[ { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q1ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(a)(i)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The animal kingdom is divided into two main groups, vertebrates and invertebrates. Name one vertebrate.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "mouse / fox / rabbit (any correct animal with a backbone)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q1ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(a)(i)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagram shows the skeleton of the Irish red deer. Is this animal a vertebrate or an invertebrate?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Line drawing of the skeleton of an Irish red deer, showing a clear backbone/spine running along the body, ribs, skull and limb bones.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "vertebrate", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q1aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "What is an invertebrate?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "no back bone (spine) / doesn't have vertebrae", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q1aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Give a reason for your answer.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "backbone / spine / vertebrae present", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q1bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(b)(i)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name the blood vessel labelled X on the diagram of the human circulatory system.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of the human circulatory system (heart and major blood vessels). A blood vessel leaving the heart and travelling towards the lungs is labelled X with an arrow.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "pulmonary artery", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q1bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(b)(i)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Wholemeal bread is a good source of fibre and starch. Why is eating wholemeal bread good for you?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "to prevent constipation / for a healthy digestive system / provides energy", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q1bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Blood is pumped from the heart to another organ through blood vessel X. Name this organ.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "lung(s)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q1bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "In the table, write the letter X beside the name of the chemical you would use to test for the presence of starch. (Options: Benedict's solution, Iodine)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Small option table with two rows labelled 'Benedict's solution' and 'Iodine', each with a box for writing a letter.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "X – Iodine", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q1c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(c)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Seeds undergo germination to produce new plants. Choose the correct words from the list to complete the following statement. To germinate, seeds need a suitable temperature, ____ and ____. (Options: Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Water)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Option box listing three word choices: Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Water.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Oxygen // Water (2 × 3 marks)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q1ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(c)(i)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Below is an example of a food chain from a garden habitat: ROSEBUSH -> GREENFLY -> LADYBIRD -> SPIDER. What word describes the role of the rosebush in this food chain?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "producer", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q1cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Explain what would happen to the size of the spider population in this habitat if all the rosebushes died.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "decrease", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q1di", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(d)(i)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Study the diagram of the human digestive system and answer the following questions. State one function of the stomach.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of the human digestive system showing the gut from mouth/oesophagus through stomach and intestines. A part is labelled Y with an arrow.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "digestion / produce acid (HCl) / produce enzymes (gastric juices) / churn food / store food", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q1di", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(d)(i)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagrams show the human urinary system. In the table, write the letter A beside the name of part A. (Options: Kidney, Liver, To store urine, To produce urine)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of the human urinary system with two kidneys (one labelled A, one labelled B) connected by ureters to the bladder; accompanying option table listing Kidney, Liver, To store urine, To produce urine.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "A – Kidney", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q1dii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(d)(ii)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name the organ labelled Y.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of the human digestive system with organ Y labelled (a large organ to the upper right of the stomach).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "liver", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q1dii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(d)(ii)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Write the letter B beside the function of part B. (Options: Kidney, Liver, To store urine, To produce urine)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Same urinary-system diagram; part B is the lower organ (bladder). Option table lists Kidney, Liver, To store urine, To produce urine.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "B – To store urine", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q1ei", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(e)(i)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The plant in the diagram is growing towards the sunlight. Name this growth response.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of a potted plant bending/growing towards the Sun (drawn at top right), illustrating a directional growth response to light.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "phototropism", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q1ei", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(e)(i)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagram shows a food chain from a field: Maize → Rat → Owl. In the table, write the letter Y beside the name of a producer. (Options: Maize, Rat, Owl)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Food chain diagram with arrows: a photo of maize plants → a rat → an owl. Accompanying option table lists Maize, Rat, Owl.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Y – Maize", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q1eii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(e)(ii)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Explain why this growth response is of benefit to the plant.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "more light for more photosynthesis", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q1eii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(e)(ii)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "What would happen to the number of rats in the field if all the owls died?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "increase", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q1fi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(f)(i)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "An earthworm takes in and uses up a certain gas during respiration. Name the gas the earthworm uses up during respiration.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Small drawing of an earthworm beside the question.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "oxygen", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q1fi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(f)(i)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The photograph shows a human foetus during pregnancy. In the table, write the letter C beside the name of the reproductive system where fertilisation occurs. (Options: Vagina, Womb, Fallopian tube)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph/image of a human foetus in the womb during pregnancy, with structures labelled C and D. Option table lists Vagina, Womb, Fallopian tube.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "C – Fallopian tube", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q1fii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(f)(ii)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name the gas the earthworm produces during respiration.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "carbon dioxide / water vapour", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q1fii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(f)(ii)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Write the letter D beside the part of the reproductive system where the foetus develops. (Options: Vagina, Womb, Fallopian tube)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Same foetus image with parts labelled C and D; option table lists Vagina, Womb, Fallopian tube.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "D – Womb", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q1gi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(g)(i)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "What type of tissue transports water and minerals in a plant?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "xylem / vascular", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q1gi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(g)(i)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A student investigated the conversion of chemical energy in food into heat energy. Name a food that the student could have used in the investigation.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of the apparatus: a thermometer in a boiling tube of water held on a stand, with a piece of burning food held beneath the tube to heat the water.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "crisp / cracker / nut / biscuit / bread", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q1gii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(g)(ii)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name a plant organ from which water is lost during transpiration.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "leaf / stem / flower", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q1gii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(g)(ii)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Would the temperature of the water increase or decrease during this investigation?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "increase", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q1h", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(h)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 10, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The photographs show some of the bones that make up the human skeleton. Name each part of the skeleton (three boxes provided for the named bones).", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Three photographs of human skeletal regions: (1) the skull, (2) the ribcage/chest area, (3) the pelvis/hip region, each with a box beneath for naming.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "skull / cranium (3); ribcage / ribs / breastbone / backbone / vertebrae / spine / collar bone / shoulder blade (3); pelvis / hip (4)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q1hi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(h)(i)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A student carried out an experiment to show that starch is produced in a green plant during photosynthesis. Name a plant process that uses starch.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "respiration / digestion / growth", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q1hii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(h)(ii)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Explain how the student removed starch from the plant before the start of the experiment.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "place plant in a dark room / cover leaves", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q1hiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(h)(iii)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 2, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name a chemical used by the student to remove chlorophyll from the leaves of the plant.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "alcohol / named alcohol e.g. methylated spirits", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q1hiv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(h)(iv)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 2, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name a chemical used by the student to test for the presence of starch in the leaves.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "iodine", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q2ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(a)(i)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A chef accidently touches a hot flame. As a result, the nerve cells in her skin send a message to a part of her body. A message then travels back to the muscles in her arm, causing her hand to be pulled away. Name the type of nerve cell that sent the message from the skin.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Small drawing of a flame beside the question.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "sensory", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q2ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(a)(i)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "All living things are made of cells. Name the instrument shown on the right, which is used to examine cells.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Labelled drawing of an optical (light) microscope, with part A indicated (the eyepiece/lens at the top).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "microscope", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q2aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name the part of the chef's body that receives this message.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "brain / spinal cord / central nervous system", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q2aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "In the table, write the letter A beside the function of part A. (Options: Holds the slide, Magnifies the image)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Microscope diagram with part A (the lens/eyepiece) indicated; option table lists 'Holds the slide' and 'Magnifies the image'.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "A – Magnifies the image", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q2aiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(a)(iii)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Based on this example, explain how the nervous system is important to living organisms.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "protection", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q2aiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(a)(iii)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Describe how you would prepare a slide from onion tissue for viewing using the instrument above.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "add iodine (stain/dye) // add coverslip (2 × 3 marks)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q2aiv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(a)(iv)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "If the chef had seen the hot flame, name the nerve that would transmit this information.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "optic", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q2aiv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(a)(iv)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The photograph shows the results obtained by a student after they had prepared and viewed onion cells under high power. In the table, write the letter X beside the name of the part labelled X. (Options: Cell wall, Nucleus)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Microscope photograph of onion cells under high power showing rectangular cells; the outer boundary of a cell is labelled X. Option table lists Cell wall, Nucleus.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "X – Cell wall", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q2av", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(a)(v)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Part X is found in all plant cells. Is part X found in animal cells? Answer \"yes\" or \"no\".", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "no", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q2bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(b)(i)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "An athlete was encouraged to eat chicken and pasta before training. What essential nutrient is abundant in chicken?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Silhouette of a running athlete beside the question.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "protein", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q2bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(b)(i)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Freckles are an example of an inherited human characteristic. Choose the correct word from the list to complete the following statement: Inheritable characteristics are controlled by ____. (Options: Nerves, Genes)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of freckled skin; option box lists Nerves, Genes.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Genes", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q2bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "What essential nutrient is abundant in pasta?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "carbohydrate / starch", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q2bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "In the table, write the letter Y beside the name of a human characteristic which is not inherited. (Options: Ability to play the guitar, Eye colour)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Option table listing 'Ability to play the guitar' and 'Eye colour'.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Y – Ability to play the guitar", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q2biii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(b)(iii)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "It is also important for the athlete to drink fluids, due to the loss of water during training. State one way in which water is lost from the athlete's body.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "excretion (sweating / urination / breathing out)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q2biv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(b)(iv)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name the organ in the body which controls the amount of water and salts in the athlete's blood.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "kidney", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q2ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(c)(i)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cartilage damage is a common type of tissue injury from which athletes suffer. Explain the underlined term (tissue).", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "cells with specific (common) function", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q2ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(c)(i)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "In humans, cells are organised into tissues, organs and systems. In the table, write the letter W beside the name of an organ found in the human body. (Options: Blood, Eye, Respiratory, Digestive)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Option table listing Blood, Eye, Respiratory, Digestive.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "W – Eye", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q2cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cartilage is found in the body at various joints, such as the one shown. Name the type of joint shown.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of a joint with cartilage labelled (a ball-shaped bone end fitting into a socket), representing the joint type to be named.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "ball and socket", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q2cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Write the letter Z beside the name of the system involved in gas exchange. (Options: Blood, Eye, Respiratory, Digestive)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Same option table listing Blood, Eye, Respiratory, Digestive.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Z – Respiratory", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q2ciii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(c)(iii)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Note the joints that are circled on the diagram of the human skeleton. Name one other location in the body where this type of joint is found.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of the human skeleton with the two shoulder joints circled, indicating ball-and-socket joints.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "knee / fingers / toes", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q2civ", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(c)(iv)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name the structures that connect bone to bone in a joint. Name the structures that connect muscle to bone in a joint.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "ligament (bone to bone); tendon (muscle to bone) [3 + 3]", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q2di", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(d)(i)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Complete the following sentence: The function of white blood cells is to ____.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "fight infection / engulf (kill/destroy) germs / produce antibodies", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q2dii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(d)(ii)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The name of the organ that pumps blood around the body is the ____.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "heart", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q3ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(a)(i)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The results of a student's habitat study were displayed on a bar chart. Name a piece of apparatus which could have been used to measure plant frequency.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Bar chart titled by Plant Type. Y-axis is % Frequency from 0 to 100 (in 10s). Four bars: Buttercup, Dandelion, Grass, Daisy. Grass is by far the tallest (~90), Dandelion moderate, Buttercup and Daisy lower.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "quadrat / line (belt) transect", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q3ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(a)(i)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Keys are used by biologists to identify organisms. Use the key (shown with Organism A = ant, Organism B = spider, Organism C = tick) to identify the organisms shown. Name of organism A. Key steps: 1) Organism has legs → Go to 2 / Organism has no legs → Go to 5; 2) Organism has 6 legs → Go to 3 / Organism has 8 legs → Tick; 3) Organism has a shell → Snail / Organism has no shell → Slug; 4) Organism has wings → Ant / Organism has no wings → Bluefly.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Three photographs of organisms labelled A (an ant), B (a spider) and C (a tick), with a branching identification key table beside them giving paired statements leading to outcomes (Tick, Snail, Slug, Ant, Bluefly).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Ant", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q3aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "What could the student have used to identify the plants?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "key (accept textbook / guide book / internet / poster if qualified)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q3aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name of organism B (using the identification key).", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of organism B (a spider) used with the branching identification key.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Snail", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q3aiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(a)(iii)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The student noticed that the dandelions had deeper roots than the grass. Name one resource for which the roots of dandelions and grass compete.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "water / minerals (named mineral) / nutrients / space", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q3aiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(a)(iii)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name of organism C (using the identification key).", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of organism C (a tick) used with the branching identification key.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Tick", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q3aiv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(a)(iv)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The buttercup, dandelion and daisy have flowers that use insects for pollen transfer. Name the part of the flower that produces pollen.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "anther", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q3aiv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(a)(iv)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "What questions did you answer in the table to help you identify organism C?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Branching identification key table with numbered paired statements (steps 1 and 2 lead to the 'Tick' outcome).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "1, 2 (steps 1 and 2 of the key)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q3av", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(a)(v)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name the method of pollen transfer used by grass.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "wind", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q3avi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(a)(vi)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Describe an example of how plants and animals can show interdependence.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "any valid example of interdependence: insects pollinate plants AND plants provide food for insects", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q3bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(b)(i)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A doctor takes a patient's pulse by listening directly to the heartbeat using a stethoscope. Describe another method of taking a pulse.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Small drawing of a stethoscope beside the question.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "place fingers on wrist (suitable location) / heart monitor", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q3bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(b)(i)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A student set up the experiment shown to investigate photosynthesis (a lamp shining on pondweed under a funnel with gas X collecting at the top, in pond water). In the table, write the letter X beside the name of gas X which is produced during photosynthesis. (Options: Nitrogen, Oxygen)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Apparatus diagram: a lamp beside a beaker of pond water containing pondweed under an inverted funnel; bubbles of 'Gas X' rise and collect at the top. Option table lists Nitrogen, Oxygen.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "X – Oxygen", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q3bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "What is the average pulse rate per minute for an adult at rest?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "70 ± 4", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q3bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Other than light, name one substance which a plant needs for photosynthesis.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "chlorophyll / water / carbon dioxide", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q3ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(c)(i)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A group of students were given an unknown sample of food. They placed equal volumes of the sample into three test tubes and carried out various food tests. Based on the findings, which food type did the sample contain?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagrams of three food tests: test tube A with Iodine solution, test tube B with Biuret solution (or sodium hydroxide and copper sulfate), and beaker C with Benedict's solution (or Fehling's solution) heated in a hot water bath. RESULTS table: A final colour Red-brown; B final colour Purple; C final colour Blue.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "protein (amino acids)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q3ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(c)(i)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A student carried out an experiment to show that light is necessary for photosynthesis. The plant was set up as shown in the photograph, with strips of metal foil placed on some of the leaves. The plant was then left under a light for 48 hours. Why were strips of metal foil placed on some of the leaves?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of a potted plant with strips of metal foil covering parts of some leaves, placed under a light source.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "to block (sun)light / prevent photosynthesis", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q3cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Which test tube contained this food type?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "A, B or C (the test tube that gave the positive result for the identified food type)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q3cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "After 48 hours the student removed a leaf and placed it in a hot liquid to remove the green pigment. In the table, write the letter L beside the name of the liquid used. (Options: Water, Alcohol)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of a leaf/beaker step; option table lists Water, Alcohol.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "L – Alcohol", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q3ciii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(c)(iii)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Why was a hot water bath used for test tube C?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "suitable temperature for reaction to occur", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q3ciii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(c)(iii)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "After testing for starch, the student obtained the results shown in the photograph below. Write the letter P in the correct box to show where starch was present. Write the letter Q in the correct box to show where starch was absent.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of the iodine-tested leaf: the previously green (uncovered) area, labelled Q in the scheme, stained dark (starch present marked elsewhere); the area that had been covered by foil remains pale. In the marking scheme the green/exposed region carries Q and the foil-covered/pale region carries P (2 × 3 marks for correct P and Q placement).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Correct placement of P and Q on the tested leaf (P = starch present region, Q = starch absent region), shown on the scheme diagram (2 × 3 marks).", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q3civ", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(c)(iv)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Describe how the students could carry out a control experiment for this investigation. A labelled diagram may help your answer.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "food sample with no chemicals / chemical with water / chemical with no food", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q3cv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(c)(v)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Describe how to test a food sample for the presence of fat.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "translucent spot on brown paper", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q3di", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(d)(i)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagram shows a piece of equipment that is used during an habitat study to collect organisms. Name an organism which could be collected using this piece of equipment. (Options shown for next part: Pitfall trap, Pooter)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of a collecting device (a pitfall trap shown as a container sunk into the ground). Option table for the related part lists Pitfall trap and Pooter.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "insect / spider / ant / fly / ladybird / woodlouse etc.", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q3dii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(d)(ii)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "In the table, write the letter Y beside the name of this piece of equipment. (Options: Pitfall trap, Pooter)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of the collecting device; option table lists Pitfall trap, Pooter.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Y – Pooter", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q4ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(a)(i)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Acid rain is rainfall that is made acidic by pollution. It can cause environmental harm to forests and lakes. Name a gas that dissolves in the rainwater to form this acid rain.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of a forest damaged by acid rain (dead/bare trees).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "sulfur dioxide / sulfur trioxide / nitrogen oxide (monoxide) / nitrogen dioxide", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q4ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(a)(i)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagram shows an atom of lithium. Name the part labelled A.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of a lithium atom: a central nucleus with electrons in shells around it; part A points to the central nucleus.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "nucleus / proton / neutron", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q4aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "What activity produces this gas?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "burning fossil fuels (named fossil fuel)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q4aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "In the table, write the letter B beside the charge on an electron. (Options: Positive, Negative)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Lithium atom diagram; option table lists Positive, Negative.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "B – Negative", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q4bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(b)(i)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Steel is an alloy and is the main structural material for bridges and buildings. It is important to prevent the rusting of steel. How can the rusting of steel be prevented?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "oiling / painting / galvanising / electroplating / plastic coating", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q4bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(b)(i)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name the piece of laboratory equipment shown on the right.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Line drawing of a Bunsen burner.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Bunsen burner", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q4bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name a metal element used in the manufacture of steel.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "iron", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q4bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "State one use for this piece of equipment.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "heating / boiling", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q4ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(c)(i)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The world's oceans have become littered with plastic debris and rubbish. Non-biodegradable plastic can spend many years floating in our seas. Explain the underlined term (non-biodegradable).", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of plastic debris/rubbish floating in the sea.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "cannot be broken down by living organisms", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q4ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(c)(i)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Rusting can occur when iron objects (such as iron nails) are exposed to water and oxygen. Name a substance commonly used to coat iron objects to prevent rusting.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of rusted iron nails.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "paint / oil / grease / zinc / varnish / plastic / chromium", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q4cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "From which raw material are most plastics made?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "crude oil", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q4cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is rusting a physical process or a chemical process?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "chemical", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q4di", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(d)(i)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Substances can be classified as elements, mixtures or compounds. What is an element?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "simplest form of a substance (it cannot be broken down to a simpler form) / it is made up of only one type of atom", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q4di", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(d)(i)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "There are several stages involved in the treatment of water for domestic use. Why is fluoride added to the domestic water supply in Ireland?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph relating to water treatment.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "to prevent tooth decay / for healthy teeth", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q4dii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(d)(ii)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Describe one difference between a mixture and a compound.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "any one of: mixture - easily separated / no new substance formed / substances not chemically combined; compound - not easily separated / a new substance formed / composed of elements chemically joined", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q4dii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(d)(ii)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "In the table, write the letter C beside the name of the chemical added to water to kill harmful bacteria. (Options: Chlorine, Helium)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Option table lists Chlorine, Helium.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "C – Chlorine", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q4ei", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(e)(i)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Liquids have a definite volume and are difficult to compress. Name a piece of equipment that can be used to measure the volume of a liquid.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "measuring (graduated) cylinder / pipette / burette / syringe / beaker", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q4ei", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(e)(i)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagram shows three atoms which are bonded together by sharing pairs of electrons. Name the compound shown in the diagram.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Molecular diagram of water: one O atom bonded to two H atoms by shared electron pairs (covalent bonds).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "water / H2O", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q4eii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(e)(ii)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "State one other property of a liquid.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "flows / definite mass / no definite shape / changes state when heated or cooled", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q4eii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(e)(ii)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "In the table, write the letter D beside the type of bonding involved when electrons are shared. (Options: Ionic, Covalent)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Molecular diagram of water; option table lists Ionic, Covalent.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "D – Covalent", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q4fi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(f)(i)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A student carried out an experiment to investigate the solubility of copper sulfate in water. Describe the effect of increasing the temperature on the solubility of copper sulfate.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Drawing of a beaker of liquid being heated on a tripod over a Bunsen burner flame.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "it increases / more copper sulfate dissolves", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q4fi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(f)(i)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "From the list, choose a substance which is a common household base. (Options: Water, Toothpaste, Vinegar)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Toothpaste", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q4fii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(f)(ii)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "To prepare crystals, a solution needs to be saturated. Describe how to make a solution saturated.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "dissolve as much solute as possible", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q4fii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(f)(ii)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "From the list, choose a substance which is a common household acid. (Options: Water, Toothpaste, Vinegar)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Vinegar", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q4g", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(g)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The Sam Maguire Cup is awarded to winners of the All-Ireland men's senior football championship. The cup is made from silver. State two properties of silver that make it suitable for making trophies.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of the Sam Maguire Cup (a silver trophy).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Any two of: shiny (lustrous) / malleable / durable / ductile / unreactive (2 × 3 marks)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q4gi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(g)(i)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A student carried out an experiment to show that there is water vapour in air. Name a chemical that can be used to test for water.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "copper sulfate // cobalt chloride", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q4gii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(g)(ii)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "What colour is this chemical before water is added?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "white // blue [must match the chemical named]", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q4hi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(h)(i)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "The diagram shows the pH of a number of substances on the pH scale. Choose a substance from the diagram that is: Acidic; Basic; Neutral.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "pH scale (0-14) with five substances marked: Vinegar (~pH 2), Soda water (~pH 4), Pure water (pH 7), Baking soda (~pH 9), Oven cleaner (~pH 13).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "acidic: vinegar / soda water; basic: baking soda / oven cleaner; neutral: pure water", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q4hi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(h)(i)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "When zinc metal reacts with hydrochloric acid, a colourless gas is produced. In the table, write the letter G beside the name of this gas. (Options: Hydrogen, Oxygen)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Option table lists Hydrogen, Oxygen.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "G – Hydrogen", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q4hii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(h)(ii)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 2, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Name a chemical the student could use to measure the pH of the substances above.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "pH meter (probe) / universal indicator", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q4hii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(h)(ii)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "What is observed when a lighted splint is placed in a test tube of this gas?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "pop / squeak", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q4hiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(h)(iii)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Hydrochloric acid is corrosive. Write the letter F beside the laboratory safety symbol for \"corrosive\" (two hazard symbols shown).", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Two laboratory hazard warning symbols are shown; one depicts a corrosive symbol (hand/surface being eaten away by liquid) which is labelled F in the scheme.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "F placed beside the corrosive hazard symbol", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q5ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(a)(i)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagram shows the electrolysis of water. One of the gases produced is hydrogen. Is hydrogen produced in test tube A or in test tube B?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of electrolysis of water apparatus: a vessel of water with two electrodes, each under an inverted test tube collecting gas. Test tube A is over the electrode labelled Anode; test tube B is over the electrode labelled Cathode.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "B", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q5ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(a)(i)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A student prepared oxygen gas using the apparatus shown in the diagram. In the table, write the letter X beside the name of the liquid used to produce oxygen gas. (Options: Limewater, Hydrogen peroxide)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Apparatus diagram: a thistle funnel containing Liquid X feeds into a flask containing manganese dioxide; oxygen gas passes through a delivery tube and is collected over water in an inverted measuring cylinder. Option table lists Limewater, Hydrogen peroxide.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "X – Hydrogen peroxide", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q5aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Water contains the elements hydrogen and oxygen only. Name another compound that also contains the elements hydrogen and oxygen only.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "hydrogen peroxide", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q5aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Manganese dioxide, a black solid, was used by the student during this preparation. What name is given to a substance (such as manganese dioxide) which speeds up a chemical reaction but is not used up during the reaction?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "catalyst", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q5aiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(a)(iii)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Describe, with the aid of a labelled diagram, a method (other than electrolysis) that can be used to produce hydrogen gas in the laboratory.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "State or show: metal such as zinc, add to named acid // calcium / alkali metal, add to water [must match] (2 × 3). [No labelled diagram - deduct 3 marks]", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q5aiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(a)(iii)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "One of the products of this reaction is water. Write the letter Y beside the name of a chemical which could be used in the laboratory to test for the presence of water. (Options: Anhydrous copper sulfate, Sodium hydroxide, Cobalt chloride)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Option table lists Anhydrous copper sulfate, Sodium hydroxide, Cobalt chloride.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Y – Anhydrous copper sulfate / Cobalt chloride", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q5aiv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(a)(iv)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Describe the test for hydrogen gas.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "burns with a pop", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q5aiv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(a)(iv)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "What is the colour of this chemical when water is present?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Anhydrous copper sulfate – BLUE / Cobalt chloride – PINK", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q5bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(b)(i)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Students were given a mixture of sand and salt and they were asked to separate the mixture in the laboratory. First the mixture was added to hot water. What happens to the salt at this stage?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "dissolves", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q5bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(b)(i)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "All the known elements are listed in the Periodic Table. A portion of the table from page 79 of the Formulae and Tables booklet is shown in the diagram. On the diagram shade in an element that belongs to Group II (Group 2).", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A portion of the Periodic Table (Formulae and Tables booklet, p.79) showing element symbols in their groups/periods, including Group I and Group II metals on the left.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "correct Group II metal shaded", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q5bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The next stage of the experiment is to remove the sand from the mixture. What separation technique can be used to achieve this?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "filtration / decanting", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q5bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "What is the chemical symbol for iron?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Periodic Table extract available for reference.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Fe", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q5biii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(b)(iii)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The final stage of the experiment is to get the salt on its own. What separation technique can be used to achieve this?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "evaporation / distillation", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q5biii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(b)(iii)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "What is the chemical symbol for sulfur?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Periodic Table extract available for reference.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "S", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q5biv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(b)(iv)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is sulfur a metal or a non-metal?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "non-metal", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q5ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(c)(i)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagram shows the arrangement of the apparatus used for the preparation of carbon dioxide gas in the laboratory. Name the solution labelled A.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of laboratory CO2 preparation apparatus: a thistle/dropping funnel containing solution A leading into a conical flask containing marble chips; gas delivered via a tube down into a gas jar standing in a trough/on a base (downward delivery to collect the dense gas).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "hydrochloric acid", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q5ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(c)(i)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Acids and bases are commonly used in school laboratories. State one safety precaution a student should take when handling acids and bases.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "wear safety goggles / gloves / lab coat / any valid safety precaution", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q5cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "What is the chemical name for marble chips?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "calcium carbonate", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q5cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "In the table, write the letter A beside the formula for sulfuric acid. (Options: CaCO3, H2SO4, CO2, NaOH)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Option table lists the chemical formulae CaCO3, H2SO4, CO2, NaOH.