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Somemobile phonessupport use of twoSIM cards, described asdual SIMoperation. When a second SIM card is installed, the phone may allow users to switch between two separatemobile networkservices manually, have hardware support for keeping both connections in a "standby" state for automatic switching, or have twotransceiv... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_SIM |
ASIM cardorSIM(subscriber identity module) is anintegrated circuit(IC) intended to securely store aninternational mobile subscriber identity(IMSI) number and its related key, which are used to identify and authenticate subscribers onmobile telephonedevices (such asmobile phones,tablets, andlaptops). SIMs are also able ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscriber_identity_module |
Phone cloningis the copying of acellular device's identity to another.
Analogue mobile telephones were notorious for their lack of security.[1]Casual listeners easily heard conversations as plainnarrowband FM; eavesdroppers with specialized equipment readily intercepted handsetElectronic Serial Numbers(ESN) and Mobile... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIM_cloning |
Theuniversal integrated circuit card(UICC) is the physicalsmart card(integrated circuitcard) used inmobile terminalsin 2G (GSM), 3G (UMTS), 4G (LTE), and5Gnetworks. The UICC ensures the integrity and security of all kinds of personal data, and it typically holds a few hundred kilobytes.[1]
The official definition for ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_integrated_circuit_card |
ASIM cardorSIM(subscriber identity module) is anintegrated circuit(IC) intended to securely store aninternational mobile subscriber identity(IMSI) number and its related key, which are used to identify and authenticate subscribers onmobile telephonedevices (such asmobile phones,tablets, andlaptops). SIMs are also able ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Subscriber_Identity_Module |
Removable User Identity Module(R-UIM, usually pronounced as "R-yuim") is a card developed forcdmaOne/CDMA2000("CDMA") handsets that extends theGSMSIMcard to CDMA phones and networks. To work in CDMA networks, the R-UIM contains an early version of theCSIMapplication. The card also contains SIM (GSM) application, so i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-UIM |
1-Wireis awiredhalf-duplexserialbusdesigned byDallas Semiconductorthat provides low-speed (16.3 kbit/s[1])data communicationandsupply voltageover a singleconductor.[2]
1-Wire is similar in concept toI2C, but with lower data rates and longer range. It is typically used to communicate with small inexpensivedevicessuch a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-Wire |
NFC-WIisNFCwiredinterfacehaving 2 wires SIGIN (signal-in) and SIGOUT (signal-out).[1]It is also called S2C (SignalIn/SignalOut Connection) interface.[2]In 2006,ECMAstandardized the NFC wired interface with specificationECMA-373(ECMA, 2006).[3]
It has three modes of operation: off, wired and virtual mode. In off mode, ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NFC-WI |
Host Controller InterfaceorHost controller interfacemay refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host_controller_interface_(disambiguation) |
Below are abbreviations used inaviation,avionics,aerospace, andaeronautics.
CAT I Enhanced: Allows for lower minimums than CAT I in some cases to CAT 2 minimumsCAT II: Operational performance Category IICAT IIIa: Operational performance Category IIIaCAT IIIb: Operational performance Category IIIbCAT IIIc: Operational ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronyms_and_abbreviations_in_avionics |
Animmobiliserorimmobilizeris an electronic security device fitted to amotor vehiclethat prevents the engine from being started unless the correct key (transponderorsmart key) is present. This prevents the vehicle from being "hot wired" after entry has been achieved and thus reducesmotor vehicle theft. Research shows th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transponder_car_key |
Inradio communication, atransceiveris an electronic device which is a combination of a radiotransmitterand areceiver, hence the name. It can both transmit and receiveradio wavesusing anantenna, for communication purposes. These two related functions are often combined in a single device to reduce manufacturing costs. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transceiver |
Infiber-optic communications, amuxponderis the element that sends and receives the optical signal on afiberin much the same way as atransponderexcept that the muxponder has the additional functionality ofmultiplexingmultiple sub-rate client interfaces onto the line interface.[1][2]
Thiscomputer networkingarticle is as... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muxponder |
TheRebecca/Eureka transponding radarwas a short-rangeradio navigationsystem used for the dropping ofairborne forcesand their supplies. It consisted of two parts, theRebeccaairbornetransceiverand antenna system, and theEurekaground-basedtransponder. Rebecca calculated the range to the Eureka based on the timing of the r... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca/Eureka_transponding_radar |
Incomputational complexity theory, theelement distinctness problemorelement uniqueness problemis the problem of determining whether all the elements of a list are distinct.
