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JAB Code (Just Another Barcode)is a colour 2D matrix symbology made of colour squares arranged in either square or rectangle grids. It was developed byFraunhofer Institute for Secure Information Technology SIT[de].[1]
The code contains one primary symbol and optionally multiple secondary symbols. The primary symbol co... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAB_Code |
Afilename extension,file name extensionorfile extensionis a suffix to thenameof acomputer file(for example,.txt,.mp3,.exe) that indicates a characteristic of the file contents or its intended use. A filename extension is typically delimited from the rest of the filename with afull stop(period), but in some systems[1]it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filename_extension |
Distributed Proofreaders(commonly abbreviated asDPorPGDP) is a web-based project that supports the development ofe-textsforProject Gutenbergby allowing many people to work together inproofreadingdrafts of e-texts for errors. As of July 2024,[update]the site had digitized 48,000 titles.[2][3][4][5]
Distributed Proofrea... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders |
Lambda liftingis ameta-processthat restructures acomputer programso thatfunctionsare defined independently of each other in a globalscope. An individuallifttransforms a local function (subroutine) into a global function. It is a two step process, consisting of:
The term "lambda lifting" was first introduced by Thomas ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_lifting |
Infolklore,fairy-locks(orelflocks) are the result offairiestangling andknottingthe hairs of sleeping children and the manes of beasts as the fairies play in and out of their hair at night.[1]
The concept is first attested in English inShakespeare'sRomeo and JulietinMercutio's speech of the many exploits ofQueen Mab, w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elflock |
Integrityis the quality of being honest and having a consistent and uncompromising adherence to strong moral and ethicalprinciplesandvalues.[1][2]Inethics, integrity is regarded as the honesty andtruthfulnessorearnestnessof one's actions. Integrity can stand in opposition tohypocrisy.[3]It regards internal consistency ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrity |
Affirmed,United States v. Carpenter, 819F.3d880(6th Cir. 2016).
Remanded for resentencing, 788 Fed. Appx. 364 (6th Cir. 2019).Affirmed, No.22-1198(6th Cir. 2023).Rehearingen bancdenied (6th Cir. 2023).
Carpenter v. United States,585U.S.296(2018), is alandmarkUnited States Supreme Courtcase concerning the privacy of h... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpenter_v._United_States |
Social media measurement, also calledsocial media controlling, is themanagementpractice of evaluating successful social media communications of brands, companies, or other organizations.[1]
Key performance indicatorsmay be measured by extracting information from social media channels,[2]such asblogs,wikis, micro-blogs... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media_measurement |
Conceptual dependency theoryis a model ofnatural language understandingused inartificial intelligencesystems.
Roger SchankatStanford Universityintroduced the model in 1969, in the early days of artificial intelligence.[1]This model was extensively used by Schank's students atYale Universitysuch asRobert Wilensky, Wend... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_dependency_theory |
Financial analysis(also known asfinancial statement analysis,accounting analysis, oranalysis of finance) refers to an assessment of the viability, stability, and profitability of abusiness, sub-business,projector investment.
