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Epistemologyis the branch ofphilosophythat examines the nature, origin, and limits ofknowledge. Also called "thetheory of knowledge", it explores different types of knowledge, such aspropositional knowledgeabout facts,practical knowledgein the form of skills, andknowledge by acquaintanceas a familiarity through experie... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology |
Dynamic program analysisis the act ofanalyzing softwarethat involves executing aprogram– as opposed tostatic program analysis, which does not execute it.
Analysis can focus on different aspects of the software including but not limited to:behavior,test coverage,performanceandsecurity.
To be effective, the target prog... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_program_analysis |
Learning classifier systems, orLCS, are a paradigm ofrule-based machine learningmethods that combine a discovery component (e.g. typically agenetic algorithminevolutionary computation) with a learning component (performing eithersupervised learning,reinforcement learning, orunsupervised learning).[2]Learning classifier... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_classifier_system |
Mobile identityis a development of onlineauthenticationanddigital signatures, where theSIMcard of one's mobile phone works as an identity tool. Mobile identity enables legally binding authentication and transaction signing foronline banking, payment confirmation, corporate services, and consuming online content. The us... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_identity_management |
Incryptography, azero-knowledge proof(also known as aZK prooforZKP) is a protocol in which one party (the prover) can convince another party (the verifier) that some given statement is true, without conveying to the verifier any informationbeyondthe mere fact of that statement's truth.[1]The intuition underlying zero-k... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-knowledge_proof#Zero-Knowledge_Proof_protocols |
Inengineering, afail-safeis a design feature or practice that, in the event of afailureof the design feature, inherently responds in a way that will cause minimal or no harm to other equipment, to the environment or to people. Unlikeinherent safetyto a particular hazard, a system being "fail-safe" does not mean that fa... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fail-safe |
Quantum volumeis a metric that measures the capabilities and error rates of aquantum computer. It expresses the maximum size of squarequantum circuitsthat can be implemented successfully by the computer. The form of the circuits is independent from the quantum computer architecture, but compiler can transform and optim... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_volume |
NESSIE(New European Schemes for Signatures, Integrity and Encryption) was aEuropeanresearch project funded from 2000 to 2003 to identify securecryptographicprimitives. The project was comparable to theNISTAES processand the Japanese Government-sponsoredCRYPTRECproject, but with notable differences from both. In particu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NESSIE |
Adecision-to-decision path, orDD-path, is a path of execution (usually through a flow graph representing a program, such as aflow chart) between two decisions. More recent versions of the concept also include the decisions themselves in their own DD-paths.
In Huang's 1975 paper,[1]a decision-to-decision path is define... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision-to-decision_path |
Achild prodigyis, technically, a child under the age of 10 who produces meaningful work in some domain at the level of an adult expert.[1][2][3]The term is also applied more broadly to describe young people who are extraordinarily talented in some field.[4]
The termwunderkind(from GermanWunderkind; literally "wonder c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Child_prodigy |
Inmathematics, areal intervalis thesetof allreal numberslying between two fixed endpoints with no "gaps". Each endpoint is either a real number or positive or negativeinfinity, indicating the interval extends without abound. A real interval can contain neither endpoint, either endpoint, or both endpoints, excluding any... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval_(mathematics) |
In mathematics, anelliptic Gauss sumis an analog of aGauss sumdepending on anelliptic curvewith complex multiplication. Thequadratic residuesymbol in a Gauss sum is replaced by a higher residue symbol such as a cubic or quartic residue symbol, and the exponential function in a Gauss sum is replaced by anelliptic functi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_Gauss_sum |
Inmachine learning, thepolynomial kernelis akernel functioncommonly used withsupport vector machines(SVMs) and otherkernelizedmodels, that represents the similarity of vectors (training samples) in a feature space over polynomials of the original variables, allowing learning of non-linear models.
Intuitively, the poly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynomial_kernel |
Incomputer programming,unspecified behavioris behavior that may vary on different implementations of aprogramming language.[clarification needed]Aprogramcan be said to contain unspecified behavior when itssource codemay produce anexecutablethat exhibits different behavior when compiled on a differentcompiler, or on the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unspecified_behaviour |
Inmathematics, asuperparticular ratio, also called asuperparticular numberorepimoric ratio, is theratioof two consecutiveinteger numbers.