It is a well studied problem in many different models of computation. The problem may be solved bysortingthe list and then checking if there are a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Element_distinctness_problem |
Inquantum computing,Grover's algorithm, also known as thequantum search algorithm, is aquantum algorithmfor unstructured search that findswith high probabilitythe unique input to ablack boxfunction that produces a particular output value, using justO(N){\displaystyle O({\sqrt {N}})}evaluations of the function, whereN{\... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover%27s_algorithm |
Sudoku(/suːˈdoʊkuː,-ˈdɒk-,sə-/;Japanese:数独,romanized:sūdoku,lit.'digit-single'; originally calledNumber Place)[1]is alogic-based,[2][3]combinatorial[4]number-placementpuzzle. In classic Sudoku, the objective is to fill a 9 × 9 grid with digits so that each column, each row, and each of the nine 3 × 3 subgrids that comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudoku |
Inmathematics, acombinatorial explosionis the rapid growth of the complexity of a problem due to the way itscombinatoricsdepends on input, constraints and bounds. Combinatorial explosion is sometimes used to justify the intractability of certain problems.[1][2]Examples of such problems include certain mathematicalfunct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combinatorial_explosion |
This is a glossary ofSudokuterms and jargon. Sudoku with a 9×9 grid is assumed, unless otherwise noted.
ASudoku(i.e. thepuzzle) is a partially completedgrid. A grid has 9rows, 9columnsand 9boxes, each having 9cells(81 total). Boxes can also be calledblocksorregions.[1]Three horizontally adjacent blocks are aband, and ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Sudoku |
Inmathematics, afractalis ageometric shapecontaining detailed structure at arbitrarily small scales, usually having afractal dimensionstrictly exceeding thetopological dimension. Many fractals appear similar at various scales, as illustrated in successive magnifications of theMandelbrot set.[1][2][3][4]This exhibition ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal |
Inmathematics, afundamental theoremis atheoremwhich is considered to be central and conceptually important for some topic. For example, thefundamental theorem of calculusgives the relationship betweendifferential calculusandintegral calculus.[1]The names are mostly traditional, so that for example thefundamental theore... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_theorems_called_fundamental |
Inmathematics, theprime signatureof a number is themultisetof (nonzero) exponents of itsprime factorization. The prime signature of a number having prime factorizationp1m1p2m2…pnmn{\displaystyle p_{1}^{m_{1}}p_{2}^{m_{2}}\dots p_{n}^{m_{n}}}is the multiset{m1,m2,…,mn}{\displaystyle \left\{m_{1},m_{2},\dots ,m_{n}\right... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_signature |
Euler's factorization methodis a technique forfactoringa number by writing it as a sum of two squares in two different ways. For example the number1000009{\displaystyle 1000009}can be written as10002+32{\displaystyle 1000^{2}+3^{2}}or as9722+2352{\displaystyle 972^{2}+235^{2}}and Euler's method gives the factorization1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s_factorization_method |
Fermat's factorization method, named afterPierre de Fermat, is based on the representation of anoddintegeras thedifference of two squares:
That difference isalgebraicallyfactorable as(a+b)(a−b){\displaystyle (a+b)(a-b)}; if neither factor equals one, it is a proper factorization ofN.
Each odd number has such a repres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat%27s_factorization_method |
Inmathematics, afactorisationof afree monoidis a sequence ofsubsetsof words with the property that every word in the free monoid can be written as a concatenation of elements drawn from the subsets. The Chen–Fox–Lyndontheorem states that theLyndon wordsfurnish a factorisation. TheSchützenbergertheorem relates the def... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoid_factorisation |
AGaussian integeris either the zero, one of the four units (±1, ±i), a Gaussian prime or composite. The article is a table ofGaussian Integersx+iyfollowed either by an explicit factorization or followed by the label (p) if the integer is aGaussian prime. The factorizations take the form of an optionalunitmultiplied by ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_Gaussian_integer_factorizations |
Innumber theoryandcombinatorics, apartitionof a non-negativeintegern, also called aninteger partition, is a way of writingnas asumofpositive integers. Two sums that differ only in the order of theirsummandsare considered the same partition. (If order matters, the sum becomes acomposition.) For example,4can be partitio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_(number_theory) |
Inmathematics, adivisorof an integern,{\displaystyle n,}also called afactorofn,{\displaystyle n,}is anintegerm{\displaystyle m}that may be multiplied by some integer to producen.{\displaystyle n.}[1]In this case, one also says thatn{\displaystyle n}is amultipleofm.{\displaystyle m.}An integern{\displaystyle n}isdivisib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisor |
Inalgebra(in particular inalgebraic geometryoralgebraic number theory), avaluationis afunctionon afieldthat provides a measure of the size or multiplicity of elements of the field. It generalizes tocommutative algebrathe notion of size inherent in consideration of the degree of apoleormultiplicityof azeroincomplex anal... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valuation_(algebra) |
Inabstract algebraandanalysis, theArchimedean property, named after the ancient Greek mathematicianArchimedesofSyracuse, is a property held by somealgebraic structures, such as ordered or normedgroups, andfields.
