death. The people charged were two doctors, two drug dealers, and Perry's assistant. Three of them pleaded guilty. They were charged with the alleged involvement of distributing ketamine which caused the deaths of Perry and another person."}
+{"id": "64139", "revid": "1582584", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64139", "title": "Matt LeBlanc", "text": "Matthew Steven LeBlanc (; born July 25, 1967) is an American actor. He has been nominated for an Emmy and a Golden Globe Award. He is famous for his role as Joey Tribbiani on the television sitcoms \"Friends\" (1994-2004) and on its spin-off series \"Joey\". In 2000, he won \"Editor's Choice\" in TV Guide Awards (as \"Friends\"). In 2002, he won \"TV - Choice Actor - Comedy\" at the Teen Choice Awards (as \"Friends\"). In 2005, he won \"Favorite Male Television Star\" at the People's Choice Awards. He stars in \"Episodes\" as a fictional version of himself. He hosted \"Top Gear\" from 2016 until 2019"}
+{"id": "64140", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64140", "title": "Tango", "text": "The Tango is a dance which was created in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The musical style that was created with the dance is also called 'tango'. It is danced today in two versions. Neither version is 'better' than the other; they are rather different in style.\nArgentine tango.\nThe first tango dances and music was called \"tango criollo,\" or simply \"tango\". Today, there are various tango dance styles, including Argentine tango, Uruguayan tango, and vintage tangos. The Argentine tango is probably closer to that originally danced in Argentina and Uruguay, though no details survive of its original form.\nInternational tango.\nThe tango is a standard dance in international ballroom dancing. This version was developed in England before WWII, mainly as a result of the work of Monsieur Pierre, a French dance teacher who lived in London.\nThe Tango is now danced in international competitions to a style first set out in English ballroom texts and regulations."}
+{"id": "64142", "revid": "731605", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64142", "title": "Ethane", "text": "Ethane is an organic chemical compound with chemical formula C2H6. \nAt standard temperature and pressure, ethane is a colourless, odorless gas. It is isolated from natural gas, and as a byproduct of petroleum refining. \nIts main use is in the chemical industry, to make ethylene by steam cracking. \nAt room temperature, the gas is flammable, and it explodes when mixed with air. When ethane is liquid, touching it causes a very serious frostbite."}
+{"id": "64143", "revid": "8733655", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64143", "title": "Cracking (chemistry)", "text": "In chemistry terms, cracking is a process in which complicated organic molecules (such as kerogens or heavy hydrocarbons) are broken down into simpler molecules (e.g. light hydrocarbons) by breaking their carbon-carbon bonds. How fast the cracking process is and how long it takes for the end products to form are very dependent on the temperature and any existing catalysts. Cracking, also referred to as pyrolysis, is the breakdown of a large alkane into smaller, more useful alkanes and an alkene.\nCracking is used in petroleum to form \"light\" products such as LPG and gasoline.\nIt usually produces a short chain alkane and a long chain alkene.\nHydrocarbons are compounds that only contain carbon and hydrogen atoms."}
+{"id": "64144", "revid": "5413", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64144", "title": "Steam cracking", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64145", "revid": "1558157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64145", "title": "Christchurch", "text": "Christchurch is the largest city in the South Island of New Zealand and the second largest urban area in the country. Christchurch is located on the South Island\u2019s east coast. The population is approximately 403,000 (2024).\nThe name \u2018Christchurch\u2019 was decided upon at the first meeting of the Canterbury Association (made up of settlers of the surrounding province of Canterbury) on March 27, 1848. The city\u2019s name came from the Christ Church, Oxford College and was suggested by John Robert Godley, who attended the college. Earlier, the name of the town was Christ Church. On July 31, 1856, Christchurch became a city by Royal Charter and is officially the oldest established city in New Zealand.\nHistory.\nOriginal settlers of the Christchurch region were Moa Hunters. These settlers hunted the moa out of existence by about the year 1500. The hunters cleared large areas of Mata\u012b and T\u014dtara forests by fire, changing the landscape. The M\u0101ori people (Ng\u0101ti M\u0101moe and later Ng\u0101i Tahu) arrived in Canterbury between 1500 and 1700. The Moa Hunters were either killed or adopted by tribes. On February 16, 1770, Captain James Cook was the first European to see the Canterbury peninsula from his ship the Endeavour. Thinking it was an island, he named it Banks Island after the ship\u2019s botanist, Joseph Banks. It was not until around 1815 when European sailors from the sealing ship, Governor Bligh, landed and set foot on Banks Peninsula. During the 1820s the local M\u0101ori population fell due to fighting between different groups of Ng\u0101i Tahu and raids by the Ng\u0101ti Toa chief Te Rauparaha from 1830 to 1832. The impact of European diseases, especially measles and influenza only increased the death toll of the M\u0101ori people. The M\u0101ori tribes fought each other to near disappearance in the Christchurch region.\nEuropean pilgrims began settling the area in the 1800s. In 1839, the New Zealand Company was established in London. In current history, people started immigrating from Europe to New Zealand during this time. In May 1840, Major Thomas Bunbury arrived on a ship, the HMS Herald, to collect signatures from the Ng\u0101i Tahu chiefs for the Treaty of Waitangi. The Treaty had been signed by many North Island chiefs in the Bay of Islands earlier in the year on 6 February, 1840. During Bunbury\u2019s visit, only two of the Ng\u0101i Tahu chiefs signed it. After this treaty was signed, the colony became in direct control of the UK. The settlement by the British began in 1850. Christchurch was born by a royal warrant of the British King as the oldest city in New Zealand on July 31, 1856. A building of Neo-Gothic architecture was designed and constructed by Benjamin Mount Fort in the city center. The suburb of Hei Hei was subdivided for poultry farming after WWI for returning serviceman, but the venture failed due to the poor soil conditions.\nIn 1947, New Zealand's a major fire occurred at Ballantyne's Department Store in the inner city. 41 people died in a blaze which razed the rambling collection of buildings. Mass shootings occurred at two mosques on 15 March 2019.\nGeography.\nChristchurch is in Canterbury. It is the largest city in the South Island. The Pacific Ocean lines its east coast and south coast. The Southern Alps act as a border on the west coast. The Waimakariri River creates a natural northern border. The purest and cleanest water can be found in Christchurch. This water comes from the Southern Alps via aquifers.\nA two-hour drive by car includes the many highlights from Christchurch International Airport. One can enjoy skiing, golf, bungee jumping, white-water rafting, mountain biking, windsurfing, whale watching and a variety of other activities including the winery garden circulation. Christchurch has earned the pet name of \u201cthe garden city\u201d with the southern island.\nCentral city\nThe Cathedral Square is located right in the center of the city. The city center was damaged by the earthquake of February, 2011. The area around this square, within the 'four avenues' of Christchurch, was the central business district of the city. There were a number of residential areas within the central city including Inner City East, Inner City West, Avon Loop, Moa Neighbourhood and Victoria. Cathedral Square is located at the crossing of two famous, major central streets, Colombo Street and Worcester Street, both of which are currently cordoned off as you approach the square.\nAttractions such as the Wizard of New Zealand, Ian Brackenbury Channell, and evangelist Ray Comfort were hosted at the Cathedral Square until the earthquake in February, 2011. They also held market days, free standing food and coffee carts, an aquarium, pubs, restaurants and the city's chief tourist information centre. The City Mall was refurbished in 2008 & 09 before the earthquake of February 2011. The mall had specially designed seating, flower and garden boxes, more trees, paving, and an extension to the central city tram route. Now all that lies there is The Bridge of Remembrance commemorating war dead stands at the western end of the mall.\n\"A City for People Action Plan\u201d was released in 2010 by the Christchurch City Council. This program of work is planned through the year 2022 to improve public spaces within the central city to entice more inner city residents and visitors. To increase the comfort of pedestrians, a plan was put into action to reduce the impact of motorized private vehicles. The renowned Danish design firm, Gehl Architects prepared this report. Wellington architect Ian Athfield has since been selected to re-plan and help rebuild since the February, 2011 Christchurch earthquake.\nTransportation.\nThe main mode of public transportation in the city is by bus. The bus system operates throughout the city. Also, there is a free shuttle bus going around the city center.\nA railroad station exists southwest, around 4\u00a0km from the inner-city, but it is not for citizens. It is used for freight and sightseeing exclusively.\nEconomy.\nAgriculture is the main industry that is carried out over the Canterbury plains. The main crops grown are wheat, barley, various strains of clover and other grasses for seed exporting. Besides growing these crops, it also created various processing and distribution businesses in Christchurch. In recent years, agriculture has expanded to the wine industry and olive production and processing. Deer farming has led to new processing using antlers for Asian medicine and aphrodisiacs. Also, dairy farming and raising stock are also carried out on the flourishing Canterbury plains. Other industries include manufacturing, real estate and wholesale business. In more recent years, sightseeing and tourism have become prosperous, led by tourists from Europe, Asia, and North America.\nClimate.\nChristchurch has moderate rainfall year-round. It has warm summers and cool winters. The most common wind is a northeasterly sea breeze, but the city is famous for Nor'westers, hot dry, dusty winds which blow across the plains.\nEducation.\nSecondary schools.\nBurnside High School is in Christchurch. Largest school in New Zealand with 2,506 students enrolled. Cashmere High School at Rose Street is the second largest co-educational secondary school. Recently, Papanui High School has grown rapidly and is almost the same size. Then there is Riccarton High School that was one of the first state schools in the country to adopt a strong values base \u2013 the Riccarton Way. There are several single-sex schools as follows: Shirley Boys\u2019 High School, Christchurch Boys\u2019 High School, Avonside Girls\u2019 High School and Christchurch Girls\u2019 High School.\nEnglish public schools.\nChristchurch is also well known for several very traditional schools of the English public school type as follows: St. Thomas of Canterbury College, St. Margaret\u2019s College, Christ\u2019s College, St. Bede\u2019s College, Mariam College, St. Andrew\u2019s College, Villa Maria College and Rangi Ruru Girls\u2019 School.\nCollege.\nThere are also less conventional schools such as Unlimited Paenga Tawhiti and Hagley Community College.\nTertiary educational institutes include:"}
+{"id": "64146", "revid": "8725763", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64146", "title": "Phosphine", "text": "Phosphine is a chemical compound. Its chemical name is phosphorus hydride. Its chemical formula is PH3. It is also called phosphane and phosphamine. It contains phosphide and hydrogen ions.\nProperties.\nIt is a colorless, flammable gas. It is highly toxic; it can easily kill, even when concentration levels are low. It smells like fish. It can ignite without a spark. When it burns, it makes a white cloud of phosphorus(V) oxide, which is irritating.\nPreparation.\nIt is made when hypophosphites and phosphites are heated. It is also made when white phosphorus reacts with warm alkali.\nUses.\nThe gas is used for pest control. It is also used in making semiconductors. "}
+{"id": "64148", "revid": "5413", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64148", "title": "Planetary rings", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64149", "revid": "1676680", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64149", "title": "Planetary ring", "text": "A planetary ring is a ring made of dust and other particles orbiting around a planet in a flat-disc shaped region. The gas giants Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are the only planets known to have rings, with the rings of Saturn being the most spectacular system of rings.\nThe rings sometimes have \"shepherd satellites\". These moons orbit either in between ring gaps or the outside edge of a ring. The moons' gravity maintain the ring's current shape with a well-defined edge. Any material that drifts closer to a Moon's orbit, it can either move back into the body of the ring, deflect out into space, or is added onto the Moon's surface.\nThe rings can be made of silica or water ice. It is not known how any of the rings were formed. They are usually inside the Roche limit where large satellites cannot form."}
+{"id": "64150", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64150", "title": "Castile", "text": "Castile or Castilia can mean:"}
+{"id": "64151", "revid": "10343752", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64151", "title": "Kingdom of Castile", "text": "The Kingdom of Castile was one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. It began in the 9th century: it was called \"County of Castile\" and was a vassalage depending from the Kingdom of Le\u00f3n. It was one of the kingdoms that existed before the Kingdom of Spain.\nHistory.\n9th to 11th centuries: The beginnings.\nThe first Count of Castile was Rodrigo in 850, under Ordo\u00f1o I of Asturias and Alfonso III of Asturias. In 931 the county was unified by count Fern\u00e1n Gonz\u00e1lez, who made his lands subject to a hereditary succession, independent of the kings of Le\u00f3n.\n11th and 12th centuries: Expansion and union to the Kingdom of Le\u00f3n.\nIn 1028 Sancho III the Great, of Navarre, married the sister of count Garc\u00eda S\u00e1nchez and inherited title to the County of Castile after his brother-in-law's death. In 1035 he left the county to his son Fernando. Fernando I was married to Sancha, sister of Bermudo III of Le\u00f3n. Fernando I began a war with Le\u00f3n and in the battle of Tamar\u00f3n against a coalition of Castile and Navarre the king of Le\u00f3n was killed, leaving no offspring. His brother-in-law Fernando took the crown of Le\u00f3n for himself and their three sons took the kingdoms of Le\u00f3n (Alfonso VI), Galicia (Garc\u00eda) and Castile, Sancho, becoming king and borning the Kingdom of Castile."}
+{"id": "64156", "revid": "8841388", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64156", "title": "Luigi Galvani", "text": "Luigi Galvani (September 9, 1737 \u2013 December 4, 1798) was an Italian physician who lived and died in Bologna (Italy). In 1771, he found out that the muscles of dead frogs twitched when hit by a spark. He was a pioneer in modern obstetrics, and discovered that muscle and nerve cells produce electricity. He is well known as the inventor of chemical cells.\nGalvani invented batteries which is probably the most important thing which he has made. He also discovered that nerves and muscles produce electricity, and he was a very intelligent man in many different other ways.\nThis also links to the story of Frankenstein this story is based on a scientist giving life to a body made from different people's limbs by using the same procedure as Luigi Galvani, by sending an electrical current from lightening. "}
+{"id": "64158", "revid": "9862946", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64158", "title": "Lorem ipsum", "text": "Lorem ipsum is a dummy text used to replace text in some areas just for the purpose of an example. It can be used in publishing and graphic design. It is used to demonstrate the graphics elements of a document, such as font, typography, and layout.\nBackground.\nThe lorem ipsum text is usually a section of a Latin text by Cicero with words altered, added and removed to make it nonsensical. Lorem ipsum text is used in mock-ups of visual design projects before the actual words are put into the finished product. This is often called greeking. The text is derived from Cicero's \"De finibus bonorum et malorum\" (\"On the Ends of Goods and Evils\", sometimes the title is translated as \"[About] The Purposes of Good and Evil\" ). The words \"Lorem ipsum...\" make no sense. \nThe text was frequently used in desktop publishing templates. To experiment with the text, it can be copy-pasted into the desktop publishing software, and the typeface and its setting can be tried out. The distribution of letters in Lorem Ipsum is close to that in English language. This way, you can see what your own text would look like in that graphic format.\nText.\nThere are many Lorem ipsum text generators available, including free versions and online sites. The algorithm and source files for some versions are in the public domain. Most generators will start the first paragraph with \"L\"orem ipsum dolor sit amet,\" \" and then words selected from its word list according to model sentence and paragraph structure rules, so as to approximate the distribution of English word, sentence and paragraph lengths. "}
+{"id": "64168", "revid": "1293570", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64168", "title": "Planetary core", "text": "The planetary core is the innermost layer or layers in a planet. The terrestrial planets (planets with a rocky surface) have a core mainly made of iron and could be a solid or a liquid layer. The Earth's core is partially liquid, while the cores of Mars and Venus are thought to be completely solid, because the cores do not make a magnetic field.\nThe gas giants also have a core made of iron. Their cores are very small, in proportion to their large size. However, the gas giants are so large that their cores can still be larger than the Earth's core. Jupiter's core is estimated to be 12 times the mass of the Earth's.\nA core's size can vary from each planet or other object. The moon's core is 20% of its radius, but Mercury's core is 75% of its radius."}
+{"id": "64169", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64169", "title": "Redox", "text": "Redox (shorthand for reduction/oxidation) describes all chemical reactions in which atoms have an increase or decrease in oxidation number (oxidation state).\nAn oxidation number is a number assigned to an element in chemical combination that represents the number of electrons lost (or gained, if the number is negative), by an atom of that element in the compound.\nThe term \"redox\" comes from the two concepts of reduction and oxidation. It can be explained in simple terms:\nWhether an electron is gained or lost can be easily memorised by the abbreviation OIL RIG, which stands for, \"Oxidation Is Loss,\" or losing electrons, and \"Reduction Is Gain,\" or gaining electrons. Redox reactions can also happen by sharing electrons to form a product by covalent bonding. The term is called redox as neither oxidation or reduction may occur without the other occuring. \nIn an oxidation reduction reaction, the cation gives an electron to the anion because both ions will have a different charge to attract each other with. In an oxidation reduction reaction, the oxidizing reagent pulls an electron from the other atom to have a net positive charge. The reducing reagent gives an electron to have a net negative charge. However, there are exceptions. \nChemical process.\nRedox is a chemical process. It can be described in chemical formulas. This example describes the process that occurs in a blast furnace, where iron (Fe) reacts with carbon (C):"}
+{"id": "64170", "revid": "1548801", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64170", "title": "Defense of Van (1915)", "text": "The Siege of Van, Resistance at Van, ( \"Vani Herosamart\", ) or Van Rebellion, Van Revolt (), Armenian Revolution at Van () was a resistance during the World War I against Ottoman Empire."}
+{"id": "64174", "revid": "1663963", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64174", "title": "100 (number)", "text": "100 (also written as one hundred or simply hundred) is the natural number after 99 and before 101. It is the first three-digit number above zero. The number 100 is an abundant number. The letter C is the old Roman numeral for 100."}
+{"id": "64175", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64175", "title": "1021", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64176", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64176", "title": "1332", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64180", "revid": "1205177", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64180", "title": "Wasabi", "text": "Wasabi is a spice traditionally prepared from a plant from the cabbage family. Its root is used as a spice and has a very strong flavor. The root is smashed up into paste and used as a condiment. Its hotness is more like hot mustard or horseradish than chili pepper, because it irritates the nose more than the tongue. Eating too much wasabi can cause a very painful feeling in the nose. The plant grows naturally in Japan. It is often eaten with sushi.\nWasabi needs clean water and a cool climate. It is difficult to grow wasabi. There are two ways to grow wasabi. One way is to grow wasabi in water. The other way is to grow wasabi in a field.\nMajor sources of wasabi are Shizuoka, Nagano, Shimane, Yamanashi, and Iwate prefectures in Japan. Other source of wasabi include China, New Zealand, Taiwan.\nBecause the wasabi plant is so hard to grow, real wasabi is very rare and expensive, most wasabi is a green paste that is really made from horseradish, mustard and food coloring. \nWasabi is also known for how spicy, or hot it is."}
+{"id": "64181", "revid": "1558943", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64181", "title": "Prion disease", "text": "A prion disease (also called transmissible spongiform encephalopathy) is a disease which is caused by prions. Prions are structurally altered versions of small proteins that are normally expressed in cells. Unlike diseases that are caused by gene mutations resulting in the expression of a mutant protein, prions are able to replicate and transmit diseases through physical contact with normal proteins. This causes a protein's structure to change from the normal state to the prion state. \nUnlike bacteria, prions are not considered to be alive because they do not have their own metabolism, they do not possess genes and cannot naturally reproduce outside a host cell. Prion diseases are very rare, and no treatment is available for most of them. There is no cure for prion diseases, and they will always result in death.\nAlmost all of the known prion diseases are neurologic diseases. There are two common signs which are seen in typical prion diseases:\nPrion diseases.\nFew types of prion diseases are known. The most important ones are:\nPrion diseases are very rare. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease makes up about 85% of the cases, but there are about 1 to 1.5 cases per one million people per year."}
+{"id": "64183", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64183", "title": "Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64185", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64185", "title": "Help!", "text": "Help! is a 1965 movie starring The Beatles, and also the name of the movie's theme song, and of its soundtrack album. The movie was directed by Richard Lester, the same as their first movie, \"A Hard Day's Night\". While \"A Hard Day's Night\" was filmed in black-and-white, \"Help!\" was in color. George Martin produced the Beatles's songs for the album, and all their recordings for the movie.\nMovie.\n\"Help!\" is a fantasy story, that makes fun of spy movies, which were popular at the time. A religious cult has lost a special ring, worn by people they plan to sacrifice to their goddess, Kaili. It turns out one of their members sent the ring to Ringo Starr (drummer for the Beatles, who loved to wear rings). When the cult finds out, they try to capture Ringo, and either sacrifice him to Kaili or get their ring back. He tries to give it back, but the ring will not come off his finger. The other Beatles try to help, but also end up in danger. A defector (quitter) from the cult tries different ways to remove the ring, and a scientist also tries to steal it. Scotland Yard hides the Beatles at Buckingham Palace, but the cult even sneaks in there. The band escapes to the Bahamas in disguise, but are followed. Tired of running, the Beatles finally face down the cultists.\nThe movie's co-stars were Leo McKern, Eleanor Bron, Roy Kinnear, and Victor Spinetti. Spinetti also appeared in \"A Hard Day's Night\", and later in \"Magical Mystery Tour\". The movie was going to be called \"Eight Arms to Hold You\", but the title was changed when John Lennon wrote a song titled \"Help!\" that suited the movie's theme.\n\"Help!\" was filmed partly in England, partly in Austria, and partly in the Bahamas. The Beatles started a company in the Bahamas, as a tax shelter, but it did not work out. While they were filming, a Hindu believer gave each Beatle a book about reincarnation. George Harrison resonated very strongly with Hindu ideas and beliefs, and ended up becoming a follower of Hinduism. He also enjoyed the Indian classical music featured in \"Help!\", bought a sitar, and took music lessons with Ravi Shankar.\nSoundtrack album.\n\"Help!\" was the fifth album by The Beatles. The first seven songs appeared in the movie. The album includes the title song, \"Ticket To Ride\", George Harrison's \"I Need You\", and Paul McCartney's \"Yesterday\", the song with the most versions by other artists of all time. \"Help!\" was the last Beatles album with songs written by other people.\nSongs on the album.\nThe album is ranked number 332 in \"Rolling Stone\" magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. All songs were written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney unless noted otherwise."}
+{"id": "64186", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64186", "title": "Please Please Me", "text": "Please Please Me is the first studio album by the English band The Beatles. It was produced by George Martin and was released in the United Kingdom on 22 March 1963 on EMI's Parlophone record label. Eight of the fourteen songs were written by Lennon\u2013McCartney. \"Please Please Me\" was voted 39th on \"Rolling Stone\"s list of the \"500 Greatest Albums of All Time\" in 2012."}
+{"id": "64187", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64187", "title": "Maritime, Fluvial and Harbor Museum of Rouen", "text": "The Mus\u00e9e Maritime, Fluvial et Portuaire de Rouen (English: Maritime, Fluvial and Harbor Museum of Rouen) is a museum in France. It is about the history of the port of Rouen, which is one the greatest ports of France. The main themes are:\nIt is possible to see a 38 meter long barge which can be visited, trawler and barge motors and a whale skeleton.\nThe museum is in a former hangar of the port, not far from the new bridge."}
+{"id": "64189", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64189", "title": "Echternach", "text": "Echternach () is a commune in eastern Luxembourg, capital of the Echternach canton. It is the oldest town with city rights in Luxembourg.\nHistory.\nThe town grew around the walls of the Abbey of Echternach, which was founded in 698 by St. Willibrord, an English monk from Ripon, Northumbria (in present-day North Yorkshire, England), who became the first bishop of Utrecht and worked to Christianize the Frisians.\nThe abbey were closed during the French revolution in 1797. Echternach was given city rights in the year 1236.\nGeography.\nEchternach is in the east of the country near the border with Germany, on the banks of the Saar River.\nThe \"commune\" has an area of . The altitude is high. At the city hall, the altitude is high.\nEchternach is surrounded by four \"communes\" of Luxembourg: Rosport to the east and south, Bech to the southwest, and Berdorf and Consdorf to the west. To the north, the \"commune\" borders the Echternacherbr\u00fcck municipality of the Bitburg-Pr\u00fcm district in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate; and to the northwest the Bollendorf municipality, also in the Bitburg-Pr\u00fcm district of the Rhineland-Palatinate.\nPopulation.\nThere were 5,530 persons living in the \"commune\" in 2017, for a population density of inhabitants/km\u00b2.\nEvolution of the population in Echternach"}
+{"id": "64190", "revid": "333266", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64190", "title": "Breast cancer", "text": "Breast cancer is cancer in the breast.\nStatistics.\nBreast cancer is the fifth-most common cause of cancer death in the world. The first four are lung cancer, stomach cancer, liver cancer, and colon cancer. In 2005, breast cancer caused 502,000 deaths (7% of cancer deaths; almost 1% of all deaths) in the world. Among all women in the world, breast cancer is the most common cancer.\nIn the United States, breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, and the second most common cause of cancer death in women (after lung cancer). In 2007, breast cancer caused about 40,910 deaths (7% of cancer deaths; almost 2% of all deaths) in the U.S. Women in the United States have a 1 in 8 chance of getting breast cancer in their lives. They have a 1 in 33 chance of death from breast cancer.\nThere are many more people getting breast cancer since the 1970s. This is because of how people in the Western world live. Because the breast is composed of identical tissues in males and females, breast cancer also occurs in males, though it is less common.\nTreatment.\nWhen a person gets breast cancer, they can try to cure it in three ways. Doctors can cut out the cancer (mastectomy or lumpectomy). They can give the person drugs (chemotherapy). They can also try to kill the cancer with energy (radiation), immunotherapy, targeted therapy, and hormone therapy. If one cure does not work, they may need to try another.\nWho is mainly affected by breast cancer?\nThe most common cancer among women is breast cancer, followed by skin cancer. It\u2019s most likely to affect women over the age of 50. Breast cancer can also occur in men, although it is rare. Approximately 2,600 men are diagnosed with male breast cancer every year in the United States, making up less than 1% of all cases. Breast cancer is more prevalent in transgender women than in cisgender men. Furthermore, transgender men are less likely to develop breast cancer than cisgender women."}
+{"id": "64191", "revid": "177123", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64191", "title": "Beaker (glassware)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64198", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64198", "title": "Kuru disease", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64199", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64199", "title": "Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64200", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64200", "title": "Cue sports", "text": "Cue sports are games played with balls on a table. The table has rubber around the sides (called \"cushions\") around it to keep the balls on the table. It has cloth on it. Two or more people use sticks (called cues) to make one ball (the cue ball) hit other balls. There are lots of different cue sports. These include billiards, pool and snooker.\n\"Pool\" is also sometimes called \"pocket billiards\". The aim is to use the cue ball to knock other balls into \"pockets\" (called \"potting\"). These pockets are holes cut into the rubber cushions. When balls go into the pockets they drop down into nets. There are many different pool games. In \"eight-ball\", players must pot their eight balls before their opponent. In \"nine-ball\" the balls are numbered. They must be potted in numbered order. In \"straight pool\" players must pot a certain amount of balls. \n\"Billiards\" is usually played with three balls, uses a table without pockets. The goal is to use the cue ball to hit one of the other two balls, then hit one or more of the cushions, and finally hit the second other ball. This is called a \"carom\". There are different billiards games. \"English Billiards\" is similar to the carom game, but the table has pockets.\n\"Snooker\", which is similar to pool, is played on a large (6 foot wide by 12 foot long) table, with small balls and small pockets, making the game very challenging. Snooker also uses more balls than pool."}
+{"id": "64204", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64204", "title": "Cher (entertainer)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64205", "revid": "1660571", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64205", "title": "Cher", "text": "Cheryl Sarkisian, better known as Cher (born May 20, 1946), is an American singer, actress, and television star. She is often called the \"Goddess of Pop\".\nCher became famous in 1985as part of the singing duo Sonny & Cher. She also became a solo singer and had hit songs like \"Bang Bang\", \"Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves\", \"Half-Breed\", and \"Dark Lady\". In the late 1990s and early 2000s, she had more hit songs like \"If I Could Turn Back Time\" and \"The Shoop Shoop Song\".\nCher's song \"Believe\" used Auto-Tune in a new way, which became known as the \"Cher effect\". It was the best-selling single of 2019 in the US and the UK. She kept releasing music in the 2000s and 2000s. \"Closer to the Truth\" (2013) and \"Dancing Queen\" (2018) were big successes in the United States.\nIn the 2000s, Cher was also a popular TV star. Later, she acted in many movies. She won the Academy Award for Best Actress for the movie \"Moonstruck\". She also acted in \"Silkwood\", \"Mask\", \"The Witches of Eastwick\", \"Mermaids\", \"Burlesque,\" and \"Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again\".\nCher is one of the best-selling music artists of all time. She has sold over 100 million records. She is the only solo artist with number-one songs on the \"Billboard\" charts in seven different decades, from the 1980s to the 2010s.\nShe has won many awards, including an Academy Award, an Emmy Award, a Grammy Award, and three Golden Globe Awards. She was added to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Her 1992\u20132005 tour earned $250 million and was the most successful tour by a female artist at that time.\nCher also supports causes like HIV/AIDS prevention and rights for LGBTQ people."}
+{"id": "64206", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64206", "title": "Frunzik Mkrtchyan", "text": "Frunzik (Mher) Mkrtchyan (July 4, 1930 \u2013 December 29, 1993) was a popular Soviet Armenian actor who was named a People's Artist of the Soviet Union in 1984.\nLife.\nEven though he was a comedian, Frunzik's personal life was very sad. His first wife, Donara Mkrtchyan, became mentally ill and was sent to a mental institution for the rest of her life and Frunzik became a single parent of two young kids.\nHis son inherited his mother\u2019s mental illness and, according to people close to Frunzik, he suffered from severe depression in the last few years of his life, and became a heavy alcoholic. In 1993, his brother found him lying dead in his home in Yerevan. Thousands of people attended his funeral."}
+{"id": "64212", "revid": "9210697", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64212", "title": "Pest", "text": "Pest could mean:\nPlaces with the name Pest:"}
+{"id": "64213", "revid": "10631", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64213", "title": "Dark", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64214", "revid": "1514846", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64214", "title": "Yuzu (band)", "text": "Yuzu () is a Japanese popular music duo. Its members are Kitagawa Yujin () and Iwasawa Kouji (). Both of the band members come from Yokohama in the Kanagawa Prefecture. At first, they sung on the street in Yokohama. They have known each other since they were small children.\nThey are famous for their concerts in front of the department store, \"Matsuzakaya\" in Isezakicyo in Yokohama. They officially debuted in 1997. The first CD was 'Yuzu no Moto'."}
+{"id": "64215", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64215", "title": "Pestilence", "text": "Pestilence is a word that is used for any highly infectious disease that can cause an epidemic or even a pandemic. It is commonly used for parasites too, but only when they cause large scale sickness or death, such as the Guinea worm.\nThe word meant the disease plague, which is called \"pestis\" in Latin.\nIt was used for the Black Death as well, an epidemic of the 14th century that killed Millions of people in Europe."}
+{"id": "64216", "revid": "1667968", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64216", "title": "List of historical plagues", "text": "This list contains famous or well documented outbreaks of plagues or disease. They are examined in individual entries."}
+{"id": "64217", "revid": "1582584", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64217", "title": "List of epidemics and pandemics", "text": "This article is a list of major pandemics and epidemics caused by infectious diseases in human history. Events in boldface are ongoing. "}
+{"id": "64219", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64219", "title": "Pandemic", "text": "A pandemic (from Greek \u03c0\u03b1\u03bd \"pan\" all + \u03b4\u03ae\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \"demos\" people) is an epidemic (an outbreak of an infectious disease) that spreads across a large region (like a continent), or even worldwide.\nCommon killers and pandemics.\nAccording to the World Health Organization, a pandemic exists when three conditions have been met:\nA disease or condition is not a pandemic merely because it is widespread or kills many people. It must also be infectious. For example, cancer causes many deaths, but it is not a pandemic because it is usually not infectious.\nWorld Health Organization pandemic phases.\nThe World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a plan to prepare the global fight against influenza. It defines the stages of a pandemic and makes recommendations about what countries should do before and during a pandemic. The phases are:\nInterpandemic period:\nPandemic alert period:\nPandemic period:"}
+{"id": "64222", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64222", "title": "Demonstrative pronoun", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64224", "revid": "1530097", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64224", "title": "Training", "text": "Training means learning to \"do\" something. It includes practicing skills. The term is used for learning to do jobs, or play games.\nExamples:\nTraining means changing behavior through learning new requirements and methods. Its effect is measured by testing to see if the behavior has been successfully changed. Follow-up sessions may be repeated until the desired behavior has been achieved.\nExercise may or may not be part of training. When it is, it is called physical training. It is specific and done to improve one's capability, capacity, and performance; see, e.g., strength training or flexibility training.\nOther websites.\n "}
+{"id": "64229", "revid": "25547", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64229", "title": "WrestleMania (PPV series)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64230", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64230", "title": "Demi Moore", "text": "Demi Moore (born November 11, 1962 as Demi Gene Guynes) is an American actress. She became well known after a string of 1980s teen-oriented movies, and was one of the best known actresses of 1990s Hollywood. She is best known for her roles in \"Ghost\", \"A Few Good Men\", \"Disclosure\", \"Indecent Proposal\", and \"G.I. Jane\". In 2025, Moore won a Golden Globe Award for her role as Elisabeth Sparkle in \"The Substance\".\nShe has been married to musician Freddy Moore and actors Bruce Willis and Ashton Kutcher. All her marriages ended in divorce. She has three daughters by Willis: Rumer, Scout, and Tallulah. She dated Tobey Maguire in 2002 to 2003. She has French origins."}
+{"id": "64231", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64231", "title": "Fergie", "text": "Fergie Duhamel (born Stacy Ann Ferguson; March 27, 1975) is an American singer, songwriter, fashion designer, television host, and former dancer. She is a former member of the kids' TV series \"Kids Incorporated\", and the girl group Wild Orchid. Ferguson was also a co-host of the TV series \"Great Pretenders\". She was also in the movie \"Nine.\" She was a vocalist for the hip hop group The Black Eyed Peas and is a solo artist. She released her debut solo album, \"The Dutchess\", in 2006. Her second solo album, \"Double Dutchess\", was released in 2017 through her own label, Dutchess.\nShe has achieved three number-one singles on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100: \"London Bridge\", \"Glamorous\", and \"Big Girls Don't Cry\".\nEarly life.\nFerguson was born in Hacienda Heights, California. She is the daughter of devout Roman Catholic school teachers Theresa Ann (n\u00e9e Gore) and Jon Patrick Ferguson. Her ancestry includes Irish, Scottish, English, Mexican (from a great-grandmother) and Native American. She was raised Roman Catholic. She attended Mesa Robles Middle School and Glen A. Wilson High School. She was a cheerleader, straight-A student and spelling bee champion, as well as a Girl Scout.\nHer great-great-great-grandfather John Ribton was the Archdeacon of Achonry. Her great-great-granduncle John Ellard Gore was an astronomer.\nSinging career.\nShe has a contralto vocal range.\nIn 2018, at the NBA All-Star Game, Fergie sang a jazz/swing version of \"The Star-Spangled Banner\". Critics panned her performance, but she apologized and claimed she was trying a new style.\nPersonal life.\nOn January 10, 2009, she married actor Josh Duhamel. Fergie and Duhamel are both Catholic. Their son, Axl Jack Duhamel, was born on August 29, 2013. In 2017, Fergie announced that she and Duhamel were divorcing.\nIn 2017, Fergie left the hip hop group the Black Eyed Peas to focus on her solo career. "}
+{"id": "64233", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64233", "title": "Zuleyka Rivera", "text": "Zuleyka Jerr\u00eds Rivera Mendoza (born October 3, 1987 in Cayey, Puerto Rico, and raised in Salinas, Puerto Rico) is a beauty queen who has held the titles Miss Puerto Rico and Miss Universe 2006. "}
+{"id": "64235", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64235", "title": "Amanda Peet", "text": "Amanda Peet (born January 11, 1972) is an American movie and television actress. She has acted in television commercials and several movies. She recently appeared at the television series \"Studio 60 On The Sunset Strip\", where her character \"Jordan McDeere\" is the president of the fictional network National Broadcasting System (NBS)."}
+{"id": "64236", "revid": "10332437", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64236", "title": "Rupert Everett", "text": "Rupert Everett (Rupert James Hector Everett, born 29 May 1959) is an English actor, singer and writer. He became famous when he appeared in Julian Mitchell's play and movie \"Another Country\" playing an openly homosexual student at an English public school in the 1930s. He has since appeared in many other works, including \"My Best Friend's Wedding\", \"The Next Best Thing\" and the \"Shrek\" sequels.\nEverett left school at 16 and ran away to London to become an actor. In order to support himself, he worked as a prostitute for drugs and money\u2014he disclosed this information in an interview for \"US\" magazine in 1997. After being dismissed from the Central School of Speech and Drama, he travelled to Scotland and got a job at the Citizens Theatre in Glasgow.\nIn the 21st century, Everett has been writing. He has been a \"Vanity Fair\" contributing editor, has written for \"The Guardian\" and wrote a film screenplay on playwright Oscar Wilde's final years.\nIn 2006 Everett published a memoir, \"Red Carpets and Other Banana Skins\", in which he reveals his six-year affair with British television presenter Paula Yates. Although he is sometimes described as bisexual, as opposed to homosexual, he described his heterosexual affairs during a radio show with Jonathan Ross as the result of adventurousness: \"I was basically adventurous, I think I wanted to try everything\".\nEverett criticised the introduction of same-sex marriage, claiming, \"I find it personally beyond tragic that we want to ape this institution that is so clearly a disaster\"."}
+{"id": "64237", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64237", "title": "Shiri Maymon", "text": "Shiri Maymon (born 17 May 1981 in Haifa, Israel) is an Israeli (pop) singer. She represented her country in Eurovision Song Contest 2005 where she reached the final."}
+{"id": "64238", "revid": "1508758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64238", "title": "Tom Selleck", "text": "Tom Selleck (born January 29, 1945) is a Golden Globe and Emmy Award winning American actor, screenwriter and film producer, best known for his role on the long-running television show \"Magnum, P.I.\" and Peter Mitchell in \"Three Men and a Baby\" and \"Three Men and a Little Lady\". He stars on \"Blue Bloods\". He has also acted in many movies and had a recurring role as Dr. Richard Burke on \"Friends\", who was a love interest to the character of Monica Geller (Courteney Cox)."}
+{"id": "64239", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64239", "title": "Rob Schneider", "text": "Robert Michael Schneider (born October 31, 1963) is an American actor, comedian, screenwriter, producer and director.\nEarly life.\nSchneider was born in San Francisco, California and grew up in the nearby suburb of Pacifica. He is the son of Jewish-American real estate broker Marvin Schneider, and Pilar, a former kindergarten teacher and ex-school board president; his grandfather on his mother's side of the family was a European American soldier and his grandmother on the same side of the family was a Filipina. Schneider graduated from Terra Nova High School in 1982.\nCareer.\nAfter becoming a famous stand-up comedian and expert at NBC sketch comedy series \"Saturday Night Live\", Schneider now has a career in movies, including main roles in the comedies ', ', \"The Animal\" and \"The Hot Chick\"."}
+{"id": "64240", "revid": "1655780", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64240", "title": "V\u00e4xj\u00f6", "text": "V\u00e4xj\u00f6 (Swedish IPA: []) is a city in Sm\u00e5land in southern Sweden. It has a population of 55,600 (2005). V\u00e4xj\u00f6 is the seat of V\u00e4xj\u00f6 Municipality and is the administrative, cultural and industrial centre of Kronoberg County. Furthermore, it is the seat of the Diocese of V\u00e4xj\u00f6."}
+{"id": "64241", "revid": "975121", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64241", "title": "Carolina Kl\u00fcft", "text": "Carolina Evelyn Kl\u00fcft (born February 2, 1983) is a Swedish athlete. She competes in heptathlon, long jump and pentathlon. She is the current Olympic, World (twice) and European (twice) heptathlon champion and is regarded as one of the best female athletes in the world. Since 16/09/2002, Kl\u00fcft has been continuously ranked as the world's leading heptathlete, by the IAAF. This is currently the longest of any athlete.\nShe is also normally a member of the Swedish 4 \u00d7 100 m relay team at international competitions, and was part of the team that set the national record.\nHer main coach is Agne Bergvall. She is 5\u00a0ft 10 in (1.78 m) tall and weighs 65\u00a0kg.\nOn 2 September 2012, during the Finland-Sweden athletics international at Ullevi, Carolina Kl\u00fcft officially ended her career and retired from sports."}
+{"id": "64242", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64242", "title": "Jonas Bj\u00f6rkman", "text": "Jonas Lars Bj\u00f6rkman (born March 23, 1972, Alvesta, Sweden) is a Swedish professional male tennis player and former World No. 4 in singles and World No. 1 in doubles. He is as of the 2006 season the oldest player in the ATP Top 100 (singles). He has also played in numerous Wimbledon tournaments."}
+{"id": "64243", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64243", "title": "Do As Infinity", "text": "Do As Infinity is a Japanese pop / rock band. They had their first song on September 29, 1999, \"Tangerine Dream\". Their name is sometimes shortened to D.A.I. The band was named after the their guitarist and composer, Dai Nagao. The singer was Van Tomiko. The group ended on September 29, 2005. They started again 3 years later."}
+{"id": "64245", "revid": "1481427", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64245", "title": "Myleene Klass", "text": "Myleene Angela Klass (born 6 April 1978) is an English classical pianist, commercial model, television and radio presenter, and former member of British pop group Hear'Say. She was born in Gorleston, Norfolk to a Filipino mother and Anglo-Austrian father. Her pop success achieved 4 Top 10 singles, 2 of which were UK Number Ones. Hear'Say also released 2 albums, \"Popstars\" and \"Everybody\". \nAlmost a year after the Hear'Say break-up on 13 May 2003, Klass signed a five-album deal with Universal Classics and Jazz. Klass's album, called \"Moving On\", was sold on 20 October 2003 at Harrods, London. It was nominated as \"Peoples' Album Of The Year\" in the Classical BRIT Awards. On 23 October 2004 Klass said she would not be releasing any further material through the label.\nKlass was a contestant in the 2006 series of \"I'm a Celebrity ... Get Me Out of Here!\". She finished in second place, behind Matt Willis. Klass returned to the show in 2023 during the All-Stars series. She won the show. \nHer net worth was about \u00a311\u00a0million in April 2012."}
+{"id": "64246", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64246", "title": "Kym Marsh", "text": "Kimberley Gail \"Kym\" Ratcliff (n\u00e9e Marsh; formerly Ryder, and Lomas born 13 June 1976) is an English actress, singer and television presenter. She grew up in Garswood, Merseyside.\nMarsh rose to fame when she and four other contestants won reality TV show \"Popstars\" and formed manufactured pop quintet Hear'Say. She is most recognised however for her role as Michelle Connor on the long-running ITV soap opera \"Coronation Street\", which she played from 2006 to 2019. Marsh was one of the contenders to represent the UK in the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest; she was third place and as such did not take part in the ESC. In 2022, she competed in BBC's dance contest \"Strictly Come Dancing\". From January 2023, she began portraying Nicky Walters in the revived BBC school-based drama series \"Waterloo Road\". \nPersonal life.\nMarsh has two children, David Ryan (born April 1995) and Emily May (born November 1997). They are from a relationship with Dave Cunliffe. \nMarsh married former \"EastEnders\" actor Jack Ryder in St Albans, Hertfordshire, on 10 August 2002. On 20 March 2008 the couple said they would separate and may divorce. On 26 March 2009, Marsh said she had committed adultery during her marriage. Marsh and Ryder decided to divorce on 12 August 2009. \nMarsh began dating \"Hollyoaks\" actor Jamie Lomas in July 2008. She and Lomas said they were expecting a baby due in the summer of 2009. On 12 February 2009, Marsh said their son, Archie Jay Lomas, was born 18 weeks early on 11 February. He died moments after birth. Marsh and Lomas ended their relationship on 9 October 2009. The couple got back together the following month as Marsh won Mother of the Year 2009. On Christmas Day 2009 Lomas proposed to Marsh and she accepted.\nMarsh announced that she was three months pregnant on 26 October 2010. On 23 March 2011, Marsh gave birth to her and Lomas' daughter, Polly. She was delivered five weeks early and weighed just over 4lb. Marsh married Lomas in 2012. The couple divorced in 2014.\nDiscography.\nAlbums.\nStudio albums\nExtended plays\nSingles.\nAs part of Hear'Say\nAwards and nominations.\n2007: \n2008:\n2009:"}
+{"id": "64247", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64247", "title": "Mackenzie Rosman", "text": "Mackenzie Ryann Rosman (born December 28, 1989) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Ruthie Camden on The CW's \"7th Heaven\"."}
+{"id": "64248", "revid": "1498485", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64248", "title": "David Gallagher", "text": "David Lee Gallagher (born February 9, 1985) is an American actor. He began his career as a and when he was two years old and is best known for his role as Simon Camden on the television series \"7th Heaven\". He is also known for his feature film roles; as Mikey Ubriacco in ', as Kevin Harper in ' and as in \"\". During his career as a child and teen star, he was nominated for five Young Artist Awards and won a Teen Choice Award. He is also known for voicing the character Riku in the \"Kingdom Hearts\" video game series."}
+{"id": "64249", "revid": "1041406", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64249", "title": "Jessica Biel", "text": "Jessica Claire Biel (born March 3, 1982) is an American actress, Vocalist and former fashion model. \nBiel became known for her early television role of Mary Camden in the long-running family drama series \"7th Heaven\". She is perhaps best known for appearing in several Hollywood movies. These include \"Summer Catch\", the remake of \"The Texas Chainsaw Massacre\" and \"The Illusionist\". \nBiel is also known for her beauty and is considered a sex symbol. In 2005 Esquire magazine declared her the \"Sexiest Woman Alive\". In 2007 she was voted number 1 in a poll by Stuff magazine.\nIn 2012, she married singer Justin Timberlake. They have two sons together, Silas Randall (born 2015) and Phineas (born 2020)."}
+{"id": "64250", "revid": "10476006", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64250", "title": "7th Heaven", "text": "7th Heaven was an American television series about a Protestant minister's family living in the fictional town of Glenoak, California. It was created and produced by Brenda Hampton. The series premiered on Monday, August 26, 1996, on the WB Television Network, the first time that the WB aired Monday night programming. The series finale was scheduled for May 8, 2006; however, the show was renewed by the CW Television Network when the intended final episode received high ratings. The 11th and final season premiered on September 25, 2006 and ended on May 13, 2007. Reruns of \"7th Heaven\" can now be seen on the UP channel weekdays from noon-4 p.m. ET."}
+{"id": "64253", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64253", "title": "Beverley Mitchell", "text": "Beverley Ann Mitchell (born January 22, 1981) is an American actress and country music singer. She is perhaps best known for her role as Lucy Camden-Kinkirk on the television series \"7th Heaven\"."}
+{"id": "64257", "revid": "10798", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64257", "title": "Carolina Kluft", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64258", "revid": "1572213", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64258", "title": "Nanne Gr\u00f6nvall", "text": "Nanne Gr\u00f6nvall (born Marianne Elisabeth Nordqvist on May 18, 1962 in Stockholm) is a Swedish singer-songwriter. She's married to Peter Gr\u00f6nvall, who's the son of ABBA's Benny Andersson. Nanne has participated in the National part of Eurovision Song Contest 8 times, won it once with their group One More Time and ended up in 3:rd place in the international competition. She has, beside her musical career, had her own radiotalkshow and hosted many other radioshows, acted in several theatre and musical-productions, among others she did the leading part of Sweet Charity. She has toured Sweden many times in her own name and also had her own shows in the two biggest cities in Sweden, Stockholm and Gothenburg. She had great success around in Europe together with her group One More Time in the 90s and later on Ritchie Blackmore recorded their hitsong Highland with his group Blackmore's Night.\nNannes musical career started in the 1980s group \"Sound of Music\". The trio participated twice in the Swedish Eurovision Song Contest selections, Melodifestivalen, finishing fourth both times; in 1986 with \"Eldorado\" and in 1987 with \"Alexandra\". Over the following ten years she established herself as a songwriter in Melodifestivalen, writing two songs for the 1992 competition and the 1995 runner-up \"Det vackraste\" (\"The Most Beautiful Thing\") performed by Cecilia Vennersten."}
+{"id": "64259", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64259", "title": "Human biology", "text": "Human biology is part of biology, biological anthropology, and medicine. It looks at humans. It is related to primate biology, and some other areas.\nHuman biology research includes:\nIt deals with human evolution, adaptation, and population genetics."}
+{"id": "64260", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64260", "title": "Flavor Flav", "text": "William Jonathan Drayton Jr. (born March 16, 1959), known by the stage name Flavor Flav, is an American rapper and television personality. He is a member of the hip hop group Public Enemy. He raps about politics. After several years of quiet, he has been seen again lately as a star of American reality television. He has starred in some VH1 programs, most recently the \"Flavor of Love\" series.\nFlav was born in Roosevelt, New York and grew up in Freeport, New York."}
+{"id": "64262", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64262", "title": "Schapelle Corby", "text": "Schapelle Leigh Corby (born 10 July 1977) is an Australian woman convicted and imprisoned in Indonesia for drug smuggling. She is a former shop assistant and beauty therapy student from Queensland.\nCorby served a twenty-year sentence for the importation of 4.1kg (9lb) of cannabis into Bali, Indonesia. She was convicted and sentenced in Bali on 27 May 2005 by the Denpasar (Indonesia) District Court and was serving her sentence in Kerobokan Prison, Bali. On appeal, her conviction and sentence have been confirmed with finality by the Indonesian Supreme Court, with legal maneuvers continuing on her behalf.\nShe says that the drugs were put in her bag by someone else and that she did not know about them. Her trial and conviction were a major focus of attention for the Australian media. Corby was released on parole on 10 February 2014 after serving nine years in prison. In her parole conditions, Corby cannot leave Indonesia until July 2017.\nControversy.\nOn 3 March 2008 Australian television show \"Current Affairs\" showed pictures of what was believed to be Corby and her sister Mercedes dining in a restaurant. This is proof that Corby had bribed the prison guards to let her out for the evening claimed the show, this has made many Australians upset as Corby earlier has claimed she never goes outside Kerobokan Prison."}
+{"id": "64267", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64267", "title": "Autogenic training", "text": "Autogenic training is a relaxation technique developed by the German psychiatrist Johannes Schultz and first published in 1932.\nThe technique involves the daily practice of sessions that last around 15 minutes, usually in the morning, at lunch time, and in the evening. During each session, the practitioner will repeat a set of visualisations that induce a state of relaxation. Each session can be practiced in a position chosen amongst a set of recommended postures (\"e.g.\" lying down, sitting meditation, sitting like a rag doll, \"etc.\"). \nSchultz emphasized parallels to techniques in yoga and meditation. However, unlike some forms of yoga and meditation, autogenic training is devoid of any mysticism. It is a method for influencing one's autonomic nervous system. \nCounter-indications.\nAutogenic Training is counter-indicated, or needs to be adapted, for a series of conditions including: heart problems such as myocardial infarction, diabetes, psychotic conditions such as schizophrenia, glaucoma, alcohol or drug abuse, epilepsy."}
+{"id": "64268", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64268", "title": "George III of Great Britain", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64272", "revid": "9757647", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64272", "title": "Mathematical notation", "text": "Mathematical notation is a system in mathematics that uses symbols to represent objects and ideas. In mathematics and other exact sciences like physics or computer science, problems often need to be presented in some way. In such representations, different symbols have different meanings:\nSome mathematical notations use diagrams, or small drawings to show the underlying concepts. One example is the Penrose graphical notation which is used to show tensors. Another examples are Coxeter\u2013Dynkin diagram which are used for certain problems of geometry. \nThere are different ways to write down an \"equation\" like \" two and three\""}
+{"id": "64274", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64274", "title": "Shell", "text": "Shell may refer to:"}
+{"id": "64276", "revid": "440188", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64276", "title": "Ian Craig Marsh", "text": "Ian Craig Marsh (born 11 November 1956) is a British musician. He helped start the electronic band The Human League, until leaving in 1980 to form B.E.F. (British Electric Foundation) and later Heaven 17."}
+{"id": "64280", "revid": "6541836", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64280", "title": "Laboratory equipment", "text": "Laboratory equipment are tools and equipment used by scientists who work in a laboratory. These can include tools such as:\nLaboratory equipment is used to either perform an experiment or to take measurements and gather data."}
