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Invector calculus, thesurface gradientis avectordifferential operatorthat is similar to the conventionalgradient. The distinction is that the surface gradient takes effect along a surface.
For asurfaceS{\displaystyle S}in ascalar fieldu{\displaystyle u}, the surface gradient is defined and notated as
wheren^{\displa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_gradient |
Incomputing,code generationis part of the process chain of acompiler, in which anintermediate representationofsource codeis converted into a form (e.g.,machine code) that can be readily executed by the target system.
Sophisticated compilers typically performmultiple passesover various intermediate forms. This multi-st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_generation_(compiler) |
Note: Varies byjurisdiction
Note: Varies byjurisdiction
Internet homicide, also calledinternet assassination, refers to killing in which victim and perpetrator met online, in some cases having known each other previously only through the Internet.[1][2][3]AlsoInternet killeris an appellation found in media reports fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_homicide |
AMarkov numberorMarkoff numberis a positiveintegerx,yorzthat is part of a solution to the MarkovDiophantine equation
studied byAndrey Markoff(1879,1880).
The first few Markov numbers are
appearing as coordinates of the Markov triples
There are infinitely many Markov numbers and Markov triples.
There are two simple... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_number |
Incryptography, theZimmermann–Sassaman key-signing protocolis a protocol to speed up thepublic key fingerprintverification part of akey signing party. It requires somework before the event.
The protocol was invented during a key signing party withLen Sassaman,Werner Koch,Phil Zimmermann, and others.
The Sassaman-Effi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zimmermann%E2%80%93Sassaman_key-signing_protocol |
TheCalifornia Online Privacy Protection Act of 2003(CalOPPA),[1]effective as of July 1, 2004 and amended in 2013, is the first state law in theUnited Statesrequiring commercialwebsiteson theWorld Wide Weband online services to include aprivacy policyon their website. According to thisCalifornia State Law, under the Bus... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Privacy_Rights |
TheIBM 1620was a model of scientificminicomputerproduced byIBM. It was announced on October 21, 1959,[1]and was then marketed as an inexpensive scientific computer.[2]After a total production of about two thousand machines, it was withdrawn on November 19, 1970. Modified versions of the 1620 were used as the CPU of the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_1620 |
MalwareMustDie(MMD), NPO[1][2]is awhite hat hackingresearch workgroup that was launched in August 2012. MalwareMustDie is a registerednonprofit organizationas a medium for IT professionals and security researchers gathered to form a work flow to reducemalwareinfection in theinternet. The group is known for their malwar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MalwareMustDie |
Automatic parallelization, alsoauto parallelization, orautoparallelizationrefers to converting sequentialcodeintomulti-threadedand/orvectorizedcode in order to use multiple processors simultaneously in a shared-memorymultiprocessor(SMP) machine.[1]Fully automatic parallelization of sequential programs is a challenge be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_parallelization |
Insoftware engineering,portingis the process of adaptingsoftwarefor the purpose of achieving some form of execution in acomputing environmentthat is different from the one that a given program (meant for such execution) was originally designed for (e.g., differentCPU, operating system, or third partylibrary). The term ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porting |
Intel MPX(Memory Protection Extensions) are a discontinued set of extensions to thex86instruction set architecture. Withcompiler,runtime libraryandoperating systemsupport, Intel MPX claimed to enhance security tosoftwareby checkingpointer referenceswhose normal compile-time intentions are maliciously exploited at runti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_MPX |
iBeaconis a protocol developed byAppleand introduced at theApple Worldwide Developers Conferencein 2013.[1]Various vendors have since made iBeacon-compatible hardware transmitters – typically calledbeacons– a class ofBluetooth Low Energy(BLE) devices that broadcast their identifier to nearbyportable electronicdevices. ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBeacon |
JPL sequencesorJPL codesconsist of twolinear feedback shift registers(LFSRs) whose code sequence lengthsLaandLbmust be prime (relatively prime).[1]In this case the code sequence length of the generated overall sequenceLcis equal to:
It is also possible for more than two LFSRs to be interconnected through multipleXORsa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPL_sequence |
Technology education[1]is the study oftechnology, in which students "learn about the processes and knowledge related to technology".[2]As a field of study, it covers the human's ability to shape and change the physical world to meet needs, by manipulating materials andtoolswith techniques. It addresses the disconnect b... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tech_ed |
Instatistics, thesample maximumandsample minimum,also called thelargest observationandsmallest observation,are the values of the greatest and least elements of asample.[1]They are basicsummary statistics, used indescriptive statisticssuch as thefive-number summaryandBowley's seven-figure summaryand the associatedbox pl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sample_maximum_and_minimum |
Inneuroscience,synaptic plasticityis the ability ofsynapsestostrengthen or weakenover time, in response to increases or decreases in their activity.[1]Sincememoriesare postulated to be represented by vastly interconnectedneural circuitsin thebrain, synaptic plasticity is one of the important neurochemical foundations o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synaptic_plasticity |
This is a list ofcomputability and complexity topics, by Wikipedia page.