The property, as typically construed, states that given two positive numbersx{\displaystyle x}andy{\displa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archimedean_property |
Inmathematics, themultiplicityof a member of amultisetis the number of times it appears in the multiset. For example, the number of times a givenpolynomialhas arootat a given point is the multiplicity of that root.
The notion of multiplicity is important to be able to count correctly without specifying exceptions (fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicity_(mathematics) |
Innumber theory,Ostrowski's theorem, due toAlexander Ostrowski(1916), states that every non-trivialabsolute valueon therational numbersQ{\displaystyle \mathbb {Q} }is equivalent to either the usual real absolute value or ap-adicabsolute value.[1]
Anabsolute valueon the rational numbers is a function|⋅|∗:Q→R{\displayst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrowski%27s_theorem |
In mathematics,Legendre's formulagives an expression for the exponent of the largest power of aprimepthat divides thefactorialn!. It is named afterAdrien-Marie Legendre. It is also sometimes known asde Polignac's formula, afterAlphonse de Polignac.
For any prime numberpand any positive integern, letνp(n){\displaysty... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendre%27s_formula |
In elementarynumber theory, thelifting-the-exponent lemma(LTE lemma) provides several formulas for computing thep-adic valuationνp{\displaystyle \nu _{p}}of special forms of integers. The lemma is named as such because it describes the steps necessary to "lift" the exponent ofp{\displaystyle p}in such expressions. It i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifting-the-exponent_lemma |
Innumber theoryandcombinatorics, therankof aninteger partitionis a certain number associated with the partition. In fact at least two different definitions of rank appear in the literature. The first definition, with which most of this article is concerned, is that the rank of a partition is the number obtained by sub... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_of_a_partition |
Innumber theory, thecrankof aninteger partitionis a certain number associated with the partition. It was first introduced without a definition byFreeman Dyson, who hypothesised its existence in a 1944 paper.[1]Dyson gave a list of properties this yet-to-be-defined quantity should have. In 1988,George E. AndrewsandFran... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crank_of_a_partition |
Indiscrete mathematics,dominance order(synonyms:dominance ordering,majorization order,natural ordering) is apartial orderon the set ofpartitionsof a positive integernthat plays an important role inalgebraic combinatoricsandrepresentation theory, especially in the context ofsymmetric functionsandrepresentation theory of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance_order |
Inmathematics, apartition of a setis a grouping of its elements intonon-emptysubsets, in such a way that every element is included in exactly one subset.
Everyequivalence relationon asetdefines a partition of this set, and every partition defines an equivalence relation. A set equipped with an equivalence relation or ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_a_set |
Incombinatorics,stars and bars(also called "sticks and stones",[1]"balls and bars",[2]and "dots and dividers"[3]) is a graphical aid for deriving certaincombinatorialtheorems. It can be used to solve a variety ofcounting problems, such as how many ways there are to putnindistinguishable balls intokdistinguishable bins.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stars_and_bars_(combinatorics) |
Inmathematicsand especially incombinatorics, aplane partitionis a two-dimensional array of nonnegative integersπi,j{\displaystyle \pi _{i,j}}(withpositiveintegerindicesiandj) that is nonincreasing in both indices. This means that
Moreover, only finitely many of theπi,j{\displaystyle \pi _{i,j}}may be nonzero. Plane p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_partition |
Innumber theory, apolite numberis apositive integerthat can be written as the sum of two or more consecutive positive integers. A positive integer which is not polite is calledimpolite.[1][2]The impolite numbers are exactly thepowers of two, and the polite numbers are thenatural numbersthat are not powers of two.