It is performed by professionals who prepare reports usingratiosand other techniques, that mak... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_analysis |
Testabilityis a primary aspect ofscience[1]and thescientific method. There are two components to testability:
In short, ahypothesisistestableif there is a possibility of deciding whether it is true or false based onexperimentationby anyone. This allows anyone to decide whether atheorycan besupportedorrefutedbydata. Ho... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testability |
"The Magic Words are Squeamish Ossifrage" was the solution to a challengeciphertextposed by the inventors of theRSAcipherin 1977. The problem appeared inMartin Gardner'sMathematical Games columnin the August 1977 issue ofScientific American.[1]It was solved in 1993–94 by a large, joint computer project co-ordinated byD... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Magic_Words_are_Squeamish_Ossifrage |
Markov renewal processesare a class ofrandom processesin probability and statistics that generalize the class ofMarkovjump processes. Other classes of random processes, such asMarkov chainsandPoisson processes, can be derived as special cases among the class of Markov renewal processes, while Markov renewal processes a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-Markov_process |
Theusage share of an operating systemis the percentage ofcomputersrunning thatoperating system(OS). These statistics are estimates as wide scale OS usage data is difficult to obtain and measure. Reliable primary sources are limited and data collection methodology is not formally agreed. Currently devices connected to t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usage_share_of_operating_systems |
Inpacket switchingnetworks,traffic flow,packet flowornetwork flowis a sequence ofpacketsfrom a sourcecomputerto a destination, which may be another host, amulticastgroup, or abroadcastdomain. RFC 2722 defines traffic flow as "an artificial logical equivalent to a call or connection."[1]RFC 3697 defines traffic flow as ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_flow_(computer_networking) |
Acommand-line interface(CLI) is a means of interacting withsoftwareviacommands– each formatted as a line of text. Command-line interfaces emerged in the mid-1960s, oncomputer terminals, as an interactive and more user-friendly alternative to the non-interactive mode available withpunched cards.[1]
For a long time, CLI... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Command_line_interface |
Language teaching, like other educational activities, may employ specializedvocabularyandword use. This list is aglossaryforEnglish language learning and teachingusing thecommunicative approach. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_language_education_terms |
XML logorXMLlogging is used by manycomputerprogramsto log the program's operations. An XMLlogfilerecords a description of the operations done by a program during its session. The log normally includes:timestamp, the programs settings during the operation, what was completed during the session, the files or directories ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XML_log |
Inprobability theory, apairwise independentcollection ofrandom variablesis a set of random variables any two of which areindependent.[1]Any collection ofmutually independentrandom variables is pairwise independent, but some pairwise independent collections are not mutually independent. Pairwise independent random vari... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pairwise_independence |
Afloating toneis amorpheme[1]or element of a morpheme that contains neitherconsonantsnorvowels, but onlytone. It cannot be pronounced by itself but affects the tones of neighboring morphemes.[2][3]
An example occurs inBambara, aMande languageof Mali that has twophonemictones,[4]highandlow.Thedefinite articleis a float... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_tone |
Inphilosophy, asupertaskis acountably infinitesequence of operations that occur sequentially within a finite interval of time.[1]Supertasks are calledhypertaskswhen the number of operations becomesuncountably infinite. A hypertask that includes one task for eachordinal numberis called anultratask.[2]The term "supertask... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supertask |
TheMatilda effectis a bias against acknowledging the achievements ofwomen scientistswhose work is attributed to their male colleagues. This phenomenon was first described by suffragist and abolitionistMatilda Joslyn Gage(1826–1898) in her essay, "Woman as Inventor" (first published as a tract in 1870 and in theNorth A... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matilda_effect |
MyriaNedis awireless sensor network (WSN)platform developed byDevLab. It uses an epidemic communication style based on standardradio broadcasting. This approach reflects the way humans interact, which is calledgossiping.[1]Messages are sent periodically and received by adjoining neighbours. Each message is repeated and... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MyriaNed |
Athesaurus(pl.:thesauriorthesauruses), sometimes called asynonym dictionaryordictionary of synonyms, is areference workwhich arranges words by their meanings (or in simpler terms, a book where one can find different words with similar meanings to other words),[1][2]sometimes as a hierarchy ofbroader and narrower terms,... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thesaurus |
Inmathematics,Euler's identity[note 1](also known asEuler's equation) is theequalityeiπ+1=0{\displaystyle e^{i\pi }+1=0}where
Euler's identity is named after the Swiss mathematicianLeonhard Euler. It is a special case ofEuler's formulaeix=cosx+isinx{\displaystyle e^{ix}=\cos x+i\sin x}when evaluated forx=π{\displays... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s_identity |
Project Enterprisewas an Americanmicrofinancenonprofit organization inNew York Cityprovidingentrepreneursfrom underserved areas with loans, business training and networking opportunities. Operating on theGrameen Bankmodel of microlending, as of 2008[update], Project Enterprise (PE) had served more than 2,500 entrepren... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Enterprise |
Inmachine learning,backpropagationis agradientestimation method commonly used for training aneural networkto compute its parameter updates.
It is an efficient application of thechain ruleto neural networks. Backpropagation computes thegradientof aloss functionwith respect to theweightsof the network for a single input... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backpropagation |
Insoftware engineering, asoftware development processorsoftware development life cycle(SDLC) is a process of planning and managingsoftware development. It typically involves dividing software development work into smaller, parallel, or sequential steps or sub-processes to improvedesignand/orproduct management. The meth... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_development_methodologies |
Inmathematics, the concept ofgraph dynamical systemscan be used to capture a wide range of processes taking place on graphs or networks. A major theme in the mathematical and computational analysis of GDSs is to relate their structural properties (e.g. the network connectivity) and the global dynamics that result.
The... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_dynamical_system |
Language analysis for the determination of origin(LADO) is an instrument used inasylumcases todetermine the national or ethnic originof the asylum seeker, through an evaluation of their language profile.[why?]To this end, an interview with the asylum seeker is recorded and analysed. The analysis consists of an examinat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_analysis_for_the_determination_of_origin |
Counter-mappingis creating maps that challenge "dominant power structures, to further seemingly progressive goals".[1]Counter-mapping is used in multiple disciplines to reclaim colonized territory. Counter-maps are prolific in indigenous cultures, "counter-mapping may reify, reinforce, and extend settler boundaries eve... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-mapping |
Ininformation science, anontologyencompasses a representation, formal naming, and definitions of the categories, properties, and relations between the concepts, data, or entities that pertain to one, many, or alldomains of discourse. More simply, an ontology is a way of showing the properties of a subject area and how ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_ontology |
Mill's methodsare five methods ofinductiondescribed byphilosopherJohn Stuart Millin his 1843 bookA System of Logic.[1][2]They are intended to establish acausal relationshipbetween two or more groups of data, analyzing their respective differences and similarities.
If two or more instances of the phenomenon under inves... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mill%27s_methods |
Aprogram transformationis any operation that takes acomputer programand generates another program. In many cases the transformed program is required to besemantically equivalentto the original, relative to a particularformal semanticsand in fewer cases the transformations result in programs that semantically differ fro... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Program_transformation |
Basic English(abackronymforBritish American Scientific International and Commercial English)[1]is acontrolled languagebased on standardEnglish, but with a greatly simplifiedvocabularyandgrammar. It was created by the linguist and philosopherCharles Kay Ogdenas aninternational auxiliary language, and as an aid for teach... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_English |
Incomputational complexity theory, a computational problemHis calledNP-hardif, for every problemLwhich can be solved innon-deterministic polynomial-time, there is apolynomial-time reductionfromLtoH. That is, assuming a solution forHtakes 1 unit time,H's solution can be used to solveLin polynomial time.[1][2]As a conse... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NP-hardness |
Asystem on a chip(SoC) is anintegrated circuitthat combines most or all key components of acomputerorelectronic systemonto a single microchip.[1]Typically, an SoC includes acentral processing unit(CPU) withmemory,input/output, anddata storagecontrol functions, along with optional features like agraphics processing unit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPSoC |
Inprobability theoryandstatistics,diffusion processesare a class of continuous-timeMarkov processwithalmost surelycontinuoussample paths. Diffusion process isstochasticin nature and hence is used to model many real-life stochastic systems.Brownian motion,reflected Brownian motionandOrnstein–Uhlenbeck processesare examp... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_process |
Theparallel operator‖{\displaystyle \|}(pronounced "parallel",[1]following theparallel lines notation from geometry;[2][3]also known asreduced sum,parallel sumorparallel addition) is abinary operationwhich is used as a shorthand inelectrical engineering,[4][5][6][nb 1]but is also used inkinetics,fluid mechanicsandfinan... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_addition_(mathematics) |
Thedecision-matrix method, alsoPugh methodorPugh concept selection, invented byStuart Pugh,[1]is a qualitative technique used to rank the multi-dimensional options of an option set. It is frequently used inengineeringfor making design decisions but can also be used to rank investment options, vendor options, product op... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision-matrix_method |
lsofis a command meaning "list open files", which is used in manyUnix-likesystems to report a list of all open files and the processes that opened them. Thisopen sourceutility was developed and supported by Victor A. Abell, the retired Associate Director of thePurdue UniversityComputing Center. It works in and supports... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lsof |
{n∣∃k∈Z,n=2k}{\displaystyle \{n\mid \exists k\in \mathbb {Z} ,n=2k\}}
Inmathematicsand more specifically inset theory,set-builder notationis anotationfor specifying asetby a property that characterizes its members.[1]
Specifying sets by member properties is allowed by theaxiom schema of specification. This is also kn... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set-builder_notation |
Inlinguistics, acatena(English pronunciation:/kəˈtiːnə/, pluralcatenasorcatenae; fromLatinfor "chain")[1]is a unit ofsyntaxandmorphology, closely associated withdependency grammars. It is a more flexible and inclusive unit than theconstituentand its proponents therefore consider it to be better suited than the constitu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catena_(linguistics) |
Inmathematics, specifically inalgebraic geometry, thefiber product of schemesis a fundamental construction. It has many interpretations and special cases. For example, the fiber product describes how analgebraic varietyover onefielddetermines a variety over a bigger field, or the pullback of a family of varieties, or a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_product_of_schemes#Base_change_and_descent |
Detection theoryorsignal detection theoryis a means to measure the ability to differentiate between information-bearing patterns (calledstimulusin living organisms,signalin machines) and random patterns that distract from the information (callednoise, consisting of background stimuli and random activity of the detectio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detection_theory |
Inmathematical optimization, theKarush–Kuhn–Tucker(KKT)conditions, also known as theKuhn–Tucker conditions, arefirst derivative tests(sometimes called first-ordernecessary conditions) for a solution innonlinear programmingto beoptimal, provided that someregularity conditionsare satisfied.