More particularly, the ratio takes the form:
Thus:
A superparticular number is when a great number contains a lesser number, to which it is compared, and at the same time one part... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superparticular_ratio |
Anelectronic lab notebook(also known aselectronic laboratory notebook, orELN) is acomputer programdesigned to replace paperlaboratory notebooks. Lab notebooks in general are used byscientists,engineers, andtechniciansto documentresearch,experiments, and procedures performed in a laboratory. A lab notebook is often ma... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ELN_software_packages |
Innumber theory, thecrankof aninteger partitionis a certain number associated with the partition. It was first introduced without a definition byFreeman Dyson, who hypothesised its existence in a 1944 paper.[1]Dyson gave a list of properties this yet-to-be-defined quantity should have. In 1988,George E. AndrewsandFran... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crank_of_a_partition |
Social televisionis the union oftelevisionandsocial media. Millions of people now share their TV experience with other viewers on social media such asTwitterandFacebookusingsmartphonesand tablets.[1]TV networks and rights holders are increasinglysharing videoclips on social platforms tomonetiseengagement and drive tune... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_television |
Infer.NETis afree and open source.NETsoftware library formachine learning.[2]It supports runningBayesian inferencein graphical models and can also be used forprobabilistic programming.[3]
Infer.NET follows a model-based approach and is used to solve different kinds of machine learning problems including standard probl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infer.NET |
Link rot(also calledlink death,link breaking, orreference rot) is the phenomenon ofhyperlinkstending over time to cease to point to their originally targetedfile,web page, orserverdue to that resource being relocated to a new address or becoming permanently unavailable. A link that no longer points to its target may be... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_rot |
Behavior-based robotics(BBR) orbehavioral roboticsis an approach inroboticsthat focuses on robots that are able to exhibit complex-appearing behaviors despite little internalvariable stateto model its immediate environment, mostly gradually correcting its actions via sensory-motor links.
Behavior-based robotics sets i... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behavior_based_robotics |
Instatistics, themean squared error(MSE)[1]ormean squared deviation(MSD) of anestimator(of a procedure for estimating an unobserved quantity) measures theaverageof the squares of theerrors—that is, the average squared difference between the estimated values and thetrue value. MSE is arisk function, corresponding to the... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_squared_error |
KNXis anopen standard(seeEN 50090,ISO/IEC14543) for commercial and residentialbuilding automation. KNX devices can manage lighting, blinds and shutters,HVAC, security systems, energy management, audio video, domestic appliances, displays, remote control, etc. KNX evolved from three earlier standards; theEuropean Home S... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KNX |
Sparse matrix–vector multiplication(SpMV) of the formy=Axis a widely usedcomputational kernelexisting in many scientific applications. The input matrixAissparse. The input vectorxand the output vectoryare dense. In the case of a repeatedy=Axoperation involving the same input matrixAbut possibly changing numerical value... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparse_matrix%E2%80%93vector_multiplication |
Apersonal data manager(PDM) is a portable hardware tool enabling secure storage and easy access to user data.[1]It can also be an application located on a portablesmart deviceor PC, enabling novice end-users to directly define, classify, and manipulate a universe of information objects.[1]Usually PDMs includepassword m... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_data_manager |
Ananti-keylogger(oranti–keystroke logger) is a type of software specifically designed for the detection ofkeystroke loggersoftware; often, such software will also incorporate the ability to delete or at least immobilize hidden keystroke logger software on a computer. In comparison to mostanti-virusoranti-spywaresoftwar... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-keylogger |
Noiseletsare functions which gives the worst case behavior for theHaar waveletpacket analysis. In other words, noiselets are totally incompressible by the Haar wavelet packet analysis.[1]Like the canonical and Fourier bases, which have an incoherent property, noiselets are perfectly incoherent with the Haar basis. In a... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noiselet |
TheGlobal Consciousness Project(GCP, also called theEGG Project) is aparapsychologyexperiment begun in 1998 as an attempt to detect possible interactions of "globalconsciousness" with physical systems. The project monitors a geographically distributed network ofhardware random number generatorsin a bid to identify ano... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Consciousness_Project |
Windows App SDK(formerly known asProject Reunion)[3]is asoftware development kit(SDK) fromMicrosoftthat provides a unified set of APIs and components that can be used to developdesktop applicationsfor bothWindows 11andWindows 10version 1809 and later. The purpose of this project is to offer a decoupled implementation o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_App_SDK |
Inmathematics,modular arithmeticis a system ofarithmeticoperations forintegers, other than the usual ones from elementary arithmetic, where numbers "wrap around" when reaching a certain value, called themodulus. The modern approach to modular arithmetic was developed byCarl Friedrich Gaussin his bookDisquisitiones Arit... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integers_modulo_n |
Instatistics, thematrix variate Dirichlet distributionis a generalization of thematrix variate beta distributionand of theDirichlet distribution.