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "A – H2SO4", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q5ciii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(c)(iii)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "What property of carbon dioxide causes it to settle to the bottom of the gas jar?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "denser than air", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q5ciii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(c)(iii)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Write the letter B beside the formula for sodium hydroxide. (Options: CaCO3, H2SO4, CO2, NaOH)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Option table lists CaCO3, H2SO4, CO2, NaOH.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "B – NaOH", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q5civ", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(c)(iv)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Write down the balanced chemical equation for the reaction of carbon dioxide with limewater.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "CO2 + Ca(OH)2 -> CaCO3 + H2O (2 × 3)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q5civ", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(c)(iv)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "What name is given to the reaction between an acid and a base?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "neutralisation [do not accept titration]", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q6ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(a)(i)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A student collected water samples from a tap (A), a well (B), rainwater (C) and bottled water (D). She added a sample of each type of water into a separate test tube. She then carried out an investigation to test each of the samples for hardness. Describe how this test was carried out. How did the student know which of the samples was the hardest?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of four test tubes in a rack, each part-filled with water and labelled A, B, C and D (tap, well, rainwater and bottled water samples).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "add soap (3); shake (3); the hardest sample needed most soap to make a lather / forms smallest volume of lather (3)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q6ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(a)(i)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The apparatus shown was used to investigate the products of burning a hydrocarbon. A gas was produced when the hydrocarbon was burned. This gas passed through liquid A and turned it milky colour. In the table, write the letter G beside the name of the gas produced. (Options: Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Limewater, Hydrochloric acid)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "U-tube apparatus diagram: a burning hydrocarbon produces gas drawn through liquid A (in a U-tube) via a funnel; liquid A turns milky. Option table lists Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Limewater, Hydrochloric acid.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "G – Carbon dioxide", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q6aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Hard water can cause limescale to build up on heating elements, as in the photograph. However, there are also advantages to hard water. State one advantage.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of a heating element heavily coated with limescale.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "nicer taste / contains minerals / good for teeth (bones) / good for brewing (tanning)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q6aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Write the letter A beside the name of the liquid used to show the presence of this gas. (Options: Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Limewater, Hydrochloric acid)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Same U-tube apparatus; option table lists Oxygen, Carbon dioxide, Limewater, Hydrochloric acid.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "A – Limewater", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q6aiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(a)(iii)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Describe how hardness can be removed from water.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "ion exchange / boiling / add bath salts", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q6aiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(a)(iii)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name one element found in all hydrocarbons.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "carbon / hydrogen", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q6aiv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(a)(iv)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Fossil fuels are sources of hydrocarbons. Crude oil is an example of a fossil fuel. State one other example of a fossil fuel.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph relating to fossil fuels / oil extraction.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "coal / natural gas / turf (peat) / methane / petrol / diesel", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q6av", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(a)(v)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Crude oil is the raw material for the production of plastics. State one property of plastics that makes them suitable for everyday use.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "durable / mouldable / light / strong / flexible / waterproof / good insulator / non-toxic / does not rot", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q6bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)(i)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "An atom of sodium has an atomic number of 11 and a mass number of 23. How many protons does this atom contain?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q6bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)(i)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Classification of substances is important in chemistry. In the table, write the letter X beside an example of a compound. (Options: Carbon dioxide, Aluminium, Sea water)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Option table lists Carbon dioxide, Aluminium, Sea water.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "X – Carbon dioxide", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q6bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "How many neutrons does this atom contain?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q6bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Write the letter Y beside an example of a mixture. (Options: Carbon dioxide, Aluminium, Sea water)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Option table lists Carbon dioxide, Aluminium, Sea water.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Y – Sea water", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q6biii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)(iii)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Complete the diagram below, drawing all the electrons on the Bohr structure for this sodium atom. The two electrons on the first shell are already drawn for you.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Bohr-model diagram of a sodium atom: a central nucleus with two concentric electron shells drawn; the innermost (first) shell already shows 2 electrons. The student must add the remaining electrons (8 on the second shell, 1 on a third shell).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "second shell with 8 electrons (3); third shell with 1 electron (3)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q6biii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)(iii)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagrams show the arrangement of apparatus used to separate a variety of mixtures in a school laboratory (apparatus P, Q and R, with part S labelled on Q). In the table, write the letter P beside the name of the technique labelled P. (Options: Filtration, Chromatography, Distillation)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Three apparatus diagrams: P is a beaker/strip set-up (chromatography), Q is a distillation apparatus (round-bottomed flask on tripod with a condenser, with part S = the condenser), R is a funnel with filter paper in a conical flask (filtration). Option table lists Filtration, Chromatography, Distillation.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "P – Chromatography", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q6biv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)(iv)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name the Group of the Periodic Table to which sodium belongs.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "alkali metals", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q6biv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)(iv)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Write the letter Q beside the name of the technique labelled Q. (Options: Filtration, Chromatography, Distillation)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Apparatus Q is a distillation set-up (heated flask with condenser S). Option table lists Filtration, Chromatography, Distillation.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Q – Distillation", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q6bv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)(v)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "What type of bond does sodium form with chlorine?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "ionic", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q6bv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)(v)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Write the letter R beside the name of the technique labelled R. (Options: Filtration, Chromatography, Distillation)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Apparatus R is a filter funnel with filter paper in a conical flask (filtration). Option table lists Filtration, Chromatography, Distillation.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "R – Filtration", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q6bvi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)(vi)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Why is sodium usually stored in a jar of oil, as shown in the photograph?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of pieces of sodium metal stored under oil in a glass jar.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "very reactive with oxygen (O2) and water (H2O)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q6bvi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)(vi)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name one substance that could be separated using technique P.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "ink / dye / indicator / food colouring", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q6bvii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)(vii)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "When sodium reacts with water, two products are formed. Name these two products.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "sodium hydroxide and hydrogen", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q6bvii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)(vii)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name the piece of equipment labelled S.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Part S is the inclined glass tube/condenser in the distillation apparatus Q.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Liebig condenser", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q7a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(a)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagram shows a child using a periscope to see over a high wall. Explain, with the aid of a labelled diagram, how a periscope works.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Drawing of a child looking through a periscope to see over a high wall (a tree is on the far side). The student must draw a labelled periscope diagram (two parallel mirrors at 45 degrees reflecting light down to the eye).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "correct ray diagram (3); reflection (3)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q7a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(a)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The following is a list of household electrical appliances. Underline two appliances that use the heating effect of an electric current. (List: HAIRDRYER, TELEVISION, TOASTER, IRON, DOORBELL)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Underline two of: hairdryer / toaster / iron (2 × 3 marks)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q7b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(b)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Wind energy is an example of a renewable source of energy. Name two other renewable energy sources.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of a wind turbine against the sky.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "any two of: wave, solar, tidal, geothermal, hydroelectric, biomass (2 × 3)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q7bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(b)(i)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name the device shown in the photograph, which is from a standard electrical plug.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of a cylindrical cartridge fuse from a 3-pin plug.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "fuse", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q7bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "What is the function of this device?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "breaks the circuit when too large a current flows", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q7c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(c)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The relationship between voltage, current and resistance in an electrical circuit is named after the physicist Georg Ohm. Use Ohm's law to calculate the current in the circuit shown.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Circuit diagram: a 12 V battery (cell) connected to a resistor of 6 ohm in a single loop. Calculate the current.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "V = I × R / I = V/R / 12/6 (3); 2 A (3)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q7c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(c)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Complete the following sentence: The principle of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be ____ or ____.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "created // destroyed (2 × 3 marks)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q7d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(d)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Copper wire is said to be a good conductor. Name two physical quantities which this wire conducts.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of a coil of copper wire.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "electricity // heat (2 × 3)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q7di", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(d)(i)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Electricity is used in the home for lighting, heating and powering appliances. In the table, write the letter A beside the voltage of the mains electricity supply in Ireland. (Options: 12 V, 230 V, Kilowatt-hour, Ampere)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Option table lists 12 V, 230 V, Kilowatt-hour, Ampere.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "A – 230 V", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q7dii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(d)(ii)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Write the letter B beside the unit of electrical energy used by electricity supply companies. (Options: 12 V, 230 V, Kilowatt-hour, Ampere)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Option table lists 12 V, 230 V, Kilowatt-hour, Ampere.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "B – Kilowatt-hour", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q7ei", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(e)(i)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The mass and volume of a cork are needed to calculate its density. Name a piece of equipment used to find the mass of the cork.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Small drawing of a cork beside the question.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "balance / scales", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q7ei", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(e)(i)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Street-lights are controlled by an LDR. What do the letters LDR stand for?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "light dependent resistor", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q7eii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(e)(ii)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The volume of the cork can be found by submerging it in water and measuring the volume of water it displaces. Explain how you would submerge the cork in water.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "push it down", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q7eii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(e)(ii)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "When the light shining on an LDR decreases, does its resistance increase or decrease?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "increase", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q7f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(f)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A motorbike accelerates from 12 m/s to 36 m/s in 3 seconds. Calculate the acceleration of the motorbike.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of a motorbike beside the question.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "(v2 - v1)/t / (36 - 12)/3 (3); 8 m/s^2 (3)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q7f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(f)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagrams show two everyday examples of levers (a scissors and a pliers). In each case, write the letter C in the correct box to show the position of the fulcrum (turning point).", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Two lever diagrams: a pair of scissors and a pair of pliers. The fulcrum (pivot/turning point) in each is the central joint/rivet where the two arms cross; letter C is placed at this pivot in both (2 × 3 marks).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "C placed at the fulcrum (central pivot/rivet) of the scissors and of the pliers (2 × 3 marks)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q7gi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(g)(i)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The Environmental Protection Agency Act of 1992 defines environmental pollution to include noise pollution. Why is it dangerous for people to be exposed to very loud sounds?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "damage to hearing", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q7gi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(g)(i)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "In the table, write the letter D in the box beside the phrase that correctly finishes the following statement: Sound waves travel through the air by... (Options: vibrating the particles of matter in the air. / the force between charged objects.)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Option table with two phrases: 'vibrating the particles of matter in the air.' and 'the force between charged objects.'", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "D – vibrating the particles of matter in the air.", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q7gii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(g)(ii)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Why would noise not be heard in space?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "no medium (air)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q7gii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(g)(ii)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "In a stadium, a spectator can see a hurler hit the sliotar before hearing the sound. What does this indicate to you?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of a hurler striking a sliotar in a stadium.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "light travels faster than sound", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q7hi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(h)(i)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagrams show two bulbs connected in series and in parallel across a battery. In which circuit, X or Y, are the bulbs connected in series?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Two circuit diagrams labelled Circuit X and Circuit Y, each with a battery, two bulbs and a device A (an ammeter). One has the two bulbs in series, the other in parallel.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "X", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q7hi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(h)(i)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Choose a material from the list that would be most suitable for the following uses. The material used for the wire in an electrical cable. (Options: Sulfur, Copper, Paper, Plastic)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Option box lists Sulfur, Copper, Paper, Plastic.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Copper", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q7hii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(h)(ii)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name device A.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Circuit diagram showing a meter symbol labelled A in the circuit.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "ammeter", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q7hii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(h)(ii)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The material used to cover the wire in the cable. (Options: Sulfur, Copper, Paper, Plastic)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Option box lists Sulfur, Copper, Paper, Plastic.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Plastic", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q7hiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(h)(iii)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 4, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tick the correct statements for each circuit, X or Y. Statements: 'The bulbs are brighter'; 'If one bulb is unscrewed, no bulb will light'.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Table with a Statement column and Circuit X and Circuit Y tick columns. Rows: 'Bulbs are brighter'; 'If one bulb is unscrewed no bulb will light'.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Bulbs are brighter -> Circuit Y (2); If one bulb is unscrewed no bulb will light -> Circuit X (2)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q7hiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(h)(iii)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 4, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Explain why the material you have chosen in part (ii) is suitable for covering the wire in the cable.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "insulator", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q8ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(a)(i)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagram below shows a ray of light entering a glass block. On the diagram above, complete the path of the ray of light.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of a rectangular glass block with the boundary marked Air | Glass. A ray of light travels from the air and strikes the glass surface at an angle; the student must complete the path showing the ray bending (refracting) into and out of the block.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "emerging parallel ray as shown (correct refracted path)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q8ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(a)(i)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The photographs show instruments that are commonly used to take measurements in a school laboratory. Write the letter P in the box under the instrument which can be used to measure the mass of a substance.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Three instrument photographs: an opisometer (curved-line measurer, looks like a small wheeled device), an electronic balance, and a stopwatch. The balance is used for mass.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "P – under balance", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q8aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "What word is used to describe the changing of direction of the ray of light as it travels from air into glass?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "refraction", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q8aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Write the letter Q under the instrument which could be used to measure the length of a curved line.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Three instrument photographs (opisometer, balance, stopwatch). The opisometer measures curved-line length.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Q – under opisometer", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q8aiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(a)(iii)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Complete the diagram below, by drawing the correct lens, which would cause the light rays to focus at a point, as shown.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Two diagrams: left shows three parallel horizontal light rays travelling right; right shows the rays converging to a single point (focus). The student must draw the lens (a convex / converging lens) that produces this focusing.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "convex lens", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q8aiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(a)(iii)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Write the letter R under the instrument which could be used to measure time.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Three instrument photographs (opisometer, balance, stopwatch). The stopwatch measures time.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "R – under stopwatch", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q8aiv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(a)(iv)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name one everyday example of an object that uses a lens.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "camera / microscope / telescopes / projectors / glasses / any valid example", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q8bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(b)(i)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "There are many common forms of energy which can be converted from one form to another in a mobile phone. State the standard unit of energy.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "joule (J) / kilojoule (kJ)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q8bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(b)(i)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagrams show pairs of magnets being brought close together (Diagram X: N–S facing S–N; Diagram Y: N–S facing N–S). Write the letter X beside the outcome you would expect if the magnets in diagram X are brought close together. (Options: Attract, Repel)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram X shows two bar magnets with the arrangement N S | S N (opposite poles facing). Diagram Y shows N S | N S (like poles facing). Option table lists Attract, Repel.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "X – Repel", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q8bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "When the battery of a mobile phone is being charged, electrical energy is converted to which other form of energy?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "chemical", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q8bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Write the letter Y beside the outcome you would expect if the magnets in diagram Y are brought close together. (Options: Attract, Repel)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram Y shows two bar magnets with like poles facing (N S | N S). Option table lists Attract, Repel.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Y – Attract", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q8biii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(b)(iii)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "When a mobile phone is used to listen to music, the energy in the battery is then converted to which other form of energy?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "sound", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q8biii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(b)(iii)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "What does the label N on the bar magnet stand for?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Bar magnet diagrams with poles labelled N and S.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "north", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q8biv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(b)(iv)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name the instrument shown on the right, which can be used to demonstrate that the Earth has a magnetic field.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of a magnetic compass.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "compass", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q8ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(c)(i)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Heat is a form of energy whereas temperature is a measure of the hotness of an object. Name an instrument used to measure temperature and name a unit of temperature.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Instrument: thermometer / temperature probe (3); Unit: degrees Celsius / kelvin / degrees Fahrenheit (3)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q8ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(c)(i)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagram shows a toy car being released down a ramp of length 10 m. Name the force acting on the car which pulls it towards the Earth.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of a toy car at the top of an inclined ramp 10 m long, about to roll down.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "gravity / weight", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q8cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A student made a toy windmill from thin card and placed it over the flame of a candle. After a while, the windmill began to rotate. Explain this phenomenon.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of a paper/card pinwheel (toy windmill) positioned above a candle flame, illustrating rotation caused by rising hot air.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "hot air rises / convection", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q8cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "It takes the car 2 seconds to reach the end of the ramp (length 10 m). Calculate the average speed.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "5 / 10 ÷ 2 = 5 (m/s). [If correct operation shown, e.g. 10 ÷ 2, and no/incorrect answer given, deduct 1 mark]", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q8ciii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(c)(iii)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A vacuum flask can be used to keep substances hot or cold. It has a vacuum between two silvered surfaces. Explain how a flask like this works.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Cross-section diagram of a vacuum (Thermos) flask with double walls; the two silvered surfaces and the vacuum between them are labelled.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "any two of: heat is reflected by silver surfaces / silver surfaces prevent radiation // vacuum prevents heat loss (gain) / vacuum prevents conduction/convection // stopper prevents heat loss (gain) (2 × 3)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q8civ", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(c)(iv)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "State one example of insulation that can be used in a house to prevent the loss of heat energy.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "attic insulation / cavity wall / double (triple) glaze windows (doors) / draught excluders / any valid example", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q8di", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(d)(i)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Energy exists in many forms. In the table, write the letter A beside the type of energy in a stretched elastic band. (Options: Light, Kinetic, Potential, Chemical, Heat)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Option table lists Light, Kinetic, Potential, Chemical, Heat.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "A – Potential", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q8dii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(d)(ii)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Write the letter B beside the type of energy stored in a battery. (Options: Light, Kinetic, Potential, Chemical, Heat)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Option table lists Light, Kinetic, Potential, Chemical, Heat.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "B – Chemical", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q8diii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(d)(iii)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Write the letter C beside the type of energy in a rolling ball. (Options: Light, Kinetic, Potential, Chemical, Heat)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Option table lists Light, Kinetic, Potential, Chemical, Heat.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "C – Kinetic", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q9ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(a)(i)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 12, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The table below shows the distances travelled by two athletes, Orla and Molly, during a 100 metre race. Distance (m): 20.0, 40.0, 60.0, 80.0, 100.0; Orla's time (s): 4.0, 8.0, 12.0, 16.0, 20.0; Molly's time (s): 4.0, 8.0, 11.2, 14.4, 17.6. Draw graphs in the grid below showing distance versus time for Orla and for Molly.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Data table (Distance m vs Orla's time s vs Molly's time s) plus a blank grid for plotting distance (y-axis, m) against time (x-axis, s). Orla's times are evenly spaced (constant speed); Molly's times increase by smaller increments at higher distances (accelerating). Axes to be scaled by the student.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "five points correctly plotted for each girl (10 × 1); correct line through points for each girl (2 × 1)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q9ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(a)(i)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The instrument shown in the diagram is a periscope. Name the part of the periscope labelled A.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of a periscope: a vertical tube with two angled (45°) mirrors at top and bottom; part A points to the upper angled mirror. An eye is shown looking into the lower opening.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "mirror", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q9aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Calculate Orla's average speed.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "distance/time = 100/20 (3); 5 m/s (3)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q9aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "What happens to light when it shines on A?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Periscope diagram; part A is the upper angled mirror.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "reflects", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q9aiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(a)(iii)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Which athlete, Orla or Molly, had a constant speed throughout the race? Explain your answer.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Orla (3); straight line (3)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q9bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(b)(i)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Physics is central to the functioning of many of the pieces of equipment in a children's playground. A seesaw is supported by a fulcrum at its centre of gravity. A boy of weight 400 N sits 2.4 metres from the fulcrum, as shown in the diagram. Calculate how far from the fulcrum his friend (who is of weight 320 N) should sit, so that the seesaw is balanced.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Drawing of a seesaw balanced on a fulcrum (labelled), with a boy of weight 400 N seated 2.4 m from the fulcrum on one side and his friend (320 N) on the other side; the distance for the friend is to be calculated using the principle of moments.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "(400 × 2.4)/320 (3); 3 m (3)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q9bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(b)(i)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The apparatus shown in the diagram was set up by a student to investigate light (a ray of white light passing through a prism producing an array of colours). In the table, write the letter B beside the name of the array of colours produced when a ray of white light was shone through the prism. (Options: Venn diagram, Spectrum)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of a ray of white light entering a triangular glass prism and dispersing into a fan of coloured light (spectrum) on the far side. Option table lists Venn diagram, Spectrum.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "B – Spectrum", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q9bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Friction is an important factor on a playground slide. What is friction?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Drawing of a playground slide beside the question.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "force which opposes motion (movement)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q9bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name any colour the student observed in this array.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "any colour except black, white or grey", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q9biii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(b)(iii)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "What could happen to a child going down a slide if there was too much friction?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "burn / move more slowly / stop sliding / no movement", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-EV-q9biv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(b)(iv)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Why might a child go down a slide in a waterpark at a faster speed than a slide in a playground?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "less friction / water provides lubrication", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q9c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(c)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "From the list, choose two methods of transferring heat energy. (Options: Lubrication, Radiation, Expansion, Convection)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Option box lists Lubrication, Radiation, Expansion, Convection.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Radiation // Convection (2 × 3 marks)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q9di", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(d)(i)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 12, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A student carried out an investigation to examine the relationship between the extension of a spring and the force applied to it. The table shows the data collected: Force (N): 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10; Extension (cm): 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15. Draw a graph of the extension of the spring against the force applied to it.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Apparatus diagram: a spring hanging from a stand with a metre stick alongside and weights attached at the bottom. A blank grid is provided with x-axis 'Force (N)' (0 to 10) and y-axis 'Extension (cm)' (0 to 15) for plotting. Data points: (0,0),(2,3),(4,6),(6,9),(8,12),(10,15) — a straight line through the origin.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Correct line on its own / any 5 points correctly plotted and join plotted points (12 marks). Award 2 marks for each correct point plotted; 2 marks for joining plotted points; maximum of 3 marks for a bar chart.", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q9dii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(d)(ii)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Use your graph to determine the extension when a force of 5 N is applied to the spring.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "7.5 cm ± 0.5 / answer consistent with graph drawn", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-EV-q9diii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(d)(iii)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "What is the relationship between force and extension?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "proportional", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q1ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(a)(i)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tá riocht na n-ainmhithe roinnte ina dhá phríomhghrúpa, veirteabraigh agus inveirteabraigh. Ainmnigh veirteabrach amháin.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "luchóg, sionnach, coinín, ainmhí ceart (any correct vertebrate)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q1ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(a)(i)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Sa léaráid taispeántar creatlach an fhia rua Éireannaigh. An veirteabrach nó inveirteabrach atá san ainmhí seo?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Léaráid de chreatlach (skeleton) fia rua, ag taispeáint cnámh droma (spine/vertebral column) agus cnámha na gcos — léiríonn gur veirteabrach é.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q1aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cad is inveirteabrach ann?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "gan cnámh droma (dromlach) ar bith / níl veirteabraí aige (no backbone / no vertebrae)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q1aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Tabhair cúis le do fhreagra.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q1bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(b)(i)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ainmnigh an fuíleadáin lipéadaithe X an iaráid de chóras imshruthaithe an duine. Déantar fuil a chaisleáil ón gcroí go dtí orgán eile tríd an bhfuileadáin X. Ainmnigh an t-orgán X.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of the human heart with a labelled blood vessel/structure X pointing to a tube/vessel leading from the heart. X is the vessel carrying blood from the heart to the lungs.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "artaire scamhógach (pulmonary artery)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q1bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(b)(i)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Is foinse mhaith snáithín agus stáirse é arán caiscín. Cén fáth a bhfuil sé go maith duit arán caiscín a ithe?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Grianghraf de slisíní aráin chaiscín (wholemeal bread).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q1bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ainmnigh an t-orgán lipéadaithe Y.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of the human heart/circulatory structures with organ Y labelled (the organ to which vessel X delivers blood).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "scamhóg(a) (lung(s))", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q1bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Sa tábla, scríobh an litir X in aice le hainm an cheimiceáin a d'úsáidfeá chun tástáil a dhéanamh do láithreacht stáirse.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tábla le dhá rogha cheimiceáin: 'Tuaslagán Benedict' agus 'Iaidín' (Iodine). An dalta scríobhann X in aice an cheann chirt.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q1c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(c)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Déanann síolta péacadh chun plandaí nua a chur ar fáil. Roghnaigh na focail chearta ón liosta chun an ráiteas seo a leanas a chomhlánú. Chun go bpéacfaidh síolta tá teocht oiriúnach, ____ agus ____ ag teastáil.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Bosca roghanna le trí téarma: 'Ocsaigin', 'Dé-ocsaíd charbóin', 'Uisce'.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q1ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(c)(i)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cén focal a úsáidtear chun cur síos ar ról an tóir róis sa bhiashlabhra seo? TOR RÓIS → CUIL GHLAS → BÓIN DÉ → DAMHÁN ALLA", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A food chain shown as a sequence of named organisms with arrows: TOR RÓIS (rose bush) → CUIL GHLAS (greenfly/aphid) → BÓIN DÉ (ladybird) → DAMHÁN ALLA (spider).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "táirgeoir (producer)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q1cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Mínigh cad a tharlódh do líon na n-orgánach sa bhiashlabhra dá dtéadh líon na gcuileog glas i laghad.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to the same food chain: TOR RÓIS → CUIL GHLAS → BÓIN DÉ → DAMHÁN ALLA.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "laghdú (decrease) — the numbers of the other organisms would decrease", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q1di", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(d)(i)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tá cuid agat úsáid a bhaint as an boilg lárnach a thaispeáint sna léaráidí. (Cén ciseal fíocháin a comhraíonn an boilg le rud éigin sa bholg le linn díleá?)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of the human digestive system (stomach/intestines) used as context for digestion questions.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "díleá / táirg aigéad (HCl) / einsímí (súlaigh ghastracha) a tháirgeadh / bia a mhaistriú / bia a stóráil (digestion / produces acid (HCl) / produces enzymes (gastric juices) / churns food / stores food)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q1di", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(d)(i)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Taispeántar an fualchóras daonna sa léaráid. Sa tábla, scríobh an litir A in aice le hainm na coda A.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Léaráid den fhualchóras daonna (urinary system): péire duán ag barr, le coda A agus B lipéadaithe. Tábla roghanna: 'Duán', 'Ae', 'Fual a stóráil', 'Fual a tháirgeadh'.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q1dii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(d)(ii)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ainmnigh an t-orgán lipéadaithe Y (san áireamh ar an gcóras díleá).", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of the human digestive system with organ Y labelled.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "ae (liver)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q1dii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(d)(ii)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Scríobh an litir B in aice le feidhm na coda B.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tagairt do choda B den fhualchóras daonna sa léaráid; roghnaítear feidhm ón tábla ('Fual a stóráil' / 'Fual a tháirgeadh' srl.).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q1ei", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(e)(i)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tá planda na Maráid ag fás i dtreo sholas na gréine. Ainmnigh an fhreagairt fáis seo.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Drawing of a potted plant growing/bending towards the sun (sun shown top-right), illustrating phototropism.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "fótatrópacht (phototropism)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q1ei", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(e)(i)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Sa léaráid taispeántar biashlabhra ó pháirc. Sa tábla, scríobh an litir Y in aice le hainm táirgeora.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Biashlabhra (food chain) ó pháirc: Grán buí → Francach (rat) → Ulchabhán (owl), le saigheada idir gach orgánach. Tábla roghanna: 'Grán buí', 'Ulchabhán'.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q1eii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(e)(ii)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Mínigh cén fáth go bhfuil an fhreagairt fáis seo ina tairbhe don phlanda.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Same plant-bending-towards-sun drawing.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "níos mó solais d'fhótaisintéis (more light for photosynthesis)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q1eii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(e)(ii)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Cad a tharlódh do líon na bhfrancach sa pháirc dá bhfaigheadh na hulchabháin go léir bás?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tagairt don bhiashlabhra: Grán buí → Francach → Ulchabhán.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q1fi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(f)(i)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tógann péist talún gás áirithe isteach agus idíonn sí é le linn riospráide. Ainmnigh an gás a idíonn an phéist talún le linn riospráide.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Drawing of an earthworm (péist talún) used as context for respiration question.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "ocsaigin (oxygen)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q1fi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(f)(i)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Taispeántar sa ghrianghraf féatas an duine le linn toirchis. Sa tábla, scríobh an litir C in aice an chuid den chóras atáirgthe ina dtarlaíonn toirchiú.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Grianghraf ultrafhuaime (scan) de fhéatas le linn toirchis. Tábla roghanna: 'Faighin', 'Broinn', 'Feadán Fallópach'.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q1fii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(f)(ii)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ainmnigh gás a tháirgeann an phéist talún le linn riospráide.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Drawing of an earthworm.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "dí-ocsaíd charbóin / gal uisce (carbon dioxide / water vapour)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q1fii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(f)(ii)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Scríobh an litir D in aice an chuid den chóras atáirgthe ina bhforbraíonn an féatas le linn toirchis.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tagairt do choda an chórais atáirgthe; roghanna sa tábla: 'Faighin', 'Broinn', 'Feadán Fallópach'.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q1gi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(g)(i)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cén cineál fíocháin a iompraíonn uisce ó na fréamhacha go dtí na duilleoga i bplanda?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "xiléim / soithíoch (xylem / vessel)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q1gi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(g)(i)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Rinne dalta fiosrú ar fhuinneamh ceimiceach i mbia a thiontú go fuinneamh teasa. Ainmnigh bia a d'fhéadfadh an dalta a úsáid san fhiosrú.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Léaráid de ghaireas: triarach (clamp stand) le teirmiméadar os cionn coimeádán uisce ('Uisce') le bia ('Bia ag dó') ag dó faoi — calaraiméadar simplí chun fuinneamh teasa a thomhas.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q1gii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(g)(ii)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cén t-orgán planda as a gcailltear uisce le linn trasghalaithe?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "duilleog / gas / bláth (leaf / stem / flower)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q1gii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(g)(ii)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "An méadódh nó an laghdódh teocht an uisce le linn an fhiosraithe seo?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tagairt don ghaireas a thaispeánann teirmiméadar in uisce os cionn bia atá ag dó.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q1h", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(h)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Taispeánann na grianghraif roinnt de na cnámha as a mbíonn an cnámharlach daonna déanta. Ainmnigh gach cuid den chnámharlach.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Trí ghrianghraf de chnámha an chnámharlaigh dhaonna: blaosc/cloigeann (skull), cliabhrach (rib cage), agus pelvis/cromán. An dalta ainmníonn gach ceann i mboscaí faoina mbun.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q1hi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(h)(i)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Chuir dalta turgnamh i gcrích chun a thaispeáint go dtáirgtear stáirse i bplanda glas le linn fótaisintéise. Ainmnigh próiseas i bplanda a úsáideann stáirse.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "riospráid / díleá / fás (respiration / digestion / growth)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q1hii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(h)(ii)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Mínigh cén fáth go bhfuil an dalta ag úsáid planda a coinníodh sa dorcha roimh thús an turgnaimh.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "cuir an planda i seomra dorcha / cumhdaigh na duilleoga (to de-starch the plant / remove starch from the leaves)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q1hiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(h)(iii)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 2, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ainmnigh ceimiceán a d'úsáid an dalta chun táithál a dhéanamh do láithreacht stáirse sna duilleoga.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "alcól / alcól ainmnithe e.g. biotáille mheitileach (alcohol / named alcohol e.g. methylated spirits)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q1hiv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(h)(iv)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 2, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ainmnigh ceimiceán eile a d'úsáid an dalta chun tástáil a dhéanamh do láithreacht stáirse sna duilleoga.