Computability theoryis the part of the theory ofcomputationthat deals with what can be computed, in principle.Computational complexity theorydeals with how hard computations are, in quantitative terms, both with upper bounds (algorithmswhose comp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_computability_and_complexity_topics |
Triggerfishdescribes a technology ofcell phoneinterceptionandsurveillanceusing a mobilecellular base station(microcellorpicocell). The devices are also known as cell-site simulators or digital analyzers.
Neither the user nor the cell phone provider need to know about Triggerfish for it to be used successfully.[2]Acou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triggerfish_(surveillance) |
Inmathematics, more specifically infunctional analysis, aBanach space(/ˈbɑː.nʌx/,Polish pronunciation:[ˈba.nax]) is acompletenormed vector space. Thus, a Banach space is a vector space with ametricthat allows the computation ofvector lengthand distance between vectors and is complete in the sense that aCauchy sequenceo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banach_space |
Cooperative multitasking, also known asnon-preemptive multitasking, is acomputer multitaskingtechnique in which theoperating systemnever initiates acontext switchfrom a runningprocessto another process. Instead, in order to run multiple applications concurrently, processes voluntarilyyield controlperiodically or when i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking |
TheBSD checksum algorithmwas a commonly used, legacychecksumalgorithm. It has been implemented in oldBSDand is also available through thesumcommand line utility.
This algorithm is useless from a security perspective, and is weaker than theCRC-32cksumfor error detection.[1][2]
Below is the relevant part of theGNUsum s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSD_checksum |
Indifferential topology, theHopf fibration(also known as theHopf bundleorHopf map) describes a3-sphere(ahypersphereinfour-dimensional space) in terms ofcirclesand an ordinarysphere. Discovered byHeinz Hopfin 1931, it is an influential early example of afiber bundle. Technically, Hopf found a many-to-onecontinuous funct... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopf_bundle |
In the context ofartificial neural networks, therectifierorReLU (rectified linear unit) activation function[1][2]is anactivation functiondefined as the non-negative part of its argument, i.e., theramp function:
wherex{\displaystyle x}is the input to aneuron. This is analogous tohalf-wave rectificationinelectrical engi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectifier_(neural_networks) |
OpenHarmony(OHOS,OH) is a family ofopen-sourcedistributed operating systems based onHarmonyOSderived fromLiteOS, donated the L0-L2 branch source code byHuaweito theOpenAtom Foundation. Similar to HarmonyOS, the open-sourcedistributed operating systemis designed with a layered architecture, consisting of four layers fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenHarmony |
Ametamodelis a model of a model, andmetamodelingis the process of generating such metamodels. Thus metamodeling or meta-modeling is the analysis, construction, and development of the frames, rules, constraints, models, and theories applicable and useful formodelinga predefined class of problems. As its name implies, th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metamodeling |
Aretronymis a newer name for something thatdifferentiatesit from something else that is newer, similar, or seen in everyday life; thus, avoiding confusion between the two.[1][2]
The termretronym, aneologismcomposed of thecombining formsretro-(from Latinretro,[3]"before") +-nym(from Greekónoma, "name"), was coined byFr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retronym |
AQUA@homewas avolunteer computingproject operated byD-Wave Systemsthat ran on theBerkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing(BOINC)software platform. It ceased functioning in August 2011. Its goal was to predict the performance ofsuperconductingadiabatic quantum computerson a variety of problems arising in field... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQUA@home |
Inmathematics, afunctionbetweentopological spacesis calledproperifinverse imagesofcompact subsetsare compact.[1]Inalgebraic geometry, theanalogousconcept is called aproper morphism.
There are several competing definitions of a "properfunction".