SupposeU1,…,Ur{\displaystyle U_{1},\ldots ,U_{r}}arep×p{\displaystyle p\times p}positive definite matriceswithIp−∑i=1rUi{\displaystyle I_{p}-\sum _{i=1}^{r}U_{i}}also positi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_variate_Dirichlet_distribution |
TheEuthyphro dilemmais found inPlato's dialogueEuthyphro, in whichSocratesasksEuthyphro, "Is thepious(τὸ ὅσιον) loved by thegodsbecause it is pious, or is it pious because it is loved by the gods?" (10a)
Although it was originally applied to the ancientGreek pantheon, the dilemma has implications for modernmonotheisti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euthyphro_dilemma |
Intelecommunicationsandcomputer networking,multiplexing(sometimes contracted tomuxing) is a method by which multipleanalogordigital signalsare combined into one signal over ashared medium. The aim is to share a scarce resource—a physicaltransmission medium.[citation needed]For example, in telecommunications, severaltel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexing |
WURFL(WirelessUniversalResourceFiLe) is a set of proprietaryapplication programming interfaces(APIs) and anXMLconfiguration filewhich contains information about device capabilities and features for a variety of mobile devices, focused on mobile device detection.[1][2]Until version 2.2, WURFL was released under an "open... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WURFL |
Atranslation memory(TM) is a database that stores "segments", which can be sentences, paragraphs or sentence-like units (headings, titles or elements in a list) that have previously been translated, in order to aid humantranslators. The translation memory stores thesource textand its corresponding translation in langua... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_memory |
Instatistics,homogeneityand its opposite,heterogeneity, arise in describing the properties of adataset, or several datasets. They relate to the validity of the often convenient assumption that the statistical properties of any one part of an overall dataset are the same as any other part. Inmeta-analysis, which combine... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogeneity_(statistics) |
Concept mappingandmind mappingsoftware is used to create diagrams of relationships between concepts, ideas, or other pieces of information. It has been suggested that the mind mapping technique can improve learning and study efficiency up to 15% over conventionalnote-taking.[1]Many software packages and websites allow ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_concept-_and_mind-mapping_software |
TheAkaike information criterion(AIC) is anestimatorofprediction errorand thereby relative quality ofstatistical modelsfor a given set of data.[1][2][3]Given a collection of models for the data, AIC estimates the quality of each model, relative to each of the other models. Thus, AIC provides a means formodel selection.
... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akaike_information_criterion |
Therepertory gridis an interviewing technique which usesnonparametricfactor analysisto determine anidiographicmeasure of personality.[1][2]It was devised byGeorge Kellyin around 1955 and is based on hispersonal construct theoryofpersonality.[3]
The repertory grid is a technique for identifying the ways that a person c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repertory_grid |
Inprobability theoryandstatistics, acopulais a multivariatecumulative distribution functionfor which themarginal probabilitydistribution of each variable isuniformon the interval [0, 1]. Copulas are used to describe/model thedependence(inter-correlation) betweenrandom variables.[1]Their name, introduced by applied math... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copula_(statistics) |
Problem structuring methods(PSMs) are a group of techniques used tomodelor tomapthe nature or structure of a situation orstate of affairsthat some people want to change.[1]PSMs are usually used by a group of people incollaboration(rather than by a solitary individual) to create aconsensusabout, or at least to facilitat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_structuring_methods |
Multi-task learning(MTL) is a subfield ofmachine learningin which multiple learning tasks are solved at the same time, while exploiting commonalities and differences across tasks. This can result in improved learning efficiency and prediction accuracy for the task-specific models, when compared to training the models s... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multitask_optimization |
Inductive probabilityattempts to give theprobabilityof future events based on past events. It is the basis forinductive reasoning, and gives the mathematical basis forlearningand the perception of patterns. It is a source ofknowledgeabout the world.