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "iaidín (iodine)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q2ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(a)(i)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Déanann chef teagmháil le lasair the trí thimpiste. Dá bharr seo, seolann na néarbhachaí ina cracecann teachtaireacht chuig cuid dá corp. Taisteleíonn teachtaireacht ar ais chuig na matáin ina lámh anois agus is é cuis le tarraingt gasta uaidh. Ainmnigh an cineál néarchille a sheol an teachtaireacht ón gcraiceann.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Drawing of a flame (lasair), illustrating a reflex/nerve impulse scenario where a chef touches a hot flame.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "céadfach (sensory)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q2ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(a)(i)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Is as cealla a bhíonn na nithe beo go léir déanta. Ainmnigh an gléas a thaispeántar ar dheis agus a úsáidtear chun cealla a scrúdú.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Grianghraf de mhicreascóp solais le coda lipéadaithe A (an chuid uachtarach — an tsúiloscaill/eyepiece).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q2aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ainmnigh an chuid de chorp an chef a phróiseáil agus a dhéanann an teachtaireacht seo.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Flame drawing (reflex-arc context).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "inchinn / corda an dromlaigh / lárchóras na néaróg (brain / spinal cord / central nervous system)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q2aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Sa tábla, scríobh an litir A in aice le feidhm na coda A.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tábla roghanna: 'Coinníonn an sleamhnán', 'Méadaíonn an íomhá'. Tagairt do choda A den mhicreascóp.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q2aiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(a)(iii)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Bunaithe ar an sampla seo, mínigh conas go bhfuil an néarchóras teachtaireacht ar ais chuig na matáin ina tairbhe don phlanda / don duine.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Flame drawing (reflex-arc context).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "cosaint (protection)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q2aiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(a)(iii)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Déan cur síos ar conas a d'ullmhófá sleamhnán de fhíochán oinniúin le breathnú air ag baint úsáide as an ngléas thuas.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q2aiv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(a)(iv)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Dá bhfeicfeadh an chef an lasair the, ainmnigh an mód a dhéanfadh an t-eolas seo a tharchur óna reitine.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Flame drawing (vision/optic context).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "optúil (optic)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q2aiv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(a)(iv)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Sa ghrianghraf taispeántar na torthaí a fuair an dalta tar éis dí cealla oinniúin a ullmhú agus breathnú orthu faoi ardchumhacht. Sa tábla, scríobh an litir X in aice le hainm na coda lipéadaithe X.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Grianghraf micreascóp d'fhíochán oinniúin faoi ardchumhacht ag taispeáint cealla dronuilleogacha; coda X lipéadaithe. Tábla roghanna: 'Cillbhalla', 'Núicléas'.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q2av", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(a)(v)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Faightear an chuid X ins na cealla planda go léir. An bhfaightear an chuid X i gcealla ainmhithe? Freagair \"faightear\" nó \"ní fhaightear\".", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q2b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(b)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Is sampla iad breicní de thréith dhaonna a fhaightear le hoidhreacht. (i) Roghnaigh an focal ceart ón liosta chun an ráiteas seo a leanas a chomhlánú: Rialaíonn ____ tréithe inoidhreachta. (ii) Sa tábla, scríobh an litir Y in aice le hainm thréithe daonna nach bhfaightear le hoidhreacht.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Grianghraf d'aghaidh duine le breicní (freckles). Bosca roghanna (i): 'Néaróga', 'Géinte'. Tábla (ii) roghanna: 'Cumas an giotár a sheinm', 'Dath na súl'.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q2bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(b)(i)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Moladh do lúthchleasaí síor agus juice a chur leis a réim bia roimh dhul ag traenáil dó. Ainmnigh próiseas i ina raibh an cineál bia seo?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Drawing of a running athlete (lúthchleasaí), context for nutrition/respiration questions.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "próitéin (protein)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q2bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cén cothaitheach riachtanach a bhíonn ar fáil go flúirseach i sicín?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Running athlete drawing.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "carbaihiodráit / stáirse (carbohydrate / starch)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q2biii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(b)(iii)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tá sé tábhachtach don lúthchleasaí sreabhán a ól freisin, de bharr cailleanas uisce le linn traenála. Luaigh bealach amháin ina gcailleann an duine uisce.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Running athlete drawing.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "eisfhearadh (ag cur allais / mún / ag análú amach) (excretion — sweating / urinating / exhaling)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q2biv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(b)(iv)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ainmnigh ceimicseán a d'úsáid an dalta chun táistáil a dhéanamh roimh thús an turgnaimh (orgán a scarann fuíoll-substaintí ón bhfuil).", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Running athlete drawing.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "duán (kidney)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q2ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(c)(i)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is cineál gortú fíocháin coitianta a chuireann isteach ar lúthchleasaithe é gortú loingeáin. Mínigh an téarma a bhfuil líne faoi.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "cealla le feidhme sonrach (comhchoiteann) (cells with a specific (common) function)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q2ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(c)(i)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Sa duine, eagraítear cealla ina bhfíocháin, ina n-orgáin agus ina gcórais. Sa tábla, scríobh an litir W in aice le hainm orgáin a fhaightear i gcorp an duine.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tábla roghanna: 'Fuil', 'Súil', 'Riospráide', 'Díleá'.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q2cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Faightear loingeán sa chorp in ailt éagsúla, cosúil leis an gceann a thaispeántar. Ainmnigh an cineál ailt a thaispeántar.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of a labelled joint (Loingeán = cartilage) showing the ball-and-socket arrangement of a shoulder joint.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "úll is cuas (ball and socket)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q2cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Scríobh an litir Z in aice le hainm an chórais a ghlacann páirt i malartú gásach.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tábla roghanna: 'Fuil', 'Súil', 'Riospráide', 'Díleá'.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q2ciii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(c)(iii)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tabhair faoi deara na hailt a bhfuil ciorcal timpeall orthu sa léaráid de chnámharlach an duine. Ainmnigh suíomh amháin eile sa chorp ina bhfaightear an cineál ailt seo.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of the human skeleton with two joints circled (the shoulder/hip ball-and-socket joints). Asks for another body location with the same joint type.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "glúin / méar / ladhracha (knee / finger / toes)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q2civ", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(c)(iv)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ainmnigh na struchtúir a cheanglaíonn cnámh le cnámh in alt. Ainmnigh na struchtúir a cheanglaíonn matán le cnámh in alt.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "ballnasc (ligament) [3]; teannán (tendon) [3]", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q2di", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(d)(i)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Comhlánaigh na habairtí seo a leanas: Is é an fheidhm atá ag na fuilchealla bána ná ____.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q2dii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(d)(ii)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Is é ainm an orgáin a dhéanann fuil a chaidéalú timpeall an choirp ná an ____.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q3ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(a)(i)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Léiríodh na torthaí ar staidéar gnáthóige a rinne dalta ar bharrachuirt. Ainmnigh píosa fearais a d'fhágfadh a úsáid chun miniciocht planda a thomhas.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Bar chart titled 'Cineál Planda' (x-axis) vs '% Miníocht' (y-axis, 0-100). Bars: Cam an ime, Caisearbhán, Féar, Nóinín. Used as data for an ecology/habitat study.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "cuadraí / traschrios (crios) íneach (quadrat / line transect)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q3ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(a)(i)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Baineann bitheolaithe úsáid as eochracha chun orgánaigh a shainaithint. Bain úsáid as an eochair thíos chun na horgánaigh a thaispeántar a shainaithint. Ainm an orgánaigh A.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Trí ghrianghraf orgánach: Orgánach A (seangán/ant), Orgánach B (drúchtín/seilide gan sliogán — slug), Orgánach C (sceartán/ailtéir — tick). Eochair déchotamach: 1: Orgánach le cosa → Téigh go 2 / Orgánach gan chosa → Téigh go 3; 2: Orgánach le 6 chos → Téigh go 4 / Orgánach le 8 gcos → Sceartán; 3: Orgánach le sliogán → Seilide / Orgánach gan sliogán → Drúchtín; 4: Orgánach gan sciatháin → Seangán / Orgánach le sciatháin → Carrchuil.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q3aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cad é d'fhéadfadh an dalta a úsáid chun na planda a shainaithint?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Same bar chart of plant frequency in a habitat study.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "eochair (glac le téacsleabhar / treoirleabhar / idirlíon / póstaer más incháilithe) (key — accept textbook / guidebook / internet / poster if appropriate)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q3aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Ainm an orgánaigh B.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tagairt d'Orgánach B sa ghrianghraf agus don eochair déchotamach.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q3aiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(a)(iii)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Thug an dalta faoi deara go raibh an iliomad fréamhacha na gcaisearbhán saghasártháin agus fréamhacha an fhéir in iomaíocht le chéile na leitir.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Same bar chart context (competition between plants).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "uisce / mianraí (mianra ainmnithe) / cothaithigh / spás (water / minerals (named mineral) / nutrients / space)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q3aiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(a)(iii)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Ainm an orgánaigh C.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tagairt d'Orgánach C sa ghrianghraf agus don eochair déchotamach.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q3aiv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(a)(iv)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tá comhlánaigh an léaráid thíos, ag tarraingt na leictreoin go léir ar an struchtúir Bohr don adamh sóidiam seo. (Ainmnigh fachtóir neamhbheo a chuirfeadh isteach ar an bhfás planda.)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Same bar chart context (abiotic factor affecting plant growth).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "antar (temperature)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q3aiv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(a)(iv)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Cad iad na ceisteanna a d'fhreagair tú sa tábla chun cabhrú leat an t-orgánach C a shainaithint?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tagairt don eochair déchotamach a úsáidtear chun Orgánach C a shainaithint.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q3av", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(a)(v)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ainmnigh fachtóir neamhbheo eile a chuirfeadh isteach ar an bhfás planda.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Same bar chart context.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "gaoth (wind) — second abiotic factor", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q3avi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(a)(vi)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tabhair sampla bailí ar bith d'idirspleáchas: pailníonn feithidí plandaí AGUS soláthraíonn plandaí bia d'fheithidí.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Same bar chart context (interdependence).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "sampla bailí ar bith d'idirspleáchas: pailníonn feithidí plandaí AGUS soláthraíonn plandaí bia d'fheithidí (any valid example of interdependence, e.g. insects pollinate plants AND plants supply food to insects)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q3bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(b)(i)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Glacann dochtúir ráta cuisle othair trí éisteacht go díreach le buille an chroí ag baint úsáide as stéiteascóp. Cén cineál ailt a thaispeántar?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Drawing of a stethoscope used to measure pulse/heart rate.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "cuir na méara ar an rosta (áit oiriúnach) / monatóir croí (place fingers on the wrist (suitable place) / heart monitor)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q3bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(b)(i)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Leag dalta amach an turgnamh a thaispeántar chun fótaisintéis a fhiosrú. Sa tábla, scríobh an litir X in aice le hainm an gháis X a tháirgtear le linn fótaisintéise.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Léaráid de thurgnamh fótaisintéise: lampa ag soilsiú ar phlanda uisce in uisce locháin in eascra/feadán tástála, le gás X (boilgeoga) ag bailiú ag barr. Tábla roghanna: 'Nitrigin', 'Ocsaigin'.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q3bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Déan cur síos ar mhodh eile chun ráta cuisle a ghlacadh.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Stethoscope drawing.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "70 ± 4 (a normal resting pulse value of about 70 beats per minute)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q3bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Seachas solas, ainmnigh substaint amháin a bhíonn ag teastáil ó phlanda don fhótaisintéis.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tagairt do thurgnamh na fótaisintéise (lampa, planda uisce, uisce locháin).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q3ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(c)(i)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cad é meánráta na cuisle sa nóiméad do dhuine fásta atá ag ligean scíthe? (Cén cothaitheach a tháirgeann an ráta cuisle?)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "próitéin (aimínaigéid) (protein (amino acids))", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q3ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(c)(i)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Chuir dalta turgnamh i gcrích chun a thaispeáint go bhfuil solas riachtanach le haghaidh fótaisintéise. Leagadh amach an planda mar a thaispeántar sa ghrianghraf, le stiallacha de scragall miotail curtha ar roinnt de na duilleoga. Fágadh an planda faoi sholas ansin ar feadh 48 uaire. Cén fáth ar cuireadh stiallacha de scragall miotail ar chuid de na duilleoga?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Grianghraf de phlanda le stiallacha de scragall miotail ('Scragall miotail') ceangailte de chuid de na duilleoga chun solas a bhac.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q3cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cén grúpa bia atá luaite leis an gceimiceán seo?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "A, B nó C", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q3cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Tar éis 48 uaire, bhain an dalta duilleog agus chuir sí i leacht te i chun an lí ghlas a bhaint aisti. Sa tábla, scríobh an litir L in aice le hainm an leachta a úsáideadh.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tábla roghanna: 'Uisce', 'Alcól'.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q3ciii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(c)(iii)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Mínigh cén fáth a bhfuil teocht oiriúnach tábhachtach don imoibriú.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "teocht oiriúnach le go dtarlóidh imoibriú (suitable temperature so that the reaction occurs)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q3ciii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(c)(iii)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Tar éis tástáil le haghaidh stáirse, fuair an dalta na torthaí a thaispeántar sa ghrianghraf thíos. Scríobh an litir P sa bhosca ceart chun a thaispeáint cá raibh stáirse i láthair. Scríobh an litir Q sa bhosca ceart chun a thaispeáint cá raibh stáirse in easnamh.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Grianghraf de dhuilleog tar éis tástáil iaidín do stáirse: limistéir a bhí clúdaithe le scragall (ní raibh stáirse) i gcodarsnacht le limistéir a bhí nochtaithe don solas (stáirse i láthair), le boscaí lipéadaithe.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q3civ", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(c)(iv)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ainmnigh ceimiceán a d'úsáid an dalta chun tástáil a dhéanamh do láithreacht stáirse sna duilleoga.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "sampla bia agam ceimiceán ar bith / ceimiceán le huisce / ceimiceán gan bia (any control/test sample — chemical with water / chemical without food)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q3cv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(c)(v)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Mínigh do fhreagra (cén dath a léireodh láithreacht na substainte).", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "spota tréshoilseach ar pháipéar donn (a translucent spot on brown paper)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q3di", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(d)(i)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Taispeántar píosa fearais sa léaráid a úsáidtear chun orgánaigh a bhailiú le linn staidéar ar ghnáthóg. Ainmnigh orgánach a d'fhéadfaí a ghabháil ag baint úsáide as an bpíosa fearais seo.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Léaráid d'fhearas bailithe orgánach: gaireas cosúil le 'pútar' (pooter) — próca/coimeádán le dhá fheadán, ceann le 'Gaiste ceap tuisle' (pitfall trap) lipéadaithe.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q3dii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(d)(ii)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Sa tábla, scríobh an litir Y in aice le hainm an phíosa fearais seo.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tábla roghanna: 'Gaiste ceap tuisle', 'Pútar'.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q4ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(a)(i)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is báisteach a dhéantar a aigéadú trí thruailliú i báisteach aigéadach. Is féidir le díobháil timpeallachta a dhéanamh d'fhoraoisí agus do struchtúir. Ainmnigh gás amháin atá san adamh seo?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photo/drawing of a forest of trees damaged by acid rain.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "dé-ocsaíd sulfair / trí-ocsaíd sulfair / ocsaíd (aonocsaíd) nítrigine / dé-ocsaíd nítrigine (sulfur dioxide / sulfur trioxide / nitrogen monoxide / nitrogen dioxide)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q4ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(a)(i)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Taispeántar adamh litiam sa léaráid. Ainmnigh an chuid lipéadaithe A.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Léaráid d'adamh litiam: núicléas lárnach le leictreoin i mblaoscanna timpeall air; coda A lipéadaithe (an núicléas).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q4aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cén ghníomhaíocht a tháirgeann an gás seo?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Acid-rain-damaged forest image.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "ag dó breosla iontaise (breosla iontaise ainmnithe) (burning fossil fuels (named fossil fuel))", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q4aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Sa tábla, scríobh an litir B in aice leis an lucht a bhíonn ar leictreon.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tábla roghanna: 'Dearfach', 'Diúltach'. Tagairt do léaráid an adaimh litiam.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q4bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(b)(i)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is cóimhiotal é cruach agus is é an príomhábhar struchtúrach i ndroichid agus i bhfoirgnimh. Conas is féidir miotail cruach a chosc.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Image of a rusted steel structure / bridge.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "ola / péint / galbhánaigh / gallbhróidh tslánadh agus a chosc (oil / paint / galvanise / coat to prevent rusting)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q4bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(b)(i)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Ainmnigh an píosa trealaimh saotharlainne a thaispeántar ar dheis.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Léaráid/grianghraf de phíosa trealaimh saotharlainne (cosúil le tríchosach/triarach nó dóire Bunsen — gaireas téimh).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q4bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ainmnigh dúil mhiotalach a úsáidtear i ndéantús cruach.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Rusted steel structure image.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "iarann / iarann ainmnithe (iron / named iron)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q4bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Luaigh úsáid amháin a bhaintear as an bpíosa trealaimh seo.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tagairt don phíosa trealaimh saotharlainne a taispeánadh.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q4ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(c)(i)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tá aigéin an domhain éiríne breac le smionagar agus le bruscar plaisteach. Is féidir le plaisteach do-bhithmhillte blianta a chaitheamh ar snámh inár bhfarraigí. Mínigh an téarma a bhfuil líne faoi.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photo of plastic litter/smionagar floating in the ocean.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "ní féidir le horgánaigh bheo é a bhriseadh síos (cannot be broken down by living organisms / non-biodegradable)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q4ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(c)(i)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Is féidir go dtarlódh meirgiú nuair a nochtaítear earraí iarainn (ar nós tairní iarainn) d'uisce agus d'ocsaigin. Ainmnigh substaint a úsáidtear go coitianta chun earraí iarainn a bhrातú chun meirgiú a chosc.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Grianghraf de thairní iarainn meirgithe.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q4cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cén t-amhábhar as a ndéantar formhór na bplaisteach?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Ocean plastic litter photo.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "amhola (crude oil)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q4cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "An próiseas fisiceach nó próiseas ceimiceach atá i meirgiú?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q4di", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(d)(i)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cad is dúil ann?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "substaint nach féidir í a bhriseadh síos go substaintí níos simplí / tá comhdhéanta as aon chineál amháin / gné amháin adaimh go dtí an dúile (a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances / made of one kind of atom)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q4di", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(d)(i)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Tá céimeanna éagsúla i gceist i gcóireáil uisce chun é a úsáid inár dtithe. Cén fáth go gcuirtear fluairíd leis an soláthar uisce tí in Éirinn?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Grianghraf de cheann de chéimeanna na cóireála uisce (umar/linn cóireála uisce in ionad cóireála).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q4dii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(d)(ii)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Déan cur síos ar dhifríocht amháin idir meascán agus comhdhúil.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "i meascán níl na comhábhair ceangailte le chéile go ceimiceach / is féidir iad a scaradh ar mhodh fisiceach, ach i gcomhdhúil tá na dúile ceangailte go ceimiceach (mixture: components not chemically bonded / separable physically; compound: elements chemically bonded)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q4dii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(d)(ii)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Sa tábla, scríobh an litir C in aice le hainm an cheimiceáin a chuirtear in uisce chun baictéir dhíobhálacha a mharú.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tábla roghanna: 'Clóirín', 'Héiliam'.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q4ei", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(e)(i)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Bíonn toirt chinnte ag leachtanna agus is deacair iad a chombhrú. Ainmnigh píosa fearais a féidir a úsáid chun toirt leachta a thomhas.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "(answer continues on Q4(f)) — a measuring vessel for liquid volume", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q4ei", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(e)(i)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Taispeántar sa léaráid trí adamh atá nasctha le chéile agus péirí leictreon á roinnt acu. Ainmnigh an chomhdhúil a thaispeántar sa léaráid.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Léaráid de mhóilín uisce (H₂O): adamh ocsaigine lárnach (O) nasctha le dhá adamh hidrigine (H) trí pháirteachas péirí leictreon (bannaí comhfhiúsacha).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q4eii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(e)(ii)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Luaigh airí amháin eile a bhíonn ag leacht.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "(grouped with Q4(f)/(g) answers) — any other valid property of a liquid", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q4eii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(e)(ii)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Sa tábla, scríobh an litir D in aice leis an gcineál nasctha a bhíonn i gceist nuair a roinntear leictreoin.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tábla roghanna: 'Ianach', 'Comhfhiúsach'.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q4fi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(f)(i)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Chuir dalta turgnamh i gcrích chun intuaslagthacht sulfáit chopair in uisce a fhiosrú. Déan cur síos ar an athrú a tharlóidh ar an dóigh a mhéadú ar intuaslagthacht sulfáit chopair.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of a conical flask containing copper sulfate dissolving in water (solubility experiment).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "léann sé (it dissolves)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q4fi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(f)(i)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Roghnaigh, ón liosta, substaint atá ina bun coitianta teaghlaigh.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Bosca roghanna: 'Uisce', 'Taos fiacla', 'Fínéagar'.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q4fii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(f)(ii)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Chun críostail a ullmhú, ón gcuid den tuaslagán a bheidh sáithithe, déan cur síos ar conas tuaslagán a dhéanamh sáithithe.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Conical flask solubility diagram.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "scagachán / scinceáil (filtration / decanting)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q4fii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(f)(ii)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Roghnaigh, ón liosta, substaint atá ina haigéad coitianta teaghlaigh.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Bosca roghanna: 'Uisce', 'Taos fiacla', 'Fínéagar'.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q4g", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(g)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Bronntar Corn Mhig Uidhir ar bhuaiteoirí chraobhchomórtas sinsear na hÉireann i bpeil na bhfear. Is as airgead atá an corn déanta. Luaigh dhá airí de chuid an airgid a chiallaíonn go bhfuil sé oiriúnach chun trófaithe a dhéanamh as.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Grianghraf de thrófaí airgid (Corn Mhig Uidhir / Sam Maguire Cup).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q4gi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(g)(i)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Leag dalta turgnamh amach chun a thaispeáint go bhfuil galuisce in aer. Ainmnigh ceimiceán is féidir a úsáid chun tástáil le haghaidh uisce.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "galú / driogadh (evaporation / distillation)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q4hi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(h)(i)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Taispeánann an léaráid pH roinnt substaintí ar an scála pH. Roghnaigh ón léaráid substaint atá: Aigéadach.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "pH scale diagram 0-14 with labels: Fíníogar, Uisce sóide, Uisce íon, Sóid bhácála, Glantóir oighinn; markers approximately at Fíníogar~3, Uisce sóide~5, Uisce íon=7, Sóid bhácála~9-10, Glantóir oighinn~13-14.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "fíníogar / uisce sóide (vinegar / soda water — pH below 7)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q4hi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(h)(i)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Nuair a imoibríonn miotal since le haigéad hidreaclórach, táirgtear gás éadathach. Sa tábla, scríobh an litir G in aice le hainm an gháis.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tábla roghanna: 'Hidrigin', 'Ocsaigin'.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q4hii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(h)(ii)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Roghnaigh ón léaráid substaint atá: Bunata.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Same pH scale diagram.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "sóid bhácála / glantóir oighinn (baking soda / oven cleaner — pH above 7)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q4hii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(h)(ii)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Cad a bhreathnaítear nuair a chuirtear bírín lasta i bpromhadán den ghás seo?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q4hiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(h)(iii)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Roghnaigh ón léaráid substaint atá: Neodrach.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Same pH scale diagram.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "uisce íon (pure water — pH 7)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q4hiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(h)(iii)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Tá aigéad hidreaclórach creimneach. Scríobh an litir F in aice leis an tsiombail sábháilteachta saotharlainne le haghaidh \"creimneach\".", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Dhá shiombail rabhaidh sábháilteachta (hazard symbols) i mboscaí — ceann acu siombail 'creimneach' (corrosive).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q4hiv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(h)(iv)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Luaigh conas a d'fhéadfadh dalta pH na substaintí thuas a thomhas.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Same pH scale diagram.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "(answer grouped under Ceist 4 — use of pH/universal indicator or pH meter)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q5ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(a)(i)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sa léaráid taispeántar leictrealú uisce. Is hidrigin í ceann de na gáis a tháirgtear. An dtáirgtear hidrigin i bpromhadán A nó i bpromhadán B?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of electrolysis of water apparatus: a cell with anode (Anóid) and cathode (Catóid), two collecting tubes A and B over the electrodes collecting gases.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "B", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q5ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(a)(i)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "D'ullmhaigh dalta gás ocsaigine ag úsáid an trealaimh a thaispeántar sa léaráid. Sa tábla, scríobh an litir X in aice le hainm an leachta a úsáidtear chun gás ocsaigine a tháirgeadh.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Léaráid d'fhearas saotharlainne chun ocsaigin a ullmhú agus a bhailiú trí dhíláithriú uisce: buidéal/feadán le 'Leacht X' ag titim ar dhé-ocsaíd mhanganéise sa fhleascán cónúil, gás 'Ocsaigin' ag bailiú i bhfeadán os cionn 'Uisce'. Tábla roghanna: 'Aoluisce', 'Sárocsaíd hidrigine'.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q5aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Níl ach na dúile hidrigin agus ocsaigin in uisce. Ainmnigh comhdhúil eile nach bhfuil ach na dúile hidrigin agus ocsaigin amháin inti.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Electrolysis-of-water apparatus diagram.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "sárocsaíd hidrigine (hydrogen peroxide)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q5aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "D'úsáid an dalta dé-ocsaíd mhanganéise, solad dubh, le linn an ullmhaithe seo. Cén t-ainm a thugtar ar shubstaint (ar nós dé-ocsaíd mhanganéise) a thapaíonn imoibriú ceimiceach ach nach n-ídítear le linn an imoibrithe?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tagairt do léaráid an fhearais ullmhaithe ocsaigine.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q5aiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(a)(iii)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Déan cur síos, le cabhair léaráid lipéadaithe, ar mhodh (seachas leictrealú) is féidir a úsáid chun gás hidrigine a tháirgeadh sa saotharlann.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Answer space includes a box for a labelled diagram (Léaráid lipéadaithe) of apparatus to produce hydrogen gas.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Luaigh nó taispeáin: miotal amhail sinc // cailciam / miotal alcaile; cuir le haigéad ainmnithe // cuir le huisce [caithfidh siad a bheith comhoiriúnach]. [Léaráid gan lipéad – asbhain 3 mharc] (2 × 3)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q5aiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(a)(iii)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Is ceann de tháirgí an imoibrithe seo é uisce. Scríobh an litir Y in aice le hainm ceimiceáin a d'fhéadfaí a úsáid sa tsaotharlann chun tástáil a dhéanamh le haghaidh láithreacht uisce.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tábla roghanna: 'Sulfáit chopair ainhiodrach', 'Hiodrocsaíd sóidiam', 'Clóiríd chóbailt'.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q5aiv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(a)(iv)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Déan cur síos ar an tástáil le haghaidh gás hidrigine.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "dónn sé le pop (burns with a pop)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q5aiv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(a)(iv)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Cén dath a bhíonn ar an gceimiceán seo nuair a bhíonn uisce i láthair?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q5bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(b)(i)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tugadh meascán de ghaineamh agus de shalann do dhaltaí agus iarradh orthu an meascán a dheighilt sa saotharlann. Cuireadh an meascán le huisce te ar dtús. Cad a tharlaíonn don salann ag an gcéim seo?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "léann sé (it dissolves)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q5bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(b)(i)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Liostáiltear na dúile aitheanta go léir sa Tábla Peiriadach. Taispeántar cuid den tábla atá ar leathanach 79 den leabhrán Foirmlí agus Táblaí sa léaráid. Ar an léaráid scáthlínigh dúil a bhaineann le Grúpa II (Grúpa 2).", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Léaráid de chuid den Tábla Peiriadach (na chéad ceithre thréimhse) le siombailí na ndúl agus uimhreacha adamhacha/maiseanna; an dalta scáthlíníonn dúil i nGrúpa II (e.g. Be, Mg, Ca).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q5bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is é an chéad chéim eile den turgnamh ná an gaineamh a bhaint as an meascán. Cén teicníocht deighilte is féidir a úsáid chun é seo a bhaint amach?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "scagachán / scinceáil (filtration / decanting)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q5bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Cad í an tsiombail cheimiceach le haghaidh iarainn?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tagairt do léaráid an Tábla Peiriadaigh.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q5biii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(b)(iii)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is é an chéim dheireanach den turgnamh ná an salann a fháil ina aonar. Cén teicníocht deighilte is féidir a úsáid chun é seo a bhaint amach?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "galú / driogadh (evaporation / distillation)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q5biii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(b)(iii)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Cad í an tsiombail cheimiceach le haghaidh sulfair?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tagairt do léaráid an Tábla Peiriadaigh.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q5biv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(b)(iv)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "An miotal nó neamh-mhiotal é sulfar?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q5ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(c)(i)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Léaráid taispeántar leagan amach an phíosa A úsáidtear chun gás dí-ocsaíd charbóin a ullmhú sa saotharlann. Ainmnigh an tuaslagán lipéadaithe A.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of laboratory apparatus to prepare carbon dioxide gas: a flask (Sliseanna marmair = marble chips) with a delivery tube and gas jar (Gáschrúsca); tuaslagán A added to the marble chips.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "aigéad hidreaclórach (hydrochloric acid)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q5ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(c)(i)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Úsáidtear aigéid agus bunanna go rialta i saotharlanna scoile. Luaigh réamhchúram sábháilteachta amháin is ceart do dhalta a chomhlíonadh agus aigéid agus bunanna á láimhseáil aici.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q5cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cad é an t-ainm ceimiceach do shliseanna marmair?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "CO2 preparation apparatus with marble chips (Sliseanna marmair).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "carbónáit chailciam (calcium carbonate)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q5cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Sa tábla, scríobh an litir A in aice leis an fhoirmle d'aigéad sulfarach.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tábla roghanna foirmlí: 'CaCO₃', 'H₂SO₄', 'CO₂', 'NaOH'.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q5ciii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(c)(iii)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cén t-airí ag dé-ocsaíd charbóin is cúis leis socrú go bun an gháschrúsca?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "CO2 preparation apparatus; gas collected by downward delivery into the gas jar.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "níos dlúithe ná aer (denser than air)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q5ciii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(c)(iii)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Scríobh an litir B in aice eis an fhoirmle do hiodrocsaíd sóidiam.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tábla roghanna foirmlí: 'CaCO₃', 'H₂SO₄', 'CO₂', 'NaOH'.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q5civ", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(c)(iv)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Breac síos an chothromóid cheimiceach chothromaithe don imoibriú idir dé-ocsaíd charbóin agus aoluisce.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Answer space provided for a balanced chemical equation (Cothromóid cheimiceach).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "CO2 + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3 + H2O (2 × 3)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q5civ", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(c)(iv)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Cén t-ainm a thugtar ar an imoibriú idir aigéad agus bun?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q6ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(a)(i)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Bhailigh dalta samplaí uisce ó sconna (A), ó thobar (B), ón mbáisteach (C) agus ó uisce buidéalaithe (D). Chuir sí sampla de gach cineál uisce i bpromhadán ar leith. Chuir sí an sampla de gach uisce i bpromhadán ar leith. Conas a bhí a fhios ag an dalta cé acu sampla ina raibh an cruas is mó?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of four test tubes labelled A, B, C, D each containing a water sample with soap added (lather/cúr forming). Used to compare water hardness by the amount of lather.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "cuir gallúnach leis [3]; croith [3]; theastaigh níos mó gallúnaí chun cúr a dhéanamh / cruthaíonn an méid is lú cúr (add soap; shake; harder water needs more soap to make lather / forms least lather)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q6ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(a)(i)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Baineadh úsáid as an ngaireas thíos chun na táirgí ó hidreacarbón ag dó a fhiosrú. Táirgeadh gás nuair a dódh an hidreacarbón. Rinneadh an gás seo a sheoladh tríd an leacht A agus tháinig dath bainniúil air. Sa tábla, scríobh an litir G in aice le hainm an gháis a táirgeadh.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Léaráid d'fhearas: hidreacarbón ('Hidreacarbón ag dó') ag dó faoi thonnadóir, gáis á dtarraingt trí leacht A i bhfeadán U/promhadán. Tábla roghanna: 'Ocsaigin', 'Dé-ocsaíd charbóin', 'Aoluisce', 'Aigéad hidreaclórach'.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q6aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Is féidir le huisce crua a bheith ina chúis le screamh aoil a leagan ar eilimintí téacháin uisce. Tá buntáistí le huisce crua freisin, áfach. Luaigh buntáiste amháin (a bhaineann le huisce crua) agus déan cur síos ar a fhéadfaidh dalta uisce crua a bhaint as uisce.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Drawing of a kettle heating element coated with limescale (scaling from hard water).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "(buntáiste) blas níos fearr / tá mianraí ann / maith do na fiacla (cnámha) / maith do ghrúdaireacht (griandathúcháin) [3]; (baint cruais) malartú ian / ar fiuchadh / cuir salann folctha leis [3]", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q6aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Scríobh an litir A in aice le hainm an leachta a úsáideadh chun láithreacht an gháis seo a thaispeáint.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tábla roghanna: 'Ocsaigin', 'Dé-ocsaíd charbóin', 'Aoluisce', 'Aigéad hidreaclórach'.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q6aiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(a)(iii)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Ainmnigh dúil amháin a fhaightear sna hidreacarbóin go léir.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tagairt do léaráid an fhearais dóite hidreacarbóin.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q6aiv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(a)(iv)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Is foinsí hidreacarbóin iad breoslaí iontaise. Is sampla de bhreosla iontaise é amhola. Luaigh sampla amháin eile de bhreosla iontaise.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q6av", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(a)(v)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Is é amhola an t-amhábhar do tháirgeadh na bplaisteach. Luaigh airí amháin de chuid na bplaisteach a fhágann go bhfuil siad oiriúnach do ghnáthúsáid ghinearálta.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Grianghraf a bhaineann le breoslaí iontaise / tionsclaíocht ola.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q6bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)(i)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tá uimhir adamhach 11 agus maisuimhir 23 ag adamh sóidiam. Cé mhéad prótón atá san adamh seo?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q6bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)(i)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Tá rangú substaintí tábhachtach sa cheimic. Sa tábla, scríobh an litir X in aice le sampla de chomhdhúil.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tábla roghanna: 'Dé-ocsaíd charbóin', 'Alúmanam', 'Sáile'.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q6bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cé mhéad neodrón atá san adamh seo?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q6bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Scríobh an litir Y in aice le sampla de mheascán.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tábla roghanna: 'Dé-ocsaíd charbóin', 'Alúmanam', 'Sáile'.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q6biii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)(iii)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Comhlánaigh an léaráid thíos, ag tarraingt na leictreoin go léir ar an struchtúir Bohr don adamh sóidiam seo. Tá an dá leictreon ar an gcéad sceall tarraingthe duit cheana féin.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Bohr-model diagram of a sodium atom: a central nucleus with the innermost shell already drawn containing 2 electrons; candidate completes outer shells. Correct: 2nd shell with 8 electrons, 3rd shell with 1 electron.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "dara sceall le 8 leictreon [3]; tríú sceall le 1 leictreon [3]", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q6biii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)(iii)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Taispeántar sna léaráidí leagan amach an trealaimh a úsáidtear chun meascáin éagsúla a dheighilt i saotharlann scoile. Sa tábla, scríobh an litir P in aice le hainm na teicníochta lipéadaithe P.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Trí léaráid trealaimh dheighilte: P = eascra le solad/tuaslagán (scagadh/filtering), Q = gaireas driogtha le fleascán téite, teasaire (condenser) agus bailitheoir, R = fleascán cónúil le crómatagrafaíocht pháipéir. Tábla roghanna: 'Scagadh', 'Crómatagrafaíocht', 'Driogadh'.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q6biv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)(iv)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ainmnigh an Grúpa sa Tábla Peiriadach lena mbaineann sóidiam.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "miotail alcaile (alkali metals)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q6biv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)(iv)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Scríobh an litir Q in aice le hainm na teicníochta lipéadaithe Q.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tagairt do léaráid Q (gaireas driogtha). Tábla roghanna: 'Scagadh', 'Crómatagrafaíocht', 'Driogadh'.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q6bv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)(v)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cén cineál nasc a dhéanann sóidiam le clóirín?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "ianach (ionic)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q6bv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)(v)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Scríobh an litir R in aice le hainm na teicníochta lipéadaithe R.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tagairt do léaráid R (crómatagrafaíocht). Tábla roghanna: 'Scagadh', 'Crómatagrafaíocht', 'Driogadh'.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q6bvi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)(vi)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cén fáth a stóráiltear sóidiam in íle, gríosca ola de ghnáth, mar a léirítear sa ghrianghraf?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photo of sodium metal stored in a jar of oil.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "an-imoibríoch le ocsaigin (O2) agus uisce (H2O) (very reactive with oxygen and water)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q6bvi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)(vi)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Ainmnigh substaint amháin a d'fhéadfaí a dheighilt ag baint úsáide as teicníocht P.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tagairt do léaráid P (scagadh).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q6bvii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)(vii)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Nuair a imoibríonn sóidiam le huisce, déantar dhá tháirge. Ainmnigh an dá tháirge.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Sodium-in-oil photo (reaction of sodium with water).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "hiodrocsaíd sóidiam agus hidrigin (sodium hydroxide and hydrogen)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q6bvii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)(vii)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Ainmnigh an píosa trealaimh lipéadaithe S.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Léaráid Q ina bhfuil an píosa trealaimh S lipéadaithe (an teasaire/condenser sa ghaireas driogtha).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q7a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(a)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sa léaráid taispeántar leanbh ag baint úsáide as peireascóp chun féachaint thar bhalla ard. Mínigh, le cabhair léaráid lipéadaithe, conas a fheidhmíonn peireascóp.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Drawing of a child using a periscope to see over a high wall, with a blank labelled-diagram box (Léaráid lipéadaithe) for the answer. Periscope contains two mirrors at 45°.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "ga-léaráid cheart [3]; frithchaitheamh (reflection) [3]", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q7ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(a)(i)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Seo a leanas liosta de ghléasanna leictreacha baile. Cuir líne faoi dhá ghléas a bhaineann úsáid as an teaséifeacht ar shruth leictreach. (TRIOMADÓIR GRUAIGE, TEILIFÍSEÁN, TÓSTAER, IARANN, CLOIGÍN DORAIS)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q7aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Ainmnigh an fheiste a thaispeántar sa ghrianghraf, a tógadh as plocóid leictreach chaighdeánach. Cad é feidhm na feiste seo?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Grianghraf de fhiús (fuse) a baineadh as plocóid leictreach chaighdeánach.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q7b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(b)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is sampla de fhoinse fuinnimh inathnuaite é fuinneamh na gaoithe. Ainmnigh dhá fhoinse fuinnimh inathnuaite eile.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Drawing of a wind turbine (foinse in-athnuaite — renewable energy source).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "dhá cheann ar bith de: tonn, gréine, taoide, geoiteirmeach, hidrileictreach, bithmhais (2 × 3)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q7b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(b)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Comhlánaigh an abairt seo a leanas: Deir príomsabal imchoimeádta an fhuinnimh nach féidir fuinneamh a chur i ngléasanna [...] ná a ____.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q7c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(c)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ainmnítear an gol idir voltas, sruth agus friotaíocht i gciorcad leictreach in ómós don fhisiceoir Georg Ohm. Úsáid dlí Ohm chun an sruth a chiorcad a thaispeántar a ríomh. (12 V, 6 Ω)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Simple circuit diagram: a 12 V cell connected to a 6 Ω resistor, with an ammeter (marked Riamh/A). Find the current using Ohm's law.