text
stringlengths
16
172k
source
stringlengths
32
122
Influid mechanics,hydrostatic equilibrium, also calledhydrostatic balanceandhydrostasy, is the condition of afluidorplasticsolid at rest, which occurs when external forces, such asgravity, are balanced by apressure-gradient force.[1]In the planetary physics of Earth, the pressure-gradient force prevents gravity from co...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrostatic_equilibrium
In mathematics, themethod of steepest descentorsaddle-point methodis an extension ofLaplace's methodfor approximating an integral, where one deforms a contour integral in the complex plane to pass near a stationary point (saddle point), in roughly the direction of steepest descent or stationary phase. The saddle-point...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddle-point_method
Inmathematics,Laplace's method, named afterPierre-Simon Laplace, is a technique used to approximateintegralsof the form wheref{\displaystyle f}is a twice-differentiablefunction,M{\displaystyle M}is a largenumber, and the endpointsa{\displaystyle a}andb{\displaystyle b}could be infinite. This technique was originally p...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laplace%27s_method
Inmathematical analysis, themaximumandminimum[a]of afunctionare, respectively, the greatest and least value taken by the function. Known generically asextremum,[b]they may be defined either within a givenrange(thelocalorrelativeextrema) or on the entiredomain(theglobalorabsoluteextrema) of a function.[1][2][3]Pierre de...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximum_and_minimum
In the study ofdynamical systems, ahyperbolic equilibrium pointorhyperbolic fixed pointis afixed pointthat does not have anycenter manifolds. Near ahyperbolicpoint the orbits of a two-dimensional,non-dissipativesystem resemble hyperbolas. This fails to hold in general.Strogatznotes that "hyperbolic is an unfortunate n...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_equilibrium_point
Inmathematics,hyperbolic geometry(also calledLobachevskian geometryorBolyai–Lobachevskiangeometry) is anon-Euclidean geometry. Theparallel postulateofEuclidean geometryis replaced with: (Compare the above withPlayfair's axiom, the modern version ofEuclid'sparallel postulate.) Thehyperbolic planeis aplanewhere every p...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_geometry
In the mathematical area ofgame theoryand ofconvex optimization, aminimax theoremis a theorem that claims that under certain conditions on the setsX{\displaystyle X}andY{\displaystyle Y}and on the functionf{\displaystyle f}.[1]It is always true that the left-hand side is at most the right-hand side (max–min inequality...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimax_theorem
In mathematics, themax–min inequalityis as follows: When equality holds one says thatf,W, andZsatisfies a strong max–min property (or asaddle-pointproperty). The example functionf(z,w)=sin⁡(z+w){\displaystyle \ f(z,w)=\sin(z+w)\ }illustrates that the equality does not hold for every function. A theorem giving conditi...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%E2%80%93min_inequality
Themountain pass theoremis anexistence theoremfrom thecalculus of variations, originally due toAntonio AmbrosettiandPaul Rabinowitz.[1][2]Given certain conditions on a function, the theorem demonstrates the existence of asaddle point. The theorem is unusual in that there are many other theorems regarding the existence...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_pass_theorem