There are three sources of knowledge:inference, communication, and de... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inductive_probability |
Authentication(fromGreek:αὐθεντικόςauthentikos, "real, genuine", from αὐθέντηςauthentes, "author") is the act of proving anassertion, such as theidentityof a computer system user. In contrast withidentification, the act of indicating a person or thing's identity, authentication is the process of verifying that identity... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authentication |
ZRTP(composed of Z andReal-time Transport Protocol) is a cryptographickey-agreement protocolto negotiate thekeysforencryptionbetween two end points in aVoice over IP(VoIP) phone telephony call based on theReal-time Transport Protocol. It usesDiffie–Hellman key exchangeand theSecure Real-time Transport Protocol(SRTP) fo... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZRTP |
In the area ofmathematical logicandcomputer scienceknown astype theory, aunit typeis atypethat allows only one value (and thus can hold no information). The carrier (underlying set) associated with a unit type can be anysingleton set. There is anisomorphismbetween any two such sets, so it is customary to talk abouttheu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_type |
Incryptography, abrute-force attackconsists of an attacker submitting manypasswordsorpassphraseswith the hope of eventually guessing correctly. The attacker systematically checks all possible passwords and passphrases until the correct one is found. Alternatively, the attacker can attempt to guess thekeywhich is typic... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brute_force_attack |
The followingoutlineis provided as an overview of and topical guide to software:
Software– collection ofcomputer programsand relateddatathat provides the information for the functioning of acomputer. It is held in various forms ofmemoryof the computer. It comprises procedures, algorithms, and documentation concerned w... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_software |
Thegrowth function, also called theshatter coefficientor theshattering number, measures the richness of aset familyor class of functions. It is especially used in the context ofstatistical learning theory, where it is used to study properties of statistical learning methods.
The term 'growth function' was coined by Vap... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_function |
Inmathematics, agerbe(/dʒɜːrb/;French:[ʒɛʁb]) is a construct inhomological algebraandtopology. Gerbes were introduced byJean Giraud(Giraud 1971) following ideas ofAlexandre Grothendieckas a tool for non-commutativecohomologyin degree 2. They can be seen as an analogue offibre bundleswhere the fibre is theclassifying st... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerbe |
Inmathematics,sineandcosinearetrigonometric functionsof anangle. The sine and cosine of an acuteangleare defined in the context of aright triangle: for the specified angle, its sine is the ratio of the length of the side opposite that angle to the length of the longest side of thetriangle(thehypotenuse), and the cosine... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine |
Inmathematics, adynamical systemis a system in which afunctiondescribes thetimedependence of apointin anambient space, such as in aparametric curve. Examples include themathematical modelsthat describe the swinging of a clockpendulum,the flow of water in a pipe, therandom motion of particles in the air, andthe number o... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete-time_dynamical_system |
Real-time data(RTD) is information that is delivered immediately after collection. There is no delay in the timeliness of the information provided. Real-time data is often used for navigation or tracking.[1]Such data is usuallyprocessedusingreal-time computingalthough it can also be stored for later or off-linedata ana... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_data |
Graphical perceptionis the human capacity forvisuallyinterpreting information ongraphs and charts. Both quantitative and qualitative information can be said to be encoded into the image, and the human capacity to interpret it is sometimes called decoding.[1]The importance of human graphical perception, what we discern ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphical_perception |
In computersystems programming, aninterrupt handler, also known as aninterrupt service routine(ISR), is a special block of code associated with a specificinterruptcondition. Interrupt handlers are initiated by hardware interrupts, software interrupt instructions, or softwareexceptions, and are used for implementingdevi... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_handler |
In anoptimization problem, aslack variableis a variable that is added to aninequality constraintto transform it into an equality constraint. A non-negativity constraint on the slack variable is also added.[1]: 131
Slack variables are used in particular inlinear programming. As with the other variables in the augmented... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slack_variable |
Virtual worldsare playing an increasingly important role in education, especially inlanguage learning. By March 2007 it was estimated that over 200 universities or academic institutions were involved inSecond Life(Cooke-Plagwitz, p. 548).[1]Joe Miller, Linden Lab Vice President of Platform and Technology Development, c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_world_language_learning |
Innatural language processing, asentence embeddingis a representation of a sentence as avectorof numbers which encodes meaningful semantic information.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
State of the art embeddings are based on the learned hidden layer representation of dedicated sentence transformer models.BERTpioneered an approac... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_embedding |
Meiko Scientific Ltd.was a Britishsupercomputercompany based inBristol, founded by members of the design team working on theInmostransputermicroprocessor.