Poli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polite_number |
Incombinatorics, thetwelvefold wayis a systematic classification of 12 related enumerative problems concerning two finite sets, which include the classical problems ofcountingpermutations,combinations,multisets, and partitions eitherof a setorof a number. The idea of the classification is credited toGian-Carlo Rota, an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelvefold_way |
Inpopulation genetics,Ewens's sampling formuladescribes theprobabilitiesassociated with counts of how many differentallelesare observed a given number of times in thesample.
Ewens's sampling formula, introduced byWarren Ewens, states that under certain conditions (specified below), if a random sample ofngametesis take... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewens%27s_sampling_formula |
Faà di Bruno's formulais an identity inmathematicsgeneralizing thechain ruleto higher derivatives. It is named afterFrancesco Faà di Bruno(1855,1857), although he was not the first to state or prove the formula. In 1800, more than 50 years before Faà di Bruno, the French mathematicianLouis François Antoine Arbogasthad ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa%C3%A0_di_Bruno%27s_formula |
Innumber theoryandcombinatorics, amultipartitionof a positiveintegernis a way of writingnas asum, each element of which is in turn aninteger partition. The concept is also found in the theory ofLie algebras.
Anr-component multipartition of an integernis anr-tuple of partitionsλ(1), ...,λ(r)where eachλ(i)is a partitio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multipartition |
Inmathematics,Newton's identities, also known as theGirard–Newton formulae, give relations between two types ofsymmetric polynomials, namely betweenpower sumsandelementary symmetric polynomials. Evaluated at therootsof a monicpolynomialPin one variable, they allow expressing the sums of thek-thpowersof all roots ofP(co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton%27s_identities |
Thespt function(smallest parts function) is a function innumber theorythat counts the sum of the number of smallest parts in eachinteger partitionof a positive integer. It is related to thepartition function.[1]
The first few values of spt(n) are:
For example, there are five partitions of 4 (with smallest parts under... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spt_function |
Goldbach's conjectureis one of the oldest and best-knownunsolved problemsinnumber theoryand all ofmathematics. It states that everyevennatural numbergreater than 2 is the sum of twoprime numbers.
The conjecture has been shown to hold for all integers less than4×1018but remains unproven despite considerable effort.
On... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goldbach%27s_conjecture |
Inrepresentation theory, a branch of mathematics, theKostant partition function, introduced byBertram Kostant(1958,1959), of aroot systemΔ{\displaystyle \Delta }is the number of ways one can represent a vector (weight) as a non-negative integer linear combination of thepositive rootsΔ+⊂Δ{\displaystyle \Delta ^{+}\subse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostant%27s_partition_function |
The termsmedical record,health recordandmedical chartare used somewhat interchangeably to describe the systematic documentation of a singlepatient'smedical historyandcareacross time within one particular health care provider's jurisdiction.[1]A medical record includes a variety of types of "notes" entered over time byh... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_record |
TheInternational Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis(ICVP), also known as theCarte JauneorYellow Card, is an officialvaccinationreport created by theWorld Health Organization(WHO).[1]As atravel document, it is a kind ofmedicalpassportthat is recognised internationally and may be required for entry to certain coun... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination_record |
Vaccination requirements for international travelare the aspect ofvaccination policythat concerns themovement of peopleacrossborders. Countries around the world require travellers departing to other countries, or arriving from other countries, to bevaccinatedagainst certaininfectiousdiseasesin order to preventepidemics... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination_requirements_for_international_travel |
Vaccination requirements for international travelare the aspect ofvaccination policythat concerns themovement of peopleacrossborders. Countries around the world require travellers departing to other countries, or arriving from other countries, to bevaccinatedagainst certaininfectiousdiseasesin order to preventepidemics... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccination_requirements_for_international_travel#COVID-19 |
Apassenger name record(PNR) is a record in the database of acomputer reservation system(CRS) that contains the itinerary for a passenger or a group of passengers travelling together. The concept of a PNR was first introduced byairlinesthat needed to exchange reservation information in case passengers required flights o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passenger_name_record |
Apassportis an officialtravel documentissued by a government that certifies a person'sidentityand nationality for international travel.[1]A passport allows its bearer to enter and temporarily reside in a foreign country, access local aid and protection, and obtainconsular assistancefrom their government. In addition to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passport |
Abiometric passport(also known as anelectronic passport,e-passportor adigital passport) is apassportthat has an embedded electronicmicroprocessorchip, which containsbiometricinformation that can be used to authenticate the identity of the passport holder. It usescontactless smart cardtechnology, including a microproces... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biometric_passport |
Amachine-readable passport(MRP) is amachine-readabletravel document(MRTD) with the data on the identity page encoded inoptical character recognitionformat. Many countries began to issue machine-readable travel documents in the 1980s. Most travelpassportsworldwide are MRPs. TheInternational Civil Aviation Organization(I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine-readable_passport |