+{"id": "64284", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64284", "title": "Sarah Palin", "text": "Sarah Louise Palin (; n\u00e9e Heath; born February 11, 1964) is an American politician, commentator and author. She was the ninth Governor of Alaska, from 2006 to 2009. As the Republican Party nominee for Vice President in the 2008 presidential election alongside Arizona Senator John McCain, she was the first Alaskan on the national ticket of a major party and first Republican woman nominated for the vice presidency. Her book \"Going Rogue\" has sold more than three million copies. Since January 2010, she has provided political commentary for Fox News, and hosted a television show, \"Sarah Palin's Alaska.\"\nShe was elected to Wasilla City Council in 1992 and became mayor of Wasilla in 1996. In 2003, after an unsuccessful run for lieutenant governor, she was appointed Chairman of the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission, responsible for overseeing the state's oil and gas fields for safety and efficiency. The youngest person and first woman to be elected Governor of Alaska, Palin held the office from December 2006 until her resignation in July 2009. She has since endorsed and campaigned for the Tea Party movement, as well as several candidates in the 2010 midterm elections.\nPalin was a candidate for the United States House of Representatives for Alaska's at-large congressional district in the 2022 election. She lost to Mary Peltola.\nPersonal life and education.\nPalin was born in Sandpoint, Idaho to Charles R. \"Chuck\" Heath, a science teacher and track and field coach, and Sarah \"Sally\" (n\u00e9e Sheeran), a school secretary. Palin's siblings are Chuck Jr., Heather, and Molly. Palin has English, Irish, and German ancestry.\nWhen Palin was a few months old, the family moved to Skagway, Alaska where her father received his job to teach. They relocated to Eagle River in 1969, and finally moved to Wasilla in 1972.\nPalin played flute in a band when she was in junior high, then she attended Wasilla High School where she was the head of the Fellowship of Christian Athletes, During her senior year, she was co-captain and point guard of the basketball team that won the 1982 Alaska state championship, earning the nickname \"Sarah Barracuda\" for her competitive streak.\nAlaska politics.\nPalin was a member of the Wasilla, Alaska city council from 1992 to 1996, and was the city's leader or mayor from 1996 to 2002. She tried to become the assistant to the Governor of Alaska (the lieutenant governor) in 2002, but lost the race. Palin led the Alaska Oil and Gas Conservation Commission from 2003 to 2004, and was chosen to become Governor of Alaska in November 2006 by first being picked to be the choice of the Republican Party and then being chosen over a man in the Democratic Party who had twice been governor of the state. She was both the youngest governor of Alaska and the first female governor of the state. She resigned July 26, 2009. Though elected on a platform of clean government, she blamed the many ethics cases brought against her. She said the legal costs and time kept her from doing her job.\n2008 Election.\nOn August 29, 2008, John McCain, who was the choice of the Republican Party to become president of the United States, said he wanted Palin to become the Vice President. She was picked at the 2008 Republican National Convention in Saint Paul, Minnesota to be the Republican Party choice. She was the first woman to be chosen by the Republican Party to try to become either President or Vice President and the first person from Alaska to be picked for one of these jobs by either the Republican or the Democratic Party. Many Republicans liked the choice, but many other people thought she did not have enough experience and was not smart enough. This image came about from errors in her speeches and interviews with journalists like Katie Couric and Charles Gibson. Her opponent was Joe Biden, who won.\nAfter the 2008 election.\nPalin resigned as governor on July 26, 2009.\nIn 2009, Palin, with help, wrote a book about her life called \"Going Rogue\". It was at the top of the bestseller list, and she drew large crowds at her book signings.\nShe formed her political action committee, Sarah PAC, in January 2009. Since 2009, she has spoken many times at meetings of the conservative Tea Party movement. Since January 2010, she has been a paid contributor to Fox News Channel.\nOn November 14, 2010, a show on TLC called \"Sarah Palin's Alaska\" debuted and was hosted by Sarah Palin. It was canceled after one season. On October 5, 2011, she chose not to run for the 2012 Presidential Election because she wanted to spend time with her family.\nIn January 2016 Palin announced her support of Donald Trump for President in the 2016 election.\nOn April 1, 2022, Palin announced that she would run for Alaska's at-large congressional seat that was left empty after the death of Congressman Don Young. She lost the special election to Democrat Mary Peltola. She ran again against Peltola in the November 2022 general election and lost again."}
+{"id": "64289", "revid": "45220", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64289", "title": "Samvel Babayan", "text": "Samvel Babayan (; born June 22, 1957), was the Commander-in-Chief of the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army from 1994 to 2000. On March 22, 2000, he allegedly tried to kill President Arkadi Ghukasyan in Stepanakert. He was sentenced to 14 years in prison."}
+{"id": "64290", "revid": "932285", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64290", "title": "Artsakh Defence Army", "text": " \nThe Artsakh Defence Army also known as the Nagorno-Karabakh (NKR) Defense Army was founded on 9 May 1992, as the formal defence force of the unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, made up of Armenians. It is internationally recognised to be part of Azerbaijan. "}
+{"id": "64291", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64291", "title": "Republic of Artsakh", "text": "Artsakh (officially the Republic of Artsakh; ; , ), or the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (), was a separatist state in the Nagorno-Karabakh region of the South Caucasus. It controlled its own land but is legally part of Azerbaijan.\nHistory.\nArmenian people have lived there since classical antiquity. In the 11th century the Seljuk invasion swept over the Middle East, including the South Caucasus. Nomadic Turkic Oghuz Seljuk tribes, which also include the Azerbaijanis, came during this invasion. They became dominant in Nagorno-Karabakh. From this time, until the beginning of the 20th century, these tribes used Mountainous Karabakh as their summer pastures. They stayed there for about four to five months per year, and in fact, they owned the region.\nArmenia and Azerbaijan have disputed the area since 1918. After the Soviet Union established control over the area, in 1923 it formed the Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO) within the Azerbaijan SSR. In the final years of the Soviet Union, Armenia and Azerbaijan started to dispute the region again. This dispute caused the Nagorno-Karabakh War from 1993 to 1994.\nOn 10 December 1991, a referendum (vote) was held in the NKAO and the neighbouring Shahumian region. The referendum asked voters the question: \"Should this area be independent from Azerbaijan?\" The Azerbaijani people boycotted the referendum: they protested by choosing not to vote. This resulted in a declaration of independence from Azerbaijan as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic. The country was not recognized by any UN member state, including Armenia. \nThere was dispute over the country's status ever since it was created. Azerbaijan claimed that they had the right to control Artsakh. Armenia supported Artsakh. From 2020 to 2023, there were multiple fights between Artsakh and Azerbaijan. On 28 September 2023, President Samvel Shahramanyan signed a deal with Azerbaijan's government to close down Artsakh's government by 1 January 2024, bringing an end to Artsakh. By October, almost all of the population had fled to Armenia.\nGeography.\nThe Artsakh Republic has a lot of mountains. It is in area, and borders Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran. The highest peaks in the country are Mount Mrav, , and Mount Kirs . The major rivers are the Terter and Khachen rivers. Most rivers in the country flow towards the Artsakh valley.\nThe climate in the Artsakh Republic is mild. It is foggy for over 100 days a year. More than 36% of the country is forested.\nDemographics.\nIn 2005, the country's population was 137,737. The ethnic composition was 137,380 (99.74%) Armenians, 171 (0.12%) Russians, 21 (0.02%) Ukrainians, 6 (0.00%) Azerbaijanis and 159 (0.12%) others.\nThe first demographic census in the Artsakh Republic took place in 1769. It was a letter from Heraclius II of Georgia to Russia's Petr Ivanovich Panin, and said, \"Seven families rule the region of Khamse. Its population is totally Armenian.\" \nIn 2014, the life expectancy for males was 71.6 years, and females 76.8 years."}
+{"id": "64292", "revid": "10467508", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64292", "title": "Brandon Lee", "text": "Brandon Bruce Lee (February 1, 1965 \u2013 March 31, 1993) was an actor from Oakland, California.\nEarly life.\nBrandon Lee was born in East Oakland Hospital in Oakland, California, He is eldest child of Bruce Lee and his wife Linda, He lived in Hong Kong for his first eight years. Lee lost his father when he was only 8 years old, and then moved to Seattle with his mother and sister. Lee faced a lot of difficulties when he was a teenager. He moved around a lot, coped with being the son of a martial arts legend, and he dropped out of high school several times.\nCareer.\nLee made his first feature movie, Legacy of Rage (1986). And around that time, he appeared in Kung Fu: The Movie with David Carradine, which aired on television. But then, Brandon Lee had his promising career cut short by tragedy, much like his father. A few years later, returning to the big screen, Lee made three action movies: \"Laser Mission\" (1990), \"Showdown in Little Toyko\" (1991) with Dolph Lundgren and \"Rapid Fire\" (1992) with Powers Boothe.\n\"The Crow\", and his death.\nLee played Eric Draven in The Crow, a movie that derived from comic books of James O'Barr. In this movie, he played a murdered rock musician. But there were a series of mishaps during the scene of shooting. Lee was performing his death scene for the movie. He was supposed to perform shoot to death by a prop gun, but the bullet in the prop gun was real and it pierced through his abdomen. Then, he died on March 31, 1993 because of his injuries. Then he was buried next to his father in Seattle on April 3, 1993. And The Crow was released the next year after additional scenes were shot to complete the movie."}
+{"id": "64293", "revid": "9944869", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64293", "title": "Matt Dillon", "text": "Matthew Raymond \"Matt\" Dillon (born February 18, 1964) is an Academy Award-nominated American actor. He began acting in the late 1970s, gained fame as a teen idol during the 1980s, and made a successful career as an adult actor in the decades following, ending in an Oscar nomination for his acting in the film \"Crash\"."}
+{"id": "64294", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64294", "title": "Matt Damon", "text": "Matthew Paige Damon (born October 8, 1970) is an American actor, philanthropist, producer and screenwriter. He won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay for his writing of the story for the movie \"Good Will Hunting\", and he was nominated for his acting in the same movie. He has also acted in several other movies including \"The Bourne Identity\", the \"Ocean's Trilogy\", \"Syriana\" and \"Oppenheimer\". He will play Odysseus in the 2026 movie \"The Odyssey\".\nEarly life.\nHe was born on October 8, 1970 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He is the son of Kent Telfer Damon, a stockbroker, and Nancy Carlsson-Paige, an early childhood education professor at Lesley University. His father is of Scottish, Welsh, and English ancestry, while his mother is of Finnish, Norwegian, and Swedish ancestry. His brother Kyle is an accomplished sculptor and artist. He and his family moved to Newton and lived there for two years. After his parents divorced, Damon and his brother moved with their mother back to Cambridge, where they lived in a six-family communal house. Damon grew up near actor Ben Affleck, a close friend since childhood and collaborator on several films (Damon is Affleck's tenth cousin, once removed, through a common New England ancestor)."}
+{"id": "64295", "revid": "74278", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64295", "title": "Robert Urich", "text": "Robert Urich (December 19, 1946 \u2013 April 16, 2002) was an Emmy-winning actor. He was born in Toronto, Ohio. \nUrich is best known for playing private investigators on the television series \"\" (1985\u20131988) and \"Vega$\" (1978\u20131981). He also acted in many other television series over the years including: \"S.W.A.T.\" (1975), \"Soap\" (1977) and The Lazarus Man (1996). He was also known for starring in the movie A long Way Home which was released in 2003.\nFrom 1975 until his death, Urich was married to actress Heather Menzies.\nUrich died of synovial sarcoma in Thousand Oaks, California at the age of 55. "}
+{"id": "64296", "revid": "752027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64296", "title": "Vic Morrow", "text": "Victor Morrow (February 14, 1929 \u2013 July 23, 1982) was an American actor. He was famous for acting in the television series \"Combat!\" (1962\u20131967), in which he also worked as a television director.\nMorrow was born in the Bronx, New York City. He was the father of actress Jennifer Jason Leigh. \nMorrow died while filming \"\" at an accident in Ventura County, California with a helicopter that crashed and killed him and two children. The accident made the government make many reforms in U.S. child labor laws and safety regulations on movie sets in California."}
+{"id": "64297", "revid": "1068586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64297", "title": "Lal Masjid siege", "text": "The Lal Masjid siege (Codename: Operation Sunrise and Operation Silence) was a conflict centering around the Lal Masjid mosque and madrasah complex in Islamabad, the capital of Pakistan, that was besieged from July 3 to July 11, 2007."}
+{"id": "64298", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64298", "title": "Mourning dove", "text": "The mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) is a member of the dove family (Columbidae). It has five subspecies. The number of mourning doves in the world is about 475 million. They live in North America. Mourning doves are light grey and brown, and males and females look similar. Adult mourning doves usually eat only seeds. The parents feed crop milk to the young.\nOverview.\nThe mourning dove has five subspecies. The number of mourning doves is about 475 million. They live in North America. Mourning doves are light grey and brown, and males and females look similar. They usually have one partner at a time. Both parents will sit on the eggs and care for their chicks. Adult mourning doves usually eat only seeds. The parents feed crop milk to the young.\nPeople hunt mourning doves for sport and for meat. Up to 70 million birds are shot in the United States (US) every year. Its name, \"mourning,\" comes from its sad-sounding call. The bird is a strong flier, and can fly at up to 88 km/h (55 mph).\nDistribution.\nMourning doves have a large range of nearly 11\u00a0million square kilometers (6.8\u00a0million square miles). These birds live throughout the Greater Antilles, most of Mexico, the Continental United States, and southern Canada. In the summer, the birds are mostly in the Canadian prairies, and in southern Central America in the winter.\nThe species is a vagrant in northern Canada, Alaska, and South America. It has been seen at least seven times in the Palearctic ecozone with records from the British Isles (five), the Azores (one) and Iceland (one). In 1963, the Mourning Dove was introduced to Hawaii, and in 1998 there was still a small population in North Kona, Hawaii.\nMourning doves live in many different habitats, such as farms, woods, prairie and grassland. It does not live in swamps or thick forests. They also live in places where humans live, such as in cities or towns.\nFeatures.\nThe mourning dove is a medium-sized, slender dove. It weighs an average of . It has a small head and a long tail. Mourning doves have perching feet, with three toes facing forward and one facing backward. The legs are short and reddish color. The beak is small and dark, usually a mixture of brown and black.\nIts feathers are generally light gray-brown and lighter and more pink below. The wings may have black spots, and the outer tail feathers are white. The eyes are dark, with light skin around them. The adult male has bright purple-pink patches on the sides of its neck, with light pink coloring up to the breast. Younger birds look more scaly and dark.\nAll five subspecies of the mourning dove look similar and cannot be told apart easily. The Western subspecies has longer wings, a longer beak, shorter toes, and is lighter in color. The Panama mourning dove has shorter wings and legs, a longer beak, and is grayer in color. The Clarion Island subspecies has larger feet, a larger beak, and is darker brown.\nSounds.\nThis species' call is a \"cooOOoo-wooo-woo-woooo\", which is used by males when attracting a mate. Other sounds include a nest call (\"cooOOoo\") by paired males to attract their mates to the nests, a greeting call (a soft \"ork\") by males upon joining their mates again, and an alarm call (a short \"roo-oo\") by either male or female when in danger.\nIn flight, the wings make a fluttery whistling sound that is quiet and hard to hear, but is louder at take-off and landing.\nReproduction and ecology.\nThe male begins by flying noisily, and then in a graceful, circular glide with its wings outstretched and head down. After landing, the male will go to the female with a puffed out breast, bobbing head, and loud calls. Once the pair is mated, they will often spend time preening each other's feathers. The mourning dove does not easily leave its mate. Pairs may sometimes remain together throughout the winter. However, lone doves will find new partners if necessary.\nAfter mating, the male shows the female all the possible nest sites, and lets the female choose one and build the nest. The male will fly about, get material, and bring it to her. The male stands on the female's back to give the material to the female, who builds it into the nest. The nest is made of twigs, conifer needles, or grass. Sometimes, mourning doves will take place of the unused nests of other mourning doves, birds, or mammals like squirrels.\nNests.\nMost nests are in trees, but they can also be in shrubs, vines, or on buildings and hanging flower pots. When there is no good place to nest above, mourning doves will nest on the ground. The nest is almost always big enough for exactly two eggs. Sometimes, however, a female will lay her eggs in the nest of another pair, leading to three or four eggs in the nest. The eggs are small and white. Both sexes incubate; the male from morning to afternoon, and the female the rest of the day and at night. Mourning doves rarely leave their nest alone. Incubation takes two weeks.\nFeeding.\nBoth parents feed the chicks crop milk for the first 3\u20134 days of life. After that, they gradually begin to eat seeds. The feathers and wing muscles begin to develop for flight in about 11\u201315 days. This happens before the squabs are fully grown, but after they digest the adult food. They stay nearby to be fed by their father for up to two weeks after fledging.\nBreeding.\nMourning doves breed quickly. In warmer areas, these birds may raise up to six broods in a season. This fast breeding is important because mourning birds die often. Each year, the mortality rate can reach 58% a year for adults and 69% for the young.\nFeeding.\nMourning doves eat mostly seeds. Seeds are at least 99% of their diet. Rarely, they will eat snails or insects. Mourning doves usually eat enough to fill their stomach and then fly away to digest while resting. They often swallow gravel or sand to help them digest. At bird feeders, mourning doves are attracted to corn, millet, and sunflower seeds. Mourning doves do not dig or scratch for seeds, but only eat what they can see. They will sometimes perch on plants and eat from them. Mourning doves especially prefer pine nuts, sesame, and wheat. When they cannot find their favorite foods, mourning doves will eat the seeds of other plants, including buckwheat and rye.\nPredators and parasites.\nMourning doves can be easily harmed by several different parasites and diseases, including tapeworms, nematodes, mites, and lice. The \"Trichomonas gallinae\", a parasite which lives in the mouth, is especially severe. While the bird sometimes shows no ill effects, the parasite often causes a yellowish growth in the mouth and throat. This can make the bird starve to death.\nThe greatest predators of this species are birds of prey, such as falcons and hawks. Other times, during nesting, corvids, grackles, house cats or rat snakes will eat their eggs. Cowbirds rarely pass parasites mourning dove nests. Mourning doves reject slightly under a third of cowbird eggs in such nests, and the cowbirds cannot eat the Mourning Dove's vegetarian diet.\nBehavior.\nJust as other doves, the mourning dove drinks without lifting or tilting its head. They often gather at drinking spots around dawn and dusk. Mourning doves wash themselves in the sun or rain. These birds can also take baths in shallow pools or bird baths. They may sometimes bathe themselves in the dust as well. These birds are strong fliers and can fly up to 88\u00a0km/h (55\u00a0mph).\nWhen they are not breeding, mourning doves roost in dense deciduous trees or in conifers. During sleep, the head rests between the shoulders, close to the body, and is not tucked under the shoulder feathers as most species do. Sometimes, roosting is delayed on colder days during the winter in Canada.\nConservation status.\nThe mourning dove is of Least Concern to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The species is not at immediate risk. The population is about 475 million and they live across a wide area. However, around 40\u201370 million birds are shot as game every year.\nTaxonomy.\nThe mourning dove is closely related to the eared dove (\"Zenaida auriculata\") and the Socorro dove (\"Zenaida graysoni\"). Sometimes these three birds are put in the separate genus \"Zenaidura\". The Socorro dove was once thought to be the same species as the mourning dove. However, differences in behavior, call, and appearance separate them as two different species.\nThere are five subspecies of mourning dove:\nThe West Indian subspecies lives throughout the Greater Antilles. It is also lives in the Florida Keys. The Eastern subspecies lives mainly in eastern North America, as well as Bermuda and the Bahamas. The Western subspecies lives in western North America and parts of Mexico. The Panamanian subspecies is in Central America. The Clarion Island subspecies lives near the Pacific coast of Mexico.\nThe mourning dove is sometimes called the American mourning dove, because it may be confused with the distantly related African mourning dove (\"Streptopelia decipiens\"). It also used to be called the Carolina turtledove or Carolina pigeon. French zoologist Charles L. Bonaparte gave this species' its scientific name in 1838. The name comes from his wife, Princess Z\u00e9naide. The \"mourning\" part of its name comes from its call.\nClosest relative.\nThe mourning dove is thought to be most closely related to the extinct passenger pigeon (\"Ectopistes migratorius\").\nAs a symbol and in the arts.\nThe Eastern mourning dove (\"Z. m. carolinensis\") is Wisconsin's official symbol of peace. The bird is also Michigan's state bird of peace.\nThe mourning dove appears as the Carolina turtle-dove on plate 286 of Audubon's \"The Birds of America\".\nMourning doves are referred to often in American literature. They are in some American and Canadian poetry such as in the works of Robert Bly, Jared Carter, Lorine Niedecker, and Charles Wright."}
+{"id": "64303", "revid": "1674404", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64303", "title": "Mai Kuraki", "text": "Mai Kuraki (born October 28, 1982 in Funabashi, Chiba) is a Japanese female pop and R&B singer.\nHer father is the movie director, Isomi Yamasaki.\nShe appeared in her father's movies in her childhood.\nShe started her singing career in 1999 when she was 17 years old. Her first single was \"Love, Day After Tomorrow\". It became a bestseller.\nHer first album \u201cdelicious way\u201d sold 35 million records.\nAfter graduating Ritsumeikan University in Kyoto in 2005, she has concentrated on musical activities.\nKuraki writes her own lyrics most of the time, but she does not compose (write) the music. She gets music from composers. \u201cCybersound\u201d in Boston often does the arrangements.\nShe was influenced by Michael Jackson."}
+{"id": "64304", "revid": "9276483", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64304", "title": "Saint Mesrob", "text": "Saint Mesrop Mashtots (also Mesrob, Mashtotz, , 360 - February 17, 440) was an Armenian Christian monk. He invented the Armenian alphabet in the year 406. He was a theologian and linguist. This invention was a basic and important step in strengthening three things for the Armenian identity: the Armenian Church, the government of the Armenian Kingdom, and connections between the Armenian Kingdom and Armenians living in the Byzantine and Iranian Empires. He is best known for inventing the Armenian alphabet AD, which was a fundamental step in strengthening Armenian national identity. He is also considered to be the creator of the Caucasian Albanian and Georgian alphabets by some scholars."}
+{"id": "64307", "revid": "10471887", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64307", "title": "Ashlee Simpson", "text": "Ashlee Simpson (born October 3, 1984) is an American pop rock singer, songwriter, actress, and dancer. She is the younger sister of pop singer Jessica Simpson. Ashlee started dancing at the age of 4 and by the time she was 11 enjoyed the status of being the youngest person ever admitted to the prestigious School of American Ballet. In 1999, when she was 14 years old, she moved to Los Angeles with her family for her sister's career and instantly began her own career by working as a backup dancer for Jessica.\nAshlee's first album, \"Autobiography\", was released in 2004. She also starred in her own reality series \"The Ashlee Simpson Show\". Simpson was criticized when she used a pre-recorded vocal track for a performance on \"Saturday Night Live\" in October 2004. Simpson released another album in 2005 called \"I Am Me\". In May 2008, Ashlee married Pete Wentz, from the band Fall Out Boy. Their son, Bronx Mowgli, was born in November 2008. In February 2011, Simpson-Wentz filed for divorce. On October 29, 2020, she gave birth to another son named Ziggy Blu."}
+{"id": "64308", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64308", "title": "Providence", "text": "Providence may mean:"}
+{"id": "64311", "revid": "10429037", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64311", "title": "Airbus A340", "text": "The Airbus A340 is a long-range four-engined widebody commercial passenger airplane manufactured by Airbus S.A.S. a subsidiary of EADS. It is similar in design to the twin-engined A330.\nThere are 4 variants of this model:\nThe A340-200 (which is the shortest), the A340-300, the A340-500 and the longest one the A340-600. The A340-600 is one of the longest passenger planes in the world. \nHaving four engines, the A340 uses more fuel than many other aircrafts. However, that also mean it does not have to pass the ETOPS (extended range twin operations) test to fly long range. \nThe Airbus A340 is no longer in production as it was replaced by the more efficient Airbus A350 XWB. \nThe Airbus A340 is well known for being very safe, only having six hull losses and no problems that killed people. "}
+{"id": "64314", "revid": "9589995", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64314", "title": "Autonomic nervous system", "text": "The autonomic nervous system (ANS) controls the conditions inside the body. It is sometimes called the 'visceral nervous system' or 'involuntary nervous system'. The ANS is part of the peripheral nervous system.\nANS controls all automatic actions. That means that it controls all reflexes and actions during sleep.\nMost of its activities are done without the person having conscious control over them. The person usually cannot feel what the ANS is doing. However, some of the ANS's activities work together with the conscious mind, like breathing. \nThe ANS controls many different things, like heart rate, digestion, respiration rate, salivation, perspiration, diameter of the pupils, the discharge of urine, and erection.\nThere are two different sections within the ANS:"}
+{"id": "64315", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64315", "title": "Mesrop Mashtots", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64317", "revid": "8644359", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64317", "title": "Peripheral nervous system", "text": "The peripheral nervous system, or PNS, is part of the nervous system. It consists of the nerves and ganglia which are outside the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord). The main function of the PNS is to connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the limbs and organs. \nThe PNS is not protected by bone like the central nervous system. Therefore it is exposed to toxins and mechanical injuries. The peripheral nervous system is divided into the somatic nervous system (SNS) and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). But the enteric nervous system (ENS) can be seen as a third branch of its own and not as part of the autonomic nervous system. "}
+{"id": "64331", "revid": "1667226", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64331", "title": "IKEA", "text": " \nIKEA is a multinational furniture company that was founded by Ingvar Kamprad, from Sweden. The name IKEA is an acronym from the name Ingvar Kamprad, Elmtaryd (the farm where he grew up), and Agunnaryd (his hometown in Sm\u00e5land, southern Sweden).\nHistory.\nThe company was started in 1943 by Ingvar Kamprad (1926-2018) when he was seventeen years old as a mostly mail-order sales business. From the beginning, the company was selling items such as pens, picture frames, clocks, jewellery, nylon stocking, wallets and whatnot. After an order, Kamprad would often deliver it himself. By 1947 it started selling furniture and by 1958 the first IKEA store was opened in \u00c4lmhult, Sm\u00e5land. The first stores outside Sweden were opened in Norway (1963) and Denmark (1969). The stores spread to other parts of Europe in the 1970s, with the first store outside Scandinavia opening in Switzerland (1973), followed by West Germany (1974)."}
+{"id": "64332", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64332", "title": "Central nervous system", "text": "The central nervous system (CNS) is the largest part of the nervous system. It is made up of the brain and the spinal cord.\nTogether with the peripheral nervous system, it has an important role in the control of behaviour. The CNS is protected by bone in the dorsal cavity: the brain in the cranial subcavity, and the spinal cord in the spinal canal."}
+{"id": "64333", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64333", "title": "Spinal cord", "text": "The spinal cord is a bundle of nerves that go to and from the brain. It is enclosed in and protected by the bony vertebral column. The main function of the spinal cord is transmission of neural inputs between the periphery and the brain.\nSpinal cord segments.\nHumans have 31 left-right pairs of spinal nerves, each roughly corresponding to a segment of the vertebral column. The spinal nerve emerges from the spinal column through an opening \"between\" adjacent vertebrae. Outside the vertebral column, the nerve divides into branches.\nThe nerves for incoming sensory information are bundled separately from nerves for outgoing motor instructions for muscles. The system serves the autonomic nervous system as well as the motor activities which we control consciously."}
+{"id": "64334", "revid": "1684879", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64334", "title": "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?", "text": "Who Wants To Be A Millionaire? is a British quiz show, produced by Celador. In May 2008, the Dutch company 2waytraffic bought the license for the international format. \nHistory.\n\"Who Wants To Be A Millionaire?\" aired for the first time on 4 September 1998 in the United Kingdom. The UK show was previously hosted by Chris Tarrant from it's start in 1998 until 2014. It had its biggest ratings in March 1999 when more than 19 million were watching the show. The first millionaire on the show was Judith Keppel who appeared on 20 November 2000. \nNational variants.\nMore than 100 countries around the world have bought the license and air local versions of the show, including Australia, Bulgaria, Germany, Poland, Russia, United States. The United States version became a big hit when Regis Philbin started hosting it in 1999. John Carpenter, a man who worked for the IRS, became the first person to win the grand prize of $1,000,000 in 1999. Philbin hosted the show until 2002. A syndicated version of the show has aired since 2002. It is hosted by Meredith Vieira. The ABC revival stars Jimmy Kimmel. \nEach country airs the show under the same rules. They all have the same studio design.\nIn Australia, a spin-off called \"Millionaire Hot Seat\" has aired since 2009."}
+{"id": "64335", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64335", "title": "Danny Saucedo", "text": "Danny Saucedo (born Daniel Gabriel Alessandro Saucedo Grzechowski on 25 February 1986 in Stockholm, Stockholms L\u00e4n, Sweden) is a Swedish singer who competed as one of the finalists in Pop Idol \u2014 the Swedish version of Idol. His two songs charted on the official Swedish singles chart. '\"\u00d6ppna Din D\u00f6rr\"' (Tommy Nilsson cover) peaked at No. 24 in 2006 and \"Tokyo\" (credit to Danny) was two weeks at No. 1 in 2007."}
+{"id": "64336", "revid": "9806389", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64336", "title": "Agnes Carlsson", "text": "Agnes Carlsson (born March 6, 1988 in V\u00e4nersborg; better known by her stage name Agnes) is a Swedish singer who rose to popularity after winning \"Idol 2005\", the Swedish version of \"Pop Idol\", shown by TV4. The October 10, 2006 SVT confirmed that Agnes would participate in the Swedish Melodifestivalen 2007 with her song \"More than a girl\", but she got disqualified because she talked about the song in an interview with Aftonbladet. She is the third only Idol winner who was previously a \"Wildcard\" on the show, next to Canada's Ryan Malcolm and Kazakhstan's Almas Kishkenbayev. Agnes advanced to the finals as the jury's choice. She has released a song called \"Release Me\", which became a huge hit for Agnes."}
+{"id": "64337", "revid": "9123499", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64337", "title": "Daniel Lindstr\u00f6m", "text": "Daniel Lindstr\u00f6m (born January 30, 1978) is a Swedish singer from Ume\u00e5. He won the Swedish Idol 2004 contest against Darin Zanyar. His first single, \"Coming True\", sold double platinum. His self-titled album, released in December 2004, was at the top of the Swedish pop charts. The new album \"N\u00e5n slags verklighet\" (\"Some kind of reality\") contains songs written in Swedish by the singer himself. Daniel Lindstr\u00f6m was the first winner of the Swedish Idol series."}
+{"id": "64338", "revid": "1669630", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64338", "title": "Destiny's Child", "text": "Destiny's Child was a three-time Grammy Award-winning American R&B girl group. They were founded in Houston, Texas. They formed in 1997. Originally a quartet called Girl's Tyme, the group eventually became a trio whose members were Beyonc\u00e9 Knowles, Kelly Rowland, and Michelle Williams. According to the World Music Awards, Destiny's Child is the best selling female group of all time. On June 12, 2005, they announced on tour in Barcelona that they would no longer be performing together, but pursuing individual careers in music, theatre, television and film.\nThey disbanded in 2006. Destiny's Child has sold in total 130 million worldwide including albums, video albums and singles; its leader Beyonc\u00e9 as a solo artist has sold over 250 million records ; Kelly Rowland has sold as a solo artist 60 million records worldwide.\nWith Michelle Williams as the lineup Destiny's Child sold more than 45 million records. They have reunited at various Beyonc\u00e9 performances including Super Bowl, and Coachella.\nHistory.\n1998-2000.\nDestiny's Child released their first album, \"Destiny's Child\", in 1998. Their second album \"The Writing's on the Wall\" was released in 1999. It was the band's last album with four members.\n2001-2003.\nIn 2001 \"Survivor\" was released. All of the album's four singles reached number one.\n2004-2005.\nThe band released their last album \"Destiny Fulfilled\" in 2004. Four singles were released from the album."}
+{"id": "64339", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64339", "title": "Kelly Rowland", "text": "Kelendria Trene\" Kelly\" Rowland (born February 11, 1981) is an American singer, songwriter, dancer, and occasional actress, who rose to fame as one of the founding members of the successful R&B girl group Destiny's Child, the world's best-selling female group of all time.\nHer total sales (LP, EP, compilation, video album and singles) surpassed 100 million worldwide (60 with the group, 40 as solo and featured artist). Rowland has released four solo albums. Her first album \"Simply Deep\" is her most successful album. Rowland had her only number one on the album, \"Dilemma\".\nRowland's parents separated when she was seven. She and her mother moved to Houston when she was eight.\nIn 2011, Kelly Rowland was a judge on \"The X Factor UK\". The following year, she became a judge on the American version."}
+{"id": "64340", "revid": "10418056", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64340", "title": "Pop Idol", "text": "Pop Idol was a British television series that was first shown on ITV on October 5, 2001. The show was a talent contest to decide the best new young pop singer, or 'pop idol', in the United Kingdom, based on viewer voting and participation. There were two series of \"Pop Idol\". The first was from October 2001 - February 2002. The winner was Will Young; the runner-up was Gareth Gates. The second series was in 2003. It was won by Michelle McManus.\nThe \"Idol\" series has become an international franchise. It has spun off many successful shows such as \"Idol\", \"American Idol\", \"Canadian Idol\", \"Australian Idol\", \"Idols West Africa\", \"Indian Idol\", \"Indonesian Idol\", \"New Zealand Idol\", \"Philippine Idol\", \"Pinoy Idol\", Hay superstar, \"Nouvelle Star\", \"Deutschland sucht den SuperStar\", \"Singapore Idol\", \"Malaysian Idol\", \"Music Idol\", \"Idols South Africa\", \"\u00cddolos Brazil\", \"\u00cddolos Portugal\", and others. It also had a world version named World Idol."}
+{"id": "64341", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64341", "title": "Rachel Smith", "text": "Rachel Renee Smith (born April 18, 1985 in Panama) is a beauty queen from Clarksville, Tennessee. She won the Miss USA contest in 2007. She had previously competed in the Miss Teen USA contest. She represented the USA in the Miss Universe pageant in 2007.\nEarly life.\nSmith was born on a U.S. Army base in Panama. She lived in Clarksville, TN after her parents were stationed at Fort Campbell. She attended Clarksville Academy and graduated from Davidson Academy for high school.\nSmith graduated \"magna cum laude\" from Belmont University in Nashville, Tennessee in 2006 with a Bachelor of Science in journalism. Smith graduated a semester early, in December 2006. She received a full tuition scholarship to attend Belmont due to her community service activities and academic achievements throughout high school. While she was at Belmont, she interned for eight months with Chicago-based Harpo Productions, a company owned by Oprah Winfrey. In January 2007, it was announced that she had been chosen by Winfrey to volunteer for one month at her Leadership Academy for Girls."}
+{"id": "64342", "revid": "226207", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64342", "title": "Natalie Glebova", "text": "Natalie Glebova, (born November 11, 1981) is a Russian Canadian beauty queen. She held the title Miss Universe 2005."}
+{"id": "64343", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64343", "title": "Michelle Williams (singer)", "text": "Tenitra Michelle Williams (born July 23, 1979) is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, and actress. She was a background singer for Monica, before rising to fame as part of the successful Grammy Award-winning R&B girl group Destiny's Child, the world's best-selling female group of all time, selling over 100 million records worldwide. \nWilliams played the character Shug Avery in the play \"The Color Purple\". She was a contestant in the 2010 series of British reality television show \"Strictly Come Dancing\".\nIn 2013, she made a return to inspirational music with the lead single, \"If We Had Your Eyes\" from her upcoming fourth studio album titled \"Journey to Freedom\"."}
+{"id": "64344", "revid": "1386969", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64344", "title": "Simon Cowell", "text": "Simon Phillip Cowell (born 7 October 1959) is a British businessperson, entrepreneur, record executive and television personality. Simon Cowell is the A&R executive for Syco in the United Kingdom and the son of estate agent and music industry executive Eric Cowell Sr. and socialite Julie Brett. He was born in Lambeth, London and raised in Elstree, Hertfordshire. He is well known as a judge on television programmes \"Pop Idol\", \"The X Factor\", \"American Idol\" and \"Britain's Got Talent\". On these shows, Simon Cowell is known for saying that most of the contestants on the shows are not talented. He is known for joining activities in the television and music industries, having made singles and records for many television characters.\nAlthough Simon Cowell says he has not voted in elections, he supported the Conservative Party in 2010. He is of Jewish heritage (his paternal grandmother was Polish-Jewish)."}
+{"id": "64346", "revid": "4135", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64346", "title": "Microsoft Office System", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64353", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64353", "title": "Reality television", "text": "Reality television is a genre of television programming which presents unscripted dramatic or humorous situations, document actual events, and have ordinary people instead of professional actors. Although reality television has existed in some form or another since the early years of television, the term \"reality television\" is most commonly used to describe shows since 2000. Documentaries, news and sports shows are not called reality shows.\nThere are many different kinds of reality television shows, from game or quiz shows to surveillance-type shows, such as \"Big Brother\".\nCritics say that the term \"reality television\" is not accurate. Many shows portray a changed and highly influenced form of reality, with participants put in exotic locations or abnormal situations, sometimes told to act certain ways, and with events on screen sometimes changed by editing."}
+{"id": "64354", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64354", "title": "Reality TV", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64355", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64355", "title": "Reality show", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64356", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64356", "title": "Reality tv", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64359", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64359", "title": "Rambla de las Oviedas", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64362", "revid": "1247871", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64362", "title": "Tengwar", "text": "Tengwar is a constructed writing system, invented by J. R. R. Tolkien. The tengwar is used in his fictional world Middle-earth, for example the book \"The Lord of the Rings\". \nIn the Quenya language, \"tengwar\" means \"letters\", \"tengwa\" is the singular and means \"letter\".\nThe tengwar are used to write some of Tolkien's constructed languages, like for example the elven languages Quenya and Sindarin. But Tolkien used the tengwar mostly for writing English. Because the tengwar is an alphabet, it can be used to write almost any language.\nHistory.\nIn the late 1910s, J. R. R. Tolkien developed the script \"Sarati\", which was already a bit similar to tengwar. The tengwar were probably developed in the late 1920s or in the early 1930s. The first published sample of tengwar writing was 1937 in \"The Hobbit\", to so-called \"The Lonely Mountain Jar Inscription\". The full explanation of the tengwar was published in 1955 in Appendix E of \"The Lord of the Rings\". \nModes and sounds.\nThe tengwar have a certain order, and are usually shown in a table/chart. They are sorted by how they look, which is also connected to how they sound. Because it is an alphabet, every tengwa means a sound. The main tengwar letters are placed into four vertical series (\"t\u00e9mar\") and six horizontal rows (\"tyeller\").\nThere are different ways to write with tengwar, which are called \"modes\". Between these modes there are differences, sometimes only a few and sometimes many differences. In different modes, the tengwar sometimes mean different sounds. In some modes the tengwar are used for vowels and consonants; and in other modes the tengwar are only used for the consonants, and the vowels are marked by signs above or below the tengwa, as in abugida writing. These vowel signs are called tehtar (\"signs\"; singular: \"tehta\", \"sign\").\nThere are different modes to write the different Middle-earth languages. People have also made new modes to write English and other modern languages with the tengwar.\nThe tengwar is written in a table/chart with the way the letters sound. For example, if the sound comes from the front of the mouth it is in 1 row. Each column is for the sounds that come from the nose, throat, or lips.\nUse.\nTolkien used the tengwar to write texts for his fictional world Middle-earth and other things. He used it to write in the languages he invented (for example Quenya and Sindarin), but also used the tengwar to write English. \nAfter Tolkien's Middle-earth books became famous, people also got interest in his languages and writing scripts. The tengwar are used by fans to write new things, or to re-write existing texts with tengwar."}
+{"id": "64374", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64374", "title": "Western America", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64383", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64383", "title": "Petros Duryan", "text": "Petros Duryan (1851-1872) an Armenian poet and actor. His father was an blacksmith in Istanbul. He died of Tuberculosis at the age of 21. "}
+{"id": "64385", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64385", "title": "Adriana Lima", "text": "Adriana Lima (born June 12, 1981) is a Brazilian supermodel. She is well known for her work with underwear company Victoria's Secret.\nEarly life and family.\nAdriana Lima was born in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil on June 12, 1981 and is an only child to her parents Nelson Torres and Maria da Gra\u00e7a Lima, a social worker.\nWhen she was 6 months old, her father left her and her mother. She has not talked to him since then. Since 2007 she has been trying to meet with him again.\nShe is married to Serbian basketball player Marko Jari\u0107, and they have two daughters. In early 2014, the couple announced that they have separated."}
+{"id": "64390", "revid": "10330776", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64390", "title": "Cuban Missile Crisis", "text": "The Cuban Missile Crisis was an event that happened in 1962. It was a serious confrontation between the Soviet Union, the United States, and Cuba during the Cold War. In Russia, it is known as the Caribbean Crisis. Cuba calls it the October Crisis.\nThe crisis started because the Soviet Union was building sites for ballistic missiles in Cuba, so that they could target the United States. This caused the United States and the Soviet Union to create a proxy conflict directed at Cuba, causing them to indirectly attack each other because of Cuba.\nTogether with the earlier Berlin Blockade, this crisis is seen as one of the most important confrontations of the Cold War. It may have been the moment when the Cold War came closest to a nuclear war.\nThere was a coup in Cuba in 1959. A small group led by Fidel Castro took power in the Cuban Revolution. The new government took over American businesses. The American government refused to import anything from Cuba after that. This U.S. embargo against Cuba began February 7, 1962. In 1962, the American government was worried that the USSR would attack America from Cuba, because Cuba is near enough that the missiles could reach almost any city in America. Cuba was seen by the U.S. as a communist country, like the Soviet Union.\nIn October 1962, American ships did not let Soviet ships carrying missiles go into Cuba. The Soviets and Cubans agreed to take away the missiles if America did not attack Cuba. During the crisis, the United States secretly agreed to remove their Jupiter missiles from Turkey if all the Russian nuclear weapons were taken out of Cuba.\nBackground.\nAmericans feared that the Soviet Union would expand communism or socialism. The US and the USSR were the main parties in the Cold War that began in 1945. The US did not want a country in the Caribbean to be openly allied with the USSR. That would also make the Monroe Doctrine useless, which kept powers in Europe from getting involved in the Americas.\nThe US had been embarrassed publicly by the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion in April 1961, which had been launched under President John F. Kennedy by CIA-trained forces of Cuban exiles. Afterward, former President Dwight D. Eisenhower told Kennedy that \"the failure of the Bay of Pigs will embolden the Soviets to do something that they would otherwise not do\". The Bay of Pigs invasion left Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev and his advisers with the impression that Kennedy was indecisive. One Soviet adviser wrote that he was \"too young, intellectual, not prepared well for decision making in crisis situations... too intelligent and too weak\".\nIn late 1961, Kennedy launched a number of covert operations against Castro's government. Named \"Operation Mongoose\", they were unsuccessful. In February 1962, the US started an economic embargo against Cuba.\nIn September 1961, the Cuban government thought the US would invade because of a resolution by the US Congress to allow military force if the interests of the US in Cuba were threatened. The US also announced a military exercise in the Caribbean to be held the following month.\nCrisis.\nCastro and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev agreed to place secret strategic nuclear missiles in Cuba in case the US invaded. Like Castro, Khrushchev thought that the US would invade Cuba soon. If Cuba were to stop being a Communist country it would hurt Khrushchev's reputation around the world, especially in Latin America. He said that he wanted to confront the Americans \"with more than words... the logical answer was missiles\".\nTensions were at their highest from October 8, 1962. On October 14, United States reconnaissance saw the missile bases being built in Cuba. The crisis ended two weeks later on October 28, 1962, when the President of the United States John F. Kennedy and the United Nations Secretary-General U Thant reached an agreement with the USSR to destroy the missiles in Cuba if the US agreed not to invade Cuba. Khrushchev wanted the Jupiter and Thor missiles in Turkey to be removed. The US removed them but forced Khrushchev to keep that a secret.\nCauses.\nFidel Castro.\nIn Cuba, Fidel Castro took power from General Batista on January 1, 1959. From 1952 to 1959, Batista was a military dictator in Cuba. He was very right-wing, and had Mafia connections and the support of the Eisenhower administration. The United States was interested in Cuba because of the many businesses that they had there, even though the country was a dictatorship. The countries were also military friends. This was shown by the US base at Guant\u00e1namo Bay. \nWhen Castro came to power in Cuba, he nationalized American companies in Cuba, meaning he took the private property from those companies and made it the property of Cuba. The United States decided to break off economic relations with Cuba (which means that they would stop buying things from them). They stopped American foreign aid going to Cuba, and stopped buying Cuban sugar (which was Cuba's main export). This was a disaster for Castro, because America bought the most Cuban sugar. However, Russia saved the Cuban economy by buying Cuban sugar for high prices.\nNikita Khrushchev.\nCastro turned to the USSR, a great power. He signed a contract with Nikita Khrushchev, the Russian chairman at the time. The contract said that the USSR would buy 1 million tons of Cuban sugar per year, in exchange for Castro's communist support. He declared himself a Marxist-Leninist on December 2, 1961. \nThe reasons that Khrushchev wanted to help Cuba were:\nThe Bay of Pigs.\nCastro wanted to feel safe from the United States. He knew that if a second attack was made from the United States, Cuba might lose and he would be removed from power. Castro asked Khrushchev for the missile sites to be built on Cuba so that he could defend himself against any American threat. The USSR agreed to this and started building missile sites on Cuba. These missiles could hit any major city in the United States\nKennedy found out about the missile sites on October 16, by sending a United States Navy U-2 Spy Plane to take pictures of Cuba, he saw the missile sites and thought the worst: that Cuba was preparing to attack the United States.\nKennedy's options.\nThe US was angry when they found out about the missile sites. Kennedy's advisers did not think that the missiles were ready when they first saw the pictures but thought that they would be ready in less than two weeks (that gave the name of the movie and the book, called \"13 Days\").\nKennedy had to act fast. At first, he did not know what he could do. Options were not clear so he started EXCOMM (Executive Committee of the National Security Council) to give him some options:\nOn October 20, Kennedy chose to blockade Cuba to stop all ships going there, rather than listen to his advisers, who wanted to attack.\nKhrushchev's options.\nThe USSR's first ships arrived at the blockade on October 25 and were prevented by the US Navy from reaching Cuba.\nNikita Khrushchev sent a letter to Kennedy on October 26. Kennedy's advisers said that the letter looked like it had been written by Khrushchev himself and not his official writers, who would normally write it. They also said that it seemed to be written by a man who was under stress. In a paper called \"Forty Years After 13 Days,\" Robert McNamara quoted part of the letter from Khrushchev:\nKhrushchev was saying that he would remove the missile sites if President Kennedy promised not to invade Cuba. An invasion of Cuba would make Khrushchev look bad and could also lead to a nuclear war. This was the reaction that Kennedy wanted.\nThe very next day, a second letter was sent from Russia to Kennedy. This one looked more official than the first. It also said that the US must take its nuclear missiles out of Turkey if they wanted Russia to take their missiles out of Cuba. This would have been a fair trade because the US missiles in Turkey were close enough to Russia that they could reach most of the important cities and Cuba was close enough to the US that the Russian missiles would reach most of the important US cities. The problem for Kennedy was that he could not publicly agree to remove the US missiles from Turkey because Turkey would then not be protected and would not be happy. \nAnother problem was that Kennedy and his advisers did not know if Khrushchev was still in power. They thought that someone in the Russian government might have overthrown Khrushchev. They thought this because the second letter was so different from the first. Kennedy decided to send a secret message to Khrushchev saying that they would remove the missiles from Turkey in a few months as long as they did not tell the public about it. Kennedy then sent an official letter to Khrushchev agreeing to the conditions of the first letter and not mentioning the second.\nKhrushchev agreed to the secret message.\nOn November 1, the missile sites were removed, and the problems were over.\nKhrushchev's goals in the crisis had various results:\nThe United States saw Kennedy as the hero who had fought Communism and won.\nOther websites.\nFor students' use\nComplex"}