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "V = I × R / I = V/R / 12/6 [3]; 2 A [3]", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q7ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(c)(i)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Úsáidtear leictreachas sa teaghlach do shoilsiú, do théamh agus chun cumhacht a chur i ngléasanna. Sa tábla, scríobh an litir A in aice le voltas an soláthar príomhlíonra leictreachais in Éirinn.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tábla roghanna voltais: '12 V', '230 V', 'Cleasvuatair', 'Aimpéar'.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q7cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Scríobh an litir B in aice leis an aonad fuinnimh leictrigh a úsáidtear sa fhuasbhille.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tábla roghanna: '12 V', '230 V', 'Cleasvuatair', 'Aimpéar'.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q7d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(d)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Deirtear gur seoltóir maith é sreang chopair. Ainmnigh dhá chainníocht fhisiceacha a sheolann an tsreang seo.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Drawing of a coil of copper wire (electrical conductor).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "leictreachas // teas (electricity // heat) (2 × 3)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q7di", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(d)(i)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Rialaíonn FSS (LDR i mBéarla) soilse sráide. Cad dó a seasann na litreacha FSS?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q7dii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(d)(ii)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Nuair a laghdaíonn an solas a bhíonn ag lonnradh ar FSS, an méadaíonn nó an laghdaíonn a fhriotaíocht?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Grianghraf de sholas sráide (street lamp) a rialaítear le FSS.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q7e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(e)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Taispeántar dhá shampla sa ghnáthshaol de luamhán ina léaráidí. I ngach cás, scríobh an litir C sa bhosca cuí chun suíomh an bhuthail (an pointe casaidh) a thaispeáint.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Dhá léaráid de luamháin (levers): siosúr (scissors) agus greamaire/pinsiúr (pliers), le boscaí ina scríobhtar C ag an mbuthal (pivot/fulcrum).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q7ei", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(e)(i)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tá mais agus toirt coirc ag teastáil chun a dhlús a ríomh. Ainmnigh píosa fearais a úsáidtear chun mais an choirc a fháil.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Image of a cork stopper (coirc) on a balance; mass and volume needed to compute density.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "cothromaíocht / scálaí (balance / scales)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q7eii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(e)(ii)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is féidir toirt an choirc a fháil ach a thumadh in uisce agus toirt an uisce a dhíláithríonn sé a thomhas. Mínigh conas a thumfá an corc in uisce.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Cork stopper / displacement-of-water method for finding volume.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "brúigh síos é (push it down — cork floats so must be held under)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q7f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(f)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Luasghéaraíonn gluaisrothar ó 12 m s⁻¹ go dtí 36 m s⁻¹ i 3 soicind. Ríomh luasghéarú an ghluaisrothair.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Drawing of a motorbike (gluaisrothar) accelerating; given u = 12 m/s, v = 36 m/s, t = 3 s.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "(v2 − v1)/t / (36 − 12)/3 [3]; 8 m s⁻² [3]", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q7fi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(f)(i)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Sa tábla, scríobh an litir D sa bhosca in aice leis an bhfrása a chomhlánaíonn an ráiteas seo a leanas i gceart. Taistealaíonn tonnta fuaime tríd an aer trí(d)... [na cáithníní damhna san aer a chur ag crith. / an bhfórsa idir choirp luchtaithe.]", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tábla le dhá rogha frása: 'na cáithníní damhna san aer a chur ag crith.' agus 'an bhfórsa idir choirp luchtaithe.'", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q7g", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(g)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "I staid spóirt, is féidir le baill den lucht féachana iománaí a fheiceáil ag bualadh an tsliotair sula gcloiseann sé an fhuaim. Cad a chuireann sé seo in iúl leat?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Grianghraf d'iománaí ag bualadh sliotair (hurling) i staid spóirt — léiríonn go dtaistealaíonn solas níos tapúla ná fuaim.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q7gi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(g)(i)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sainmhíonn Acht an Ghníomhaireacht um Chaomhnú Comhshaoil (1992) truailliú timpeallachta sa fhuaim. Cén fáth a bhfuil sé baolach do dhaoine go nochtfaí do thorann ard-arda iad?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "damáiste don éisteacht (damage to hearing)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q7gii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(g)(ii)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cén fáth nach gcloisfí fuaim ón ngrian (sa spás)?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "gan mheán (aer) (no medium (air) — sound cannot travel through a vacuum)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q7hi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(h)(i)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Taispeánann na léaráidí bolgán i sraithcheangal agus i dtreocheangal trasna a chéile. Cé acu ciorcad, X nó Y, ina bhfuil na bolgáin i sraithcheangal? Ainmnigh an gléas A.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Two circuit diagrams X and Y each with a cell and two bulbs and a meter labelled A. One (X) shows bulbs in series, the other (Y) in parallel.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "X (the series circuit)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q7hi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(h)(i)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Roghnaigh ábhar, ón liosta, is mó a bheadh oiriúnach do na húsáidí seo a leanas. An t-ábhar a úsáidtear mar shreang i gcábla leictreach.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Bosca roghanna ábhair: 'Sulfar', 'Copar', 'Páipéar', 'Plaisteach'.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q7hii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(h)(ii)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ainmnigh an gléas A.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Circuits X and Y with meter A in the circuit.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "aimpmhéadar (ammeter)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q7hii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(h)(ii)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "An t-ábhar a úsáidtear mar struane i gcábla leictreach.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Bosca roghanna ábhair: 'Sulfar', 'Copar', 'Páipéar', 'Plaisteach'.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q7hiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(h)(iii)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 4, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cuir tic (✓) lena na ráitis chearta don dá chiorcad, X nó Y. Ráiteas: 'Tá na bolgáin níos gile' (Ciorcad X / Ciorcad Y); 'Má dhíscrúáiltear bolgán amháin, ní lasfaidh bolgán ar bith.' (Ciorcad X / Ciorcad Y).", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Table with statements vs columns Ciorcad X and Ciorcad Y, to be ticked: 'Tá na bolgáin níos gile' and 'Má dhíscrúáiltear bolgán amháin, ní lasfaidh bolgán ar bith'.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "'Tá na bolgáin níos gile' → Ciorcad Y ✓ [2]; 'Má dhíscrúáiltear bolgán amháin, ní lasfaidh bolgán ar bith' → Ciorcad X ✓ [2]", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q7hiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(h)(iii)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Minigh cén fáth go bhfuil an t-ábhar a roghnaigh tú i gcuid (ii) oiriúnach chun an tsreang sa chábla a chlúdach.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q8ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(a)(i)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Taispeánann an léaráid thíos ga solais ag taisteal isteach i mbloc gloine. Ar an léaráid thuas comhlánaigh conair an gha solais.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram: a ray of light (Ga solais) travelling from air (Aer) into a rectangular glass block (Gloine), striking the surface at an angle. Candidate completes the refracted ray path.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "gathán comhthreomhar ag éirí mar a thaispeántar (correct ray path showing refraction; emerging ray parallel to incident ray)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q8ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(a)(i)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Taispeántar sna grianghraif gléasanna a úsáidtear go coitianta chun tomhais a dhéanamh i saotharlann scoile. Scríobh an litir P sa bhosca faoin ngléas is féidir a úsáid chun mais substainte a thomhas.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Trí ghrianghraf gléasanna tomhais: cuibhreoir/téirmiméadar nó probe, scála/meá leictreonach (electronic balance), agus stopuaireadóir (stopwatch). Boscaí faoi gach ceann le litreacha P, Q, R.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q8aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cén focal a úsáidtear chun cur síos a dhéanamh ar an athrú i dtreo an gha solais agus é ag taisteal ón aer isteach sa ghloine?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Light ray entering glass block (refraction diagram).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "athraonadh (refraction)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q8aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Scríobh an litir Q faoin ngléas a d'fhéadfaí a úsáid chun fad líne cuartha a thomhas.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tagairt do na trí ghrianghraf gléasanna tomhais (meá, stopuaireadóir, srl.).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q8aiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(a)(iii)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Comhlánaigh an léaráid thíos tríd an lionsa ceart a tharraingt a bheadh ina chúis leis na gathanna solais a fhócasú ag pointe, mar a thaispeántar.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Two ray bundles: left shows three parallel rays approaching; right shows rays converging to a focal point. Candidate draws the correct (converging/convex) lens between them.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "lionsa dronnach (convex / converging lens)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q8aiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(a)(iii)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Scríobh an litir R faoin ngléas a d'fhéadfaí a úsáid chun am a thomhas.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tagairt do na trí ghrianghraf gléasanna tomhais (an stopuaireadóir don am).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q8aiv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(a)(iv)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ainmnigh sampla sa ghnáthshaol de rud a bhaineann úsáid as lionsa.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "ceamara / micreascóp / teileascóp / teilgeoirí / gloiní / sampla bailí ar bith (camera / microscope / telescope / projector / glasses / any valid example)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q8bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(b)(i)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tá a lán cineálacha fuinnimh comónta ann is féidir a thiontú ó chineál amháin go cineál eile i bhfón póca. Luaigh an t-aonad fuinnimh caighdeánach.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "giúl (J) / ciligiúl (kJ) (joule / kilojoule)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q8bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(b)(i)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Taispeántar sna léaráidí péirí maighnéad atá á dtabhairt cóngarach dá chéile. Scríobh an litir X sa bhosca in aice leis an toradh a mbeifeá ag súil leis dá dtabharfaí na maighnéid i léaráid X cóngarach dá chéile.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Léaráid X: dhá mhaighnéad bharra le póil ag tabhairt aghaidh ar a chéile mar N S | S N (póil chodarsnacha — meallann). Tábla roghanna: 'Aomadh' (meallann), 'Éaradh' (díbrionn).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q8bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Nuair a bhíonn na ceallra i bhfón póca á luchtú, tiontaítear fuinneamh leictreach go dtí cé acu cineál fuinnimh eile?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "ceimiceán (chemical)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q8bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Scríobh an litir Y in aice leis an toradh a mbeifeá ag súil leis dá dtabharfaí na maighnéid i léaráid Y cóngarach dá chéile.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Léaráid Y: dhá mhaighnéad bharra le póil ag tabhairt aghaidh ar a chéile mar N S | N S (póil chosúla — díbrionn). Tábla roghanna: 'Aomadh', 'Éaradh'.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q8biii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(b)(iii)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Nuair a úsáidtear fón póca chun éisteacht le ceol, tiontaítear an fuinneamh sa cheallra go dtí cé acu cineál fuinnimh eile?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "fuaim (sound)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q8biii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(b)(iii)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Cad ó a seasann an lipéad N ar an maighnéad?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tagairt do léaráidí na maighnéad le póil lipéadaithe N agus S.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q8biv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(b)(iv)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Ainmnigh an gléas a thaispeántar ar dheis agus a úsáideann réimse maighnéadach an Domhain.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Grianghraf de chompás (compass) le treoacha (W, E, S srl.) le snáthaid mhaighnéadach a úsáideann réimse maighnéadach an Domhain.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q8ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(c)(i)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Is cineál fuinnimh atá sa teas ach is tomhas ar cé chomh te is atá rud atá sa teocht. Ainmnigh gléas a úsáidtear chun teocht a thomhas agus ainmnigh aonad teochta. Gléas ___ ; Aonad teochta ___.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Gléas: teirmiméadar / tóireadóir teochta [3]; Aonad teochta: céimeanna Celsius / ceilvin / céimeanna Fahrenheit [3]", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q8ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(c)(i)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Taispeántar sa léaráid carr bréagáin á scaoileadh síos rampa ar fad dó 10 m. Ainmnigh an fórsa atá ag feidhmiú ar an gcarr agus a tharraingíonn i dtreo an Domhain é.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Léaráid de charr bréagáin ag bun rampa fadaithe 10 m ar fhána; léiríonn an carr ag gluaiseacht síos an rampa.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q8cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Rinne dalta muileann gaoithe bréagáin as cárta tanaí agus chuir sé os cionn lasair coinnle é. Tar éis tamall, thosaigh an muileann gaoithe ag casadh. Mínigh an feiniméan seo.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photo of a paper pinwheel (muileann gaoithe) held above a candle flame; warm air rising causes it to spin (convection).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "éiríonn aer te / comhiompar (warm air rises / convection)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q8cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Tógann sé 2 shoicind ar an gcarr bun an rampa a bhaint amach. Ríomh an meánluas.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tagairt do léaráid an rampa (fad = 10 m, am = 2 s). Bosca 'Ríomh' le líonadh.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q8ciii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(c)(iii)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is féidir fleascán folúis a úsáid chun substaintí a choimeád te nó fuar. Bíonn folús ann idir dhá dhromchla airgeadaithe. Mínigh conas a fheidhmíonn fleascán mar seo.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of a vacuum (Thermos) flask: a bottle with double silvered walls (Dromchlaí airgeadaithe) and a vacuum (Folús) between them, labelled.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "dhá cheann ar bith de: frithchaitheann dromchlaí airgid teas / cosnaíonn dromchlaí airgid radaíocht // coisceann folús caillteanas (gnóthachan) teasa / coisceann folús seoladh/comhiompar // coisceann stopalláin caillteanas (gnóthachan) teasa (2 × 3)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q8civ", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(c)(iv)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Luaigh sampla amháin d'insliú is féidir a úsáid sa teach chun caillteanas fuinneamh teasa a chosc.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "insliú áiléir / balla cuasach / fuinneoga (doirse) dhéghloinithe (trígloinithe) / eisiatóirí seoidire / sampla bailí ar bith (attic insulation / cavity wall / double (triple) glazed windows (doors) / draught excluders / any valid example)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q8di", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(d)(i)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Bíonn a lán cineálacha fuinnimh ann. Sa tábla, scríobh an litir A in aice leis an gcineál fuinnimh a bhíonn i mbanda leaisteach rite.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tábla roghanna cineálacha fuinnimh: 'Solas', 'Cinéiteach', 'Póitéinsiúil', 'Ceimiceach', 'Teas'.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q8dii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(d)(ii)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Scríobh an litir B in aice leis an gcineál fuinnimh a bhíonn stóráilte i gceallra.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tábla roghanna cineálacha fuinnimh: 'Solas', 'Cinéiteach', 'Póitéinsiúil', 'Ceimiceach', 'Teas'.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q8diii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(d)(iii)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Scríobh an litir C in aice leis an gcineál fuinnimh a bhíonn i liathróid atá ag rolladh.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tábla roghanna cineálacha fuinnimh: 'Solas', 'Cinéiteach', 'Póitéinsiúil', 'Ceimiceach', 'Teas'.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q9ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(a)(i)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 12, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Taispeánann an tábla thíos na fad a thaistil beirt lúthchleasaithe, Orla agus Mollaí, le linn rás 100 méadar. [Fad (m): 20.0, 40.0, 60.0, 80.0, 100.0; Am Orla (s): 4.0, 8.0, 12.0, 16.0, 20.0; Am Mollaí (s): 4.0, 8.0, 11.2, 14.4, 17.6]. Breac graif ar an ngreille thíos ag taispeáint fad in aghaidh ama le haghaidh Orla agus le haghaidh Mhollaí.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Data table of distance (m) vs time (s) for two athletes Orla and Mollaí, and a blank grid (x-axis Am (s) 0-20, y-axis Fad (m) 0-100) on which to plot both distance-time graphs.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "cúig phointe breactha go ceart do gach cailín (10 × 1); líne cheart trí phointí do gach cailín (2 × 1)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q9ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(a)(i)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Is peireascóp an gléas a thaispeántar sa léaráid. Ainmnigh an chuid den pheireascóp lipéadaithe A.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Léaráid de pheireascóp: péire scátháin ar uillinn 45° taobh istigh de fheadán; coda A lipéadaithe (an scáthán uachtarach). Léirítear ga solais ag teacht isteach agus ag teacht amach chuig an tsúil.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q9aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ríomh meánluas Orla.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Uses the distance-time data for Orla (100 m in 20 s).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "fad/am / 100/20 [3]; 5 m s⁻¹ [3]", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q9aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Cad a tharlaíonn do sholas nuair a lonnraíonn sé ar A?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tagairt do léaráid an pheireascóp (scáthán ag frithchaitheamh solais).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q9aiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(a)(iii)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cé acu lúthchleasaí, Orla nó Mollaí, a raibh luas tairiseach fúithi i rith an rás? Mínigh do fhreagra.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to the plotted distance-time graphs of Orla and Mollaí.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Órla [3]; líne dhíreach (straight line — constant slope/speed) [3]", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q9bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(b)(i)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tá an Fhisic lárnach do ghníomhú a lán de na píosaí trealaimh i gclós súgartha do pháistí. Tugann buthal tacaíocht don chnardaí bogadaí ag a mheáchanlár. Suíonn buachaill, ar mheáchan dó 400 N, fad 2.4 méadar ón mbuthal, mar a thaispeántar sa léaráid. Ríomh an fad ón mbuthal ag a gcaithfidh cailín, ar a bhfuil meáchan 320 N, suí chun go mbeidh an crandaí bogadaí i gcothromaíocht.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Drawing of a playground see-saw (crandaí bogadaí) balanced on a pivot (buthal); a boy weighing 400 N sits 2.4 m from the pivot on one side, a girl weighing 320 N on the other. Find the girl's distance for balance (moments).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "(400 × 2.4)/320 [3]; 3 m [3]", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q9bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(b)(i)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Leag dalta amach an fearas a thaispeántar sa léaráid chun solas a fhiosrú. Sa tábla, scríobh an litir B in aice le hainm an tsraith de dhathanna a bhreathnaítear nuair a lonnraítear ga de sholas bán tríd an bprisma.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Léaráid: ga de sholas bán ag lonnrú ar phriosma triantánach, agus speictream de dhathanna ag teacht amach. Tábla roghanna: 'Léaráid Venn', 'Speictream'.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q9bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is fachtóir tábhachtach í sleamhnán i gclós súgartha é an fhrithchuimilt. Cad is frithchuimilt ann?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Drawing of a playground slide (sleamhnán).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "fórsa freasúrach le gluaisne (gluaiseacht) (a force opposing motion)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q9bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Ainmnigh dath ar bith a bhreathnaigh an dalta sa tsraith seo.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tagairt do léaráid an phriosma agus an speictrim de dhathanna.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q9biii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(b)(iii)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cad a d'fhéadfadh tarlú do pháiste agus í ag sleamhnú síos sleamhnán dá mbeadh an iomarca frithchuimilte ann?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Playground slide drawing.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "ag dó / ag bogadh níos moille / stop sé ag sleamhnú / gan ghluaiseacht (burning (heat) / moving slower / stops sliding / no movement)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-higher-level-IV-q9biv", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(b)(iv)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cén fáth a bhféadfadh páiste gluaiseacht síos sleamhnán i bpáirc uisce ar luas níos tapúla ná ar shleamhnán i gclós súgartha?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to a water-park slide vs a playground slide.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "níos lú frithchuimilte / soláthraíonn uisce bealú (less friction / water provides lubrication)", "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Higher Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q9c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(c)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Ón liosta, roghnaigh dhá mhodh chun fuinneamh teasa a tharchur. [Bealú / Radaíocht / Forbairt / Comhiompar]", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Bosca roghanna: 'Bealú', 'Radaíocht', 'Forbairt', 'Comhiompar'.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q9di", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(d)(i)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Rinne dalta fiosrú ar an ngaol idir an síneadh i lingeán agus an fórsa a fheidhmítear air. Sa tábla thíos, taispeántar na sonraí a bhailigh an dalta. Breac graf den síneadh sa lingeán in aghaidh an fórsa a fheidhmítear air. [Tábla — Fórsa (N): 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10; Síneadh (cm): 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15]", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Léaráid d'fhearas: lingeán (spring) ar crochadh ó sheastán le méadarslat lena ais agus meáchain ar a bhun. Tábla sonraí: Fórsa (N): 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10; Síneadh (cm): 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 (gaol líneach, fána 1.5 cm/N). Greille ghrafa le haiseanna Fórsa (N) 0–10 (cothrománach) agus Síneadh (cm) 0–15 (ingearach).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q9dii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(d)(ii)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Bain úsáid as do ghraf chun an síneadh sa lingeán nuair a fheidhmítear fórsa 5 N air a aimsiú.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Tagairt don ghraf síneadh-fórsa a tarraingíodh i gcuid (i).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2018-ordinary-level-IV-q9diii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2018, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(d)(iii)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Cad é an gaol idir an fórsa agus an síneadh?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2018 - Science - Ordinary Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q1a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(a)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagram shows an animal cell. Use the words listed below to label the parts of the cell. (Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, Nucleus)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of an animal cell: an oval cell with a dark outer boundary (cell membrane), yellow internal fluid (cytoplasm) and a small round brown structure near the top (nucleus). Three leader lines point from the structures to three empty label boxes to be filled.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Top box = Nucleus; middle box = Cytoplasm; bottom box = (Cell) membrane (3 marks each).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q1b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(b)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Which of the three named parts controls the activities of the cell?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Nucleus.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q1c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(c)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A student was asked to examine animal cells in the laboratory. Which of the following instruments should the student use? Place a tick in the correct box. (Telescope / Microscope / Periscope)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Microscope.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q10a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(a)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Answer by placing a tick in the correct box. A star and all of the objects that orbit it is called a (Moon / Solar system / Galaxy).", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Solar system.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q10b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(b)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A system of billions of stars is called a (Moon / Solar system / Galaxy).", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Galaxy.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q10c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(c)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The image shows a planet passing in front of a star. This partial eclipse is called a transit. The brightness of the light detected from the star decreases as the planet transits the star and blocks its light. The graphs below show how the brightness of a star changed over time as two planets, A and B, transited the same star. Which planet, A or B, took the shortest time to transit the star? Which planet, A or B, is the largest? Give a reason for your answer.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Top diagram shows a planet moving across the front of a star with a brightness-vs-time graph dipping while the planet transits. Two further brightness-vs-time graphs: 'Planet A' shows a narrow, shallow dip; 'Planet B' shows a wider, deeper dip in brightness.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Shortest transit time = A. Largest planet = B; reason: greater decrease in brightness / blocks more light. (3 + 3 + 3)", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q11a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(a)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sodium chloride (table salt) is a white crystalline solid. Water is a solvent with a boiling point of 100 degrees C. Sodium chloride can dissolve in water. A student was asked to investigate what effect adding salt has on the boiling point of water. Write a suitable hypothesis for this investigation.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of a small heap of white crystalline salt (sodium chloride).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Any valid hypothesis (e.g. adding salt increases the boiling point of water).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q11b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(b)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "What is meant by the boiling point of a substance?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "(The) temperature at which a liquid turns to vapour throughout.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q11c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(c)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The laboratory instrument used to measure the mass of the salt is shown in the photograph. Identify this instrument.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of an electronic/digital weighing scale (top-pan balance) with a flat weighing platform and a digital readout display.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Balance / scales.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q11d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(d)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of the arrangement of the apparatus used to determine the boiling point of water.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Answer space for a student-drawn labelled diagram of boiling-point apparatus (container of water, heat source under the container, and a thermometer in or above the container).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Labelled diagram: container (3); source of heat in correct position (3); thermometer in (or above) the container (3). [deduct 3 marks if no labels shown]", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q11e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(e)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The student collected the following data for the boiling point of the solutions made when various masses of salt were dissolved in 60 cm^3 of water. (Table: mass of salt 0 g -> avg 100.6; 2 g -> avg 101.8; 4 g -> readings 103,105,104,106,107, avg blank; 6 g -> avg 107.2; 8 g -> avg 109.6.) Calculate the average boiling point when 4 g of salt was dissolved in 60 cm^3 of water.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Data table with columns: Mass of salt (g), five Boiling point (degrees C) readings, and Average boiling point (degrees C). Rows: 0 g [100,101,100,100,102] avg 100.6; 2 g [101,104,101,100,103] avg 101.8; 4 g [103,105,104,106,107] avg blank; 6 g [106,108,107,107,108] avg 107.2; 8 g [108,110,109,111,110] avg 109.6.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "105 [(103+105+104+106+107)/5 = 525/5 = 105].", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q11f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(f)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Suggest a reason why the student repeated the investigation five times for each mass of salt used.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Reliability (to improve reliability / accuracy of the results).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q11g", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(g)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Does the data support the hypothesis you wrote in part (a)? Explain your answer.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Yes / no - linked to the hypothesis in part (a) (3) + valid explanation - linked to part (a) (3).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q12a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(a)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 12, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "When green light is shone into a red solution, such as blood, some of the light is absorbed, some is reflected and some passes straight through. A student set up the apparatus shown below to investigate the relationship between the concentration of a red solution and how much green light passes through it. On one side of the test tube of red solution, green light was emitted from a light emitting diode (LED). On the other side of the test tube, a light dependent resistor (LDR) was used to detect how much green light passed through the solution. The student made different concentrations of a solution of red food dye by varying the number of drops of dye added to 20 cm^3 of water. The resistance of the LDR was then determined using meter X. In the space below, draw a graph of the results obtained. (Data: drops of food colouring 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8; resistance (ohm) 1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5,4.0,4.5,5.0)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Apparatus diagram: a test tube of red solution between an LED (connected to a battery) on one side and an LDR on the other side; the LDR is connected to 'Meter X'. Results table: number of drops of food colouring 0-8 against Resistance (ohm) values 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0 (a linear increase). A blank grid (axes Resistance ohm 0-6 vs number of drops 0-8) is provided for the graph.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "9 points plotted (9 x 1) + correct line drawn for points plotted (3). Total 12. (The data form a straight line from 1.0 ohm at 0 drops to 5.0 ohm at 8 drops.)", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q12b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(b)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "State one conclusion which is supported by the results.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Resistance increases with number of drops (or concentration).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q12c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(c)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name meter X, which was used to determine the resistance of the LDR.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Ohmmeter.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q12d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(d)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name a piece of equipment the student could have used to accurately measure 20 cm^3 of water.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Pipette / burette / graduated cylinder / syringe / volumetric flask.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q12e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(e)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A smart watch uses a green LED to measure a person's pulse by shining green light into the red blood in the person's wrist. Describe one other technological application of physics that is used in everyday life.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of a smart watch with a green LED sensor visible on its underside (the part that rests against the wrist).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Any valid application described.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q12f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(f)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The chamber of the heart marked X pumps blood around the body and generates a pulse. Name chamber X. Explain why some of the tubes connected to the heart are coloured red and some of them are coloured blue.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of the human heart with the four chambers shown; the lower-left chamber (the muscular chamber that pumps blood to the body) is labelled X. Vessels connected to the heart are coloured red and blue.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Chamber X = Left ventricle (3). Red = oxygen(ated) blood / blue = deoxygenated blood (3).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q13a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(a)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Electrical energy is one of the most important types of energy that we use in our daily lives. An electrical appliance has a power rating which tells you how much electricity it uses. The table below shows the power rating of some common household appliances and the forms of energy that are produced in the appliances. (Appliances: Coffee maker 1380 W, Heat/Sound, 6 A; Television 115 W, Heat/Light/Sound, 0.5 A; Kitchen blender 345 W, Heat/Kinetic/Sound, 1.5 A; Dishwasher 2300 W, Heat/Kinetic/Sound, 10 A.) Which appliance listed in the table uses the most electrical energy?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Table with columns Appliance / Power rating (W) / Forms of energy produced / Current used (A). Rows: Coffee maker 1380 W, Heat & Sound, 6 A; Television 115 W, Heat Light & Sound, 0.5 A; Kitchen blender 345 W, Heat Kinetic & Sound, 1.5 A; Dishwasher 2300 W, Heat Kinetic & Sound, 10 A.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Dishwasher (highest power rating, 2300 W).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q13b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(b)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 12, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Select one of the appliances from the table above and name a useful form of energy produced when the appliance is being used. For the appliance you have selected, name an unwanted form of energy produced. For the appliance you have selected, calculate the voltage applied across the appliance. Include the unit for your answer.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Useful form of energy (for appliance named) (3) and unwanted form of energy (for appliance named) (3) - see appliance table [Coffee maker: useful Heat, unwanted Sound; Television: useful Light/Sound, unwanted Heat; Kitchen blender: useful Kinetic, unwanted Heat/Sound; Dishwasher: useful Heat/Kinetic, unwanted Sound]. Calculation: 230 (3); unit: V (3). [V = P/I, e.g. 1380/6 = 230 V]. Total 12.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q13c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(c)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "What pattern, if any, exists between the power rating of the appliance and the current used?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Power is proportional to current (as power rating increases, current increases).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q13d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(d)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sustainability issues arise from the generation and consumption of electricity. What do you understand by the term sustainability?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "The use of a resource so that it does not run out.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q13e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(e)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 2, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Suggest one way in which we can reduce how much electrical energy we use.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Any valid suggestion, e.g. turn off lights.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q13f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(f)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 4, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Electrical energy can be produced using renewable and non-renewable sources. Identify two renewable sources of energy from the list below by placing a tick in each of the correct boxes. (Oil / Solar / Natural gas / Wind)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Solar and Wind. (2 marks each)", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q14a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(a)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Read the article below, adapted from an Irish newspaper ('UCC Study: High fibre foods ease stress effects' - about University College Cork research showing that micro-organisms in the gut may help, and that fruits, vegetables and whole grains contain high levels of fibre that stimulate gut bacteria), and answer the questions that follow. Name a type of food that is high in fibre.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Newspaper article box titled 'UCC Study: High fibre foods ease stress effects' with body text on gut bacteria and stress, accompanied by two small photographs (a plate of high-fibre food and a microscope image of gut bacteria). Attributed to The Irish Examiner.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Grains / vegetables / any high-fibre food.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q14b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(b)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The study involved feeding mice fatty acids and then subjecting them to stress. Describe a control experiment which the scientists could have used in this investigation.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Mice not fed fatty acids and subjected to stress / mice fed fatty acids and not subjected to stress.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q14c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(c)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "What observation did the scientists note about the behaviour of the mice after they had been fed fatty acids?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Decreased levels of depressive-like behaviour.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q14d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(d)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Do you agree or disagree with the use of animals (such as mice) in scientific research? Explain your answer.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Agree plus explanation / disagree plus explanation. [agree or disagree may be inferred from explanation]", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q14e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(e)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Human health is affected by environmental factors such as stress. Name another environmental factor which has an effect on human health.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Any valid factor, e.g. pollution.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q14f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(f)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "This article highlights a beneficial role of micro-organisms in human health. State another example of how bacteria could have an effect on human health.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Any valid example, e.g. cause disease.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q14g", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(g)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The image shows bacterial cells dividing in order to reproduce. This is an example of asexual reproduction. Describe one difference between sexual and asexual reproduction.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Microscope image showing orange/yellow bacterial cells, some elongated and pinching in the middle as they divide (binary fission / asexual reproduction).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Sexual: involves sex cells (gametes) / two parents / genetic variation / fertilisation. [accept converse for asexual]", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q14h", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(h)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Over time a bacterial population can evolve. Outline the theory of evolution by natural selection.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Any three of: genetic mutation; variation between members of a species; overproduction; competition; survival of the fittest; beneficial genes passed on to offspring; new species formed / extinction. (2 + 2 + 2)", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q15a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(a)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The Periodic Table was developed by Dmitri Mendeleev. It was published 150 years ago in 1869. To celebrate the International Year of the Periodic Table, The European Chemical Society has designed a new kind of Periodic Table called the '90 Elements that make up everything'. The table has been drawn so that the area occupied by each element indicates how much of that element is in the Earth's crust and atmosphere. From the table, identify a gas which is a component of the Earth's atmosphere and which is in plentiful supply.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A distorted/area-scaled Periodic Table ('90 Elements that make up everything') in which each element's box area represents its abundance. A colour key indicates: availability seriously threatened; rising threat to availability; limited availability, future risk to supply; plentiful supply; elements used in a smart phone. Large boxes (plentiful) include H, O, N, C, Si, etc.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Nitrogen / oxygen / argon / neon.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q15b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(b)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Why should the use of the gas helium (He) in birthday balloons be avoided?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "(Its) availability is seriously threatened.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q15c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(c)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The element indium (In) is used in smart phones. At current usage rates, indium will be used up in 50 years. Suggest one way humans could contribute to sustaining levels of this element for future generations.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Recycle / upgrade less often / repair / sell old phones.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q15d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(d)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagrams on the right show the arrangement of particles in the elements aluminium and chlorine at room temperature. What evidence is there in the diagrams to support the classification of these substances as elements?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Two particle diagrams. 'Aluminium': many identical blue spheres packed closely together in a regular arrangement (solid). 'Chlorine': identical green spheres present as separated pairs (diatomic molecules, gas). All particles in each substance are the same kind.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "(All the) particles (or atoms) are the same (colour) / only one type of atom present.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q15e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(e)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Which of these elements is a solid at room temperature? Justify your answer.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Aluminium (3); justification: its particles (atoms) are packed / close together (3).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q15f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(f)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 12, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Aluminium reacts with chlorine to form the compound aluminium chloride. Use the Periodic Table on page 79 of the Formulae and Tables booklet to predict the ratio of aluminium to chlorine in this compound. Hence write the chemical formula for aluminium chloride.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Aluminium in group 3 (or 13); chlorine in group 7 (or 17); Al:Cl is 1:3 [9 marks for correct ratio without formula]; AlCl3 [12 marks for correct formula].", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q15gi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(g)(i)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Elements can be classified as metals or non-metals. The table shows some of the properties of three elements from the Periodic Table. (Element 1: melting point 1538 degrees C, boiling point 2862 degrees C, conductor of electricity Yes; Element 2: melting point -7, boiling point 59, No; Element 3: melting point -101, boiling point -34, No.) Which element (1, 2 or 3) is most likely to be a metal? Justify your answer.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Table of three elements with columns Melting point (degrees C), Boiling point (degrees C), Conductor of electricity. Element 1: 1538, 2862, Yes; Element 2: -7, 59, No; Element 3: -101, -34, No.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Element 1 (3); justification: conductor of electricity (3).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q15gii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(g)(ii)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Which element (1, 2 or 3) is a liquid at room temperature (20 degrees C)? Justify your answer.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Element 2 (3); justification: melting point below room temperature (20 degrees C) (3) and boiling point above room temperature (20 degrees C) (3).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q16a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(a)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "2019 marks the 50th anniversary of man's first landing on the Moon. Since then there have been a number of other missions to the Moon. The diagram below shows the Earth orbiting the Sun. Complete the diagram to show the shape, location and motion of the Moon in the Earth-Sun-Moon system.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram showing the Earth on an elliptical orbit around a central yellow Sun. A space is provided to add the Moon orbiting the Earth (a circular Moon, close to Earth, with an orbit drawn around the Earth and direction of motion indicated).", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Circular Moon (3); Moon closer to Earth than to the Sun (3); orbit indicated around Earth (3).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q16b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(b)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "At the time of the first landing, the Moon was in a waxing crescent phase as seen from Earth. The images below show different phases of the Moon in sequence, from left to right. Place a tick in the box beneath the image which shows the Moon in a waxing crescent phase. Shade in the image of the Moon on the left to illustrate the next phase of the Moon in the sequence above.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A row of Moon phase photographs in sequence from left to right showing progressively more illumination, with tick boxes beneath each. A separate single Moon image (on the left) is provided for the student to shade to show the next phase.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Tick the first image (image on the left) for the waxing crescent (3); shade the right part of the Moon to show the next phase (3).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q16c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(c)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "On January 2nd 2019, the Chinese Chang'e-4 lander touched down on the far side or 'dark side' of the Moon. Explain why this side of the Moon is never visible from Earth.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "The Moon spins (on its axis) at the same rate (in the same time) it takes to orbit the Earth. (3 + 3)", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q16d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(d)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The dark circles visible on the Moon's surface are craters. Craters occur when objects with high speed strike the surface of the Moon. Examples of such objects are asteroids and comets. What is an asteroid?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A small photograph of a crater on the Moon's surface (a circular depression).", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "(A) rock orbiting the Sun / rock in space.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q16ei", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(e)(i)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Many investigations were carried out during missions to the Moon. One investigation measured the temperature of the lunar surface at various depths. The graph shows the temperatures measured at different depths over a period of time. Describe how the temperature on the surface of the Moon (red line) changed with time. Suggest an explanation for this pattern.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Line graph: x-axis 'Time (Earth days)' 0-80, y-axis 'Temperature (K)' 0-500. Three curves: 'Surface' (red) oscillates with the largest amplitude (high peaks ~400 K and low troughs ~100 K); '15 cm below surface' (green) oscillates with a smaller amplitude; '30 cm below surface' (blue) is almost flat (most stable). Deeper depths show smaller temperature fluctuations.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Describe: temperature increased and decreased (3). Explain: increased in sunlight / decreased when not in sunlight (3).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q16eii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(e)(ii)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Describe the relationship between the depth below the surface of the Moon and the change in temperature. Suggest an explanation for this relationship.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Describe: the greater the depth, the smaller the change in temperature (3). Explain: objects at depth are not exposed to temperature extremes (3).