A nationalidentity documentis an identity card with a photo, usable as an identity card at least inside the country, and which is issued by an official national authority. Identity cards can be issued voluntarily or may be compulsory to possess as a resident or citizen.[1]
Driving licencesand other cards issued bystat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_identity_card_policies_by_country |
Adigital wallet, also known as ane-walletormobile wallet, is anelectronic device,online service, orsoftware programthat allows one party to makeelectronic transactionswith another party barteringdigital currencyunits forgoods and services. This can include purchasing items eitheronlineor at thepoint of salein abrick an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_wallet |
Amobile driving licence(alsomobile driver's licenseormDL) is amobile appthat replaces a physicaldriver's license. AnInternational Organization for Standardization(ISO) standard for the mobile driving licence (ISO/IEC 18013-5) was approved on August 18, 2021 and published on 30 September 2021.[1]
In November 2020, Denm... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_driver%27s_license |
Inmathematics, aDrinfeld module(orelliptic module) is roughly a special kind ofmoduleover a ring of functions on a curve over afinite field, generalizing theCarlitz module. Loosely speaking, they provide a function field analogue ofcomplex multiplicationtheory. Ashtuka(also calledF-sheaforchtouca) is a sort of generali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinfeld_module |
Inalgebra, anadditive map,Z{\displaystyle Z}-linear maporadditive functionis afunctionf{\displaystyle f}that preserves the addition operation:[1]f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y){\displaystyle f(x+y)=f(x)+f(y)}for every pair of elementsx{\displaystyle x}andy{\displaystyle y}in thedomainoff.{\displaystyle f.}For example, anylinear mapis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_map |
In themathematicalfield ofknot theory, theJones polynomialis aknot polynomialdiscovered byVaughan Jonesin 1984.[1][2]Specifically, it is aninvariantof an orientedknotorlinkwhich assigns to each oriented knot or link aLaurent polynomialin the variablet1/2{\displaystyle t^{1/2}}withintegercoefficients.[3]
Suppose we hav... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_polynomial |
Indiscrete geometry, anopaque setis a system of curves or other set in theplanethat blocks alllines of sightacross apolygon, circle, or other shape. Opaque sets have also been calledbarriers,beam detectors,opaque covers, or (in cases where they have the form of aforestofline segmentsor other curves)opaque forests. Opaq... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opaque_forest_problem |
Music theoryanalyzes thepitch, timing, and structure of music. It uses mathematics to studyelements of musicsuch astempo,chord progression,form, andmeter. The attempt to structure and communicate new ways of composing and hearing music has led to musical applications ofset theory,abstract algebraandnumber theory.
Whil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics_of_musical_scales |
Cache poisoningrefers to acomputer security vulnerabilitywhere invalid entries can be placed into acache, which are then assumed to be valid when later used.[1]Two common varieties areDNS cache poisoning[2]andARP cache poisoning.Web cache poisoninginvolves the poisoning ofweb caches[3](which has led to security issues ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cache_poisoning |
DNS spoofing, also referred to asDNS cache poisoning, is a form of computer securityhackingin which corruptDomain Name Systemdata is introduced into theDNS resolver'scache, causing thename serverto return an incorrect result record, e.g. anIP address. This results intraffic being divertedto any computer that the attack... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_spoofing |
Incomputer networking,IP address spoofingorIP spoofingis the creation ofInternet Protocol(IP)packetswith a false sourceIP address, for the purpose of impersonating another computing system.[1]
The basic protocol for sending data over the Internet network and many othercomputer networksis theInternet Protocol(IP). The ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_address_spoofing |
MAC spoofingis a technique for changing a factory-assignedMedia Access Control (MAC) addressof anetwork interfaceon anetworkeddevice. The MAC address that is hard-coded on anetwork interface controller(NIC) cannot be changed. However, manydriversallow the MAC address to be changed. Additionally, there are tools which c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_spoofing |
Proxy ARPis a technique by which aproxy serveron a given network answers theAddress Resolution Protocol(ARP) queries for anIP addressthat is not on that network. The proxy is aware of the location of the traffic's destination and offers its ownMAC addressas the (ostensibly final) destination.[1]The traffic directed to ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_ARP |
Lower Saxony[a]is aGerman state(Land) innorthwestern Germany. It is the second-largest state by land area, with 47,614 km2(18,384 sq mi), and fourth-largest in population (8 million in 2021) among the 16Länderof theFederal Republic of Germany. In rural areas,Northern Low SaxonandSaterland Frisianare still spoken, thoug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony |
Elizabethan victory
Earl of WestmorlandEarl of NorthumberlandCountess of WestmorlandCountess of Northumberland (1538-1596)
TheRising of the Northof 1569, also called theRevolt of the Northern Earls,Northern Rebellionor theRebellion of the Earls, was an unsuccessful attempt byCatholicnobles fromNorthern Englandto depo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rising_of_the_North |
TheRidolfi plotwas aCatholicplot in 1571 to overthrow QueenElizabeth Iof England and replace her withMary, Queen of Scots. The plot was hatched and planned byRoberto Ridolfi, an international banker who was able to travel between Brussels, Rome and Madrid to gather support without attracting too much suspicion.