+{"id": "64391", "revid": "1618275", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64391", "title": "Berber people", "text": "Berbers or Imazighen (singular Amazigh, plural Imazighen) are an ethnic group. They were the first people to live in the countries of Morocco, Algeria, Libya and Tunisia in North Africa. There are more than 100 different tribes/groups of the Amazigh people that live in different parts of North Africa. Imazighen live in two different ways. They always move around to live in different places or they have land and stay in one place. The way they live is different in different parts of North Africa. The Amazigh people speak Tamazight and this language has many different dialects. The dialects use the Tifinagh script.\nThe Amazigh people have a different culture from the Arab Moroccans who live in Morocco. The art Imazighen create is to them. This can include pottery, carpet making, blanket making, or tattooing. The groups show their differences by their distinctive colours and designs.\nThe terms \"Berber\" and \"Amazigh\".\nAfter the start of the Arab conquest, the native people started being called Berbers. The term Berbers comes from the word barbarians. Barbarians are people who live and behave differently than the Arab settlers. This term is not used by the Amazigh people. \nThe term \"Amazigh\" is what Imazighen liked to be called instead. Amazigh is the singular, Tamazight is the word for females and Imazighen is the plural. The translation of the word means \"free people\".\nHistory.\nOrigin.\nAmazigh people were the first people to live in the Maghrebi region. There were a lot of different tribes that lived in different regions. They lived next to Roman provinces.\nArab conquest.\nThe Arab conquests which started in the 7th century, brought the Umayyads to the region. They took some control of the region and converted the populace to Islam. The people in control were from the Umayyad dynasty. In 711, Imazighen took part in taking over al-Andalus. This was part of Spain During the time between 1040-1147, the Almoravid dynasty created an important empire. People were selling their things to other continents. Amazigh kingdoms were replaced with Arab ones and Arabic was spoken in lots of places.\nBerber empires.\nAfter Arab rule in the region, powerful Berber dynasties such as the Almoravids and Almohads arose; the Almoravids and Almohads controlled Al-Andalus in Europe and the Maghreb.\nColonial era.\nIn the 19th and 20th century, the French took control of Algeria and Morocco and made a difference between Arabs and Amazigh people. They continued to call Amazigh people Berbers. The French thought that Amazigh people's way of life was not modern. Berbers moved out of cities and close to the Atlas mountains. People were farming, working with leather, making pottery and selling things. Some Amazigh people had houses, while others were nomads and moved or lived in caves. Most of the time, Amazigh groups had their own rules and rituals. Many Berbers moved to bigger cities or Europe to look for better jobs. After Morocco and Algeria became free countries, Tamazight languages were not studied at schools and people were not treated in a good way.\nModern era.\nAmazigh people still live in North African countries and they are a big part of the population in countries like Morocco and Algeria. In 2005, the PDAM (Democratic Amazigh Moroccan Party) was established. It wanted to show the Moroccan state that the regions where Amazigh people lived were different. IRCAM (Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture) was another project which helped with teaching the Tamazight language and keeping the Amazigh identity. In 2011, Tamazight got the status of a national language in Morocco. An Amazigh festival has been created and it happens every year.\nGroups and languages.\nTamazight is the general term for the different Berber dialects. People in North Africa speak Tamazight in different ways in each country and region. Amazigh languages are part of the Afro-Asiatic family and they use the Tifinagh script. When the Arabs arrived to North Africa, Arabic was introduced and Amazigh languages were not written anymore. Because of this, less Amazigh people spoke Amazigh dialects and switched to speaking Arabic. At the end of the 19th century, Tamazight languages started to be used again. They use the Latin and Tifinagh scripts. Today, Tamazight is taught in schools in Morocco and Algeria and the language has become an official language in Morocco.\nDiversity in Morocco.\nIn Morocco, the 3 most widely spoken Amazigh languages are Shilha (Tashelhit), Tazayit (Atlasic) and Riffian (Tarifit). Tashelhit or Shilha is an Amazigh language, spoken largely in the Atlas mountains region in Morocco. It is the most spoken Amazigh language in the country. Because the region has not many cities, the language is shared outside cities by women. This is done through rituals, songs, telling stories to children and everyday-life tasks. Women in this area who did not go to school use Tashelhit. Men are around Arabic more because they teach in schools, watch televison and work in cities. Mothers teach their children the language and this way they keep the identity of the community. Even if Arabic is being spoken by local people, they do not want to forget their Amazigh identity.\nAmazigh arts and culture.\nMorocco has the biggest amount of Amazigh people in North Africa.\nAmazigh arts in colonial Morocco.\nFrom 1926 to 1956, the French people in control of the Moroccan population chose what art and design Amazigh artists had to create. Areas where Amazigh people live had a design and colour given to the area and the artists in this area had to follow these rules when making art. Still today, carpets and blankets, for example, show where Amazigh artists are from because of the colour and design they have used in their art. The French controlled Amazigh arts to help the Moroccan economy. This would make sure that after Morocco is a free country, the country will have enough money to be a successful country. \u00a0\nAmazigh arts in independent Morocco.\nAfter Morocco became an independent country, the Moroccan government made sure not to talk about the Amazigh people. If they were seen as a different ethnicity, the government was afraid the country's identity would not exist. The Amazigh population, however, did not want to be forgotten by the government. Indigenous Amazigh art designs were therefore continued by Amazigh women and their daughters. This is why Amazigh art is strongly connected with women's identity. Most Amazigh people live outside of the cities and this is where all their art is created.\nAmazigh weaving.\nWeaving is only done in places where sheep can survive and eat. Amazigh groups in the desert make other arts such as pottery.\nThe importance of weaving.\nWeaving is very important for Amazigh women. In Morocco, women who create fabrics will go to heaven when they die. The wool they use has been approved by God and must be protected. They believe the wool has a soul and the action of weaving is life's energy. The wool's soul is the same as the women's soul, so the carpet or blanket being made has to stay in the women's home. If the wool is taken somewhere else, the woman and her house will lose part of this soul. In Tunisia, to keep the wool safe, Amazigh women put the blood of an animal around the tool they use to make carpets. In Morocco, they put salt around the tool to protect the wool from bad ghosts. When women are finished with their creations, they make a prayer. Every time the women create more of the carpet, more life is created.\nProcess of weaving.\nBefore the women start colouring the wool, they must clean it. They do this by washing it and brushing it through like hair. Then the wool is made into thread which is thinner. The Amazigh women make wool a different colour. Only in the South of Tunisia and the West of Libya do they do it the other way round. The carpet for example is created then the wool is made colourful. To create the colours that will dye the wool, women will use insects or plants. The colour purple for example can be made by using plants that grow in North Africa.\nAnother thing that is used to make colour is henna. This type of plant is not only used to make colour on wool but also to create patterns on the body. The patterns made on the body are painted at different times of a woman's life.\nMotifs on the materials.\nThe designs on Amazigh textiles are said to protect the weavers.\nAmazigh eyes.\nProcess of dyeing.\nGetting colours from plants or local materials is not easy. Overall, not much is known about the process because Amazigh women do not want to share what they do.\nThe fabric that women want to make colourful is dipped into different bowls. Each bowl has a different colour in it. Sometimes just a bit of the fabric is put in the bowl to make a small part of it colourful. Sometimes all the fabric is put in if the design they want is just one colour. After, all textiles created by Amazigh women never look the same because colours spread through the wool in different ways.\nWeddings.\nWeddings for all Amazigh groups are important markers of their identity. Different groups of Amazigh people celebrate weddings differently. In the South of Morocco, the Ait Khabbash are the biggest group of Amazigh people. The way women celebrate their weddings always lasts three days and the celebration has not changed a lot over the years.\nBefore the wedding.\nWomen plan the weddings. A meeting between the groom and bride is organised. If they agree on marrying each other, the groom's mother meets the bride's family and brings them gifts.The gifts are henna, meat and tea.\nBefore the wedding starts, a tent is put up. The groom chooses three men (usually called Ihddaden) to build this tent. They build the tent close to the grooms. All of the wedding happens in and around this tent. It is very important because it reminds the Amazigh people of their nomadic life.\nWhat the woman wears is a very important process and tradition. She is dressed in red and white clothes and has silver jewelry around her neck. The clothes and jewlery are brought for her by her groom. She has henna painted onto her hands and while other women are doing this, they sing songs that have been in the family for a long time. The groom wears the same coloured clothes as the woman and also has songs sung to him. While he is being dressed, he sits on his mother's lap. The process of dressing him is not as special as the bride's.\nDuring the wedding.\nOn the first day, the bride arrives at her wedding tent. She arrives on a horse or camel. A red carpet from the woman's home is put on the back of the animal. A little boy called Muhammad sits on the horse with the woman. The woman is sung to while she goes to the tent. When she gets to the tent, she goes around it three times counterclockwise. She is given milk to drink and then puts a bit of it on the other people at the wedding. The woman's face is covered by a white cloth. This day is the first day that the bride and groom will sleep together.\nOn the second day, the woman has gone from being a girl to a woman. The woman therefore wears white clothes with her own blood on. This blood is to show that she has become a woman. A lot of celebrations happen on the second day. Lots of songs are sung to the woman. Some songs ask God to look after the wedding. Other songs talk about what the woman is wearing. The men also sing songs for the bride. They perform for her so that her wedding and life is happy and successful. The most important part of this day is the killing of an animal. At twelve o'clock, this animal is killed because the Ait Khabbash group believes it brings good things to the couple and the blood makes the family united.\nOn the third day, lots of orange and black paint is put onto the woman's face. The cloth that has been on her face all wedding is still not taken off. While women are painting the bride's face, they sing to her. The wedding ends when a big dance is performed. This is done after the white cloth is finally taken off of the bride's face."}
+{"id": "64396", "revid": "18539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64396", "title": "Prosencephalon", "text": "The prosencephalon (or forebrain), the mesencephalon (midbrain), and rhombencephalon (hindbrain) are the three primary portions of the brain of vertebrates. They develop very early during development of the central nervous system.\nWhen the embryonic prosencephalon fails to divide the brain into two lobes, it results in a condition known as holoprosencephaly."}
+{"id": "64400", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64400", "title": "Gag", "text": "A gag is any thing used to stop a person from speaking. This is done by blocking or muffling the person's mouth and making it difficult for them to move their jaw and tongue in a normal way.\nGags are very commonly seen in BDSM and bondage fantasy. Many different items can be used, ranging from a hand simply clamped over the victim's mouth, to a scarf tied between the jaws, to adhesive tape placed over the mouth and face to seal the lips. There are also many kinds of specially-made gags, which usually strap around or behind the head. Special gags of that kind are usually made from leather or rubber.\nIn real life it is quite difficult to gag a person in such a way that their speech cannot be understood at all, and it is almost impossible to prevent a gagged person from making some kind of sound. It is also a risk to the person's safety, as the more tightly and securely someone is gagged, the greater the risk that they will choke or suffocate."}
+{"id": "64401", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64401", "title": "Stepchild", "text": "Stepchild could mean:"}
+{"id": "64402", "revid": "1590125", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64402", "title": "Me\u00e4nkieli dialects", "text": "Me\u00e4nkieli (also known as \"Tornedalian\", meaning \"our language\") is a Finno-Ugric language spoken in the River Torne valley in the north of Sweden, above the Arctic Circle. It is an official minority language of Sweden. The language could be seen as a mix between Finnish and Swedish, since it has been changed a lot by Swedish.\nFor many years, Swedish was the only language to be taught in the schools of the Torne Valley. The population became bilingual. They spoke both Finnish and Swedish, but they were mostly only able to write in Swedish. Today many people in the younger generations only speak Swedish. Since 1999, Me\u00e4nkieli has been an official minority language of Sweden.\nSince there are no Swedish statistics of the population's native languages, it is not known how many Me\u00e4nkieli speakers there are. Taking statistics is also a bit controversial, as many people consider the language to be a dialect of Finnish."}
+{"id": "64406", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64406", "title": "Computerised tomography scanner", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64412", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64412", "title": "Meankieli", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64413", "revid": "1673561", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64413", "title": "Toni Braxton", "text": "Toni Michelle Braxton (born October 7, 1967 in Severn, Maryland) is an American singer and actress . She has won seven Grammy Awards, seven American Music Awards, and five \"Billboard Music Awards\". She is known as famous with her husky contralto vocal range. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) named Braxton as one of the top selling artists of all time. She has sold over 70 million records worldwide.\nBraxton's first album \"Toni Braxton\" (1993) reached number one on the US \"Billboard\" 200 albums chart. \"Toni Braxton\" was certified 8x platinum by the RIAA. The album sold over 10 million worldwide. Her second album \"Secrets\" (1996) also reached number one on the \"Billboard\" 200 albums chart. Her two singles \"You're Makin' Me High\" and \"Un-Break My Heart\" reached number one on the \"Billboard\" Hot 100 songs chart. After this, Braxton filed for bankruptcy.\nHer third album \"The Heat\" was released in 2000. The album did not reach number one unlike her previous albums. Her next album \"More Than a Woman\" (2002) reached the top ten on the \"Billboard\" 200 chart. Braxton named her album \"More Than a Woman\" in respect for American singer Aaliyah, who died in a plane crash the year before. Aaliyah's family had released a single with the same name after her death. Braxton released her fifth album \"Libra\" in 2005. The album's cover was listed as one of the \"Sexiest Album Covers\" by \"Maxim\" magazine. The album did better than her last album. \"Libra\" reached number four on the \"Billboard\" 200 albums chart. The song \"Stupid\", from \"Libra\" was one of the songs used by Tyler Perry for his movie \"Diary of a Mad Black Woman\" (2005).\nBraxton left the music industry but returned in 2009. She released her sixth album \"Pulse\". It reached number one on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, but it was a top ten hit on the \"Billboard\" 200. Braxton was a contestant on the seventh season of the reality television show \"Dancing with the Stars\". She was voted off in the fifth week. On October 6, 2010, Braxton filed for bankruptcy again. A reality television series called \"Braxton Family Values\" aired on WE TV in 2011. The show is about the personal life of the Braxton family. There has been two complete seasons of the show. On September 18, 2011, Braxton was included in the Georgia Music Hall of Fame."}
+{"id": "64414", "revid": "1508758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64414", "title": "Joan Rivers", "text": "Joan Alexandra Molinsky (June 8, 1933 \u2013 September 4, 2014), known professionally as Joan Rivers, was a comedian, talk show host, businesswoman, and celebrity. She was known for her tough manner and loud voice with a heavy New York accent. She was the National Chairwoman of the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation and was a board member of God's Love We Deliver. She won an Emmy Award in 1990.\nPersonal life.\nRivers was born in Brooklyn, New York City. She was raised in Larchmont, New York. Rivers studied at Connecticut College and at Barnard College. Similar to how Phyllis Diller career began, Rivers' comedy act was mainly about bad things about herself.\nA friend of Nancy and President Ronald Reagan, Rivers attended a state dinner in 1983, and later, at the invitation of Nancy, spoke at luncheon at the 1984 Republican National Convention.\nShe was married to James Sanger for a few months in 1955 before their marriage was annulled. She was married to Edgar Rosenberg from 1965 until his suicide in 1987. Rivers and Rosenberg had a daughter, Melissa Rivers.\nOn the morning of August 28, 2014, Rivers was rushed to the hospital after suffering from cardiac arrest during surgery on her throat in New York City. She was put on life support and was in a medically induced coma.\nRivers died on September 4, 2014, at the age of 81 from heart failure caused by respiratory and cardiac arrest. Her burial is at Forest Lawn Memorial Park in Glendale, California."}
+{"id": "64415", "revid": "6266928", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64415", "title": "Melissa Rivers", "text": "Melissa Rivers (born Melissa Warburg Rosenberg; January 20, 1968) is an American television co-host for fashion and red carpet interviews on cable and satellite television. She is a former host of the E! cable network. She also worked for a TV Guide channel with her mother, comedian Joan Rivers."}
+{"id": "64416", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64416", "title": "Teri Hatcher", "text": "Teri Lynn Hatcher (born December 8, 1964) is an Emmy-nominated and Golden Globe Award-winning American actress and author. She gained attention for her role as Lois Lane in the television series \"\" co-starring with Dean Cain. Hatcher is also well known for portraying Susan Mayer, in \"Desperate Housewives\", an accident-prone divorcee. She is also a \"Bond Girl\", having played Paris Carver in \"Tomorrow Never Dies\" in 1997."}
+{"id": "64417", "revid": "1617448", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64417", "title": "Felicity Huffman", "text": "Felicity Huffman (born December 9, 1962) is an Academy Award-nominated and Emmy Award-winning American movie and television actress and convicted felon. She is well known for her role as Lynette Scavo, a busy mother on the ABC television show \"Desperate Housewives\". A year later, her role as a trans woman in the independent film \"Transamerica\" was praised by many critics and earned her a Golden Globe Award.\nPersonal life.\nHuffman dated actor William H. Macy on and off for 15 years before they married on September 6, 1997. They have three children, Sophia, Georgia and James. She has appeared on television, in movies, and on stage many times with her husband; the couple each received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame on March 7, 2012.\nOn March 12, 2019, Huffman was arrested in connection with an alleged nationwide college entrance exam cheating scandal, charged with conspiracy to commit mail fraud and honest services mail fraud, and released on $250,000 bail. She reported to prison and began her sentence on October 15, 2019. She was released from prison on October 25, 2019."}
+{"id": "64418", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64418", "title": "Marcia Cross", "text": "Marcia Anne Cross (born March 25, 1962 in Marlborough, Massachusetts) is an Emmy and Golden Globe Award-nominated American actress. She graduated from Juilliard and earned a master's degree in psychology at Antioch University in Los Angeles. In 2005, she was nominated for her first Emmy for her work as Bree Hodge, the \"perfect\" Housewife on \"Desperate Housewives\". In December 2006, Cross earned her third consecutive nomination for the Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Comedy Series with the series.\nIn June 2019, Cross revealed that she suffered from anal cancer, and was now in remission."}
+{"id": "64419", "revid": "1610566", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64419", "title": "Eva Longoria", "text": "Eva Jacqueline Longoria (born March 15, 1975) is a Golden Globe Award-nominated American movie and television actress. She is best known for her role as Gabrielle Solis in the ABC television series \"Desperate Housewives\". She has also become an internationally recognized model after appearing in several high-profile advertising campaigns and numerous men's magazines.\nPersonal life.\nLongoria announced her engagement to French NBA guard Tony Parker on November 30, 2006. Following French law, the couple married first in a civil ceremony on July 6, 2007 before they could exchange vows in a religious ceremony on July 7, 2007 at the \u00c9glise Saint-Germain-l\u2019Auxerrois in Paris. A reception was then held in Maincy, France at the Vaux-le-Vicomte castle. She got divorced in 2011. Longoria is a Democrat and attended the 2012 Democratic National Convention in support of President Obama's re-election."}
+{"id": "64420", "revid": "1554665", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64420", "title": "Nicollette Sheridan", "text": "Nicollette Sheridan (born Colette Sheridan on 21 November 1963) is a Golden Globe nominated British actress. She was born in Worthing, Sussex. In 1973, when Nicollette Sheridan was 10 years of age, she moved from England to the United States.\nShe acts primarily on soap operas, movies and television. She is best known for her roles as Paige Matheson on \"Knots Landing\" and as the promiscuous Edie Britt on \"Desperate Housewives\".\nSheridan has also worked as a voice actor in the animated series \u2018The Legend of Tarzan\u2019 (2001), \u2018Fly Me to the Moon\u2019 (2008), and \u2018Noah\u2019s Ark: The New Beginning\u2019 (as \u2018Zenna,\u2019 2012). After appearing in \u2018Hallmark Channel\u2019s 2011 movie \u2018Honeymoon for One,\u2019 she co-produced and starred in their next film, \u2018The Christmas Spirit\u2019 (2013)."}
+{"id": "64422", "revid": "1306278", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64422", "title": "Contiki", "text": "Contiki is a small, open source free operating system. It was developed to be used in 8-bit computers and embedded systems. It has a Graphical User Interface and the full installation needs about 30\u00a0kilobytes of RAM.\nThe name \"Contiki\" comes from Thor Heyerdahl's famous Kon-Tiki raft.\nThe basic kernel and most of the core functions were developed by Adam Dunkels at the Networked Embedded Systems group at the Swedish Institute of Computer Science.\nFeatures.\nA full installation of Contiki includes the following features:\nMore applications planned include:\nPorts.\nThe Contiki operating system has been or is being ported to the following systems:"}
+{"id": "64427", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64427", "title": "Legend of Zelda", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64432", "revid": "182869", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64432", "title": "Princess Madeleine, Duchess of H\u00e4lsingland and G\u00e4strikland", "text": "Princess Madeleine of Sweden, Duchess of H\u00e4lsingland and G\u00e4strikland, (Madeleine Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Am\u00e9lie Jos\u00e9phine; born on 10 June 1982 in Drottningholm, Sweden), is a Swedish princess. She is the youngest child and second daughter of King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden. Madeleine is seventh in line to the Swedish throne.\nPrincess Madeleine is married to British financier Christopher O'Neill. The couple has three children, Princess Leonore, Prince Nicolas, and Princess Adrienne.\nEarly life.\nPrincess Madeleine was born on 10 June 1982 at 19.05 Central European Time in the Drottningholm Palace in Drottningholm, Sweden. Her fourth name, \"Josephine\", honours her ancestor Josephine of Leuchtenberg.\nForbes Magazine ranked Madeleine at 12th place on its \"20 Hottest Young Royals\" list in 2008."}
+{"id": "64433", "revid": "1273641", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64433", "title": "Queen Silvia of Sweden", "text": "Queen Silvia (born Silvia Renate Sommerlath; 3 December 1943) is the Queen of Sweden through her marriage to King Carl XVI Gustaf, and the mother of Princess Victoria. Her father was German and her mother was Brazilian. Silvia was born in Heidelberg.\nShe also make efforts for charitable organizations, human rights, and sign language, and opposes child sexual abuse and child pornography.\nChildren.\nQueen Silvia has three children.\nTitles.\n19 June 1976 \"Her Majesty The Queen\" of Sweden "}
+{"id": "64434", "revid": "1273641", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64434", "title": "Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden", "text": "Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, Duchess of V\u00e4sterg\u00f6tland (full name in Swedish: Victoria Ingrid Alice D\u00e9sir\u00e9e, born 14 July 1977) is the heiress apparent to the throne of Sweden. She is the daughter and oldest child of King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia.\nEarly life.\nVictoria was born on 14 July 1977 at Karolinska University Hospital in Solna. She is eldest child and elder daughter of Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden. Victoria has two younger siblings, Prince Carl Philip and Princess Madeleine.\nMarriage and children.\nVictoria married her former personal trainer, Daniel Westling, on 19 June 2010. They have two children, They were born at Karolinska University Hospital in Solna:"}
+{"id": "64435", "revid": "1273641", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64435", "title": "Prince Carl Philip, Duke of V\u00e4rmland", "text": "Prince Carl Philip of Sweden, Duke of V\u00e4rmland (Carl Philip Edmund Bertil, born 13 May 1979), is a Swedish prince. He is the second child of three children and only son of King Carl XVI Gustaf and Queen Silvia of Sweden.\nHe was born in Stockholm Palace at Stockholm County, He held the title of Crown Prince of Sweden for seven months, because Sweden had male-preference primogeniture (brothers inherit before sisters). On 1 January 1980 the Act of Succession was changed to introduce \"absolute succession\". Since then, Carl Philip has been second in the line of succession after his elder sister, Crown Princess Victoria. \nHowever, because the United Kingdom still has male-preference primogeniture for people born before 2011, Carl Philip is ahead of his elder sister in the line of succession to the British throne.\nCarl Philip was christened at The Royal Palace Church on 31 August 1979. His godparents are Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland, Prince Leopold of Bavaria, Queen Margrethe II of Denmark, and Princess Birgitta of Sweden.\nHe married Sofia Hellqvist on 13 June 2015. They have four children:"}
+{"id": "64439", "revid": "468429", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64439", "title": "Trier-Ruwer", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64440", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64440", "title": "Hermeskeil", "text": "Hermeskeil is a town in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.\nAbout 5,000 people live there."}
+{"id": "64441", "revid": "201410", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64441", "title": "Reinsfeld", "text": "Reinsfeld is a village in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. \nAbout 2,000 people live there."}
+{"id": "64442", "revid": "18539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64442", "title": "Hunsr\u00fcck", "text": "The Hunsr\u00fcck is a low mountain range in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.\nIt is bounded by the river valleys of the Moselle (north), the Nahe (south), and the Rhine (east). The Hunsr\u00fcck is continued by the Taunus mountains on the eastern side of the Rhine. In the north behind the Moselle it is continued by the Eifel. To the south of the Nahe, there is the Palatinate.\nMany of the hills are not higher than 400 m. But there are several chains of higher peaks within the Hunsr\u00fcck, all bearing names on their own: the (Schwarzw\u00e4lder) Hochwald, the Idarwald, the Soonwald, and the Binger Wald. The highest peak is the Erbeskopf (816 m).\nTowns in the Hunsr\u00fcck include Simmern, Kirchberg, and Idar-Oberstein, Kastellaun, and Morbach. Frankfurt-Hahn Airport, a growing low-fare carrier and cargo airport is there as well.\nThe climate in the Hunsr\u00fcck is characterised by rainy weather. Slate is mined in the mountains.\nThe German TV drama trilogy \"Heimat\", directed by Edgar Reitz, examined the 20th-century life of a small fictional village in the Hunsr\u00fcck."}
+{"id": "64445", "revid": "1687708", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64445", "title": "International Space Station", "text": "The International Space Station (ISS) is a space station, a very large satellite that people can live in for several months at a time. It was put together in Low Earth orbit up until 2011, but other bits have been added since then. The last part, was added in 2021. The station is a joint project among several areas of the world: the United States, Russia, Europe, Japan, and Canada. Other nations such as Brazil, Italy, and China also work with the ISS through cooperation with other countries.\nThe building of the ISS began in 1998, when Russian and American space modules were joined together.\nOrigin.\nIn the early 1980s, NASA planned Space Station Freedom as a counterpart to the Soviet Salyut and Mir space stations. It was only planned and never built. With the end of the Soviet Union and the Cold War, it was cancelled. The end of the Space Race prompted the U.S. administration officials to start negotiations with international partners Europe, Russia, Japan and Canada in the early 1990s in order to build a truly international space station. This project was first announced in 1993 and was called Space Station Alpha. It was planned to combine the proposed space stations of all participating space agencies: NASA's Space Station Freedom, Russia's Mir-2 (the successor to the Mir Space Station, the core of which is now Zvezda) and ESA's Columbus that was planned to be a stand-alone space laboratory.\nManufacturing.\nThe ISS components was manufactured in various factories all over the world, and were all shipped into the Space Station Processing Facility at Kennedy Space Center for last stages of manufacturing, machine assembly and launch processing. The components are made from stainless steel, titanium, aluminum and copper.\nAssembly.\nThe assembly of the International Space Station is a great event in space architecture. Russian modules launched and docked by their rockets. All other pieces were delivered by the Space Shuttle. The Bigelow Module was delivered with a Falcon 9. , they had added 159 components during more than 1,000 hours of EVA. Many of the modules that launched on the Space Shuttle were tested on the ground at the Space Station Processing Facility to find and correct problems before launch.\nThe first section, the Zarya Functional Cargo Block, was put in orbit in November 1998 on a Russian Proton rocket. Two further pieces (the Unity Module and Zvezda service module) were added before the first crew, Expedition 1, was sent. Expedition 1 docked to the ISS on 1 November 2000, and consisted of U.S. astronaut William Shepherd and two Russian cosmonauts, Yuri Gidzenko and Sergey Krikalev. Since then, it has continuously been home to astronauts and cosmonauts to the present day.\nLife in space.\nBedtime.\nPeople living in the space station have to get used to all kinds of changes from life on Earth. It takes them only 90 minutes to orbit (go around) the earth, so the sun looks as if it is rising and setting 16 times an earth day. This can be confusing, especially when one is trying to decide when they should go to bed. The astronauts try to keep a 24-hour-schedule anyway. At bedtime, they have to sleep in sleeping bags that are stuck to the wall. They have to strap themselves inside so they will not float away while sleeping.\nZero gravity.\nIn orbit there is very little gravity. (this is called free fall or\",\" inaccurately\", zero gravity\"). This is because the station is very far from the earth. To help prepare astronauts experience zero gravity, NASA trainers put the astronauts in water. Because water makes one float, this is a little like experiencing no gravity. However, in water they can push against the water and move around. In zero gravity, there is nothing to push against, so they just float in the air. Another way of training is going in a plane and making the plane fall to earth very quickly. This lets people experience zero gravity for a very short time. This training can make people quite sick at first. Astronauts feel as if there is no force acting on them.\nIn zero gravity, the astronauts do not use their legs very much, so they need to get lots of exercise to keep them from becoming too weak. Without gravity, astronauts can get big upper bodies and skinny legs. This is called chicken-leg syndrome. Astronauts must exercise hard, every day, to remain healthy.\nEating in space style is difficult. Water and other liquids do not flow down in space, so if any were spilled in the space station, it would split into small spheres and float around everywhere. Liquids can ruin electronic equipment, so astronauts have to be very careful in space. They drink by sucking water out of a bag, or from a tube stuck to the wall. They cannot put their food on plates because it would just float right off, so they put it in pouches and eat from the pouches. The food they eat is usually dried, because any crumbs can ruin the equipment.Sometimes fresh fruits and vegetables are sent up to the astronauts, but it is very expensive and hard to send it, so they have to bring plenty of food with them.\nBathroom.\nIn space, the \"bathroom\" should probably be called the \"restroom\" instead, because one really can not take baths there. Instead, astronauts use squirt guns to take a shower. One person squirts himself with a gun while other people stand outside with a water vacuum to get rid of all the water that floats out of the shower. This is quite hard, so astronauts usually just take a \"sponge bath\" with a wet cloth.Toilets can be another problem. Toilets are supposed to use gravity to work. When one flushes a toilet, gravity makes the water go down. Since the astronauts on the ISS do not feel any gravity, the toilet must be attached to the astronauts and gently suck away all their waste."}
+{"id": "64446", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64446", "title": "Kentwood, Louisiana", "text": "Kentwood is a small town in Tangipahoa Parish, Louisiana near the Mississippi border. The population was 2,145 at the 2020 census. It is best known as the hometown of singer Britney Spears."}
+{"id": "64447", "revid": "11132", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64447", "title": "Kentwood", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64448", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64448", "title": "I'm with You", "text": "\"I'm with You\" is one of Avril Lavigne's most popular songs. She played it at her wedding. The song was released in 2002 (North America) and 2003 (UK). It is on her first album, \"Let Go\". The song was the top rated song in Mexico as well as reaching a rank in the top five in the United States, Ireland, and Italy. It also reached #7 in the UK. The song was a part of the soundtrack for the movie \"Bruce Almighty\".\nFormats and tracklistings.\nThese are the formats and track listings of major single-releases of \"I'm with You\"."}
+{"id": "64449", "revid": "3901", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64449", "title": "ISS", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64450", "revid": "4902066", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64450", "title": "Somersault", "text": " \nA somersault is an acrobatic move where a person moves the feet over the head whilst in mid-air. The somersault can be done forwards, backwards, or sideways and is similar to a \"flip\" (or, if performed backwards, a \"backflip\"). \nA backwards somersault while still moving forward is called a \"Gainer\"\nThe word comes from the old French word \"sombresault\", which is no longer used."}
+{"id": "64452", "revid": "10631", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64452", "title": "Wilhelmus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64454", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64454", "title": "Lisa Donovan", "text": "Lisa Donovan (born June 11, 1980) is an American actress, YouTuber, writer and comedian. She does sketches and impersonations of Lindsay Lohan, lonleygirl15 (another YouTuber) and many other. She is best known for her work on YouTube and the television program \"MadTV\"."}
+{"id": "64455", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64455", "title": "Augite", "text": "Augite is a mineral. The mineral's name comes from the Greek word \"augites\", meaning \"brightness\". However, augites only look shiny some of the time. Most augites have a dull (dark green, brown or black) color.\nAugite is a pyroxene."}
+{"id": "64456", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64456", "title": "Onyx", "text": "An onyx is a type of black rock mineral with white banded lines around it. It is a type of agate, which is itself a type of quartz."}
+{"id": "64457", "revid": "1634035", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64457", "title": "Opal", "text": "The opal is a fairly white rock mineral. It is the birthstone for the month of October. Opals are made from tiny spheres of silica (another mineral) and lots of water. which means it has both silica (SiO\u2082) and water inside it. The amount of water in an opal can be between 3% to 21% of its weight, but most opals have around 6% to 10% water. Opal does not have a fixed crystal shape like some other stones. Because of this, it is called a mineraloid instead of a mineral. Minerals have a proper crystal structure, but opals don\u2019t.\nOpal forms at low temperatures inside the earth. It can fill cracks or gaps (called fissures) in almost any type of rock. However, it is most often found with rocks like limonite, sandstone, rhyolite, marl, and basalt.\nPrecious Opal.\nPrecious opal is a type of opal that shows beautiful colors when you look at it from different angles. Even though it is a mineraloid, it still has a special kind of internal structure.\nIf you look at a precious opal under a microscope, you will see that it is made up of tiny round balls of silica. These balls are called silica spheres, and each one is about 150 to 300 nanometers in size (that\u2019s incredibly small around 0.0000059 to 0.0000118 inches). These tiny spheres are arranged very neatly in patterns called hexagonal or cubic close-packed lattices\nIn the mid-1960s, a scientist named J. V. Sanders discovered that the bright colors inside precious opal happen because of the way light moves through this pattern of spheres. The spheres cause interference and diffraction of light which means they bend and spread the light, making it split into different colors.\nCommon Opal.\nCommon opal refers to varieties of opal that do not exhibit the characteristic play of color seen in precious opal. Several distinct types are recognized:\nHistory.\nIn antiquity, opal was considered rare and highly valuable. In Europe, it was regarded as a prized gemstone among royalty. Prior to the discovery of extensive deposits in Australia during the 19th century, the only known significant source was \u010cervenica, located beyond the Roman frontier in present-day Slovakia. Today, opal is recognized as the national gemstone of Australia."}
+{"id": "64458", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64458", "title": "Amethyst", "text": "An amethyst is a mineral gemstone that comes from quartz. It is usually transparent and best known for its violet colour. Even though it is a form of quartz, it has more iron oxide (Fe2O3) than any other kind of quartz. Because of this, some experts think that its color comes from the iron in it. \nHeating the amethyst either takes away its color or changes it to a yellow hue. Amethysts are found in Brazil, Uruguay, Canada (Ontario) and America (North Carolina). The rock amethyst is the birthstone of the month February. In the Mohs scale, it has a hardness of seven.\nMeaning and superstition.\nMany people believe amethysts protect one from poison, evil, and getting drunk. This is where the name of this rock came from, The Greek word \"amethustos\", means \"without being drunken\". \nAlso they are thought to be good for healing, recovering from headaches, good dreams, and more. Some Catholic popes also wear a rosary of amethyst around their necks. Some Roman women thought gems could keep their husbands faithful to them.\nAmethysts are also worn because it is believed that it makes them look gentle. The \u201cpowers\u201d of an amethyst also include healing, peace, love, more spirituality, courage, protection from robbers, and happiness.\nIn the Book of Revelations the amethyst was one of the twelve foundation stones of .\nThere are many stories and myths about amethysts. One of them tells how amethysts were supposedly created. According to the story, Bacchus, the Roman god of wine and partying, was angry because of something against him and wanted to get revenge. He ordered that the first person who was mortal to come across his path would be eaten by tigers. \nJust at that moment a beautiful maiden named Amethyst came, on her way to worship the goddess Diana. Diana saw what was going to happen and she quickly made Amethyst into a stone to save her from the tigers. When Bacchus saw this, he repented and poured wine over the stone, making its color purple.\nDecoration.\nThe amethyst is worn and used for fashion in a number of different ways. It is polished and shaped for rings, earrings, and cufflinks. It may be also used for brooches, sometimes being carved into a cluster of grapes. People like the way amethysts look, especially when they are put in gold and diamonds.\nThe amethyst is worn by royalty and nobility. This is because its royal color was purple. When it was found in the Minoan period in Greece (c. 2500 B.C.), it was polished and shaped into cabochons (dome-shaped stones). Then, it was set in gold. \nDuring the 15th century, the French \"fleur-de-lis\" brooch could only be worn by the Royal family on special times. The fleur-de-lis design on it is put in with sapphires and amethysts."}
+{"id": "64459", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64459", "title": "Emerald", "text": "An emerald is a mineral gemstone and a variety of beryl. It is the birthstone of someone whose birthday is in the month of May. It is a green crystal. The emerald is one of the most valuable gems, along with the ruby, the opal, topaz, the diamond, and a sapphire.\nEtymology.\nThe word \"emerald\" comes from Vulgar Latin. The word was Esmaralda/Esmaraldus, a different way of saying the Latin word \"Smaragdus\", which came from the Greek, (\"smaragdos\"; \"green gem\"). It first came from a Semitic word, \"izmargad\" (). This meant \"emerald\" or \"green\". The name could also be related to the Semitic word baraq (\u05d1\u05b8\u05bc\u05e8\u05b8\u05e7 ;\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064f\u0631\u0627\u0642; \"lightning\" or \"shine\") (c.f. \"bareqeth\" and , \"barq\", \"lightning\"). It is where the Persian ( \"zomorrod\"), Turkish (), Sanskrit ( \"maragdam\") and Russian (; \"izumr\u00fad\") words came from."}
+{"id": "64460", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64460", "title": "Garnet", "text": "A garnet is one kind of silicate mineral. There are many different kinds of garnets, containing different metals. Crystals of garnet are often large and pretty. Their most common color is red or purple, but they can be found in almost all colors and are often used in jewelry. In the United States, garnet is the birthstone for people born in the month of January."}
+{"id": "64461", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64461", "title": "List of birthstones", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64467", "revid": "1264884", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64467", "title": "Ralph Macchio", "text": "Ralph Macchio (born November 4, 1961 in Huntington, New York) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles in \"My Cousin Vinny\", \"The Karate Kid\", \"The Karate Kid Part II\", and \"The Karate Kid Part III\". He was also in the movie \"The Outsiders\" as Johnny."}
+{"id": "64468", "revid": "1476056", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64468", "title": "French Armenian Legion", "text": "The French Armenian Legion, was made with the French-Armenian Agreement (1916), was a foreign legion unit within French Army. The Armenian legion was made for the goals of the Armenian national liberation movement and was an armed unit besides the Armenian volunteer units and Armenian militia during World War I which fought against the Ottoman Empire."}
+{"id": "64470", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64470", "title": "Vahan Kurkjian", "text": "Vahan M. Kurkjian (; Aleppo, 1863 \u2013 New York City, 1961) was an Armenian writer, historian, teacher, and community leader."}
+{"id": "64471", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64471", "title": "North India", "text": "Northern India is a land and cultural region of India. In traditional Indian geography, India is pieced into five major zones: North India, North-east India, East India, West India and South India. The North Indian Plain is a large part of Northern India.\nAs a linguistic-cultural and political region, North India consists of six Indian states: Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Jammu Kashmir and Rajasthan. The National Capital Territory of Delhi is also a part of northern India and shares some of its cultural, historical, musical, and linguistic heritage. \nBoth India and Pakistan were part of the British India prior to the 1947 Independence. "}
+{"id": "64473", "revid": "5400", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64473", "title": "Forebrain", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64474", "revid": "5400", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64474", "title": "Human brain", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64475", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64475", "title": "Yalta Conference", "text": "The Yalta Conference (sometimes called the Crimea Conference) was held from 4 to 11 February 1945, a few months before the end of the Second World War in Europe. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (Winston Churchill), the President of the United States (Franklin D. Roosevelt) and the Premier of the Soviet Union (Joseph Stalin) met in Crimea and talked about what to do with Germany. The Yalta Conference was important in European history.\nAgreements.\nThe allies agreed at Yalta :"}
+{"id": "64476", "revid": "11594", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64476", "title": "Amazigh", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64477", "revid": "1391617", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64477", "title": "Potsdam Conference", "text": "The Potsdam Conference was a meeting of the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States in Potsdam, Germany from July 17 to August 2, 1945. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (Clement Attlee), the President of the United States (Harry S. Truman) and the Premier of the Soviet Union (Joseph Stalin) met to talk about Germany on July 1945 and to discuss what should happen to it now that the Second World War was over.\nThe first conference was held at Yalta, but the Allies did not agree on anything very important. However, a lot had happened since the Yalta Conference. Firstly, the United States had a new president, Truman, who was much tougher on communism than the previous president, Franklin Roosevelt, had been, which was a problem for Stalin. Also, Winston Churchill had been voted out in the United Kingdom and replaced by Clement Attlee. Stalin saw himself as far more experienced than the new leaders and also caused trouble, as some of what the allies agreed on at Yalta was that Poland should have a neutral government. Stalin had killed the neutral government leaders and replaced them others, who did what he wanted. That caused many problems at Potsdam since other countries no longer trusted the Soviets.\nThe agreements.\nThe allies talked about and agreed:\nThe disagreements.\nThe allies talked about but did not agree on the following:"}
+{"id": "64480", "revid": "10038033", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64480", "title": "Nahe", "text": "The Nahe is a river in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, a left tributary to the Rhine. It is also a famous wine region of Germany.\nThe name Nahe comes from the Latin word \"Nava\", which is of Celtic origin and means \"the wild river\". The Nahe separates the northern part of the Palatinate from the Hunsr\u00fcck.\nIt rises in the area of Nohfelden (Saarland), flowing through Rhineland-Palatinate and joining the Rhine river in Bingen. Its length is . Towns along the Nahe include Idar-Oberstein, Kirn, Bad Kreuznach and Bingen."}
+{"id": "64481", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64481", "title": "Palatinate (region)", "text": "The Palatinate (\"germ.:\"Pfalz), historically also Rhenish Palatinate (\"lat.:\" palatinatum Renensis; \"germ.:\" Rheinpfalz), is a region in south-western Germany. It occupies more than a quarter of the German federal state (\"Bundesland\") of Rhineland-Palatinate (\"Rheinland-Pfalz\").\nGeography.\nThe western and northern part of the Palatinate is densely forested and mountainous. The highest point is the Donnersberg () near Kirchheimbolanden. The Palatinate forest (\"Pf\u00e4lzerwald\") covers more than a third of the region and is the largest uninterrupted forest in Germany. The eastern part is lower, and is a well known wine region, the Palatinate wine region through which passes the \"German wine road\" (Deutsche Weinstrasse). Most of the cities of the Palatinate (Ludwigshafen, Speyer, Landau, Frankenthal, Neustadt) lie in the Rhineplain in the east.\nTraditionally, the Palatinate is divided into the regions of Anterior Palatinate (\"Vorderpfalz\"), West Palatinate (\"Westpfalz\"), North Palatinate (\"Nordpfalz\"), and South Palatinate (\"S\u00fcdpfalz\").\nAdministratively, the following districts and independent cities are part of the Palatinate:\nIndependent cities:\nDistricts:"}
+{"id": "64482", "revid": "507729", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64482", "title": "Taunus", "text": "The Taunus is a mountain range in Hesse, Germany. It is bounded by the river valleys of Rhine, Main and Lahn. On the opposite side of the Rhine, the mountains are continued by the Hunsr\u00fcck. The mountains themselves span the districts of Hochtaunuskreis, Main-Taunus, Rheingau-Taunus, and Rhein-Lahn.\nNot to be confused with the more famous and high Feldberg in Black Forest, the highest peak is the \"Gro\u00dfer Feldberg\" (878 m above sea level). It is followed by the \"Kleiner Feldberg\" and the \"Altk\u00f6nig\" (798 m) with the remains of a late Iron Age hill fort (La-T\u00e8ne A, ca. 400 BC) near the summit.\nThe Roman Limes was built across the Taunus. The Saalburg, a restored Roman castellum, now houses a museum. After the fall of the Limes (in 259/260 AD), the Alamanni settled here."}
+{"id": "64483", "revid": "10947", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64483", "title": "Ignite", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64484", "revid": "10501271", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64484", "title": "Antonov An-225 Mriya", "text": "The Antonov An-225 \"Mriya\" was a Soviet Aircraft, and the largest airplane by weight in the world. It needed 6 engines because it was very large. It was made by a company called Antonov. The Mriya was designed to carry the Russian Shuttle, Space Shuttle Buran. The Buran only flew once, and was successful. However, the funding of Buran was insufficient, and the project quickly ended. The remaining plane, registration UR-82060, was used to carry very large items that were not efficient to carry by train. \nThe company ownership changed because of the collapse of the Soviet Union. The ownership of Antonov changed to the country of Ukraine, and all assets were taken to Kyiv. It was modelled from the Antonov An-124 Ruslan. This plane was big enough to carry a Boeing 747's fuselage. During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the last aircraft, UR-82060, was destroyed in the hangar of the airport of the Antonov Serial Production Plant in Ukraine."}
+{"id": "64485", "revid": "9223830", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64485", "title": "Edmund Burke", "text": "Edmund Burke (12 January 1729-9 July 1797) was an important Irish politician, and writer. He became a member of the British Parliament with the Whigs in 1765.\nBurke supported the American Revolution. He opposed the French Revolution for killing Catholics and other dissenters. His most famous book was \"Reflections on the Revolution in France\", which created many of the ideas in conservatism. "}
+{"id": "64486", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64486", "title": "Biltine", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64487", "revid": "374195", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64487", "title": "Muslim occasions", "text": "Muslim occasions mainly celebrate events of the life of the Muslim prophet, Muhammad.\nThe Festivals.\nEid ul-Fitr.\nEid ul-Fitr begins the day after Ramadan is over and lasts three days. As soon as the Sun sets from the last day of Ramadan, Eid ul-Fitr starts and the Muslims feast. Muslims also say a special prayer called the Eid prayer and food and drink are passed around in Mosques.\nEid Al-Adha.\nEid Al-Adha means \"The Feast of Sacrifice\" and is to celebrate when a prophet called Abraham prepared to sacrifice his son to show that he was loyal to God. At the last moment, God said to Abraham that this was simply a test, and he did not have to sacrifice his son to Him. Muslims in this holiday sacrifice a goat or cow in His honour to show their gratitude for God saving Abraham's son's life.\nThe meat of the sacrificed animal is split up into three portions. One for the man who sacrificed the animal, one for the man's poor relatives and one for poor people in general, whatever their race or religion is.\nReligious festive day.\nFriday (Jumu'ah).\nMuslims believe that on any Friday, at the end of the week, a good deed is worth more than if you did that same good deed on a different day. Muslims go to the Mosque to pray on that day, for they believe that it was on this day that Adam was created. They reject the idea that God rested after creating the world (\"And on the seventh day, God rested\", Genesis 2:2) and so this day should not be related to a Sabbath.\nAshura.\nAshura in Arabic means ten and is celebrated on the ninth and tenth day of Muharram. Muslims can choose to fast on this day (see fasting above). \nThis is also the day when Muhammad's grandson, called Husayn ibn Ali, was killed.\nMawlid an-Nabi.\nMawlid an-Nabi means \"The Birth of the Prophet\" in Arabic, and celebrated the Prophet Muhammad's birthday on the twelfth day of the month of Rabi Al-Awwal. Poetry and prayer to both God and Muhammed are chanted on this day.\nLaylat ul Isra and Miraj.\nLaylat ul Isra and Miraj means \"The Night of Power and Ascension\". It is when Muhammad was taken to \"the farthest Mosque\" (it was in Jerusalem) and was taken to see God. It was here that Muhammad and God talked about how many prayers should be said a day. God said there should be fifty prayers a day, but Moses and Muhammad asked for less, since fifty was hard to do every day. Eventually, fifty was lowered to five prayers a day. If the prayers were done well, they were worth fifty prayers.\nLaylat al-Qadr.\nLaylat al-Qadr means \"The night of Power\" in Arabic and is celebrated near the end of Ramadan. It is a sacred and important holiday since it is when the Qur'an was first shown to the population.\nLaylat ul Bara'ah.\nLaylat ul Bara'ah means \"The Night of Freedom from Fire\" and is celebrated on the 14th and 15th of the month of Sha'ban. Here, Muslims pray and read the Qur'an all night.\nJumu'ah-tul-Wida.\nJumu'ah-tul-Wida is just before Eid ul-Fitr at the end of Ramadan and Muslims say special prayers.\nEid al-Ghadeer.\nEid al-Ghadeer is celebrated by Shi'a Muslims and is when Muhammad gave his last sermon at Ghadir Khumm during the month of Dhul-Hijjah. \nIt is also to celebrate Ali ibn Abi Talib taking over from Muhammad when Muhammad died.\nCultural festive day.\nThe New Year.\nThe first day of Muharram is the new year for Islam. It is not an official Islamic event but most Muslims have a ritual or celebration of some kind for it is one of their favorite holidays\nOpen mosque day.\nSome mosques are organizing \u201cOpen mosque days\u201d with special programs, Muslim culture, video shows, discussions and finger foods for the visitors. In many western cities, this is becoming a cultural social event.\nReligious practice.\nFasting.\nRamadan is celebrated in the month of Ramadan (the 9th month in the Islam calendar). Prayers are chanted all day and Muslims are forbidden to eat or drink after the sun has risen. When the sun goes down in the evenings they are allowed to eat and drink again. This is called fasting and breakfast comes from this word (break-fast or breaking your fast). This holiday is to teach Muslims patience.\nThe month of Ramadan changes every year because the Muslims follow the lunar calendar rather than the Christians' solar calendar.\nPilgrimage (in Makkah mecca).\nHajj.\nHajj is the annual pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia. It is currently the largest annual pilgrimage in the world, and is the fifth pillar of Islam. A religious duty that must be carried out at least once in their lifetime by every able-bodied Muslim who can afford to do so. The Hajj is a demonstration of the solidarity of the Muslim people, and their submission to Allah.\nUmrah.\nUmrah is a pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, performed by Muslims that can be undertaken at any time of the year. In Arabic Umrah means \u201cto visit a populated place\u201d. It is sometimes called the 'minor pilgrimage' or 'lesser pilgrimage', the Hajj being the 'major' pilgrimage and which is compulsory for every able-bodied Muslim who can afford it. The Umrah is not compulsory but highly recommended.\nExample Calendar.\nHere is an example calendar taken from the Islamic lunar calendar and put into a solar calendar. In this case it is from 2000 to 2001 in years of the Christian era.\nCertain events (such as Ramadan) happen at different times each year."}
+{"id": "64499", "revid": "1444326", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64499", "title": "Guys and Dolls", "text": "Guys and Dolls is a 1950 Broadway musical. The music and lyrics were written by Frank Loesser, and the speaking parts were written by Jo Swerling and Abe Burrows. The story of \"Guys and Dolls\" is based on short stories written by Damon Runyon. It won the Tony Award for Best Musical. \nWhat happens.\nNathan Detroit, a gambler in 1920's New York City, needs a place to hold his illegal dice game where he will not be caught by the police. He finds a place, but the person who owns it wants one thousand dollars to rent it for the night. Nathan thinks he is out of luck, until he hears that the famous gambler Sky Masterson is in town. He bets Sky one thousand dollars that he cannot get Sarah Brown, a missionary, to go to Havana, Cuba with him. Because Sarah is very religious and moralistic, Nathan thinks she will never agree to go with him.\nNathan has another problem. He has been engaged to a woman named Adelaide for fourteen years, but they still are not married. Adelaide is so frustrated with him that she comes down with a cold. She tells him that if he does not marry her, she will leave him. Nathan promises to marry her, but then realizes that the night he said he would meet her is the same night as the dice game. He does not marry her, and Adelaide is extremely angry with him. She tells him she never wants to see him again.\nMeanwhile, Sarah's mission is about to be closed down unless she can have it filled for a midnight prayer meeting later that week. Sky hears about this and makes a deal with her. If she goes to Havana with him, he will persuade the men he knows to go to the prayer meeting. Because Sarah is desperate, she accepts his offer. At first Sky is only taking her to Havana to win the bet, and Sarah is only going with him to save her mission, but while they are in Havana they fall in love. As Sky is saying goodbye to her, Nathan and the other gamblers run out of the mission, where they had been holding the dice game. Sarah thinks he only took her to Havana to get her away from the mission so Nathan could have the game there, and she is very angry with him.\nSky is still in love with Sarah, so he decides to keep his part of the deal. He makes a bet with all the gamblers. If he loses, he will give each of the gamblers a thousand dollars. If he wins, they will have to go to the prayer meeting. Sky wins the bet, and Sarah's mission is saved. Sarah realizes that he really does care about her.\nLater, Sarah meets Adelaide. They talk about Nathan and Sky and realize that they are both in love. Sarah decides to marry Sky, and Adelaide decides to marry Nathan."}
+{"id": "64500", "revid": "1663497", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64500", "title": "POTUS", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64503", "revid": "497303", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64503", "title": "Ichiro Mizuki", "text": ", real name (born January 7, 1948 in Tokyo, died December 6, 2022), was a Japanese singer, composer, voice actor and actor. He was best known for his anime and tokusatsu such as Mazinger Z, Great Mazinger, Kamen Rider and Metal Hero series.\nIchiro Mizuki began his solo career in 1968. His first single \"Kimi ni sasageru Boku no Uta\" was composed by Kanae Wada. He started to sing his theme song during the 1970s. His first anime song called Genshi Shounen Ryuu was released in 1971 as the opening theme from the animated television series Genshi Shounen Ryuu. Then he released many other anime and tokusatsu songs from Super Robot, Science Fiction, Sports, Kamen Rider, Metal Hero and Super Sentai series. Ichiro Mizuki has sung more than 1000 songs since his debut.\nFrom August 30 to August 31, 1999, he held a 1000-song concert for 24\u00a0hours. The success of his 1000-song concert has become a legend in Japan.\nOn July 19, 2000, he joined as a part-time member of the supergroup JAM Project with other members - Hironobu Kageyama, Masaaki Endoh, Eizo Sakamoto, and Rica Matsumoto.\nMeanwhile, Ichiro Mizuki has also acted in the tokusatsu TV series such as Jikuu Senshi Spielvan, Voicelugger and also the voice actor for anime such as Koraru no Tanken and Dangaioh (OVA)."}
+{"id": "64505", "revid": "469171", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64505", "title": "Patriotic", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64512", "revid": "507729", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64512", "title": "Saalburg", "text": "The Saalburg is a Roman fortification in the Taunus mountains in Germany and was a stronghold in the Upper Germanic Limes.\nIt was constructed about 90 CE and enlarged until about 210. Then the Romans left it after 260. It is estimated that it was home to a \"cohors equitata\", about 500 cavalry and infantry, to protect the access to the Rhine-Main valley from the Germanic tribes in the North. Eventually it decayed, and its stones were used as a quarry.\nIn 1897 Wilhelm II ordered that it was rebuilt. Today the Saalburg houses a museum and is a center for Roman archeology. It is located between Bad Homburg and Wehrheim, some 30 km north of Frankfurt am Main.\nAs part of the Upper Germanic Limes the Saalburg belongs to the UNESCO World Heritage sites since 15. July 2005."}
+{"id": "64513", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64513", "title": "University of Pri\u0161tina", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64516", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64516", "title": "Kesha Wizzart", "text": "Kesha Wizzart (22 October 1988 \u2013 12 July 2007) was an English singer. She was a contestant on the television programme \"Stars In Their Eyes\". She was born in Manchester.\nWizzart was murdered on 12 July 2007, along with her mother Beverley and brother Fred. It happened in their home in Manchester. The investigators found injuries to their heads. The next day, a search for the suspect Pierre Williams was started. He was arrested on 14 July, convicted and received three life sentences."}
+{"id": "64517", "revid": "10024512", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64517", "title": "Names of small numbers", "text": "Naming very small numbers is the same as naming very big numbers, but with one important difference. There is a minus sign over what the 10 in the formula is raised to. So if one wanted to write 0.007 in shorthand form, they would write it 7 x 10\u22123 since 7 is the third digit after the decimal point (the zero in front of the decimal point does not count). Naming a very small number with lots of different numbers inside it is the same as doing it with a very big number, but again with that one difference of the minus sign. So 0.0000452 would become 4.52 x 10\u22125 (0.0000452 --> 4.52 x 0.00001 --> 4.52 x 10\u22125)."}