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q16f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(f)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagrams show the mass and weight of four objects (A, B, C and D) on the Earth, Earth's Moon, Jupiter and Venus. (A on Earth: 8 kg, 80 N; B on Earth's Moon: 3 kg, 5 N; C on Jupiter: 25 N; D on Venus: 8 kg, 72 N.) Which object, A, B, C or D, has the smallest mass? How can you tell that the force of gravity is less on Venus than it is on the Earth?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Four weight-on-a-hook diagrams. A (Earth): mass 8 kg, weight 80 N. B (Earth's Moon): mass 3 kg, weight 5 N. C (Jupiter): weight 25 N (mass not shown). D (Venus): mass 8 kg, weight 72 N. Object A and object D have the same mass (8 kg) but D weighs less (72 N vs 80 N).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Smallest mass = C (3). Object (of the same mass) has less weight on Venus than on Earth, e.g. D (8 kg) weighs 72 N on Venus but A (8 kg) weighs 80 N on Earth (3).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q16g", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(g)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "During the Apollo 15 mission to the Moon in 1971, astronaut David Scott conducted the famous hammer and feather experiment. The hammer and feather were dropped at the same time from the same height and hit the surface of the Moon at the same time. A hammer falls much faster on Earth than it does on the Moon. Explain why.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of an astronaut on the Moon's surface during the Apollo 15 hammer-and-feather drop experiment.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Gravitational force is greater on Earth than on the Moon. [accept converse]", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q2a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(a)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A student was asked to measure the density of a block. The dimensions of the block are shown in the diagram. The mass of the block is 128 g. Calculate the volume of the block.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "3D drawing of a rectangular block (cuboid) labelled with dimensions 8 cm (length) x 4 cm (height) x 2 cm (depth) and mass 128 g written on the front face.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "64 (cm^3) [V = 8 x 4 x 2 = 64 cm^3].", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q2b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(b)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Calculate the density of the block. Include the unit for your answer.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "2 (density = 128/64 = 2); unit: g/cm^3. (3 marks value + 3 marks unit)", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q2c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(c)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The photograph below shows three glasses of water labelled A, B and C. An egg was placed into each glass. The photograph was taken when the eggs were stationary. Which glass (A, B or C) contains the egg with the greatest density? Give a reason for your answer.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of three glasses of water labelled A, B, C. The egg in glass A floats near the top, the egg in glass B is mid/lower, and the egg in glass C sits at the bottom (sinks lowest).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "C; reason: it sinks most / is lowest / at the bottom. (3 + 3)", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q3a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(a)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 12, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagram below illustrates the water cycle. Some of the key stages of the water cycle are labelled 1, 2, 3 and 4. Complete the table below using the numbers 1, 2, 3 or 4 to match each of the labelled processes shown in the diagram with the correct description. (Processes: Air currents cause clouds to move onshore; Water falls to the Earth as precipitation; Heat from the Sun converts liquid water into water vapour; Plants lose water through the process of transpiration)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Coloured diagram of the water cycle showing the sun, sea, clouds, rain, mountains and trees. Arrow 1 points up from the sea (evaporation), arrow 2 points horizontally from sea toward land (clouds moving onshore), the cloud over the mountain shows rain (precipitation, stage 3) and stage 4 is at the trees (transpiration).", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Air currents cause clouds to move onshore = 2; Water falls to the Earth as precipitation = 3; Heat from the Sun converts liquid water into water vapour = 1; Plants lose water through transpiration = 4. (3 marks each)", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q3b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(b)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "In 2018 Ireland experienced low rainfall throughout the year. This led to water shortages and restrictions on water use. Describe one way in which water usage in a home could be reduced.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Any valid answer, e.g. turning off taps / reduce flushing (of toilet).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q4a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(a)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Natural gas contains methane (CH4). Methane is a fuel. Methane burns in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. The diagram below represents the reaction: CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O. Count the number of each type of atom in the products to complete the table below. (Elements: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen; number of atoms in reactants given as 1, 4, 4 respectively)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Molecular ball-and-stick diagram of methane combustion. Reactants: CH4 (yellow carbon atom with 4 blue hydrogen atoms) and 2O2 (two pairs of red oxygen atoms). Products: CO2 (yellow carbon with two red oxygens) and 2H2O (two water molecules, each red oxygen with two blue hydrogens). A table lists Element / Type of atom (colour key: yellow=carbon, blue=hydrogen, red=oxygen) / number of atoms in reactants (Carbon 1, Hydrogen 4, Oxygen 4) / number of atoms in products (blank).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Number of atoms in products: Carbon = 1, Hydrogen = 4, Oxygen = 4. (1 mark each)", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q4b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(b)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Mass is conserved during this reaction. What evidence is there for this?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Equal numbers of each type of atom on either side (of the equation).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q4c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(c)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The burning of methane is an example of a chemical change. Describe one difference between a physical change and a chemical change.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Any valid answer, e.g. no new substance is formed in a physical change (a new substance is formed in a chemical change).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q5a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(a)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sickle cell anaemia is an inherited human disease. It causes the body to produce red blood cells that have an irregular shape. The gene for the disease is passed on from generation to generation. Examine the pattern of inheritance for sickle cell anaemia shown in the family tree below and answer the questions that follow. Square 1 and circle 2 are a married couple. How many children did this couple have?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Pedigree (family tree) diagram with a key: square = male, circle = female; an open shape = not suffering from sickle cell anaemia; a half-shaded shape = carrier; a fully shaded shape = suffering. Top row shows square 1 married to circle 2 (circle 2 shaded as suffering). Below them are three offspring numbered 3, 4 (centre, shaded), 5; lower generation includes individuals 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 (10 shaded/suffering).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Three.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q5b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(b)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Some non-sufferers may be carriers of the disease. This means that they have inherited the sickle cell anaemia gene but do not suffer from the disease. What evidence is there from the diagram that persons 6 and 7 are both carriers?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to the same sickle cell anaemia pedigree. Persons 6 and 7 are non-shaded (non-sufferers) but produce a shaded (suffering) child, person 10.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Child (i.e. person 10) is a sufferer (so both parents 6 and 7 must carry the gene).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q5c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(c)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Suffering from sickle cell anaemia is an example of a genetically controlled characteristic. Classify the characteristics below as being either genetically controlled or not genetically controlled by placing a tick in the correct column. (Characteristics: Eye colour; How to cycle a bike)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Table with columns Characteristic / Genetically controlled / Not genetically controlled, and rows for 'Eye colour' and 'How to cycle a bike', each to be ticked in one column.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Eye colour = Genetically controlled; How to cycle a bike = Not genetically controlled. (3 marks each)", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q5d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(d)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Answer the following question by placing a tick in the correct box. The function of red blood cells is to: (Fight infection / Clot blood / Carry oxygen)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Carry oxygen.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q6a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(a)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A student carried out an experiment to investigate the reaction between an acid and a base. A pH indicator and a thermometer were used to monitor changes in pH and temperature during the reaction. Name a pH indicator the student could have used during this investigation.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Methyl orange / litmus / universal indicator etc.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q6b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "What colour is this indicator when placed in acid?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Red / red, orange, yellow [correct colour linked to the indicator named in part (a)].", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q6c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(c)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "When an acid and a base react, they neutralise each other to produce a neutral solution. On the pH scale, what number represents a neutral solution?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Seven (7).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q6d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(d)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The student noted a rise in temperature as the acid-base reaction took place. Is this an example of an endothermic or an exothermic reaction?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Exothermic.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q6e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(e)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagram shows an energy profile diagram for the reaction between an acid and a base. On the diagram, show the activation energy for this reaction.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Energy profile diagram: x-axis 'Reaction progress', y-axis 'Energy'. A curve starts at the 'Reactants' level, rises to a peak (transition state) then falls to a lower 'Products' level (exothermic). Activation energy is the vertical distance from the reactants level up to the peak.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Correct vertical distance shown between the energy of the reactants and the maximum (peak) energy.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q7a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(a)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The graph below represents the journey of a cyclist. Name an instrument that could be used to measure the time taken for the journey.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Distance-time graph, x-axis Time (s) 0-140, y-axis Distance (m) 0-250. Line goes from A (0 s, 0 m) up to B (about 40 s, 125 m), flat from B to C (about 60 s, 125 m), steeply up to D (about 80 s, 220 m), then steeply down to E (about 120 s, 0 m).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Stopwatch / timer.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q7b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(b)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Calculate the average speed of the cyclist as he travelled from point A to point B.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "2.5 (m/s) [speed = distance/time = 100/40 = 2.5].", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q7c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(c)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Describe the cyclist's motion between points B and C of his journey.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Stopped / speed of zero (stationary).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q7d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(d)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The cyclist's speed as he travelled from point A to point B was less than his speed as he travelled from point C to point D. What evidence is there in the graph to support this?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "From A to B the line is less steep (smaller slope) / smaller distance in greater time. [accept the converse for C to D]", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q7e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(e)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Describe what the cyclist did at point D.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Turned back / returned.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q8a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(a)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Global warming can cause the melting of ice sheets and glaciers, which is partly responsible for rising sea levels. Name a human activity which has led to global warming.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of a polar bear standing on a fragmented sheet of melting sea ice surrounded by water.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Any valid activity, e.g. burning fossil fuels (named fossil fuel) / deforestation.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q8b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(b)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "State a consequence of rising sea levels on coastal areas.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Any valid consequence, e.g. flooding / erosion / loss of habitats.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q8c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(c)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ice sheets are the natural habitat of animals such as polar bears. State one adaptation of polar bears that makes them suited to this habitat.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Any valid adaptation, e.g. white / fat under skin / fur / wide paws / claws / teeth.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q8d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(d)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Would you expect the population of polar bears to increase or decrease as ice sheets melt?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Decrease.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q8e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(e)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "When solid ice changes state to become liquid water, this is called melting. What name is given to the change of state when liquid water becomes solid ice?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Freezing.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q9a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(a)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagram shows the human respiratory system. Complete the table below by matching the words to the letters in the diagram. (Words: Lung, Trachea, Liver, Oesophagus, Mouth; letters A, B, C)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Anatomical diagram of the human respiratory system. Label A points to the mouth/nose region at the top, label B points to the windpipe/trachea on the right, and label C points to a lung on the left.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "A = Mouth; B = Trachea; C = Lung. (2 marks each)", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-EV-q9b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(b)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Describe what happens in the respiratory system when a person breathes in.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Any three of: diaphragm contracts / diaphragm lowers; intercostal muscles contract / ribcage rises; pressure decreases inside lungs; lungs expand; air taken in; air travels through trachea; oxygen leaves lungs / oxygen enters blood / gaseous exchange; carbon dioxide leaves blood / enters lungs / gaseous exchange [accept gaseous exchange once only]. (3 + 3 + 3)", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q1a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(a)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sa léaráid taispeántar cill ainmhí. Úsáid na focail atá liostaithe thíos chun na páirteanna den chill a lipéadú. (Cíteaplasma, Cillscannán, Núicléas)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of an animal cell: a large oval cell outlined in blue with pale-yellow cytoplasm, containing a small brown/round nucleus near the top. Three label lines (with empty boxes) point from outside to: the small round organelle (nucleus), the body of the cell (cytoplasm), and the outer boundary (cell membrane). Word bank above: Cíteaplasma, Cillscannán, Núicléas.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Label lines: Núicléas (the small round organelle), Cíteaplasma (the cell body), (Cill)scannán (the outer boundary). 3 marks each.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q1b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(b)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cé acu ceann de na trí pháirt atá ainmnithe a rialaíonn gníomhaíochtaí na cille?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Núicléas.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q1c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(c)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Iarradh ar dhalta cealla ainmhí a scrúdú sa tsaotharlann. Cé acu ceann de na gléasanna seo a leanas is ceart don dalta a úsáid? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart. (Teileascóp / Micreascóp / Peireascóp)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Micreascóp.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q10a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(a)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Freagair na ceisteanna (a) agus (b) trí tic (✓) a chur sa bhosca ceart. Is é a thugtar ar réalta agus na réada ar fad a fhithisíonn í ná: (Gealach / Grianchóras / Réaltra)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Grianchóras (solar system).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q10b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(b)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is é a thugtar ar chóras ina mbíonn na billiúin réaltaí ná: (Gealach / Grianchóras / Réaltra)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Réaltra (galaxy).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q10c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(c)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Léiríonn an íomhá thíos pláinéad ag gabháil thar aghaidh réalta. Tugtar trasdul ar an bpáirt-urú seo. Laghdaíonn gile an tsolais a bhraitear ón réalta de réir mar a thrasnaíonn an pláinéad an réalta agus de réir mar a bhlocálann an pláinéad a cuid solais. Taispeánann na graif thíos conas a d'athraigh gile réalta in aghaidh ama de réir mar a rinne dhá phláinéad, A agus B, trasdul thar an réalta chéanna. Cé acu pláinéad, A nó B, a thóg an t-am is giorra chun trasdul a dhéanamh thar an réalta? Cé acu pláinéad, A nó B, is mó? Tabhair cúis le do fhreagra.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Top: diagram of a planet (Pláinéad, small red dots) passing in front of a star (Réalta, yellow) with a brightness (Gile) vs time (Am) graph showing a shallow dip. Below: two brightness-time graphs labelled Pláinéad A and Pláinéad B for transits across the same star. Graph A shows a narrower/shallower dip; graph B shows a wider and deeper dip in brightness.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "A (shortest transit time). B (larger planet); Fáth: laghdú níos mó sa ghile / blocáiltear níos mó solais (greater decrease in brightness / more light is blocked). 3 marks each (9 total).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q11a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(a)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is solad criostalach bán é clóiríd sóidiam (salann boird). Is tuaslagóir é uisce le fiuchphointe de 100 °C. Is féidir le clóiríd sóidiam tuaslagadh in uisce. Iarradh ar dhalta an iarmhairt ar fhiuchphointe uisce nuair a chuirtear salann le huisce, a fhiosrú. Scríobh hipitéis oiriúnach don fhiosrúchán seo.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of a pile of white salt (sodium chloride) crystals.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Aon hipitéis bhailí (any valid hypothesis).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q11b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(b)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cad tá i gceist le fiuchphointe substainte?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "An teocht ag a n-iompaíonn leacht ina ghal tríd síos (the temperature at which a liquid turns into a gas throughout).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q11c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(c)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Taispeántar sa ghrianghraf an gléas saotharlainne a úsáidtear chun mais an tsalainn a thomhas. Sainaithin an gléas seo.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of a digital electronic balance/scale with a flat weighing pan and a display screen.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Meá / scála (balance / scale).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q11d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(d)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sa spás thíos, tarraing léaráid lipéadaithe de leagan amach an ghairis a úsáidtear chun fiuchphointe uisce a aimsiú.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Empty answer box for the student to draw a labelled diagram of apparatus to find the boiling point of water (a labelled set-up: container/beaker, heat source, thermometer).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Gabhdán (container) + Foinse teasa sa suíomh ceart (heat source in correct position) + Teirmiméadar sa ghabhdán (nó os a chionn) (thermometer in or above the container). 3 marks each (9). [Deduct 3 marks if labels not shown.]", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q11e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(e)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Bhailigh an dalta na sonraí seo a leanas le haghaidh fhiuchphointí na dtuaslagán a rinneadh nuair a tuaslagadh maiseanna éagsúla de shalann in 60 cm^3 d'uisce. Ríomh an meán-fhiuchphointe nuair a tuaslagadh 4 g de shalann in 60 cm^3 d'uisce. (Mais an tsalainn 4 g: fiuchphointí 103, 105, 104, 106, 107 °C.)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Data table. Columns: Mais an tsalainn (g) | five Fiuchphointe (°C) readings | Meán-fhiuchphointe (°C). Rows: 0 g → 100,101,100,100,102 → 100.6; 2 g → 101,104,101,100,103 → 101.8; 4 g → 103,105,104,106,107 → (blank, to be calculated); 6 g → 106,108,107,107,108 → 107.2; 8 g → 108,110,109,111,110 → 109.6.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "105 (= (103+105+104+106+107)/5).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q11f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(f)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Mol cúis go n-athdhearna an dalta an fiosrúchán cúig huaire le haghaidh gach mais de shalann a úsáideadh.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Iontaofacht (reliability).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q11g", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(g)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "An dtacaíonn na sonraí leis an hipitéis a scríobh tú i gcuid (a)? Mínigh do fhreagra.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Tacaíonn / ní thacaíonn — nasctha le (a) (supports / does not support — linked to the hypothesis in part (a)); Míniúchán bailí — nasctha le (a) (valid explanation linked to part (a)). 3 marks each (6).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q12a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(a)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 12, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Nuair a dhírítear solas glas isteach i dtuaslagán dearg, amhail fuil, ionsúitear roinnt den solas, frithchaitear roinnt eile de agus gabhann roinnt de díreach tríd. Leag dalta amach an gaireas a thaispeántar thíos chun an coibhneas idir an tiúchan de thuaslagán dearg agus méid an tsolais ghlais a théann tríd, a fhiosrú. Ar thaobh amháin den phromhadán ina raibh tuaslagán dearg, rinneadh solas glas a astú ó dhé-óid astaithe solais (LED). Ar an taobh eile den phromhadán, úsáideadh friotóir solas-spleách (LDR) chun méid an tsolais ghlais a chuaigh tríd an tuaslagán a aimsiú. Rinne an dalta tiúchán éagsúla de thuaslagán de ruaim bhia dhearg trí líon na mbraonta den ruaim a cuireadh le 20 cm^3 d'uisce a éagsúlú. Aimsíodh friotaíocht an LDR ansin ag úsáid an méadar X. Fuarthas na torthaí seo a leanas. Sa spás thíos, tarraing graf de na torthaí a fuarthas. (Líon na mbraonta den dathúchán bia: 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8; Friotaíocht (Ω): 1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0,3.5,4.0,4.5,5.0.)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Circuit/apparatus diagram: an LED on the right emitting green light through a vertical test tube containing red solution, with an LDR on the left; the LDR is connected through a meter labelled Méadar X to a battery (Batáire). Below is a results table (drops of red food dye 0-8 vs resistance Ω 1.0-5.0) and a blank grid (x-axis Líon na mbraonta 0-8, y-axis Friotaíocht Ω 0-6) for the student to plot a graph.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Pointí breactha (9 points plotted, 9×1) + Líne cheart tarraingthe do na pointí breactha (correct line drawn for the plotted points, 3). 12 marks total.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q12b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(b)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Breac síos conclúid amháin a mbíonn na torthaí ag tacú léi.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Méadaíonn an fhriotaíocht leis an méid braonta (nó tiúchan) (resistance increases with the number of drops / concentration).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q12c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(c)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ainmnigh an méadar X, a úsáideadh chun friotaíocht an LDR a aimsiú.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Óiméadar (ohmmeter).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q12d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(d)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ainmnigh píosa trealaimh a d'fhéadfadh an dalta a úsáid chun 20 cm^3 d'uisce a thomhas go cruinn.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Pípéad / buiréad / sorcóir grádaithe / steallaire / fleascán toirtmhéadrach (pipette / burette / graduated cylinder / syringe / volumetric flask).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q12e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(e)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Úsáideann uaireadóir cliste LED glas chun cuisle duine a thomhas trí sholas glas a dhíriú isteach san fhuil dhearg i rosta an duine. Déan cur síos ar fheidhmiú teicneolaíochta amháin eile de chuid na fisice a úsáidtear sa ghnáthshaol.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of a smart fitness watch on a wrist, with green LED sensors on its underside used to measure pulse/heart rate.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Aon fheidhmiú bailí a ndéantar cur síos air (any valid application that is described).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q12f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(f)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Caidéalaíonn seomrín an chroí, atá marcáilte le X, fuil mhórthimpeall an choirp agus gineann sé cuisle. Ainmnigh an seomrín X. Mínigh cén fáth a bhfuil dath dearg ar roinnt de na feadáin atá ceangailte den chroí agus a bhfuil dath gorm ar chuid eile díobh.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of the human heart with one chamber labelled X (the lower-left chamber, the left ventricle). Some attached vessels are coloured red and others blue.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Méadailín clé (left ventricle); Dearg: ocsaigin(ithe) / gorm: dí-ocsaiginithe (red = oxygenated / blue = deoxygenated). 3 marks each (6).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q13a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(a)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tá fuinneamh leictreach ar cheann de na fuinnimh is tábhachtaí a úsáidimid in ár saol laethúil. Bíonn grádú cumhachta ar ghléas leictreach a chuireann in iúl duit cé mhéad leictreachais a úsáideann sé. Taispeánann an tábla thíos an grádú cumhachta atá ag roinnt gléasanna leictreacha tí comónta chomh maith leis na cineálacha fuinnimh a tháirgtear sna gléasanna céanna. (Gléas / Grádú cumhachta (W) / Cineálacha fuinnimh a tháirgtear / Sruth a úsáidtear (A): Déantóir caife 1380, Teas+Fuaim, 6; Teilifíseán 115, Teas+Solas+Fuaim, 0.5; Cumascóir cistine 345, Teas+Cinéiteach+Fuaim, 1.5; Miasniteoir 2300, Teas+Cinéiteach+Fuaim, 10.) Cé acu gléas, atá liostaithe sa tábla, a úsáideann an fuinneamh leictreach is mó?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Table of household electrical appliances. Columns: Gléas | Grádú cumhachta (W) | Cineálacha fuinnimh a tháirgtear | Sruth a úsáidtear (A). Rows: Déantóir caife (coffee maker) 1380 W, Teas/Fuaim, 6 A; Teilifíseán (TV) 115 W, Teas/Solas/Fuaim, 0.5 A; Cumascóir cistine (kitchen blender) 345 W, Teas/Cinéiteach/Fuaim, 1.5 A; Miasniteoir (dishwasher) 2300 W, Teas/Cinéiteach/Fuaim, 10 A.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Miasniteoir (dishwasher) — it has the highest power rating, 2300 W.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q13b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(b)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 12, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Roghnaigh ceann amháin de na gléasanna as an tábla thuas agus ainmnigh cineál fuinnimh úsáideach a tháirgtear agus an gléas á úsáid. Ainm an ghléis; Cineál fuinnimh úsáideach. I gcás an ghléis a roghnaigh tú, ainmnigh cineál fuinnimh a tháirgeann sé gan iarraidh. I gcás an ghléis a roghnaigh tú, ríomh an voltas a fheidhmítear trasna an ghléis. Bíodh an t-aonad san áireamh i do fhreagra.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Cineál fuinnimh úsáideach (don ghléas ainmnithe) [see table]; Cineál fuinnimh gan iarraidh (don ghléas ainmnithe) [see table]; Ríomh voltas = 230; Aonad: V. 3 marks each (12). Useful/wasted energy table: Déantóir caife → úsáideach Teas, gan iarraidh Fuaim; Teilifíseán → úsáideach Solas/Fuaim, gan iarraidh Teas; Cumascóir cistine → úsáideach Cinéiteach, gan iarraidh Teas/Fuaim; Miasniteoir → úsáideach Teas/Cinéiteach, gan iarraidh Fuaim. (E.g. dishwasher: V = P/I = 2300/10 = 230 V.)", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q13c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(c)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cén patrún, más ann dó, atá idir grádú cumhachta an ghléis agus an sruth a úsáidtear?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Tá cumhacht i gcomhréir le sruth (power is proportional to current).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q13d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(d)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tagann saincheisteanna inbhuanaitheachta chun cinn de thoradh an méid leictreachais a ghintear agus a ídítear. Cad a thuigeann tú leis an téarma inbhuanaitheacht?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Úsáid acmhainne ionas nach n-ídítear ar fad í (using a resource so that it is not entirely used up).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q13e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(e)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 2, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Mol slí amháin inar féidir linn an méid fuinnimh leictrigh a úsáidimid a laghdú.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Aon mholadh bailí (any valid suggestion), e.g. múchtar soilse (turning off lights).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q13f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(f)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 4, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is féidir fuinneamh leictreach a ghiniúint ag baint úsáide as foinsí in-athnuaite agus neamh-inathnuaite. Sainaithin dhá fhoinse fuinnimh in-athnuaite as an liosta thíos trí tic (✓) a chur i ngach ceann de na boscaí cearta. (Ola / Grian / Gás nádúrtha / Gaoth)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Grian (Sun/solar) + Gaoth (Wind). 2 marks each (4).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q14a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(a)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Léigh an t-alt thíos atá athchóirithe ó nuachtán Éireannach agus freagair na ceisteanna a leanann é. [Staidéar i COC: Maolaíonn bianna ina mbíonn neart snáithín iarmhairtí struis — Le roinnt blianta anuas táthar ag cur níos mó spéise sa nasc atá idir bhaictéir sa phutóg agus na neamhord a bhaineann le strus...] Ainmnigh cineál bia a bhfuil leibhéal ard snáithín ann.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Newspaper article (The Irish Examiner) headed 'Staidéar i COC: Maolaíonn bianna ina mbíonn neart snáithín iarmhairtí struis' about a UCC study showing high-fibre foods reduce the effects of stress, accompanied by a photograph of a bowl of cereal/grains.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Gráinní / glasraí / aon bhia ina mbíonn neart snáithín (grains / vegetables / any food rich in fibre).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q14b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(b)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Mar chuid den staidéar tugadh aigéid shailleacha le hithe do lucha agus ansin cuireadh faoi strus iad. Déan cur síos ar thurgnamh cóimheasta a d'fhéadfadh na h-eolaithe a úsáid san fhiosrú seo.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Gan aigéid shailleacha a thabhairt do na lucha agus iad a chur faoi strus / Aigéid shailleacha a thabhairt do na lucha agus gan iad a chur faoi strus (a control group: mice not given fatty acids but stressed, OR mice given fatty acids but not stressed).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q14c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(c)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cén breathnú a thug na heolaithe faoi deara maidir le hiompar na luch tar éis aigéid shailleacha a thabhairt le hithe dóibh?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Leibhéil laghdaithe iompar a bhfuil cosúlacht an ghalair dhubhaigh air (reduced levels of depression-like behaviour).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q14d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(d)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "An aontaíonn tú nó an easaontaíonn tú le húsáid ainmhithe (amhail lucha) i dtaighde eolaíochta? Mínigh do fhreagra.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Aontaigh móide míniú / easaontaigh móide míniú (agree with explanation / disagree with explanation). [Agreement or disagreement may be inferred from the explanation.]", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q14e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(e)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Bíonn tionchar ag tosca timpeallachta ar nós struis ar shláinte an duine. Ainmnigh toisc thimpeallachta eile a mbíonn tionchar aici ar shláinte an duine.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Aon toisc bhailí (any valid factor), e.g. truailliú (pollution).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q14f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(f)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Leagann an t-alt seo béim ar ról tairbheach a bhíonn ag miocrorgánaigh ó thaobh sláinte an duine de. Breac síos sampla eile den chaoi a bhféadfadh tionchar a bheith ag baictéir ar shláinte an duine.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Aon sampla bailí (any valid example), e.g. bheith ina chúis le galar (causing disease).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q14g", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(g)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Taispeántar san íomhá cealla baictéaracha agus iad ag deighilt i dtreo gur féidir leo atáirgeadh a dhéanamh. Is sampla d'atáirgeadh éighnéasach é seo. Déan cur síos ar dhifríocht amháin idir atáirgeadh gnéasach agus éighnéasach.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Microscope image of orange/yellow rod-shaped bacterial cells, some shown in the process of dividing (binary fission), illustrating asexual reproduction.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Gnéasach: baineann sé le gnéaschealla (gaiméití) / beirt tuismitheoirí / éagsúlacht ghéiniteach / toirchiú (sexual: involves sex cells/gametes / two parents / genetic variation / fertilisation). [glac lena mhalairt le haghaidh éighnéasach — accept the converse for asexual.]", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q14h", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(h)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Le himeacht ama is féidir le hindibhidiú éabhlóidiú. Breacrianaigh teoiric na héabhlóide trí roghnú nádúrtha.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Any three of: Sóchán géiniteach (genetic mutation); Éagsúlacht idir baill speiceas (variation between members of a species); Rótháirgeadh (overproduction); Iomaíocht (competition); Bua na hoiriúnachta (survival of the fittest); Géin thairbheacha tugtha don tsliocht (beneficial genes passed to offspring); Speiceas nua foirmithe / díothú (new species formed / extinction). 2 marks each (6).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q15a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(a)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ba é Dmitri Mendeleev a rinne an Tábla Peiriadach a fhorbairt. Foilsíodh é 150 bliain ó shin sa bhliain 1869. Chun Bliain Idirnáisiúnta an Tábla Pheiriadaigh a chomóradh, tá cineál Tábla Peiriadach nua deartha ag Cumann Ceimiceach na hEorpa ar a dtugtar na '90 Dúil as a bhfuil gach rud déanta'. Tarraingíodh an tábla sa chaoi go gcuireann an t-achar a shealbhaíonn gach dúil in iúl méid na dúile sin atá i screamh agus in atmaisféar an Domhain. As an tábla, sainaithin gás atá ina chomhábhar d'atmaisféar an Domhain agus a bhfuil soláthar flúirseach de ann.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A specially designed Periodic Table where each element's area shows its abundance in the Earth's crust and atmosphere. Common gases (H, C, N, O, etc.) occupy very large areas. A colour-coded legend indicates: red = greatly under threat in the next 100 years; orange = nearing threat; yellow = increasing threat; blue = limited supply; white box = element used in mobile phones.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Nítrigin / ocsaigin / argón / neon (nitrogen / oxygen / argon / neon).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q15b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(b)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cén fáth ar chóir úsáid an gháis héiliam (He) a sheachaint i mbalúin lá breithe?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Infhaighteacht faoi bhagairt (its availability/supply is under threat).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q15c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(c)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Úsáidtear an dúil indiam (In) i bhfóin chliste. Faoi mar atá rátaí úsáide faoi láthair, beidh an t-indiam ar fad ídithe i gceann 50 bliain. Mol slí amháin ina bhféadfadh daoine cur le buanú leibhéil na dúile seo do na gútáin atá le teacht.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Athchúrsáil / ná huasghrádaigh chomh minic / deisigh / díol seanghutháin (recycle / do not upgrade as often / repair / sell old phones).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q15d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(d)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Taispeánann na léaráidí ar dheis leagan amach na gcáithníní sna dúile alúmanam agus clóirín ag teacht an tseomra. Cén fhianaise atá sna léaráidí chun tacú le rangú na n-dúile alúmanam agus clóirín ag teacht an tseomra mar shubstaintí seo mar dhúile?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Two particle diagrams: 'Alúmanam' shown as a regular close-packed array of identical blue spheres (a solid metal), and 'Clóirín' shown as green paired spheres (diatomic Cl2 molecules) spread apart (a gas). Each diagram contains only one kind of atom.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Tá an (dath) céanna ar cháithníní (nó adaimh) — the particles (or atoms) in each are all the same (colour), i.e. only one type of atom (each is an element).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q15e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(e)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cé acu ceann de na dúile seo a bhíonn ina sholad ag teacht an tseomra? Fírinnigh do fhreagra.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Alúmanam (aluminium); Cáithníní (nó adaimh) pacáilte / cáithníní (nó adaimh) gar dá chéile (the particles/atoms are packed together / close to each other). 3 marks each (6).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q15f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(f)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 12, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Imoibríonn alúmanam le clóirín chun an chomhdhúil clóiríd alúmanaim a fhoirmiú. Úsáid an Tábla Peiriadach ar leathanach 79 den leabhrán Foirmlí agus Táblaí chun cóimheas an alúmanaim le clóirín sa chomhdhúil seo a thuar. Uaidh sin scríobh síos an fhoirmle cheimiceach le haghaidh clóiríd alúmanaim.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Alúmanam i ngrúpa 3 (nó 13); Clóirín i ngrúpa 7 (nó 17); Is ionann Al:Cl agus 1:3 [bronn 9 marc as an gcóimheas ceart gan foirmle]; AlCl3 [bronn 12 mharc as an bhfoirmle cheart]. 3 marks each (12).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q15gi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(g)(i)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is féidir dúile a rangú mar mhiotail nó mar neamh-mhiotail. Taispeánann an tábla roinnt d'airíonna atá ag trí dhúil sa Tábla Peiriadach. (Dúil 1: leáphointe 1538 °C, fiuchphointe 2862 °C, seoltóir leictreachais Is ea; Dúil 2: leáphointe -7, fiuchphointe 59, Ní hea; Dúil 3: leáphointe -101, fiuchphointe -34, Ní hea.) Cé acu dúil (1, 2, nó 3) is dóichí a bheidh ina miotal? Fírinnigh do fhreagra.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Table of properties of three elements. Columns: Leáphointe (°C) | Fiuchphointe (°C) | Seoltóir leictreachais. Dúil 1: 1538, 2862, Is ea (yes); Dúil 2: -7, 59, Ní hea (no); Dúil 3: -101, -34, Ní hea (no).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "1 (Dúil 1); Fírinnigh: seoltóir leictreachais (it is a conductor of electricity). 3 marks each (6).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q15gii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(g)(ii)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cé acu dúil (1, 2, nó 3) a bhíonn ina leacht ag teacht an tseomra (20 °C)? Fírinnigh do fhreagra.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "2 (Dúil 2); Fírinnigh: leáphointe faoi theocht an tseomra (20 °C) (melting point below room temperature) + fiuchphointe os cionn teocht an tseomra (20 °C) (boiling point above room temperature). 3 marks each (9).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q16a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(a)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sa bhliain 2019 tá comóradh 50 bliain á dhéanamh ar thuirlingt an duine ar an nGealach den chéad uair. Os ann sin i leith seoladh roinnt misean eile chun na Gealaí. Taispeánann an léaráid thíos an Domhan ag fithisiú na Gréine. Comhlánaigh an léaráid chun cruth, suíomh agus gluaisne na Gealaí a thaispeáint i gcóras an Domhain-na Gréine-na Gealaí.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of the Sun (An Ghrian, large yellow disc) at the centre with the Earth (An Domhan, small blue sphere) on its orbital ellipse around the Sun (arrow showing direction of orbit). A photograph of an astronaut on the Moon is shown top-right. The student must add the Moon orbiting the Earth (circular orbit, much closer to Earth than to the Sun).", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Gealach chiorclach (Moon shown with a circular orbit) + Níos gaire don Domhan ná an Ghrian (Moon shown closer to Earth than to the Sun) + Fithis tugtha le fios timpeall an Domhain (orbit indicated around the Earth). 3 marks each (9).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q16b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(b)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Nuair a tharla an chéad tuirlingt, bhí an Ghealach i gcéim chorráin ag líonadh mar a chonacthas í ón Domhan. Taispeánann na híomhánna thíos céimeanna éagsúla na Gealaí agus iad i seicheamh, ó chlé go deas. Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca laistíos den íomhá a léiríonn an Ghealach i gcéim chorráin ag líonadh. Scáthlínigh íomhá na Gealaí ar chlé chun an chéad chéim eile den Ghealach sa seicheamh thuas a léiriú.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A horizontal sequence of four Moon-phase photographs (left to right, showing progressively more illumination) each with a tick box beneath, plus one separate Moon photograph on the left to be shaded to show the next phase in the sequence.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "An chéad íomhá (íomhá ar chlé) — tick the first image (the waxing crescent on the left); An chuid dheis den ghealach scáthaithe — shade the right portion of the Moon for the next phase. 3 marks each (6).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q16c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(c)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ar 2ú Eanáir 2019, tháinig an tuirlingeoir Chang'e-4 na Síne anuas ar thaobh cian nó ar 'thaobh dorcha' na Gealaí. Mínigh cén fáth nach mbíonn an taobh seo den Ghealach le feiceáil riamh ón Domhan.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Casann an Ghealach (ar a hais) + ag an ráta céanna (ag an am céanna) a ghlacann sé dul timpeall ar an Domhan — the Moon rotates on its axis at the same rate as it orbits the Earth (so the same side always faces Earth). 3 marks each (6).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q16d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(d)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is cráitéir iad na ciorcail dhorcha a bhíonn le feiceáil ar dhromchla na Gealaí. Tarlaíonn cráitéir nuair a bhuaileann réada ar ard-luas dromchla na Gealaí. Samplaí de réada dá leithéid ná astaróidigh agus cóiméid. Cad is astaróideach ann?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of an impact crater on the Moon's surface.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Carraig ag dul timpeall ar an nGrian / carraig sa spás (a rock orbiting the Sun / a rock in space).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q16e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(e)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": 12, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cuireadh a lán fiosruithe i gcrích le linn na misean chun na Gealaí. Thomhais fiosrú amháin teocht dhromchla na gealaí ag doimhneachtaí éagsúla. Taispeánann an graf na teochtaí a tomhaiseadh ag doimhneachtaí éagsúla thar thréimhse ama. Déan cur síos ar an gcaoi ar athraigh an teocht ar dhromchla na Gealaí (líne dhearg) in aghaidh ama. Mol míniú ar an bpatrún sin. Déan cur síos ar an gcoibhneas idir an doimhneas faoi dhromchla na Gealaí agus an t-athrú teochta. Mol míniú ar an gcoibhneas sin.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Line graph: y-axis Teocht (K) 0-500, x-axis Am (Laethanta an Domhain) 0-80. Three curves: Dromchla (surface, red) shows large oscillation roughly 100 K to ~450 K; 15 cm faoin dromchla (green) shows a smaller oscillation around ~300 K; 30 cm faoin dromchla (blue) is almost flat around ~250 K.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Déan cur síos: teocht méadaithe agus laghdaithe (temperature increases and decreases); Mínigh: méadaithe i solas na gréine / laghdaithe nuair nach bhfuil siad i solas na gréine (higher in sunlight / lower when not in sunlight). Déan cur síos (depth): an doimhneacht níos mó, an t-athrú níos lú sa teocht (the greater the depth, the smaller the temperature change); Mínigh: míreanna ag doimhneacht nár nochtadh do theochtaí móra (deeper material is not exposed to large temperature variations). 3 marks each (12).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q16f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(f)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Taispeánann na léaráidí mais agus meáchan cheithre réad (A, B, C agus D) ar Domhan, ar Ghealach an Domhain, ar Iúpatar agus ar Véineas. Cé acu réad, A, B, C nó D, a bhfuil an mhais is lú ann? Conas is féidir leat a rá gur lú an fórsa imtharraingthe ar Véineas ná ar an Domhan?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Four hanging-mass diagrams: réad A = 8 kg on Domhan (Earth), spring balance reads 80 N; réad B = 3 kg on Gealach an Domhain (Moon), reads 5 N; réad C = 1 kg on Iúpatar (Jupiter), reads 25 N; réad D = 8 kg on Véineas (Venus), reads 72 N.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "C (mass 1 kg — the smallest mass); Tá meáchan níos lú ag mír (den mhais chéanna) ar Véineas ná mar atá ar Domhan (an object of the same mass weighs less on Venus than on Earth — D weighs 72 N on Venus vs A's 80 N on Earth for the same 8 kg mass). 3 marks each (6).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q16g", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(g)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Le linn mhisean Apollo 15 go dtí an Ghealach sa bhliain 1971, chuir an spásaire David Scott an turgnamh cáiliúil um chasúr agus chleite i gcrích. Ligeadh don chasúr agus don chleite titim ag an am céanna ón airde chéanna agus theagmhaigh siad le dromchla na Gealaí ag an am céanna. Titeann casúr i bhfad níos tapúla ar Domhan ná mar a thiteann sé ar an nGealach. Mínigh cén fáth.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of an astronaut on the Moon's surface (referencing David Scott's Apollo 15 hammer-and-feather drop experiment).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Tá an fórsa imtharraingthe níos mó ar Domhan ná atá ar an nGealach (the force of gravity is greater on Earth than on the Moon). [glac lena mhalairt — accept the converse.]", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q2a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(a)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Iarradh ar dhalta dlús bloic a thomhas. Taispeántar toisí an bhloic sa léaráid. Is é 128 g mais an bhloic. Ríomh toirt an bhloic.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of a rectangular (cuboid) block labelled with mass 128 g and dimensions: length 8 cm, height 4 cm, depth 2 cm. Volume = 8 × 4 × 2 = 64 cm^3.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "64 (cm^3).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q2b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(b)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ríomh dlús an bhloic. Bíodh an t-aonad san áireamh i do fhreagra.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "2 (= 128 g / 64 cm^3); Aonad: g/cm^3. (3 marks for value, 3 marks for unit.)", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q2c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(c)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Taispeántar trí ghloine uisce lipéadaithe A, B agus C sa ghrianghraf thíos. Cuireadh ubh isteach i ngach aon ghloine. Tógadh an grianghraf nuair a bhí na huibheacha ina stad. Cé acu gloine (A, B nó C) ina bhfuil an t-ubh leis an dlús is mó? Tabhair cúis le do fhreagra.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of three glasses of water labelled A, B, C. In glass A the egg floats at the top, in glass B the egg is suspended in the middle, in glass C the egg sinks to the bottom. The egg sitting lowest (C) is in the water where the egg is densest relative to the liquid.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "C; Fáth (reason): titeann sé síos níos mó / an ceann is ísle / ag an íochtar (it sinks the most / the lowest one / at the bottom). 3 marks each.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q3a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(a)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 12, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Léirítear an timthriall uisce sa léaráid thíos. Tá roinnt de phríomhchéimeanna an timthrialla uisce lipéadaithe 1, 2, 3 agus 4. Comhlánaigh an tábla thíos ag úsáid na n-uimhreacha 1, 2, 3 nó 4 chun gach ceann de na próisis lipéadaithe a thaispeántar sa léaráid a mheaitseáil leis an gcur síos ceart. Próiseas / 1, 2, 3 nó 4? : Sruthanna aeir is cúis le gluaiseacht scamaill i dtreo an chladaigh; Titeann uisce ar an Domhan mar fhrasaíocht; Tiontaíonn teas ón nGrian uisce leachtach ina ghaluisce; Cailltear uisce ó phlandaí trí phróiseas an trasghalaithe.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Illustration of the water cycle: sun upper-left, sea on the left with an upward red arrow labelled 1 (evaporation), arrow 2 across the top showing clouds moving toward land, rain falling from a dark cloud over a mountain labelled 3 (precipitation), and trees/runoff on the land near the mountain labelled 4 (run-off/transpiration area). Numbers 1-4 mark the labelled processes.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Sruthanna aeir is cúis le gluaiseacht scamaill i dtreo an chladaigh = 2; Titeann uisce ar an Domhan mar fhrasaíocht = 3; Tiontaíonn teas ón nGrian uisce leachtach ina ghaluisce = 1; Cailltear uisce ó phlandaí trí phróiseas an trasghalaithe = 4. 3 marks each.