Some authors call a functionf:X→Y{\displaystyle f:X\to Y}between twotopol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_map |
The proposition inprobability theoryknown as thelaw of total expectation,[1]thelaw of iterated expectations[2](LIE),Adam's law,[3]thetower rule,[4]and thesmoothing property of conditional expectation,[5]among other names, states that ifX{\displaystyle X}is arandom variablewhose expected valueE(X){\displaystyle \operat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_total_expectation |
File attributesare a type ofmetadatathat describe and may modify howfilesand/ordirectoriesin afilesystembehave. Typical file attributes may, for example, indicate or specify whether a file is visible, modifiable, compressed, or encrypted. The availability of most file attributes depends on support by the underlying fil... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_attribute |
Inoptimization,line searchis a basiciterativeapproach to find alocal minimumx∗{\displaystyle \mathbf {x} ^{*}}of anobjective functionf:Rn→R{\displaystyle f:\mathbb {R} ^{n}\to \mathbb {R} }. It first finds adescent directionalong which the objective functionf{\displaystyle f}will be reduced, and then computes a step si... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_search |
Principal variation search(sometimes equated with the practically identicalNegaScout) is anegamaxalgorithm that can be faster thanalpha–beta pruning. Like alpha–beta pruning, NegaScout is a directional search algorithm for computing theminimaxvalue of a node in atree. It dominates alpha–beta pruning in the sense that i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negascout |
Incomputer science, thecontrolled NOT gate(alsoC-NOTorCNOT),controlled-Xgate,controlled-bit-flip gate,Feynman gateorcontrolled Pauli-Xis aquantum logic gatethat is an essential component in the construction of agate-basedquantum computer. It can be used toentangleand disentangleBell states. Any quantum circuit can be s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controlled_NOT_gate |
AZadoff–Chu (ZC) sequence[1]: 152is acomplex-valuedmathematicalsequencewhich, when applied to asignal, gives rise to a new signal of constantamplitude. Whencyclically shiftedversions of a Zadoff–Chu sequence are imposed upon a signal the resulting set of signals detected at the receiver areuncorrelatedwith one another.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zadoff%E2%80%93Chu_sequence |
ThePearson distributionis a family ofcontinuousprobability distributions. It was first published byKarl Pearsonin 1895 and subsequently extended by him in 1901 and 1916 in a series of articles onbiostatistics.
The Pearson system was originally devised in an effort to model visiblyskewedobservations. It was well known ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_distribution |
Inalgebraic number theory, theGrunwald–Wang theoremis alocal-global principlestating that—except in some precisely defined cases—an elementxin anumber fieldKis annth power inKif it is annth power in thecompletionKp{\displaystyle K_{\mathfrak {p}}}for all but finitely many primesp{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {p}}}ofK. For ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grunwald%E2%80%93Wang_theorem |
Inquantum physics, aquantum stateis a mathematical entity that embodies the knowledge of a quantum system.Quantum mechanicsspecifies the construction, evolution, andmeasurementof a quantum state. The result is a prediction for the system represented by the state. Knowledge of the quantum state, and the rules for the sy... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_states |
Business intelligence softwareis a type ofapplication softwaredesigned to retrieve, analyze, transform and report data forbusiness intelligence(BI). The applications generally read data that has been previously stored, often - though not necessarily - in adata warehouseordata mart.
The first comprehensive business in... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_intelligence_software |
Books oncryptographyhave been published sporadically and with variable quality for a long time. This is despite theparadoxthat secrecy is of the essence in sending confidential messages – seeKerckhoffs' principle.
In contrast, the revolutions incryptographyand securecommunicationssince the 1970s are covered in the ava... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_on_cryptography |
Data processingis thecollectionand manipulation of digital data to produce meaningful information.[1]Data processing is a form ofinformation processing, which is the modification (processing) of information in any manner detectable by an observer.[note 1]
Data processing may involve various processes, including:
TheU... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_processing |
Awireless Internet service provider(WISP) is anInternet service providerwith a network based onwireless networking. Technology may include commonplaceWi-Fiwireless mesh networking, or proprietary equipment designed to operate over open900 MHz,2.4 GHz, 4.9, 5, 24, and 60 GHz bands or licensed frequencies in theUHFband (... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Internet_service_provider |
TheTonelli–Shanksalgorithm(referred to by Shanks as the RESSOL algorithm) is used inmodular arithmeticto solve forrin a congruence of the formr2≡n(modp), wherepis aprime: that is, to find a square root ofnmodulop.