+{"id": "64518", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64518", "title": "Military of ancient Rome", "text": "The Military of ancient Rome (known to the Romans as the militia) means all military forces of Ancient Rome from the founding of the city of Rome to the end of the Western Roman Empire. Originally there was only the Roman army, but a small navy was added during the Second Samnite War, around 320 BC.\nThe Roman military was an important part of the Roman state. Josephus describes the Roman people as \"as if born ready armed\". It has a history of more than 1300 years. Roman armies fought in Parthia as well as in Africa, and in - what was in that time the far north - the British Isles.\nAfter a series of reforms, the army became highly trained, and was well equipped in the middle of the Roman Imperial period. The Romans also had a powerful navy that ruled the Mediterranean and the European Atlantic coast. In the late Imperial period the military's numbers were significantly increased to cover the borders and keep internal peace. The circumstances of the Empire had changed; the Western Roman Empire now relied heavily on units of mostly Germanic tribes living within the borders, who fought in the name of Rome during the Migration Period."}
+{"id": "64519", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64519", "title": "Roman legion", "text": "A Roman legion was the basic military unit of the ancient Roman army in the period of the late Roman Republic and the Roman Empire. It was roughly equivalent to the modern word division. In the plural, \"the legions\", it may mean the entire Roman army.\nA legion was about 5,000 men in several cohorts of heavy infantry (legionaries). It was usually accompanied by attached units of auxiliaries, who were not Roman citizens. They provided cavalry, ranged troops and skirmishers to complement the legion's heavy infantry.\nThe size of a typical legion varied during the history of ancient Rome. It had a complement of 4,200 legionaries in the republican period of Rome. In the imperial period, the full complement was 5,500 men split into 10 cohorts of 480 men each. The first cohort was at double strength with 800 men. The remaining 220 were 120 cavalry plus technical staff.\nRome did not have a standing army until the reforms of Gaius Marius about 107 BC. Legions instead were created, used, and disbanded again. In the time of the early Roman Empire, there were usually about 25\u201335 standing legions plus their auxiliaries, with more raised as needed.\nOrganization.\nGreek phalanx.\nThe development of the early legion may be seen as a Roman version of the Greek phalanx formation. Until the 4th century BC the massive Greek phalanx was the mode of battle. Roman soldiers would have thus looked much like Greek \"hoplites\". Tactics were no different from those of the early Greeks and battles were joined on a plain. Spearmen would deploy themselves in tightly packed rows to form a shield wall with their spears pointing forwards.\nRepublic.\nThere were now three lines of soldiers when in battle formation. Roman soldiers had to purchase their own equipment.\nIn the middle of the Republic, legions were composed of the following units:\nEach of these three lines was subdivided into maniples, each consisting of two centuries of 60 men commanded by the senior of the two centurions. Centuries were normally 60 soldiers each at this time in the hastati and principes (no longer 100 men). The mid Republican legion had a nominal strength of about 4500 men.\nLater on the legions were made up of 80 strong centuries. Each century had its standard and was made up of ten units of eight soldiers who shared a tent, millstone, a mule and cooking pot (depending on duration of tour).\nLate Republic.\nThroughout Rome's Late Republic, the legions played an important political role. By the 1st century BC the threat of the legions under a demagogue was recognized. Roman Governors were not allowed to leave their provinces with their legions. When Julius Caesar broke this rule, leaving his province of Gaul and crossing the Rubicon into Italy, he precipitated a constitutional crisis. This crisis and the civil wars which followed brought an end to the Republic and led to the foundation of the Empire under Augustus in 27 BC.\nEarly Empire (30 BC-284 AD).\nWith each legion having 5,120 legionaries plus an equal number of auxiliary troops, the total force available to a legion commander during the Pax Romana probably ranged from\n11,000 downwards. The more prestigious legions were stationed on hostile borders or in restive provinces tending to have more auxiliaries. Some legions may have been reinforced with units making the force near 15,000\u201316,000 or about the size of a modern division.\nThe legion was commanded by a \"legate\". Aged about thirty, he would usually be a senator on a three year appointment. Immediately subordinate to the legate would be six appointed \"military tribunes\". Five would be staff officers and the remaining one would be a noble heading for the Senate \u2014 originally this tribune commanded the legion. There would also be a group of officers for the medical staff, the engineers, record-keepers, the \"praefectus castrorum\" (commander of the camp) and other specialists such as priests and musicians.\nLater.\nDespite a number of reforms, the legionary system survived the fall of the Western Roman Empire, and was continued in the Eastern Roman Empire until around 7th century. The Eastern Roman/Byzantine armies continued to be influenced by the earlier Roman legions, and were maintained with similar level of discipline, strategic prowess, and organization.\nCenturions.\nCenturions were the glue which held a Roman legion together. They were the full-time professional officers of the Roman army. The basic centurion commanded (usually) 83 men rather than 100. They rose in rank by commanding ever more important centuries.\nThe very best centurions were promoted to become centurions in the First Cohort, called \"Primi Ordines\", commanding one of its ten centuries and also taking on a staff role. The most senior centurion of the legion was the \"Primus Pilus\" who commanded the first century. Only eight officers in a full legion outranked him. They were:"}
+{"id": "64520", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64520", "title": "Legion", "text": "Legion may refer to:"}
+{"id": "64526", "revid": "10159941", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64526", "title": "Alpha helix", "text": "An alpha helix (\u03b1-helix) is a twisted part of a protein. It is one of the two most common parts of the secondary structure, or shape, of a protein. The other is the beta sheet. An alpha helix is created by alternating groups of atoms. There is a carbonyl group, created by a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom, and an amine group, created by a nitrogen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. Each section containing one of each of these groups is called a residue, a general term for a small part of a molecule. Each amine group forms a hydrogen bond with the carbonyl group four residues earlier. The alpha helix consists of 3.6 residues per turn. All hydrogen bonds face in the same direction. If two or more alpha helices come together, they become a tertiary structure. (Ex. Five alpha helices arranged into a barrel shape)\nAlpha helices in disease.\nA prion is a protein that causes disease by changing the shape of another protein. It does this by changing some of the alpha helices, which are more common in normal cells, to beta sheets, which are more common in prions. "}
+{"id": "64527", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64527", "title": "Allied-occupied Germany", "text": "After World War II Nazi Germany west of the Oder-Neisse line was divided into four occupation zones. This had been agreed in London in September 1944.\nThey were occupied by the allied powers who defeated Germany (the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and the United States) and by France. This was done for administrative purposes during the period 1945-1949.\nIn the closing weeks of fighting in Europe the American forces had actually pushed beyond the previously agreed upon occupation zone boundaries, sometimes by as much as 200 miles. After about two months of holding certain areas meant to be in the Soviet zone, the American forces withdrew during July 1945. "}
+{"id": "64528", "revid": "8950", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64528", "title": "Trucker", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64529", "revid": "8950", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64529", "title": "Truck driver", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64530", "revid": "1542442", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64530", "title": "Topaz", "text": "Topaz is a silicate mineral. Along with silicate, it includes the chemical elements aluminium and fluorine with the chemical formula Al2SiO4(F,OH)2.\nColor and varieties.\nPure topaz is colorless and transparent but they usually have colors made by small impurities. The typical topaz is wine, yellow, pale gray, reddish-orange, or blue brown. It can also be made white, pale green, blue, gold, or pink (rare).\n\"Orange topaz\", also known as precious topaz, is the traditional November birthstone, the symbol of friendship, and the state gemstone for the US state of Utah.\n\"Imperial topaz\" is yellow, pink (rare, if natural) or pink-orange. Some imperial topaz stones can fade if they are exposed too much in the sunlight.\n\"Blue topaz\" is the US state Texas' gemstone.\n\"Mystic topaz\" is colorless topaz which has been artificially coated, making it rainbow-colored."}
+{"id": "64531", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64531", "title": "Birthstone", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64532", "revid": "1743493", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64532", "title": "Burmite", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64534", "revid": "9918521", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64534", "title": "Beautiful (song)", "text": "Beautiful is a song from Christina Aguilera's fourth album \"Stripped\". It was written by Linda Perry.\nAguilera sings about how people should not be ashamed to show pride in their differences.\nIt was released late in 2002. It was the second single from \"Stripped\".\n\"Beautiful\" won a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance.\nIn 2004, the character Damian sang the song at the school's talent show in \"Mean Girls\".\nIt is in the key of E-flat Mixolydian."}
+{"id": "64535", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64535", "title": "Fundamental theorem of algebra", "text": "The fundamental theorem of algebra is a proven fact about polynomials, sums of multiples of integer powers of one variable. It is based on mathematical analysis, the study of real numbers and limits. It was first proven by German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss. It says that for any polynomial formula_1 with the degree formula_2, where formula_3, the polynomial equation formula_4 must have at least one root formula_5, and not more than formula_2 roots altogether.\nSome remarks: "}
+{"id": "64536", "revid": "10441950", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64536", "title": "R.E.M. (band)", "text": "R.E.M. is an American rock band. It was formed in Athens, Georgia in 1980. R.E.M. was one of the first popular alternative rock bands. R.E.M. released its first single, \"Radio Free Europe\" in 1981. The lead singer of the band was Michael Stipe.\nDuring the 1980s, R.E.M. were one of the most important rock bands in the campus radio movement. They became successful internationally in 1987, when they released the songs, \"The One I Love\" and \"It's The End Of The World As We Know It (And I Feel Fine)\". They were very popular in the early 1990s and broke-up in 2011. They have been inducted in to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.\nAssociated with.\nR.E.M. has been associated with many different bands within the years. Most of them from different parts of the world."}
+{"id": "64541", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64541", "title": "Finite", "text": "If something is finite, it means it will end. The opposite is infinite. There are many uses of this word, for example:"}
+{"id": "64543", "revid": "1649829", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64543", "title": "Israel", "text": "Israel (), officially the State of Israel (), is a country in southwestern Asia on the eastern side of the Mediterranean Sea. Its capital city is Jerusalem.\nIsrael's population is around 9.8 million people. This includes around 7 million Jews. Most of Israel's other citizens (1.2 million) are Arabs and include Muslims, Christians, and Druze. Israel is approximately 470 kilometers (290 miles) long and 135 kilometers (85 miles) wide at its widest point, making it a relatively small country in terms of land area. \nMany human rights organizations classify Israel as an apartheid state due to its oppression against Palestinians in the west bank and Gaza. \nIsrael has a relatively high standard of living and life expectancy. Almost all of its people can read and write.\nThere is a long history of conflict between Israel and Palestine.\nHistory.\nIsrael's history begins thousands of years ago, in ancient times. Two major world religions, Judaism and Christianity, began here. The Jewish nation and religion first grew in this region. \nJews and Christians call Israel the Holy Land because many events described in the Bible happened there, and because some commandments of Jewish law can be accomplished only on its soil.\nBefore the Common Era (BCE).\nCanaanites and other Semitic peoples first populated the area around four thousand years ago. According to the Bible, the first Jewish patriarch, Abraham, lived at this time.\nAround 1400 BCE, another Semitic people called the Hebrews settled in Canaan under the leadership of Moses and . They were named the \u201cChildren of Israel\u201d or \u201cIsraelites\u201d, and were divided into 12 tribes. \nA few centuries later, the Hebrews made Saul their leader. The next king, David, began the Kingdom of Israel in about 1000 BCE and made Jerusalem its capital city. His son, Solomon, built the first Temple for the worship of their God. \nSolomon died around 928 BCE, and his kingdom broke into two countries. The northern country kept the name \"Israel\". The southern country, called \"Judah\", kept Jerusalem as its capital.\nThe Assyrians conquered the Kingdom of Israel in 732 BCE. Then, in 586 BCE, the Babylonians conquered the Kingdom of Judah and destroyed Solomon's Temple. In response, many Jews returned from Babylonia to rebuild their country and their temple. \nFirst the Persians, then the Greeks, and then the Romans ruled the area.\nDuring the early Common Era (CE).\nEarly in the first century, Roman soldiers defeated the Jews in modern-day Israel. In 70 CE, they destroyed Jerusalem and the Second Jewish Temple there. Again in 135 CE, the Romans defeated the Jews and killed or took many of them to other places. \nThe number of Jews living in Israel became much smaller. Many were forced to live in other countries. This spreading of Jewish communities outside of Israel is called the Diaspora.\nMany of the Jews who remained moved to the Galilee. Jewish teachers wrote important Jewish books, called the Mishnah and part of the Talmud there, in the 2nd to 4th centuries CE.\nThe Roman and then the Byzantine Empires ruled until 635 CE, when Arabs conquered the region. Different Arab rulers, and for a while Crusaders, ruled the land. In 1516, the Ottoman Empire conquered the land and ruled the region until the 20th century.\nDuring the modern Common Era.\nSince the Diaspora, there have been many attempts to make a new homeland for the Jewish people. Starting in 1860, the Zionist movement advocated for the creation of a Jewish nation in Israel.\nJews from all over the world began to come to the area and settled in desert zones. These zones were first governed by the Ottoman Empire, and later by the British Empire.\nOn 14 May 1948, British control over Palestine ended. Jews living in Palestine (under the leadership of David Ben-Gurion) declared independence for a new Jewish state. \nImmediately following Palestine's declaration of independence, the new country was attacked by the Jewish terrorist groups of Haganah, Irgun, Lehi, Machal, Palmach, and others. Israel would illegally occupy and annex the Palestinain regions/cities of Auja Al Hafir, Beersheba, Jaffa, Jalil, Majdal, and many others. \nAfter a year of fighting, a ceasefire was declared. Temporary borders called the Green Line were established. The UN estimated that more than 700,000 Palestinians had been forcibly expelled by Jewish terrorist groups during the war. This became known as the Nakba (\"catastrophe\"). \nSince the 1980s, Israel has committed terrorist attacks against civilians in Lebanon. The most notable incident of this was the Sabra and Shatila massacre, which was a result of Jewish terrorism.\nGeography.\nIsrael is a small country, but it has mountains, deserts, shores, valleys and plains. \nThe countries of Lebanon and Syria are to the north of Israel; Jordan is on the east; and Egypt is to the southwest. Israel also occupies 60% of the Palestinian West Bank.\nJerusalem is the biggest city in Israel. It is also Israel's official capital city. However, most countries do not recognize this, because they believe Jerusalem should be split up or be under international control. Tel Aviv, Haifa, Beersheba and Rishon LeZion are also large cities.\nVariations.\nIsrael's geography varies from place to place. \nIn the west, Israel's long coastline meets the Mediterranean Sea. A coastal plain runs alongside this coastline. \nTo the north, Israel has a mountainous region called the Galilee. On the eastern side of the Galilee, there is a low area called a depression that includes the Hula Valley and the Sea of Galilee. \nTo the south, there is the Negev Desert: a barren area of flat plains, mountains, and craters. Israel's southern-most city is Eilat, which is located on the Gulf of Aqaba (a part of the Red Sea).\nIn the center of the country, there is a range of mountains that runs from north to south. The Jordan River also runs north to south, starting in the Sea of Galilee in the north and emptying into the Dead Sea in the south. The land next to the Dead Sea -426\u00a0meters below sea level: the lowest in the world.\nClimate.\nThe climate is hot and rainless in the summers, with high humidity in lower places like the coastal plain. It is cool and rainy in the winters, rarely going below freezing temperatures. Rain falls mostly in the north, and mostly in the winter (between the months of November and April). Snow falls at higher elevations. While much of Israel has a Mediterranean climate, certain regions, such as the Golan Heights and Jerusalem, experience snowfall during the winter months.\nTo make it possible for crops to grow in the south, Israel built a very big irrigation system to bring water to the area from the north.\nGovernment.\nNational government.\nA parliamentary democracy.\nIsrael is a parliamentary democracy. All Israeli citizens who are 18 years or older have the right to vote. The Israeli parliament is called the Knesset. \nThe Knesset has 120 members. Each member is elected for no more than four years at a time. The Knesset makes laws, helps decide national policy, and approves budgets and taxes. The current Knesset is the country's 25th, sworn in on November 15, 2022. \nIsrael has no written constitution. Instead, the \"Basic Laws\" made by the Knesset say how the government must work and give civil rights to the citizens. \nVoting.\nVoters do not vote for individual candidates in Knesset elections. Instead, they vote for a party. Before the election, each party prepares a list of its candidates. The list might include a single candidate or over a hundred. Voters can see each party's list and decide which party they want to vote for.\nIn an election, each party wins a certain percentage of the votes. This percentage decides how many representatives, or seats, the party gets in the Knesset. For example, if a party list gets 33 percent of the vote, it gets 40 Knesset seats.\nThe Prime Minister.\n\"See the main article: Prime Minister of Israel\"\nThe head of Israel's government is the Prime Minister. They are usually the leader of the party that has the most seats in the Knesset. The prime minister must keep the support of a majority of Knesset members in order to stay in office.\nThe prime minister appoints ministers to the cabinet, which The Knesset approves. The ministers are responsible for subjects such as education, defense, and social welfare. The Prime Minister is the head of the cabinet; they decide what will be discussed at meetings, and they make the final decisions.\nBenjamin Netanyahu has been the Israeli Prime Minister since December 29, 2022. The current government is called the Sixth Netanyahu Government because it was the sixth time Netanyahu has been elected.\nThe President.\n\"See the main article: President of Israel\"\nThe President is the head of state. The Knesset elects the president for seven years. \nMost of the president's duties are ceremonial: they can sign laws and treaties approved by the Knesset, appoint judges, and choose members of some public organizations. They also accept the documents from ambassadors and foreign diplomats bring when they are appointed.\nIsaac Herzog has been the President of Israel since July 2021.\nPolitics.\nIsrael has many political parties, with a large variety of opinions. In the elections of 2020, 20 different parties won seats in the Knesset.\nThe parties belong to several main groups. The biggest groups are the Zionist parties. These include the conservative liberals (such as HaLikud); social democrats (like HaAvoda, the Labor Party); and religious Zionists. There are also smaller religious Orthodox Jewish parties; special-interest parties; and Israeli Arab parties.\nUsually, a single political party does not win enough seats in the Knesset by itself to have a majority. If this happens, one of the bigger parties asks for support from the other parties (including the religious ones) to form a coalition government. This gives these small parties a lot of power despite their size.\nLikud vs. Labor.\nThe Likud supports free market policies and does not think government should be involved much with the economy. It also believes strongly in protecting Israel's security. It wants Israel to make fewer concessions (to give less away) while negotiating with the Palestinians and the Arab states.\nThe Labor Party supports government control of the economy, but also believes in a limited amount of free enterprise. It is willing to make more concessions (to give more away) in order to reach an agreement in the peace process.\nEconomy.\nWhen it gained its independence in 1948, Israel was a poor country that produced very little agriculture or industry. But Israel's economy has grown tremendously since 1948. The nation now enjoys a very high standard of living, despite having few natural resources and a limited fresh water supply.\nMany immigrants came to Israel in the years immediately after independence. Many of these immigrants were skilled laborers and professionals who greatly aided the nation's economic development.\nService industries.\nMany of Israel's service industry workers are employed by the government or by businesses owned by the government. Government workers provide many of the services needed by Israel's large immigrant population, such as housing, education, and job training.\nTourism.\nTourism is one of the country's important sources of income. Tourists visit many archaeological, historical, and religious sites; museums; nature reserves; and beach resorts in Israel.\nTourists support many of Israel's service industries, especially trade, restaurants, and hotels. Approximately 4 million tourists visited Israel in 2018.\nManufacturing.\nIsraeli factories produce such goods as:\nTel Aviv and Haifa are Israel's major manufacturing centers. Government-owned plants make equipment for Israel's large armed forces. \nThe cutting of imported diamonds is a major industry. Israel is also the world's largest exporter of drones. \nAgriculture.\nIsrael produces most of the food it needs to feed its people, except for grain. Exporting agricultural products provides enough income to import needed foods. Israel's agricultural products include citrus and other fruits; eggs; grain; poultry; and vegetables. \nThe government develops, helps finance, and controls agricultural activity, including fishing and forestry. \nMost Israeli farmers use modern agricultural methods. Machines now do much of the work that people used to do. Water drawn from the Sea of Galilee irrigates much of the land in Israel.\nMost Israeli farms are organized as moshavim or kibbutzim. Israel also has some private farms.\nMining.\nIsrael's biggest source of minerals is the Dead Sea, the world's saltiest body of water. Bromine, magnesium, potash and table salt are all extracted from the sea. The most important of these is potash, used mainly in fertilizers.\nIn the Negev Desert, there are mines for phosphates, copper, clay, and gypsum.\nEnergy.\nIsrael has few energy sources. It has no coal deposits or hydroelectric power resources, and only small amounts of crude oil and natural gas. As a result, Israel depends on imported crude oil for gasoline and diesel for transportation, and coal producing electricity for its energy needs.\nSolar energy \u2013 energy from the sun \u2013 is used widely to heat water for houses. Israel is developing other ways to use solar energy to power houses and factories.\nIn 2008, Israel began investing in building electric cars and stations to charge them. There may also be large natural gas fields in the Mediterranean Sea that Israel could develop.\nInternational trade.\nIn 2006, Israeli exports grew by 11% to just over $29 billion. The hi-tech sector accounted for $14 billion of this: a 20% increase from the previous year.\nBecause it has few natural resources, Israel imports more goods than it exports. The country's main imports include chemicals, computer equipment, grain, iron and steel, military equipment, petroleum products, rough diamonds, and textiles.\nIsrael's main exports are chemical products, citrus fruits, clothing, electronic equipment, fertilizers, polished diamonds, military equipment, and processed foods. The nation's main trading partners include the Benelux countries (Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg); Germany; Italy; Switzerland; the United Kingdom; and the United States.\nTransportation.\nIsrael has a well-developed transportation system. Most middle-class Israeli families either own a car or have one that an employer provides. Paved roads reach almost all parts of the country. Public transportation, both in cities and between them, is provided primarily by bus.\nBen-Gurion Airport is Israel's main international airport. It is near Tel Aviv. Smaller airports are located at Haifa and at Eilat. El Al, Israel's international airline, flies regularly to the United States, Europe, and parts of Asia. \nIsrael has three major deepwater ports: Haifa, Ashdod, and Eilat.\nCommunications.\nIsrael's communication system is one of the best in the Middle East. Israel has about 30 daily newspapers, about half of which are in Hebrew. The rest are in Arabic, Russian, Yiddish, or one of several foreign languages. The Israel Broadcasting Authority, a public corporation set up by the government, runs the television and nonmilitary radio stations."}
+{"id": "64546", "revid": "9670779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64546", "title": "Lake Champlain", "text": "Lake Champlain is a natural freshwater lake in North America along the borders of New York and Vermont and partially across the United States-Canada border in the province of Quebec. The lake was named for the French explorer Samuel de Champlain, who came there in 1609.\nA region of large freshwater lakes.\nLake Champlain is one of a large number of large lakes spread in an arc from Labrador through the northern United States and into the Northwest Territories of Canada. Although it is much smaller than the Great Lakes of Ontario, Erie, Huron, Superior, or Michigan, Lake Champlain is a large body of fresh water. The lake is about in area. It is about long. At its widest point, it is about wide. The maximum depth is about . It contains about 80 islands, including the entirety of Vermont's Grand Isle County.\nColonial America and the Revolutionary War.\nIn the colonial times, Lake Champlain gave an easily blocked water (or, in winter, ice) passage between the Saint Lawrence and the Hudson Valleys. Boats and sledges were usually preferable to the unpaved and frequently mud-bound roads of the time. The northern tip of the lake at Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu, Quebec (St. John in colonial times) is a short distance from Montreal. The southern tip at Whitehall (Skenesborough in colonial times) is a short distance from Saratoga, Glens Falls, and Albany, New York.\nForts at Ticonderoga and Crown Point (Fort St. Frederic) controlled passage of the lake in colonial times. Important battles were fought at Ticonderoga in 1758 and 1777. A important naval battle was fought in 1776 at Valcour Island: in the Battle of Valcour Island, Benedict Arnold delayed British ships enough to prevent the fall of these forts until the following year, allowing the Continental Army to grow stronger and allowing the later victory at Saratoga."}
+{"id": "64548", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64548", "title": "Fumie Suguri", "text": " is a Japanese athlete. She is best known as a figure skater. She is a five-times Japanese National Champion, three-times World Championships medalist, and 2003-2004's Grand Prix Final Champion.\nProfile.\nSuguri is expressive, her program is called \"Suguri World\". Her younger sister Chika Suguri is figure skater likewise, too.\nShe was first Japanese skater to win the ISU Grand Prix Final in 2003, and got more Four Continents Championships titles in 2005, and got more World Championships medals than other Japanese figure skaters in 2006."}
+{"id": "64554", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64554", "title": "List of official languages in Russia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64562", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64562", "title": "Occupational Safety and Health Administration", "text": "The United States Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is an agency of the United States Department of Labor. It was created by Congress under the Occupational Safety and Health Act and was signed by President Richard M. Nixon, on December 29, 1970. Its mission is to prevent work-related injuries, illnesses, and deaths by making and enforcing rules (called standards) for workplace safety and health. As of March 2006, the agency is headed by Assistant Secretary of Labor Edwin Foulke."}
+{"id": "64563", "revid": "1687742", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64563", "title": "Arsenio Hall", "text": "Arsenio Hall (born February 12, 1956) is an American actor and comedian. He hosted his own popular television talk show, \"The Arsenio Hall Show\", from 1989 to 1994 on the Fox network. He also had his own television sitcom on ABC titled, \"Arsenio\".\nHall co-starred with Eddie Murphy in the movies \"Coming to America\" and \"Harlem Nights\". After his own television series ended, Hall sometimes guest-starred on \"The Tonight Show\" with Jay Leno.\nHall was born in Cleveland, Ohio."}
+{"id": "64564", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64564", "title": "Bezenye", "text": "Bezenye is a village in the north-west of Hungary. It is very close to the border with Slovakia and only 9\u00a0km from the Slovakian capital city Bratislava. The population is about 1600.\nArchaeologists have found things under the ground which show that the first people to lived there were Old Germanic tribes. Later, Hungarian (Magyar) people lived there. Then troops from Turkey destroyed a lot of the village and the people fled. New people came to live in the area: Croatians and Germans. The Croatians called the village \"Bizonja\" and the Germans called it \"Palersdorf\". \"Bezenye\" is the Hungarian name. It comes from a Slav word \"baza\" meaning an elderberry tree.\nAfter World War II many of the poorer Germans had to go and live in Germany. New Hungarian families from Slovakia came to live in Bezenye.\nToday Bezenye is not a typical Hungarian village. The people speak a mixture of Hungarian, Croatian, Slovak and German. The Roman Catholic church of the Blessed Virgin Mary has services in Hungarian and Croatian."}
+{"id": "64568", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64568", "title": "Occupational Health & Safety Management System", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64571", "revid": "74278", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64571", "title": "Royal Proclamation of 1763", "text": "The Royal Proclamation of 1763 was issued October 7, 1763, by King George III. Great Britain had gained New France, which had been French territory in North America, after the end of the French and Indian War, part of the Seven Years' War. The Proclamation was to organize the enlarged territory of British North America and to make relations with the Native Americans better and more stable by controlling trade, settlement, and purchases of land on the western frontier. The British also wished to gain the trust from the Natives to be able to place forts there. \nThe war had brought large new western territories under British control, but the American colonists were angered because the Proclamation stated that they could not settle or buy land west of a line along the Appalachian Mountains. Settlers continued to flow into the Ohio River Valley, and Great Britain was unable to provide adequate protection for them. Also, the Proclamation gave Great Britain a monopoly in land bought from the Native Americans. In 1774, the Quebec Act extended the rights of French-speaking Catholics and further angered the English-speaking Protestant settlers."}
+{"id": "64572", "revid": "1475779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64572", "title": "Inkscape", "text": "Inkscape is a vector graphics (pictures made from lines instead of dots) drawing program published under the GNU General Public License. Its stated goal is to become a really good drawing tool while being able to fit in with standards for SVG graphics.\nInkscape was first made for Linux, but now it is cross-platform and runs on Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and other Unix-like operating systems. As of 2007, Inkscape is actively being made better, and new features are added all the time.\nHistory.\nInkscape began in 2003 as a fork (break-off) of the Sodipodi project. Sodipodi, developed since 1999, was itself based on Raph Levien's Gill (Gnome Illustration Application)."}
+{"id": "64575", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64575", "title": "Land grant", "text": "A land grant is a gift of real estate - land or privileges - made by a government or other authority as a reward for services to an individual, especially as rewards for military service. Grants of land are also awarded to individuals and companies to help develop unused land in relatively unpopulated countries.\nRoman soldiers were given rewards at the end of their service including cash or land (\"praemia\"). Augustus fixed the amount in AD 5 at 3000 denarii and by the time of Caracalla it had risen to 5000 denarii.\nIn old California, the King of Spain frequently gave land to people he liked, or who helped him."}
+{"id": "64580", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64580", "title": "Pope Leo XIII", "text": "Pope Leo XIII (; , March 2, 1810 \u2014 July 20, 1903), born Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci, was an Italian priest of the Roman Catholic Church and the 257th Pope from 1878 until his death.\nMonsignore.\nPope Gregory XVI granted Pecci the title Monsignore. In 1903, there were Golden Jubilee celebrations which recalled the 50 years since he was named a cardinal.\nIn 1846, he visited London where he had an audience with Queen Victoria.\nBishop.\nPecci was Bishop of Perugia for thirty-two years, from 1846 to 1878.\nCardinal.\nIn the consistory of 19 December 1853, Pope Pius IX appointed the then Archbishop-Bishop of Perugia to the college of Cardinals thus, assigning him to the Priestbyterial Title of San Crisogono, Archbishop Pecci was one of the two prelates who at that time were elevated the other one was Abp. Camillo di Pietro (later Dean of the College of Cardinals).\nPope.\nIn 1878, Cardinal Pecci was elected Pope.\nAfter his election, Pope Leo never went outside the gates of the Vatican.\nPope Leo was in office until the age of 93. He was the oldest pope and had the second longest papal reign before Pope John Paul II. He is known as the \"Pope of the Working Man.\"\nAt age 93, the pope died from pneumonia and old age.\nAfter his death.\nThe pope lay in State in St. Peter's Basilica. His final resting place is the Basilica of St. John Lateran, which is the official seat of the Bishop of Rome."}
+{"id": "64581", "revid": "9677849", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64581", "title": "Konzum", "text": "Konzum is Croatia's biggest supermarket chain. Konzum was opened in Zagreb in 1957, and today has 230 stores open in Croatia. Lately, Konzum's popularity has grown a lot in Croatia. In 1994, Konzum joined the Agrokor group. Konzum supermarkets can also be found in Croatia's neighbouring country, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Konzum has relations with the Bosnian company, Velpro."}
+{"id": "64582", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64582", "title": "Mother Teresa", "text": "Mother Teresa (26 August 1910 \u2013 5 September 1997), was an Albanian Roman Catholic nun who started the Missionaries of Charity and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 for her humanitarian work. For over forty years, she cared for poor, sick, orphaned, and dying people in Calcutta (Kolkata), India. She was guided in part by the ideals of Saint Francis of Assisi. She was born in Skopje, Macedonia, and died in Calcutta.\nAs the Missionaries of Charity grew under her leadership, they expanded their ministry to other countries. By the 1970s Mother Teresa was well known internationally as an advocate for the poor and helpless. This was due in part to a movie and book called \"Something Beautiful for God\" by Malcolm Muggeridge. \nMother Teresa strongly opposed abortion. She once said: \"The greatest destroyer of peace is abortion because if a mother can kill her child, what is left for me to kill you and you to kill me?\".\nFollowing her death, Pope John Paul II first beatified Mother Teresa. Then on 4 September 2016, in a ceremony at Saint Peter's Church in Vatican City, he named her a saint. He also gave her the title Blessed Teresa of Calcutta. \nSaint Mother Teresa received many awards for her work. These included the Nobel Peace Prize in 1979 and the Bharat Ratna (India's highest civilian award) in 1980. \nCriticism.\nBoth before and after her death, Mother Teresa received criticism, especially in recent years as debate about abortion grew. \nIn 1995 Christopher Hitchens wrote a very critical book about Mother Teresa called \"The Missionary Position\". In the book, he argued that instead of trying to help the poor, Mother Teresa encouraged them to endure pain and continue suffering. He also suggested that she opposed ending poverty and raising women's social status. Later, in a 2003 article for \"Slate\", Hitchens wrote: \"Mother Teresa was not a friend of the poor. She was a friend of poverty. She said that suffering was a gift from God\"."}
+{"id": "64583", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64583", "title": "Vincenzo Gioacchino Raffaele Luigi Pecci", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64592", "revid": "680", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64592", "title": "Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64597", "revid": "1368380", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64597", "title": "JoJo (singer)", "text": "Joanna No\u00eblle Levesque (born December 20, 1990 ), known by her stage name JoJo, is an American singer, songwriter, actress and record producer. She was born in Brattleboro, Vermont and raised in Keene, New Hampshire and Foxborough, Massachusetts. She releases music under the R&B, pop, hip hop and soul music genres. She released her first album, \"JoJo\", in June 2004. The album's first single \"Leave (Get Out)\" was number one on the US \"Billboard\" Pop Chart."}
+{"id": "64599", "revid": "586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64599", "title": "Angela Aames", "text": "Angela Aames (February 27, 1956 in Pierre, South Dakota \u2013 November 27, 1988 in West Hills, California) was an American actress. She was famous for her role in the movie \"Bachelor Party\". She died of heart problems at the age of 32."}
+{"id": "64600", "revid": "1498485", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64600", "title": "Willie Aames", "text": "Willie Aames (born Albert William Upton 15 July 1960 in Los Angeles, California), is an actor famous for the roles of Buddy Lembeck on \"Charles in Charge\", Tommy Bradford on \"Eight is Enough\" and the voice of Hank on \"Dungeons & Dragons\", the cartoon. He also hosted a game show \"The Krypton Factor\" from 1990\u201391."}
+{"id": "64602", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64602", "title": "Bruce Abbott", "text": "Bruce Paul Abbott (born July 28, 1954 in Portland, Oregon) is an American actor. He was in movies such as \"Re-Animator\", \"Bad Dreams\", \"The Prophecy II\", \"Out of Time\", \"Bride of Re-Animator\" and the television series \"Dark Justice\"."}
+{"id": "64603", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64603", "title": "Bud Abbott", "text": "William Alexander \"Bud\" Abbott (October 2, 1897 \u2013 April 24, 1974) was an American comedian, actor and producer. He was best known as the straight man half of the comedy duo Abbott and Costello."}
+{"id": "64604", "revid": "10473389", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64604", "title": "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar", "text": "Kareem Abdul-Jabbar (born Ferdinand Lewis Alcindor, Jr. on April 16, 1947) is an American former professional basketball player and current assistant coach. He was known as Lew Alcindor before changing his name in the fall of 1971 several years after converting to Islam. He is considered one of the greatest players of all time. He has also had numerous television and movie appearances.\nEarly life.\nFerdinand Lewis Alcindor, Jr., was born in Harlem, New York City, on April 16, 1947. His family was not poor, and his father was a graduate of the famed Juilliard School of Music in virtuoso trombone. He attended Power Memorial High School. in New York.\nCollege.\nAlcindor went to college at UCLA. When he played on the freshman team, it beat the UCLA varsity team that had won two national championships. When he played on the varsity team, it won three national championships. When Alcindor was at UCLA, the NCAA did not allow the dunk and so he developed a hook shot, called the skyhook. Alcindor also got a degree in history.\nProfessional basketball career.\nlcindor was drafted by the Milwaukee Bucks in the 1969 NABA Draft. He led the league by scoring twice with the Bucks. He also won three MVP awards with them. In 1975, Abdul-Jabbar was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers. He won three more MVP awards with them, as well as five championships.\nAbdul-Jabbar played in the NBA until 1989. When he left, he had scored 38,387 points. He was also one of the ten most accurate players, and blocked the third-most shots. Abdul-Jabbar was placed in the Basketball Hall of Fame in 1995.\nOutside basketball.\nAbdul-Jabbar studied martial arts with Bruce Lee, and appears in the Lee movie \"The Game of Death\". He is also in the movie \"Airplane!\". Abdul-Jabbar has written several books. Some of them are on basketball, but he has also written a book about the Harlem Renaissance that was later made into a documentary movie.\nAbdul-Jabbar has also been an assistant coach for several NBA teams and usually helped tall players play better. Abdul-Jabbar has had leukemia since 2009. He accepted Islam after the game. He became an assistant coach after he retired."}
+{"id": "64605", "revid": "1266141", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64605", "title": "Betty Aberlin", "text": "Betty Aberlin (born Betty Kay Ageloff December 30, 1942, New York City) is an American actress, poet, and writer. She had a regular role on \"The Smothers Brothers Show\". Aberlin worked on many television programs. She played Lady Aberlin on \"Mister Rogers' Neighborhood\". Her movie roles include work in \"Dogma\" and \"Jersey Girl\"."}
+{"id": "64606", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64606", "title": "Jake Abel", "text": "Jacob Allen \"Jake\" Abel (born November 18, 1987 in Canton, Ohio) is an American actor.\nHe is best known for his roles in movie \"Go Figure\" as Spencer, and in \"Threshold\". He also played Kirk in an episode of \"The Suite Life of Zack and Cody\"."}
+{"id": "64609", "revid": "1554665", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64609", "title": "Baudrecourt, Moselle", "text": "Baudrecourt is a village in the Grand Est region of France. It is about half way between Metz and Nancy. The TGV high-speed line from Paris to Strasbourg currently ends there. In 1999, 172 people lived there."}
+{"id": "64610", "revid": "10122250", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64610", "title": "Hayden Panettiere", "text": "Hayden Lesley Panettiere (born August 21, 1989) is an American actress, singer and a Grammy Award nominee.\nShe first appeared on TV as a baby in commercials, and had her first role at the age of four in the TV show \"One Life To Live\". She is also well known for her work in trying to stop whaling. In January 2008, Panettiere spoke at an anti-whaling meeting in Washington D.C., and later spoke to representatives from Norway, Iceland and Japan.\nHer brother is actor Jansen Panettiere."}
+{"id": "64614", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64614", "title": "Toul", "text": "Toul is a city in the Northeastern part of France. There are about 17,000 people living there. Toul is a fortified town, with a long history. The people who started building the city were the Romans. It was the capital of the Leuci tribe. When the Carolingian Empire was split by the Treaty of Meerssen, in 870, Toul was given to East Francia. In the early 1800s, the importance of the city diminished, and Nancy took its place."}
+{"id": "64617", "revid": "10462891", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64617", "title": "Blessthefall", "text": "Blessthefall is an American post-hardcore band from Phoenix, Arizona. The band was formed in 2004 and released the first album \"His Last Walk\" in April 2007. The lead vocalist, Craig Mabbitt leaves the band in November 2007, the bassist Jared Warth was lead vocalist/bassist, replacing the Mabbitt place touring. Mabbitt joined Escape the Fate in mid-2008. Beau Bokan joined to the band in September 2008. With Bokan, the band released the second studio album, \"Witness\" in October 6, 2009, with Fearless Records. The third studio album, \"Awakening\" will released in October 4, 2011."}
+{"id": "64628", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64628", "title": "Amber", "text": "Amber is the common name for fossil resin. It occurs in different colours, and is widely used for making jewellery and other ornaments. Although not mineralized, amber is sometimes considered as a gemstone.\nMost of the world's amber is in the range of 30\u201390 million years old. Semi-fossilized resin or sub-fossil amber is called copal. Baltic amber was called 'Freya's tears' by the Norse and the 'tears of the Heliades' by the ancient Greeks.\nAmber consists of several resinous bodies that can mostly dissolve in alcohol, ether and chloroform, associated with a bituminous substance that does not dissolve.\nAmber in geology.\nAmber is formed from resin coming out of certain trees. It is not tree sap or gum. The resin soon becomes sticky, and later fossilises as amber. The amber can look different depending on its origin, and its later geological history.\nTo end up as amber, the starting resin must resist decay. Many trees produce resin, but usually it is broken down by physical and biological process. Exposure to weather tends to disintegrate resin, assisted by microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. For resin to survive long enough to become amber, it must resist such forces, or be produced under conditions that exclude them.\nBaltic amber (historically called Prussian amber) is found as irregular nodules in a marine sand, known as \"blue earth,\" in the Lower Oligocene strata of Sambia in Kaliningrad Oblast, where it is now systematically mined.\n\"Agathis\" amber comes from the conifer \"Agathis\", a tree that used to grow over a much wider area.\nAmber from America and Africa often comes from the \"Hymenaea protera\", a genus of legume tree.\nAmber inclusions.\nThe resin can contain, in addition to the beautifully preserved plant-structures, remains of insects, spiders, annelids, frogs, crustaceans and other small organisms that became trapped while it was fluid. In most cases the organic structure has disappeared, leaving only a cavity, with perhaps a trace of chitin.\nLocations and use.\nAmber can be found on all continents of the earth, with exception of the pole regions, mainly at the east coast of the USA, Canada, Burma, Mexico, Lebanon, Borneo, Romania and Sicily and other places. According to scientists, the oldest amber originates from the carbon time and has an age of approximately 345 million years (Upper Carboniferous, Northumberland, USA). There is Amber in Mexico and in the Caribbean, mainly in the Dominican Republic. But most of these offer by far a smaller yield than amber found in the Baltic Region around the Baltic Sea. Baltic amber is also the best known amber due to European history. Homer mentions it in his Odyssee, Book 15, 459-465, B.C.E.: \u201c\u2026 a necklace of gold, with amber beads was it strung between\u2026\u201d. Amber from the \"New World\" like Mexico and the Dominican Republic was commercially mined only since the last century.\nBaltic Amber is found along the shores of a large part of the Baltic Sea and the North Sea. The greatest amber-producing country is the promontory of Sambia, now part of Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast. About 90% of the world's extractable amber is in the Kaliningrad region of Russia on the Baltic Sea.\nThis amber was deposited in the late Eocene and early Oligocene in a delta of a prehistoric river, in a shallow part of a marine basin. In addition to the coast near Kaliningrad, amber is also found elsewhere in the Baltic Sea region. Small amounts of Baltic amber can even be found outside the Baltic region, for example on the coastline of the south east of England. On the evidence of Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of amber and resin from living trees, that conifers of the family Sciadopityaceae were responsible. The only living representative of this family is the Japanese umbrella pine, \"Sciadopitys verticillata\". \nResin from the extinct tree Hymenaea protera is the source of Dominican amber and probably of most amber found in the tropics. Dominican amber differentiates itself from Baltic amber mainly by being nearly always transparent, and it has a higher number of fossil inclusions. This has enabled the detailed reconstruction of the ecosystem of a long-vanished tropical forest.\nAmber is extensively used for beads and other ornaments, and for cigar-holders and the mouth-pieces of pipes. The Amber Room in the Catherine Palace near Saint Petersburg is notable. It is a reproduction of the original Amber Room, destroyed in WWII.\nIn Baltic countries, amber is often treated in autoclave, mainly to produce and enhance the colors and visual effects thus creating beautiful jewelry. When gradually heated in an oil-bath, amber becomes soft and flexible. Two pieces of amber may be united by smearing the surfaces with linseed oil, heating them, and then pressing them together while hot. Cloudy amber may be made clearer in an oil-bath, as the oil fills the numerous pores to which the turbidity is due. Small fragments, formerly thrown away or used only for varnish, are now used on a large scale in the formation of \"ambroid\" or \"pressed amber\". The pieces are carefully heated with exclusion of air and then pressed into one mass by intense hydraulic pressure, the softened amber being forced through holes in a metal plate. As mentioned, the product is extensively used for making cheap jewelry and articles for smoking.\nAmber was much valued as an ornamental material in early times, but also for religious purpose. Rosary beads are used by Catholics and Muslims alike up too our days. Around 58 A.D., the Roman Emperor Nero sent a Roman knight on a search for this \u201cGold of the North\u201d and brought hundreds of pounds of amber to Rome. In later days, from 1283 on, the Teutonic Knights, after returning from the crusades, became absolute rulers of Prussia and the Baltic sources of amber, as well as the manufacture of objects made of amber, punishing transgressors with death by hanging. History has it that when they arrived in 1492 at the Caribbean island of \u201cLa Hispaniola\u201d (Dominican Republic), Columbus received from a young Taino prince a pair of shoes decorated with Dominican amber, in exchange for a strand of Baltic amber beads that he had offered. "}
+{"id": "64631", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64631", "title": "Resin", "text": "Resin is a mixture of organic compounds secreted by many plants, especially coniferous trees.\nPlants evolved many complex chemicals as defences against herbivores. That may be the origin of these resins, which are certainly not good to eat. Plants secrete resins for their protective benefits in response to injury. \nThe resin protects the plant from insects and pathogens. Resins confound a wide range of herbivores, insects, and pathogens. The volatile phenolic compounds may attract benefactors, that is, parasitoids or predators of the herbivores which attack the plant.\nHumans also value resins for their many uses. They are used in varnishes, adhesives, as raw materials for organic synthesis, or for incense and perfume. Fossilized resins are the source of amber. The term is also used for synthetic substances with similar properties.\nResins contain chemicals composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur. Synthetic resins are used in laminates, adhesives, flooring, linings, etc. \nRosin.\nRosin, (also called 'colophony' or 'Greek pitch') is a solid form of resin. It is got from pines and some other plants, mostly conifers. Heating fresh liquid resin vaporizes light volatiles like terpenes. \nRosin is semi-transparent and yellow to black in colour. The term \"colophony\" comes from \"colophonia resina\" or \"resin from the pine trees of Colophon\", an ancient Ionic city.\nUses.\nRosin has hundreds of uses, of which only a few can be mentioned here. These uses fall into groups, such as:\nThe exit of the resin from the tree.\nIn each type of wood, the resin comes out in a different way. There are trees in which the resin comes from the \"trunk\" and there are types of trees in which the resin comes out of the \"tree branches\".\nResin Harvesting.\nSome countries in the world also have wood resin harvesting:\nThe Agricultural Research.\nThere is still no extensive agricultural research regarding the tree resins and also, the exact benefit of the resin production by the tree is currently unknown, but some possible hypotheses have been proposed such as plugging holes (scab of wounds), protection against insects that want to penetrate the tree, and preventing the growth of fungi parasites."}
+{"id": "64632", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64632", "title": "Mother Theresa", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64633", "revid": "8744117", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64633", "title": "Varnish", "text": "Varnish is a transparent, hard, protective finish or film primarily used in wood finishing but also for other materials. Varnish is traditionally a combination of a drying oil, a resin, and a solvent.\nResin.\nMost resin or \"gum\" varnishes are made of a natural substance dissolved in a solvent. The two main types of natural varnishes are \"spirit varnish\" (which uses alcohol as a solvent) and turpentine or petroleum-based varnish. Some resins are soluble in both alcohol and turpentine.\nShellac is a very widely used single component resin varnish that is dissolved in alcohol. It is not used outdoors or where it will touch water several times, such as around a sink or bathtub. insects in South Asia make it."}
+{"id": "64634", "revid": "595018", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64634", "title": "Secretion", "text": "Secretion is the process of releasing chemicals from a cell, or from a gland.\nEukaryotic cells have a highly evolved process of secretion. "}
+{"id": "64635", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64635", "title": "Adhesive", "text": "An adhesive is a compound that sticks or bonds two items together. Adhesives may come from either natural or man-made material. Some modern adhesives are extremely strong, and are becoming increasingly important in modern construction and industry. Examples of adhesives include adhesive tape, glue, and sticky-tac. Some adhesives are for temporary use, like sticky-tac or the adhesive on sticky notes. Others are for more permanent bonding of small items like gluing paper or building large pieces of furniture using construction adhesive.\nHistory.\nThe first adhesives were natural gums and other plant resins. Archaeologists have found 6000-year-old ceramic vessels that had broken and been repaired using plant resin. \nThe earliest known use of adhesives was discovered in central Italy when two stone flakes partially covered with birch-bark tar. This is thought to be the oldest discovered human use of adhesives. \nIn Europe, glue was not used until the 1500\u20131700s. At this time, cabinet and furniture makers such as Thomas Chippendale and Duncan Phyfe started to use adhesives to hold their products together. In 1690, the first commercial glue plant was established in The Netherlands. This plant produced glues from animal hides. In 1750, the first British glue patent was issued for fish glue. In the 1800s, casein glues were invented and made in German and Swiss factories. In 1876, the first US patent was issued to the Ross brothers for the production of casein glue.\nIn 1910, a thermoset plastic known as Bakelite phenolic was made. In 1912, phenolic resin was applied to plywood as a coating varnish.\nIn 1920s\u20131940s, there was great advances in the development and production of new plastics and resins because of the First and Second World Wars.\nTypes.\nAdhesives are usually classified by the method of adhesion. These are then classified into reactive and non-reactive adhesives, which refers to whether the adhesive chemically reacts in order to harden. They can also be classified by whether it is made from natural, or synthetic materials.\nBy reactiveness.\nNon-reactive.\nDrying.\nThere are two types of adhesives that harden by drying. They are solvent-based adhesives and polymer dispersion adhesives. They are also known as emulsion adhesives. Solvent-based adhesives are a mixture of ingredients (usually polymers) dissolved in a solvent. White glue, contact adhesives and rubber cements are drying adhesives. As the solvent evaporates, the adhesive hardens.\nA polymer based adhesive is a milky white coloured mixture that is based on polyvinyl acetate (PVA). They are used in the woodworking and packaging industries. They are also used with fabrics and in engineered products such as loudspeakers.\nPressure sensitive.\n\"Pressure-sensitive adhesives\" (PSA) stick to materials when pressure is applied. The bond forms because the adhesive is soft enough to flow to the adherend. The bond is very strong because the adhesive is hard enough to resist flow.\nPSAs are made for either permanent or removable applications. Examples of permanent applications include safety label for power equipment, foil tape for HVAC duct work.\nRemovable adhesives are made to form a temporary bond, and can be removed after months or years without leaving residue on the adherend. Removable adhesives are used in applications such as surface protection films, masking tapes, bookmark and note papers, barcode labels and price marking labels.\nContact.\nContact adhesives are used in strong bonds with high shear-resistance like laminates, such as bonding Formica to a wooden counter, and in footwear. Natural rubber and polychloroprene (Neoprene) are commonly used as contact adhesives.\nContact adhesives must be applied to both surfaces. It must be allowed some time to dry. Once the surfaces are pushed together, the bond forms very quickly.\nHot.\nHot adhesives, are thermoplastics applied in melted form which turns into a solid when it cools to form strong bonds between. Ethylene-vinyl acetate-based hot-melts are mainly used for crafts.\nReactive.\nAnaerobic.\nAnaerobic adhesives harden when coming in contact with metal, in the absence of oxygen.\nMulti-part.\n\"Multi-component adhesives\" harden by mixing two or more chemical which react together.\nThere are several commercial combinations of multi-component adhesives in use in industry. Some of these combinations are:"}
+{"id": "64636", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64636", "title": "Gum", "text": "A number of different things are called \"gum\":\n\"See also:\" GUM"}
+{"id": "64637", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64637", "title": "Natural gum", "text": "Natural gums are polysaccharides of natural origin, that can change the viscosity of a material in solution, even at small concentrations."}
+{"id": "64638", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64638", "title": "AOL Arena", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64641", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64641", "title": "Mineralization", "text": "Mineralization may mean: "}
+{"id": "64643", "revid": "1668925", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64643", "title": "Ali", "text": "Ali ibn Abi Talib (\u2018Al\u012b ibn Ab\u012b \u1e6c\u0101lib) () (Approximately March 17, 599 \u2013 January 28, 661) was an early Islamic leader. He was the fourth Sunni caliph and the first Shia Imam.\nAli was Muhammad's cousin. He married Muhammad's daughter, Fatimah, and so became Muhammad's son-in-law. He was one of the earliest Muslims. Ali was assassinated and Mu'awiya replaced him.\nSince Ali stated that his body should remain a secret, his followers tied his body on a white camel and went towards what is now northern Afghanistan. Before being assassinated, Ali had reportedly given instructions to bury his body at the spot that the camel would die. At Balkh, the white camel died\u00e9 and Ali was buried secretly. In the 15th century, Abd al-Ghafur Lari is believed to have discovered Ali's tomb."}