In 1985, when Inmos management suggested the release of the transputer be delayed, Miles Chesney, David Alden, Eric Barton, Roy Bottomley, James Cownie, and Gerry T... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiko_Computing_Surface |
XLDB(eXtremelyLargeDataBases) was a yearly conference aboutdatabases,data managementandanalyticsheld from 2007 to 2019. The definition ofextremely largerefers to data sets that are too big in terms of volume (too much), and/or velocity (too fast), and/or variety (too many places, too many formats) to be handled using c... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XLDB |
Sphere packing in a cylinderis a three-dimensionalpacking problemwith the objective of packing a given number of identicalspheresinside acylinderof specified diameter and length. For cylinders with diameters on the same order of magnitude as the spheres, such packings result in what are calledcolumnar structures.
Thes... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_sphere_packing |
In most computerprogramming languages, awhile loopis acontrol flowstatementthat allows code to be executed repeatedly based on a givenBooleancondition. Thewhileloop can be thought of as a repeatingif statement.
Thewhileconstruct consists of a block of code and a condition/expression.[1]The condition/expression is eval... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/While_loop |
The term "computer", in use from the early 17th century (the first known written reference dates from 1613),[1]meant "one who computes": a person performing mathematicalcalculations, beforeelectronic calculatorsbecame available.Alan Turingdescribed the "human computer" as someone who is "supposed to be following fixed ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_(occupation) |
Set partitioning in hierarchical trees(SPIHT)[1]is animagecompression algorithmthat exploits the inherent similarities across the subbands in awavelet decompositionofan image. The algorithm was developed by Brazilian engineer Amir Said with William A. Pearlman in 1996.[1]
The algorithmcodesthe most importantwavelet tr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_partitioning_in_hierarchical_trees |
Ibis redibis nunquam per bella peribis(alternativelyIbis redibis nunquam in bello morieris) is aLatinphrase, often used to illustrate the meaning ofsyntactic ambiguityto students of either Latin orlinguistics. Traditionally, it is attributed to theoraclesofDodona. The phrase is thought to have been uttered by a general... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibis_redibis_nunquam_per_bella_peribis |
Instatisticsandmachine learning, when one wants to infer a random variable with a set of variables, usually a subset is enough, and other variables are useless. Such a subset that contains all the useful information is called aMarkov blanket. If a Markov blanket is minimal, meaning that it cannot drop any variable with... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markov_blanket |
TheLogistics Vehicle System(LVS), nicknamed by U.S. Marines as "Dragon Wagon" which is a reference to the famousM25 tank transporterwhich had the nickname of the Dragon wagon. The LVS is a modular assortment ofeight-wheel driveall-terrain vehicleunit combinations used by theUnited States Marine Corps.
The LVS was fiel... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistics_Vehicle_System |
Thediffusion equationis aparabolic partial differential equation. In physics, it describes the macroscopic behavior of many micro-particles inBrownian motion, resulting from the random movements and collisions of the particles (seeFick's laws of diffusion). In mathematics, it is related toMarkov processes, such asrando... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion_equation |
Innavigation,dead reckoningis the process of calculating the current position of a moving object by using a previously determined position, orfix, and incorporating estimates of speed, heading (or direction or course), and elapsed time. The corresponding term in biology, to describe the processes by which animals updat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_reckoning |
COBIT(Control Objectives for Information and Related Technologies) is a framework created byISACAforinformation technology (IT) managementandIT governance.[1]
The framework is business focused and defines a set of generic processes for the management of IT, with each process defined together with process inputs and ou... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COBIT |
Inabstract algebra, anelementaof aringRis called aleft zero divisorif there exists a nonzeroxinRsuch thatax= 0,[1]or equivalently if themapfromRtoRthat sendsxtoaxis notinjective.[a]Similarly, an elementaof a ring is called aright zero divisorif there exists a nonzeroyinRsuch thatya= 0. This is a partial case ofdivisib... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_divisor |
Tensor Processing Unit(TPU) is anAI acceleratorapplication-specific integrated circuit(ASIC) developed byGoogleforneural networkmachine learning, using Google's ownTensorFlowsoftware.[2]Google began using TPUs internally in 2015, and in 2018 made them available forthird-partyuse, both as part of its cloud infrastructur... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_Processing_Unit |
On anEthernetconnection, aduplex mismatchis a condition where two connected devices operate in differentduplex modes, that is, one operates in half duplex while the other one operates in full duplex. The effect of a duplex mismatch is a link that operates inefficiently. Duplex mismatch may be caused by manually setting... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duplex_mismatch |
Incryptography, anSP-network, orsubstitution–permutation network(SPN), is a series of linked mathematical operations used inblock cipheralgorithms such asAES (Rijndael),3-Way,Kalyna,Kuznyechik,PRESENT,SAFER,SHARK, andSquare.