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q3b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(b)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sa bhliain 2018 bhí an tírim báistí i bhfeidhm in Éirinn i rith na bliana ar fad. Dá thoradh sin, bhí ganntanas uisce ann agus srianta i dtaca le húsáid uisce. Déan cur síos ar shlí amháin ina bhféadfaí úsáid uisce sa teaghlach a laghdú.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Aon fhreagra bailí (any valid answer), e.g. na sconnaí a chasadh as (turning off taps), sruthlú a laghdú (reduce flushing).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q4a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(a)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Bíonn meatán (CH4) i láthair i ngás nádúrtha. Is breosla é meatán. Dónn meatán in ocsaigin chun dé-ocsaíd charbóin agus uisce a tháirgeadh. Seasann an léaráid thíos don imoibriú. Comhairigh líon gach cineál adaimh sna táirgí chun an tábla thíos a chomhlánú. (Dúil / Líon na n-adamh sna himoibreáin / Líon na n-adamh sna táirgí: Carbón = 1; Hidrigin = 4; Ocsaigin = 4.)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Molecular model of the combustion reaction: Imoibreáin (reactants) CH4 (yellow C with 4 small blue H) + 2O2 (two pairs of red O) → Táirgí (products) CO2 (red-yellow-red) + 2H2O (two water molecules, each red O with two blue H). Table to complete with the count of each atom type (Carbón, Hidrigin, Ocsaigin) in reactants (given: 1, 4, 4) and in products.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Atoms in the products: Carbón = 1, Hidrigin = 4, Ocsaigin = 4. 1 mark each (3 total).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q4b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(b)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Caomhnaítear an mhais le linn an imoibrithe seo. Cad é an fhianaise atá ann le seo?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Líon cothrom de gach cineál adaimh ar an dá thaobh (an equal number of each type of atom on both sides).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q4c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(c)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is sampla d'athrú ceimiceach é dó meatáin. Déan cur síos ar dhifríocht amháin idir athrú fisiceach agus athrú ceimiceach.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Aon fhreagra bailí (any valid answer), e.g. níor foirmíodh aon substaint nua in athrú fisiceach (no new substance is formed in a physical change).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q5a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(a)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is galar é an ainéime chorráncheallach a bhíonn sa dúchas ag duine. Is é is faoi deara go ndéanann an corp fuilchealla dearga, a mbíonn cruth neamhrialta orthu, a tháirgeadh. Scrúdaigh patrún oidhreachtúlachta na hainéime corráncheallaí a thaispeántar sa chraobh ghinealaigh thíos agus freagair na ceisteanna a leanann é. Is lánúin phósta iad cearnóg 1 agus ciorcal 2. Cé mhéad páiste a bhí ag an lánúin seo?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Family pedigree chart for sickle-cell anaemia. Squares = males, circles = females; unshaded = does NOT have sickle-cell anaemia, shaded (red) = HAS sickle-cell anaemia. Top generation: square 1 married to circle 2. Their children (middle row) include individuals 3, 4 (shaded), 5 (shaded), 6, 7. Bottom row: 8, 9, 10 (shaded). Couple 1 and 2 have three children.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Triúr (three).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q5b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(b)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "D'fhéadfadh gur iompróirí an ghalair iad roinnt dóibh siúd nach bhfuil buailte leis an ngalar. Ciallaíonn sé sin go bhfuil géin na hainéime corráncheallaí sa dúchas acu, ach nach bhfuil siad buailte leis an ngalar. Cén fhianaise atá ann ón léaráid gur iompróirí iad an bheirt, 6 agus 7 araon?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Fulaingíonn an leanbh (i.e. 10) - the child (individual 10) suffers from the disease although the parents 6 and 7 are unaffected.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q5c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(c)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is sampla de thréith ghéiniúlaithe é a bheith buailte leis an ainéime chorráncheallach. Rangaigh na tréithe thíos mar thréithe atá géiniúlaithe nó nach géiniúlaithe trí tic (✓) a chur sa cholún ceart i ngach cás. (Tréith / Tá faoi riail ghéiniteach / Níl faoi riail ghéiniteach: Dath na súl; Conas rothaíocht ar rothar.)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Table with traits and two tick columns (Tá faoi riail ghéiniteach = is genetically controlled / Níl sé faoi riail ghéiniteach = is not). Rows: Dath na súl (eye colour); Conas rothaíocht ar rothar (how to cycle a bicycle).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Dath na súl = Tá faoi riail ghéiniteach (✓); Conas rothaíocht ar rothar = Níl sé faoi riail ghéiniteach (✓). 3 marks each.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q5d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(d)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Freagair an cheist seo a leanas trí tic (✓) a chur sa bhosca ceart. Is é feidhm na bhfuilcheall dearga ná: (Ionfhabhtú a throid / Fuil a théachtadh / Ocsaigin a iompar)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Ocsaigin a iompar (to carry oxygen).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q6a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(a)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Chuir dalta turgnamh i gcrích chun fiosrú a dhéanamh ar an imoibriú idir aigéad agus bun. Baineadh úsáid as táscaire pH agus teirmiméadar chun monatóireacht a dhéanamh ar na hathruithe pH agus teochta le linn an imoibrithe. Ainmnigh táscaire pH a d'fhéadfadh an dalta a úsáid le linn an fhiosrúcháin.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Oráiste meitile / litmeas / táscaire uilíoch etc. (methyl orange / litmus / universal indicator etc.).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q6b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cén dath a bhíonn ar an táscaire seo nuair a chuirtear in aigéad é?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Dearg / dearg, oráiste, buí [dath ceart nasctha le (a)] (Red / red, orange, yellow — correct colour linked to the indicator named in part (a)).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q6c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(c)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Nuair a imoibríonn aigéad agus bun, neodraíonn siad a chéile chun tuaslagán neodrach a tháirgeadh. Ar an scála pH, cén uimhir a sheasann do thuaslagán neodrach?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Seacht (seven).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q6d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(d)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Thug an dalta ardú teochta faoi deara de réir mar a tharla an t-imoibriú aigéad-bun. An sampla d'imoibriú inteirmeach nó eisiteirmeach é seo?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Eisiteirmeach (exothermic).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q6e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(e)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Taispeántar thall léaráid phróifíl fuinnimh don imoibriú idir aigéad agus bun. Ar an léaráid, taispeáin an fuinneamh gníomhachtúcháin don imoibriú seo.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Energy profile diagram: y-axis Fuinneamh (energy), x-axis Dul chun cinn an imoibrithe (reaction progress). The curve starts at the Imoibreáin (reactants) level, rises to a peak, then falls to a lower Táirgí (products) level (exothermic). Student must mark the activation energy (the height from the reactants level up to the peak).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "An fad ingearach ceart taispeánta idir fuinneamh imoibreán agus uasfhuinneamh (the correct vertical distance shown between the reactants' energy and the maximum/peak energy) — shown by an arrow from the reactants level up to the peak.", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q7a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(a)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Seasann an graf thíos do thuras rothaí. Ainmnigh gléas a d'fhéadfaí a úsáid chun an t-am a thóg an turas a thomhas.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Distance-time graph for a cyclist's journey. y-axis Fad (m) 0-250, x-axis Am (s) 0-140. Path: A at origin rising steeply to B at about (40, 100); flat from B to C (B and C both at ~100 m, ~40 s to ~55 s); rises from C to a peak D at about (80, 220); then falls steeply from D to E at about (120, 0).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Stopuaireadóir / uaineadóir (stopwatch / timer).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q7b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(b)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ríomh meánluas an rothaí agus é ag dul ó phointe A go pointe B.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "2.5 (m/s) — (100 m / 40 s).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q7c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(c)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Déan cur síos ar ghluaisne an rothaí idir phointí B agus C dá thuras.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Stoptha / luas nialas (stopped / zero speed).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q7d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(d)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Bhí luas an rothaí agus é ag taisteal ó phointe A go pointe B níos lú ná a luas agus é ag taisteal ó phointe C go pointe D. Cén fhianaise atá sa ghraf chun tacú le seo?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Ó A go B: níl an líne chomh géar (fána níos lú) / fad níos lú in am níos mó (the line from A to B is not as steep / less gradient / less distance in more time). [glac leis an gcoinbhéarta ó C go D — accept the converse for C to D].", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q7e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(e)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Déan cur síos ar a ndearna an rothaí ag pointe D.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Chas sé ar ais / d'fhill sé (turned back / returned).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q8a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(a)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is féidir le téamh domhanda a bheith ina chúis le leá na n-oighearchlúideach agus na n-oighearshruthanna, rud a bhíonn freagrach i bpáirt le hardú leibhéil na mara. Ainmnigh gníomhaíocht dhaonna a bhfuil téamh domhanda mar thoradh uirthi.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of a polar bear standing on broken sea ice/ice floes in the ocean, illustrating melting Arctic ice and global warming.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Aon ghníomhaíocht bhailí (any valid activity), e.g. breoslaí iontaise a dhó (burning fossil fuels — a named fossil fuel) / dífhoraoisiú (deforestation).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q8b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(b)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Breac síos iarmhairt a bhíonn ag an ardú i leibhéil na mara ar cheantair chósta.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Aon iarmhairt bhailí (any valid consequence), e.g. tuile (flooding) / creimeadh (erosion) / caillteanas gnáthóg (loss of habitats).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q8c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(c)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is iad na hoighearchlúideacha an ghnáthóg nádúrtha a bhíonn ag ainmhithe ar nós béir bhána. Luaigh oiriúnú amháin a bhíonn ag béir bhána a fhágann oiriúnach don ghnáthóg seo iad.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Aon oiriúint bhailí (any valid adaptation), e.g. bán (white) / saill faoin gcraiceann (fat under the skin) / fionnadh (fur) / crúba leathana (wide paws) / crúcaí (claws) / fiacla (teeth).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q8d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(d)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "An mbeifeá ag súil go méadódh nó go laghdódh daonra na mbéar bán de réir mar a leánn na hoighearchlúideacha?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Laghdóidh sé (it will decrease).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q8e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(e)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Nuair a athraíonn oighear soladach a staid le bheith ina uisce leachtach, tugtar leá air. Cén t-ainm a thugtar ar an athrú staide nuair a dhéantar oighear soladach d'uisce leachtach?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Reo (freezing).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q9a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(a)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Taispeántar an córas análaithe daonna sa léaráid. Comhlánaigh an tábla thíos trí na focail a mheaitseáil leis na litreacha sa léaráid. (Scamhóg, Traicé, Ae, Éasafagas, Béal — Litir A / B / C : Cuid den chóras análaithe.)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Anatomical diagram of the human respiratory system. Label line A points to the mouth/nasal-throat region at the top, B points to the lungs/bronchi on the right, C points to the windpipe/trachea region (line into the chest). Word bank: Scamhóg (lung), Traicé (trachea), Ae (liver), Éasafagas (oesophagus), Béal (mouth).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "A = Béal; B = Traicé; C = Scamhóg. 2 marks each (6 total).", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2019-common-level-IV-q9b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2019, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(b)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Déan cur síos ar a dtarlaíonn sa chóras análaithe nuair a ionanálaíonn duine.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Any three of: Crapann an scairt / Íslíonn an scairt (diaphragm contracts/lowers); Crapann na matáin idireasnacha / ardaíonn creat na n-easnacha (intercostal muscles contract / rib cage rises); Laghdaíonn an brú sna scamhóga (pressure in lungs decreases); Méadaíonn na scamhóga (lungs increase in size); Tógtar aer isteach (air is taken in); Taistealaíonn aer tríd an traicé (air travels through the trachea); Fágann ocsaigin na scamhóga / téann ocsaigin isteach san fhuil / malartú gáis; Fágann dé-ocsaíd charbóin an fhuil / téann dé-ocsaíd charbóin isteach sna scamhóga / malartú gáis. 3 marks each (3 points = 9). [Do not accept gas exchange more than once.]", "source_pdf": "2019 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q1", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 15, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Scientists use instruments, such as the ones shown below (Thermometer, Voltmeter, Stopwatch, Ohmmeter, Graduated cylinder), to take measurements. For each of the physical quantities named in the table below, choose an instrument shown above that is used to measure that physical quantity. Physical Quantities: Volume, Time, Temperature, Resistance, Potential difference.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Five labelled instrument photographs: a mercury-style Thermometer; an analogue Voltmeter (scale marked V); a digital Stopwatch; an Ohmmeter (analogue meter marked with the omega symbol); and a tall graduated measuring cylinder. Below is a two-column table (Physical Quantity | Instrument) with rows: Volume, Time, Temperature, Resistance, Potential difference, to be matched to the instruments.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Volume = Graduated cylinder; Time = Stopwatch; Temperature = Thermometer; Resistance = Ohmmeter; Potential difference = Voltmeter.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q10a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(a)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 12, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagram shows the human heart and some of the blood vessels of the circulatory system. The arrows indicate the direction in which the blood flows as it travels around the body. The table below lists statements about the diagram. Indicate if each statement is true or false by putting a tick in the correct column. Statements: The blood in vessel C is deoxygenated; The organs found at location A are part of the respiratory system; Carbon dioxide leaves the blood at location B; Vessel D is a vein.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Labelled diagram of the human heart and circulatory system. Labels: Location A (capillary bed at the top, the lungs), Location B (capillary bed at the bottom, the body), Vessel C (red vessel leaving the left ventricle = aorta, oxygenated), Vessel D (blue vessel from the right ventricle = pulmonary artery, deoxygenated), Right ventricle and Left ventricle marked. Arrows show blood-flow direction; red = oxygenated, blue = deoxygenated.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "The blood in vessel C is deoxygenated = False; The organs found at location A are part of the respiratory system = True; Carbon dioxide leaves the blood at location B = False; Vessel D is a vein = True. (9 + 1 + 1 + 1 marks)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q10b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(b)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Vessel C has thicker walls than vessel D. Explain why.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Blood (in vessel C) is under greater or higher pressure.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q11a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(a)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagram shows the movement of the Earth around the Sun. The letters A, B, C and D represent four positions of the Earth as it moves around the Sun. Starting at position A, what will be the position of the Earth when 18 months have passed? Put a tick in the correct box (Position A / B / C / D).", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of the Earth at four positions (A, B, C, D) around the central Sun, with Earth's axis tilted (North pole, Earth's axis labelled). The four positions are spaced at 90-degree intervals around the orbit; 18 months = 1.5 orbits, so starting at A the Earth ends opposite, at Position C.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Position C", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q11b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(b)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Which letter, A, B, C or D, represents the position of the Earth during summer in the northern hemisphere? Justify your answer.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "A (3 marks). Justify: the (northern hemisphere / North pole is) tilted towards the Sun (3 marks).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q11c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(c)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Select a letter, A, B, C or D, which represents a position where both day and night last approximately the same length of time. Put a tick in the correct box.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Position B and/or Position D", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q11d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(d)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Which one of the following statements explains why seasons occur on Earth? Put a tick in the correct box: The Moon moves around its axis. / The tilted Earth moves around the Sun. / The tilted Earth moves around its axis. / There are sunspots on the surface of the Sun.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "The tilted Earth moves around the Sun.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q11e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(e)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The length of the shadow cast by an object depends on the position of the Sun in the sky. Two groups of students in Ireland, group A and group B, investigated how the length of a shadow varied over a year. The graph below shows the results obtained by group A, who used a pole to cast the shadow. Name an instrument the students could have used to measure the length of the shadow.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A bar chart of shadow length (cm) on the y-axis against month (June, July, August, September, October, November, December, January, February, March, April, May) on the x-axis. Bars are shortest around June and tallest around December (longest shadows in winter). A side drawing shows the Sun, a vertical Pole, and the Shadow it casts.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Metre stick / ruler / measuring tape / trundle wheel.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q11f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(f)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "State one variable the students in group A should have kept constant.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Length or height of pole / depth of insertion of pole into the ground / angle of insertion / time of day / aspect / slope of surface.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q11g", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(g)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Group B carried out the same investigation, but instead of using a pole to create a shadow, they used a student from the group. Which group, A or B, carried out a better investigation? Justify your answer.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "A (3 marks) with a valid explanation (3 marks) (e.g. the pole stays the same height/size whereas a student's height could change or the student could not stand in exactly the same way, so group A is more reliable/fair).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q11h", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(h)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Group A also investigated how the shadow cast by the pole changed during a sunny day in June. Using the axes on the right, sketch the curve the students should have obtained (Daytime shadow length on the y-axis against time: 6 a.m., 12 noon, 6 p.m.).", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Blank axes provided: y-axis = Daytime shadow length, x-axis = time of day with marks at 6 a.m., 12 noon and 6 p.m. The expected curve is U-shaped/V-shaped: long shadow at 6 a.m., shortest shadow at 12 noon, long shadow again at 6 p.m.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Correct curve: long shadow in the morning (6 a.m.), shortest shadow at midday (12 noon), long shadow again in the evening (6 p.m.) - a U-shaped/symmetrical dip curve.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q12a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(a)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagram illustrates the organisation of genetic information within human cells. Some of the labels are missing (DNA and Cell are shown). Use each of the words listed below to complete the labels on the diagram above: Chromosome, Nucleus, Gene.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A diagram zooming in on the organisation of genetic information: a human body, then a Cell, then a structure inside the cell (the nucleus), then an X-shaped chromosome, then a DNA double helix (labelled DNA), then a segment of DNA (a gene). Existing labels: 'Cell' and 'DNA'. Empty label boxes to be filled with Nucleus, Chromosome and Gene.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Labels: Nucleus (the round structure inside the cell), Chromosome (the X-shaped structure), Gene (the segment of the DNA). (3 + 3 + 3 marks)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q12b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(b)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name an instrument which could be used in the laboratory to view human cells.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Microscope", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q12c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(c)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A normal human brain cell contains 46 chromosomes. How many chromosomes are present in a human sperm cell? (Tick one: 23 / 46 / 69 / 92.)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q12d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(d)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The sperm cell fertilises an egg cell. How many chromosomes should be present in the resulting zygote? (Tick one: 23 / 46 / 69 / 92.)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q12ei", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(e)(i)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Coat colour in a breed of dog is controlled by a single gene. There are two possible versions (alleles) of this gene - black coat (B) and white coat (b). The gene for black coat is dominant to the gene for white coat. In other cells, dogs contain two versions of the gene for coat colour. Possible pairs are BB (black), Bb (black) and bb (white). The table below illustrates a genetic cross between a male dog with genotype BB and a female dog with genotype bb. The table is incomplete (Parent genotypes: Male dog BB, Female dog bb; Sex cells produced: B or b from male, b from female). Complete the table by writing the two possible genotypes of the offspring that could result from this cross.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A genetic cross table: Male dog parent genotype BB, Female dog parent genotype bb. Sex cells produced: male produces 'B or b' (in circles, both B), female produces 'b' (in circle). The offspring genotype row has empty circles to be completed (each offspring receives one allele from each parent).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Offspring genotypes: Bb and bb. (3 + 3 marks). [Note: standard BB x bb gives all Bb; the scheme accepts Bb and bb consistent with the sex cells shown (B or b from the male).]", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q12eii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(e)(ii)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "What is the probability of the offspring having a black coat? Put a tick in the correct box (0% / 25% / 50% / 75% / 100%).", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "50%", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q12eiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(e)(iii)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "If a different male dog, with genotype BB, was bred with the same female dog, what would be the probability of their offspring having a black coat? Put a tick in the correct box (0% / 25% / 50% / 75% / 100%).", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "100%", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q13a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(a)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A student carried out a series of experiments to investigate the properties of sucrose (table sugar). In the first experiment, the student investigated the melting point of sucrose. Two metal cubes of equal volume were placed on a hotplate as shown in the diagram. One was made of zinc (Zn) and the other made of aluminium (Al). One gram of sucrose was placed on top of each cube and the hotplate was turned on. What is meant by the melting point of a substance?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of a hotplate with two metal cubes on it: one cube labelled 'Metal cube (Zn)' and one labelled 'Metal cube (Al)', each with 'Sucrose' placed on top, on a 'Hot plate'.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Temperature at which a solid changes to a liquid. (3 + 3 marks)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q13b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(b)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is melting an example of a physical change or a chemical change? Explain your answer.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Physical (change) (3 marks). Explanation: no new substance produced or formed / can be reversed (3 marks).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q13c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(c)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The aluminium cube had a smaller mass than the zinc cube. Explain why.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Aluminium is less dense or zinc is more dense.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q13d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(d)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The sucrose on the aluminium melted before the sucrose on the zinc. What does this result tell us about the two metals? Put a tick in the correct box: Aluminium is a better conductor of heat than zinc. / Aluminium has a higher melting point than zinc. / Aluminium is less reactive than zinc. / Aluminium atoms have less neutrons than zinc atoms.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Aluminium is a better conductor of heat than zinc.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q13e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(e)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Explain why the sugar melted but the metals did not.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Sugar has a lower melting point (than the metals) or metals have a higher melting point (than sugar).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q13f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(f)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The dials on the hotplate were made of plastic, a non-metal. State two properties of non-metals.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Any two of: poor electrical conductor or good electrical insulator // poor conductor of heat or good heat insulator // low melting points // low boiling points // non-lustrous or dull or does not reflect light // soft // brittle // liquid or gas at room temperature. (3 + 3 marks)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q13g", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(g)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "In the second experiment the student dissolved sucrose in water. They used some of the following components to investigate if the resulting solution could conduct electricity: Buzzer, Wires, Bulb, Battery. Using electrical circuit symbols, draw a labelled diagram of a circuit the student could have used to carry out this investigation. You may use the symbols on pages 72-78 of the Formulae and Tables booklet to help you answer this question.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Labelled diagram of a circuit: any three correct circuit symbols from buzzer or bulb or wire(s) or battery (3 marks, 1 each); bulb or buzzer in series with the battery (3 marks); circuit completed correctly with the battery and bulb/buzzer in series with the sucrose solution (3 marks).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q13h", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(h)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The student was then given the task of separating the sucrose from the water. Describe how the student could have separated these two substances. You should include a labelled diagram in your answer and indicate the location of the sucrose at the end of the separation.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Description with reference to evaporation or distillation (3 marks); labelled diagram of an appropriate method (3 marks); indication of the location of the sucrose at the end of a valid experiment (3 marks).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q14a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(a)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Read the following article, adapted from a European Union (EU) website, and answer the questions that follow. [Article on the European Green Deal / Farm to Fork Strategy, including: greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture; the aim to make Europe's economy more sustainable; the move towards a sustainable food system; reducing greenhouse gas emissions to net zero by 2050.] State one aim of the European Green Deal.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "To make Europe climate neutral, or any valid aim taken from the text (e.g. make the economy sustainable, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, create a sustainable food system).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q14b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(b)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name a natural phenomenon which threatens our food supply system.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Drought / floods / forest fires / new pests, or any other valid natural phenomenon.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q14ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(c)(i)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "EU agriculture has reduced its greenhouse gas emissions by 20% since 1990. Name a greenhouse gas which drives climate change and is produced by agricultural practices.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Methane (CH4) / carbon dioxide (CO2) / nitrous oxide (N2O).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q14cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Describe an initiative that could be undertaken to reduce the production of this gas.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Any initiative linked to the named gas (e.g. for methane: reduce the number of cattle/livestock, change animal diet/feed additives; for CO2: use less fossil fuels, plant more trees; for N2O: use less fertiliser).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q14d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(d)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "20% of the food we produce is not eaten. Suggest one way in which a household could reduce its food waste.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Any valid suggestion (e.g. buy only what is needed / plan meals, compost food scraps, use leftovers, store food properly to keep it fresh longer, freeze surplus food).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q14e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(e)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Human health is affected by environmental factors such as nutrition. The table below compares the nutritional value of two similar foods, Food A and Food B (mass per 80 g serving): Sugar 18 g / 7 g; Saturated fat 7 g / 3 g; Cholesterol 55 mg / 33 mg; Sodium 330 mg / 200 mg; Protein 12 g / 20 g. Identify one piece of evidence from the table which shows that the two foods were compared fairly.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A nutrition table comparing Food A and Food B, both per 80 g serving. Rows: Sugar 18 g (A) / 7 g (B); Saturated fat 7 g / 3 g; Cholesterol 55 mg / 33 mg; Sodium 330 mg / 200 mg; Protein 12 g / 20 g.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Same mass / grams / 80 g of each (both foods compared per 80 g serving).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q14f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(f)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Which food, A or B, would be a better choice as part of a healthy diet? Use two pieces of evidence from the table to support your answer.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "B (3 marks) with any two supporting reasons (3 + 3): less sugar // less (saturated) fat // less cholesterol // less sodium // more protein. (Marks: 3 for B, plus 3+3 for two reasons.)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q14g", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(g)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Calculate the percentage protein in food A.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "15 (%). [12 g protein / 80 g serving x 100 = 15%]", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q14hi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(h)(i)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Food is broken down in the digestive system. The diagram below shows the anatomy of the human digestive system and some of its associated organs (labels: Mouth, X, Liver, Stomach, Large intestine, Small intestine, Rectum). On the diagram, draw a circle around a part of the digestive system which is also a part of the respiratory system.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of the human digestive system with labelled parts: Mouth, X (the oesophagus/food pipe between mouth and stomach), Liver, Stomach, Large intestine, Small intestine, Rectum. The part shared with the respiratory system is the mouth (also part of the airway).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Circle drawn around the mouth on the diagram.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q14hii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(h)(ii)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Identify structure X.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Oesophagus", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q14hiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(h)(iii)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Complete the table below by matching the part of the digestive system from the diagram with its function. Functions: Absorbs water from fully-digested matter; Secretes hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria in food; Absorbs fully-digested food into the bloodstream.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A two-column table (Function | Part of digestive system) with three function rows to be matched to parts: 'Absorbs water from fully-digested matter', 'Secretes hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria in food', 'Absorbs fully-digested food into the bloodstream'.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Absorbs water from fully-digested matter = Large intestine; Secretes hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria in food = Stomach; Absorbs fully-digested food into the bloodstream = Small intestine. (3 marks each)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q15ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(a)(i)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Energy exists in many forms. The energy stored by an object due to its position or shape is called potential energy. The energy of an object due to its motion is called kinetic energy. Potential energy is converted to kinetic energy when a person jumps on a trampoline. The diagrams show the position of a person at certain times while jumping (Maximum height marked; Position 1 = on the trampoline, Position 2 = rising, Position 3 = at maximum height, Position 4 = falling). Identify a position where the person has least kinetic energy.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Four diagrams of a person on/above a trampoline labelled Position 1 to Position 4. Position 1: person crouched on the depressed trampoline surface; Position 2: person rising into the air; Position 3: person at maximum height (marked 'Maximum height'); Position 4: person descending back towards the trampoline.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Position 1 and/or Position 3 (positions where the person has least kinetic energy - on the trampoline at the lowest point, and at maximum height where momentarily at rest).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q15aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Identify a position where the trampoline has its greatest potential energy.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Position 1 (the trampoline is most stretched/depressed, so it stores the greatest elastic potential energy).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q15b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(b)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name a force responsible for the motion of the person in position 4.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Gravity", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q15c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(c)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Heat energy is also produced when a person uses a trampoline. Describe one possible source of this heat energy.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Friction / respiration (e.g. friction between the person and the air / within the trampoline springs and material; energy released by respiration in the person's muscles).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q15d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(d)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 21, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "An experiment was carried out to investigate the relationship between the length of a trampoline spring and the force applied to it. The experiment was carried out using spring P as shown. It was then repeated using spring Q, taken from a different trampoline. Forces were applied to the springs by attaching known weights. The extension of the springs was calculated for each force applied. The results are shown in the table. Force (N): 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5. Spring P extension (cm): 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5. Spring Q extension (cm): 0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0. In the space below, draw a line graph of force against extension for each spring.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A results table for two springs. Force (N): 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5. Spring P extension (cm): 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 (extension = half the force value). Spring Q extension (cm): 0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0 (extension = twice the force value). A blank grid is provided with axes Extension (cm) 0-7 and Force (N) 0-3.5. An apparatus drawing shows spring P with metal weights hanging from it.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Graph: Spring P - 8 points plotted correctly (8 marks, 8 x 1) and a correct (straight) line drawn through all 8 plotted points (2 marks); Spring Q - 8 points plotted correctly (8 marks, 8 x 1) and a correct (straight) line drawn through all 8 plotted points (2 marks); Legend - either line correctly labelled (1 mark).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q15e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(e)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "State two conclusions supported by the graphs you have drawn.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Two valid conclusions (3 + 3 marks), e.g. extension is (directly) proportional to force / as force increases extension increases (for both springs); spring Q extends more / stretches further than spring P for the same force.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q15f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(f)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Spring Q had a length of 11 cm before any force was applied to it. Calculate its total length when a force of 1.25 N was applied.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "13.5 (cm). [At 1.25 N, spring Q extends 2.5 cm; total length = 11 + 2.5 = 13.5 cm]", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q15g", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(g)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "On Earth, a mass of 128 g has a weight of approximately 1.25 N. Explain the underlined terms (mass and weight).", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Mass = amount of matter / quantity of matter (3 marks). Weight = force acting on an object due to gravity / force of gravity on an object (3 marks).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q15h", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(h)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A trampoline manufacturer is trying to decide which spring, P or Q, to use when making a new trampoline. Which spring, P or Q, stores more energy when it is stretched by 3 cm? Justify your answer.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "P (3 marks) with justification (3 marks): to stretch spring P by 3 cm requires a force of 3.0 N, whereas spring Q only needs 1.5 N to stretch by 3 cm, so spring P stores more energy (greater force/work done for the same extension).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q2a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(a)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The images below show three celestial objects found in our solar system (labelled Moon, Star, Planet). The objects are not shown on the same scale. Match the name of each celestial object with the correct description in the table below. Descriptions: Consists of burning gas; Orbits a planet; Orbits a star.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Three photographs of celestial objects, not to scale: a grey cratered Moon, a glowing orange/yellow Star (Sun-like), and a banded gas-giant Planet (Jupiter-like). A table maps three Descriptions (Consists of burning gas / Orbits a planet / Orbits a star) to the Name of celestial object.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Consists of burning gas = Star; Orbits a planet = Moon; Orbits a star = Planet. (3 marks each)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q2b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(b)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Which of the celestial objects above has the largest diameter?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Star", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q2c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(c)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Draw a labelled diagram to show the positions of a moon, a star and a planet during a lunar eclipse, i.e., an eclipse of the moon.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Labelled diagram showing the Star (Sun) on one side, then the Planet (Earth), then the Moon, all in a line so that the planet lies between the star and the moon (the moon in the planet's shadow). Scheme shows a large yellow Star, with a blue Planet and smaller grey Moon aligned to its side.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q3a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(a)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "An atom of element X is shown in the diagram. Name one subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Bohr-model diagram of an atom of element X: a central black nucleus labelled 'Nucleus', surrounded by two electron shells of blue dots labelled 'Electron'. The inner shell has 2 electrons and the outer shell has 4 electrons (2,4 configuration = carbon).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Proton / neutron / nucleon", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q3b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(b)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Answer the following question by putting a tick in the correct box. The charge on the electron is: Positive / Negative / Neutral.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Negative", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q3c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(c)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Place an X on the Periodic Table shown below to indicate the position of element X. You may use the Periodic Table on page 79 of the Formulae and Tables booklet to help you answer this question.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A blank outline grid of the Periodic Table (groups/periods shown as empty cells), on which the candidate marks the position of element X. Element X has electron configuration 2,4 (carbon), so it belongs in Group 4/14, Period 2.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "X placed in the position of carbon (Group 4/14, Period 2) on the Periodic Table.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q3d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(d)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Element X forms a compound with hydrogen. Element X is shown in grey. Hydrogen is shown in green. Circle the diagram below which represents the compound formed. Justify your answer.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Three molecular models, each a central grey sphere (element X) bonded to green spheres (hydrogen): the first has 2 hydrogens (linear), the second has 4 hydrogens (tetrahedral), the third has 3 hydrogens. The correct compound for X (carbon, valency 4) is the centre diagram with 4 hydrogen atoms (CH4).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Centre diagram identified (the one with 4 hydrogen atoms). Justify: carbon/element X has a valency of 4 / has a combining power of 4 / has 4 valence electrons / has 4 electrons in its outer shell / correct electron configuration for carbon [2,4] / needs 4 more electrons. (5 + 1 marks)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q4a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(a)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The theory of evolution by natural selection describes how organisms evolve and change over generations. A student made the following statements about the theory of evolution by natural selection. Indicate if each of the statements is true or false by putting a tick in the correct column. Statements: Evolution involves genetic mutations; Natural selection is based on competition; Natural selection involves survival of the weakest.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A table with three statements and True/False columns: 'Evolution involves genetic mutations', 'Natural selection is based on competition', 'Natural selection involves survival of the weakest'.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Evolution involves genetic mutations = True; Natural selection is based on competition = True; Natural selection involves survival of the weakest = False. (7 + 1 + 1 marks)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q4b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(b)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Organisms can evolve and adapt, making them better suited to their environment. The organisms pictured below have adaptations that help them survive in their habitats. A fox is an omnivore (an animal that eats plant and animal matter). A rose bush is an autotroph (an organism that makes its own food). Describe one way a fox is adapted to help it survive in its habitat.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of a fox (showing teeth, fur) and a red rose on a rose bush (showing thorns/leaves), used to prompt adaptation answers.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Named adaptation or feature of the fox AND how it helps the organism survive (e.g. sharp teeth/claws to catch and eat prey; fur for warmth/camouflage; good hearing/sense of smell to find prey). Any valid named adaptation with explanation.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q4c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(c)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Describe one way a rose bush is adapted to help it survive in its habitat.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Named adaptation or feature of the rose bush AND how it helps the organism survive (e.g. thorns to deter/protect from herbivores; green leaves containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis; brightly coloured flowers to attract pollinators). Any valid named adaptation with explanation.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q5a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(a)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Water is a colourless, tasteless substance. Water contains hydrogen and oxygen chemically combined. The picture on the right shows a model of a water molecule. The chemical formula for water is H2O. Does the red sphere in the model represent hydrogen or oxygen?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A space-filling model of a water molecule: one large red sphere bonded to two smaller blue/white spheres at an angle (the red sphere is the oxygen atom; the two smaller spheres are hydrogen).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Oxygen / O2 / O", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q5b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(b)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "In the diagram below both beakers contain pure water at 20 degrees C. Which one of the properties listed below is the same for the water in each beaker? Put a tick in the correct box. Properties: Mass / Weight / Density / Volume.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Two beakers of pure water at 20 degrees C, drawn containing different volumes of water (different levels). A list of properties (Mass, Weight, Density, Volume) with tick boxes; the property that is the same for both is density (same substance/temperature).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Density", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q5c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(c)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A student investigated the solubility of a compound in water. She added some of the compound to 50 cm^3 of water at 20 degrees C and stirred the mixture. The compound was completely dissolved. She repeated this until no more of the compound would dissolve. She found that the greatest mass of the compound that she was able to dissolve was 15 g. Calculate the solubility of the compound in g/cm^3.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "0.3 or 3/10 (g/cm^3). [15 g / 50 cm^3 = 0.3 g/cm^3]", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q5d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(d)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Describe two things that the student could have done to allow a greater mass of the compound to be dissolved.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Add more water (solvent) // increase the temperature. (5 + 1 marks)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q6a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(a)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The photographs below show the movement of the Moon as seen from the Earth at certain times during the lunar cycle. The images are not in the correct order. Which image, 1, 2, 3 or 4, shows a New Moon?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Four photographs of the Moon (Image 1-4) showing different phases out of order: a near-fully-dark Moon (new), a thin crescent, a gibbous, and a full Moon. The New Moon is the fully (or almost fully) dark disc = Image 4.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Image 4", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q6b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Which image, 1, 2, 3 or 4, shows the Moon during a waxing crescent phase?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Image 1", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q6c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(c)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Approximately how long is the lunar cycle? (Tick one box: 1 day / 1 week / 1 month / 1 year.)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "1 month", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q6d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(d)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Explain why the Moon is visible from Earth.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Reflects light (the Moon reflects light from the Sun).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q6e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(e)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "An object weighs less on the Moon than on Earth. Put a tick in the box next to the sentence that explains why: It is colder on the Moon than on Earth. / The Moon has a smaller radius than Earth. / The Moon has a smaller mass than Earth. / The Moon has no atmosphere.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "The Moon has a smaller mass than Earth.