+{"id": "64644", "revid": "476779", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64644", "title": "Zakarid Armenia", "text": "The Zakarid Armenia describes territories of Armenia given to the Zakarid-Mxargrzeli princes as a fief by Tamar, the queen of the Kingdom of Georgia. "}
+{"id": "64645", "revid": "1688167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64645", "title": "Women in Islam", "text": "In Islamic societies, there are many women who believe in the teachings of Islam. While they are believers, they also face many problems. There are many differences by country. In some, there are almost no restrictions, while in others, there are many restrictions placed on women.\nGenerally, there are the following problems:\nIslamic feminism is a type of feminism that focuses on women in Islam. Nawal El Saadawi is an Egyptian feminist who has written many books about women in Islam."}
+{"id": "64646", "revid": "9828842", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64646", "title": "Chador", "text": "A chador (Persian \u0686\u0627\u062f\u0631) is a piece of clothing. It is for Muslim women. In Iran, women wear a chador in public. The Chador covers all the body except the face. However some religious women, cover their faces with their chador too.\nA chador is a full-length semi-circle of fabric open down the front. It is thrown over the head and held shut in front. A chador has no hand openings or closures but is held shut by the hands or by wrapping the ends around the waist."}
+{"id": "64647", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64647", "title": "Vortex mixer", "text": "A vortex mixer is small machine used in laboratories to mix small beakers of liquids.\nWhat is inside?\nInside, a vortex mixer has an electric motor which turns a pipe facing upwards. This pipe is attached to a small rubber bowl where one can put a beaker of liquid to be mixed up. The rubber bowl turns quickly and creates a vortex or a spiral flow inside any liquid which is placed on it and is therefore mixed up. Most vortex mixers have controls which let the user control how fast or slow they want the mixer to turn and can also set it to turn continuously for a certain length of time.\nWhere they are used.\nVortex mixers are used in bioscience laboratories to mix two different chemicals for a desired effect or to dilute an acid or an alkali by mixing them with water."}
+{"id": "64648", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64648", "title": "Niq\u0101b", "text": "A niqab is a piece of clothing. It is for Muslim women. Women who wear niqab in public are called niqabi. There are many niqabis in Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, Yemen, and Egypt. A niqab usually covers all her body except the eyes and hands.\nNiqab around the world.\nIn France, Italy, Denmark, Austria, Switzerland, Latvia, Bulgaria, Sri Lanka, Morocco, Tunisia, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands wearing a niqab (and the burqa) in public is illegal. However in Afghanistan, wearing the niqab and burqa is required by law under the Taliban government."}
+{"id": "64649", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64649", "title": "Hira", "text": "Hira is a cave. It is on the Arabian Peninsula. Prophet Mohammad lived in this cave for forty days. Muslims believed that God spoke to Mohammad in Hira through angel Gabriel. "}
+{"id": "64650", "revid": "9785851", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64650", "title": "Ferdowsi", "text": "Hak\u012bm Abul-Q\u0101sim Firdaws\u012b T\u016bs\u012b (935-1020) () or Ferdowsi is a Persian poet. Ferdowsi was born in Tus. He wrote the \"Sh\u0101hn\u0101ma\". Shahnama is the national epic of Persia."}
+{"id": "64651", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64651", "title": "Abu-Mansur Daqiqi", "text": "Hakim Abu Mansur Muhammad Ibn Ahmad Daqiqi Balkhi (935/942-976/980) (Persian: \u062d\u0643\u06cc\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062f\u0642\u06cc\u0642\u06cc \u0628\u0644\u062e\u06cc) or Daqiqi was a Persian poet. He was a Zoroastrian. His slave killed him. He wrote the Goshtaspnama."}
+{"id": "64657", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64657", "title": "Edward VII", "text": "Edward VII (Albert Edward; 9 November 1841 \u2013 6 May 1910) was King of the United Kingdom and Emperor of India from 1901 until his death in 1910.\nEdward was born Albert Edward and was the eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert. He was Prince of Wales and heir apparent for longer than any other person up until that time until surpassed by his great-great grandson King Charles III. In his younger years as Prince of Wales, he was known as a playboy and popularized many trends in fashion and also had many mistresses.\nBiography.\nEdward VII was the father of George V and grandfather of Edward VIII and George VI. He is also the great-grandfather of the late queen, Elizabeth II and great-great grandfather to Charles III. There are a number of statues of Edward VII around the British Isles and Commonwealth realms.\nEdward was given a grand state funeral with the largest gathering of royalty taken place anywhere in the 20th century. It included Wilhelm II, the \"Kaiser\" of the German Empire, who would later be at war with Britain and Nicholas II, the \"Tsar\" of the Russian Empire, as well as many others. For the first time in royal history, Edward lay in state for the people to pay their last respects, a reflection of his immense popularity.\nEdward was king for only nine years but made a lasting impression. He became increasingly popular with his people and was credited as a peacemaker for his work in maintaining world stability at a time when war seemed to be looming. He died at the age of 68 in 1910. Four years later, the peace he worked so hard to keep was broken with the start of World War I (1914\u20131918)."}
+{"id": "64659", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64659", "title": "Vpam", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64660", "revid": "440188", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64660", "title": "Adhesive tape", "text": "Adhesive tape is a tape that is coated with adhesive and used to stick objects together. \nAdhesive tape that will stick with application of pressure only (i.e. without activation by water, solvent or heat) is known as pressure sensitive tape. It can consist of a wide variety of tape backings and pressure sensitive adhesives.\nSingle-sided tapes allow joining of two overlapping or adjoining materials, while double-sided tape (adhesive on both sides) allows joining of two items back-to-back."}
+{"id": "64661", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64661", "title": "Niqab", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64662", "revid": "958774", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64662", "title": "Tape", "text": "Tape refers to a strip of long, thin and narrow matter, usually rolled up. It can also refer to any of these."}
+{"id": "64663", "revid": "1634549", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64663", "title": "Roman Polanski", "text": "Roman Polanski (born Raymond Roman Thierry Polanski, 18 August 1933) is a French-Polish movie director, producer, writer and actor. In 2003, he won the Academy Award for Best Director for his film, \"The Pianist\".p148p186\nPersonal life.\nPolanski was born in Paris, France but his family moved back to Poland in 1937.p313p250 His parents were agnostics. Because the family was Jewish, they were persecuted by the Nazis in Poland and forced to live in a ghetto.p2/4 Polanski's mother died at Auschwitz.p2 He later went to film school at Lodz and graduated in 1959. Polanski won many awards for his short movies and went on to make full-length movies in the United Kingdom and the United States.\nPolanski's first marriage was to actress Barbara Lass in 1959; they divorced in 1961.\nWhile filming the movie \"Fearless Vampire Killers\" he met an actress named Sharon Tate.p58/9 Polanski married her in 1968.p75/6 In August 1969, Polanski was in London, and Tate was pregnant. Tate and some of their friends were murdered in Los Angeles, California, by people who followed Charles Manson.\nPolanski dated Nastassja Kinski who later starred in his film \"Tess\".\nPolanski's third and current wife is actress Emmanuelle Seigner, who is the mother of his daughter and son.\nArrest.\nIn 1977, Polanski got in trouble with the law in California when he was caught having sex with a 13-year-old girl called Samantha Gailey (now Geimer). Polanski went to France. In the 1990s, Polanski paid an undisclosed sum of money to the woman, in exchange for her dropping the charges. He was arrested in Switzerland in September 2009. He was arrested at the request of the United States, so Switzerland could extradite him to the United States. On July 12, 2010, the Swiss freed Polanski, and decided not to extradite him to Los Angeles. The Swiss Justice Ministry did not believe the legal strength of the United States extradition request. According to the press release, the Swiss authorities asked for copies of the proceedings that would justify the extradition. \nPolanski is still a fugitive (wanted by the police) in America. However, Geimer has said \"I would love to see him resolve it, the sooner, the better...if we could just put this to rest, that would be great\".p180 Polanski apologized to Geimer in a film documentary. Bernard Kouchner, a French public official, has denounced the USA's extradition request as \"sinister\" because it came so long after the event.\nDocumentary films.\nIn 2008, the documentary film by Marina Zenovich, Roman Polanski: Wanted and Desired, was released in Europe and the United States where it won numerous awards.\nIn October 2017, Polanski returned to Poland to appear in a documentary about his childhood during the Holocaust and after the war, with his longtime friend, the photographer Ryszard Horowitz. They visited Krakow and the village, where Polanski was in hiding after fleeing the ghetto. The film is produced and directed by Mateusz Kudla and Anna Kokoszka-Romer."}
+{"id": "64664", "revid": "1376683", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64664", "title": "Watford", "text": "Watford (pronounced \"wot-fud\") is a large town and borough in Hertfordshire in the East of England. \nIn 2011, it had a population of 131,928 people, making it Hertfordshire's largest settlement. Despite being Hertfordshire's largest town, the county town is Hertford. \nWatford is located 15 miles north west of Central London and 16.7 miles (27.02 km) south west of Hertford and is on the banks of the River Colne.\nTransport.\nWatford is one of the few places that are not in London to have a London Underground station and to be on the \"Tube Map\". Watford has four mainline train stations, Watford Junction, Watford High Street, Watford North and Garston, as well as the tube station.\nWatford Junction is on the West Coast Main Line between London Euston and Glasgow Central and is also on the London Overground Watford DC line to London Euston. Watford High Street is also on this line. Watford North and Garston are on the Abbey Line to St Albans Abbey. Watford tube station is on the Metropolitan line.\nSports.\nWatford has a professional football club, Watford FC, who have played in the Premier League. They play their home matches at Vicarage Road Stadium.\nTwin towns.\nWatford is twinned with:"}
+{"id": "64665", "revid": "1689155", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64665", "title": "Home Alone", "text": "Home Alone is a 1990 American comedy action movie mostly set in Chicago, Illinois, Paris, Dallas, and Scranton. It was written and produced by 20th Century Fox by John Hughes and directed by Chris Columbus. It stars Macaulay Culkin and features Joe Pesci, Daniel Stern, John Heard, Catherine O'Hara, Devin Ratray, Roberts Blossom, and John Candy.\nPlot.\nThe McCallister family is preparing to spend Christmas in Paris, gathering at Kate and Peter's home in a Chicago suburb on the night before their departure. Kate and Peter's youngest son, Kevin, is the subject of ridicule by his older siblings and cousins. Kevin inadvertently ruins the family dinner after a brief scuffle with his oldest brother Buzz, in which Kevin's airplane ticket is accidentally thrown away, resulting in Kate sending him up to the attic. Kevin berates his mother for allowing the rest of the family to pick on him and wishes that his family would disappear. During the night, heavy winds create a power outage, disabling the alarm clocks and causing the family to oversleep. In the confusion and rush to get to the airport, Kevin is accidentally left behind.\nKevin wakes to find the house empty and the family cars still in the garage, unaware that they had rented vans to take them to the airport. Thinking that his wish has come true, he is overjoyed with his newfound freedom. Later, Kevin becomes frightened by his next-door neighbor, \"Old Man\" Marley, who is rumored to be a serial killer who murdered his own family. The McCallister home is soon stalked by the \"Wet Bandits,\" Harry and Marv, a pair of burglars who have been breaking into other vacant houses in the neighborhood. Kevin tricks them into thinking that his family is still home, forcing them to postpone their plans to rob the McCallister house.\nKate realizes mid-flight that Kevin was left behind, and upon arrival in Paris, the family discovers that all flights for the next two days are booked, and that the phone lines are still down back home in Chicago. Peter and the rest of the family stay in his brother's apartment in Paris, while Kate manages to get a flight back to Scranton, Pennsylvania. She tries to find a flight to Chicago, but all the flights are booked. Kate is overheard by Gus Polinski, the lead member of a traveling polka band, who offers to let her travel with them to Chicago in a moving van.\nMeanwhile, on Christmas Eve, Harry and Marv finally realize that only Kevin is in the McCallister home, and Kevin overhears them discussing plans to break into the house that night. Kevin starts to miss his family and asks the local Santa Claus impersonator if he could bring his family back for Christmas. He goes to church and watches a choir perform and encounters Marley, who proves the rumors about him are false. Marley points out his granddaughter in the choir and mentions he has never met her since she is the daughter of his estranged son. Kevin suggests to Marley that he should reconcile with his son.\nKevin returns home and rigs the house with booby traps. Harry and Marv break in, spring the traps, and suffer various injuries. While Harry and Marv pursue Kevin around the house, he calls the police and lures the duo into a vacant neighboring house that they had previously broken into. Harry and Marv ambush Kevin and prepare to get their revenge, but Marley intervenes and knocks them out with his snow shovel. The police arrive and arrest Harry and Marv, having identified all the houses that they broke into due to their habit of flooding them.\nOn Christmas Day, Kevin is initially disappointed to find that his family is still gone, but Kate arrives home, and they reconcile. The rest of the family then returns after waiting in Paris until they can obtain a direct flight to Chicago. Kevin keeps silent about his encounter with Harry and Marv, although Peter finds Harry's knocked-out gold tooth. Kevin then watches Marley reuniting with his son, daughter-in-law, and granddaughter.\nPopularity.\nThe film was very popular and was followed by five sequels (two theatrical sequels, two made-for-television films, and one reboot): ' (1992). This film brought back most of the original film's cast and has a similar plot and continuity. \"Home Alone 3\" (1997) had different kids and villains. \"Home Alone 4: Taking Back the House\" (2002) is the first made-for-television movie and features some of the main characters from the first two films, but with a new cast. Like \"Home Alone 3\", ' (2012) doesn't revolve around Kevin, but with newer characters and is the second made-for-television movie. A reboot of the film titled \"Home Sweet Home Alone\" released on November 12, 2021.\nIn its opening weekend, \"Home Alone\" grossed $17 milliion in 1,202 theaters. The film was nominated for Best Original Score and for Best Original Song.\nComposer John Williams wrote the music for the movie, as well as \"Home Alone 2\", and some popular songs that have already existed were played during the movie as well.\nBy country.\n\"Home Alone\" has become very popular around the world. Many surveys show that it is one of the most popular Christmas movies in many countries, including the United States and Ireland. It is also particularly popular as a Christmas film in Eastern Europe, particularly in Poland (see below).\nPoland.\nFilms such as \"Home Alone\" and \"Die Hard\" are very popular at Christmas time in Poland, because it was one of the first Western movies to come out in Poland since they ended communist rule. In 2000, 8.9 million Poles were watching \"Home Alone\" on Christmas Eve; and in 2017, about four million people (11.6% of Poland's population) were watching if on Christmas Eve.\nIn Polish, the movie is called \"Kevin sam w domu\" (meaning \"Kevin [is] home alone\").\nIndian remake.\nIn 2008, a Hindi remake of \"Home Alone\" was made. It was called \"\" and was directed by Lucky Kohli & Rajesh Bajaj. Zain Khan starred as the titular character of it. It received positive reviews from critics and was a cinematic masterpiece."}
+{"id": "64666", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64666", "title": "Hijab", "text": "Overview.\nOrigin.\nThe word hijab is used in the Qur'an to denote a partition, or a curtain, but in modern usage often refers to a woman's headscarf. This is often done amongst Muslims for females over the age of puberty.\nThe word , or a derivative, appears eight times in the Qur'an\u00a0and never connotes any act of piety or headscarf. It appears as an \"obstacle\" (7:46), a \"curtain\" (33:53), \"hidden\" (38:32), a \"wall of separation\" (41:5, 42:52, 17:45), \"hiding\" (19:14) and \"prevented\" or \"denied access to God\" (83:15).\nPerspectives.\nFor most Muslims, the headscarf, a symbol of hijab, is worn in the presence of adult males outside their immediate family; it is not necessary when females or males are within their immediate family. However, some Muslim scholars and activists maintain that the practice of covering the hair with a hijab is not mandated in Islam.\nTypes.\nThe \"hijab\" as a headscarf can come in several different types, such as an ordinary veil, which only covers the head, a niqab, a burka also known as an , which covers the entire body, and any form of covering used to veil. There are many styles to wear. The Quran however has no requirement that women cover their faces with a veil, or cover their bodies with the full-body burqa or chador.\nHijab mandate.\nThe \"hijab\" as a headscarf is currently required by law to be worn by women in Iran and Afghanistan. It is no longer required by law in Saudi Arabia since 2018. In Gaza, Palestinian jihadists belonging to the Unified Leadership (UNLU) have rejected a hijab policy for women. They have also targeted those who seek to impose the hijab.\nHijab ban.\nOther countries, both in Europe and in the Muslim world, particularly France, have passed laws banning some or all types of hijab in public or in certain types of locales. Austria, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Denmark, Belgium, Bulgaria, Italy, Spain and Norway have varying levels of hijab ban."}
+{"id": "64667", "revid": "10502909", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64667", "title": "Scooby-Doo", "text": "Scooby-Doo! is an American franchise. It began as a Saturday morning cartoons in many different versions from 1969 until the present. The first series, that was called \"Scooby-Doo, Where Are You\", was made for Hanna-Barbera Productions. Hanna-Barbera made many versions like it and other programs like it until everything was made in NBC Television Network. Universal Studios currently makes the program.\nThough the program, the characters in it and their ages have changed. These familiar versions of all the show have a dog named Scooby-Doo, and 4 teenagers: Shaggy, Daphne, Velma, and Fred. The franchise includes movies based on the Scooby-Doo franchise just like Scooby-Doo, , and Scoob!. There are both live action and animated movies based on the franchise. \nPlot.\n4 humans and a brown dog named Scooby-Doo solve mysteries in the children's TV show."}
+{"id": "64668", "revid": "1204528", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64668", "title": "Akita (dog)", "text": "The Akita Inu is a breed of dog from Japan. It is usually high and weighs . Female Akitas are lighter. Their coat can be many colors. There are two coat types in the Akita, the standard coat length and the long coat.\nAkitas originate from Akita Prefecture, in the north of Japan.\nThe most famous Akita Hachiko was known for his unusual loyalty to his owner.\nTo date, only the American Kennel Club, consider American and Japanese Akitas to be two varieties of the same breed. The United Kennel Club and the Japan Kennel Club consider Japanese and American Akitas as separate breeds."}
+{"id": "64669", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64669", "title": "Nizami Ganjavi", "text": "Nezami (Hak\u012bm Niz\u0101m ad-D\u012bn Ab\u016b Muhammad Ily\u0101s ibn-Yus\u016bf ibn-Zak\u012b ibn-Mu'ayyid Nez\u0101mi Ganjavi (11411209) ) was a Persian poet. Nez\u0101mi was born in Ganja, now Azerbaijan. He wrote five poetry books.\nIn 1169/1170 the king of Darband sent him the maiden Afaq, and Nizami married her. In 1174 his son Muhammad was born.\nNizami Gencevi wrote five poems. The first of them was \"Makhzan-ol-Asr\u00e2r\". The others are \"Xosrov ve Shirin\", \"Leyli ve Mecnun\", \"Haft paykar\" and \"Isgendernoma\"."}
+{"id": "64670", "revid": "196884", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64670", "title": "List of Persian-language poets and authors", "text": "This is a list of Persian poets and writers."}
+{"id": "64671", "revid": "1510396", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64671", "title": "Metric (band)", "text": "Metric is a Canadian band. This band started in 1998 in Toronto, Ontario.\nMetric is made up of Emily Haines, a singer, and also plays the Synthesizer), James Shaw, who plays the guitar, Josh Winstead, who plays bass guitar, and drummer Joules Scott-Key. Their first CD, called \"Old World Underground, Where Are You Now?\"came out in 2003. Their new CD, \"Live It Out\", was released on October 4, 2005.\nHaines and Shaw are part of a band called Broken Social Scene, and Haines has been a guest on albums by Stars, KC Accidental, Delerium, The Stills, and Jason Collett.\nTheir songs \"Monster Hospital\" and \"Police and the Private\" have been used on the television show \"Grey's Anatomy\". \"Monster Hospital\" has been used in the television show \"\".\nMetric continued to work on their first CD in the first few months of 2001. The album under construction included uptempo songs such as the title track \"Grow Up and Blow Away\", \"Raw Sugar\", and \"Soft Rock Star\", and downtempo songs like \"White Gold\", \"The Twist\", and \"Rock Me Now\". \"Parkdale\", Haines and Shaw finished the CD in April and by this time had found a new label \u2014 Restless Records, the L.A. indie record company that supported They Might Be Giants, Agent Orange, and The Dead Milkmen.\nMetric was heard for the first time by many in August 2001 with the advertisement \"Be Afraid\", advertising Polaroid's I-Zone Pocket Fortune film. The music used for the advertisement was taken from the song \"Grow Up and Blow Away\", with the line \"Why does it feel so good to die today?\" changed to \"Why does it feel so good to fly away?\".\n\"Old World Underground\" and \"Live It Out\".\nIn 2003, Metric's first album, \"Old World Underground, Where Are You Now?\" came out in stores. The album got mostly positive reviews. The group released six songs individually from the album, the most successful being \"Combat Baby\", which was a free song on iTunes in 2004. As of December 12, 2005 the album went gold in Canada.\nTwo years later, Metric released their second studio album on October 4, \"Live It Out\". During this time, Metric was asked and agreed to open for the Rolling Stones in New York City. \"Live It Out\" has been a success in Canada, already selling twice as many copies as \"Old World Underground, Where Are You Now?\". The album has gone two times platinum in Canada, selling over 200,000 copies.\nPresent.\nThe band is currently recording their third album, to come out in October 2007 in Toronto. Information about the album without a name is not yet out to the public.\nOn June 26, 2007, Last Gang Records bought the songs from Metric's 1999 album Grow up and Blow Away, which had been put off due to delays.\nDiscography.\nSingles.\nGrow Up And Blow Away (unreleased)\nOld World Underground, Where Are You Now?\nLive It Out"}
+{"id": "64672", "revid": "956078", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64672", "title": "Rudaki", "text": "Abu Abdullah Jafar ibn Mohammad ibn Hakim ibn Abdurrahman ibn Adam Rudaki Samarghandi (859 - c. 941) () or Rudaki was a Persian poet. He was born in Panjakent, Tajikistan and lived in Samarghand. Rudaki translated the old Indian fable book Panchatantra into Persian verse. His poems are collected in diwan.\nReference"}
+{"id": "64673", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64673", "title": "Baba Taher", "text": "Baba Taher () was a Persian poet. He lived in Hamadan, a city in Iran. Baha Taher songs are read in Pahlavi languages. His tomb is in Hamadan, western Iran."}
+{"id": "64674", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64674", "title": "Amir Khosrow", "text": "Hak\u012bm Abul-Hasan Yam\u012bn al-D\u012bn Khusrow Balkhi Dehlavi (1253-1325) () or Amir Khosrow was a Persian poet. Amir Khusrow lived in Delhi. His poems are in Persian and Hindi. \nAllaudin Khilji (1296 A.D - 1316 A.D) had a court minister named Hazrat Amir Khusro who was said to be highly gifted in music with an exceptionally innovative mind. His contribution to Hindustani classical music was said to be unmatched. It is also said that he created the Sitar (probably inspired by the Veena and other string instruments of Persia). The modification of the Pakhawaj into the Tabla is also credited to him.\nIt has also been said that Amir Khusro introduced many styles of singing including Khayal, Tarana, Ghazal and Qawali. He is credited for some most popular Ragas like Yaman, Poorya and Poorvi."}
+{"id": "64675", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64675", "title": "Hafez", "text": "Khwajeh Shams al-Din Muhammad Hafez-e Shirazi (also spelled Hafiz) (born between 1310 and 1337, believed to have died at age 69) () or Hafez is a Persian poet. Hafez was born in Shiraz, Iran. Hafez learnt the Quran by heart at an early age. His poems are collected in Divan e Hafez. William Jones translated his work into English in 1771.\nLife.\nDespite his profound effect on Persian life and culture and his enduring popularity and influence, few details of his life are known, and particularly about his early life there is a great deal of more or less mythical anecdote. Some of the early tazkeras (biographical sketches) mentioning Hafez are generally considered unreliable. One early document discussing Hafez' life is the preface of his Div\u0101n, which was written by an unknown contemporary of Hafez whose name may have been Mo\u1e25ammad Goland\u0101m. The generally accepted modern edition of Hafez's Div\u0101n is known as \"Qazvini-\u1e20ani\", edited by Mo\u1e25ammad Qazvini and Q\u0101sem \u1e20ani.\nLegends of Hafez.\nMany semi-miraculous mythical tales were woven around H\u0101fez after his death. Four of them are:"}
+{"id": "64676", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64676", "title": "Forough Farrokhzad", "text": "Forough Farrokhzad (January 5, 1935 \u2014 February 13, 1967) () was an Iranian poet. She lived in Tehran. In 1967, she died in a car accident. She was thirty-two. Maryam Dilmaghani translated her poems to English in 2006."}
+{"id": "64678", "revid": "233259", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64678", "title": "Ahmad Shamlou", "text": "Ahmad Shamlou (December 12, 1925 \u2013 July 24, 2000) () or Shamlou was a Persian poet, writer and journalist. In 1954, he was arrested. He was freed in 1955. Shamlou published more than seventy books. He wrote short stories, novels, plays, essays and poems. He died in Tehran and was buried in Karaj."}
+{"id": "64679", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64679", "title": "Parvin E'tesami", "text": "Parvin E'tesami (March 17, 1907 \u2013 April 5, 1941; ) is an Iranian poet. She was daughter of Yosuf E'tesami, Iranian poet and writer. She started poetry when she was 9. Alladin Pazargadi translated her works from Persian into English in 2000."}
+{"id": "64685", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64685", "title": "Shamlou", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64688", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64688", "title": "Hafiz", "text": "Hafiz or Hafez may mean:"}
+{"id": "64694", "revid": "1618275", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64694", "title": "Jihad", "text": "Jihad (; ) is an Arabic word which literally means \"striving\" or \"struggling\", especially with a praiseworthy aim. In an Islamic context, it can refer to holy war or almost any effort to make personal and social life conform with God's guidance, such as struggle against one's evil inclinations, proselytizing, or efforts toward the moral betterment of the Muslim community (\"Ummah\"), though it is most frequently associated with war. In classical Islamic law (\"sharia\"), the term refers to armed struggle against unbelievers, while modernist Islamic scholars generally equate military \"jihad\" with defensive warfare. In Sufi circles, spiritual and moral jihad has been traditionally emphasized under the name of \"greater jihad\". The term has gained additional attention in recent decades through its use by various insurgent Islamic extremist, militant Islamist, and terrorist individuals and organizations whose ideology is based on the Islamic notion of \"jihad\".\nThe word \"jihad\" appears frequently in the Qur'an with and without military connotations, often in the idiomatic expression \"striving in the path of God \"(al-jihad fi sabil Allah)\"\", conveying a sense of self-exertion. Scholars developed an elaborate set of rules pertaining to \"jihad\", including prohibitions on harming those who are not engaged in combat.\nIn the modern era, the notion of \"jihad\" has lost its jurisprudential relevance and instead given rise to an ideological and political discourse. While modernist Islamic scholars have emphasized the defensive and non-military aspects of \"jihad\", some Islamists have advanced aggressive interpretations that go beyond the classical theory.\nJihad is classified into inner (\"greater\") \"jihad\", which involves a struggle against one's own base impulses, and external (\"lesser\") \"jihad\", which is further subdivided into \"jihad of the pen/tongue\" (debate or persuasion) and \"jihad of the sword\". Most Western writers consider external \"jihad\" to have primacy over inner \"jihad\" in the Islamic tradition, while much of contemporary Muslim opinion favors the opposite view. Gallup analysis of a large survey reveals considerable nuance in the conceptions of \"jihad\" held by Muslims around the world.\nThe sense of jihad as armed resistance was first used in the context of persecution faced by Muslims, as when Muhammad was at Mecca, when the community had two choices: emigration (hijra) or jihad. In Twelver Shi'a Islam, \"jihad\" is one of the ten Practices of the Religion. A person engaged in \"jihad\" is called a \"mujahid\" (plural: \"mujahideen\"). The term \"jihad\" is often rendered in English as \"Holy War\", although this translation is controversial. Today, the word \"jihad\" is often used without religious connotations, like the English \"crusade\".\nIt is an official part of Shia Islam, but it is not an official part of Sunni Islam, though some call it the sixth pillar of Islam. In some cases, there have been 'Jihads' that have self immolated themselves, in order to get into heaven. There are suicide bombers, who blow themselves up, because they think that it is right and that they are cleaning the world's filth. This is, however, wrong in Islam. It is a major sin to commit suicide or homicide without a good reason. Killing another human being in Islam is the equivalent of killing all of humanity if not done with a good reason. On the contrary, saving another human being's life is the equivalent of saving all of humanity.\nThe sense of jihad as armed resistance was first used in the context of persecution faced by Muslims, as when Muhammad was at Mecca, when the community had two choices: emigration (hijra) or jihad. In Twelver Shia Islam, jihad is one of the ten Practices of the Religion. A person engaged in \"jihad\" is called a mujahid (plural: mujahideen). The term jihad is often rendered in English as \"Holy War\", although this translation is controversial. Today, the word jihad is often used without religious connotations, like the English crusade."}
+{"id": "64696", "revid": "7495029", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64696", "title": "Postfix notation", "text": "Postfix notation is a mathematical notation. It is a way to write down equations and other mathematical formulae. Postfix notation is also known as Reverse Polish Notation. The notation was invented by Charles Hamblin in 1920. He wanted to simplify writing logic equations. He used Jan \u0141ukasiewicz's prefix notation.\nWhen postfix notation is used, no grouping elements (like parenthesis) are needed.\nSome computer languages, like Postscript use Postfix notation. It is also used in some models of Hewlett-Packard calculators\nWith postfix notation, the operations are noted after their arguments. Because of this, postfix is relatively easy to do with computers that have a stack to do calculations.\nFurther Explanation.\nReverse Polish Notation uses a system that involve \"stacks\", each of which stores a certain value in specific ranks. The stacks usually start off with the first stack (often called the X stack), followed by the second stack (often called the Y stack), the third stack, and so on. New values can be entered on the first stack by pushing up the stack ranks by one. On a Reverse Polish Notation calculator, the \"Enter\" function would do the same. \nUsing a common operator (plus, minus, multiply, or divide) will make the operator act from the first stack to the second stack. For example, the Reverse Polish Notation \"12 3 /\" means \"take the numbers 12 and 3, then divide 12 by 3\". On a Reverse Polish Calculator, this is written as \"12 Enter 3 /\", to denote each declared ranking up of the stacks.\nReverse Polish Notation is able to deal with expressions involving brackets too. Suppose there is a normal equation \"4 * (5 + 8)\". In Reverse Polish Notation, this expression will be formatted as \"5 8 + 4 *\". The \"5 8 +\" part refers to the bracket \"5 + 8\" to equal 13. The \"4 *\" part refers to multiplying the result together to get 52. On that step, the resulting stack from adding 5 and 8 is automatically raised one rank after adding in the new value 4. Then using the multiply operator will multiply the sum of 5 and 8 by 4 will equal 52.\nDocumentation included with early Hewlett-Packard calculators explained RPN as the same method you would use to evaluate an expression using paper and pencil. Basically, first you write down the arguments and then perform the arithmetic function. From the calculator's perspective, you must provide the argument(s) before calling the function. The benefit of a calculator with RPN is that you are always certain to which numbers (or intermediate calculation results) a function is being applied."}
+{"id": "64697", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64697", "title": "Shahroudi", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64699", "revid": "10468782", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64699", "title": "Infix notation", "text": "Infix notation is the commonly used arithmetic and logical formula notation. The operators are written between the operands they act on (e.g. 2 + 2). It is not as simple to parse by computer as prefix notation ( e.g. + 2 2 ) or postfix notation ( e.g. 2 2 + ), but many programming languages use it due to its familiarity.\nIn infix notation, parentheses are necessary to show the order of the operations. In prefix or postfix notation no parenthesis are needed.\nWhen there are no parentheses, there are rules that show the order of operations. The rules are explained in the order of operations article."}
+{"id": "64705", "revid": "1668934", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64705", "title": "Fiqh", "text": "Fiqh or Islamic jurisprudence () is an expansion of Sharia law and is meant to be used with fatwas by Islamic clerics (known as 'Ulema' in Arabic) to help Muslims not break Sharia law. Fiqh is a section of Islamic law which deals with acts of Muslim, that includes both worship and daily life actions. \nIn Sunni Islam there are four main and two minor schools of thought, they are:\nIslamic jurisprudence or Fiqh illustrates Islamic Law for Acts of Worship such as Prayer, Zakat, Fasting, Hajj, and Purification.\nThe different schools of thought are not different beliefs but different views.\nIn Shia Islam there is one main school of thought, it is called Ja'fari."}
+{"id": "64708", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64708", "title": "Reverse Polish notation", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64709", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64709", "title": "Polish notation", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64710", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64710", "title": "Lambda calaculus", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64713", "revid": "1076609", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64713", "title": "Dir en grey", "text": "Dir en grey is a metal band from Japan. They began in 1997. They have recorded twenty eight singles, three EPs and eight albums, of which they have released three in Europe and two in the United States.\nVocalist Kyo uses growl, falset, mixvoice and hoistle voice in their music. Their music mixes rock and metal with tribal music. Many visual kei bands are influenced by Dir en grey."}
+{"id": "64714", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64714", "title": "Hurricane Wilma", "text": "Hurricane Wilma was the most intense tropical cyclone ever recorded in terms of pressure in the Atlantic Ocean. It destroyed parts of the Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula and southern Florida during October in the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. Wilma broke several records for both strength and seasonal activity. Wilma was only the third Category 5 ever to develop in the month of October, and with its formation, the 2005 season became the most active hurricane season on record, exceeding a total of 21 storms from the 1933 season. Wilma was the twenty-second storm (including it was a subtropical storm as discovered in reanalysis), thirteenth hurricane, sixth major hurricane, and fourth Category 5 hurricane of the record-breaking Atlantic hurricane season.\nMeterological history.\nThe meteorological history of Hurricane Wilma, the strongest tropical cyclone known in the Western Hemisphere, began in the second week of October 2005. A big weather system formed across much of the Caribbean Sea and slowly organized to the southeast of Jamaica. By late on October 15, the system had become strong enough for the National Hurricane Center to name it Tropical Depression Twenty-Four.\nThe depression slowly moved southwestward, and in conditions that were good for strengthening, it strengthened into Tropical Storm Wilma on October 17. In the beginning, development was slow because of its large size, although thunderstorms slowly organized. From October 18, and over the next day, Wilma underwent explosive deepening over the open waters of the Caribbean; in a 30-hour period, the system's central atmospheric pressure dropped from 982 mbar (29.00 inHg) to the record-low value of 882 mbar (26.05 inHg), while the winds increased to 185\u00a0mph (300\u00a0km/h). At its strongest, the pinhole eye of Wilma was about 3 miles (5\u00a0km) in diameter, the smallest known eye in an Atlantic hurricane. After the inner eye died off because of an eyewall replacement cycle, Wilma weakened to Category 4 status, and on October 21, it made landfall on Cozumel and on the Mexican mainland with winds of about 150\u00a0mph (240\u00a0km/h).\nWilma weakened over the Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula, and reached the southern Gulf of Mexico before speeding up northeastward. Despite increasing amounts of wind shear, the hurricane re-strengthened to hit Cape Romano, Florida as a major hurricane. Wilma weakened as it quickly crossed the state, and entered the Atlantic Ocean near Jupiter, Florida. The hurricane again re-intensified before cold air and wind shear penetrated the inner core of convection. On October 26, it turned into an extratropical cyclone, and the next day, the remnants of Wilma were absorbed by another extratropical storm over Atlantic Canada."}
+{"id": "64715", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64715", "title": "Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula", "text": "The Yucat\u00e1n Peninsula is a peninsula in North America. It separates the Caribbean Sea from the Gulf of Mexico. The peninsula is east of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, a northwestern geographic divider, separating Central America from the rest of North America.\nBefore the conquistadores came, the peninsula was the home of the Mayan civilization.\nThe peninsula includes the Mexican states of Yucat\u00e1n, Campeche, and Quintana Roo; the northern part of Belize; and Guatemala's northern department of El Pet\u00e9n. Mexican states on the isthmus to the south and west of the peninsula include Chiapas and Tabasco. \nThe Chicxulub crater is on the north coast. It is believed to be made by the impact that led to the extinction of the dinosaurs."}
+{"id": "64716", "revid": "1507082", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64716", "title": "Clarksville, Tennessee", "text": "Clarksville is a city in Montgomery County, Tennessee, USA. Clarksville is the county seat of Montgomery County and is Tennessee's fifth largest city. As of the 2020 census, the city had a total population of 166,722. Clarksville is the central city of the Clarksville metropolitan area, which is made up of Montgomery and Stewart counties in Tennessee, and Christian and Trigg counties in Kentucky.\nThe city has several nicknames: \"The Queen City\", \"Gateway to the New South\", and \"Clarksvegas\" (The name of a former bar in town)."}
+{"id": "64717", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64717", "title": "Live Earth", "text": "Live Earth was a series of concerts held on July 7, 2007. They were organized by Al Gore, who used to be the vice president. Inspired by Live Aid and Live 8, Live Earth was held to raise awareness about global warming. It was held in cities on every continent in the world, even Antarctica, and stars like Madonna and the Foo Fighters came out to help.\nPerformers.\nWembley Stadium (United Kingdom).\nPresenters: \nGiants Stadium (East Rutherford, New Jersey, United States).\nPresenters:\nNational Mall (United States).\nPresenters:\nSydney Football Stadium (Australia).\nPresenters:\nCoca Cola Dome (South Africa).\nPresenters:\nMakuhari Messe (Japan).\nPresenters:\nHSH Nordbank Arena (Germany).\nPresenters:"}
+{"id": "64720", "revid": "9382398", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64720", "title": "Wembley Stadium (1923)", "text": "Wembley Stadium was a sports arena in London , England. It was built in 1923 and was first known as the Empire Stadium, but because the area it was in is named \"Wembley,\" it was renamed \"Wembley Stadium.\" It featured twin towers by the entrance.\nAs well as being a sports arena, it had also been the site for several concerts. The most famous one is the Live Aid concert held there in July of 1985.\nIn 2000, Wembley Stadium was closed. In 2003, it was demolished, and a brand-new stadium with the same name was put up in its place."}
+{"id": "64721", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64721", "title": "Inch of mercury", "text": "The inch of mercury (inHg or \"Hg) was a non-SI unit of pressure. It was used for measuring barometric pressure, (the thickness of air), in weather forecasts, and aviation (flying), but was replaced by the pascal.\nIt is the amount of pressure that a column of mercury that is one inch tall has at 0 \u00b0C at the standard acceleration of gravity, or how fast things speed up as they are falling because of gravity."}
+{"id": "64722", "revid": "3901", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64722", "title": "InHg", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64723", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64723", "title": "Lou Costello", "text": "Louis Francis Cristillo (March 6, 1906 \u2013 March 3, 1959), better known as Lou Costello, was an American comedian, actor and producer. He was best known for his double act with straight man Bud Abbott and their routine \"Who's on First?\"."}
+{"id": "64724", "revid": "1508758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64724", "title": "Kirstie Alley", "text": "Kirstie Louise Alley (January 12, 1951 \u2013 December 5, 2022) was an American actress. She was famous for her role in the TV show \"Cheers\", where she played Rebecca Howe from 1987 to 1993. She won an Emmy as the \"Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series\" for 1991. A year later, she won a Golden Globe for her acting in \"Cheers\" as well. She also won an Emmy in 1994 for her role in the TV drama show \"David's Mother\". \nOther roles that have been well-liked by the public and the critics that Alley is known for include: playing Diane Barrows in \"It Takes Two\" and a single mother in \"Look Who's Talking\", \"Look Who's Talking Too\", and \"Look Who's Talking Now\" (all co-starring John Travolta). Alley has won two People's Choice Awards in the years 1991 and 1998.\nAlley was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7000 Hollywood Boulevard.\nPersonal life.\nFrom 1971 until 1977 Kirstie was married to Robert Alley. They began dating in high school and were distant cousins.\nFrom 1983 until 1997 she was married to Parker Stevenson. They had two children, son William True Stevenson (born September 28, 1992) and daughter Lillie Price Stevenson (born June 15, 1994). William and Lillie were adopted.\nAlley was raised Methodist but was more recently a member of the Church of Scientology. In 2007, Alley gave $5 million to the Church of Scientology.\nDeath.\nAfter a battle with cancer, Alley died on December 5, 2022 at age 71."}
+{"id": "64725", "revid": "9675382", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64725", "title": "Seth Adkins", "text": "Seth Elijah Adkins (born December 21, 1989) is an American actor. He made his debut in the mid-1990s as a child artiste in the TV shows Small Talk and Sabrina, the Teenage Witch in 1996 and the films ...First Do No Harm and \"Titanic\" in 1997. He later made a successful transition to an adult performer. One of his most recent roles was in Matt Reeves' Let Me In (2010). He is also the current actor for Walt Disney's Pinocchio.\nPersonal life.\nAdkins was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico. He has two elder brothers, Zachary (b. 1983) and Josh (b. 1986). His father is a principal and his mother a former teacher. At an early age and with the support of his parents, Adkins followed his older brother into the acting profession. He graduated in 2008 from the Public Academy for Performing Arts.\nCareer.\nAdkins made his debut in 1996, in the shows Small Talk and in Sabrina, the Teenage Witch. He appeared in the series ER, and C-16: FBI, and in the films ...First Do No Harm, Stir, Titanic. He voiced Duby in the film Baby Geniuses. He had a role in the television movie Wuthering Heights, and in the feature films Funky Monkey, Bad News Bears, Privileged, and Let Me In. Adkins also appeared in the television series CSI: Miami and Touched by an Angel, Judging Amy, NCIS: Naval Criminal Investigative Service, and Crash."}
+{"id": "64726", "revid": "712621", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64726", "title": "Danny Aiello", "text": "Daniel Louis Aiello, Jr. (June 20, 1933 \u2013 December 12, 2019) was an Italian-American actor. He was in many movies. These include \"Once Upon a Time in America\", \"Ruby\", ', \"Hudson Hawk\", \"The Purple Rose of Cairo\", \"Moonstruck\", ', \"Two Days in the Valley\", and \"Dinner Rush\". He is most famous for his role in the 1989 Spike Lee movie \"Do the Right Thing\". \nAiello was nominated for a \"Best Supporting Actor\" Academy Award in 1990 for his role as Sal, the pizzeria owner. He won an Emmy Award in 1981.\nAiello was born in New York City. He died on December 12, 2019, at the age of 86 at a hospital in Saddle River, New Jersey. He had an infection caused by medical treatment."}
+{"id": "64727", "revid": "8462918", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64727", "title": "Claude Akins", "text": "Claude Marion Akins was an American actor (born May 25, 1926, in Nelson, Georgia - died January 27, 1994, in Altadena, California). With his big body and deep voice, Akins usually played the clever (or less than clever) tough guy, on the side of good or bad, in movies and television. He is famous as \"Sheriff Lobo\" in the 1970s TV series \"B.J. and the Bear\", and later \"The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo\", a spinoff series."}
+{"id": "64728", "revid": "1508758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64728", "title": "Don Adams", "text": "Don Adams (April 13, 1923 \u2013 September 25, 2005), born Donald James Yarmy, was an American actor, comedian and director. He was best known for his role as Maxwell Smart (Agent 86) in the TV situation comedy \"Get Smart\" (1965\u20131970, 1995), for which he also directed and wrote. Adams won three consecutive Emmy Awards for his role (1967\u20131969). He was also famous for voicing the cartoon characters Tennessee Tuxedo and Inspector Gadget."}
+{"id": "64729", "revid": "10373072", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64729", "title": "Ben Affleck", "text": "Benjamin G\u00e9za Affleck-Boldt (born August 15, 1972) is an American actor, movie director, producer and screenwriter. He became well known in the late 1990s, after acting in the movie \"Good Will Hunting\". He has since become a Hollywood star having acted in several movies.\nAffleck began playing the role of Batman in the DC Extended Universe beginning with the 2016 movie \"\".\nFamily background.\nAffleck was born in Berkeley, California and grew up in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His mother, Christine Anne \"Chris\" Affleck (n\u00e9e Boldt), was a school district employee and teacher. His father, Timothy Byers Affleck, has been a drug counselor, social worker, janitor, auto mechanic, bartender, writer, director, and actor with the Theater Company of Boston. After learning that he had slave-owning ancestors from Savannah, Georgia, he tried to hide it but got caught and apologized.\nAffleck's mother was a freedom rider in the 1960s; until her retirement, she was a public school teacher in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His younger brother is actor Casey Affleck. He has English, Irish, Scottish, German, Swedish, Swiss, Northern Irish (Scots-Irish), Welsh and French ancestry. The surname \"Affleck\" is of Scottish origin, and his middle name, \"G\u00e9za\", was the name of a family friend. He was raised in a mostly Episcopalian family.\nFrom 1986 to 1999, he was married to actress Jennifer Garner. In 2003, he married singer Jennifer Lopez. He has three children with Garner. On April 26, 2005, Affleck and Lopez would separate. On August 20, Lopez would file for divorce from Affleck."}
+{"id": "64732", "revid": "1674917", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64732", "title": "The Cosby Show", "text": "The Cosby Show was an American television sitcom series starring Bill Cosby, first broadcast on September 20, 1984 and ran for eight seasons on the NBC television network, until April 30, 1992.\nThe series was based on comedy routines in Cosby's stand-up comedy act, which in turn were based on his family life. \nThe show was about the Cosby family, an upper middle class African-American family living in Brooklyn, New York City."}
+{"id": "64736", "revid": "9621450", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64736", "title": "Wembley Stadium", "text": "Wembley Stadium is a football stadium in London, England. It was built from 2003 to 2007 in the same spot that the first Wembley Stadium was built. It holds 90,000 seats. The new stadium features an arch that was designed not to cast a shadow over the stadium while games are played and to help hold part of the roof up. The FA Cup final is played at and both FA Cup semi-finals as well. It also hosts the League Cup final and several other English cup finals. The England national football team play their home matches here.\nAs well as sports, the new Wembley Stadium, like the first one, is also used for concerts. Metallica, Muse, and George Michael have performed there. Also, the Concert for Diana was held there on July 1, 2007, and the London Live Earth concert was held there six days later, on July 7.\nThe new Wembley also hosts NFL games as part of the NFL International Series. The first NFL game there was the New York Giants and the Miami Dolphins. The Jacksonville Jaguars currently have a deal to play one home game in London from 2013 to 2020. Wembley stadium now has the rule of no bags allowed in the stadium following the example from previous NFL games. Anything bigger than an A4 sized bag will result in a 10 pounds charge to store it.\nWembley also hosts the 2024 UEFA Champions League final."}
+{"id": "64737", "revid": "1672574", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64737", "title": "Port Dover Composite School", "text": "Port Dover Composite School was a public high school in Port Dover, Ontario, Canada. The high school was open to both men and women. There were no school uniforms and it is free for Canadian citizens to attend from ages 14 to 21 years of age. In the past, the school hosted a dinosaur music party in French as well as other special events.\nThis high school was officially closed on January 31, 2013 due to an increasing amount of elderly people in the area and a decreasing amount of children and young people."}
+{"id": "64744", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64744", "title": "Rouben Mamoulian", "text": "Rouben Mamoulian (Armenian: \u054c\u0578\u0582\u0562\u0565\u0576 \u0544\u0561\u0574\u0578\u0582\u056c\u0575\u0561\u0576) (October 8, 1897 \u2013 December 4, 1987) was an Armenian-American movie and theatre director.\nBorn in Tbilisi, Georgia (ruled at that time by imperial Russia) to an Armenian family, Rouben relocated to England and started directing plays in London in 1922. He moved to America the next year to teach in Eastman School of Music and was involved in directing opera and theatre. In 1930, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States."}
+{"id": "64746", "revid": "1287406", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64746", "title": "Ivan Aivazovsky", "text": "Ivan Aivazovsky (Russian: \u0418\u0432\u0430\u043d \u041a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0447 \u0410\u0439\u0432\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439, Armenian: \u0540\u0578\u057e\u0570\u0561\u0576\u0576\u0565\u057d \u0531\u0575\u057e\u0561\u0566\u0578\u057e\u057d\u056f\u056b - Hovhannes Aivazovsky July 29, 1817 \u2013 May 5, 1900) was an Armenian painter, most famous for his seascapes, which make up more than half of his paintings."}
+{"id": "64751", "revid": "1652218", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64751", "title": "Thistle tube", "text": "A thistle tube is a piece of laboratory glassware used to add liquid to beakers of other liquids, or sometimes to other pieces of equipment.\nCharacteristics.\nA thistle tube is a long hollow pole of glass which has a funnel at the top. Liquid is put into the top and travels down the tube and comes out the thin end of the tube in small drips which can be used anywhere. It is usually quite precise."}
+{"id": "64754", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64754", "title": "World Meteorological Organization", "text": "The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is an international organization with a membership of 188 Member States and Territories. It was originally known as the International Meteorological Organization (IMO), which was founded in 1873. \nIn 1950, the United Nations created the WMO for meteorology (weather and climate), operational hydrology and related geophysical sciences. Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland. The current president is Alexander Bedritsky and the current Secretary-General is Michel Jarraudwho were both elected by the 14th World Meteorological Congress in 2003."}
+{"id": "64755", "revid": "3317", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64755", "title": "Geometric", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64756", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64756", "title": "Static mixer", "text": "A static mixer is a piece of equipment that is used to mix liquids in laboratories. It has a unique shape.\nStructure.\nA static mixer is made up of rectangular plates twisted around at 180\u00b0 so that they make a double-helix shape.\nLiquids flow along the curves of the static mixer and also are separated by the smooth sides of the mixer. The mixer can also be turned clockwise, or right, and then quickly turned counter-clockwise, or left. This creates opposite currents in the liquid and mixes it more efficiently.\nUses.\nThe static mixer can be used to mix acids and alkalis for a neutralization. It can also be used to mix two liquids that normally wouldn't mix, like oil and water (see emulsion). It separates the particles of the water and oil until they become so small that they mix."}
+{"id": "64757", "revid": "1055918", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64757", "title": "Kom\u00e1rno", "text": "Kom\u00e1rno is a town in the southwest of Slovakia. It is an important, historical town which is famous for having a historical fortification.\nThe river V\u00e1h flows into the Danube at Kom\u00e1rno. The Danube at this point forms the border between the countries Slovakia and Hungary. The Hungarian name for the town is Kom\u00e1rom.\nHistory.\nAt first there was just one town, with the Danube flowing through the middle of the town. Since the end of World War I, when Czechoslovakia became a separate country from Hungary, the town has been split into two: Kom\u00e1rno is on the left (north) bank of the river, now in Slovakia, and Kom\u00e1rom is on the right (south) bank of the river, in Hungary. Kom\u00e1rno has a population of 37.000 and Kom\u00e1rom has a population of 19.600. The two towns are joined by a bridge.\nPeople have lived in the area of Kom\u00e1rno for thousands of years. The first castle was built in the 10th century. In 1244 a law was made which said that every merchant who sailed a boat down the Danube past Kom\u00e1rno had to stop for several days in Kom\u00e1rno and unload all the cargo so that people could buy it if they wanted. If the merchant did not want to do this he had to pay a large duty (amount of money) to continue his journey. This law was stopped in 1751. \nIn the 15th century Kom\u00e1rno had become very important. The rulers and the court of the kingdom of Hungary often stayed there. The fortress was very powerful and they managed to fight off Turkish invaders after the Turks had already captured Esztergom and Buda. The fort was badly damaged in 1783 in an earthquake, but it was built up again because of the Napoleonic wars.\nToday Kom\u00e1rno is a nice town to visit. There are many tourist attractions, especially the fort which is on the Hungarian side of the town (Kom\u00e1rom). There are also spa health centres where people can swim or bathe gently in the waters which help to make people who are ill healthy again. \nNotable people.\nFamous people who were born in Kom\u00e1rno are: "}
+{"id": "64758", "revid": "8149213", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64758", "title": "Komarno", "text": "Komarno (, , ) is a city in the Horodok Raion (district) of the Lviv Oblast (province) in western Ukraine. 4,000 people live there. It was founded in 1324. In the center of town is an old Polish Kostel (Catholic Church). There is also an old wooden church with ancient icons. The river Vereshytsia flows through the town. \nThe Hasidic dynasty of Komarno comes from this town."}