Such a network takes a block of theplaintextand thekeyas inputs, and applies several alternati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution%E2%80%93permutation_network |
Absurdismis thephilosophicaltheory that the universe isirrationaland meaningless. It states that trying to find meaning leads people into conflict with a seemingly meaningless world. This conflict can be betweenrationalman and an irrational universe, betweenintentionand outcome, or betweensubjectiveassessment and objec... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absurdism |
Avirtual file system(VFS) orvirtual filesystem switchis an abstract layer on top of a more concretefile system. The purpose of a VFS is to allow client applications to access different types of concrete file systems in a uniform way. A VFS can, for example, be used to accesslocaland network storage devices transparentl... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_file_system |
Password synchronizationis a process, usually supported by software such aspassword managers, through which a user maintains a single password across multipleIT systems.[1]
Provided that all the systems enforce mutually-compatible password standards (e.g. concerning minimum and maximum password length, supported chara... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Password_synchronization |
TheEnglishpronounsform a relatively smallcategory of wordsinModern Englishwhose primarysemanticfunction is that of apro-formfor anoun phrase.[1]Traditional grammarsconsider them to be a distinct part of speech, while mostmodern grammarssee them as a subcategory ofnoun, contrasting withcommon and proper nouns.[2]: 22Sti... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_pronouns |
TheF16C[1](previously/informally known asCVT16) instruction set is anx86instruction set architectureextension which provides support for converting betweenhalf-precisionand standard IEEEsingle-precision floating-point formats.
The CVT16 instruction set, announced byAMDon May 1, 2009,[2]is an extension to the 128-bitSS... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F16C |
Anordinary(fromLatinordinarius) is an officer of a church or civic authority who by reason of office hasordinary powerto execute laws.
Such officers are found in hierarchically organised churches ofWestern Christianitywhich have anecclesiastical legal system.[1]For example, diocesan bishops are ordinaries in theCathol... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinary_(officer) |
Acontrol systemmanages, commands, directs, or regulates the behavior of other devices or systems usingcontrol loops. It can range from a single home heating controller using athermostatcontrolling a domestic boiler to largeindustrial control systemswhich are used for controllingprocessesor machines. The control systems... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_system |
Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid(abbreviated asGEB) is a 1979 nonfiction book by American cognitive scientistDouglas Hofstadter.
By exploring common themes in the lives and works of logicianKurt Gödel, artistM. C. Escher, and composerJohann Sebastian Bach, the book expounds concepts fundamental tomathemati... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6del,_Escher,_Bach |
Grundy's gameis a two-player mathematical game of strategy. The starting configuration is a single heap of objects, and the two players take turn splitting a single heap into two heaps of different sizes. The game ends when only heaps of size two and smaller remain, none of which can be split unequally. The game is usu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grundy%27s_game |
Adecision matrixis a list of values in rows and columns that allows an analyst to systematically identify, analyze, and rate the performance of relationships between sets of values and information. Elements of a decision matrix show decisions based on certain decision criteria. The matrix is useful for looking at large... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_matrix |
Incryptography,SHA-1(Secure Hash Algorithm 1) is ahash functionwhich takes an input and produces a 160-bit(20-byte) hash value known as amessage digest– typically rendered as 40hexadecimaldigits. It was designed by the United StatesNational Security Agency, and is a U.S.Federal Information Processing Standard.[3]The al... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-1 |
Thehierarchical hidden Markov model (HHMM)is astatistical modelderived from thehidden Markov model(HMM). In an HHMM, each state is considered to be a self-containedprobabilistic model. More precisely, each state of the HHMM is itself an HHMM.