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q7a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(a)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A trolley moves along a horizontal track. The distance of the trolley from its starting point was measured every second for 8 seconds. The results are shown in the graph below. Calculate the average speed of the trolley. Include the unit for your answer.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A distance-time graph: x-axis Time (s) from 0 to 8, y-axis Distance (m) from 0 to ~1.5 (gridlines at 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5). Plotted points lie on a straight line through the origin, rising from 0 at t=0 to about 1.2 m at t=8 s. A small drawing shows a trolley on a horizontal track moving right.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "0.15 m/s (or ms^-1). [1.2 m / 8 s = 0.15 m/s] (5 + 1 marks)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q7b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(b)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The student carried out a second distance-time investigation when the track was sloped. Write a suitable hypothesis for this second investigation.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A drawing of the trolley on a sloped (inclined) track, moving down the slope.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Any valid hypothesis (e.g. the trolley will travel faster / cover a greater distance / its average speed will be higher on the sloped track than on the horizontal track).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q7c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(c)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The student wanted to be able to make a fair comparison between the two investigations. Describe one thing the student should have done to allow a fair comparison.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Same trolley or same mass of trolley / same track or same length of track or same surface of track / start trolley in the same position / same starting force exerted on trolley / start trolley from rest / same friction or same air resistance. (Any one)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q7d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(d)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "On the graph above, sketch the expected result for your hypothesis.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "The candidate adds a line to the same distance-time graph (Time 0-8 s, Distance 0-1.5 m). The expected line for a sloped track should have a steeper gradient than the original horizontal-track line.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Graph matching the candidate's hypothesis (e.g. a straight line through the origin with a steeper slope than the original, showing greater distance/higher speed).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q8a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(a)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "During your studies you learned about a scientific model that helps us understand the origin of the universe. Name the model you studied. Outline two pieces of evidence that support this model.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Model: Big Bang (theory) (1 mark). Evidence (any two, 1+1): expansion of universe or galaxies (red shift) // cosmic or background radiation // ratio or presence of hydrogen and helium in gas clouds in distant galaxies.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q8b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(b)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 12, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "In September 2021, the SpaceX Inspiration4 mission successfully orbited the Earth. This was the world's first all-civilian space mission and represents a new era for human space exploration. Outline one benefit and one hazard of space exploration.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A photograph of the SpaceX Crew Dragon capsule in orbit above the curved blue Earth, with a crescent moon visible in the dark sky. Illustrative only.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Correct benefit (6 marks) and correct hazard (6 marks). Any valid benefit (e.g. scientific discovery/knowledge, technological advances/spin-off technologies, finding new resources, satellites/communications) and any valid hazard (e.g. radiation exposure, danger to astronauts/risk of accidents, expense/cost, space debris/pollution).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q9a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(a)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 1, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A student was given two acids, S and T. He set up the apparatus shown to investigate how the pH of S and T changed when they reacted with a base. The diagrams below show the pH of S and T at the start of the investigation (pH meter for Acid S reads 4.00; pH meter for Acid T reads 1.00). Which acid, S or T, was more acidic at the start of the investigation?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Apparatus diagram: two burettes (each labelled 'Burettes containing base') mounted above two beakers, one labelled 'Acid S' and one labelled 'Acid T'. Each beaker has a pH meter; the digital pH reading for Acid S is 4.00 and for Acid T is 1.00. A lower pH means more acidic, so Acid T (pH 1.00) is more acidic.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "T (Acid T)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q9b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(b)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "State one safety precaution the student should have followed when handling the acids.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Any valid safety precaution (e.g. wear safety goggles/glasses, wear gloves, wear a lab coat/apron, handle with care/avoid spills).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q9c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(c)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The student opened the tap on each burette and allowed the base to flow into the beakers of acid. The changes in pH were recorded as the base was added. The graph shows both sets of results. What was the pH of the solutions when 50 cm^3 of base had been added?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A graph of pH (y-axis, 0 to 14, with a marker at 7) against Volume of base added (cm^3, x-axis 0 to 50). Two titration curves rise from low starting pH and level off at high volume; both end at a high pH (around 13-14) when 50 cm^3 of base has been added. One curve is green and one is red.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q9d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(d)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 1, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "What is the pH of a neutral solution?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-EV-q9e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(e)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 1, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Identify a laboratory base that the student could have used in this investigation.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "NaOH (sodium hydroxide) / KOH (potassium hydroxide) / Ca(OH)2 (calcium hydroxide), etc.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q1", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 15, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Úsáideann eolaithe gléasanna, ar nós na gceann thíos, chun cainníochtaí fisiceacha a thomhas. (Léirítear gléasanna: Teirmiméadar, Voltmhéadar, Stopuaireadóir, Óm-mhéadar, Sorcóir grádaithe.) I gcás gach ceann de na cainníochtaí fisiceacha a ainmnítear sa tábla thíos, roghnaigh gléas astu siúd thuas a úsáidtear chun an chainníocht fhisiceach sin a thomhas. Cainníocht Fhisiceach: Toirt; Am; Teocht; Fríotaíocht; Difríocht phoitéinsil.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Five measuring instruments shown as photographs with Irish labels: Teirmiméadar (thermometer), Voltmhéadar (voltmeter, analogue dial reading V), Stopuaireadóir (stopwatch), Óm-mhéadar (ohmmeter, analogue dial reading Ω), Sorcóir grádaithe (graduated measuring cylinder). A table to complete: column 'Cainníocht Fhisiceach' lists Toirt, Am, Teocht, Fríotaíocht, Difríocht phoitéinsil; column 'Gléas' is blank for the matching instrument.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Toirt → Sorcóir grádaithe; Am → Stopuaireadóir; Teocht → Teirmiméadar; Fríotaíocht → Óm-mhéadar; Difríocht phoitéinsil → Voltmhéadar. (Toirt 9 marc, gach ceann eile 1 mharc bunaithe ar scéim 9/1/1/1/3.)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q10a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(a)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 12, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sa léaráid taispeántar croí an duine agus cuid d'fhuileadáin an chórais imshruthaithe. Léiríonn na saigheada an treo ina ngluaiseann an fhuil agus í ag taisteal tríd an gcorp. Tá ráitis maidir leis an léaráid tugtha sa tábla thíos. Cuir tic (✓) sa cholún ceart le cur in iúl an bhfuil gach ráiteas fíor nó bréagach. Ráitis: 'Tá an fhuil i bhfuileadán C dí-ocsaiginithe.'; 'Cuid den chóras riospráide is ea na horgáin a fhaightear ag suíomh A.'; 'Fágann dé-ocsaíd charbóin an fhuil ag suíomh B.'; 'Féith is ea fuileadán D.'", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of the human heart and parts of the circulatory system, with arrows showing direction of blood flow. Labels: Suíomh A (lungs region, top right), Suíomh B (lower body, bottom), Fuileadán C (vessel on right side, blue/deoxygenated route), Fuileadán D (vessel on left side), Méadailín deas (right ventricle), Méadailín clé (left ventricle).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "'Tá an fhuil i bhfuileadán C dí-ocsaiginithe.' → Bréagach; 'Cuid den chóras riospráide is ea na horgáin a fhaightear ag suíomh A.' → Fíor; 'Fágann dé-ocsaíd charbóin an fhuil ag suíomh B.' → Bréagach; 'Féith is ea fuileadán D.' → Fíor. (9/1/1/1 marc.)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q10b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(b)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tá ballaí níos tibhe ag fuileadán C ná mar atá ag fuileadán D. Mínigh cén fáth.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Fuil atá faoi bhrú níos mó nó níos airde (a iompraíonn fuileadán C, mar sin teastaíonn ballaí níos tibhe uaidh).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q2a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(a)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sna híomhánna thíos taispeántar trí réad neamhaí a fhaightear sa ghrianchóras seo againne. Ní de réir an scála chéanna a thaispeántar gach réad. (Gealach, Réalta, Pláinéad.) Meaitseáil ainm gach réada neamhaí leis an gcur síos ceart sa tábla thíos. Cur síos: 'Gás atá ag dó atá ann'; 'Fithisíonn sé/sí pláinéad'; 'Fithisíonn sé/sí réalta'.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Three photographs of celestial objects labelled Gealach (Moon, cratered grey body), Réalta (Star, glowing orange/yellow sphere), Pláinéad (Planet, banded gas-giant resembling Jupiter). A two-column table: 'Cur síos' (description) with rows 'Gás atá ag dó atá ann', 'Fithisíonn sé/sí pláinéad', 'Fithisíonn sé/sí réalta'; 'Ainm an réada neamhaí' column to be filled.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Gás atá ag dó atá ann → Réalta; Fithisíonn sé/sí pláinéad → Gealach; Fithisíonn sé/sí réalta → Pláinéad. (3 marc an ceann.)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q2b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(b)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cé acu ceann de na réada neamhaí thuas a bhfuil an trastomhas is mó aige?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Réalta.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q2c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(c)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tarraing léaráid lipéadaithe chun suíomhanna gealaí, réalta agus pláinéid a thaispeáint le linn urú gealaí, i.e., éiclips gealaí.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A blank box is provided for the candidate to draw a labelled diagram showing the alignment of Réalta (Star/Sun), Pláinéad (Planet/Earth) and Gealach (Moon) during a lunar eclipse.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Léaráid lipéadaithe: Réalta (sféar mór), Pláinéad agus Gealach ailínithe sa líne chéanna leis an bpláinéad idir an réalta agus an ghealach (urú gealaí).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q3a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(a)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sa léaráid taispeántar adamh de dhúil X. Ainmnigh cáithnín fo-adamhach amháin a fhaightear i núicléas adaimh.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of an atom of element X: a central nucleus (labelled Núicléas) with electrons (labelled Leictreon) on surrounding orbital shells.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Prótón / neodrón / núicléón.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q3b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(b)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart chun an cheist seo thíos a fhreagairt. An lucht atá ar an leictreon ná: Deimhneach / Diúltach / Neodrach.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Diúltach.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q3c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(c)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cuir X sa Tábla Peiriadach a thaispeántar thíos chun suíomh dhúil X a léiriú. Is ceadmhach duit an Tábla Peiriadach ar leathanach 79 den leabhrán Foirmlí agus Táblaí a úsáid chun cabhrú leat an cheist seo a fhreagairt.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A blank grid representing the Periodic Table (with the characteristic shape: two columns left block, gap, then larger right block, plus a separate lower block) on which the candidate marks X to indicate the position of element X.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "X marcáilte san áit a bhfuil carbón suite de ghnáth (grúpa 4 / suíomh charbóin sa Tábla Peiriadach).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q3d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(d)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Déanann dúil X comhdhúil le hidrigin. Taispeántar dúil X le dath liath. Taispeántar hidrigin le dath glas. Cuir ciorcal mórthimpeall ar an léaráid thíos a léiríonn an chomhdhúil a dhéantar. Cosain do fhreagra.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Three molecular ball-and-stick models shown for selection: a grey central atom (X) bonded to green atoms (hydrogen). The three options show different numbers of green atoms around the grey atom (e.g. 2, 3 and 4 hydrogens); the candidate circles the correct one (the model with four hydrogens, i.e. CH4) and justifies it.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "An léaráid leis an lár sainaitheanta (an mhóilín le 4 hidrigin / CH4). Tabhair údar le: tá fiús de 4 ag carbón nó dúil X / tá cumhacht comhcheangail de 4 ag carbón nó dúil X / tá 4 fhiúsleictreon ag carbón nó dúil X / tá 4 leictreon ag carbón nó dúil X sa sceall seachtrach / tá 4 leictreon de dhíth ar charbón [2,4] le go mbeadh an chumraíocht cheart leictreon i bhfeidhm. (3 + 1.)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q4a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(a)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Déanann teoiric na héabhlóide trí roghnú nádúrtha cur síos ar conas a éabhlóidíonn agus a athraíonn orgánaigh in imeacht na nglúnta. Rinne dalta na ráitis seo thíos maidir le teoiric na héabhlóide trí roghnú nádúrtha. Cuir tic (✓) sa cholún ceart chun a léiriú cé acu an bhfuil gach ceann de na ráitis fíor nó bréagach. Ráitis: 'Bíonn sócháin ghéiniteacha i gceist san éabhlóid'; 'Is ar iomaíocht atá an roghnú nádúrtha bunaithe'; 'Is marthanas na lag a bhíonn i gceist sa roghnú nádúrtha'.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A table with three statements and two columns headed Fíor (True) and Bréagach (False) for ticking.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "'Bíonn sócháin ghéiniteacha i gceist san éabhlóid' → Fíor; 'Is ar iomaíocht atá an roghnú nádúrtha bunaithe' → Fíor; 'Is marthanas na lag a bhíonn i gceist sa roghnú nádúrtha' → Bréagach. (7/1/1 marc.)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q4b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(b)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Déan cur síos ar shlí amháin a bhfuil an sionnach oiriúnaithe chun cabhrú leis teacht slán ina ghnáthóg.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of a Sionnach (fox) showing an open-mouthed fox; candidate describes an adaptation (e.g. teeth, fur colour/camouflage, speed) that helps it survive.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Oiriúnú nó gné ainmnithe agus conas a chabhraíonn sé leis an orgánach fanacht beo. (3 marc d'fhreagra bailí ar bith.)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q4c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(c)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Déan cur síos ar shlí amháin a bhfuil tom rós oiriúnaithe chun cabhrú leis teacht slán ina ghnáthóg.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of a Tom rós (rose bush) with a red rose; candidate describes an adaptation (e.g. thorns/spines for protection) that helps the plant survive.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Oiriúnú nó gné ainmnithe agus conas a chabhraíonn sé leis an orgánach fanacht beo. (3 marc d'fhreagra bailí ar bith.)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q5a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(a)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Substaint gan dath, gan bhlas is ea uisce. Hidrigin agus ocsaigin comhcheangailte go ceimiceach atá in uisce. Sa phictiúr ar dheis taispeántar mionsamhail de mhóilín uisce. Is é H2O an fhoirmle cheimiceach d'uisce. An seasann an sféar dearg sa mhionsamhail do hidrigin nó d'ocsaigin?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Space-filling model of a water molecule (H2O): one large red sphere bonded to two smaller blue spheres in a bent shape.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Ocsaigin / O2 / O.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q5b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(b)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Uisce íon ag 20 °C atá sa dá éascra sa léaráid thíos. Cé acu ceann de na hairíonna sa liosta thíos atá mar an gcéanna i gcás an uisce sa dá éascra? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart. Mais / Meáchan / Dlús / Toirt.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Two graduated beakers (éascra) of pure water at 20 °C shown side by side containing different volumes; the candidate identifies which physical property is the same in both. Options to tick: Mais, Meáchan, Dlús, Toirt.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Dlús.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q5c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(c)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Rinne dalta iniúchadh ar intuaslagthacht comhdhúile in uisce. Chuir sí cuid den chomhdhúil le 50 cm³ d'uisce ag 20 °C agus chorraigh sí an meascán go dtí go raibh an chomhdhúil tuaslagtha go hiomlán. Rinne sí é seo arís agus arís go dtí nár thuaslaig a thuilleadh den chomhdhúil. Fuair sí amach gurbh é 15 g an mhais ba mhó den chomhdhúil a bhí sí ábalta a thuaslagadh. Ríomh intuaslagthacht na comhdhúile ina g/cm³.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "0.3 nó 3/10 (g/cm³).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q5d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(d)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Déan cur síos ar dhá rud a d'fhéadfadh an dalta a dhéanamh chun go bhféadfaí níos mó den chomhdhúil a thuaslagadh.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Cuir tuilleadh uisce (mar thuaslagóir) leis // déan an teocht a mhéadú. (5 + 1.)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q6a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(a)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sna grianghraif thíos taispeántar an Ghealach mar a fheictear ón Domhan í ag amanna áirithe i rith chiogal na gealaí. Ní san ord ceart atá na grianghraif. Cé acu íomhá, 1, 2, 3 nó 4, a thaispeánann Gealach Úr?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Four photographs of the Moon (Íomhá 1–4) showing different phases out of order: Íomhá 1 nearly dark (new/very thin crescent), Íomhá 2 crescent, Íomhá 3 full moon, Íomhá 4 gibbous/quarter. Candidate selects the New Moon.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Íomhá 4.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q6b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cé acu íomhá, 1, 2, 3 nó 4, a thaispeánann an Ghealach le linn céim chorráin ag líonadh?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to the same four Moon-phase photographs (Íomhá 1–4); candidate selects the waxing crescent.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Íomhá 1.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q6c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(c)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cé chomh fada agus atá ciogal na gealaí, a bheag nó a mhór? 1 lá / 1 seachtain / 1 mí / 1 bliain.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "1 mí.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q6d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(d)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Mínigh cén fáth a mbíonn an Ghealach infheicthe ón Domhan.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Frithchaitheann sé solas (na Gréine).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q6e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(e)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Bíonn meáchan níos lú ag réad ar an nGealach ná mar a bhíonn ar an Domhan. Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca taobh leis an abairt a mhíníonn cén fáth: 'Bíonn sé níos fuaire ar an nGealach ná ar Domhan.' / 'Tá ga níos lú ag an nGealach ná an Domhan.' / 'Tá mais níos lú ag an nGealach ná ag an Domhan.' / 'Níl atmaisféar ar bith ag an nGealach.'", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Tá mais níos lú ag an nGealach ná ag an Domhan.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q7a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(a)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Gabhann tralaí feadh raon cothrománach. Tomhaiseadh fad slí an tralaí óna phointe tosaigh gach soicind ar feadh 8 soicind. Taispeántar na torthaí sa ghraf thíos. Ríomh meánluas an tralaí. Bíodh an t-aonad do do fhreagra san áireamh agat.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Line graph of Fad slí (m) on the y-axis (0 to 1.5 m, gridlines at 0.3) versus Am (s) on the x-axis (0 to 8 s). A straight line of best fit through plotted points rises roughly linearly from the origin to about 1.2 m at 8 s. A small trolley with a forward arrow is shown above the graph.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "0.15; Aonad: m/s nó m s⁻¹. (5 + 1.)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q7b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(b)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Chuir an dalta an dara iniúchadh faid is ama i gcrích nuair a bhí an raon claonta. Scríobh hipitéis oiriúnach don dara hiniúchadh seo.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A small diagram shows the same trolley on a ramp/inclined track (raon claonta) with a forward arrow.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Hipitéis bhailí ar bith (e.g. méadóidh an luas/an fad nuair a bhíonn an raon claonta).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q7c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(c)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Theastaigh ón dalta a bheith ábalta comparáid chothrom a dhéanamh idir an dá iniúchadh. Cuir síos ar rud amháin ba chóir don dalta a dhéanamh a lamhálfadh comparáid chothrom.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Ceann amháin ar bith: an tralaí céanna nó an mhais chéanna de thralaí / an ráille céanna nó an fad céanna de ráille nó an dromchla céanna de ráille / cuir an tralaí sa siúl san áit chéanna / an fórsa tosaithe céanna i bhfeidhm ar an tralaí / an fhrithchuimilt chéanna nó an fhriotaíocht aeir chéanna.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q7d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(d)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ar an ngraf thuas, déan sceitse den toradh ionchais le haghaidh do hipitéis féin.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Candidate adds a sketched line to the existing Fad slí (m) versus Am (s) graph showing the expected result for the inclined-track hypothesis (e.g. a steeper line than the original).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Tá an graf ag teacht leis an hipitéis (sceitse a léiríonn an toradh ionchais a thacaíonn leis an hipitéis a scríobhadh).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q8a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(a)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Le linn do chuid staidéir d'fhoghlaim tú faoi léirshamhail eolaíochta a chabhraíonn linn bunús na cruinne a thuiscint. Ainmnigh an léirshamhail a ndearna tú staidéar uirthi. Tabhair breac-chuntas ar dhá phíosa fianaise a thacaíonn leis an léirshamhail seo.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "An Ollphléasc (teoiric) (1 mharc). Fianaise (dhá cheann ar bith, 1+1): Leathnú na cruinne nó réaltraí (deargaistriú) // radaíocht chosmach nó sa chúlra // cóimheas hidrigine nó é a bheith ann agus héiliam bailithe i scamaill gháis i réaltraí i bhfad i gcéin.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q8b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(b)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 12, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "I Meán Fómhair 2021, d'fhithisigh an misean SpaceX Inspiration4 an Domhan go rathúil. Ba é seo an chéad mhisean spáis ón Domhan nach raibh ach sibhialtaigh ar bord ann agus léiríonn sé ré nua spástaiscéalaíochta don duine. Luaigh tairbhe amháin agus guais amháin a bhaineann le taiscéalaíocht spáis. (Tairbhe agus Guais.)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of the SpaceX Inspiration4 / Crew Dragon spacecraft in orbit above Earth's limb with a crescent visible against the dark of space.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Tairbhe cheart (6 mharc) agus Guais cheart (6 mharc).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q9a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(a)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 1, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tugadh dhá aigéad, S agus T, do dhalta. Leag sé amach an trealamh thíos chun iniúchadh a dhéanamh ar conas a d'athraigh pH S agus T nuair a d'imoibrigh siad le bun. Sna léaráidí thíos taispeántar pH S agus T ag tús an iniúchta. Cé acu aigéad, S nó T, ab aigéadaí ag tús an iniúchta?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Apparatus diagram: two beakers each holding an acid (Aigéad S and Aigéad T) with a pH meter (Méadar pH) in each — Aigéad S reads 4.00 and Aigéad T reads 1.00. Above each beaker is a burette (Buiréad le bun-tuaslagán) for adding base. Caption: 'Léamha pH ag tús an iniúchta'.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "T.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q9b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(b)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Luaigh réamhchúram sábháilteachta amháin ba chóir don dalta a chomhlíonadh agus na haigéid á láimhseáil aige.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Réamhchúram sábháilteachta ar bith atá bailí (e.g. spéaclaí cosanta / lámhainní a chaitheamh).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q9c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(c)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "D'oscail an dalta an sconna ar gach buiréad agus lig sé don bhun sreabhadh isteach sna heascraí aigéid. Taifeadadh na hathruithe sa pH de réir mar a bhí an t-aigéad á scaoileadh isteach. Léirítear an dá thuar torthaí sa ghraf. Cad ab ea pH na dtuaslagán nuair a bhí 50 cm³ den bhun curtha isteach?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Titration graph: pH on the y-axis (0 to 14) versus Toirt an bhuin a scaoileadh isteach (cm³) on the x-axis (0 to 50). Two titration curves (one green, one red) start at low pH and rise sharply near 25 cm³, levelling off high (around pH 13) towards 50 cm³.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "13.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q9d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(d)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 1, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cén pH a bhíonn ag tuaslagán neodrach?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "7.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q9e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(e)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 1, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sainaithin bun saotharlainne a d'fhéadfadh an dalta a úsáid san iniúchadh seo.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "NaOH (hiodrocsaíd sóidiam) / KOH (hiodrocsaíd photaisiam) / Ca(OH)2 (hiodrocsaíd chailciam), srl.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q11a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 11(a)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sa léaráid taispeántar gluaiseacht an Domhain mórthimpeall na Gréine. Seasann na litreacha A, B, C agus D do cheithre shuíomh ina mbíonn an Domhan agus é ag gluaiseacht timpeall na Gréine. Ag tosú ag suíomh A, cén suíomh ina mbeidh an Domhan nuair a bheidh 18 mí caite? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart. Suíomh A / Suíomh B / Suíomh C / Suíomh D.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of Earth (An Domhan) orbiting the Sun (An Ghrian, centre) at four positions A, B, C, D (A left, C right, D top, B bottom), with curved arrows showing the orbit direction. The Earth is shown tilted on its axis (Ais an Domhain) with Pol thuaidh (N) at top and Pol theas (S) at bottom — illustrating the seasons.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Suíomh C.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q11b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 11(b)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cé acu litir, A, B, C nó D, a sheasann do shuíomh an Domhain i rith an tsamhraidh sa leathsféar thuaidh? Cosain do fhreagra.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "A (3 mharc); Tabhair údar le: claonta i dtreo na gréine (3 mharc). (3 + 3.)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q11c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 11(c)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Roghnaigh litir, A, B, C nó D, a sheasann do shuíomh an Domhain nuair a bhíonn fad an lae agus fad na hoíche mórán mar an gcéanna. Suíomh A / Suíomh B / Suíomh C / Suíomh D.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Suíomh B agus/nó Suíomh D.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q11d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 11(d)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cé acu ceann de na ráitis seo thíos a mhíníonn cén fáth a dtarlaíonn séasúir ar Domhan? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart. 'Gluaiseann an Ghealach thart ar a hais.' / 'Gluaiseann an Domhan claonta mórthimpeall na Gréine.' / 'Gluaiseann an Domhan claonta thart ar a ais.' / 'Tá grianspotaí ar dhromchla na Gréine.'", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Gluaiseann an Domhan claonta mórthimpeall na Gréine.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q11e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 11(e)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Bhraitheann fad an scátha a chaitheann réad ar shuíomh na Gréine sa spéir. Rinne dhá ghrúpa daltaí in Éirinn, grúpa A agus grúpa B, iniúchadh ar conas a d'athraigh fad scátha in imeacht bliana. Sa ghraf thíos taispeántar na torthaí a fuair grúpa A a d'úsáid polla chun an scáth a chaitheamh. Ainmnigh gléas a d'fhéadfadh na daltaí a úsáid chun fad an scátha a thomhas.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Bar chart of Fad an scátha (cm) on the y-axis versus months on the x-axis (Meitheamh, Iúil, Lúnasa, Meán Fómhair, Deireadh Fómhair, Samhain, Nollaig, Eanáir, Feabhra, Márta, Aibreán, Bealtaine) — shadow length is shortest in summer and longest in winter. A small diagram to the right shows the Sun (Grian), a vertical stick/pole (Polla) and its shadow (Scáth).", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Méadarshlat / rialóir / miosúr / roth landair.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q11f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 11(f)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Luaigh athróg amháin ba chóir do na daltaí i nGrúpa A a choimeád tairiseach.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Fad nó airde an chuaille / an doimhneacht lena gcuirtear an cuaille isteach sa talamh / uillinn cuir isteach / an t-am de lá / deisiúr / fána an dromchla.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q11g", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 11(g)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Chuir Grúpa B an t-iniúchadh céanna i gcrích, ach d'úsáid siad dalta in áit polla chun an scáth a chaitheamh. Cé acu grúpa, A nó B, a rinne an t-iniúchadh ab fhearr? Cosain do fhreagra.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "A (3 mharc); Míniú bailí (3 mharc) — e.g. coimeádann an polla airde thairiseach/seasmhach murab ionann is dalta. (3 + 3.)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q11h", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 11(h)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Rinne Grúpa A iniúchadh freisin ar conas a d'athraigh fad an scátha a chaith an polla in imeacht lá grianmhar i mí Meithimh. Úsáid na haiseanna ar dheis agus sceitseáil an cuar ba chóir do na daltaí a fháil.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Blank graph axes for the candidate to sketch a curve: Fad an scátha i rith an lae (cm) on the y-axis versus time of day on the x-axis marked 6 r.n. (6 a.m.), 12 nóin (noon), 6 i.n. (6 p.m.). Expected curve: long shadow in morning, shortest at noon, long again in evening (a U/V shape).", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Cuar ceart (scáth fada ar maidin, is giorra ag meán lae, fada arís tráthnóna).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q12a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 12(a)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sa léaráid léirítear eagar an eolais ghéinitigh laistigh de chealla an duine. Tá cuid de na lipéid in easnamh. Úsáid gach ceann de na focail thíos chun na lipéid ar an léaráid thuas a chomhlánú. Crómasóm / Núicléas / Géin.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A zoom-in sequence diagram from a human body to its genetic material: body → Cill (cell) → cell nucleus → an X-shaped chromosome → DNA double helix → gene region. Some labels are given (Cill, DNA) and three label boxes are blank to be filled with Crómasóm, Núicléas and Géin.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Lipéid: Núicléas, Crómasóm, Géin (curtha isteach sna boscaí cuí). (3 mharc an ceann.)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q12b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 12(b)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ainmnigh gléas a d'fhéadfaí a úsáid sa tsaotharlann chun cealla an duine a bhreathnú.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Micreascóp.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q12c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 12(c)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "46 crómasóm a bhíonn sa ghnáthchill inchinne daonna. Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart chun ceisteanna (c) agus (d) a fhreagairt. Cé mhéad crómasóm a bhíonn i láthair i speirmchill dhaonna? 23 / 46 / 69 / 92.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "23.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q12d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 12(d)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Toirchíonn speirmchill an ubhchill. Cé mhéad crómasóm ba chóir a bheith i láthair sa siogót a dhéantar dá thoradh? 23 / 46 / 69 / 92.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "46.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q12ei", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 12(e)(i)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Géin amháin a rialaíonn dath an fhionnaidh i bpór madra. Tá dhá leagan fhéideartha (ailléil) den ghéin seo ann – fionnadh dubh (D) agus fionnadh bán (d). Tá an ghéin don fhionnadh dubh ceannasach ar an ngéin don fhionnadh bán. Bíonn dhá leagan den ghéin le haghaidh dhath an fhionnaidh ina gcuid cealll ag madraí. Na péirí féideartha ná DD (dubh), Dd (dubh) agus dd (bán). Sa tábla thíos léirítear crosáil ghéiniteach idir madra fireann le géinitíopa Dd agus madra baineann le géinitíopa dd. Tá an tábla easnamhach. (Madra fireann Dd × Madra baineann dd.) Comhlánaigh an tábla agus scríobh an dá ghéinitíopa a d'fhéadfadh a bheith ag an ngin de thoradh na crosála seo.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A genetic cross (Punnett-style) table. Rows: Géinitíopa an tuismitheora — Madra fireann = Dd, Madra baineann = dd; Gnéaschealla a ghintear — male gametes D and d (in circles), female gamete d (in circles); Géinitíopa na gine — two blank circles for the offspring genotypes to be completed.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Géinitíopa na gine: Dd agus dd. (3 + 3.)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q12eii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 12(e)(ii)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cén dóchúlacht atá ann go mbeadh fionnadh dubh ar an ngin? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart. 0% / 25% / 50% / 75% / 100%.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "50%.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q12eiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 12(e)(iii)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Dá bpórófaí madra fireann eile le géinitíopa DD leis an madra baineann céanna, cén dóchúlacht atá ann go mbeadh fionnadh dubh ar an ngin? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart. 0% / 25% / 50% / 75% / 100%.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "100%.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q13a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 13(a)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Rinne dalta sraith turgnamh chun airíonna siúcróis (siúcra boird) a iniúchadh. Sa chéad turgnamh, rinne an dalta iniúchadh ar leáphointe siúcróis. Cuireadh dhá chiúb miotail, ar comhthoirt dóibh, ar theophláta mar a thaispeántar sa léaráid. As sinc (Zn) a bhí an chiúb amháin déanta agus as alúmanam (Al) a bhí an ciúb eile déanta. Cuireadh gram amháin siúcróis ar bharr gach ciúib agus cuireadh an teophláta ar siúl ina dhiaidh sin. Cad atá i gceist le leáphointe substainte?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Apparatus diagram: a hotplate (Teophláta) with two equal-volume metal cubes on it — a zinc cube (Ciúb miotail (Zn)) and an aluminium cube (Ciúb miotail (Al)) — each topped with sugar (Siúcrós).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Teocht ag a n-athraíonn solad ina leacht. (3 + 3.)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q13b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 13(b)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "An sampla d'athrú fisiceach nó d'athrú ceimiceach é leá? Mínigh do fhreagra.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Fisiciúil; Gan aon substaint eile táirgthe nó cruthaithe / is féidir é a iompú thar n-ais. (3 + 3.)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q13c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 13(c)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Bhí mais níos lú ag an gciúb alúmanaim ná ag an gciúb since. Mínigh cén fáth.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Níl an dlús céanna ag baint le halúmanam nó tá sinc níos dlúithe.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q13d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 13(d)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Leáigh an siúcrós ar an alúmanam roimh an siúcrós ar an sinc. Cad a deir an toradh seo linn maidir leis an dá mhiotal? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart. 'Is seoltóir teasa níos fearr é alúmanam ná sinc.' / 'Tá leáphointe níos airde ag alúmanam ná ag sinc.' / 'Níl alúmanaim chomh imoibríoch le sinc.' / 'Tá níos lú neodrón in adaimh alúmanaim ná in adaimh since.'", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Is seoltóir teasa níos fearr é alúmanam ná sinc.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q13e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 13(e)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Mínigh an fáth ar leáigh an siúcra ach nár leáigh na miotail.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Tá pointe leáite níos ísle ag siúcra nó tá pointe leáite níos airde ag miotail.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q13f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 13(f)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is as plaisteach, neamh-mhiotal, a bhí na cnaipí ar an teophláta déanta. Luaigh dhá airí de chuid neamh-mhiotal.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Dhá cheann ar bith: is olc an seoltóir é ó thaobh leictreachais de nó é ina inslitheoir maith // is olc an seoltóir é ó thaobh teasa de nó é ina inslitheoir teasa maith // pointí leáite ísle // fiuchphointí ísle // neamhlonrach nó dorcha nó ní fhrithchaitheann sé an solas // bog // briosc // é i ríocht leachta nó solaid ag teocht an tseomra. (3 + 3.)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q13g", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 13(g)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sa dara turgnamh thuaslaig an dalta siúcrós in uisce. D'úsáid sí cuid de na comhbhaill seo thíos féachaint an mbeadh an tuaslagán a fuarthas dá thoradh ábalta leictreachas a sheoladh. Dordánaí / Sreanga / Bolgán / Ceallra. Úsáid siombailí ciorcaid leictrigh agus tarraing léaráid lipéadaithe de chiorcad a d'fhéadfadh an dalta a úsáid chun an t-iniúchadh seo a chur i gcrích. Is ceadmhach duit na siombailí ar leathanaigh 72–78 den leabhrán Foirmlí agus Táblaí a úsáid mar chabhair leis an gceist seo a fhreagairt.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A list of circuit components is given for selection: Dordánaí (buzzer), Sreanga (wires), Bolgán (bulb), Ceallra (battery). A blank box labelled 'Léaráid lipéadaithe' is provided for the candidate to draw a circuit using standard circuit symbols.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Léaráid lipéadaithe de chiorcad: trí shiombail ar bith atá ceart idir dhordánaí agus sreang(a) agus chadhnra, bolgán nó dordánaí i sraith le cadhnra (3, 1 ar a laghad); an ciorcad lipéadaithe i gceart le cadhnra agus bolgán/dordánaí i sraith le tuaslagán de shiúcrós (3). (3 + 3.)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q13h", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 13(h)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ansin tugadh tasc don dalta an siúcrós a dheighilt ón uisce. Déan cur síos ar conas a d'fhéadfadh an dalta an dá shubstaint seo a dheighilt. Ba chóir duit léaráid lipéadaithe a chur san áireamh i do fhreagra agus ionad an tsiúcróis ag deireadh na deighilte a léiriú.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A blank box labelled 'Léaráid lipéadaithe' is provided for the candidate to draw the separation apparatus (e.g. evaporation/distillation) and indicate where the sugar ends up.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Déan cur síos – tagairt do ghalú nó do dhriogadh (3); léaráid lipéadaithe den mhodh cuí (3); an áit a bhfuil an siúcrós ag deireadh an turgnaimh curtha in iúl (3). (3 + 3 + 3.)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q14a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 14(a)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Léigh an t-alt seo thíos, a cuireadh in oiriúint ó shuíomh gréasáin de chuid an Aontais Eorpaigh (AE), agus freagair na ceisteanna a leanann é. (Alt faoin gComhaontú Glas don Eoraip — sprioc chun an Eoraip a dhéanamh neodrach ó thaobh na haeráide de faoi 2050, le feabhsú ar shláinte agus ar chaighdeán an aeir.) Luaigh aidhm amháin atá ag an gComhaontú Glas don Eoraip.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Chun an Eoraip a dhéanamh neodrach ó thaobh na haeráide de nó aidhm bhailí ón téacs.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q14b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 14(b)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ainmnigh feiniméan nádúrtha atá ina bhagairt dár gcóras soláthartha bia.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Triomach / tuiltí / dóiteáin fhoraoise / lotnaidí nua nó feiniméan nádúrtha bailí ar bith eile.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q14ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 14(c)(i)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tá a hastaíochtaí gás ceaptha teasa laghdaithe de 20% ag earnáil talmhaíochta an AE ó 1990 i leith. Ainmnigh gás ceaptha teasa a spreagann athrú aeráide agus a ghintear as cleachtais talmhaíochta.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Meatán (CH4) / dé-ocsaíd charbóin (CO2) / Ocsaíd nítriúil (N2O).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q14cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 14(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Déan cur síos ar thionscnamh a bhféadfaí tabhairt faoi chun giniúint an gháis seo a laghdú.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Tionscnamh bainteach leis an ngás a ainmníodh (e.g. tionscnamh chun astaíochtaí an gháis sin a laghdú).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q14d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 14(d)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ní itear 20% den bhia a tháirgimid. Mol slí amháin a bhféadfadh teaghlach an diomailt bia acu a laghdú.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Moladh bailí ar bith.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q14e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 14(e)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Imríonn tosca timpeallachta, ar nós cothú, tionchar ar shláinte an duine. Sa tábla thíos déantar comparáid idir luach cothaitheach dhá bhia chosúla, Bia A agus Bia B. (Cothaitheach / Mais in aghaidh an riar 80 g do Bhia A agus Bia B — Siúcra: A 18 g, B 7 g; Saill sháithithe: A 7 g, B 3 g; Colaistéaról: A 55 mg, B 33 mg; Sóidiam: A 330 mg, B 200 mg; Próitéin: A 12 g, B 20 g.) Sainaithin píosa amháin fianaise ón tábla a thaispeánann go ndearnadh comparáid chothrom idir an dá bhia.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Nutrition comparison table for two foods Bia A and Bia B, each column 'Mais in aghaidh an riar 80 g'. Rows (Cothaitheach): Siúcra A 18 g / B 7 g; Saill sháithithe A 7 g / B 3 g; Colaistéaról A 55 mg / B 33 mg; Sóidiam A 330 mg / B 200 mg; Próitéin A 12 g / B 20 g.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Mais chéanna nó graim / 80 g de gach ceann díobh (an riar céanna a úsáideadh don dá bhia).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q14f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 14(f)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cé acu bia, A nó B, ab fhearr rogha mar chuid de réim bia shláintiúil? Úsáid dhá phíosa fianaise ón tábla chun tacú le do fhreagra.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "B; dhá cheann ar bith: níos lú siúcra // níos lú saille // níos lú colaistéaról // níos lú sóidiam // níos mó próitéine. (3 + 3.)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q14g", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 14(g)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ríomh céatadán na próitéine i mbia A.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "15 (%).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q14hi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 14(h)(i)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Bristear bia anuas sa chóras díleá. Sa léaráid thíos taispeántar anatamaíocht chóras díleá an duine agus cuid de na horgáin a ghabhann leis. Ar an léaráid, tarraing ciorcal mórthimpeall ar pháirt den chóras díleá ar cuid den chóras riospráide í freisin.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of the human digestive system labelled: Béal (mouth), X (the oesophagus, the tube from mouth to stomach), Ae (liver), Stéig mhór (large intestine), Goile (stomach), Stéig bheag (small intestine), Reicteam (rectum). Candidate circles the part also belonging to the respiratory system.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Ciorcal tarraingthe thart ar an mbéal (nó an béal ar an léaráid).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q14hii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 14(h)(ii)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sainaithin struchtúr X.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Éasafagus (an phíobán/feadán ón mbéal go dtí an goile).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q14hiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 14(h)(iii)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Comhlánaigh an tábla thíos agus meaitseáil an pháirt den chóras díleá ón léaráid lena fheidhm. Feidhm: 'Ionsúnn sé uisce ó ábhar lándíleáite'; 'Tálann sé aigéad hidreaclórach chun baictéir i mbia a mharú'; 'Ionsúnn sé bia lándíleáite isteach sa sruth fola'.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A table to complete: column 'Feidhm' lists three functions; column 'Páirt den chóras díleá' to be filled with the matching organ from the digestive-system diagram.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "'Ionsúnn sé uisce ó ábhar lándíleáite' → Stéig mhór; 'Tálann sé aigéad hidreaclórach chun baictéir i mbia a mharú' → Goile; 'Ionsúnn sé bia lándíleáite isteach sa sruth fola' → Stéig bheag. (3 marc an ceann.)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q15ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 15(a)(i)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Faightear fuinneamh i bhfoirmeacha éagsúla. Tugtar fuinneamh poitéinsiúil ar an bhfuinneamh a stórálann réad mar gheall ar a shuíomh nó a chruth. Tugtar fuinneamh cinéiteach ar fhuinneamh réada de bharr a ghluaisne. Tiontaítear fuinneamh poitéinsiúil ina fhuinneamh cinéiteach nuair a léimeann duine ar thrampailín. Sna léaráidí taispeántar suíomh duine ag amanna áirithe agus an duine ag léim. (Suíomh 1, 2, 3, 4.) Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart chun na ceisteanna seo a leanas a fhreagairt. Sainaithin an suíomh ina bhfuil an fuinneamh cinéiteach is lú ag an duine. Suíomh 1 / Suíomh 2 / Suíomh 3 / Suíomh 4.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Four diagrams of a person on a trampoline (Suíomh 1–4): Suíomh 1 standing/at rest on the trampoline, Suíomh 2 pushing off/rising with upward arrow, Suíomh 3 at the highest point (Uasairde, dashed line) arms up, Suíomh 4 descending with downward arrow.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Suíomh 1 agus/nó Suíomh 3.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q15aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 15(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sainaithin an suíomh ina bhfuil an fuinneamh poitéinsiúil is mó ag an trampailín. Suíomh 1 / Suíomh 2 / Suíomh 3 / Suíomh 4.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Suíomh 1.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q15b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 15(b)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ainmnigh fórsa is cúis le gluaise an duine i suíomh 4.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Domhantarraingt.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q15c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 15(c)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Gintear fuinneamh teasa freisin nuair a bhíonn trampailín á úsáid ag duine. Déan cur síos ar fhoinse fhéideartha amháin don fhuinneamh teasa seo.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Frithchuimilt / riospráid.", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q15d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 15(d)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 20, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Rinneadh turgnamh chun an gaol idir fad lingeán trampailín agus an fórsa a fheidhmítear air a iniúchadh. Úsáideadh lingeán P, mar a thaispeántar, sa turgnamh. Rinneadh arís é agus úsáideadh lingeán Q, a tógadh ó thrampailín eile. Feidhmíodh fórsaí ar na lingeáin trí mheáchain aithnide a cheangal díobh. Ríomhadh an síneadh sna lingeáin i gcás gach fórsa a feidhmíodh. Taispeántar na torthaí sa tábla. (Fórsa (N): 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5; Síneadh (cm) Lingeán P: 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5; Síneadh (cm) Lingeán Q: 0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0.) Sa spás thíos, tarraing líneghraf d'fhórsa in aghaidh sínidh i gcás gach lingeán.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Apparatus: two springs (Lingeán P and Lingeán Q) hung vertically with metal weights (Meáchain mhiotail) attached. Results table — Fórsa (N): 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5; Síneadh (cm) for Lingeán P: 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 3.5 (extension equals force value); for Lingeán Q: 0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 7.0 (extension twice the force value). Blank grid provided: Síneadh (cm) y-axis 0–8, Fórsa (N) x-axis 0–3.5, for plotting both springs.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Graf: Lingeán P – 8 bpointe breactha go cruinn (8) agus líne tríothu (2); Lingeán Q – 8 bpointe breactha go cruinn (8) agus líne tríothu (2); Ceannscríbhinn / lipéadú an dá líne i gceart (1).", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q15e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 15(e)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Luaigh dhá chonclúid a dtacaíonn na graif atá tarraingthe agat leo.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Dhá thátal atá bailí (e.g. is comhréireach an síneadh leis an bhfórsa do gach lingeán; síneann lingeán Q níos mó ná lingeán P don fhórsa céanna). (3 + 3.)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q15f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 15(f)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Bhí fad 11 cm i lingeán Q sular feidhmíodh fórsa ar bith air. Ríomh a fhad iomlán nuair a feidhmíodh fórsa 1.25 N air.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "13.5 (cm). (Síneadh 2.5 cm ag 1.25 N + fad bunaidh 11 cm.)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q15g", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 15(g)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ar Domhan, tá meáchan 1.25 N, go neasach, ag mais 128 g. Mínigh na téarmaí a bhfuil líne fúthu (meáchan, mais).", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Mais – méid na maise / cainníocht na maise (3). Ualach/meáchan – an fórsa ag cur brú ar an réad de bharr domhantarraingthe / fórsa domhantarraingthe ar an réad (3). (3 + 3.)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2022-common-level-IV-q15h", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2022, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "Roinn B 15(h)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tá déantóir trampailíní ag iarraidh a chinneadh cé acu lingeán, P nó Q, a úsáidfear agus trampailín nua á dhéanamh aici. Cé acu lingeán, P nó Q, a thaisceann níos mó fuinnimh nuair a shíntear de 3 cm é? Cosain do fhreagra.