+{"id": "64761", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64761", "title": "Correlation", "text": "In statistics and probability theory, correlation refers to how similar two sets of data are. This relationship means that if one set of data changes, the other will change as well (at least more commonly than if it were up to pure chance).\nOverview.\nCorrelation does not always mean that one causes the other. In fact, it is very possible that there is a third factor involved. Correlation can have one of two directions: Positive or negative. If it is positive, then the two sets go up together. If it is negative, then one goes up while the other goes down. Lots of different measurements of correlation are used for different situations. For example, on a scatter graph, people draw a best fit line to show the correlation between two variables.\nCorrelation can be measured with correlation coefficients. The most common correlation coefficients are Pearson correlation coefficient and Spearman's rank correlation. Correlation is useful in real life. An example of correlation is the height of a parent and their children.\nCorrelation.\n\"Strong\" and \"weak\" are words used to describe the strength of correlation. If there is strong correlation, then the points are all close together. If there is weak correlation, then the points are all spread apart.\nThere are ways of making numbers show how strong the correlation is. These measurements are called correlation coefficients.\nThe best known is the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, sometimes denoted by formula_1 or its Greek equivalent formula_2. You plug data into a formula, and it gives you a number between -1 and 1. If the number is 1 or \u22121, then there is strong correlation. If the answer is 0, then there is no correlation. Another type of correlation coefficient is Spearman's rank correlation coefficient.\nCorrelation vs causation.\nCorrelation does not always mean that one thing causes the other (causation or causal relationship), because there might be something else that is at play.\nExamples.\nIce cream sales vs shark attacks.\nOn hot days people buy ice cream, and people also go to the beach where some are attacked by sharks. There is a correlation between ice cream sales and shark attacks (they both go up as the temperature goes up in this case). However, ice cream sales going up does not mean ice cream sales cause (causation) more shark attacks or vice versa. However, there is also a correlation between temperature and shark attacks, which are two things that actually do have a causal relationship; higher temperatures cause shark attacks, because they cause more people to go swimming. \nThis means that while checking for correlation can be (and often is) used to test if there could be causation (if there is causation, there will probably also be a correlation, at least if you look at enough data), it is not enough to prove that there definitely is causation. As in the ice cream example, it is also possible that the correlation is due to an additional factor \u2013 in statistics, this is called a confounding variable. Because correlation alone does not prove causation, scientists, economists, and others will test their ideas by creating isolated experimental environments where only one factor is changed (if possible). \nClinical trials.\nClinical trials are another example to illustrate this. Doctors often find two groups of people that are very similar to each other in every possible way (e.g. age, sex, health conditions etc.), but only test the actual drug on one of the two groups. Afterwards they can check if they can find significant differences between the groups. Significance in statistics means that a difference or relationship is stronger than what might just be caused by pure chance. If they find such significant differences, they can be relatively sure that this is due to the drug, because they have made sure beforehand that no other factors could cause such a difference between the groups. \nCommon misuses.\nHowever, politicians, salesmen, news outlets and others often erroneously suggest that a particular correlation implies causation. This may be due to ignorance or dishonesty. Thus, a news report may attract attention by saying that people who consume a particular product more often have a particular health problem, implying a causation that could be actually due to something else. \nAnother thing to keep in mind is that even if there is causation, just looking at the correlation alone does not tell us which direction it is in. For example, if we look at how often people visit hospitals and how often people are sick, we will see a correlation that is, in this case, due to a causation. Yet, it would be wrong to conclude from this that going to the hospital causes people to be sick: The causation here is clearly in the other direction, people go to the hospital because they are sick. This is why it is always important to check if your interpretation of causality based on a correlation is plausible or not."}
+{"id": "64763", "revid": "1033697", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64763", "title": "Sunscreen", "text": "Sunscreen (also known as sunblock, or sun cream) is a photo-protective topical product that helps prevent skin damage from ultraviolet (UV) radiation emitted by the sun. It reduces sunburn and other skin damage, with the goal of lowering your risk of skin cancer. \nThe most effective sunscreens protect against both UVB (ultraviolet radiation with wavelength between 290 and 320 nanometres), which can cause sunburn, and UVA (between 320 and 400 nanometres), which damages the skin with more long-term effects, such as premature skin aging. Most sunscreens work by containing either a petrochemical compound that absorbs ultraviolet light (such as oxybenzone) or minerals that reflects light (such as titanium dioxide, zinc oxide), or a combination of both.\nSunscreen is regulated as an OTC product by the FDA. Most sunscreens are not considered reef safe as they use petrochemicals. As such the use of petrochemical based sunscreen has been banned in ecological and progressive areas, such as, Mexico's Marine Reserves, the State of Hawaii, Aruba, Thailand's National Park areas, the Marshal Islands."}
+{"id": "64764", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64764", "title": "Sunblock", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64765", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64765", "title": "Suntan lotion", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64768", "revid": "10484908", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64768", "title": "First Council of Nicaea", "text": "The First Council of Nicaea was held in Nicaea, Bithynia, in 325. Nicea is now the city of \u0130znik, Turkey.\nRoman Emperor Constantine I called the bishops of the Roman Empire to the first ecumenical council of the early Christian Church. It had as most important result the first uniform Christian doctrine, called the Nicene Creed.\nWith the creation of the creed, a precedent was established for subsequent general (ecumenical) councils of bishops (synods) to create statements of belief and church law. The purpose was to define unity of beliefs for the whole of Christendom.\nAgenda.\nThese items were on the agenda of the synod:\nMain points.\nThe main purpose of the council was to solve disagreements in the Church of Alexandria over the nature of Jesus in relationship to God the Father: in particular, whether Jesus was of the same substance as God the Father or merely of similar substance. Alexander of Alexandria and Athanasius took the first position; the popular presbyter Arius, the origin of the term \"Arian controversy\", took the second. The council decided against the Arians (of the estimated 250-318 attendees, all but 2 voted against Arius). However, many of the eastern bishops, who were supporters of Arius, were prevented from reaching the council until after the vote had been taken.\nAnother result of the council was an agreement on the date of the Christian Passover (\"Pascha\" in Greek, Easter in Modern English), the most important feast of the ecclesiastical calendar. The council decided to celebrate the resurrection on the first Sunday after the first full moon following the vernal equinox, independently of the Bible's Hebrew calendar, and allowed the Bishop of Alexandria to announce annually the exact date to his fellow bishops.\nThe Council of Nicaea was historically significant because it was the first effort to come to a consensus in the church through an assembly representing all of Christendom. \"It was the first occasion for the development of technical Christology.\" Also, \"Constantine in convoking and presiding over the council signaled a measure of imperial control over the church.\" With the creation of the Nicene Creed, a precedent was established for subsequent general councils to create a statement of belief and canons, which were intended to become guidelines for doctrinal orthodoxy and a source of unity for the whole of Christendom. That was an important event in the history of the church and later the history of Europe.\nCharacter and purpose.\nThe First Council of Nicaea was called by Roman Emperor Constantine I upon the recommendations of a synod led by Hosius of Cordoba in the Eastertide of 325. To most bishops, the teachings of Arius were heretical and a danger to the salvation of souls. In the summer of 325, the bishops of all provinces came to Nicaea, Bithynia (now \u0130znik, Turkey), a place easily accessible to the majority of them, particularly those of Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Egypt, Greece and Thrace.\nApproximately 300 bishops attended from every region of the Roman Empire except Britain. It was the first general council in the history of the church since the Apostolic Council of Jerusalem. At the Council of Nicaea, \u201cThe Church had taken her first great step to define doctrine more precisely in response to a challenge from a heretical theology.\u201d The resolutions in the council, being ecumenical, were intended for the whole church.\nAttendees.\nConstantine had invited all 1800 bishops of the Christian Church (about 1000 in the East and 800 in the West), but only 250 to 320 bishops actually participated. Eusebius of Caesarea counted 250, Athanasius of Alexandria counted 318, and Eustathius of Antioch counted 270 (all three were present at the council). Later, Socrates Scholasticus recorded more than 300, and Evagrius, Hilarius, Jerome and Rufinus recorded 318.\nThe bishops were given free travel and lodging to the council. The bishops did not travel alone; each had permission to bring with him two priests and three deacons and so the total number of attendees would have been above 1500. Eusebius speaks of an almost innumerable host of accompanying priests, deacons and acolytes.\nA special prominence was also attached to this council because the persecution of Christians had just ended with the February 313 Edict of Milan by Emperors Constantine and Licinius.\nThe eastern bishops formed the great majority. Of them, the first rank was held by the three patriarchs: Alexander of Alexandria, Eustathius of Antioch, and Macarius of Jerusalem.\nThe Latin-speaking provinces sent at least five representatives: Marcus of Calabria from Italia, Cecilian of Carthage from Africa, Hosius of C\u00f3rdoba from Hispania, Nicasius of Dijon from Gaul, and Domnus of Stridon from the province of the Danube. Pope Silvester I did not attend and said that he was he was ill, but he was represented by two priests.\nAthanasius of Alexandria, a young deacon and companion of Bishop Alexander of Alexandria, was among the assistants. Athanasius eventually spent most of his life battling against Arianism. Alexander of Constantinople, then a presbyter, was also present as representative of his aged bishop, Metrophanes of Byzantium."}
+{"id": "64775", "revid": "1674865", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64775", "title": "1,000,000", "text": "1,000,000 (1000000, one million or one thousand thousand or million or thousand thousand for short) is a natural number between 999,999 and 1,000,001. The name is derived from Italian, where was 1,000, and 1,000,000 became a \"milione\", as \"a large thousand\".\nOverview.\nIn scientific notation, the number is written as 106. Physical quantities can also be explained using the SI prefix when using SI units. For example, 1 megawatt is 1,000,000 watts (W).\nThe word \"million\" is common to both the short-scale and long-scale numbering systems, unlike the larger numbers, which have different names in the two systems.\nThe million is sometimes used in English as a metaphor for a very large number, as in \"Never in a million years\" and \"You're one in a million\", or as hyperbole, as in \"I have walked a million miles\"."}
+{"id": "64776", "revid": "9431554", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64776", "title": "Oscypek", "text": "Oscypek (in Polish, \"O\u0161tiepok\" in Slovak language) is a smoked cheese from Poland and Slovakia.\nOscypek was originally made from sheep's milk, but it can also be made from cow's milk."}
+{"id": "64777", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64777", "title": "Fourty", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64778", "revid": "9449191", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64778", "title": "Bigos", "text": "Bigos is a traditional dish from Poland and Lithuania. Bigos is created from cabbage (normal and sauerkraut) and meat. In very rare cases bigos can be made without meat or cabbage, but the presence of sauerkraut is absolutely essential."}
+{"id": "64779", "revid": "5295", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64779", "title": "Kaliber 44", "text": "Kaliber 44 is one of the biggest hip hop band from Poland. It was created in 1993 by Marcin Marten (\"AbraDab\") and Micha\u0142 Marten (\"Joka\"). The first part of the title should indicate the caliber of the issues the group is talking about. The second part is taken from 'Dziady' of Adam Mickiewicz (Vision of the priest Peter)."}
+{"id": "64784", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64784", "title": "Lupin", "text": "Lupin, often spelled lupine in North America, is the common name for members of the genus Lupinus in the family Fabaceae. \nThere are between 150 and 200 species. They grow all over the Mediterranean region - Subgen. Lupinus, and the Americas - Subgen. Platycarpos (Wats.) Kurl.\nThe species are mostly herbaceous perennial plants 0.3-1.5 m tall, but some are annual plants and a few are shrubs up to 3 m tall, with one, Lupinus jaimehintoniana, a tree 8 m high with a trunk 20\u00a0cm in diameter, from the Mexican state of Oaxaca. They have a characteristic and easily recognised leaf shape, with soft green to grey-green or silvery leaves with the blades usually palmately divided into 5\u201317 leaflets or reduced to a single leaflet in a few species of the southeastern United States; in many species, the leaves are hairy with silvery hairs, often densely so. The flowers are produced in dense or open whorls on an erect spike, each flower 1-2 cm long, with a typical peaflower shape with an upper 'standard', two lateral 'wings' and two lower petals fused as a 'keel'. The fruit is a pod containing several seeds.\nLupins as an introduced pest.\nIn New Zealand lupins have escaped into the wild and grow in large numbers along main roads and streams in South Island. The seeds are carried by car tires and water flow, and unfortunately, some tourist shops in the major tourist areas have been reported to have sold packets of lupin seeds to tourists, with the instructions to plant, water and watch them grow into a giant beanstalk. They are principally blue, pink and violet, with some yellow, and are very attractive, providing colourful vistas with a backdrop of mountains and lakes. The New Zealand environment authorities have a campaign to reduce their numbers, although this seems a hopeless task, especially when faced with such ignorance as mentioned above. In fields they seem to be eradicated by sheep, and hence remain largely restricted to ungrazed roadside verges and stream banks.\nReferences.\n5. Diaporthe toxica sp.nov., the cause of lupinosis in sheep. Williamson et al. 1994, Mycological Research 98 (12) 1364-1365"}
+{"id": "64785", "revid": "9534535", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64785", "title": "Bar (unit)", "text": "The bar (symbol bar), decibar (symbol dbar) and the millibar (symbol mbar, also mb) are units of pressure. They are not SI units, but they are still used in descriptions of pressure. Although the use of those units is discouraged, the bar is about the same as atmospheric pressure.\nTerms.\nThe bar, the decibar, and the millibar are known as:\nOrigin.\nThe word \"bar\" has its origin in the Greek word \"\u03b2\u03ac\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2\" (baros), meaning weight. Its official symbol is \"bar\"; the earlier \"b\" is no longer used but is still often seen especially as \"mb,\" rather than the correct \"mbar\" for millibars.\nThe bar and the millibar were defined by Sir Napier Shaw in 1909 and became used internationally in 1929."}
+{"id": "64786", "revid": "471145", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64786", "title": "O\u0161tiepok", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64787", "revid": "3901", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64787", "title": "Mbar", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64788", "revid": "9534531", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64788", "title": "Pascal (unit)", "text": "The pascal (symbol: Pa) is the SI-derived unit of pressure or stress. It is a measure of perpendicular force per unit area and is equal to one newton per square meter. In everyday life, the pascal is best known from meteorological air-pressure reports, where it happens in the form of hectopascal (1 hPa = 100 Pa). In other cases, the kilopascal is more commonly used such as on bicycle tire labels. One hectopascal corresponds to 0.1 and one kilopascal to about 1% of atmospheric pressure (near sea level).\nIt is named after the French mathematician and physicist Blaise Pascal."}
+{"id": "64789", "revid": "3901", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64789", "title": "HPa", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64790", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64790", "title": "Jerez de la Frontera", "text": "Jerez de la Frontera is a city in the province of C\u00e1diz, in the region of Andalusia in Spain. It is famous as the home of the wine called sherry, whose name comes from the city's old Arabic name, pronounced \"Sherish\". \nJerez de la Frontera, once called Xeres, has a rich history from the days of the Moorish Arab occupation of the Iberian Peninsula. Part of its name, \"de la Frontera,\" means \"of the frontier\" because it was on the border between Islamic and Christian populations.\nThe city is well known for breeding and training the world-famous Andalusian horses. Flamenco dance is a popular cultural feature of the city."}
+{"id": "64791", "revid": "805501", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64791", "title": "Limited government", "text": "Limited government is a form of government with roles and powers given, and limited by law, usually in a written constitution. A limited government has only the powers that the people give it. \nRelated to this idea is \"small government\" \u2013 a system that put most of its power in smaller groups, such as private businesses and its own citizens. On the other hand, \"big government\" involves a great amount of intervention by the state.\nIn Great Britain, the idea of limited government is part of the political tradition. It was started by Magna Carta, which limited the power of King John. The execution of Charles I and the Glorious Revolution of 1688 reinforced this. Even monarchs had to accept limits to their power, and parliamentary democracy became more important.\nIn the United States, the idea of limited government is written into the United States Constitution."}
+{"id": "64792", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64792", "title": "Azores", "text": "The Azores () is an archipelago of nine volcanic islands in the North Atlantic Ocean; they are about west of Lisbon and about southeast of Newfoundland. The islands, and their Exclusive Economic Zone, form the Autonomous Region of the Azores, one of the two autonomous regions of Portugal.\nThere are nine major Azores islands and several very small islands (islets), in three main groups. They extend for more than and lie in a northwest-southeast direction.\nThe archipelago is part of the Macaronesia islands.\nHistory.\nOfficially, the islands were discovered in the 15th century (in 1431) by Gon\u00e7alo Velho Cabral a Captain in the service of Infante Dom Henrique, although credit is also given to the explorer Diogo de Silves (in 1427).\nThe archipelago was settled over the centuries, mostly from mainland Portugal. Portuguese settlers came from the provinces of Algarve, Minho, Alentejo and Ribatejo, as well as Madeira.\nIn 1976, the Azores became the Autonomous Region of the Azores (), an autonomous region of Portugal.\nGeography.\nThe archipelago is in the Atlantic Ocean between 36\u00ba and 43\u00ba latitude North and between 25\u00ba and 31\u00ba longitude West. They have a very humid oceanic climate with relatively small annual variations.\nThe nine islands are in three natural geographic groups, each group separated by more than of water. These groups are:\nThe eastern group also has, to the northeast of Santa Maria, a group of very small islands (islets) and reefs that are named \"Ilh\u00e9us das Formigas\" (Islets of the Ants), or just \"Formigas\" (\"Ants\"); these smalls islands, together with the \"Dollabarat\" reef, form the Reserva Natural do Ilh\u00e9u das Formigas.\nThe nine islands have a total area of . Their individual areas vary between of the largest island (S\u00e3o Miguel) to of the smallest (Corvo).\nAll the islands have volcanic origins, although some, such as Santa Maria, have had no recorded activity since the islands were settled. The last volcano to erupt in the archipelago was the Capelinhos Volcano () in 1957, in the western part of the island of Faial. Earthquakes are common on most of the islands.\nThe Azores are on place where three of the world's large tectonic plates (the North American Plate, the Eurasian Plate and the African Plate) meet. The westernmost islands of the archipelago, (Corvo and Flores), are in the North American Plate, while the remaining islands are located within the region where the Eurasian plate is separated from the African Plates.\nThe volcano Mount Pico, on the Pico island, is the highest point in Portugal, at .\nClimate.\nDaily maximum temperatures usually range between and . The average annual rainfall increases from east to west, and it ranges from 700 to 1600 annual millimetres (27.6\u201363\u00a0in) on average, reaching on Mount Pico.\nThe sea around the Azores is warmed by the Gulf Stream and sea water temperature varies from to .\nHurricanes.\nA total of 11 tropical or subtropical cyclones have affected the region in history. Most of them were either extratropical or tropical storms when they impacted the region, although several hurricanes of Category 1 have reached the Azores.\nAdministration.\nWhen the Azores became an Autonomous Region of Portugal, the cities of Ponta Delgada, Angra and Horta were considered capital/administrative cities to the regional government: homes to the President (Ponta Delgada), the Judiciary (Angra) and the Regional Assembly (Horta).\nThe Azores are divided into 19 municipalities (); each municipality is further divided into parishes (), of which there is a total of 156 in all of the Azores. The municipalities, by island, are:\nCities.\nThere are five cities () in the Azores:\nPopulation.\nAccording to the 2011 Census, the total population in the Azores was 246,746: 121,533 men and 125,213 women. The density for the whole Archipelago is 106 persons/km2.\nEconomy.\nThe Azores economy is based mainly on agriculture, fisheries and tourism.\nIn the agriculture sector, cattle-raising is very important. Some of the most important crops in the Azores are pineapples, grapes, potatoes, tobacco and tea. Fisheries are an important economic activity on all islands. Fishing methods are highly traditional among Azorean fishermen. Industry in the Azores is based mainly on the production of dairy products (milk, cheese) and transformation of fisheries products, such as tuna.\nIt is tourism, however, that has been growing more in recent years. It is far less developed than those industries of its Macaronesian neighbours, Madeira and Canary Islands."}
+{"id": "64793", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64793", "title": "Wade Robson", "text": "Wade Jeremy Robson (born 1982) is an Australian professional dancer, choreographer, producer, and songwriter. He has performed as a dancer since the age of 5 with celebrities such as Michael Jackson and Britney Spears, and is also an award-winning choreographer, known for his own MTV show \"Wade Robson Project\", and the broadcast competition \"So You Think You Can Dance\". In 1994 he released an album as part of the hip hop group Quo.\nPersonal life.\nOn May 1 2013 Robson sued Michael Jackson's estate. He did not sue Jackson because Jackson died in 2009. He said that Jackson sexually abused him from the age of 7 to 14. He said that he would sue Jackson's father Joe for slander if he did not stop saying that Robson is lying. He and fellow accuser James Safechuck told their stories in the controversial documentary Leaving Neverland in 2019."}
+{"id": "64795", "revid": "1498485", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64795", "title": "Adam Stefan Sapieha", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64796", "revid": "640760", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64796", "title": "Cardinal (Catholic Church)", "text": "Cardinals are created by the pope and typically hold the title for life. Cardinals are bishops and archbishops leading dioceses and archdioceses around the world as well as working for the Holy See either within Vatican City or internationally as a nuncio.\nOn 24 February 2024, there were 234 serving cardinals.\nAccording to the Catholic church, the order of the importance of the Catholic Church goes from the Pope, then the Bishops and Archbishops and then those holding the position of a Cardinal. Cardinals are the counsellors of the Pope. In 1245, Pope Innocent IV granted the red hat to the cardinals as a sign of their readiness to shed their blood in the cause of the church which showed their dedication to the church.\nThe collective name for cardinals is College of Cardinals. They meet in a Papal conclave to elect a new Pope.\nWhen there is no pope, the cardinals direct the day-to-day affairs of the Church.\nAppointment.\nCardinals are chosen by the Pope from men who are already bishops or archbishops. The Pope officially announces new cardinals during a meeting called a consistory.\nThe Pope can choose cardinals as he sees fit, but usually asks for advice from other cardinals. If a man is not yet a bishop or archbishop when chosen, he should become one, but this is not always required.\nRanks of Cardinals.\nThere are three ranks of cardinals:"}
+{"id": "64797", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64797", "title": "Faustyna Kowalska", "text": "Maria Faustina Kowalska, commonly known as Saint Faustina, born Helena Kowalska (August 25, 1905, G\u0142ogowiec, then in the Russian Empire \u2013 October 5, 1938, Krak\u00f3w, Poland) was a Polish nun and mystic. She is now venerated in the Roman Catholic Church as a saint.\nBiography.\nFaustina Kowalska was the third of ten children. She was born to a poor family. In 1921 after grade school, she started to work to support her family. Around this time she was considering a vocation in the Catholic church. She claimed that God himself was calling her to be a nun. Helena left for Warsaw, and applied to various convents in the capital, only to be turned down each time. She was finally accepted at the convent of the Congregation of the Sisters of Our Lady of Mercy. She was eventually initiated as a nun on April 30, 1926, with the name Sister Maria Faustina of the Blessed Sacrament.\nSaint Faustina claimed she had visited Purgatory. She also said she had seen and spoken to Jesus and Mary several times. Later on, Jesus revealed her purpose; to spread the devotion of the Mercy of God. On February 22, 1931, Jesus was said to have appeared as the 'King of Divine Mercy', wearing a white garment. His right hand was raised in a sign of blessing and the other was touching the garment at the breast. From beneath the garment came two large rays. One ray was red, the other pale. St. Faustina had a picture of this vision painted. With the help of Father Micha\u0142 Sopo\u0107ko, she distributed the images at Krak\u00f3w and Wilno, and people began to pray before them. Saint Faustina wrote a diary. She did this despite the fact that she could hardly write at all. The diary was later published under the title \"Divine Mercy in My Soul: The Diary of St. Faustina\". She wanted to found a \"Congregation which will proclaim the Mercy of God to the world, and, by its prayers, obtain it for the world\". \nIn 1936, She became seriously ill. At the time, doctors thought it could be tuberculosis. She was moved to the sanatorium in Pradnik. She spent much time in prayer, reciting the Chaplet of Divine Mercy and praying for the conversion of sinners. The last two years of her life were spent working as much as she could between visits to the sanatorium and time spent sick in bed in the convent. By June 1938, she could no longer write in the diary, and it became obvious that she would not live much longer. She died on October 5. The task of spreading the message of Divine Mercy, already well begun, was continued by her spiritual director, Father Sopo\u0107ko. She had not been able to found the religious order which Jesus had asked for, but she had left clear rules for the life of the prospective community, and at last in 1941, the order, now known as the Institute of Divine Mercy, was founded.\nCanonization and Institution of Divine Mercy Sunday.\nPope Pius XI accepted The Divine Mercy devotion. Pope Pius XII promoted The Divine Mercy devotion. Cardinal Pacelli (who later became Pope Pius XII) defended The Divine Mercy devotion against heretics.\nPope Pius XI, and Pope Pius XII, and St. Faustina's Confessor, and her Spiritual Director, and her Bishop, and Cardinal Prince Adam Sapieha (the Cardinal of Poland), and Cardinal Ottaviani (the Prefect of the Holy Office), all favoured The Divine Mercy devotion.\nFaustina was beatified on April 18, 1993 and canonized on April 30, 2000.\nDivine Mercy Sunday is celebrated the Second Sunday of Easter (which is the first Sunday after Easter, during Octave).\n \nThe fact that her Vatican autobiography directly quotes some of her conversations with Jesus distinguishes her somewhat among other visionaries of Jesus and Mary."}
+{"id": "64801", "revid": "2133", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64801", "title": "Saint Faustina", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64802", "revid": "731605", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64802", "title": "Fleet", "text": "Fleet may mean:\nVehicles.\nA fleet is a collection of ships, planes or vehicles:"}
+{"id": "64803", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64803", "title": "Don Giovanni", "text": "Don Giovanni is an Italian opera in two acts. It is about the character better known as Don Juan. The music was written by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. The libretto was written by Lorenzo da Ponte. The opera was first performed at the Estates Theatre, national theatre in Prague on 29 October 1787. It was a great success. \n\"Don Giovanni\" is about a libertine and murderer who refuses to repent when given the chance. He is taken alive to Hell. The story was originally a folktale. Plays, operas, and even a ballet were produced on the theme by the time Mozart and da Ponte started work on their opera.\n\"Don Giovanni\" was performed across Europe after its success in Prague. It was performed in the United States in 1826, staged by da Ponte himself. In 1979, Joseph Losey made a movie of the opera. In 2013, \"Don Giovanni\" was tenth on the Operabase list of the most-performed operas in the world.\nStory of the opera.\nThe overture opens with a somber musical passage in D minor. This passage is also played when the statue of the Commendatore calls for Don Giovanni to repent at the end of the opera. A quick, bright section in D major follows this slow passage. It is not related to music in opera. It is spirited, vigorous, and robust. It quietly dies away as the curtain rises on the first act.\nAct I.\nScene 1. The garden of the Commendatore's house in Seville, Spain. Night. Don Giovanni has failed to seduce Donna Anna. Her father defends her. Don Giovanni kills him in a duel. He runs away with his servant Leporello. Donna Anna and her fianc\u00e9 Don Ottavio find the dead Commendatore. They promise to bring the murderer to justice.\nScene 2. A street in Seville. Don Giovanni's wife Donna Elvira has just come to Seville from Burgos. She is looking for Don Giovanni. He married her, and then left her. He enters the street with Leporello. He sees Elvira and leaves. Leporello stays behind. He tells Elvira about Giovanni's bad behavior with women.\nScene 3. The countryside near Seville. Don Giovanni takes an interest in a peasant girl named Zerlina. He tries to seduce her. Elvira takes Zerlina away with her. Anna and Ottavio meet Don Giovanni. He does not want to talk to them. He hurries away. They know he is the murderer. They promise again to bring him to justice. Giovanni comes back when they leave. He orders Leporello to prepare a party.\nScene 4. A garden at Don Giovanni's palace. Masetto and Zerlina are going to the party. Masetto doubts Zerlina loves him. She tells him to beat her, if that will make him feel better. The two make up. They go into the palace. Anna, Ottavio, and Elvira come into the garden. Their faces are covered with masks. They promise to bring Don Giovanni to justice. They go into the palace.\nScene 5. The ballroom in Don Giovanni's palace. The guests are having a gay time. Don Giovanni pulls Zerlina into another room. She screams. Don Giovanni comes into the room. He tells everyone that Leporello attacked Zerlina. No one is fooled. Anna, Elvira, and Ottavio take off their masks. Ottavio has a pistol. Don Giovanni runs away.\nAct II.\nScene 1. Evening on a street in Seville. Don Giovanni wants to seduce Elvira's maid. He changes clothes with Leporello. When Elvira enters, Leporello is sent off with the lady. She thinks he is Don Giovanni. Giovanni sings a serenade. Masetto and his friends come in. They are looking for Don Giovanni. He beats Masetto and runs off. Zerlina finds Masetto and comforts him.\nScene 2. A nearby street. Leporello wants to get rid of Elvira. She may discover he is not Giovanni. The two hear others coming into the street. They hide behind a wall. Anna, Ottavio, Zerlina, and Masetto open a door in the wall, and find Leporello. They want to punish him. He runs away. Ottavio says he will go to the police.\nScene 3. (This scene is cut in modern performances.) A street. Zerlina threatens Leporello with a razor. A servant ties Leporello to a chair. When Leporello is left alone, he escapes. Zerlina comes back with Elvira and Masetto. They believe Don Giovanni must have helped Leporello escape. Elvira is left alone. She thinks of her love for Don Giovanni. She is certain he will be punished.\nScene 4. A cemetery in Seville. Don Giovanni and Leporello make jokes about Elvira. A strange voice is heard. It tells the two that justice is near. The voice is coming from a statue of the murdered Commendatore. Giovanni orders Leporello to invite the statue to dinner. The two leave to get dinner ready.\nScene 5. A room in Donna Anna's house. Anna is feeling great sorrow over her father's death. Ottavio says his love will comfort her. She is shocked with this suggestion. Ottavio says she is cruel to him. She asks him not to say such things. She tells him that her sorrow is so deep that she can think only of her dead father.\nScene 6. A room in Don Giovanni's palace. Don Giovanni is eating dinner. Elvira begs him to repent and change his way of life before it is too late. He laughs at her, and she leaves. Suddenly, the statue comes into the room. It orders Giovanni to repent. He refuses. Flames rise, and demons scream. The statue takes Giovanni's hand. Hell opens. The two disappear in the flames. Anna, Ottavio, Elvira, Zerlina, and Massetto come into the room with the police. They are looking for Don Giovanni. Leporello tells them that Giovanni has met his end. They are pleased, and make plans for happier days.\nBackground.\n\"Don Giovanni\" is based on a character in European folklore. This character is known as Don Juan. In 1581, the first play about Don Juan was written in Spanish by Juan de la Cueva. Other plays were also written. The most famous Don Juan play was \"The Playboy of Seville and His Stone Guest\" by a Spanish monk named Tirso de Molina. This play is the source of all the Don Juan stories and plays that were written after it. Da Ponte even used some words from it when he was writing \"Don Giovanni\".\nTraveling actors performed the Don Juan plays in France and Italy . The Don Juan character became well known. There were French, German, and Italian plays. Moli\u00e8re wrote \"Dom Juan\" in 1665, and Thomas Shadwell wrote an English play in 1676. Carlo Goldoni wrote an Italian play in 1736. Mozart and da Ponte probably knew the Goldoni play.\nThe first opera was a French one written in 1713. It was a comic opera. Gluck wrote a ballet for Vienna in 1761. Vincenzo Righini wrote an opera that was performed in Vienna and Prague in 1777 ten years before \"Don Giovanni\". There were other operas written about Don Juan. The best known opera was one by Giovanni Bertati and Giuseppe Gazzaniga. It was performed in Venice in 1787. It was a great success. Da Ponte knew this opera. He made use of Bertati's libretto when he wrote \"Don Giovanni\".\nMozart and da Ponte.\nMozart and da Ponte first met in Vienna in 1783. At that time, da Ponte promised to write a libretto for Mozart. Three years later, he adapted a French play called \"The Marriage of Figaro\" to an opera libretto for Mozart. In three months, Mozart had completed the music. \"The Marriage of Figaro\" had its first performance in Vienna on May 1, 1786. It was a great success.\nIn January 1787, Mozart went to Prague for the first performance of \"Figaro\" in that city. The opera was a wild success. The manager of the opera house hired Mozart to write an opera for Prague. In Vienna, Mozart asked da Ponte for a libretto. Da Ponte gave him \"Don Giovanni\". Mozart started work on this new opera.\nMozart wrote most of \"Don Giovanni\" in the summer of 1787 in Vienna. Early in October, he went to Prague. He completed the opera in Prague at the Villa Bertramka, the home of friends. The first performance of the opera was postponed. The curtain rose on the world premiere of \"Don Giovanni\" at the National Theatre in Prague on October 29, 1787. The opera was a great success.\nOne critic wrote: \"On Monday the 29th the Italian Opera performed Maestro Mozart's eagerly awaited \"Don Giovanni\" ... Music lovers and musicians say that nothing to equal it has every been seen before in Prague ... Mozart himself conducted and he was given three cheers ... The opera is uncommonly difficult to perform ... The crowd of spectators bears witness to its general acclaim.\"\nThere are many legends about the making of \"Don Giovanni\". One legend says Luigi Bassi, the 22 year old singer playing Don Giovanni, wanted more music to sing. He was said to have forced Mozart to rewrite a duet five times. Another legend says Mozart flirted with all three sopranos in the opera. When one would reject his passes, he would simply move on to the next. Another legend says Mozart's wife Constanze kept her husband awake with funny stories the night before the first performance so he could complete the overture to the opera.\nVienna performance.\nMozart left Prague for Vienna in November 1787. Music lovers in Vienna had heard good reports of \"Don Giovanni\". The Emperor ordered the opera to be produced at the Burgtheater. Mozart wrote some new music for the characters of Elvira and Ottavio. He also wrote a duet for Zerlina and Leporello. \"Don Giovanni\" was first performed in Vienna on May 7, 1788. Mozart's sister-in-law Aloysia Lange sang Donna Anna.\nLegend says the performance in Vienna ended with Don Giovanni going to Hell. The final scene for Anna, Elvira, Zerlina, Ottavio, Masetto, and Leporello was probably cut. Mozart wrote some new music for the Vienna performance. He may have had to cut the last scene to keep the performance within a certain length of time. The opera was not as successful in Vienna as it was in Prague. It was dropped at the Burgtheater after fifteen performances.\nOther performances.\n\"Don Giovanni\" was performed all over Germany. It was performed in Poland in 1789. It was performed in German in Amsterdam and St Petersburg. The opera was popular in France, in both Italian and French versions. The first performance of \"Don Giovanni\" in Italy was at Bergamo in 1811. It was performed in Rome the same year. Its first performance in England may have been an amateur performance. In 1817 though, it was presented in both English and Italian. Lorenzo da Ponte produced the first American performance of \"Don Giovanni\" in New York City in 1826.\nJoseph Losey's movie.\nIn 1979, Joseph Losey made a movie of the opera. Baritone Ruggero Raimondi played Don Giovanni. Edda Moser, Kiri Te Kanawa and Teresa Berganza played the three ladies in the opera. The movie was made in Venice instead of Spain. It used Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio's Villa Capra near Venice as its setting.\nVincent Canby wrote in the \"New York Times\" on November 6, 1979: \" ... the climactic confrontation between the Don and the Commendatore is surprisingly tepid visually. I've seen better descents into hell at our own Metropolitan Opera and in any number of Hammer horror pictures. Mr. Losey and his associates haven't destroyed \"Don Giovanni,\" but then they haven't illuminated it either. Their film is a busy, disorienting spectacle, superbly sung ... \"\nModern responses to the opera.\nThe Earl of Harewood writes: \"\"Don Giovanni\" is too full of arias, many of them famous, for its own dramatic good. Perhaps it is a problem with most eighteenth-century opera. Singers demanded them, the public expected them; and of course the aria ... is a potent operatic weapon, the moment for the composer to comment in depth on the drama he has set going. But ... arias hold up the action in a way it is sometimes hard to defend, because you feel it was the singer who wanted it so.\"\nHe points to Ottavio's \"Il mio tesoro\", his \"Dalla sua pace\", and Anna's \"Non mi dir\" as each being a \"magnificent opportunity for singer\", but wonders how much they actually contribute to the drama. But Zerlina's \"Batti, batti\" and Anna's \"Or sai chi l'onore\" are quite different. These arias contribute to the drama and move it forward.\nNicholas Kenyon writes: \"The power \"Don Giovanni\" unleashes is almost too great; if it is an uneven work then it is only imperfect in the way that \"King Lear\" is imperfect, from an excess of feeling. As Abert summarized it, in spite of the finale, 'the point of the opera is not to proclaim a universal moral, but to depict the decisive battle between two tremendous forces.\n\"We sense the ultimate connection between even the most restless, passion-ridden human existence and the whole universe.' Like \"Figaro\", \"Giovanni\" has held the stage from its premiere through to the present; it has fitted the nineteenth-century's wish for a Romantic, powerful Mozart and the twentieth-century's for a politicised, critical Mozart\"."}
+{"id": "64806", "revid": "1373270", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64806", "title": "The Magic Flute", "text": "The Magic Flute (German: Die Zauberfl\u00f6te, K. 620) is an opera in two acts with music by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and a German libretto by Emanuel Schikaneder. \nIt premiered in Vienna on 30 September 1791 at Schikaneder's theater, the Freihaus-Theater auf der Wieden. The story has traditional fairy tale themes and Masonic elements.\nThe story of the opera.\nAct One.\nPrince Tamino has got lost in the forest and now finds himself in a country which is ruled by the Queen of the Night. A huge monster chases him and he is very frightened. He falls down in a faint. Three ladies who work for the Queen of the Night come and kill the monster. Then they see the handsome prince and they argue about which one of them will stay to look after him.\nThe three ladies go off and Papageno enters. Papageno is a birdcatcher whose job is to catch birds for the Queen of the Night. He is a happy, simple young man. Tamino wakes up, sees him and asks him who he is. Papageno introduces himself. He has not noticed the dead monster. Tamino sees that the monster is dead and asks him who killed it. Papageno suddenly notices it and then decides to pretend that he killed it himself. The three ladies hear what he says and they come and punish him by giving him a stone instead of bread and wine, and by padlocking his mouth so that he cannot speak. Then they give Tamino a portrait of Princess Pamina. She is the daughter of the Queen of the Night. They tell him that Pamina has been captured by an evil man called Sarastro. In fact, Sarastro is a good man, and he is looking after Pamina because her mother, the Queen of the Night, is evil. The prince does not know this. He is already in love with the princess just from looking at her picture, and decides to go and rescue her.\nThe three ladies give the Prince a magic flute which will protect him if he finds himself in danger. They promise Papageno that he, too, will find a lovely wife for himself if he goes with Tamino. They take off his padlock and give him a set of magic bells which will help him if he is in danger. They are told that three lovely boys will show them the way.\nIn the next scene we see Princess Pamina who is being guarded by a cruel Moor called Monostatos. He has tied the princess up. Papageno arrives and both men are frightened of one another. Monostatos runs away, Papageno unties the rope around the princess and tells her about the prince who is on his way to rescue her.\nIn the next scene Tamino finds himself in a holy place. The three boys have guided him there. They tell him he must be patient and silent. He meets a priest who tells him he must not think that Sarastro is cruel. He tells him that Pamina is alive. Tamino is very happy to hear this, takes his flute and plays. The animals from the forest come round him. Pamina and Papagena are caught by Monostatos. He is about to tie them up, but Papageno plays his magic bells and, when they hear the music, Monostatos and all the animals cannot help dancing and they disappear, still dancing. Sarastro enters. He tells Pamina once more that she must stay with him to learn how to live a good, virtuous life. She must not become evil like her mother. Monostatos enters with Tamino whom he has caught. Tamino and Pamina see one another and embrace. Sarastro says that Monostatos must have a beating. He says that Tamino and Pamina cannot have one another yet. First they will have to go to the temple and go through some trials to show that they are good.\nAct Two.\nSarastro explains to the priests that Tamino and Pamina will have to go through the trials to show that they are worthy of one another. If they can do this then they will be able to defeat the evil power of the Queen of the Night.\nTamino and Papageno go through the trials together. Tamino remains calm and brave. Papageno is frightened and finds it difficult to keep quiet, but he continues because he has been promised that a girl called Papagena will be waiting for him.\nIn the first trial the Three Ladies try to make them think that the dark place they are in will lead them to death. In the second trial they see Monostatos about to rape Pamina. The Queen of the Night explains why she wants power. She says that Tamino and Pamina will be cursed unless Sarastro is killed. Tamino realizes that this is all part of the trial and he must not do anything. Papageno is given food and drink by Papagena who is disguised as an old lady. Tamino plays his flute. Pamina appears but turns her back on him. The Queen of the Night sings a very famous song in this section. It is famous because it reaches the highest ranges of a female voice. \nTamino and Pamina have to go through the last trial together. Papagena enters and dances, then, when Papageno promises to be true, she throws off her disguise and disappears. Pamina thinks her mother is going to use her dagger, but at the last moment the boys save her and take her to Tamino. Tamino plays the flute as they go together through fire and water. The chorus sing in triumph.\nPapageno cannot call Papagena back with his shepherd pipe. The three boys remind him about his magic bells. He plays them and Papagena appears. They are united.\nIn the last scene Monostatos and the Queen of the Night enter to do battle, but they are defeated. Good triumphs over evil.\nMasonic ideas in the opera.\nMozart belonged to a group of Freemasons. The Magic Flute is full of Masonic symbols. For example: the number three is an important number in masonry and there are lot of things in the opera that happen in threes: there are three long chords at the beginning of overture, and the three chords appear again in the scene in the temple. Even the key is E flat major which has a key signature of three flats. There are three ladies, three young boys and three trials. The scenery used in the early productions make it look as if the story comes from Egypt or somewhere in the Orient. Mozart and Schickaneder meant this to have a Masonic meaning. The trials are similar to the rituals in Masonic ceremonies."}
+{"id": "64807", "revid": "10441", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64807", "title": "Magic Flute", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64808", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64808", "title": "George Chuvalo", "text": "George Louis Chuvalo CM (born September 12, 1937), also known as Jure \u010cuvalo, is a Canadian former heavyweight boxing champion and the multiple contender for the heavyweight title in the 1960s and 1970s. He was never knocked off his feet in ninety-three professional fights between 1956 and 1979. On September 9 1957, George lost ten rounds bout to #2 heavyweight contender Bob Baker.\nChuvalo was inducted into the Canadian Sports Hall of Fame in 1990 and the World Boxing Hall of Fame in 1997. He was made a Member of the Order of Canada in 1998 and was awarded a star on Canada's Walk of Fame in 2005.\nHe went to Sarajevo for the revealing of a statue in his honor in Ljubu\u0161ki on Sunday, December 18, 2011."}
+{"id": "64815", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64815", "title": "Guest worker", "text": "Guest workers are people brought into a country to work in different industries.\nThey are used to fill a shortage in labour that most often cannot be done locally. Guest workers often do not have the same rights as normal workers. In some countries, guest workers are not allowed to stay for a long period of time. In Germany, many guest workers are from Turkey. Turkish guest workers have formed their own communities in the German cities in which they live. Turkish guest workers have been in Germany since the 1950s.\nMany Koreans in Japan came as guest workers in the early 20th century and in Arab countries late in the late 20th century."}
+{"id": "64816", "revid": "1248114", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64816", "title": "Tropical Storm Lee (2005)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64817", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64817", "title": "Lesser Antilles", "text": "The Lesser Antilles (also known as the Caribbees) are a group of islands between the eastern edge of the Caribbean Sea and the western Atlantic Ocean. They are east and south of the Greater Antilles. Some of the islands are also just off the northern coast of South America. Unlike the Greater Antilles, which are made up of continental rock, the Lesser Antilles, are mostly young volcanic or coral islands."}
+{"id": "64818", "revid": "1522289", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64818", "title": "Cold front", "text": "A cold front is a meteorological word describing the movement of a cooler air mass into an area of warmer air. The air with greater density moves under the less dense warmer air, lifting it, which can create a line of showers and thunderstorms, or a squall line to form when there is sufficient moisture. This upward motion causes lowered pressure along the cold front.\nOn weather maps, the surface position of the cold front is marked with the symbol of a blue line of triangles or spikes pointing in the direction of its movement. Cold fronts can also move up to twice as fast as warm fronts.\nPrecipitation.\nRain, snow, hail, and other forms of precipitation can happen with cold fronts.\nEffects.\nCold fronts can bring dry and colder air behind it. Temperatures can drop to 15 \u00b0F behind cold fronts, and it can get very windy."}
+{"id": "64823", "revid": "1652218", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64823", "title": "Separating funnel", "text": "A separating funnel (also called a separation funnel) is a piece of laboratory glassware. It is usually used to separate two liquids, for example, oil and water.\nUses.\nFor this example, oil and water will be used:\nA mixture of oil and water is put into a separating funnel and then shaken and then left until it becomes stable again. The liquid with higher density, (in this case water), goes to the bottom of the separating funnel (because liquids with higher density sink). When this is done, the bottom of the separating funnel is opened, and the water can flow out, leaving only the oil on top.\nStructure.\nA separating funnel is a cone shape made from glass but has a half circle, or hemisphere, on top. It has a stopper at the top and tap or hole at the bottom. The size of one can be between 50 millilitres and 3 litres."}
+{"id": "64824", "revid": "958774", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64824", "title": "Plate reader", "text": "Plate readers, also known as microplate readers or microplate photometers, are laboratory equipment used to see any biological, chemical or physical change in samples of chemicals in microtiter plates.\nProcess.\nMost of the time, a very bright lamp shines light to the microtiter well and the chemicals react in special ways which can be measured using special equipment.\nOther ways to measure certain things are:\nToday, plate readers come with tools for data analysis.\nUses.\nPlate readers are used for:\nUsing these plate readers can help human scientists do their work more efficiently. Plate readers are used mostly in research, to find drugs, and to help test the purity of chemicals in pharmacies and laboratories."}
+{"id": "64825", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64825", "title": "Microtiter plate", "text": "A microtiter plate (sometimes called a microplate) is a flat plate with lots of \"wells\" used as small test tubes. \nStructure.\nA microtiter plate is used mostly in laboratories and pharmacies. A microtiter plate could have 6, 24, 96, 384 or even sometimes 1536 wells arranged in rows. Some microplates, used in the industry, have been built with 3456 or sometimes 9600 wells for maximum efficiency. Each well of a microplate can only hold very small amounts of liquid.\nHistory.\nThe first microplate was made in 1951 by a Hungarian man called Dr. G. Takatsky, who made a microtiter plate with 6 rows of 12 wells (so 72 wells). Microtiter plates started being used in bulk in the late 1950s, a man called John Liner from USA had made a different, but better version. By 1990 more than 15 companies were making microtiter plates. \nIn 1996, the Society for Biomolecular Screening (SBS) wanted to make the microplate have standards to live up to. And so in 2003, microplates had to have a certain diameter and depth.\nInstrument companies have made plate readers which can detect specific biological, chemical or physical changes in chemicals in these plates."}
+{"id": "64828", "revid": "1719", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64828", "title": "Nobleman", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64831", "revid": "1642093", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64831", "title": "Kids", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64833", "revid": "10479211", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64833", "title": "Bulgarian language", "text": "Bulgarian (\"\", [\u02c8b\u0264\u031el\u0261arski \u025b\u02c8zik]) is a South Slavic language. It is spoken mainly in Bulgaria and parts of North Macedonia, Serbia, Ukraine and Moldova. The Bulgarian language is similar to the Macedonian and the Serbian languages, which are part of the South Slavic branch of Slavic languages. There are nearly 9 million people in 2011 who use Bulgarian as their main language. \nBulgarian is a part of the so-called Balkan \"Sprachbund\" or linguistic group, which also includes Greek, Macedonian, Romanian, Albanian, and the Torlakian dialect of the Serbian language. This does not mean the languages are necessarily related, but that they share certain loanwords and grammatical characteristics due to frequent contact over the years."}
+{"id": "64835", "revid": "1652218", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64835", "title": "Erlenmeyer flask", "text": "An Erlenmeyer flask or conical flask is a kind of flask with a base in the shape of a cone and a short neck. It was first invented in 1861 by a German chemist named Richard Erlenmeyer. Erlenmeyer Flasks are a type of laboratory glassware. \nThis type of flask is used as a container for chemical substances, or to heat or boil liquids. It does not allow liquids to spill easily. It is also used in titration."}
+{"id": "64836", "revid": "9710818", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64836", "title": "Girlfriend", "text": "A girlfriend is a term that usually means a female partner in a non-marital relationship. It is less common to use the word \"girlfriend\" to mean a female friend in a platonic relationship."}
+{"id": "64839", "revid": "586", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64839", "title": "Native", "text": "Native could mean:"}
+{"id": "64842", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64842", "title": "Concordia, Kansas", "text": "Concordia is a city in north-eastern Kansas, USA. It has been the county seat of Cloud County since 1871."}
+{"id": "64843", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64843", "title": "Indigenous peoples", "text": "Indigenous people are the original people who lived in a region before settlers. Indigenous people are also called aborigines, Native people, First People, First Nations, and Autochthonous. \nThe United Nations prefers to use the phrase \"Indigenous people\" because other phrases may be pejorative and give a bad image.\nMany indigenous people were oppressed during colonialism. They were treated very poorly. Colonial settlers often robbed the indigenous treasures and took their lands. Some indigenous people were made slaves or killed by colonial settlers.\nColonialism often encourages indigenous people to believe the propaganda that they are of a lower social class than the new settlers. As a result, indigenous people can grow up to believe that they are of a lower social class or less important. Indigenous people sometimes have to fight for their own land, their own history, human rights and equality."}
+{"id": "64844", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64844", "title": "Migrant worker", "text": "A migrant worker is someone who regularly works away from home, if they even have a home.\nThe United Nations' use of this term overlaps with \"foreign worker\". In the United States, the term is commonly used broadly to describe people who move frequently to find work or, more narrowly, those who earn low wages performing manual labor in the agriculture field.\nMigrant workers are often forced into poor situations. Some are illegal immigrants and can be expelled if found. They are supported by the International Labour Organization. In 1990, the United Nations also adopted the Convention on the Rights of All Migrant Workers to protect them.\nOften, migrant workers boost regional economy by spending their wages there.\nOpen borders help migrant workers. In Europe, for example, countries that recently joined European Union have seen massive outflow of workers to the countries with higher wages. Some people who work in foreign countries are called \"expatriates\".\nCanada.\nIn Canada, migrant workers are commonly referred to as foreign workers in general and temporary foreign workers in particular.\nThe Temporary Foreign Worker Program (TFWP) has the Government of Canada hire foreign nationals to fill temporary skills and labour shortages in the country. Temporary foreign workers can be hired by Canadian employers only if qualified citizens or permanent residents of Canada are not available to fill the same vacancy.\nCurrently, there is a great gap in the Canadian market. The declining birth rate and many in the workforce retiring soon make it difficult for Canada to fill the significant gap that it faces. Immigration is regarded to hold the answer to a great extent.\nWith the TFWP, Canadian employers can easily hire international workers. At times, there might not even be the requirement to get someone from abroad. Canadian employers hiring through the TFWP might find qualified foreign workers who are already in the country.\nSuch skilled foreign workers already in Canada can easily be hired by a Canadian employer though they are about to complete a job contract with a different employer. Also, they might be working in Canada on an open work permit, which allows them the freedom to work for any employer anywhere in Canada.\nUsually, such temporary foreign workers or migrant workers in Canada are hired to address a specified short-term requirement. Nevertheless, foreign workers who had initially come to Canada for filling a temporary vacancy might transition to Canadian permanent residence if they meet specific requirements.\nCanada\u2019s immigration programs like the Canadian Experience Class (CEC) and Provincial nominee Program (PNP) provide pathways to Canada permanent residencefor migrant workers. As per the Government of Canada\u2019s official website, \u201cThese routes exist to ensure that workers who have shown that their skills are in continuing demand and that they have already adapted well to life in Canada can build a future here.\u201d\nAfter the imposition of COVID-19 special measure on March 18, 2020, Canada held program-specific draws from the Express Entry System. In May 2020, Express Entry Draw No. 148 was specifically for those candidates who had Canadian experience, which thereby qualified them for the Canadian Experience Class program.\nWhile more than 192,000 temporary foreign workers came to Canada in 2011, around 29,000 foreign workers eventually took up permanent residency."}