Allowing inequality constrain... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karush%E2%80%93Kuhn%E2%80%93Tucker_conditions |
Single-particle trajectories(SPTs) consist of a collection of successivediscretepoints causal in time. Thesetrajectoriesare acquired from images in experimental data. In the context of cell biology, the trajectories are obtained by the transient activation by a laser of small dyes attached to a moving molecule.
Molec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_particle_trajectories |
Head/tail breaksis aclustering algorithmfor data with aheavy-tailed distributionsuch aspower lawsandlognormal distributions. The heavy-tailed distribution can be simply referred to the scaling pattern of far more small things than large ones, or alternatively numerous smallest, a very few largest, and some in between t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head/tail_breaks |
Inmathematics, awell-posed problemis one for which the following properties hold:[a]
Examples ofarchetypalwell-posed problems include theDirichlet problem for Laplace's equation, and theheat equationwith specified initial conditions. These might be regarded as 'natural' problems in that there are physical processes mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ill-posed_problem |
TheOmega ratiois a risk-return performance measure of an investment asset, portfolio, or strategy. It was devised by Con Keating and William F. Shadwick in 2002 and is defined as the probability weighted ratio of gains versus losses for some threshold return target.[1]The ratio is an alternative for the widely usedShar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_ratio |
Asemantic featureis a component of the concept associated with a lexical item ('female' + 'performer' = 'actress'). More generally, it can also be a component of the concept associated with any grammatical unit, whether composed or not ('female' + 'performer' = 'the female performer' or 'the actress').[1]An individual ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semantic_feature |
Acontainer port,container terminal, orintermodal terminalis a facility wherecargo containersaretransshippedbetweendifferent transport vehicles, for onward transportation. The transshipment may be betweencontainer shipsand land vehicles, for exampletrainsortrucks, in which case the terminal is described as amaritime con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Container_terminal |
Answer set programming(ASP) is a form ofdeclarative programmingoriented towards difficult (primarilyNP-hard)search problems. It is based on thestable model(answer set) semantics oflogic programming. In ASP, search problems are reduced to computing stable models, andanswer set solvers—programs for generating stable mo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Answer_set_programming |
Inmathematics, more specifically ingroup theory, thecharacterof agroup representationis afunctionon thegroupthat associates to each group element thetraceof the correspondingmatrix. The character carries the essential information about the representation in a more condensed form.Georg Frobeniusinitially developedrepres... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_theory |
Informal grammartheory, thedeterministic context-free grammars(DCFGs) are aproper subsetof thecontext-free grammars. They are the subset of context-free grammars that can be derived fromdeterministic pushdown automata, and they generate thedeterministic context-free languages. DCFGs are alwaysunambiguous, and are an im... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deterministic_context-free_grammar |
Word error rate(WER) is a common metric of the performance of aspeech recognitionormachine translationsystem. The WER metric typically ranges from 0 to 1, where 0 indicates that the compared pieces of text are exactly identical, and 1 (or larger) indicates that they are completely different with no similarity. This way... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_error_rate |
AOL(formerly a company known asAOL Inc.and originally known asAmerica Online)[1]is an Americanweb portalandonline service providerbased in New York City, and a brand marketed byYahoo! Inc.