Tonelli–Shanks cannot be used for composite moduli: finding square roots modulo composite numbers is a co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanks%E2%80%93Tonelli_algorithm |
VUCAis an acronym based on the leadership theories ofWarren BennisandBurt Nanus, to describe or to reflect on thevolatility,uncertainty,complexityandambiguityof general conditions and situations.[1][2]TheU.S. Army War Collegeintroduced the concept of VUCA in 1987, to describe a more complex multilateral world perceived... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volatility,_uncertainty,_complexity_and_ambiguity |
The following is alist of personal information managers(PIMs) and online organizers. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_personal_information_managers |
Gillick competenceis a term originating inEngland and Walesand is used inmedical lawto decide whether a child (a person under 16 years of age) is able to consent to their own medical treatment, without the need for parental permission or knowledge.
The standard is based on the 1985 judicial decision of theHouse of Lor... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillick_competence |
Geometric feature learningis a technique combiningmachine learningandcomputer visionto solve visual tasks. The main goal of this method is to find a set of representative features of geometric form to represent an object by collecting geometric features from images and learning them using efficientmachine learningmetho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_feature_learning |
Computer security(alsocybersecurity,digital security, orinformation technology (IT) security) is a subdiscipline within the field ofinformation security. It consists of the protection ofcomputer software,systemsandnetworksfromthreatsthat can lead to unauthorized information disclosure, theft or damage tohardware,softwa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security |
Gauss's lemmainnumber theorygives a condition for an integer to be aquadratic residue. Although it is not useful computationally, it has theoretical significance, being involved in someproofs of quadratic reciprocity.
It made its first appearance inCarl Friedrich Gauss's third proof (1808)[1]: 458–462ofquadratic recip... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauss%27s_lemma_(number_theory) |
Peer-to-peer(P2P) computing or networking is adistributed applicationarchitecture that partitions tasks or workloads between peers. Peers are equally privileged,equipotentparticipants in the network, forming a peer-to-peer network ofnodes.[1]In addition, apersonal area network(PAN) is also in nature a type ofdecentrali... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_peer-to-peer_processes |
Anoblivious pseudorandom function(OPRF) is acryptographicfunction, similar to akeyed-hash function, but with the distinction that in an OPRFtwo partiescooperate tosecurely computeapseudorandom function(PRF).[1]
Specifically, an OPRF is apseudorandom functionwith the following properties:
The function is called anobli... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblivious_Pseudorandom_Function |
Intelecommunication, aconvolutional codeis a type oferror-correcting codethat generates parity symbols via the sliding application of aboolean polynomialfunction to a data stream. The sliding application represents the 'convolution' of the encoder over the data, which gives rise to the term 'convolutional coding'. Th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convolutional_code |
ThePhillips Machine, also known as theMONIAC(Monetary National Income Analogue Computer),Phillips Hydraulic Computerand theFinancephalograph, is ananalogue computerwhich usesfluidic logicto model the workings of an economy. The name "MONIAC" is suggested by associatingmoneyandENIAC, an early electronicdigital computer.... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MONIAC |
Thesandbox effect(orsandboxing) is a theory about the wayGoogleranks web pages in its index. It is the subject of much debate—its existence has been written about[1][2]since 2004,[3]but not confirmed, with several statements to the contrary.[4]
According to the theory of the sandbox effect, links that may normally be ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_penalty |
Delegated credentialis a short-livedTLScertificateused to improve security by faster recovery fromprivate keyleakage, without increasing thelatencyof theTLS handshake. It is currently anIETFInternet Draft,[1]and has been in use byCloudflare[2]andFacebook,[3]with browser support byFirefox.[4]
Modern websites and other ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delegated_credential |
Loop-level parallelismis a form ofparallelisminsoftware programmingthat is concerned with extracting parallel tasks fromloops. The opportunity for loop-level parallelism often arises in computing programs where data is stored inrandom accessdata structures. Where a sequential program will iterate over the data structur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop-level_parallelism |
Intopologyand related fields ofmathematics, there are several restrictions that one often makes on the kinds oftopological spacesthat one wishes to consider. Some of these restrictions are given by theseparation axioms. These are sometimes calledTychonoff separation axioms, afterAndrey Tychonoff.
The separation axioms... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_axiom |
Information pollution(also referred to asinfo pollution) is the contamination of aninformationsupply with irrelevant, redundant, unsolicited, hampering, and low-value information.[1][2]Examples includemisinformation,junk e-mail, andmedia violence.