+{"id": "64845", "revid": "5400", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64845", "title": "Foreign worker", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64846", "revid": "1551767", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64846", "title": "Unicode", "text": "Unicode is a standard, promoted by the Unicode Consortium, for encoding the text of most of the world's writing systems, using variable-width encodings, such as UTF-8. Its goal is to replace current and previous character encoding standards with one worldwide standard for all languages. It has already done that to a large degree; for example, it is dominant on the web, in the form of the UTF-8 encoding. UTF-16 is also common, for example, on Windows, while Microsoft recommends UTF-8. The standard supports emojis and other symbols that older standards did not support.\nOlder standards such as the \u00c9mile Baudot code were made for European languages and could not represent all languages of the world, for example, Chinese or Japanese. They also could not represent languages such as Arabic or Hebrew, which are written from right to left\u2014at least not when mixed with other languages that are written from left to right. Unicode supports such mixing. It also allows for sorting (collating), which is not easy when languages are mixed.\nUnicode provides many printable characters, such as letters, digits, diacritics (things that attach to letters), and punctuation marks. It also provides characters that do not actually print, but instead control how text is processed. For example, a newline and a character that makes text go from right to left are both characters that do not print.\nDetails.\nUnicode, formally the Unicode Standard, is an information technology standard for the consistent encoding, representation, and handling of text expressed in most of the world's writing systems. The standard, as of Unicode 14.0 defines 144,697 characters covering 159 modern and historic scripts, as well as symbols, emoji, and non-visual control and formatting codes. Unicode is promoted by the Unicode Consortium and based on ISO standards. New versions are issued every few years and later versions have over 144,000 characters, covering 159 modern and historic scripts, as well as symbols, emoji, and non-visual control and formatting codes.\nUnicode was developed in the 1990s and integrated earlier codes used on computer systems.\n\"The Unicode Standard\" includes more than just the base code. Alongside the character encodings, the Consortium's official publication includes a wide variety of details about the scripts and how to display them: normalization rules, decomposition, collation, rendering, and bidirectional text display order for multilingual texts, and so on.\nUnicode's success at unifying character sets has led to its widespread and predominant use in the internationalization and localization of computer software. The standard has been implemented in many recent technologies, including modern operating systems, XML, and most modern programming languages.\nOlder standards for (English) text could represent only 32, 64, 128 (ASCII) or usually 256 different letters or symbols, 32 though only enough for upper case English letters and no numbers. ASCII is enough for English, but not most other languages, and 256 codes are enough for many European languages, but not for many Asian languages such as Chinese. Unicode has over 144,000 characters already defined, and allows for over a million, which is enough for all languages of the world, including e.g. Arabic and Hebrew that are written from right-to-left, and Unicode allows those languages, even mixed with other such as English or Russian that written in the other direction.\nUnicode can be implemented by different character encodings. The Unicode standard defines Unicode Transformation Formats (UTF): UTF-8, UTF-16, and UTF-32, and several other encodings. The most commonly used encodings are UTF-8, UTF-16; GB18030, while not an official Unicode standard, is standardized in China and implements Unicode fully.\nUnicode considers a graphical character (for instance \u00e9) as a code point (alone or in sequence [e + \u2018] ). Each code point is a number with many digits which can be encoded in one or several code units. Code units are 8, 16, or 32 bits. This allows Unicode to represent characters in binary.\nSome letters such as the Devanagari \"kshi\", and national flag emojis, are represented with more than one code point.\nEncodings.\nThere are different ways to encode Unicode, the most common ones are:\nUTF-8 is the most common of these for exchange. It is used for internet, electronic mail, and Java also uses a variant of it.\nUTF-8 is the dominant encoding for the World Wide Web (and internet technologies), accounting for 98% of all web pages, and up to 100.0% for some languages, as of 2022, uses one byte (8 bits) for the first 128 code points, and up to 4 bytes for other characters. The first 128 Unicode code points represent the ASCII characters, which means that any ASCII text is also a UTF-8 text.\nBoth UTF-8 and UTF-16 are variable-width encodings. It's a common mistake to think that UTF-16 isn't, but it's not a fixed-width encoding like ASCII, so that's not a good reason to prefer UTF-16 (only its obsolete predecessor UCS-2 is fixed-width)."}
+{"id": "64847", "revid": "70336", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64847", "title": "Low pressure area", "text": "A low pressure area, or low for short, is a word used in meteorology (the study of weather) that means a place where the atmospheric pressure is lowest compared to the surrounding area. Coriolis effect causes winds to blow counter-clockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in southern hemisphere. This makes storms like tropical cyclones, extratropical cyclones, subtropical cyclones, and subpolar cyclones. They are called \"low-pressure cells\" in some English-speaking countries."}
+{"id": "64849", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64849", "title": "Hillfort", "text": "A hill fort is an ancient fortified refuge or defended settlement. It was usually in a place that rises from the surrounding area, given the name. This is done to exploit the rise for military advantage. The fortification usually follows the shape of the hill. Usually it is made of one or more lines of earthworks. There may also be stockades or defensive walls, and external ditches.Maiden Castle in Dorset is the largest of around 1000 hill forts built in Britain in the Iron Age. In a hill fort, the entrance through the inner ramparts had massive timber gates. The inner rampart was 14m high and topped by a fence of huge, upright timbers. It was faced with big, limestone blocks. \nHill forts were built since the Stone Age. They are most common during later periods though:\nThere are many different kinds of hill forts, they were very common. In Europe, the Celts used them for a very long time."}
+{"id": "64854", "revid": "1338660", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64854", "title": "Troy, Michigan", "text": "Troy, Michigan is a city in Michigan, United States. It is a suburb of the larger city of Detroit, and has over 85,000 residents. Many companies have offices in the city. It is where the world headquarters for Kmart used to be."}
+{"id": "64866", "revid": "9795215", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64866", "title": "Gin", "text": "Gin is a type of alcoholic drink with a high amount of alcohol in it, usually about 35-50% alcohol by volume. It was invented in the Netherlands in the 17th century, and soon became very popular in England. This became a problem when many people drank themselves to death, because gin was cheap to make and contained so much alcohol.\nGin is flavored with juniper berries. Today, gin is usually a dry liquor, which means that it is not very sweet. Gin is also very popular in cocktails - two of the most common of these are the Gin & Tonic (gin mixed with tonic water) and the martini (gin mixed with vermouth, usually with an olive added). Gin is still one of the most popular liquors to this day."}
+{"id": "64870", "revid": "1649829", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64870", "title": "Prostitution", "text": "A prostitute is a person, most of the time a woman, who has sex with people for money or another kind of payment. Prostitution is sometimes called the \"world's oldest profession\". There are written records of prostitution in almost every culture and society. In many countries, it is a crime. In some places, the police only arrest the customers. A place where many prostitutes work is called a Brothel.\nTerminology.\nProstitution is sometimes called the \"oldest profession\" or \"oldest occupation\". A female prostitute is sometimes called a \"hooker\", \"whore\" or \"ho\". A male prostitute is sometimes called a \"gigolo\". They can both be called a \"street walker\", \"sex worker\" or \"escort\". Customers or clients are sometimes called \"sugar mamas\", \"stellas\" or \"janes\" if female. They are called \"johns\" if male.\nWays and methods.\nSome prostitutes walk the streets looking for customers. They are usually called \"streetwalkers\" and are the most noticeable type of prostitutes. Others work in bars and nightclubs. Others may work at a building called a brothel. Other prostitutes may work from their homes or from an apartment rented for the purpose, and have their clients (customers) contact them by phone or on the internet. Some prostitutes may have a boss (a person they work for and who they may give part of the money they make to), who may be called a \"madame\" (if they are a woman) or a \"pimp\" (if they are a man). \nNot all prostitutes have a boss; some get business through an escort agency, which is a business or person the prostitute pays to advertise for them and get clients for them. Many prostitutes just work for themselves. The city of Amsterdam is famous for its prostitutes in the Red-light district (a part of a city where prostitution is common). In the Red-light district, some of the prostitutes sit in windows to show that they are available for business. Some people think that in the future, human prostitutes will lose their jobs to sexbots.\nDifferent aspects.\nLegality.\nThe legal status of prostitution varies from country to country. Many countries have laws about prostitution. Some countries have made prostitution illegal. There are four main approaches to handling prostitution:\nExamples:\nIn some countries, like Turkey, prostitution is legal if done with a license from the government but illegal on the streets. In some Muslim countries prostitution is not only illegal, it is punished by death. In Japan, only certain sex acts are legal; vaginal sex for money is against the law while oral sex for money is legal.\nAdvertising.\nThere are some places, where prostitution is legal, but advertising for it is not. In Germany since 2016 both is legal. Since the new prostitution law (Prostituiertenschutzgesetz vom 21. Oktober 2016 (BGBl. I S. 2372)) was included, advertising is not prohibited anymore as long as youth protection is respected. Potential customers find all necessary information about the prostitutes they need in the web, and are able to contact them with their phones. Usually customers visit the apartment of the prostitutes or order them to their home or hotel room. In the Netherlands, both prostitution and advertising for it are legal as well. \"Hidden advertising\" is still done. It can take different forms:\nProblems.\nThere are different problems surrounding prostitution, some of them are shortly outlined below.\nFinding the best system for prostitution.\nProstitution in some form or other has always existed, and probably will always exist. One of the problems is that some of the activities linked to prostitutions are dangerous, and sometimes illegal. Where it is illegal, it is often controlled by criminals, who run brothels as they run a black market. There is also the problem of human trafficking, prostitutes are often forced to work. They are also prone to being exploited. Some people say that making prostitution legal where it is not will not solve these problems. The same people would run the businesses, but they would no longer be criminals. The situation for the prostitutes would probably not change much, as the ways the former criminals run these businesses would not change much either. Other people see a different problem: Legalizing prostitution would lead to some legal prostitution, that would well-regulated, and probably worked well. On the other hand, there would also be the illegal prostitution, which would not change much.\nThere are also solutions that cover the prostitute as an independet entrepreneur. Therefore these self-employees have to inform the government about their transactions and business activities. In Germany e.g. a new prostitution law was passed back in 2017 wich forces those sex-workers to own a \"prostitution-pass\" they have to show their client. Many german sexclubs now don't employ the prostitutes anymore but rent them rooms for their activities and charge the club visitors with an entry-fee instead. A famous bordello in germany wich was a pioneer with that concept even before the law passed is the Club K\u00f6nig in Lower Saxony.\nHuman trafficking and sexual slavery.\nOne of the first targets of law enforcement actions against illegal prostitution is to find the people who force people into prostitution. This is called sexual slavery. Sex trafficking is when people are taken somewhere in order to be a prostitute. It might be done by forcing them or by tricking them in some way. Sex trafficking is one type of Human trafficking. Some people have called human trafficking \"the fastest growing form of modern-day slavery\", and the third largest and fastest growing criminal industry in the world.\nAccording to a study done in 2006, approximately 800,000 people are trafficked across national borders each year, and millions trafficked inside their own countries. This includes all types of human trafficking, although trafficking for prostitution is thought by some to make up a large portion of trafficking. Because it is illegal, it is hard to find out the real number of women or children forced into sex work. The study estimated that eighty percent of transnational victims are women and girls and up to half of them may be minors (meaning not adults). \nChildren are sold into the global sex trade every year. Often they are kidnapped or orphaned. In some cases they are even sold by their own families. According to the International Labour Organization, the problem is well known in Thailand, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Cambodia, Nepal and India.\nThe main causes of human trafficking are poverty, war, and other social issues. Some women are made to believe promises of a better life, sometimes by people who are known and trusted to them. Traffickers may own legitimate travel agencies, modeling agencies and employment offices in order to gain women's trust. Others are simply kidnapped. Once overseas it is common for their passport to be taken away by the trafficker and to be warned of the consequences should they attempt to escape. This may include beatings, rape, threats of violence against their family and death threats. It is common, particularly in Eastern Europe, that should they manage to return to their families they will only be trafficked once again. When an area has a lot of prostitutes some people say its a \"sexidemic\" (too much).\nGlobally, forced labour generates $31bn, half of it in the industrialised world, a tenth in transition countries, the International Labour Organization says in a report on forced labour. Trafficking in people has been made easier by porous borders and advanced communication technologies, it has become increasingly transnational in scope and highly lucrative within its barbarity. \nIn some countries counselling, accommodation and specialist care exists to help trafficked people escape. In other countries, this support is lacking and individuals are often treated as illegal immigrants and deported.\nChild prostitutes.\nOne of the big problems is that of child prostitution. Most prostitution happens between adults, but many prostitutes are children. This means that people caught with these prostitutes may also face charges of having sex with a child. In most countries, prostitutes do need to be of a certain age, which is usually higher than the age of consent. Usually, having sex with a child is punished harshly.\nCertain people travel to other countries to have sex with children, which is forbidden where they live. Many countries have changed their laws so they also apply outside their territory. The crime is usually not discovered, so these laws are rarely enforced."}
+{"id": "64871", "revid": "1392159", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64871", "title": "Girl", "text": "A girl is a young female human, either a child or a teenager. Little girls still have the body of a child. It is not until they reach puberty (which starts at age 12 on average) that their bodies start to mature and they become a woman. During puberty, a girl develops breasts, their hips and shoulders widen and they begin to have periods.\nOverview.\nThe word \"girl\" was used a long time ago by some people called Anglo-Saxons. Sometimes older people still refer to grown up women as \"girls\", especially in expressions such as \"a night out with the girls\". According to some Abrahamic derived traditions, the first girl that ever existed was Luluwa.\nThe opposite of a girl is a boy. A boy is a male child who will grow into a man.\nThe way girls are brought up will vary a lot between different cultures. In Western cultures, a girl traditionally wears a dress or skirt. However, many girls wear trousers (pants) these days, like boys, especially when dressed informally. Girls often grow their hair longer than boys, although this can vary a lot according to quickly changing fashions."}
+{"id": "64872", "revid": "1674917", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64872", "title": "Family Guy", "text": "Family Guy is an American animated sitcom created by Seth MacFarlane for the Fox Broadcasting Company. The show mainly focuses on the Griffin family, a badly functioning family. The parents are Peter and Lois, and their children are Meg, Chris, and Stewie. The family also has a talking pet dog, Brian. The show is set in the fictional city of Quahog, Rhode Island. A lot of its humor uses cutaway gags to make fun of American culture.\nThe family was created by MacFarlane after making two animated movies, \"The Life of Larry\" and \"Larry & Steve\". MacFarlane changed the movie's main character, Larry, and his dog, Steve, and renamed them Peter and Brian. MacFarlane showed a seven-minute pilot episode to Fox in December 1998, and the show then began on Fox. \"Family Guy\" cancellation was announced shortly after the third season had aired in 2002, and one unaired episode was shown on Adult Swim in 2003. Good DVD sales and high ratings from reruns meant Fox to restarted the show in 2004. A fourth season began the following year, on May 1, 2005.\n\"Family Guy\" has been given critical acclaim. In 2009, it was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series, the first time an animated series was nominated for the award since \"The Flintstones\" in 1961. In 2013, \"TV Guide\" said \"Family Guy\" was the ninth Greatest TV Cartoon of All Time.\nOn May 11, 2020, Fox let the series have a nineteenth season. On September 23, 2020, Fox said that the show would continue for a twenty-first season. The twenty-first season started on September 25, 2022. Currently, episodes of \"Family Guy\" have been broadcast.\nOn January 26, 2023, Fox said that the series would have a season 22 and 23, taking the show through the 2024-25 television season. Season 22 premiered on October 1, 2023 while season 23 premiered in October 2024.\nOn April 2, 2025, Fox announced that the show was renewed for four more seasons, and would take the show through the 2028-29 television season. Season 24 will premiere in spring 2026."}
+{"id": "64873", "revid": "10086227", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64873", "title": "Myspace", "text": "Myspace is a social networking website owned by News Corp. Digital Media where people can communicate using messages, video and photo uploads, blogs, social groups, and music. Myspace was founded in 2003 and used to be the 24th most popular website in the world. Myspace was popular with young people between 2005 and 2010. MySpace's head office is in New York City.\nControversy.\nSome people think Myspace is a bad site, because it makes personal information very easy to find. Many parents do not like Myspace. They would like it to shut down. Myspace says that they are a safe place for all people, and has rules to keep people safe.\nNBC's Dateline has a \"To Catch a Predator\" series that talks about Myspace's safety problems. Although Myspace has many contradictions against them, they have not shut down.\nAbout.\nMyspace Inc. is a web page where individuals can communicate, and exchange information with their network of friends. Users can set up a personal profile, which can be changed, and new graphics and pictures and additional material can be added. All members can upload pictures to share with their friends, and others have permission to comment on their pictures and uploaded materials.\nAlso the user can choose to play games on, and post blogs to share with their friends and family.\nMyspace has users all over the world which includes: "}
+{"id": "64874", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64874", "title": "RuneScape", "text": "RuneScape is a video game that is played on the Internet. Multiple people play \"RuneScape\" all at the same time, which makes it a Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Game (or MMORPG). It began in 2001, and is owned by Jagex Ltd. It is set in a fantasy land.\nHistory.\nThe game first started in 2001 as \"Runescape\" (now referred to as \"RuneScape Classic\"), but the code and graphics engine was rewritten in 2004 to form \"Runescape 2. \"Again, in 22 July 2013, the game was rewritten as \"RuneScape 3,\" which is the version playable today. The game is designed to allow players all over the world to connect and play together in real-time. There may be over 100,000 people playing the game at any one time, and even more at peak times such as weekends.\nDevelopment.\nThe game was originally made by Andrew Gower. He created a game named \"DeviousMUD\" in 1998. DeviousMud used two dimensional graphics. It was only briefly released to the public before being taken down. RuneScape is entirely made of three dimensional graphics. \nJagex was formed soon after. It stands for Java Gaming Experts. Andrew Gower is head of development. It was renamed to Just About the Game Experience.\nOld School RuneScape.\nOld School RuneScape (OSRS) is a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) developed and published by Jagex. The game can be played with or without buying membership. The game was released on February 22, 2013 as a copy of the main game. After players grew frustrated with updates to the main game, Jagex opened a poll where players could vote whether or not to bring back an older version of the game from 2007. The number of votes would determinine the support it would receive from Jagex. The poll ended with over 450,000 votes in favor of the servers; this meant it would not require an additional subscription and would have a small development team. In order for new content to be added to the game, the update must pass a game-wide poll with a seventy-fine percent ratio. Since release, OSRS has received many engine improvements, new content, and quality of life updates. Despite having a smaller staff and a slower relative update schedule, OSRS had more than twice the active players that RuneScape had by 2017. A mobile version of the game for Android and iOS was released in October 2018.\nGameplay.\nThe \"RuneScape\" world has many different areas and places where players can explore and do activities such as quests or training a skill. \"RuneScape\" skills are abilities that players can train to be able to do special things. Smithing is an example of a skill that can allow a player to create metal items.\nCost.\n\"RuneScape\" is an online game. Like most free online games, the free version is basic, and there is an option to become a paying member and buy more features. \"RuneScape\" members who pay get to explore a world three times as big. \"RuneScape\" is played on 172 servers. Each server can have up to 2,000 people playing on it at a time. \nAs an optional service one can become a Member. Members get a larger area to play in, and go past the level 5 trial that free players get in the 10 members skills, 6 times the space in the game's bank, and access to member only weapons, tools, armor and quests. There are over one million (1,000,000) members in \"Runescape\".\nWeapons, Armor, and Shields.\nLike most MMORPGs, \"RuneScape\" has weapons, armor and shields. Weapons, armor and shields can be made out of many things. Common materials for items include bronze, iron, steel, black, mithril, adamantite, rune, granite, and dragon. Some of these materials can be obtained by mining rocks that contain ore. Players can then create items from the ore by smelting the ore using the smith skill into bars and then use the bar and smith it also using the smithing skill. There are also other armors that can not be made but must be gotten through methods such as trade or quests. Some members only weapons have special abilities to help the player, such as the abyssal whip and the dragon scimitar. Mages use magic to protect themselves and others so they use a light clothing. Rangers usually wear dragon-skin to protect themselves from opponents.\nSkills.\n\"RuneScape\" has skills to train, including 16 free to play skills and 10 members skills. Players can train their skills by doing different actions. Skills are usually trained by collecting a resource, like logs, and doing something with them such as burning them. All of the skills can be leveled up to a max of 99 and Dungeoneering has a max of 120. All are also able to be trained to 200,000,000exp.\nThe Current Skills as of the 26th August 2013:\nAttack,\nStrength,\nDefence,\nRange,\nPrayer,\nMagic,\nRunecrafting,\nConstruction,\nDungeoneering,\nDivination,\nConstitution,\nAgility,\nHerblore,\nThieving,\nCrafting,\nFletching,\nSlayer,\nHunter,\nMining,\nSmithing,\nFishing,\nCooking,\nFiremaking,\nWoodcutting,\nFarming,\nSummoning. \nPlayer Killing.\n\"RuneScape\" has a Player Killing part in the game. Player killing takes place in the Wilderness, a large area north of all major cities. Player killing also takes place in some mini-games but it is different from main player killing because in mini-games, there are different rules that control player killing. Player killing was limited to only minigames on December 10, 2007. However, Wilderness player killing was reinstated on February 1, 2011."}
+{"id": "64875", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64875", "title": "Jagex", "text": "Jagex (Java Gaming Experts) is a company that makes computer games. Its most famous game is \"Runescape\".\nJagex, known for RuneScape, has also released several casual games on its FunOrb portal and other titles. The company has changed ownership multiple times, including ownership by U.S. investors from 2012 to 2016, Chinese investors from 2016 to 2020, Macarthur Fortune Holding LLC in 2020, and is currently owned by The Carlyle Group."}
+{"id": "64886", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64886", "title": "Noble", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64887", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64887", "title": "Ella Enchanted", "text": "Ella Enchanted is a Newbery Honor book. It was written by Gail Carson Levine. It was published in 1997. It is also the title of the American movie based on the novel, released April 9, 2004. The movie was directed by Tommy O'Haver and starred Anne Hathaway and Hugh Dancy. The story is a retelling of \"Cinderella\" featuring various mythical creatures including elves, ogres, dwarves and giants."}
+{"id": "64888", "revid": "103847", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64888", "title": "Exploitation", "text": "Exploitation means using things that are available in order to benefit from it. It is usually used in a bad sense, although it can be used in a good sense as well.\nIf a person \"exploits\" a situation it means that they realize that they can use it to do something which will be good for them. Very often this also means that it will be bad for other people. So the first person exploits the situation and also exploits the other people.\nPeople, especially proletariat or unskilled workers, can be exploited through a sweatshop. This means that someone else uses the people's knowledge or skills in order to make them do something for them. Socialists (or communists) often talked about the \"exploitation of the masses\" when they were saying that Capitalism was bad. They meant that a few rich people were using all the working people to do hard work for them but paying them very little. The employers then sold the products for more money and kept the extra as profits so that they themselves could become rich.\nExploiting people still goes on today."}
+{"id": "64889", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64889", "title": "Exploit", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64893", "revid": "16695", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64893", "title": "People (magazine)", "text": "People is a weekly American magazine of celebrity and human interest stories. It is published by Time Inc. As of 2006, it had a circulation of 3.75 million. It was named \"Magazine of the Year\" by \"Advertising Age\" in October 2005, for very good editorial, circulation and advertising. \"People\" ranked #6 on Advertising Age's annual \"A-list\" and #3 on Adweek's \"Brand Blazers\" list in October 2006."}
+{"id": "64894", "revid": "9620", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64894", "title": "Tv.com", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64895", "revid": "9620", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64895", "title": "People.com", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64899", "revid": "10281914", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64899", "title": "Eye of Horus", "text": "The Eye of Horus was an important symbol in ancient Egypt. It was the symbol of protection and Royal Power from Ra or Horus.\nHorus was an ancient Egyptian sky god in the form of a falcon. The right eye represents a peregrine falcon's eye and the markings around it. This includes the \"teardrop\" marking sometimes found below the eye. As the wadjet (also udjat or utchat), it also represented the sun, and was associated with the Sun God Ra (Re). The \"mirror image\", or left eye, represented the moon and the God Tehuti (Thoth). \nIn arithmetic.\nIn the ancient Egyptian measurement system, the Eye Of Horus defined an Old Kingdom rounded off number one(1) = 1/2 + 1/4 + 1/8 + 1/16 + 1/32 + 1/64, by throwing away 1/64."}
+{"id": "64901", "revid": "8950", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64901", "title": "JoJo", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64902", "revid": "8950", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64902", "title": "Jojo (singer)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64903", "revid": "8950", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64903", "title": "Jojo", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64905", "revid": "1690120", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64905", "title": "The Great Khali", "text": "Dalip Singh Rana was an Indian professional wrestler, actor and powerlifter. He is better known by his ring name The Great Khali. He worked for the WWE from 2006 to 2014 and was the first Indian World Heavyweight Champion. Before he started his professional sports career, he was an officer in the Punjab state police.\nProfessional wrestling career.\nEarly career.\nUnder the ring name \"Giant Singh\", Dalip Singh became a pro wrestler for All Pro Wrestling in the United States. He made his first appearance in October 2000.\nOn May 28, 2001, Brian Ong died while training with Singh. Ong had already suffered one concussion but was told to continue training. A second concussion was deadly for him. Because Singh caused his death, Ong's family brought a lawsuit against All Pro Wrestling. APW was made to pay the Ong family over $1.3 million.\nWWE (2006\u20132014).\nOn January 2, 2006, Singh started working for WWE. He was assigned to Deep South Wrestling for training. Singh first appeared on WWE television on the April 7, 2006 episode of \"SmackDown!\". He attacked The Undertaker during his match with Mark Henry. Khali had his first WWE match on April 21, 2006 against Funaki.\nIn July 2006, Khali was removed from the first ever Punjabi Prison match at The Great American Bash against the Undertaker because of elevated liver enzymes. On August 4, he returned to \"SmackDown!\". On August 29, it was reported that Khali would be out of action for several months due to surgery on both knees.\nIn 2007, Khali was feuding with Kane, leading to a match at WrestleMania 23 which Khali lost. In July he feuded with Batista before The Great American Bash. The two were scheduled for a match on PPV on Sunday, July 22, 2007. However, World Heavyweight Champion Edge had to give up the title because of a pectoral injury. Khali won the championship in a 20-man battle royal at the July 17 taping of \"SmackDown!\", becoming the first Indian World Champion in WWE. He then went on to defend his title successfully against Kane and Batista at the Great American Bash.\nBy late 2007 and 2008, Khali had a manager/translator accompany him to the ring by the name of Ranjin Singh. \nOn April 1, 2021, Khali was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame.\nFilmography.\nIn 2005, Singh starred in the movie \"The Longest Yard\" as Turley, one of the prison's inmates. On March 16, 2007, Singh starred in the 2007 remake of \"Get Smart\", a movie based on the 1960s classic TV show, alongside The Rock.\nPersonal information.\nHe married Harminder Kaur on February 27, 2002."}
+{"id": "64919", "revid": "9620", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64919", "title": "Friends (TV series)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64920", "revid": "8950", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64920", "title": "Achle", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64921", "revid": "8950", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64921", "title": "Aita", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64922", "revid": "527152", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64922", "title": "Ani (god)", "text": "In Etruscan mythology, Ani is god of the sky. He is shown as living in the highest heaven. He is sometimes shown with two faces, possibly showing a link with the Akkadian god Anu and the Roman god Janus."}
+{"id": "64926", "revid": "18539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64926", "title": "Tecophilaea", "text": "Tecophilaea is a genus of plants in the family \"Tecophilaeaceae\". It has two species. One of them, Chilean Blue Crocus (\"T. cyanocroccus\"), is at risk (IUCN Red List)."}
+{"id": "64927", "revid": "114482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64927", "title": "Martin Luther King Jr", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64929", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64929", "title": "Propolis", "text": "Propolis ' \u201efor\u201c y ' \u201ecity\u201c is a wax-like resinous substance collected by honey bees from tree buds (e.g. poplar) or other plant-related sources and used as cement and to seal cracks or open spaces in the beehive. It can also kill bacteria."}
+{"id": "64931", "revid": "268071", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64931", "title": "Unemployment rate", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64945", "revid": "593910", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64945", "title": "Home and Away", "text": "Home and Away (often called H&A) is an Australian soap opera that has been made in Sydney by the Seven Network since July 1987. The show first aired on 17 January 1988 with a two hour pilot. It is set in Summer Bay, a fictional town in New South Wales. It stars Samara Weaving with Jessica Falkholt and Cornelia Frances.\nSome of the characters in the show are John, Braxton, Heath, Alf, Irene and Matilda."}
+{"id": "64946", "revid": "593910", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64946", "title": "Anthony Hopkins", "text": "Sir Philip Anthony Hopkins CBE (born 31 December 1937) is a Welsh actor of movies, theatre and television. He is very famous for many roles in movies, especially as Hannibal Lecter in \"The Silence of the Lambs\". He has won an Academy Award, three BAFTA Awards, two Emmys and the Cecil B. DeMille Golden Globe Award.\nIn 2011, Hopkins played Odin in the MCU movie \"Thor\". In 2019, he played Pope Benedict XVI in the Netflix movie \"The Two Popes\".\nHopkins was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II in 1993 for services to the arts. He gained US citizenship in 2000, whilst retaining his British citizenship. He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2003, and was made a Fellow of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts in 2008.\nHopkins won a fifth BAFTA Award and a second Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role for \"The Father\" (2020), becoming the oldest Best Actor winner to date."}
+{"id": "64948", "revid": "18539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64948", "title": "Turner Classic Movies", "text": "Turner Classic Movies (TCM) is a cable television channel featuring commercial-free classic movies, mostly from the Turner Entertainment and Warner Bros. film libraries, which include many MGM, United Artists, RKO and Warner Bros. titles. Movie historian Robert Osborne used to host the channel until his retirement in early 2016. "}
+{"id": "64949", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64949", "title": "Internet Broadway Database", "text": "The Internet Broadway Database (IBDb) is an online database of Broadway theatre productions and their personnel. It is operated by the Research Department of the League of American Theatres and Producers, a trade association for the North American commercial theatre community."}
+{"id": "64952", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64952", "title": "Brigitte Bardot", "text": "Brigitte Bardot (French IPA: ) (born 28 September 1934) is a French actress, former fashion model, singer, animal rights activist, and considered one of the most important sex symbols of the 1950s and 1960s. She was one of the few actresses from Europe to which the American media paid attention.\nLife and career.\nBorn in Paris, into a well to do family, her father was an industrialist and her mother a housewife. She received a strict education but was allowed to take ballet lessons hoping to become a professional classical dancer.\nIn 1949, at the suggestion of a family friend, she began working as a fashion model and ended up making the cover of \"Elle\" magazine in May 1950. This led to her being noticed by movie director Yves Allegret who offered her a role in one of his movie. The movie was never made but during the audition she met his young assistant Roger Vadim. Her family was strongly against the relationship but finally gave in and they married in 1952.\nThat same year, she began her acting career and appeared in two films; \"Le trou normand\" and \"Manina, fille sans voile\".\nIn the ensuing years, she appeared in small parts in various movies in France, Italy and England. Her career really took off in 1956, when she appeared in Vadim's movie \"Et Dieu cr\u00e9a la femme\" (\"And God created Woman\"), written especially for her, which made her an instant star and an international sex-symbol. From then on, her every move made headlines around the world. In 1958, she bought a house \"La Madrague\" in Saint Tropez, then a quiet fishermen village, which has since then become a highly touristic destination.\nOther notable movies have included; \"En cas de malheur\" (1958), \"La v\u00e9rit\u00e9\" (1960), considered by many her best role, \"Vie Priv\u00e9e\" (1962), \"Le m\u00e9pris\" (1963), \"Viva Maria\" (1965), etc. She also enjoyed success as a singer but mostly through recordings and television appearances.\nIn 1973, she decided to retire from entertainment and devote herself to her real passion the animal rights, which she continues today. She created her own foundation in 1986.\nDuring the 1990s, she published her autobiography and other books in which she spoke openly about her political views on such things as immigration and Islam in France, mixed marriages and homosexuality, which created considerable controversy. She has angered many people who are part of these groups and was fined for incitation to racial hatred.\nBardot had four husbands and other romantic partners. After her divorce from Vadim in 1957, she married actor Jacques Charrier in 1959, with whom she had her only child, a son Nicolas, born on 11 January 1960. They divorced in 1962. Her third husband, from 1966 to 1969, was German millionaire Gunter Sachs. She has been married to Bernard d'Ormale, a right-wing political organizer, since 1992."}
+{"id": "64953", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64953", "title": "Farben Lehre", "text": "Farben Lehre is a Polish punk rock band. The band was started in 1986 in P\u0142ock, Poland."}
+{"id": "64954", "revid": "121204", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64954", "title": "Billy Crystal", "text": "Billy Crystal (born March 14, 1948) is a Golden Globe Award-nominated and Emmy Award-winning American actor, writer, producer, comedian, singer, movie director and television host. He became famous in the 1970s for playing Jodie Dallas on the ABC Comedy-drama, \"Soap\". Crystal was a castmember of Saturday Night Live. He became a Hollywood movie star during the late 1980s and the 1990s, appearing in the box office successes \"When Harry Met Sally...\" and \"City Slickers\"."}
+{"id": "64956", "revid": "1508758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64956", "title": "Carmen Electra", "text": "Tara Leigh Patrick (born April 20, 1972), professionally known as Carmen Electra, is an American actress, model, singer and media personality. Dubbed a \"sex symbol\" and \"pop culture icon\", Electra came to widespread recognition for playing Lani McKenzine in \"Baywatch\" (1998\u20131999) and for her work in 2000s parody films. She also appeared in the films \"Get Over It\" (2001), \"Starsky & Hutch\" (2004), \"Cheaper by the Dozen 2\" (2005) and \"Hot Tamale\" (2006), hosted the MTV show \"Singled Out\" (1997\u20131999) and featured with The Pussycat Dolls as a guest dancer on \"VH1 Divas 2004.\""}
+{"id": "64957", "revid": "1508758", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64957", "title": "Calista Flockhart", "text": "Calista Kay Flockhart (born on November 11, 1964) is an American actress. She was nominated for an Emmy Award. Flockhart won a Golden Globe award in 1998. She was on soap operas and other television shows. She is famous for her role as the main character in the 1997-2002 television show, \"Ally McBeal\". She played Sally Field's daughter, Kitty Walker, on the successful ABC drama, \"Brothers & Sisters\". She played a political campaign adviser."}
+{"id": "64959", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64959", "title": "Dwight Schultz", "text": "William Dwight Schultz (born November 24, 1947 in Baltimore, Maryland) is an American stage, television and movie actor. He is known for his roles as Captain \"Howling Mad\" Murdock on the hit 1980s action show \"The A-Team\", and Reginald Barclay in ', ' and the movie \"\" and Lester in \"The Powerpuff Girls\"."}
+{"id": "64960", "revid": "8326409", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64960", "title": "Fred Savage", "text": "Frederick Aaron Savage (born July 9, 1976) is an Emmy Award and Golden Globe Award-nominated American actor and television director. He is best known for his role as Kevin Arnold in \"The Wonder Years\"."}
+{"id": "64961", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64961", "title": "Gene Kelly", "text": "Eugene Curran Kelly (August 23, 1912 \u2013 February 2, 1996), better known as Gene Kelly, was an American dancer, actor, singer, director, and choreographer.\nHe was a great example of 20th century filmed dance, famous for his energetic and athletic dancing style, his good looks and the like able characters that he played on screen. Although he is probably most famous today for his act in \"Singin' in the Rain\", he was the most popular actor in the Hollywood musical movie industry from the mid 1940s to the early 1980s. Kelly died of a stroke on February 2, 1996."}
+{"id": "64964", "revid": "374195", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64964", "title": "Islamic fundamentalism", "text": "Islamic fundamentalism is supporting usage of Islamic laws, based on the Quran and hadiths in law."}
+{"id": "64965", "revid": "1560550", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64965", "title": "Golden Globe Awards", "text": "The Golden Globe Awards are American awards for motion pictures and television programs, given out each year during a formal dinner. Run since 1944 by the (HFPA), the awards are a major part of the film industry's \"awards season\" which ends each year with the Oscars and Screen Actors Guild Awards. The broadcast of the Golden Globe Awards generally ranks as the third most-watched awards show each year, behind only the Oscars and Grammys. The Golden Globes has grown to one of the highest honors for actors and actresses.\nThe Golden Globes are awarded early in the year, based on votes from (as of 2005) 86 part-time journalists living in Hollywood and who work for media based outside of the United States."}
+{"id": "64967", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64967", "title": "AllMusic", "text": "AllMusic, which was known as All Music Guide (AMG) before, is a database about music. It is owned by All Media Guide. All Music was created in 1991 by popular-culture archivist Michael Erlewine and mathematician Vladimir Bogdanov, Ph.D., as a guide for people who wish to buy music. They have published a book every year since 1992. All Music was created before the World Wide Web and was possible to consult first as a Gopher site."}
+{"id": "64971", "revid": "10460820", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64971", "title": "The Lord of the Rings (movie series)", "text": "The Lord of the Rings movie series is a set of three epic fantasy adventure movies: ' (2001), ' (2002) and \"\" (2003). The movies were based on J. R. R. Tolkien's book \"The Lord of the Rings\".\nSet in the fictional world of Middle-earth, the plot of The Lord of the Rings is about the war of the peoples of the fantasy world Middle-earth against a dark lord known as \"Sauron.\" At the same time they try to destroy a ring which would give Sauron a lot of power if he got it, but the only place to destroy the ring is deep into Sauron's land Mordor.\nThe movie trilogy was directed by Peter Jackson. The screenplay was written by Fran Walsh, Philippa Boyens, and Peter Jackson. It was distributed by New Line Cinema.\nThese were the first live-action \"Lord of the Rings\" movies made. They were filmed in New Zealand from October 1999 to December 2000, and released separately in December 20012003 by Warner Bros.\nJackson returned for a prequel \"The Hobbit\" trilogy and two more movies are in development: an animated \"\" prequel movie and a live-action \"The Hunt for Gollum\" movie.\nCast and characters.\nThe cast includes:\nChanges from the book.\nCompared to the book, the \"Lord of the Rings\" movies differed in many ways. The plot and motivation of the characters changed, and parts of the story were cut. A few changes that many consider major include: \"The Old Forest\", \"In the House of Tom Bombadil\", and \"Fog on the Barrow-Downs\", from \"The Fellowship of the Ring\"; \"Many Partings\", \"Homeward Bound\", & \"The Scouring of the Shire\" from \"The Return of the King\". These were left out, and other passages changed, because of dramatic flow and practical limits on what could be presented in three movies. The scripts are not exactly true to the story in the volumes of the book, yet have most of its most important elements."}
+{"id": "64972", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64972", "title": "Gary Coleman", "text": "Gary Wayne Coleman (February 8, 1968 - May 28, 2010) was an American actor. Coleman was an African American who was born in Santa Barbara, California, with a kidney disease causing nephritis. Nephritis is an autoimmune destruction of the kidney. The disease stopped his growth at an early age. Because of this, he was only tall. His height was his most notable feature. He received two kidney transplants, one in 1973 and one in 1984. He then needed dialysis every day. He was adopted. He was famous for his role as Arnold Jackson in the American sitcom \"Diff'rent Strokes\". He died of a hemorrhage cause by an accidental fall in Provo, Utah."}
+{"id": "64973", "revid": "8697081", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64973", "title": "Cameo appearance", "text": "A cameo role or cameo appearance (often shortened to just cameo) is a brief appearance of a known person in a work of the performing arts, such as plays, movies, video games and television. Such a role does not have to be an actor: short appearances by movie directors, politicians, athletes, and other celebrities are common. \nSome examples would be Alfred Hitchcock briefly appearing in some of his movies or Stan Lee always briefly appearing in Marvel-related movies or Salman Khan's apperance in Pathaan."}
+{"id": "64974", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64974", "title": "Cameo (carving)", "text": "A cameo is a kind of small sculpture. A cameo has an image in relief. The image is often a different colour to the background. An intaglio is the opposite of cameo.\nHistory.\nCameos with portraits of people were common in the jewellery of Classical Antiquity. This type of cameo was also common in the Renaissance."}
+{"id": "64975", "revid": "111904", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64975", "title": "Golden Globe", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64976", "revid": "863768", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64976", "title": "George Peppard", "text": "George Peppard, Jr. (October 1, 1928 \u2013 May 8, 1994) was an American movie and television actor. \nHis roles included in the film \"Breakfast at Tiffany's\" (1961), and the television series \"The A-Team\", where he was the leader of the group, who was often smoking a cigar.\nPeppard had lung cancer and died of pneumonia on May 8, 1994 in Los Angeles."}
+{"id": "64977", "revid": "10402117", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64977", "title": "Rotten Tomatoes", "text": "Rotten Tomatoes is a website dedicated to reviews, information, and news of movies and television series. The name derives from the vaudeville-era clich\u00e9 of throwing tomatoes and other products at stage performers if a performance was particularly bad. The company has been owned by Flixster, a Warner Bros. company, since May 2011.\nAs of 2021, the website's editor-in-chief is Joel Meares.\nHistory.\nRotten Tomatoes was launched on August 12, 1998, as a spare time project by Senh Duong. His goal in creating Rotten Tomatoes was \"to create a site where people can get access to reviews from a variety of critics in the US\"."}
+{"id": "64979", "revid": "9620", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64979", "title": "Emmy", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64980", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64980", "title": "Halle Berry", "text": "Halle Maria Berry (born August 14, 1966) is an American actress. Berry has received Emmy and Golden Globe awards, and was awarded the Academy Award in 2002 for her role in \"Monster's Ball\". She is the first and still only African American woman to have won the Academy Award for Best Actress. Berry was ranked No. 1 on People's \"50 Most Beautiful People in the World\" list in 2003. In March 2014, she launched her own TV production company, 606 Films.\nAwards.\nAcademy Awards\nGolden Globe Award\nEmmy Award\nGolden Raspberry Awards\nScreen Actors Guild Award"}
+{"id": "64981", "revid": "10420240", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64981", "title": "Golden Raspberry Awards", "text": "The Golden Raspberry Awards or Razzies, first awarded in 1981, were made by John J. B. Wilson in 1980, with the goal of being the opposite of the Academy Awards (Oscars) by dishonoring the worst movies and worst actors. It is usually a plastic raspberry spray-painted gold and mounted on a plastic base, however Bill Cosby accepted a custom-made one made out of 24 carat (99.99%) gold and Italian marble.\nToday, awards are voted by the membership of the \"Golden Raspberry Award Foundation\" (GRAF), and anyone can become a member of the foundation, something that does not happen with the Academy Awards. Usually, nominations are made public one day before the Motion Picture Academy says its Oscar nominations, and the awards are presented one day before the Oscar ceremony.\nFew winners have accepted their Golden Raspberry Awards or have attended the\u00a0Golden Raspberry Awards\u00a0ceremony to personally accept their awards. Those who accepted and/or attended, include Bill Cosby (Worst Picture/Worst Screenplay/Worst Actor), Tom Green\u00a0(Worst Actor/Worst Director),\u00a0Halle Berry\u00a0and\u00a0Sandra Bullock\u00a0(Worst Actress),\u00a0Michael Ferris\u00a0and\u00a0J. D. Shapiro\u00a0(Worst Screenplay),\u00a0Alan Menken\u00a0(Worst Original Song),\u00a0and Paul Verhoeven and Dinesh D'Souza\u00a0(Worst Director). Bill Cosby was the first winner to accept his awards for \"Worst Picture/Worst Screenplay/Worst Actor\" in 1988 for the movie \"Leonard 6\", but he didn't attend the ceremony and got his awards in \"The Late Show\" instead, and Paul Verhoeven was the first winner to attend the ceremony in 1996, to accept his award for \"Worst Director\" for the movie \"Showgirls\".\nThe term \"raspberry\" is used as a joke, as in \"blowing a raspberry.\""}
+{"id": "64982", "revid": "9620", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64982", "title": "Razzie", "text": ""}
+{"id": "64983", "revid": "134900", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64983", "title": "Blowing a raspberry", "text": "Blowing a raspberry is to make a noise similar to a flatulence. It is made by placing the tongue between the lips, and blowing."}
+{"id": "64984", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64984", "title": "Joshua Jackson", "text": "Joshua Carter Jackson (born June 11, 1978) is a Canadian actor. He has appeared in American television and movies, and is famous for his role as Pacey Witter in the television series \"Dawson's Creek\" and Charlie Conway in \"The Mighty Ducks\" movie series.\nHe also starred as Peter Bishop on \"Fringe\"."}
+{"id": "64986", "revid": "1604351", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64986", "title": "John Wayne", "text": "Marion Robert Morrison (May 26, 1907 \u2013 June 11, 1979), known professionally as John Wayne, was an American actor.\nEarly life.\nBorn with the name Marion Robert Morrison in Winterset, Iowa. Wayne was Scotch Irish on his father and Irish on his mother's side. During Wayne's childhood, he moved to Palmdale, California then to Glendale, California. While attending Wayne started working in small local movie companies. And also started playing football in high school and participated in the Glendale school team before being recruited by the University of Southern California (USC).\nCareer.\nWayne began his movie career in the 1920s. In 1928, he played an extra in John Ford's \"Four Sons\". In 1930, he had his first leading role in \"The Big Trail\".\nWayne was nominated for an Academy Award for \"Sands of Iwo Jima\". One of his most important roles was that of Ethan Edwards a desperate man looking for his niece kidnapped by Comanche in the 1956 western movie \"The Searchers\", directed by John Ford.\n\"The Alamo\" was nominated for several Academy Awards. It won the award for Best Sound. Wayne received an Academy Award and Golden Globe Award for his role in \"True Grit\". His last role was in \"The Shootist\". \nIn 1999, the American Film Institute named Wayne thirteenth among the Greatest Male Stars of All Time. A Harris Poll released in 2007 placed Wayne third among America's favourite movie stars, the only star on the list who has died and the only one who has appeared on the poll every year.\nCancer and Death.\nWayne had lung cancer in the 1960s. He had a lung removed and recovered. He died of stomach cancer."}
+{"id": "64992", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64992", "title": "Tropical Storm Tammy (2005)", "text": "Tropical Storm Tammy is the nineteenth named storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. Tammy was a tropical storm that only existed for a total of two days and brought minor damages to the southeastern United States. It peaked with 50 mph (85 km/h) just before making landfall on the northern Florida coast. Most of the damages were losses from FEMA that totaled up to $30 million.\nTammy formed from a strong non-tropical low on October 5 just off the Floridan coast. It moved north, peaking with 50 mph (85 km/h) winds jus before making landfall on Atlantic Beach, Florida on October 6 dissipating shortly after. Tammy's remnants were absorbed by a cold front in the Gulf of Mexico.\nStorm history.\nA tropical wave left the African coast on September 24 and crossed the Atlantic without strengthening or changing. But on October 2, the wave began to strengthen and organize itself while north of the Lesser Antilles. It continued to strengthen as it moved through the Bahamas and early on October 5, it became a well-organized tropical disturbance off the coast of eastern Florida.\nAs the system already had tropical-storm force winds, it was immediately named \"Tropical Storm Tammy\", also skipping tropical depression status. The forecasts from the National Hurricane Center stated that Tammy would travel north possibly parallel to the coast, which also meant that it is uncertain where Tammy wold make landfall.\nTropical Storm Tammy strengthened a little bit more to its peak with 50 mph (85 km/h) winds before it made landfall near Atlantic Beach, Florida later that same day. Tammy then moved inland over Georgia and soon weakened to a tropical depression before losing all of its strength on October 6.\nThe remnant low slowly movedsouth towards the Gulf of Mexico before being absorbed by a cold front (which also picked up the remnants of Subtropical Depression Twenty-two), which affected much of the northeastern United States over the next few days. The NHC watched the system to see if any of the low level circulation would redevelop over the Gulf of Mexico but unfavorable upper-level winds did not allow any restrengthening, as it was predicted.\nPreparations.\nA tropical storm warning was given out at short notice for the coast from Cocoa Beach, Florida to the Santee River, South Carolina as soon as Tropical Storm Tammy formed on October 5. Tammy moved inland the southern end of the warning zone, eventually moving north to Altamaha Sound, Georgia before all warnings were discontinued on October 6.\nImpact.\nTropical Storm Tammy caused minor damage. The main concern with Tammy was flooding. The highest sustained wind recorded with Tammy was 50 mph, reported a few miles northeast of the center. The highest wind gust reported with Tammy was near 60 mph. Several areas in northeast Florida and southern Georgia reported sustained winds of 40 mph+ due to Tammy's large wind field. Rainfall totals related with Tammy were mostly in the 3-5 inch range, though some isolated amounts received 10 inches of rain.\nIn Georgia, Several homes were damaged because of flooding. Also in Georgia, several roads were washed out and two pond dams were broken. Storm surge related with Tammy was in the 2-4 feet range. Many boardwalks were washed away and there was some beach erosion in Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina. In addition to the flooding, an F0 tornado was reported, which caused moderate roof damage and broke trees in Brunswick, Georgia. Total damages from Tammy was around $30 million (2005 USD). 16,500 people were reported in southeast Georgia without power during the height of the storm.\nThe remnant low of Tammy was absorbed by a larger extratropical low which moved north and Tammy's moisture helped create a different storm over the northeast U.S., killing ten people and causing moderate damage.\nNaming and records.\nWhen Tropical Storm Tammy formed on October 5, it was the earliest ever in the season that the twentieth storm formed, breaking the previous record held by Storm 20 from 1933 by 21 days. Tammy was only the second Atlantic storm to be named with the letter 'T', after Tanya in 1995. This was also the first time Tammy had been used to name any tropical cyclone worldwide. Because Tammy caused minor damages in general, its name was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization and will be on the list of names for the 2011 Season."}
+{"id": "64993", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64993", "title": "Manuchehri", "text": "Abu Najm Ahmad ibn Qaus Manuchehri Damghani (c. 982 \u2013 1040) () or Manucheri was a Persian poet. He was from Damghan in Iran. His poems are collected in a Diwan."}
+{"id": "64994", "revid": "1507193", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64994", "title": "Piranshahr", "text": "Piranshahr () is a city in northwest of Iran. The people of Piranshahr are mostly Kurds who consider themselves to be descendants of the Medes, one of the three Aryan tribes who migrated to Iran."}