The service traces its history to an online service known asPlayNET. PlayNET licensed its software toQuantum Link(Q-Link), which w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criticism_of_AOL#Community_leaders |
Generic data modelsare generalizations of conventionaldata models. They define standardised general relation types, together with the kinds of things that may be related by such a relation type.
The definition of generic data model is similar to the definition of a natural language. For example, a generic data model m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generic_data_model |
Key Transparencyallows communicating parties to verifypublic keysused inend-to-end encryption.[1]In many end-to-end encryption services, to initiate communication a user will reach out to a central server and request the public keys of the user with which they wish to communicate.[2]If the central server is malicious o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_Transparency |
Instatistics, originally ingeostatistics,krigingorKriging(/ˈkriːɡɪŋ/), also known asGaussian process regression, is a method ofinterpolationbased onGaussian processgoverned by priorcovariances. Under suitable assumptions of the prior, kriging gives thebest linear unbiased prediction(BLUP) at unsampled locations.[1]Inte... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kriging |
A number of computeroperating systemsemploy security features to help preventmalicious softwarefrom gaining sufficient privileges to compromise the computer system. Operating systems lacking such features, such asDOS,Windowsimplementations prior toWindows NT(and its descendants), CP/M-80, and all Mac operating systems ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_privilege_authorization_features |
Instatistics,interval estimationis the use ofsample datatoestimateanintervalof possible values of aparameterof interest. This is in contrast topoint estimation, which gives a single value.[1]
The most prevalent forms of interval estimation areconfidence intervals(afrequentistmethod) andcredible intervals(aBayesian met... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_estimation |
Incomputer science,partitioned global address space(PGAS) is aparallel programming modelparadigm. PGAS is typified by communication operations involving a global memoryaddress spaceabstraction that is logically partitioned, where a portion is local to each process, thread, orprocessing element.[1][2]The novelty of PGAS... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitioned_global_address_space |
Bivariate analysisis one of the simplest forms ofquantitative (statistical) analysis.[1]It involves the analysis of twovariables(often denoted asX,Y), for the purpose of determining the empirical relationship between them.[1]
Bivariate analysis can be helpful in testing simplehypothesesofassociation. Bivariate analysi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bivariate_analysis |
Data securityordata protectionmeans protectingdigital data, such as those in adatabase, from destructive forces and from the unwanted actions of unauthorized users,[1]such as acyberattackor adata breach.[2]
Disk encryptionrefers toencryptiontechnology that encrypts data on ahard disk drive. Disk encryption typically ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_security |
Inalgebraic geometryand related areas ofmathematics,local analysisis the practice of looking at a problem relative to eachprime numberpfirst, and then later trying to integrate the information gained at each prime into a 'global' picture. These are forms of thelocalizationapproach.
Ingroup theory, local analysis was s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_analysis |
Instatisticsandprobability theory, apoint processorpoint fieldis a set of a random number ofmathematical pointsrandomly located on a mathematical space such as thereal lineorEuclidean space.[1][2]
Point processes on the real line form an important special case that is particularly amenable to study,[3]because the poin... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_process |
In astatistical-classificationproblem with two classes, adecision boundaryordecision surfaceis ahypersurfacethat partitions the underlyingvector spaceinto two sets, one for each class. The classifier will classify all the points on one side of the decision boundary as belonging to one class and all those on the other s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_boundary |
Organic computingis computing that behaves and interacts with humans in anorganic manner. The term "organic" is used to describe the system's behavior, and does not imply that they are constructed fromorganic materials. It is based on the insight that we will soon be surrounded by large collections ofautonomous systems... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_computing |
Aheterogram(fromhetero-, meaning 'different', +-gram, meaning 'written') is a word, phrase, or sentence in which noletterof the alphabet occurs more than once. The termsisogramandnonpattern wordhave also been used to mean the same thing.[1][2][3]
It is not clear who coined or popularized the term "heterogram". The con... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isogram |
Aratio distribution(also known as aquotient distribution) is aprobability distributionconstructed as the distribution of theratioofrandom variableshaving two other known distributions.
Given two (usuallyindependent) random variablesXandY, the distribution of the random variableZthat is formed as the ratioZ=X/Yis aratio... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratio_distribution |
Stewardshipis a practice committed toethical valuethat embodies the responsible planning and management ofresources. The concepts of stewardship can be applied to the environment and nature,[1][2][3]economics,[4][5]health,[6]places,[7]property,[8]information,[9]theology,[10]and cultural resources.