Thomas... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ridolfi_Plot |
The 1583Throckmorton Plotwas one of a series of attempts byEnglish Roman Catholicsto deposeElizabeth I of Englandand replace her withMary, Queen of Scots, then held under house arrest in England. The alleged objective was to facilitate a Spanish invasion of England, assassinate Elizabeth, and put Mary on the English th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throckmorton_Plot |
Cryptography, the use of codes and ciphers, began thousands of years ago.[1]Until recent decades, it has been the story of what might be calledclassical cryptography— that is, of methods ofencryptionthat use pen and paper, or perhaps simple mechanical aids. In the early 20th century, the invention of complex mechanical... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cryptography |
ArpON(ARP handler inspection)[1]is acomputer softwareproject to improve network security.[2]It has attracted interest among network managers[3][4][5][6][7]and academic researchers[8][9][10][11][12][13]and is frequently cited as a means of protecting against ARP-based attacks.[14][15][16]
TheAddress Resolution Protocol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArpON |
Cross-site request forgery, also known asone-click attackorsession ridingand abbreviated asCSRF(sometimes pronouncedsea-surf[1]) orXSRF, is a type of maliciousexploitof awebsiteor web application where unauthorized commands are submitted from auserthat the web application trusts.[2]There are many ways in which a malici... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-site_request_forgery |
HTTP cookie(also calledweb cookie,Internet cookie,browser cookie, or simplycookie) is a small block ofdatacreated by aweb serverwhile auserisbrowsingawebsiteand placed on the user's computer or other device by the user'sweb browser. Cookies are placed on the device used to access a website, and more than one cookie may... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP_cookie |
The economics ofinformation securityaddresses the economic aspects ofprivacyandcomputer security. Economics of information security includes models of the strictly rational “homo economicus” as well asbehavioral economics.Economics of securitiesaddresses individual and organizational decisions and behaviors with respec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics_of_security |
Information assurance(IA) is the practice of assuring information and managing risks related to the use, processing, storage, andtransmissionof information. Information assurance includes protection of theintegrity, availability, authenticity,non-repudiationandconfidentialityof user data.[1]IA encompasses both digital ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_assurance |
TheNational Cipher Challengeis an annualcryptographiccompetition organised by theUniversity of SouthamptonSchool of Mathematics. Competitors attempt to breakcryptogramspublished on the competition website.[1]In the 2017, more than 7,500 students took part in the competition.[2]Participants must be in full-time school l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Cipher_Challenge |
Vulnerabilitiesare flaws or weaknesses in a system's design, implementation, or management that can be exploited by a malicious actor to compromise its security.
Despite intentions to achieve complete correctness, virtually all hardware and software contain bugs where the system does not behave as expected. If the bug... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_vulnerability |
TheZendian problemwas an exercise in communication intelligence operations (mainlytraffic analysisandcryptanalysis) devised byLambros D. Callimahosas part of an advanced course, CA-400, that Callimahos taught toNational Security Agencycryptanalystsstarting in the 1950s.