The spread of useless and undesirable information can have a detrimenta... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_pollution |
Thebase rate fallacy, also calledbase rate neglect[2]orbase rate bias, is a type offallacyin which people tend to ignore thebase rate(e.g., generalprevalence) in favor of the individuating information (i.e., information pertaining only to a specific case).[3]For example, if someone hears that a friend is very shy and q... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_rate_fallacy |
Asystem of units of measurement, also known as asystem of unitsorsystem of measurement, is a collection ofunits of measurementand rules relating them to each other. Systems of measurement have historically been important, regulated and defined for the purposes of science andcommerce. Instances in use include theInterna... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_of_measurement |
In the branch ofexperimental psychologyfocused onsense,sensation, andperception, which is calledpsychophysics, ajust-noticeable differenceorJNDis the amount something must be changed in order for a difference to be noticeable, detectable at least half the time.[1]Thislimenis also known as thedifference limen,difference... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Just-noticeable_difference |
Thecategorical abstract machine(CAM) is amodel of computationfor programs[1]that preserves the abilities of applicative, functional, or compositional style. It is based on the techniques ofapplicative computing.
The notion of the categorical abstract machine arose in the mid-1980s. It took its place in computer scienc... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical_abstract_machine |
Incomputer architecturealocaleis an abstraction of the concept of a localized set of hardware resources which are close enough to enjoy uniform memory access.[1]
For instance, on acomputer clustereach node may be considered a locale given that there is one instance of the operating system and uniform access to memory ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locale_(computer_hardware) |
TheBahl-Cocke-Jelinek-Raviv (BCJR) algorithmis analgorithmformaximum a posterioridecoding oferror correcting codesdefined ontrellises(principallyconvolutional codes). The algorithm is named after its inventors: Bahl, Cocke,Jelinekand Raviv.[1]This algorithm is critical to modern iteratively-decoded error-correcting co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCJR_algorithm |
Inmathematics, particularly infunctional analysis, thespectrumof abounded linear operator(or, more generally, anunbounded linear operator) is a generalisation of the set ofeigenvaluesof amatrix. Specifically, acomplex numberλ{\displaystyle \lambda }is said to be in the spectrum of a bounded linear operatorT{\displayst... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_(functional_analysis) |
TheAutomatic Certificate Management Environment(ACME) protocol is acommunications protocolfor automating interactions betweencertificate authoritiesand their users' servers, allowing the automated deployment ofpublic key infrastructureat very low cost.[1][2]It was designed by theInternet Security Research Group(ISRG) f... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_Certificate_Management_Environment |
System testing, a.k.a.end-to-end (E2E) testing, is testing conducted on a completesoftware system.
System testing describes testing at the system level to contrast to testing at thesystem integration,integrationorunitlevel.
System testing often serves the purpose of evaluating the system's compliance with its specifi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_testing |
Inpublic key infrastructure, avalidation authority(VA) is an entity that provides a service used to verify the validity orrevocation statusof adigital certificateper the mechanisms described in theX.509standard andRFC5280(page 69).[1]
The dominant method used for this purpose is to host acertificate revocation list(CR... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Validation_authority |
Inmathematics, analgebra over a field(often simply called analgebra) is avector spaceequipped with abilinearproduct. Thus, an algebra is analgebraic structureconsisting of asettogether with operations of multiplication and addition andscalar multiplicationby elements of afieldand satisfying the axioms implied by "vecto... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebra_over_a_commutative_ring |
Inmathematics, theabscissa(/æbˈsɪs.ə/; pluralabscissaeorabscissas) and theordinateare respectively the first and secondcoordinateof apointin aCartesian coordinate system:[1][2]
Together they form anordered pairwhich defines the location of a point in two-dimensionalrectangular space.