Stewardship was orig... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewardship |
Power ISAis areduced instruction set computer(RISC)instruction set architecture(ISA) currently developed by theOpenPOWER Foundation, led byIBM. It was originally developed by IBM and the now-defunctPower.orgindustry group. Power ISA is an evolution of thePowerPCISA, created by the mergers of the core PowerPC ISA and th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Architecture |
Incomputational geometry, apower diagram, also called aLaguerre–Voronoi diagram,Dirichlet cell complex,radical Voronoi tesselationor asectional Dirichlet tesselation, is a partition of theEuclidean planeintopolygonalcells defined from a set of circles. The cell for a given circleCconsists of all the points for which th... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_diagram |
Inmathematics, aconstraintis a condition of anoptimizationproblem that the solution must satisfy. There are several types of constraints—primarilyequalityconstraints,inequalityconstraints, andinteger constraints. The set ofcandidate solutionsthat satisfy all constraints is called thefeasible set.[1]
The following is a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint_(mathematics) |
Unit testing,a.k.a.componentormoduletesting, is a form ofsoftware testingby which isolatedsource codeis tested to validate expected behavior.[1]
Unit testing describes tests that are run at the unit-level to contrast testing at theintegrationorsystemlevel.
Unit testing, as a principle for testing separately smaller p... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_testing |
Inmathematics, theFourier transform(FT) is anintegral transformthat takes afunctionas input then outputs another function that describes the extent to which variousfrequenciesare present in the original function. The output of the transform is acomplex-valued function of frequency. The termFourier transformrefers to bo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourier_transform |
Alarge memory storage and retrieval neural network(LAMSTAR)[1][2]is a fastdeep learningneural networkof many layers that can use many filters simultaneously. These filters may be nonlinear, stochastic, logic,non-stationary, or even non-analytical. They are biologically motivated and learn continuously.
A LAMSTAR neura... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_memory_storage_and_retrieval_neural_networks |
Inmathematics, ahomogeneous functionis afunction of several variablessuch that the following holds: If each of the function's arguments is multiplied by the samescalar, then the function's value is multiplied by some power of this scalar; the power is called thedegree of homogeneity, or simply thedegree. That is, ifkis... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneous_function |
Pair programmingis asoftware developmenttechnique in which twoprogrammerswork together at one workstation. One, thedriver, writescodewhile the other, theobserverornavigator,[1]reviewseach line of code as it is typed in. The two programmers switch roles frequently.
While reviewing, the observer also considers the "stra... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair_programming |
Password strengthis a measure of the effectiveness of apasswordagainst guessing orbrute-force attacks. In its usual form, it estimates how many trials an attacker who does not have direct access to the password would need, on average, to guess it correctly. The strength of a password is a function of length, complexity... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_strength#Dictionary_attack |
In a legal dispute, one party has theburden of proofto show that they are correct, while the other party has no such burden and is presumed to be correct. The burden of proof requires a party to produce evidence to establish the truth of facts needed to satisfy all the required legal elements of the dispute. It is also... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burden_of_proof_(law) |
Thehorizon effect, also known as thehorizon problem, is a problem inartificial intelligencewhereby, in many games, the number of possible states or positions is immense and computers can only feasibly search a small portion of them, typically a fewpliesdown thegame tree. Thus, for a computer searching only a fixed numb... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizon_effect |
TheWeb Cryptography APIis theWorld Wide Web Consortium’s (W3C) recommendation for a low-level interface that would increase the security ofweb applicationsby allowing them to performcryptographic functionswithout having to access raw keying material.[1]This agnosticAPIwould perform basic cryptographic operations, such ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Cryptography_API |
Alist ofCDMA2000networksworldwide. | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_CDMA2000_networks |
Incomputing, theExecutable and Linkable Format[2](ELF, formerly namedExtensible Linking Format) is a common standardfile formatforexecutablefiles,object code,shared libraries, andcore dumps. First published in the specification for theapplication binary interface(ABI) of theUnixoperating system version namedSystem V Re... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executable_and_Linkable_Format |
Incomputer science,symbolic execution(alsosymbolic evaluationorsymbex) is a means ofanalyzing a programto determine whatinputscause each part of a program toexecute. Aninterpreterfollows the program, assuming symbolic values for inputs rather than obtaining actual inputs as normal execution of the program would. It t... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolic_execution |
Theparametronis alogic circuitelement invented byEiichi Gotoin 1954.[1]The parametron is essentially aresonant circuitwith a nonlinear reactive element which oscillates at half the driving frequency.[2]The oscillation can be made to represent a binary digit by the choice between two stationary phases π radians (180 deg... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parametron |
I can remember Bertrand Russell telling me of a horrible dream. He was in the top floor of the University Library, about A.D. 2100. A library assistant was going round the shelves carrying an enormous bucket, taking down books, glancing at them, restoring them to the shelves or dumping them into the bucket. At last he ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principia_Mathematica |
Anapplication serveris aserverthat hosts applications[1]orsoftwarethat delivers abusiness applicationthrough acommunication protocol.[2]For a typicalweb application, the application server sits behind theweb servers.