+{"id": "64995", "revid": "1669555", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64995", "title": "Rumi", "text": "Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi (Arabic: \u062c\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a) (30 September 1207 \u2013 17 December 1273), which means \"Our Master\", is one of the world's greatest poets. He is usually known in the English-speaking world as Rumi. He is a Sufi mystic, philosopher and lover of humanity. His followers began a school of mysticism to encourage and celebrate his teachings\u2014the Sufi branch known to many Westerners as the 'Whirling Dervishes', whose proper name is the Maulana order.\nBackground and early life.\nJalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi was born in 1207 in Balkh, Persia in what is today Afghanistan. His father, Bah\u0101\u02bc al-D\u012bn Valad, was a famous religious teacher and mystic who had a position at the university in Balkh. When Mongols invaded Persia, Rumi left Persia for Konya, which was then under the Persian empire. By the time he made it to Konya his mother had died, and he was married with a son.\nRumi had had his early spiritual education from his father Bahauddin and later his father\u2019s close friend Sayyid Burhaneddin of Balkh. Rumi grew both in knowledge and consciousness of God over the years. Eventually Sayyid Burhaneddin told Rumi that he was now ready and a mature Sufi and scholar and that the 'next stage' of his spiritual development would soon occur. And so Sayyid predicted the coming of Shams of Tabriz, the central event and love of Rumi\u2019s life.\nAt the age of 37, Rumi met the spiritual vagabond and holy-man, Shams. It was his meeting with this dervish on 15 November, 1244 that completely changed his life. Much has been written about their relationship. Before this encounter Rumi had been an eminent professor of religion and a highly attained mystic; after this he became an inspired poet and a great lover of humanity. Shams\u2019 companionship with Rumi was brief. Despite the fact that each was a perfect mirror for the other, Shams disappeared, not once but twice. The first time, Rumi\u2019s son Sultan Veled searched for him and found him in Damascus.The second disappearance, however, proved to be final, and it is believed that he may have been murdered by orthodox Muslim theologians, and other people of Konya who resented his influence over Rumi.\nLater life and work.\nShams convinced Rumi that at certain moments it was possible to commune directly with God: Rather than believers simply being interpreters of the word of God, they could experience his presence directly. \nThe effect on Rumi was immediate: abandoning his familial and scholarly responsibilities he gave all his time to learning as much as possible from Shams. The mystic came and went without explanation, and vanished permanently in 1248. From then on, Rumi devoted himself to poetry, and he primarily wrote about the topic of love. His verses, inspired by Shams\u2014more than 30,000 in all\u2014were collected in a work that he called \"Diwan-i Shams-i-Tabriz\" ('The Divan of Shams of Tabriz'). Stylistically, Rumi favoured the well established, \"ghazal,\" a traditional Persian meter of up to twelve rhyming lines; and to a lesser extent, the \"Rubai\" quartrain form.\nRumi seems to have been permanently engaged in a search of divine inspiration and love. He saw and found his 'Muse' in various human and natural aspects of existence. After the \"Divan\" he completed his great masterpiece or \"magnum opus\", the \"Mathnavi-i Ma'navi\" ('The Mathnavi/Treatise Devoted to the Intrinsic Meaning of All Things'), which was dictated in its entirety to his student Hissam-ud-din Chelebi over the course of many years.\nAlthough there had been a substantial Islamic mystical tradition prior to Rumi, his poetry transformed both thinking and ritual about it. For example, the famous centripetal dance of the dervishes - the \"sema\" ritual - is said to have its inspiration in Rumi's own movements around a pole in his garden as he mourned for his companion Shams. In time, these actions were adapted into Sufic practise by Rumi and then handed down to his favoured disciples who institutionalized them into the activities of the Mevlevi Order that they founded in their Master's honour.\nRumi died on December 17, 1273 AD and his \"Urs\" (Spiritual anniversary/festival) is held every year on 8th December at his \"Turbe\" (shrine) in Konya.\nRumi's books.\nRumi's main works, all in Persian language, are\nRumi in modern times.\nRumi remains as important and vital as ever. The love poetry of Rumi has found great favor in the West as well as amongst the newer generation of Muslim youth throughout the Muslim world. For Turks, Afghans, Iranians, Tajiks, and other Central Asian Muslims as well as the Muslims of South Asia, Rumi's importance is considered above religious, national and ethnic borders. With his works being translated into many languages everywhere, other cultures and people in the world are now also approaching and understanding Rumi more deeply and at times, even trying to follow his teachings and 'Way'.\nNotes.\n15. * See Maulana Jalaluddin Muhammad Rumi (1207-1273) in \"Great Poets of Classical Persian\" by R M Chopra, 2014, Sparrow Publication. "}
+{"id": "64997", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=64997", "title": "Abu-Shakur Balkhi", "text": "Abu-Shakur Balkhi (; born 915 in Balkh), or Boshakor Balkhi, was a Persian poet. He lived in the Samanid era in central Asian Persia and wrote the Afarin Nama in 944. He died in Balkh, now in modern Afghanistan."}
+{"id": "65000", "revid": "346290", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65000", "title": "Nasir Khusraw", "text": "Abu Mo\u2019in Hamid al-Din Nasir ibn Khusraw Qubadiani Marvzi (1004-1088), also known as N\u0101sir Khusraw Qub\u0101diy\u0101n\u012b Balkhi or Nasir Khusraw Balkhi was a Persian poet. He was born in a village near Balkh in modern Afghanistan. He knew about science, medicine, mathematics, astronomy and astrology. He had studied Arabic, Turkish, Greek, Hindi, Sindhi, Hebrew and Persian. He wrote the Safarnama. In Safarnama, Naser Khosrow described his journey to Mecca, Cairo and Jerusalem and many other cities. His poems are collected in a diwan. He died in Yamagan, a village in Afghanistan."}
+{"id": "65004", "revid": "958774", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65004", "title": "Anvari", "text": "Hak\u012bm Awhad ad-Din Ali ibn Mohammad Khavarani Anvari Abivardi (1126-1189) () or Anvari is a Persian poet. He was born in Abivard (a village between Iran and Turkmenistan) and died in Balkh (now in Afghanistan). He studied science and literature in Tun, a city in Iran. He studied science, astronomy, medicine and literature. Anvari knew Persian, Arabic, Turkish, Hindi, and even Hebrew. Anwari's poems are collected in a Diwan. He was known as the king of poets in Seljuk empire royal house."}
+{"id": "65014", "revid": "11610", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65014", "title": "World Heavyweight Champion (WWE)", "text": ""}
+{"id": "65017", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65017", "title": "Old World Underground, Where Are You Now?", "text": "Old World Underground, Where Are You Now? is a 2003 album by Canadian band Metric. There are six videos that came out for this album between 2003/04, they are (directors in brackets): \n\"Combat Baby\" was also a single in the UK.\nTrack listing.\nAll tracks written by Metric.\nOfficial samples.\nMetric's official website has short clips of this album on their music page .\nLyrics.\nLyrics for this album can be found on Metric's website ."}
+{"id": "65020", "revid": "1392959", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65020", "title": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi", "text": "Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (26 October 1919\u00a0\u2013 27 July 1980) was the last Shah of Iran from 1941 to 1979. Following the Iranian Revolution, his reign ended the Pahlavi dynasty and the Iranian monarchy's 2,500 year-rule of Persia.\nDuring World War II, the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran forced the abdication of his father Reza Shah and succession of Crown Prince Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. In 1953, Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh was overthrown in the 1953 Iranian coup d'\u00e9tat, which was carried out by the Iranian military under the support of the United States and Britain.\nIn 1963, the Shah introduced the White Revolution, a series of reforms aimed at transforming Iran into a global power and modernizing the country by nationalizing key industries and land reform. As political unrest grew throughout Iran in the late 1970s, the Shah fled Iran for exile in January 1979. After formally abolishing the Iranian monarchy, Shia Islamist cleric Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini became the Supreme Leader of Iran. The former Shah later died in exile in Egypt in 1980 and is buried at the Al-Rifa'i Mosque."}
+{"id": "65021", "revid": "1477024", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65021", "title": "Mehdi Bazargan", "text": "Mehdi Bazargan (; 1 September, 1907 in Bazargan \u2013 20 January, 1995) or Mahdi Bazargan was an Iranian scholar. He protested against the Shah's regime in Iran. He was jailed many times for political reasons. Bazargan was Iran's first prime minister after the Iranian Revolution in 1979.\nHe was against the United States Embassy hostage taking and the continuation of the Iran-Iraq War. He resigned on November 4, 1981. Bazargan died of a heart attack on January 20, 1995 when he was travelling from Tehran to Z\u00fcrich, Switzerland."}
+{"id": "65027", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65027", "title": "PSone", "text": ""}
+{"id": "65028", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65028", "title": "PSOne", "text": ""}
+{"id": "65029", "revid": "10631", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65029", "title": "Recognize", "text": ""}
+{"id": "65031", "revid": "581219", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65031", "title": "USMC", "text": ""}
+{"id": "65033", "revid": "1678009", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65033", "title": "Gazelle", "text": "Gazelles are a kind of antelope. They are in the genera \"Gazella\", \"Eudorcas\" and \"Nanger\".\nGazelles are mostly found in the grasslands and savannas of Africa, but they are also found in southwest Asia. Gazelles are known as fast animals. They can reach high speeds for long periods of time. They usually live in herds. They eat plants and leaves. They show a special way of running slowly and jumping high when they are chased by lions or cheetahs.\nGazelle comes from the Arabic \"ghaz\u0103l\" ()."}
+{"id": "65034", "revid": "1618275", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65034", "title": "American Idiot (album)", "text": "American Idiot is the 7th album by the American punk rock band Green Day. It was released in 2004. "}
+{"id": "65035", "revid": "10495", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65035", "title": "American Idiot", "text": ""}
+{"id": "65041", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65041", "title": "First Division", "text": "1st Division or First Division can mean:"}
+{"id": "65054", "revid": "1530097", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65054", "title": "Kabyle language", "text": "Kabyle is a Berber language (Kabyle: \"\", \"taqbaylit\", pronounced ) spoken by the Kabyle people. There are 3,123,000 speakers worldwide, the majority in Algeria, where there are more than 2,000,000 speakers.\nKabyle was (with some exceptions) rarely written before the 20th century; however, in recent years a small but increasing body of literature has been printed. The originally oral poetry of Si Mohand and Ait Menguellet are particularly notable in this respect."}
+{"id": "65056", "revid": "447974", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65056", "title": "Slackware", "text": "Slackware is a GNU/Linux distribution which is famous for being stable, fast and suitable for older computers. Slackware is the oldest Linux distribution that is still supported. \nIt does not offer any graphical tools for configuration; rather, the person must change it on their own using the command line interface and by editing text files.\nThe newest version is Slackware 15.0."}
+{"id": "65062", "revid": "1248114", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65062", "title": "Tropical Storm Bret (2005)", "text": "Tropical Storm Bret was a weak storm that only lasted from June 28 to June 29. Bret hit the eastern coast of Mexico on June 29 before dying inland. Bret was also the second storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season.\nTropical Storm Bret formed close to land over the Bay of Campeche on June 28 before making landfall on Mexico a few hours later on June 29. Bret killed a total of two people.\nStorm history.\nTropical Depression Two formed from a tropical wave over the Bay of Campeche on June 28, and quickly strengthened and became a tropical storm. Bret then began to move steadily closer to land during the next few hours before making landfall near Tuxpan, Veracruz in eastern Mexico early on June 29 with 40\u00a0mph (65\u00a0km/h) winds.\nBret quickly weakened as it continued inland, making heavy rain over the eastern coast of Mexico before dissipating over the mountains in central Mexico late on June 29.\nImpact.\nDamages in Mexico totaled up to $9 million (2005 USD).\nMost of the damage came from floods and landslides caused by the heavy rain. Several towns were flooded very badly, including Naranjos and Chinampa (south of Tampico). This was mainly because of the overflowing of the R\u00edo Tancochin. A total of about 3,000 homes were damaged.\nTwo people were reported dead because of Bret. Two people inside a car were killed when the car was swept away by the floodwaters in Naranjos."}
+{"id": "65064", "revid": "11076", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65064", "title": "Kermit", "text": ""}
+{"id": "65069", "revid": "11076", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65069", "title": "Science-fiction", "text": ""}
+{"id": "65071", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65071", "title": "Tropical Storm Harvey (2005)", "text": "Tropical Storm Harvey was a strong tropical storm that moved across the Atlantic Ocean from August 2 to August 8. Harvey was the eighth named storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. The storm caused no damages.\nHarvey formed from a tropical wave to the southwest of Bermuda on August 2 and passed close to Bermuda on August 4, bringing heavy rain to the island. The storm then began to move east and away from Bermuda, which the storm then reached its strongest strength with 65 mph (100 km/h) before becoming an extratropical cyclone on August 8. The system stayed in the northern Atlantic Ocean for a few more days before it died out later.\nMeteorological history.\nA tropical wave moved west from the African coast on July 22 and went across the Atlantic Ocean without becoming stronger. When the wave came across the Leeward Islands on July 28, the National Hurricane Center began to watch the system closely for any possible strengthening, which did not happen at that time. By August 2, conditions had become more favorable and Tropical Depression Eight formed about 350\u00a0miles (595\u00a0km) southwest of Bermuda.\nThe depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Harvey the next day. But a lot of wind shear gave Harvey some subtropical characteristics and also made the official forecasts to underestimate the future strength of the storm.\nHarvey passed 45\u00a0miles (75\u00a0km) south of Bermuda early on August 4, with winds of 60\u00a0mph (90\u00a0km/h), before removing its subtropical characteristics to become a \"fully tropical\" storm. As it moved northeast away from the island, the storm strengthened more to its strongest with winds of 65\u00a0mph (100\u00a0km/h). Without any notice, more wind shear did not cause Harvey to weaken somewhat, although the storm's path did become confusing. Harvey became a strong extratropical storm during the night on August 8. The storm lived for a few more days before dissipating northwest of the Azores on August 14.\nImpact.\nAs Tropical Storm Harvey came closer to Bermuda, a tropical storm warning was given out late on August 2. Because it was considered possible for the storm to continue gaining strength, a hurricane watch was given out the next day. As the storm began move away from Bermuda on August 4, the hurricane watch and the tropical storm warning were cancelled.\nHarvey brought heavy rain to Bermuda, with just over 5\u00a0inches (130\u00a0mm) reported at Bermuda International Airport. The rain caused some flooding of the roads. Also, there was a report of 45\u00a0mph (75\u00a0km/h) winds over Bermuda. The storm did not cause any bad damage or kill any people on the island.\nNaming and records.\nWhen Tropical Storm Harvey formed on August 3, it was the earliest time ever in a season that the eighth tropical storm formed. It beat the previous record held by a storm in. This was the fourth time that the name Harvey had been used to name a tropical cyclone in the Atlantic. It was also the sixth time worldwide. However, because Harvey did not cause any bad damage, the name was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization and will be used again during the 2011 season."}
+{"id": "65072", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65072", "title": "The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde", "text": ""}
+{"id": "65073", "revid": "10034612", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65073", "title": "Flash Gordon", "text": "Flash Gordon is a science fiction adventure story that began as a comic strip in 1934. Since then, the Flash Gordon story has been made into movies, TV shows and a radio show. \nIn the story, Flash Gordon and Dale Arden blast off into space in a rocket invented by the strange Dr. Hans Zarkov. They travel to the planet Mongo, where the evil Emperor Ming plans to take over the Earth. Flash, Dale and Zarkov have to make friends with the other people on Mongo, to battle Ming and stop his plans.\nA new \"Flash Gordon\" TV show premieres on the Sci Fi Channel in August 2007."}
+{"id": "65078", "revid": "8051", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65078", "title": "Xtina", "text": ""}
+{"id": "65079", "revid": "1692954", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65079", "title": "2 (number)", "text": "2 (Two; ) is a number, numeral, and glyph. It is the number after 1 (one) and the number before 3 (three). In Roman numerals, it is II.\nIn mathematics.\nTwo has many meanings in math. For example: formula_1. An integer is \"even\" if half of it equals an integer. If the last digit of a number is even, then the number is even. This means that if you multiply 2 times any whole number, it will end in 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8.\nTwo is the smallest, first, and only even prime number. The next prime number is three. Two and three are the only prime numbers next to each other. The even numbers above two are not prime because they are divisible by 2.\nFractions with 2 in the bottom do not yield infinite.\nTwo is the framework of the binary system used in computers. The binary way is the simplest system of numbers where natural numbers (the numbers used to count) can be written.\nTwo also has the unique property that 2+2 = 2\u00b72 = 22 and 2! + 2 = 22.\nPowers of two are important to computer science.\nThe square root of two was the first known irrational number."}
+{"id": "65080", "revid": "1343687", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65080", "title": "Hindu mythology", "text": ""}
+{"id": "65081", "revid": "1572824", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65081", "title": "Regina, Saskatchewan", "text": "Regina is the capital and second-largest city of Saskatchewan, Canada. The city is in the eastern prairie region of Western Canada. It is nicknamed \"The Queen City\" because it was named after Queen Victoria (\"Victoria Regina\" in Latin) in 1882, by her daughter Princess Louise, who was the wife of the Candian Governor General, the Marquess of Lorne.\nRegina was also the seat of government for the Northwest Territories, which used to include what are now Saskatchewan and Alberta, as well as the District of Assiniboia. Regina is expected to enter a new period of strong economic growth because Saskatchewan's agricultural and mineral resources have come into more demand.\nThe Saskatchewan Roughriders of the Canadian Football League are the only professional sports team in Regina. They play their home games in Regina at Mosaic Stadium. The city also has the Regina Pats of the Western Hockey League and the University of Regina's Regina Cougars/Regina Rams of the Canadian Interuniversity Sport."}
+{"id": "65083", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65083", "title": "Success", "text": "Success may mean:"}
+{"id": "65086", "revid": "1142256", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65086", "title": "Parachute", "text": "A parachute uses drag to slow something moving in air. It is often an umbrella shaped device on which people or things can float slowly and safely down to the ground from a great height, such as an aircraft.\nThe word parachute comes from the French words \"parer\" meaning to protect and \"chute\" meaning fall carefully down making sure you are safe. Drogue parachutes are used to aid horizontal deceleration of a vehicle (a fixed-wing aircraft, or a drag racer), or to provide stability (tandem free-fall, or space shuttle after touchdown).\nParachutes are used in a sport called skydiving. Paratroopers are soldiers who attack by jumping from an airplane.\nThe word \"parachute\" comes from \"para\", meaning \"against\" or \"counter\" in Ancient Greek, and \"chute\", the French word for \"fall\". In many other languages, the word refers to \"falling-screen\", such as German \"Fallschirm\". Some modern parachutes are classified as semi-rigid wings, which are maneuverable and can make a controlled descent to break on impact with the ground.\nThe inventor Leonardo Da Vinci sketched a parachute in his \"Codex Atlanticus\" (fol. 381v), in about 1485. Leonardo's canopy was held open by a square wooden frame. The feasibility of Leonardo's pyramidal design was successfully tested in 2000 by the Briton Adrian Nicholas and again in 2008 by another skydiver. According to the historian of technology Lynn White, these conical and pyramidal designs, much more elaborate than early artistic jumps with rigid parasols in Asia, mark \"the origin of the parachute as we know it\".\nParts.\nThe parachute package is called \"rig\". It consists of backpack, harness and canopy. The backpack is the container in which the parachute is stored, and which opens up when the parachute is deployed. The harness is the strapping on which the backpack is attached to the jumper. Modern harnesses have leg straps, vertical (upwards) straps and chest strap which can be tightened snug. The fabric part of the parachute is called \"canopy\". It is attached to the harness by lines, which themselves attach to four straps called \"risers\". The canopy may be round, bell-like, resembling like a jellyfish, or the canopy may be a mattress-like, resembling a wing profile. Most army parachutes are bell parachutes, while most recreational, rescue and professional parachutes are wing parachutes.\nUsually the backpack contains not just one but two parachutes: \"main\" parachute, which is opened normally, and \"reserve\" parachute, which is opened in an emergency situation, such as when the main does not open or is tangled. The use of reserve parachute have saved thousands of jumpers who would otherwise have died.\nOld-fashioned bell parachutes were opened by pulling a rip cord. Modern parachutes do not have rip cords anymore, but the skydiver simply throws a small auxiliary (helper) parachute called \"pilot chute\" into air. This small auxiliary chute then pulls the main parachute canopy out of its pod in the backpack and it inflates (fills with air) automatically.\nFailure.\nA parachute is carefully folded, or \"packed\" to ensure that it will open reliably. If a parachute is not packed properly it may result in death since the main parachute might fail to deploy (open and develop) correctly or fully. In the U.S. and many developed countries, emergency and reserve parachutes are packed by \"riggers\" who must be trained and certified according to legal standards. Sport skydivers are always trained to pack their own primary \"main\" parachutes. Many skydivers never let anyone else to pack their parachutes because they know the rig is correctly packed when they have done it themselves.\nParachutes can malfunction in several ways. Malfunctions can range from minor problems that can be corrected in-flight and still be landed, to catastrophic malfunctions that require the main parachute to be cut away using a modern 3-ring release system, and the reserve be deployed. Most skydivers also equip themselves with small barometric computers (known as an AAD or automatic activation device like Cypres, FXC or Vigil) that will automatically activate the reserve parachute if the skydiver has not deployed a parachute to reduce his rate of descent by a preset altitude."}
+{"id": "65087", "revid": "10229482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65087", "title": "United States Capitol", "text": "The United States Capitol is the building where the United States Congress meets. It is the center of the legislative branch of the U.S. federal government. It is in Washington, D.C., on top of Capitol Hill at the east end of the National Mall.\nThe capitol has a large dome in the center, above a rotunda\u2014a large space that is shaped like a circle. There are two \"wings\" that are connected to the rotunda on opposite sides. The north wing is where the Senate meets and the south wing is where the House of Representatives meets. These wings are also called \"chambers\". On the top floors of the chambers are \"galleries\", or balconies where people can watch the Senate and House of Representatives from above.\nThe Statue of Freedom is on top of the capitol.\nHistory.\nThe Continental Congress first met in Philadelphia at Carpenter's Hall in 1774 and then at Independence Hall in 1776. Congress convened in various cities during the Revolutionary War, and the Treaty of Paris was ratified in Annapolis, Maryland, in early 1784. Congress later moved to Trenton, New Jersey, and afterward to New York City. There, Congress met in City Hall (Federal Hall) from 1785 to 1790. When the capital was moved back to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from 1790 to 1800, the Philadelphia County Building () became the capitol. In 1800, the capital moved again to Washington, D.C., and a new capitol building was constructed.\nThe capitol was designed by William Thornton. Construction started in 1793, but it was not completely finished until almost twenty years later. The Senate started to meet in the capitol in 1800, when the Senate wing was finished. The House started to meet in the capitol in 1807, even though the House wing was not finished until 1811.\nAt that time, it was not as big as it is now. The dome in the center of the building was smaller and made of wood. In 1814, the capitol was set on fire by the British Army during the War of 1812. In the 1850s and 1860s, the capitol was fully repaired, and the wooden dome was replaced with a larger iron dome. The walls of the Senate wing were painted with many murals about events in American History. Inside the rotunda, a large fresco was also painted on the ceiling during the repair.\nThe Supreme Court also met in the Capitol until its own building was completed in 1935.\nThe Capitol Dome is 8,909,200 pounds (4,009 tonnes) of cast-iron with 108 windows, and was constructed between 1855 and 1866.\nOn January 6, 2021, supporters of US President Donald Trump stormed into the capitol. This caused a lockdown in the building."}
+{"id": "65090", "revid": "1429377", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65090", "title": "Strut bar", "text": "A car's strut bar or strut brace is to prevent body roll by bracing the top of the strut towers together.\nMost strut bars follow one of two design types:"}
+{"id": "65091", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65091", "title": "Front-wheel drive", "text": "Front-wheel drive, or FWD, is a car setup, where the car's power is at the front wheels. This makes the car safe in wet and snowy conditions, because it has better traction, or grip, to the road. But, FWD can cause uneven weight, which may cause brakes to fail if used for large periods of time."}
+{"id": "65092", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65092", "title": "Rear-wheel drive", "text": "Rear-wheel drive, or RWD, is when a car uses its rear wheels to move. This is good for dry roads, and for acceleration, or how fast you move forward, as the weight is pushed backwards on the back wheels. But, RWD cars can spin out, also called oversteer or fishtail. This can cause crashes if the driver is new and not familiar with RWD cars."}
+{"id": "65095", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65095", "title": "Rear wheel drive", "text": ""}
+{"id": "65096", "revid": "7167", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65096", "title": "Front wheel drive", "text": ""}
+{"id": "65097", "revid": "1634449", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65097", "title": "Wireless", "text": "The word wireless is used to refer to any type of electrical or electronic operation which is done without a \"hard wired\" connection. Wireless communication is the transfer of information over a distance without the use of wires. The distances involved may be short (when using a television remote control) or long (thousands or even millions of kilometers for radio communications).\nUses.\nOne of the most popular wireless technology is the mobile phone, with more than 6.8 billion subscriptions worldwide as of 2013. The term wireless technology is generally used for mobile information technology (IT) equipment. Examples include mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), Global Positioning System (GPS) units, garage door openers, wireless computer mice and keyboards, satellite television and cordless telephones.\nHistory.\nThe world's first wireless telephone conversation happened in 1880, when Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter invented photophone, a telephone that made conversations wirelessly using light beams. In 1946, a driver in Saint Louis, Mo. placed the first cell phone call in history. The cell phone was invented by Bell Labs and future AT&T CEO, H.I Romnes. "}
+{"id": "65108", "revid": "1241374", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65108", "title": "Centrifuge", "text": "A centrifuge is a device with a motor in it, which is used to spin an object with high speed. This high speed spinning forces the object outwards. This force is used for several purposes:"}
+{"id": "65109", "revid": "9907", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65109", "title": "Islamic jurisprudence", "text": ""}
+{"id": "65112", "revid": "9907", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65112", "title": "Yamaha", "text": ""}
+{"id": "65119", "revid": "593910", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65119", "title": "Shah", "text": "Shah () is a Persian word which means the king or ruler of a country. This word is used in different countries in the world, including Iran, India, Pakistan and Afghanistan. Presently the term \"Shah\" is used as a surname by people in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan who are Hindu, Muslim and Jain. The most famous of them is Shah Jahan, who as the Emperor of India ordered the creation of Taj Mahal. The last ruler who used \"Shah\" as a royal title was Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran from 1949 to 1979. "}
+{"id": "65120", "revid": "463546", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65120", "title": "Approval voting", "text": "Approval voting is a voting system used for elections. In approval voting, each person can vote for any number of candidates they like. The votes for each of the candidates are counted, and summed up. The candidate or candidates with most votes are chosen as the winners of the election.\nSupporters argue it to be better than plurality voting because voters can vote for the lessor of evils advertised by the media but also for their favorite candidates. If their goal is just to vote against a candidate, they can do so more forcefully by approving all other candidates. Ballots can easily be hand counted if voters do not trust computers, which might be needed for Instant Runoff Voting. Vote spoiling is not an issue with approval voting, so many candidates may run for office.\nOpponents argue that voters still have some of the problems of plurality voting, which is that they do not know if they will need to compromise their vote or not(tactical voting). Giving approval to a compromise candidate could result in that compromise candidate winning, when their favorite would have won had they not given approval to the compromise candidate. It is possible for 51% of voters (a majority) to view a candidate as their first choice but for that candidate to lose to a compromise candidate because many of those voters approved the compromise candidate as well. Not knowing whether or not to compromise is a problem with all voting systems when at least three strong candidates run."}
+{"id": "65125", "revid": "68157", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65125", "title": "Agar plate", "text": "An agar plate is a Petri dish that contains agar and some nutrients (food for the microorganisms). It is used to grow microorganisms. For example, a blood sample of a patient may be put on agar plate, to let the bacteria that made the patient sick grow. These bacteria can then be identified using a microscope to let the doctor choose the appropriate treatment of the patient.\nWhen microorganisms grow on the agar plate, they form colonies. Each colony has similar genetic characteristics. \nThere are many types of agar plates that are used, but the two main types are defined and undefined. An undefined plate's nutrients aren't exactly known, but everything in a defined plate is accounted for."}
+{"id": "65126", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65126", "title": "Al-Hallaj", "text": "Ab\u016b al-Mugh\u012bth Hossein ibn Man\u016br Al Hall\u0101j (c. 858 - 26 March 922) () or Hallaj was a Persian poet and writer. Hallaj was born in Sh\u016bshtar, Iran. Hallaj memorized the Quran when he was young. He taught Sufism in Baghdad. Muslim scholars were against his teachings. He was imprisoned in Baghdad for eleven years. In the end, he was tortured and he was beheaded by Abbasid rulers."}
+{"id": "65127", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65127", "title": "Mansur Al Hallaj", "text": ""}
+{"id": "65128", "revid": "170917", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65128", "title": "Again", "text": "\"Again\" is the name of many songs:"}
+{"id": "65129", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65129", "title": "Conical measure", "text": "A conical measure is a piece of laboratory equipment which is used to store and mix liquids.\nStructure.\nA conical measure is a conical, or in the shape of a cone. It has a wide top so that liquids can be poured in more easily and marks on the side of it to help measure the amount of liquid more easily. They can be made of plastic or glass.\nUses.\nA conical measure can be used in any pouring, measuring or mixing of liquids. This means that it is useful in:\nThey are also useful in homes as a measuring cup for cooking.\nConical measures are not very accurate, but are easy to use and to mix liquids in."}
+{"id": "65130", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65130", "title": "Unsuri", "text": "Abu Al Qasim Hasan ibn Ahmad Unsuri Balkhi (d. 1039/1040) () or Unsuri was a Persian poet. He was born in Balkh, in modern Afghanistan. He became the poet of Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi. Mahmud Ghaznavi called him \"King of Poets\". All of his poems are in Persian. His poems are collected in a Divan."}
+{"id": "65131", "revid": "8952340", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65131", "title": "Ali Shariati", "text": "Ali Shariati Mazinani (1933-1977) (Persian: \u0639\u0644\u06cc \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u062a\u06cc \u0645\u0632\u06cc\u0646\u0627\u0646\u06cc) or Shariati was an Iranian Muslim philosopher, sociologist, poet and writer.\nShariati's life.\nShariati was born in 1933 in Mazinan, Iran. He studied sociology in the University of Paris. He returned to Iran in 1964. When he returned to Iran, the Shah regime arrested and imprisoned him for political reasons. He was released in 1965. Shariati began teaching at the University of Mashhad. He began lecturing at the Hosseiniye Ershad institute in 1967. The Shah regime arrested him again. When he was freed in 1975, he was not allowed to teach or publish anything. Shariati decided to leave the country for England. Three weeks later he died in Southampton under suspicious circumstances. He was buried in Damascus, Syria."}
+{"id": "65132", "revid": "1011873", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65132", "title": "Kisai Marvazi", "text": "Abul Hasan Abu Ishaq Kasa'i Marvazi (or Marvzi) (953 - 10th century) \n() or Kasai is a Persian poet. He was born in Marv. He was a poet in the court of Mahmud Ghaznavi. He converted to Shia Islam. He has praised Ali ibn Abi Talib many times in his poems. All of his poems are in Persian. His poems are collected in a Diwan."}
+{"id": "65133", "revid": "640235", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65133", "title": "Farrokhi Sistani", "text": "Abul Hasan Ali ibn Julugh Farrukhi Sistani (c. 980 - 1037 or 1038) () or Farrokhi is a Persian poet. Farrokhi was the best poet in the court of Mahmud Ghaznavi. All of his poems are in Persian. His poems are collected in a Divan."}
+{"id": "65135", "revid": "18539", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65135", "title": "Mu'izzi", "text": "Amir Abdollah Muhammad Mu'izzi (1048-1125) was an 11th century and 12th century poet. He was from Persia, and was the poet laureate of Sanjar. He was from the village of Nisa. He is considered one of the great masters of the Persian panegyric qasideh.\nHe lived in the courts of Malik Shah I and Sultan Sanjar. His \"divan\" of 18,000 distichs remain. Anvari says Mu'izzi copied the verses of other poets (this cannot be proven for certain). Anvari himself is known to have copied Mu'izzi's verses. Mu'izzi is said to have died by an arrow shot by the King's son in 1125 for unknown reasons. He was accidentally shot by Sanjar.\nExample.\nGhazel of Mu'izzi in Tajik:\ntranslation -"}
+{"id": "65136", "revid": "5738", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65136", "title": "Khaqani Shirvani", "text": "Afzal ad- Din Badil Ibrahim ibn Ali Nadjar Khaqani Shirvani (1120-1190) () or Khaghani Shirvani was a Persian poet. His most famous poem is \"The Arch of Madain\"(). He wrote the poem book \"Tohfat-ul Iraqein\" (in Persian: \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0646 meaning A Gift from the Two Iraqs) in his journey to Mesopotamia. The Shirvanshah ordered his officers to imprison him. Khaghani was in prison for nearly five years. In prison, he wrote the poems called Habsiyye (, meaning \"The Prison Book\"). After he was freed, he moved to Tabriz. Khaghani died in Tabriz."}
+{"id": "65137", "revid": "1566408", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65137", "title": "The Seasons (Haydn)", "text": "The Seasons (German: \"Die Jahreszeiten\") is an oratorio by Joseph Haydn. An oratorio is a long musical work with orchestra, choir and solo singers. It usually tells a story from the Old Testament of the Bible. \"The Seasons\" is different. It is about the four seasons of the year. It describes nature and people's relationship to nature during the year.\n\"The Seasons\" was the last big work that Haydn composed. He composed it in 1801. By this time he was the most famous composer in Europe. Mozart had died ten years earlier, and Beethoven was a young man who was just starting to become famous. Haydn was nearly 80 years old and his health was not good. Although he lived another eight years \"The Seasons\" was the last big work he wrote. Soon after he had composed it he stopped composing altogether.\nHaydn had only written one big oratorio before \"The Seasons\". This was an oratorio called \"The Creation\". It had been performed in 1798 and was very popular all over Europe. The libretto (the words) had been written by Baron Gottfried van Swieten who was an Austrian nobleman who liked music. He had helped Mozart in his career and now he was helping Haydn. He wanted Haydn to write a second oratorio, so he wrote the libretto for \"The Seasons\". He used a long English poem with the same title by James Thomson (1700-1748). He made it much shorter and changed it so that it was suitable to be set to music, and he translated it into German. \nHaydn took two years to write the music. It was first performed in Vienna on 24 April 1801. The audience liked it, although not as much as \"The Creation\". One problem was that Haydn was not very happy about the libretto. He thought that oratorios should be about serious, dramatic stories from the Bible or from classical mythology, not about everyday life. Van Swieten was not very happy when Haydn criticized it, but he did not change it, and Haydn did his best to make the work interesting.\nThe music.\nThe oratorio is divided into four parts, one for each of the seasons: spring, summer, autumn and winter. Each part lasts at least half an hour and consists of the usual recitatives (which tell the story), arias (songs), choruses (for the choir) and ensemble numbers (for the soloists together and often the chorus as well). There are three soloists (instead of the usual four). They represent three simple country people. There is a soprano called Hanne, a tenor called Lucas and a bass called Simon. Hanne is supposed to be Simon's daughter. There is no storyline in the normal sense: it is a series of poems and thoughts about nature during the year. \nPart I: Spring.\nThe opening of \"Spring\" describes winter going away and spring awakening. There is a chorus which sounds very pastoral (like the countryside) with its 6/8 rhythm and drones (like country bagpipes). Simon then sings about the farmer sowing his seed. He is accompanied by a bassoon which sounds like a lively farmer tilling the earth. There is a gentle hymn of praise with a fugue which sounds like one from Mozart's Requiem. Hanne invites the girls and Simon invites the men to go to the fields and admire the earth, water and air. A chorus praises God.\nPart II: Summer.\nThe music describes the countryside. The farmer is called to work in the morning (the oboe wakes him up). The sun rises. Again we thank God for nature. By midday it has become very hot. Later there are insects buzzing and we hear a shepherd playing on his pipe (the oboe). Everything is very dry at first, then there is a storm. The timpani make the sound of the thunder. When the storm has finished everyone is happy. We hear the birds singing, the frog croaking and the evening bell chimes eight times. The day's work is done.\nPart III: Autumn.\nThe words at first are about hard work and the rewards for hard work (Haydn thought these were strange words to set to music). Then there is a duet for a loving young couple (Lucas and Hanne). This is the only time that the soloists feel like real characters in a story and talk to one another. Autumn is the hunting season, so there is hunting music. It sounds quite old-fashioned (like Baroque music). The bassoon is the hound (the dog). The hounds become hungry and the music gets faster and faster until, suddenly, the dogs and the music stop. There is a gunshot (timpani) as the deer is shot. Autumn finishes with a drinking chorus.\nPart IV: Winter.\nAt first, there is thick winter fog. Then there is a short song (short because nothing grows in winter). Then there is a story about a traveller who is lost in the snow and comes to a cottage where he finds shelter. Hanne and the chorus sing a song about a spinning wheel. Many other composers later wrote music which describes a spinning wheel turning. There is another song which tells a story about a rich nobleman who tries to make love to a country girl but she escapes by riding off on his horse so he is left with no horse and no girl. At times this music sounds quite like the music in Mozart's opera \"The Magic Flute\". Simon sings an aria which compares the seasons with the different stages of life (the seasons are used as a metaphor). Finally the chorus sing about the dawn of life in heaven. The oratorio and the seasons start all over again. The soloists, who have been three country people, are now three angels. There is a final hymn of praise."}
+{"id": "65138", "revid": "86802", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65138", "title": "Sohrab Sepehri", "text": "Sohrab Sepehri (; October 7, 1928 \u2013 April 21, 1980) was an Iranian poet and painter. He was born in Kashan, Iran. His poems are in Persian. His most famous poetry book is Hasht Ketab (Eight Books). His poems have been translated to French, English, Arabic, Italian, Swedish, Hindi and Russian. Sohrab Sepehri died in Tehran."}
+{"id": "65139", "revid": "40158", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65139", "title": "Imam Khomeini", "text": ""}
+{"id": "65142", "revid": "363813", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65142", "title": "Shabestari", "text": "Mahmud Shabestari (1288-1340; ) is a Persian Sufi poet. He was born in the city of Tabriz. His most famous poem is called \"Gulshan-i R\u0101z\" (Persian: meaning \"A Secret Rose Garden\"). \"Gulshan-i R\u0101z\" is an important Sufi text."}
+{"id": "65143", "revid": "935234", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65143", "title": "Jami", "text": "Nur ad-Din Abd ar-Rahman Jami (, August 18, 1414\u2013November 19, 1492), or Jami, was a Persian Sufi poet. He was born in Jam, Persia. He studied science, Arabic literature, natural sciences, Islamic philosophy and Indian literature in Herat University. He went to Samarqand and completed his studies there. Jami wrote eighty seven books, in Persian and Arabic. Some of his books have been translated to English. His poems are collected in a Divan."}
+{"id": "65147", "revid": "3650", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65147", "title": "Die Jahreszeiten", "text": ""}
+{"id": "65150", "revid": "1161309", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65150", "title": "Saadi Shirazi", "text": "Sheikh Muslih-ud-Din Mushrif-ibn-Abdullah Saadi Shirazi (1184-1291) () or Saadi was a Persian poet. He was born in Shiraz, Iran. He went to Baghdad to study Arabic literature and Islamic sciences in Nizamiyya University of Baghdad. He travelled to Anatolia, Syria, Egypt and Iraq. His most famous poetry book is the \"Bostan\" (, meaning The Orchard). He also wrote the \"Golestan\" (, meaning The Rosery). His poems are in Persian and Arabic."}
+{"id": "65152", "revid": "551548", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65152", "title": "Saint-Paul, R\u00e9union", "text": "Saint-Paul, R\u00e9union is the second largest city in R\u00e9union. The largest is Saint-Denis. In 2008, a train which connects Saint-Paul to Saint-Denis and the main international airport in R\u00e9union will be completed. "}
+{"id": "65158", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65158", "title": "Iraj Mirza", "text": "Jalalolmamalek pesar-e Gholam-Hossein Mirza (October 1874 - 14 March 1926) () or Iraj Mirza () was an Iranian poet. He was born in Tabriz, Iran.\nHis most famous poems are Satan (in Persian: \"Ebleess\"), Mother (in Persian: \"Maadar\"), Woman's picture (in Persian \"Tassvir-e-Zan\"), Story of the Hijab (in Persian \"Daastaan-e Chaador\") and the story of Zohreh and Manouchehr (in Persian: \"Daastaan e Zohreh o Manouchehr\").\nHe died in Tehran on 14 March 1926. His tomb is in Shemiran, north of Tehran."}
+{"id": "65160", "revid": "7478996", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65160", "title": "Federal", "text": "Federal could mean:"}
+{"id": "65163", "revid": "22027", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65163", "title": "Federalism", "text": "Federalism is a political philosophy in which a group of people are bound together, with a governing head. In a federation, the authority is divided between the head (for example the national government of a country) and the political units governed by it (for example the states or provinces of the country).\nSeveral countries in the world have a federal government; examples are United States of America, Canada, Nigeria, Australia, India, Brazil, Switzerland, Germany, and Austria. The European Union can be called a sort of federal government as well.\nIn the United States Constitution for example, the federal government and state governments both have power. When states and the federal government do not agree on something, the federal government can sue the state in court using the Supremacy Clause in Article VI of the Constitution. This case can go as far as the Supreme Court to decide which side is right. The federal government does not always do this. It has taken no action when several states made marijuana legal or when prostitution was made legal in parts of Nevada. It has sued over an immigration law in Arizona."}
+{"id": "65164", "revid": "1246765", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65164", "title": "European union", "text": ""}
+{"id": "65165", "revid": "1618275", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65165", "title": "Federation", "text": "A federation is a union of a number of self-governing states or regions, which are joined together under a central government. The central government is not able to do a lot of things that central government in more centralized states can. These things are done by the states (or regions) in a federalized state.\nThe United States of America is a federation. The federal (central) government has the highest executive role. However, state governments can exercise any powers as long as those powers are not assigned to the federal government (by the United States Constitution) and if those powers are not prohibited by the states themselves.\nAustralia became a Federation in 1901.\nAfter the 1971 civil war, Pakistan became a Federation adopted in the 1973 Constitution of Pakistan.\nOther examples of federal states are Austria, Belgium (since 1993), Canada, Germany, Russia and Switzerland.\nList of constituents by federation.\nThe \"federated units\" in the table below have inherent governmental authority in the federation's constitutional system, while the \"other units\" are delegated authority by the federal government or are administered directly by it. \n! width=\"15%\" | Province\n! width=\"17%\" | Hainaut\n! width=\"17%\" | Walloon Brabant\n! width=\"17%\" | Namur\n! width=\"17%\" | Li\u00e8ge\n! width=\"17%\" | Luxembourg\n! French name\n! German name\n! Dutch name\n! Location\n! Flag\n! Coat of Arms\n! HASC\n! FIPS\n! Area\n! Subdivisions\n! Capital\n! Population\n! Density\n! Governor\n! Government\n! Website\nBecause the German-speaking Community is found in the Province of Li\u00e8ge, people want a third province: the Province of Eupen-Sankt Vith, which would be made up of the 9 municipalities of the German-speaking Community."}
+{"id": "65166", "revid": "1405072", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65166", "title": "Federal republic", "text": "A federal republic is a federation of a lot of states, with a republican form of central governments. It differs from a unitary state in that in a federal republic, the authorities of the state governments cannot be taken back by the central governments.\nA republic is a country belonging to the people, whereas a federation is a form of government where by regional divisions are not branches of the central government. Thus, a federal republic has power divisions and regional governments fall under the power domain of the national government. \nMany countries have a federal republic government; some examples are the Republic of Austria, Federal Republic of Brazil, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, Federal Republic of Germany, Republic of India, United Mexican States, Swiss Confederation, Federal Republic of Nigeria, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Boliviari Republic of Venezuela, and the United States of America. As this list shows, some of these countries use \"Federal Republic\" in their name, and some do not. Federal Republics usually have presidents.\nThere can be more than one type of Federal republic. For example, the United States is a Constitutional Federal Republic. Ethiopia also has a Federal Republic government\nHistory of the American Federal republic.\nThe American Federal republican system has grown over the past 225 years. "}
+{"id": "65167", "revid": "9907", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65167", "title": "Federal Republic of Nigeria", "text": ""}
+{"id": "65168", "revid": "9907", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65168", "title": "Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia", "text": ""}
+{"id": "65172", "revid": "749639", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65172", "title": "Square (disambiguation)", "text": "A square is a shape with four equal sides and four equal angles.\nSquare may also mean:\nLocations.\nA town square or market square is an open area commonly found in the heart of a traditional town. Notable squares include:\nOther locations called \"Square\" include:"}
+{"id": "65173", "revid": "7614042", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65173", "title": "Square (algebra)", "text": "In mathematics, a square of a number means the result of multiplying the number by itself. For example, the square of 6 is 6\u00d76 = 36.\nIt is named this because squaring a number gives the area of a square.\nSquaring a number can also be written as 62 = 36. Squaring is the same as raising to the power of 2.\nMany of the units of area are squares. For example, a \"square meter\" means the area equal to the area of a rectangle which is one meter tall and one meter wide."}
+{"id": "65176", "revid": "693482", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65176", "title": "Pan (moon)", "text": "Pan is a moon of Saturn. It is the closest moon to the planet, orbiting 133,600 km above Saturn's cloud tops. It was discovered in 1990 by Mark Showalter. He discovered Pan when he was analysing the photos taken by Voyager 2. It orbits inside the Encke gap which it has made Saturn's A Ring.\nPan was named after the Greek god Pan on 16 September 1991. It is also known as .\nIts mass is in the range formula_1."}
+{"id": "65177", "revid": "966595", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65177", "title": "Tropical Storm Franklin (2005)", "text": "Tropical Storm Franklin was a strong tropical storm that stayed in the western Atlantic Ocean for much of its life. Franklin was the sixth named storm of the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season and almost became a hurricane two times.\nTropical Storm Franklin formed north of the Bahamas on July 21 and moved steadily across the western Atlantic while coming close to Bermuda on July 26. Later, Franklin became an extratropical cyclone near Newfoundland, before being absorbed by another non-tropical system. Franklin caused no damages and killed no people while it stayed in the ocean during most of its life.\nStorm history.\nA tropical wave formed west from the African coast late on July 10. The wave entered the Bahamas on July 21 and strengthened into Tropical Depression Six while 70 miles (110\u00a0km) east of Eleuthera. Initially the storm was predicted to move in a clockwise loop and slowly move to the west in response to a high pressure system. Several models showed the possibility of the storm to change westward and move into central Florida. Anyhow, soon after the depression formed, it strengthened into Tropical Storm Franklin.\nTropical Storm Franklin suffered a lot of wind shear related with the development of Tropical Storm Gert, which made the forecasters at the National Hurricane Center to say that Franklin could be destroyed in the next few days. However the shear stopped as Franklin moved to the northeast, allowing the storm to strengthen. The forecasters now said that Franklin could \"attain and maintain hurricane strength\" and make a close approach to Bermuda.\nShortly after on July 23, Tropical Storm Franklin reached its strongest point with 70\u00a0mph (110\u00a0km/h) winds.\nFranklin moved unevenly to the east while weakening as shear increased again. The NHC predicted that the storm would dissipate, but Frnaklin stopped weakening on July 25 with Franklin a minimal tropical storm. The storm passed to 200 miles (325\u00a0km) to the west of Bermuda on July 26 and moved slowly northwards into the warmer waters of the Gulf Stream. The shear also reduced once again allowing Franklin to re-strengthen somewhat, with winds reaching 60\u00a0mph (95\u00a0km/h) on July 28. Meanwhile, Franklin began to accelerate to the northeast becoming an extratropical cyclone on July 30 to the south of Newfoundland. The extratropical storm passed close to the southern tip of Newfoundland later that day and was absorbed by a larger system on July 31.\nImpact.\nAs Tropical Storm Franklin was forming, a tropical storm warning was issued for the northwest Bahamas, but it was cancelled as Franklin moved north and away from the islands. A tropical storm watch was given out to Bermuda on July 25 but was also cancelled a day later when Franklin moved away.\nTropical Storm Franklin developed very close to land in the Bahamas and passed close to Bermuda, but there were no reports of tropical storm force winds overland, with the strongest gust recorded on Bermuda being 37\u00a0mph (60\u00a0km/h). After Franklin became an extratropical storm, it affected parts of southeastern Newfoundland, bringing about 1\u00a0inch (25\u00a0mm) of rain to the area. There were no damages or fatalities reported from Tropical Storm Franklin.\nNaming and records.\nWhen Franklin formed on July 21, it was the became earliest tropical cyclone ever in a season that the sixth tropical storm formed, breaking the previous record held by storm 6 from 1936 by 14 days. This was the first use of Franklin to name a tropical storm after the retirement of Hurricane Floyd from 1999. Because Frank filed to cause any deaths or damages, its the name was not retired by the World Meteorological Organization and will be on the list of names for the 2011 Season."}
+{"id": "65179", "revid": "440188", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65179", "title": "Atlas (moon)", "text": "Atlas is a moon of Saturn. It was discovered by Richard Terrile from photos taken by Voyager 1 in 1980. It was named after the Atlas in Greek mythology. It orbits just outside Saturn's \"A ring\"."}
+{"id": "65180", "revid": "1243600", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65180", "title": "Prometheus (moon)", "text": "Prometheus is a moon of Saturn. Prometheus was discovered by Stewart Collins from Voyager 1 photos in 1981. It was named after the god of the same name in Greek mythology. The moon acts as a shepherd satellite for the inner part of Saturn's \"F ring\"."}
+{"id": "65182", "revid": "5413", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65182", "title": "Mimas", "text": ""}
+{"id": "65183", "revid": "248920", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65183", "title": "Chris Daughtry", "text": "Christopher Adam \"Chris\" Daughtry (born December 26, 1979) is an American singer. He is best known for being the fourth-place finisher on \"American Idol\". He is also the lead singer of Daughtry. His band released their first album in 2006.\nStudio Albums By Daughtry."}
+{"id": "65185", "revid": "314522", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65185", "title": "Pandora (moon)", "text": "Pandora is a moon of Saturn. The moon was found in 1980 from Voyager 1\u2019s photo and named after Pandora in Greek mythology. It is the outer shepherd satellite of Saturn's \"F ring\", the inner satellite being Prometheus. Pandora has many craters in its surface."}
+{"id": "65186", "revid": "293183", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65186", "title": "Daphnis (moon)", "text": "Daphnis is a moon of Saturn. It is a tiny moon, measuring 6 to 8 km in diameter. It is discovered by the Cassini-Huygens space probe in 2005. It orbits inside the Keeler Gap in Saturn's rings."}
+{"id": "65187", "revid": "532461", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65187", "title": "Melinda Doolittle", "text": "Melinda Marie Doolittle (born October 6, 1977) is an American singer. She was a third-place finalist on \"American Idol\"."}
+{"id": "65188", "revid": "9533574", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65188", "title": "Epimetheus (moon)", "text": "Epimetheus is a moon of Saturn. Epimetheus was discovered by Richard Walker in 1966. At first, Epimetheus was thought to be same as Janus, another moon that orbits at the same distance from Saturn. It was confirmed by Voyager 1 in 1980 that they were two separate moons.\nEpimetheus has an Orbital period of around 3.5 hours."}
+{"id": "65189", "revid": "5530895", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65189", "title": "Janus (moon)", "text": "Janus is a moon of Saturn. It was discovered by Audouin Dollfus in 1966. Astronomers were first mistaken that another moon, Epimetheus, was the same as Janus. Voyager 1 confirmed in 1980 that there were two moons that share the same orbit."}
+{"id": "65190", "revid": "1505746", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65190", "title": "Enceladus (moon)", "text": "Enceladus is a moon of Saturn. It is the sixth largest of Saturn's moons, and it has a diameter of 500 km. Enceladus is within Saturn's E ring and likely contributes material to it. The moon is made mostly out of water ice, so it reflects light very well. It reflects almost 100% of the sunlight that strikes the moon, making it the most reflective moon.William Herschel discovered Enceladus on August 28, 1789. In 2014, NASA reported that its Cassini spacecraft found evidence for liquid water on Enceladus. Scientists now think that there is a large underground ocean of liquid water, around 10\u00a0km thick, near Enceladus' south pole. There are also cryovolcanoes (cold volcanoes) near the south pole. These volcanoes shoot large jets of water vapor, other volatiles, and some solid particles like sodium chloride crystals and ice particles into space. Some of these substances become part of Saturn's E ring."}
+{"id": "65191", "revid": "1505746", "url": "https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=65191", "title": "Tethys (moon)", "text": "Tethys (pronounced \"TEE-this\") is a large moon of the planet Saturn.\nDiscovery.\nIt was discovered by Giovanni Domenico Cassini in 1684. It was one of the first Saturnian moons discovered.\nPhysical characteristics.\nMass, density and volume.\nTethys' mass is 617,551,805,221,061,000,000 kg, its density is 0.973 g/cm3 and its volume is 634,264,255\u00a0km3.\nCraters and valleys.\nIt has a very large crater on its surface, called Odysseus. It is named after a Greek warrior king in Homer's two great works, \"The Iliad\" and \"The Odyssey\". There is also a very long valley called Ithaca Chasma. It is 100 km wide and 2000\u00a0km long.\nOrbit and rotation.\nTethys takes 45.3 hours to orbit (go around) Saturn and orbits Saturn 294,660\u00a0km away. Tethys is tidally locked in phase with its parent planet - one side always faces toward Saturn."}