More technically, the abscissa of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abscissa_and_ordinate |
In themathematicalstudy ofpartial differential equations, theBateman transformis a method for solving theLaplace equationin four dimensions andwave equationin three by using aline integralof aholomorphic functionin threecomplex variables. It is named after the mathematicianHarry Bateman, who first published the result... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateman_transform |
Inlinguistics,clipping, also calledtruncationorshortening,[1]isword formationby removing somesegmentsof an existing word to create adiminutiveword or aclipped compound. Clipping differs fromabbreviation, which is based on a shortening of the written, rather than the spoken, form of an existing word or phrase. Clipping ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipping_(morphology) |
Computer musicis the application ofcomputing technologyinmusic composition, to help human composers create new music or to have computers independently create music, such as withalgorithmic compositionprograms. It includes the theory and application of new and existing computer software technologies and basic aspects o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_music |
InVapnik–Chervonenkis theory, theVapnik–Chervonenkis (VC) dimensionis a measure of the size (capacity, complexity, expressive power, richness, or flexibility) of a class of sets. The notion can be extended to classes of binary functions. It is defined as thecardinalityof the largest set of points that the algorithm can... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vapnik%E2%80%93Chervonenkis_dimension |
Software testingis the act of checking whethersoftwaresatisfies expectations.
Software testing can provide objective, independent information about thequalityof software and theriskof its failure to auseror sponsor.[1]
Software testing can determine thecorrectnessof software for specificscenariosbut cannot determine ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_testing#Limitations_of_testing |
Dynamics of Markovian particles(DMP) is the basis of atheoryforkineticsofparticlesin openheterogeneous systems. It can be looked upon as an application of the notion ofstochastic processconceived as a physical entity; e.g. the particle moves because there is a transition probability acting on it.
Two particular featur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamics_of_Markovian_particles |
Trusted timestampingis the process ofsecurelykeeping track of the creation and modification time of a document. Security here means that no one—not even the owner of the document—should be able to change it once it has been recorded provided that the timestamper's integrity is never compromised.
The administrative asp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trusted_timestamping |
Inregression analysis,least squaresis aparameter estimationmethod in which the sum of the squares of theresiduals(a residual being the difference between an observed value and the fitted value provided by a model) is minimized.
The most important application is indata fitting. When the problem has substantialuncertain... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least_squares |
The theory ofassociation schemesarose instatistics, in the theory ofexperimental designfor theanalysis of variance.[1][2][3]Inmathematics, association schemes belong to bothalgebraandcombinatorics. Inalgebraic combinatorics, association schemes provide a unified approach to many topics, for examplecombinatorial designs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_scheme |
Theyouth rightsmovement (also known asyouth liberation) seeks to grant therightstoyoung peoplethat are traditionally reserved foradults. This is closely akin to the notion ofevolving capacitieswithin thechildren's rightsmovement, but the youth rights movement differs from the children's rights movement in that the latt... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_rights |
Inlinguistics,grammatical relations(also calledgrammatical functions,grammatical roles, orsyntactic functions) are functional relationships betweenconstituentsin aclause. The standard examples of grammatical functions from traditional grammar aresubject,direct object, andindirect object. In recent times, the syntactic ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_relation |
Incryptography,black-bag cryptanalysisis aeuphemismfor the acquisition of cryptographic secrets viaburglary, or other covert means – rather than mathematical or technicalcryptanalytic attack. The term refers to the black bag of equipment that a burglar would carry or ablack bag operation.
As withrubber-hose cryptanaly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-bag_cryptanalysis |
Tolerance analysisis the general term for activities related to the study of accumulated variation in mechanical parts and assemblies. Its methods may be used on other types of systems subject to accumulated variation, such as mechanical and electrical systems. Engineers analyze tolerances for the purpose of evaluating... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tolerance_stacks |
Promova(in English: /prɔˈmɔvʌ/) is alanguage learning platformthat includes amobile app, website, personal and group lessons with tutors, and a conversation club.[1][2][3]Starting in 2024, language courses includeAI learningtools for conversational practice and pronunciation recognition.[4]
Promova was launched in 20... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promova |
Inmathematics,random graphis the general term to refer toprobability distributionsovergraphs. Random graphs may be described simply by a probability distribution, or by arandom processwhich generates them.[1][2]The theory of random graphs lies at the intersection betweengraph theoryandprobability theory. From a mathem... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_graph |
TheLittle Man Computer(LMC) is an instructionalmodelof acomputer, created by Dr.Stuart Madnickin 1965.[1]The LMC is generally used to teach students, because it models a simplevon Neumann architecturecomputer—which has all of the basic features of a modern computer. It can be programmed in machine code (albeit in deci... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_man_computer |
Apersonal information manager(often referred to as aPIM toolor, more simply, aPIM) is a type of application software that functions as a personal organizer. The acronymPIMis now, more commonly, used in reference to personal information management as a field of study.[1]As an information management tool, a PIM tool's pu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_information_manager |
Inmathematics– specifically, instochastic analysis– anItô diffusionis a solution to a specific type ofstochastic differential equation. That equation is similar to theLangevin equationused inphysicsto describe theBrownian motionof a particle subjected to a potential in aviscousfluid. Itô diffusions are named after the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%B4_diffusion |
Asupercomputeris a type ofcomputerwith a high level of performance as compared to a general-purpose computer. The performance of a supercomputer is commonly measured infloating-pointoperations per second (FLOPS) instead ofmillion instructions per second(MIPS). Since 2022, supercomputers have existed which can perform o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercomputer |
Inmathematics, there are severalintegralsknown as theDirichlet integral, after the German mathematicianPeter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet, one of which is theimproper integralof thesinc functionover the positive real number line.