An applicationserver frameworkis a service layer model. It includessoftwarecomponents available to aso... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_server |
Infunctional programming,fold(also termedreduce,accumulate,aggregate,compress, orinject) refers to a family ofhigher-order functionsthatanalyzearecursivedata structure and through use of a given combining operation, recombine the results ofrecursivelyprocessing its constituent parts, building up a return value. Typical... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fold_(higher-order_function) |
HAMMERis a high-availability64-bitfile systemdeveloped byMatthew DillonforDragonFly BSDusingB+ trees. Its major features include infinite NFS-exportablesnapshots,master–multislaveoperation, configurable history retention,fsckless-mount, andchecksumsto deal withdata corruption.[5]HAMMER also supports data blockdeduplica... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAMMER_(file_system) |
Multiple-try Metropolis (MTM)is asampling methodthat is a modified form of theMetropolis–Hastingsmethod, first presented by Liu, Liang, and Wong in 2000.
It is designed to help the sampling trajectory converge faster,
by increasing both the step size and the acceptance rate.
InMarkov chain Monte Carlo, theMetropolis–H... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple-try_Metropolis |
Amaster boot record(MBR) is a type ofboot sectorin the first block ofpartitionedcomputermass storage deviceslikefixed disksorremovable drivesintended for use withIBM PC-compatiblesystems and beyond. The concept of MBRs was publicly introduced in 1983 withPC DOS 2.0.
The MBR holds the information on how the disc's sect... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Boot_Record |
James Samuel Coleman(May 12, 1926 – March 25, 1995) was an American sociologist, theorist, and empirical researcher, based chiefly at the University of Chicago.[1][2]
He served as president of theAmerican Sociological Associationin 1991–1992. He studied the sociology of education and public policy, and was one of the ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Samuel_Coleman |
TheBradley effect, less commonly known as theWilder effect,[1][2]is a theory concerning observed discrepancies between voter opinion polls and election outcomes in some United States government elections where awhiteand anon-whitecandidate run against each other.[3][4][5]The theory proposes that some white voters who i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bradley_effect |
Inmathematics, for a functionf:X→Y{\displaystyle f:X\to Y}, theimageof an input valuex{\displaystyle x}is the single output value produced byf{\displaystyle f}when passedx{\displaystyle x}. Thepreimageof an output valuey{\displaystyle y}is the set of input values that producey{\displaystyle y}.
More generally, evaluat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_(mathematics)#Properties |
Linear discriminant analysis(LDA),normal discriminant analysis(NDA),canonical variates analysis(CVA), ordiscriminant function analysisis a generalization ofFisher's linear discriminant, a method used instatisticsand other fields, to find alinear combinationof features that characterizes or separates two or more classes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_discriminant_analysis |
TheKnowledge Query and Manipulation Language, orKQML, is a language
and protocol for communication among software agents andknowledge-based systems.[1]It was
developed in the early 1990s as part of theDARPAknowledge Sharing Effort, which was aimed at developing techniques for building large-scale knowledge bases which ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knowledge_Query_and_Manipulation_Language |
Inpopulation genetics,Ewens's sampling formuladescribes theprobabilitiesassociated with counts of how many differentallelesare observed a given number of times in thesample.
Ewens's sampling formula, introduced byWarren Ewens, states that under certain conditions (specified below), if a random sample ofngametesis take... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewens%27s_sampling_formula |
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