HHMMs and HMMs are useful in many fields, includingpattern recognition.[1][2... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierarchical_hidden_Markov_model |
Inmathematics, anoperationis afunctionfrom asetto itself. For example, an operation onreal numberswill take in real numbers and return a real number. An operation can take zero or more input values (also called "operands" or "arguments") to a well-defined output value. The number of operands is thearityof the operation... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_(mathematics) |
Inprogramming language theory,semanticsis the rigorous mathematical study of the meaning ofprogramming languages.[1]Semantics assignscomputationalmeaning to validstringsin aprogramming language syntax. It is closely related to, and often crosses over with, thesemantics of mathematical proofs.
Semanticsdescribes the pr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_semantics_of_programming_languages |
Incomputer science, asynthetic file systemor apseudo file systemis a hierarchical interface to non-file objects that appear as if they were regular files in the tree of a disk-based or long-term-storagefile system. These non-file objects may be accessed with the samesystem callsorutility programsas regular files anddir... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_file_system |
Pseudoreplication(sometimesunit of analysis error[1]) has many definitions. Pseudoreplication was originally defined in 1984 byStuart H. Hurlbert[2]as the use of inferential statistics to test for treatment effects with data from experiments where either treatments are not replicated (though samples may be) or
replicat... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoreplication |
Incryptography, ahybrid cryptosystemis one which combines the convenience of apublic-key cryptosystemwith the efficiency of asymmetric-key cryptosystem.[1]Public-key cryptosystems are convenient in that they do not require the sender and receiver to share acommon secretin order to communicate securely.[2]However, they ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_cryptosystem |
Areview siteis awebsiteon which reviews can be posted about people, businesses, products, or services. These sites may useWeb 2.0techniques to gather reviews from site users or may employ professional writers to author reviews on the topic of concern for the site.
Early examples of review sites included ConsumerDemocr... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rating_site |
Acellular networkormobile networkis atelecommunications networkwhere the link to and from end nodes iswirelessand the network is distributed over land areas calledcells, each served by at least one fixed-locationtransceiver(such as abase station). These base stations provide the cell with the network coverage which can... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_reuse |
Inlinear algebra, theidentity matrixof sizen{\displaystyle n}is then×n{\displaystyle n\times n}square matrixwithoneson themain diagonalandzeroselsewhere. It has unique properties, for example when the identity matrix represents ageometric transformation, the object remains unchanged by the transformation. In other cont... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_matrix |
Arecommender system (RecSys), or arecommendation system(sometimes replacingsystemwith terms such asplatform,engine, oralgorithm), sometimes only called "the algorithm" or "algorithm"[1]is a subclass ofinformation filtering systemthat provides suggestions for items that are most pertinent to a particular user.[2][3][4]R... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content-based_filtering |
Inmathematics, adiscrete series representationis an irreducibleunitary representationof alocally compact topological groupGthat is a subrepresentation of the leftregular representationofGon L²(G). In thePlancherel measure, such representations have positive measure. The name comes from the fact that they are exactly... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_series_representation |
Inlinguistic morphology, anuninflected wordis awordthat has no morphologicalmarkers(inflection) such asaffixes,ablaut,consonant gradation, etc., indicatingdeclensionorconjugation. If a word has an uninflected form, this is usually the form used as thelemmafor the word.[1]
InEnglishand many otherlanguages, uninflected ... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uninflected_word |
In theNeo-Griceanapproach tosemanticsandpragmaticschampioned byYalelinguistLaurence Horn, theQ-principle("Q" for "Quantity") is a reformulation ofPaul Grice's maxim of quantity (seeGricean maxims) combined with the first two sub-maxims of manner.[1]The Q-principle states: "Say as much as you can (given R)." As such it... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q-based_narrowing |
TheEspionage Act of 1917is aUnited States federal lawenacted on June 15, 1917, shortly after the United Statesentered World War I. It has been amended numerous times over the years. It was originally found inTitle 50of the U.S. Code (War & National Defense) but is now found under Title 18 (Crime & Criminal Procedure):1... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917 |
In thephilosophy of scienceand some other branches ofphilosophy, a "natural kind" is an intellectual grouping, or categorizing of things, that is reflective of the actual world and not just human interests.[1]Some treat it as a classification identifying some structure of truth and reality that exists whether or not hu... | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_kind |
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