∫0∞sinxxdx=π2.{\displaystyle \int _{0}^{\infty }{\frac {\sin x}{x}}\,dx={\frac {\pi }{2}}.}
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirichlet_integral |
Ingrammar, aphrase—calledexpressionin some contexts—is a group of words or singular word acting as a grammatical unit. For instance, theEnglishexpression "the very happy squirrel" is anoun phrasewhich contains theadjective phrase"very happy". Phrases can consist of a single word or a complete sentence. Intheoretical l... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrase |
Duolingo, Inc.[b]is an Americaneducational technologycompany that produces learningappsand provideslanguage certification. Duolingo offers courses on 43 languages,[5]ranging fromEnglish,French, andSpanishto less commonly studied languages such asWelsh,Irish, andNavajo, and even constructed languages such asKlingon.[6]I... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duolingo |
Aword listis a list of words in alexicon, generally sorted by frequency of occurrence (either bygraded levels, or as a ranked list). A word list is compiled bylexical frequency analysiswithin a giventext corpus, and is used incorpus linguisticsto investigate genealogies and evolution of languages and texts. A word whic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_lists_by_frequency |
Insemiotics, asignis anything thatcommunicatesameaningthat is not the sign itself to the interpreter of the sign. The meaning can be intentional, as when a word is uttered with a specific meaning, or unintentional, as when asymptomis taken as a sign of a particular medical condition. Signs can communicate through any o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sign_(semiotics) |
Many countries around the world maintain military units that are specifically trained to operate in acyberwarfareenvironment. In several cases these units act also as the nationalcomputer emergency response teamfor civiliancybersecuritythreats.
[35]
Inter-service
Army
Navy
Air Force
General Staff Department of th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cyber_warfare_forces |
Symmetryoccurs not only ingeometry, but also in other branches of mathematics. Symmetry is a type ofinvariance: the property that a mathematical object remains unchanged under a set ofoperationsortransformations.[1]
Given a structured objectXof any sort, asymmetryis amappingof the object onto itself which preserves th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry_in_mathematics |
Apositioning systemis a system for determining thepositionof an object inspace.[1]Positioning system technologies exist ranging from interplanetary coverage with meter accuracy to workspace and laboratory coverage with sub-millimeter accuracy. A major subclass is made ofgeopositioningsystems, used for determining an ob... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_positioning_system |
Automatic image annotation(also known asautomatic image taggingorlinguistic indexing) is the process by which a computer system automatically assignsmetadatain the form ofcaptioningorkeywordsto adigital image. This application ofcomputer visiontechniques is used inimage retrievalsystems to organize and locate images of... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_image_annotation |
TheXOP(eXtended Operations[1])instruction set, announced byAMDon May 1, 2009, is an extension to the 128-bitSSEcore instructions in thex86andAMD64instruction set for theBulldozerprocessor core, which was released on October 12, 2011.[2]However AMD removed support for XOP fromZen (microarchitecture)onward.[3]
The XOP i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XOP_instruction_set |
ITIL security managementdescribes the structured fitting of security into an organization.ITILsecurity management is based on the ISO 27001 standard. "ISO/IEC 27001:2005 covers all types of organizations (e.g. commercial enterprises, government agencies, not-for profit organizations).[1]ISO/IEC 27001:2005 specifies the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITIL_security_management |
Inmathematics, theLucas sequencesUn(P,Q){\displaystyle U_{n}(P,Q)}andVn(P,Q){\displaystyle V_{n}(P,Q)}are certainconstant-recursiveinteger sequencesthat satisfy therecurrence relation
whereP{\displaystyle P}andQ{\displaystyle Q}are fixedintegers. Any sequence satisfying this recurrence relation can be represented as a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_sequence |
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