The scenario involves 375 radio messages said to... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zendian_Problem |
Incomputer security,shoulder surfingis a type ofsocial engineeringtechnique used to obtaininformationsuch aspersonal identification numbers (PINs),passwordsand other confidential data by looking over the victim's shoulder. Unauthorized users watch the keystrokes inputted on a device or listen to sensitive information b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoulder_surfing_(computer_security) |
Opportunistic encryption(OE) refers to anysystemthat, when connecting to another system, attempts toencryptcommunications channels, otherwise falling back to unencrypted communications. This method requires no pre-arrangement between the two systems.
Opportunistic encryption can be used to combatpassive wiretapping.[1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunistic_encryption |
Form grabbingis a form ofmalwarethat works by retrieving authorization and log-in credentials from a web data form before it is passed over the Internet to a secure server. This allows themalwareto avoid HTTPSencryption. This method is more effective thankeylogger softwarebecause it will acquire the user’s credentials ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Form_grabbing |
Incomputer security, athreatis a potential negative action or event enabled by avulnerabilitythat results in an unwanted impact to a computer system or application.
A threat can be either a negative "intentional" event (i.e. hacking: an individual cracker or a criminal organization) or an "accidental" negative event (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threat_(computer) |
Thistimeline of computer viruses and wormspresents a chronological timeline of noteworthycomputer viruses,computer worms,Trojan horses, similarmalware, related research and events. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_computer_viruses_and_worms |
DNS hijacking,DNS poisoning, orDNS redirectionis the practice of subverting the resolution ofDomain Name System(DNS) queries.[1]This can be achieved by malware that overrides a computer'sTCP/IPconfiguration to point at a rogue DNS server under the control of an attacker, or through modifying the behaviour of a trusted ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS_hijacking |
IEEE P1363is anInstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers(IEEE) standardization project forpublic-key cryptography. It includes specifications for:
The chair of the working group as of October 2008 isWilliam Whyteof NTRU Cryptosystems, Inc., who has served since August 2001. Former chairs wereAri Singer, also o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_P1363 |
Incryptography,Simultaneous Authentication of Equals(SAE) is apassword-based authentication andpassword-authenticated key agreementmethod.[1]
SAE is a variant of theDragonfly Key Exchangedefined inRFC7664,[2]based onDiffie–Hellman key exchangeusingfinite cyclic groupswhich can be aprimary cyclic groupor anelliptic cur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simultaneous_Authentication_of_Equals |
Intelecommunications, acryptochannelis a completesystemofcrypto-communicationsbetween two or more holders or parties. It includes: (a) the cryptographic aids prescribed; (b) the holders thereof; (c) the indicators or other means of identification; (d) the area or areas in which effective; (e) the special purpose, if an... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptochannel |
Incryptography, ahybrid cryptosystemis one which combines the convenience of apublic-key cryptosystemwith the efficiency of asymmetric-key cryptosystem.[1]Public-key cryptosystems are convenient in that they do not require the sender and receiver to share acommon secretin order to communicate securely.[2]However, they ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_encryption |
Secure communicationis when two entities are communicating and do not want a third party to listen in. For this to be the case, the entities need to communicate in a way that is unsusceptible toeavesdroppingorinterception.[1][2]Secure communication includes means by which people can share information with varying degre... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_communication |
In theInternet, adomain nameis astringthat identifies a realm of administrative autonomy, authority or control. Domain names are often used to identify services provided through the Internet, such aswebsites,emailservices and more. Domain names are used in various networking contexts and for application-specific naming... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_name#Domain_name_spoofing |
Email spoofingis the creation ofemailmessages with aforgedsender address.[1]The term applies to email purporting to be from an address which is not actually the sender's; mail sent in reply to that address may bounce or be delivered to an unrelated party whose identity has been faked.Disposable email addressor "masked"... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Email_spoofing |
Website spoofingis the act of creating awebsitewith the intention of misleading readers that the website has been created by a different person or organization.
Normally, the spoof website will adopt the design of the target website, and it sometimes has a similarURL.[1]A more sophisticated attack results in an attack... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Website_spoofing |
ALAND(local area network denial) is adenial-of-service attackthat consists of sending a special poisonspoofedpacketto a computer, causing it to lock up. The security flaw was first discovered in 1997 by someone using the alias and has resurfaced many years later inoperating systemssuch asWindows Server 2003andWindows X... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LAND |
Modulusis thediminutivefrom the Latin wordmodusmeaning measure or manner. It, or its pluralmoduli, may refer to the following: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulus_(disambiguation) |
Module,modularandmodularitymay refer to the concept ofmodularity. They may also refer to: | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module_(disambiguation) |
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