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "P; Tabhair údar le (teastaíonn fórsa níos mó chun lingeán P a shíneadh 3 cm, mar sin stórálann sé níos mó fuinnimh poitéinsiúil leaisteach). (3 + 3.)", "source_pdf": "2022 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q1a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(a)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The pictures below show cells from an onion (plant cells) and from the human cheek (animal cells). For each picture, draw an arrow from the letter N written below the picture to the nucleus of a cell.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Two labelled microscope photographs side by side: 'Onion (plant cells)' showing rectangular cells with cell walls, and 'Human cheek (animal cells)' showing rounded pink-stained cells. Each photo has a letter N beneath it; the student draws an arrow to a nucleus.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "N pointing at the nucleus of an onion cell (3); N pointing at the nucleus of the human cheek cell (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q1b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(b)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The names of some of the other parts of cells are listed below: Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, Cell wall. Use the words in the list to complete the table to name each cell part described. Rows: 'Controls the movement of substances in and out of cells'; 'Found in plant cells only'; 'All of the material inside a cell, except for the nucleus'.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A three-row table with columns 'Description of cell part' and 'Name'. Descriptions given; student fills the Name column from the word list (Cytoplasm, Cell membrane, Cell wall).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Controls the movement of substances in and out of cells = (Cell) membrane; Found in plant cells only = (Cell) wall; All of the material inside a cell, except for the nucleus = Cytoplasm. Marks 5 + 2(2).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q10ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(a)(i)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "In 1932, the Irish physicist Ernest Walton and the English physicist John Cockcroft produced the first artificial splitting of a nucleus by bombarding atoms of lithium with high speed protons. Walton and Cockcroft showed that mass is converted into energy when a nucleus is split. This was the first experimental proof of Albert Einstein's famous equation, E = mc^2. The photograph shows Walton carrying out this experiment. For their work, Walton and Cockcroft won the Nobel Prize in physics in 1951. Protons are one type of particle found in the nucleus of an atom. Name the other type of particle found in the nucleus of an atom.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Black-and-white photograph of the apparatus (high-voltage particle accelerator / vacuum tube) used by Walton in the atom-splitting experiment.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Neutron (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q10aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Compare the charge of the proton with the charge of the other particle you have named.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Proton: positive or +1 or +; AND Neutron: neutral or 0 or no charge (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q10b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(b)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of an atom of lithium showing the positions of the nucleus and the electrons.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Empty box headed 'Lithium atom' in which the student draws a labelled atomic diagram (nucleus with protons/neutrons and electrons in shells; lithium has 3 electrons, 2 in the inner shell and 1 in the outer shell).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Correct labelled diagram of a lithium atom (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q10c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(c)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The work of Walton and Cockcroft saw the dawn of the nuclear age. State one advantage of using nuclear power to generate electricity.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Low carbon footprint (reduces carbon emissions) / reliable / efficient / clean / doesn't produce greenhouse gases / cost effective (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q11a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(a)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagram below shows how carbon moves into and out of the air and soil. This is part of the carbon cycle. During process A, plants and animals release carbon dioxide (CO2) into the air. Name process A.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Carbon cycle diagram showing: a tree (labelled B) taking in CO2; animals (a cow) and a tree releasing CO2 into the air (process A, arrows up); a factory burning fossil fuels (labelled D) releasing CO2; and carbon moving into the soil (process C). CO2 shown in the air with arrows linking the processes.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Respiration (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q11bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(b)(i)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "During process B, plants take in carbon dioxide from the air to make food. Name process B.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to the carbon cycle diagram; process B is the tree taking in CO2 to make food.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Photosynthesis. (Part of the 7 + 2(2) + 1 shared scale for part (b).)", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q11bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 4, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Complete the chemical equation below for process B. You may use either the name or the chemical formula for each substance to complete the equation. Carbon dioxide (CO2) + ____ -> Glucose (C6H12O6) + ____", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Carbon dioxide (CO2) + Water (H2O) -> Glucose (C6H12O6) + Oxygen (O2). (Within the 7 + 2(2) + 1 shared scale for part (b).)", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q11biii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(b)(iii)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Name the green chemical found in plants which allows process B to happen.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Chlorophyll. (Within the 7 + 2(2) + 1 shared scale for part (b).)", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q11c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(c)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Describe how plants and animals add carbon into the soil in process C.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Decay / decomposition (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q11d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(d)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Process D shows the burning of fossil fuels, which releases carbon dioxide into the air. Name one such fuel.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Coal / oil / petrol / diesel / kerosene / turf / natural gas / methane / propane / butane / other correct (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q11e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(e)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Carbon dioxide is often referred to as a greenhouse gas. Describe two environmental concerns associated with an increase in the level of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Extreme weather events or described / flooding / global warming / species extinction / climate change / melting of icecaps / rise in sea levels / other correct - any two. Marks 2(3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q11f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(f)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A scientist claims that there would be no life on Earth if there was no carbon dioxide in our atmosphere. Do you think this statement is true or false? Justify your answer.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "True or false AND valid justification (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q12a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(a)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "A group of students investigated how high a ball bounces after it is dropped. They allowed a ball to fall from a number of different drop-heights and measured how high the ball bounced each time (the bounce-height). Their results are shown in the table: Drop-height (m) / Bounce-height (m): 0.5/0.2, 1.0/0.4, 1.5/0.6, 2.0/0.8, 3.0/1.2, 4.0/1.6, 5.0/2.0. In the space below, present this information using a suitable graph or chart. (Your graph or chart should allow the viewer to read the results of the investigation and to see any pattern.)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A blank grid is provided with y-axis 'Bounce-height (m)' (0 to 2.0) and x-axis 'Drop-height (m)' (0 to 5.0) for the student to plot the seven data points. Data are directly proportional (bounce-height = 0.4 x drop-height), giving a straight line through the origin.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Line graph: first and third points plotted correctly 2(3); other five points plotted correctly 5(2); line drawn through all 7 points correctly 2. OR Bar chart: first and third bars plotted correctly 2(3); other five bars plotted correctly 5(2); all bars plotted correctly 2.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q12b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(b)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "If the ball was dropped from a height of 10 m, how high would you expect it to bounce?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "4 (m). [bounce-height = 0.4 x 10 = 4 m] (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q12c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(c)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Which is easier to measure accurately, the drop-height of the ball or its bounce-height? Explain your answer.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Drop-height (3); Valid explanation (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q12d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(d)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Which is easier to measure accurately, 0.2 m or 1.6 m? Explain your answer.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "1.6 m AND valid explanation (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q12e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(e)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Outline one safety precaution which the students should take when carrying out this investigation.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Valid safety precaution (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q12f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(f)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "State the main energy conversion that takes place as the ball falls through the air.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Potential to kinetic (6).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q12g", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(g)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A student made the following statement: \"Green tennis balls bounce higher than orange tennis balls.\" Is this a testable hypothesis? Justify your answer.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Yes (3); Valid justification (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q13ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(a)(i)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "The article below is from a science website (\"Do Other Planets Have Solar Eclipses?\"). Read it and answer the questions that follow. The article explains that, as on Earth, we have the privilege of seeing total solar eclipses, but the Moon blocks the Sun's light from hitting our planet. On other planets a total solar eclipse may not happen unless a moon of the right size lines up exactly between the planet and the Sun. It notes Mercury and Venus have no moons, and that Mars has two moons (Phobos and Deimos), Phobos being too small to fully cover the Sun and producing a partial 'eclipse' (annular/transit). The gas giants Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune have many moons, so eclipses can happen there. (a)(i) What is the solar system?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A photograph accompanies the article showing a solar eclipse (a dark disc with a bright ring/corona of light around it - the Sun mostly covered by a moon).", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Sun // and the objects that orbit it. (Within the 5 + 2(2) scale for part (a).)", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q13aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Our solar system is part of the Milky Way galaxy. What is a galaxy?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Collection of stars. (Within the 5 + 2(2) scale for part (a).)", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q13bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(b)(i)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name a planet in our solar system which has no moon.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Mercury / Venus (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q13bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name Mars' largest moon.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Phobos (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q13c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(c)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Why should we never look at an eclipse without proper eye protection?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Any reference to eye damage (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q13di", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(d)(i)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Draw a labelled diagram to show a model of a solar eclipse.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Empty box for the student's diagram. Marking scheme model shows Star (Sun) on the left, then the Moon, then the Planet on the right - i.e. the Moon positioned between the Sun and the planet/observer.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Diagram showing Star (Sun) - Moon - Planet, with the Moon between the Sun and the planet (6).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q13dii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(d)(ii)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Draw a labelled diagram to show a model of a lunar eclipse.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Empty box for the student's diagram. Marking scheme model shows Star (Sun) on the left, then the Planet, then the Moon on the right - i.e. the planet positioned between the Sun and the Moon.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Diagram showing Star (Sun) - Planet - Moon, with the planet between the Sun and the Moon (6).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q13e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(e)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Why does the Sun appear small when observed from the gas giant planets?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Large distance (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q13f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(f)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Currently we use robots such as the Curiosity rover to explore Mars. Outline two reasons why it is difficult for humans to explore Mars themselves.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Long distance // lack of resources or oxygen or water or food // low gravity // isolation // high cost // high amounts of carbon dioxide in atmosphere // cold temperatures // exposure to radiation // thin atmosphere (difficult to descend) // severe weather (sandstorms) // toxic soil // other correct - any two. Marks 2(3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q13g", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(g)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "For hundreds of years, astronomers believed that the Sun orbited the Earth. We now know that to be incorrect. Outline another example of how our scientific understanding of something has changed over time.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Any valid description (before and after) of a change in our scientific understanding. Marks 2(3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q14a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(a)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Bakers and food scientists are interested in the physical properties of bread. One property they investigate is how hard or easy it is to compress (squash) the bread. They do this by measuring the force needed to compress the bread by 1 mm, as in the photograph. The graph below shows the force needed to compress samples of white bread and brown bread by 1 mm, and how this force changes with the age of the bread (the time since the bread was baked). What is the unit of force?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A photograph shows a compression-testing apparatus pressing a probe down onto a slice of bread. A line graph: x-axis 'Age of bread (hours)' 0 to 48, y-axis 'Force (N) to compress the bread by 1 mm' 0 to 4. Two rising straight lines: White bread (lower line, from about 1 N at 0 h to about 2 N at 48 h) and Brown bread (upper line, from about 1.5 N at 0 h to about 3.5 N at 48 h). Both forces increase with age; brown bread requires more force than white at all ages.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Newton (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q14b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(b)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name an instrument suitable for measuring a distance of 1 mm.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Callipers / ruler / metre stick (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q14c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(c)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "State two variables which must be kept constant during this experiment to ensure that it is a fair test.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Thickness of bread // temperature // humidity // air pressure // where (area) force applied // depth of compression // other valid variable - any two. Marks 5 + 1.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q14d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(d)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 12, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "In the table below place a tick next to any conclusion that is supported by the graph and a cross next to any conclusion that is not supported by the graph. Conclusions: 'White bread is easier to compress as it gets older.'; 'Old white bread is harder to compress than fresh brown bread.'; 'Brown bread is healthier for you than white bread.'; 'White bread becomes harder to compress faster than brown bread.'", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A table with column 'Conclusion' (four statements) and a column for the student to enter a tick or a cross, judged against the bread-compression line graph in part (a).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "White bread is easier to compress as it gets older = cross; Old white bread is harder to compress than fresh brown bread = tick; Brown bread is healthier for you than white bread = cross; White bread becomes harder to compress faster than brown bread = cross. Marks 7 + 2(2) + 1.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q14ei", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(e)(i)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Bread is a good source of carbohydrate. Carbohydrate is a nutrient that is an essential part of our diet. Name another essential nutrient in our diet.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Correctly named other nutrient - protein / fat / vitamins or named vitamin / minerals or named mineral. (Within the 5 + 2(2) scale for part (e).)", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q14eii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(e)(ii)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Name a good source of this nutrient.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Correctly named source of the other nutrient. (Within the 5 + 2(2) scale for part (e).)", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q14eiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(e)(iii)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Why is this nutrient an essential part of our diet?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Correct description of why other nutrient is essential. (Within the 5 + 2(2) scale for part (e).)", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q14f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(f)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 12, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "A boy bit off a piece of a brown bread sandwich. A short time later, the cells in the boy's body were able to use the energy contained in the bread's carbohydrate. Describe the processes that happened to the bread (and the carbohydrate in it) from when the boy put the bread into his mouth to when his cells used the energy in the carbohydrate.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A small cartoon illustration of a boy eating a sandwich, with an apple and a juice carton beside him (decorative).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Any reference to physical (mechanical) digestion; any correct reference to chemical digestion; any reference to absorption / blood transport; any reference to respiration / release of energy. Marks 7 + 2(2) + 1.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q15ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(a)(i)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The picture below shows a laboratory model of the human breathing system. The bell jar represents the rib cage and the rubber sheet represents the diaphragm. Name the part of the breathing system represented by the tube labelled X.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of a bell-jar lung model: a glass bell jar (labelled 'Bell jar (rib cage)') with a Y-shaped tube at the top (labelled X) leading to two balloons inside (labelled Y), and a rubber sheet stretched across the open base (labelled 'Rubber sheet (diaphragm)').", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Trachea / windpipe (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q15aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name the part of the breathing system represented by the balloons labelled Y.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to the bell-jar lung model; the balloons labelled Y represent the lungs.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Lung(s) (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q15b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(b)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Describe what happens to the balloons (Y) when the rubber sheet (diaphragm) is pulled down.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Inflate (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q15c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(c)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Describe one flaw or limitation in this model. Explain why this is a flaw or limitation.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Limitation: bell jar is rigid (does not move) / balloons are not attached to the wall of the bell jar / rubber sheet does not recoil / air in bell jar (3); Explain: rib cage is flexible (can move) / lungs lie against wall of rib cage / diaphragm recoils / no air in chest cavity (3) - explanation must match the stated limitation.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q15di", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(d)(i)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "As the blood travels past the breathing system, some gases move between the air and the blood. Explain why the air we breathe in contains more oxygen than the air we breathe out.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "(Oxygen) moves from lungs into blood / used up during respiration (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q15dii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(d)(ii)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Explain why the air we breathe in contains the same amount of nitrogen as the air we breathe out.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "(Nitrogen is) not used / does not move into the blood / has poor (low) solubility in blood (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q15e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(e)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 4, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "After it leaves the breathing system, blood travels to the organ which pumps it all around the body. This organ is shown in the diagram below. Name the organ shown.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A line diagram of the human heart (external outline showing the chambers and the major blood vessels entering/leaving the top).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Heart. (Within the 10 + 2(1) shared scale for parts (e)-(f).)", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q15f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(f)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 8, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Draw arrows on the diagram to show the direction of blood flow.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Same line diagram of the heart as in part (e); the student adds arrows showing blood flow direction through the right and left sides of the heart.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Correct arrows on right side of heart; Correct arrows on left side of heart. (Within the 10 + 2(1) shared scale for parts (e)-(f).)", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q15g", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(g)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Micro-organisms such as yeast also release gases. The photograph shows an investigation into the factors that affect the volume of gas released by yeast. In each case, the gas released is collected in the balloon attached to the top of the reaction flask. Test A was carried out at 5 degrees C. Test B was carried out at 20 degrees C. Test C was carried out at 35 degrees C. As the reaction temperature increased (from A to C), a greater volume of gas was collected in the balloon. Suggest two reasons why an increase in reaction temperature might lead to an increase in the volume of gas collected.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of three conical flasks each containing a cloudy yeast mixture, with a balloon over the neck of each. Labelled A (5 degrees C), B (20 degrees C), C (35 degrees C). The balloons become progressively more inflated from A to C, showing more gas (CO2) is released at higher temperature.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Rate increases // increase in energy // more collisions // more effective collisions (more product formed) // more collisions reach activation energy // gases expand when heated - any two. Marks 2(3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q15h", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(h)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Describe one positive role and one negative role which micro-organisms play in human health.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Positive: add/produce vitamins / make antibiotics / used to make vaccines / produce short chain fatty acids / prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria / other valid positive role (3); Negative: cause infection / other valid negative role (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q2a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(a)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "The diagrams below show the reproductive systems for the human female and the human male. Use the letter A to label the part of the reproductive systems where the female sex cell (egg) is produced.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Two anatomical line diagrams: the human female reproductive system (ovaries, Fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina) and the human male reproductive system (testis, sperm duct, penis). Student writes letters A-D on the appropriate structures.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "A labelling the ovary.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q2b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(b)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Use the letter B to label the part of the reproductive systems where the male sex cell (sperm) is produced.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Same male/female reproductive system diagrams as part (a); student labels the testis with letter B.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "B labelling the testis.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q2c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(c)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Use the letter C to label the part of the reproductive systems where fertilisation usually occurs.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Same female reproductive system diagram; student labels the Fallopian tube with letter C.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "C labelling the Fallopian tube.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q2d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(d)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Use the letter D to label the part of the reproductive systems where the foetus develops during pregnancy.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Same female reproductive system diagram; student labels the uterus with letter D.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "D labelling the uterus.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q2e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(e)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Contraception reduces the chance of pregnancy. Describe one method of contraception.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Valid description of method of contraception (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q3a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(a)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 12, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "The diagram below is an energy profile diagram for an exothermic reaction. Use the words in the list below to label this diagram by filling in the boxes. Word list: Products, Reactants, Energy, Activation energy.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Energy profile graph (red curve) with y-axis (vertical arrow, box to label) and x-axis labelled 'Reaction progress'. The curve starts at a higher flat level on the left (reactants box), rises to a peak (activation energy, shown by a dashed double-headed arrow box to the right of the peak), then drops to a lower flat level on the right (products box). Four empty boxes to fill with Energy (y-axis), Reactants (left level), Activation energy (peak), Products (right level).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Energy (y-axis); Reactants (upper/left flat level); Activation (energy) (the dashed arrow at the peak); Products (lower/right flat level). Marks 7 + 2(2) + 1.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q3b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(b)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "An exothermic reaction is one that gives out heat. What is the name for the type of reaction that takes in heat?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Endothermic (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q4", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 15, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The passage below is about the three states of matter. The following five words are missing from the passage: chemical, conservation, evaporation, melting, physical. Write the missing words in the spaces provided. Passage: 'There are three states of matter: solid, liquid and gas. When a solid is heated it turns into a liquid - this change of state is called ____. When a liquid is heated it turns into a gas - this change of state is called ____. Liquid water freezes to become solid ice; this is an example of a ____ change. When water, which electricity is passed through liquid water it is converted into its elements, hydrogen and oxygen; this is an example of a ____ change. When liquid water freezes, the mass of the ice formed is the same as the mass of the liquid water. This is an example of ____ of mass.'", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph below the passage showing melting ice cubes with water droplets on a dark surface (illustrating states of matter / change of state).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "In order: Melting; Evaporation; Physical; Chemical; Conservation. Marks 11 + 4(1).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q5a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(a)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A student used the circuit diagram on the right to investigate how the current flowing through resistor R varies with the voltage (potential difference) across it. A is an ammeter. Does an ammeter measure current or voltage?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Circuit diagram: a series loop containing a battery cell, a variable resistor (rheostat) at the top, a resistor labelled R, a voltmeter labelled V connected across/near R, and an ammeter labelled A in the bottom of the circuit.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Current (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q5b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(b)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The student found that the current flowing through the resistor was proportional to the voltage across it. Which graph, X or Y, shows that current is proportional to voltage? Justify your answer.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Two graphs each with axes Current (I) on y and Voltage (V) on x. Graph X is a curve that starts low/flat then bends upward (non-linear). Graph Y is a straight line through the origin (linear, directly proportional).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Y (3); Justify: straight line (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q5c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(c)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A current of 6 A flows through the resistor when a voltage of 12 V is applied across it. Calculate the resistance of the resistor. Include the unit in your answer.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "2 (3); unit Ω / ohms (3). [R = V/I = 12/6 = 2 Ω]", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q6a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(a)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "In ecology, each of the pieces of equipment shown below can be used in a habitat study. (The equipment shown is: Pooter, Net, Pitfall trap.) Circle the name of one of these pieces of equipment and describe how you would use it.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Three labelled photographs of ecology field equipment: a Pooter (a jar/tube device with two tubes for sucking up insects), a Net (a sweep/pond net with a long handle), and a Pitfall trap (a container sunk into the ground level with the soil).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Circle one and give correct description. Pooter: place tube over insect/animal/named insect AND suck through tube with gauze or green tube or short tube or other tube; OR Net: sweep/swing/draw through grass or air or water AND animal/named animal gets caught or trapped; OR Pitfall trap: place container (named container) in ground AND animal/named animal gets caught or trapped. Marks 2(3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q6b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Name two resources that trees, such as those shown on the right, compete for.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of a dense woodland/forest of tall trees (illustrating trees competing for resources).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Sunlight or light // water // nutrients or minerals // space // other correct - any two. Marks 2(3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q6c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(c)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Describe one way we can help to conserve ecological biodiversity.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Valid description - e.g. preserve habitats / reduce pesticide use / stop invasive species / create nature preserves / captive breeding / seed banks / reduce pollution / plant trees / any other correct (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q7a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(a)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "The graph below shows how the speed of a car changed with time during a journey. What is the maximum speed of the car during this journey?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Speed-time graph, y-axis Speed (m/s) 0-35, x-axis Time (s) 0-240. Line: A at (0,15) flat to B at (60,15); rises steeply from B to C at (120,30) the peak; falls from C to D at (180,0); flat along the x-axis from D to E at (240,0).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "30 (m/s).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q7b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(b)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Calculate the acceleration of the car between positions B and C.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to the speed-time graph: B at (60 s, 15 m/s) and C at (120 s, 30 m/s). Acceleration = change in speed / time = (30-15)/(120-60) = 15/60 = 0.25 m/s^2.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "0.25 (m/s^2).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q7c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(c)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Describe the motion of the car between positions C and D.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to the speed-time graph: from C (120 s, 30 m/s) the line falls to D (180 s, 0 m/s) - the car is slowing down.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Deceleration / slowing down.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q7d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(d)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Describe the motion of the car between positions D and E.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to the speed-time graph: from D (180 s, 0 m/s) the line stays on the x-axis to E (240 s, 0 m/s) - speed is zero.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Stationary / not moving.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q8a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(a)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagram shows an experiment a student carried out to investigate the reaction between an acid and a base. Name a base that could be used in this investigation.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Apparatus diagram: a burette (clamped on a retort stand) labelled 'Acid' delivering into a conical flask labelled 'Base' on a stand; a pH probe in the flask connected to a pH meter (digital display).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Correct base named (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q8b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(b)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name an acid that could be used in this investigation.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Correct acid named (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q8c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(c)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagram shows a pH probe and a pH meter, which the student used in this experiment. Answer the following question by putting a tick in the correct box. At the start of the experiment, the reading on the pH meter should be: Less than 7 / 7 / Greater than 7.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Greater than 7 (3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q8di", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(d)(i)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Another student decided to use an indicator, instead of using a pH meter, to investigate the reaction between an acid and a base. Name an indicator that could be used in this experiment.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "A valid named indicator, e.g. Methyl orange / Universal / Litmus / Phenolphthalein / Red cabbage / other valid. (Part of 2(3) shared with d(ii).)", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q8dii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(d)(ii)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "What colour is this indicator when added to a base?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Colour in base must match the named indicator: Methyl orange = Yellow/orange; Universal = Blue/purple; Litmus = Blue; Phenolphthalein = Pink; Red cabbage = Blue/green; accept other valid named indicator and correct colour in base. Marks 2(3) (shared with d(i)).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q9a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(a)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Complete the table below, using the Periodic Table of the elements to predict the ratio of atoms and the chemical formula for each of the compounds listed. You should refer to page 79 of the Formulae and Tables booklet when answering this question. The first row is completed for you: Magnesium chloride - Magnesium (Mg), Chlorine (Cl), Ratio 1:2, Formula MgCl2. Complete: Potassium chloride - Potassium (K), Chlorine (Cl); Hydrogen sulfide - Hydrogen (H), Sulfur (S); Aluminium oxide - Aluminium (Al), Oxygen (O).", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A table with columns Compound, First element, Second element, Ratio, Formula. First row (Magnesium chloride) filled in as worked example. Three rows to complete (Potassium chloride, Hydrogen sulfide, Aluminium oxide).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Potassium chloride: K, Cl, ratio 1:1, formula KCl; Hydrogen sulfide: H, S, ratio 2:1, formula H2S; Aluminium oxide: Al, O, ratio 2:3, formula Al2O3. Each row marked 1+2.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-EV-q9b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(b)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Aluminium is a metal but sulfur is a non-metal. Outline two differences between metals and non-metals.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Two photographs (mineral specimens) accompany the question: an aluminium/metal-like ore sample and bright yellow sulfur crystals.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Metals conduct electricity or non-metals do not conduct electricity (electrical insulators) // metals conduct heat or non-metals do not conduct heat (thermal insulators) // metals are lustrous/shiny or non-metals are dull // metals are solid at room temperature or non-metals can be solid, liquid or gas at room temperature // metals are sonorous or non-metals are not sonorous // metals are malleable or non-metals are not malleable // metals form positive ions or non-metals form negative ions // metals are ductile or non-metals are not ductile // metals have a high melting (boiling) point or non-metals have a low melting (boiling) point - any two. Marks 2(3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q1a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(a)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Taispeántar sna pictiúir thíos cealla ó oinniún (cealla planda) agus ó leiceann an duine (cealla ainmhí). I dtaca le gach pictiúr, tarraing saighead ón litir N atá scríofa faoi bhun an phictiúir go dtí núicléas cille.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Two microscope images side by side. Left: 'Oinniún (cealla planda)' — onion cells stained blue/green showing rectangular plant cells with visible cell walls and nuclei. Right: 'Leiceann an duine (cealla ainmhí)' — human cheek cells stained pink/purple showing rounded animal cells with central nuclei. Each image has the letter N printed beneath it; a labelling line/arrow is to be drawn to a cell nucleus in each.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Arrow from N to the nucleus of an onion cell (3 marks); arrow from N to the nucleus of a human cheek cell (3 marks).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q1b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(b)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Tá na hainmneacha ar roinnt codanna eile de chealla liostáilte thíos. Úsáid na focail sa liosta thíos chun gach cuid de chill a bhfuil cur síos uirthi a ainmniú. (Cíteaplasma / Cillscannán / Cillbhalla). Cur síos ar chuid de chill — Rialaíonn sé gluaiseacht substaintí isteach agus amach as cealla; I gcealla planda amháin a fhaightear é; An t-ábhar ar fad laistigh de chill, seachas an núicléas.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Rialaíonn sé gluaiseacht substaintí isteach agus amach as cealla = (Cill)scannán (cell membrane); I gcealla planda amháin a fhaightear é = (Cill)bhalla (cell wall); An t-ábhar ar fad laistigh de chill, seachas an núicléas = Cíteaplasma (cytoplasm). Marking: 5 + 2(2).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q10ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(a)(i)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sa bhliain 1932, rinne an fisiceoir Éireannach Ernest Walton agus an fisiceoir Sasanach John Cockcroft núicléas a scoilteadh go saorga den chéad uair trí adamh litiam a thuargaint le prótóin in ardluas. Thaispeáin Walton agus Cockcroft go dtiontaítear mais ina fuinneamh nuair a scoiltear núicléas. Ba é seo an chéad chruthú turgnamhach ar chothromóid iomráiteach Albert Einstein, E = mc². (a)(i) Ainmnigh an cineál lucht atá ar phrótón agus luaigh an cáithnín atá ainmnithe agat.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of the Cockcroft–Walton particle accelerator apparatus (early atom-splitting equipment, a tall column of metal cylinders/insulators in a laboratory).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Neodrán (neutron — the named particle). Marking: 3.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q10aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Déan comparáid idir lucht an phrótóin agus lucht an cháithnín eile atá ainmnithe agat.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Prótón: deimhneach nó +1 nó + (positive / +1) agus Neodrón: neodrach nó 0 nó gan lucht (neutral / 0 / no charge). Marking: 3.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q10b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(b)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sa spás thíos, tarraing léaráid lipéadaithe d'adamh litiam agus taispeáin suíomh an núicléis agus suíomhanna na leictreon. (Adamh litiam).", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "An empty labelled box headed 'Adamh litiam' in which the candidate draws a labelled lithium atom showing the nucleus and the positions of the electrons.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Correct labelled drawing of a lithium atom (nucleus with protons/neutrons and electrons in shells). Marking: 3.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q10c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(c)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ba é saothar Walton agus Cockcroft a chuir tús leis an aois núicléach. Luaigh buntáiste amháin a bhaineann le cumhacht núicléach a úsáid chun leictreachas a ghiniúint.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Long carbóin íseal (low carbon / reduces carbon emissions) / iontaofa (reliable) / éifeachtúil (efficient) / ní tháirgtear gás cheaptha teasa (no greenhouse gas produced) / cost-éifeachtúil (cost-effective). Marking: 3.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q11a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(a)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Taispeántar sa léaráid thíos an dóigh a ngluaiseann carbón isteach agus as an aer agus as an ithir. Is cuid de thimthriall an charbóin é seo. I rith phróiseas A, scaoileann plandaí agus ainmhithe dé-ocsaíd charbóin (CO2) san aer. Ainmnigh próiseas A.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Carbon-cycle diagram with arrows labelled A, B, C and D linking a tree, a cow, the soil/ground and a factory, with CO2 shown in the air. Arrow A represents plants and animals releasing CO2 into the air; B plants taking in CO2; C carbon entering the soil; D a factory/combustion releasing CO2.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Riospráid (respiration) — 3 marks.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q11bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(b)(i)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "I rith phróiseas B, tógann plandaí dé-ocsaíd charbóin isteach ón aer chun bia a dhéanamh. Ainmnigh próiseas B.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to arrow B on the carbon-cycle diagram, where plants take CO2 in from the air to make food.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Fótaisintéis (photosynthesis). Marking for (b): 7 + 2(2) + 1.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q11bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Críochnaigh an chothromóid cheimiceach thíos do phróiseas B. Tá cead agat aon ní foirmle cheimiceach gach substainte a úsáid chun an chothromóid a chríochnú. Dé-ocsaíd charbóin (CO2) + ____ → Glúcós (C6H12O6) + ____.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Dé-ocsaíd charbóin (CO2) + Uisce / H2O → Glúcós (C6H12O6) + Ocsaigin / O2. Part of marking for (b): 7 + 2(2) + 1.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q11biii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(b)(iii)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Ainmnigh an ceimiceán glas a fhaightear i bplandaí agus a ligeann do phróiseas B tarlú.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Clóraifill (chlorophyll). Part of marking for (b): 7 + 2(2) + 1.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q11c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(c)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Déan cur síos ar an dóigh a gcuireann plandaí agus ainmhithe carbón leis an ithir i bpróiseas C.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to arrow C on the carbon-cycle diagram (carbon being added to the soil).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Meath / damscaoileadh (decay / decomposition). Marking: 3.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q11d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(d)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Taispeántar breoslaí iontaise á ndó le linn phróiseas D, rud a scaoileann dé-ocsaíd charbóin san aer. Ainmnigh breosla amháin den chineál seo.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to arrow D on the carbon-cycle diagram (a factory burning fossil fuels and releasing CO2).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Any fossil fuel: Gual (coal) / ola (oil) / peitreal (petrol) / díosal (diesel) / ceirisín (kerosene) / móin (turf) / gás nádúrtha (natural gas) / meatán (methane) / próipán (propane) / búitán (butane). Marking: 3.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q11e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(e)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Is minic a deirtear gur gás ceaptha teasa í dé-ocsaíd charbóin. Déan cur síos ar dhá chúis imní maidir leis an timpeallacht a bhaineann le méadú ar leibhéal na dé-ocsaíde carbóin inár n-atmaisféar.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Two environmental concerns linked to rising CO2, e.g. global warming/téamh domhanda, climate change/athrú aeráide, melting ice caps, rising sea levels, etc. (accepted points). Dhá cheann ar bith — 2(3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q11f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(f)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Deir eolaí nach mbeadh aon rud beo ar an Domhan mura mbeadh aon dé-ocsaíd charbóin inár n-atmaisféar. An dóigh leat go bhfuil an ráiteas seo fíor nó bréagach? Cosain do fhreagra.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Fíor nó bréagach agus cosaint bhailí (true or false with a valid justification, e.g. plants need CO2 for photosynthesis / CO2 keeps the planet warm) — 3 marks.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q12a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(a)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Rinne grúpa daltaí iniúchadh ar cé chomh hard is a phreabann liathróid tar éis ligean di titim. Lig siad do liathróid titim ó airde éagsúil roinnt uaireanta (airde na titime) agus thomhais siad an airde a phreab an liathróid gach uair (airde an phreabtha). Taispeántar na torthaí a fuair siad sa tábla thíos. (Airde na titime (m): 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 → Airde an phreabtha (m): 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0). Sa spás thíos, cuir an t-eolas seo i láthair agus tú ag baint úsáide as graf nó as cairt oiriúnach.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A results table (drop height vs bounce height, values listed above) and a blank grid for plotting: x-axis 'Airde na titime (m)' 0 to 5.0, y-axis 'Airde an phreabtha (m)' 0 to 2.0. The data are directly proportional (bounce = 0.4 × drop), giving a straight line through the origin.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Correct graph/chart of the data (straight line through the origin). The scheme states the marks for (a) but the figure was not legible in the rendered scheme page; mark not transcribed with confidence.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q12b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(b)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Dá ligfí don liathróid titim ó airde 10 m, cé chomh hard a mbeifeá ag súil leis go bpreabfadh sí?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "4 (m). — 3 marks. (bounce = 0.4 × 10 = 4 m.)", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q12c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(c)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cé acu is fusa a thomhas go cruinn, an airde óna dtiteann an liathróid nó airde an phreabtha? Mínigh do fhreagra.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Airde na titime (the drop height) — 3 marks; valid explanation (e.g. you can set/measure the drop height before releasing, whereas the bounce happens too quickly) — 3 marks.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q12d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(d)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cé acu is fusa a thomhas go cruinn, 0.2 m nó 1.6 m? Mínigh do fhreagra.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "1.6 m agus míniú bailí (1.6 m, with a valid explanation — a larger value is easier to measure accurately) — 3 marks.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q12e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(e)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tabhair breac-chuntas ar réamhchúram sábháilteachta amháin is cóir do na daltaí a dhéanamh agus an t-iniúchadh seo á chur i gcrích acu.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Réamhchúram sábháilteachta bailí (any valid safety precaution) — 3 marks.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q12f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(f)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Luaigh an príomhthiontú fuinnimh a tharlaíonn de réir mar a thiteann an liathróid tríd an aer.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Poitéinseal go cinéiteach (potential energy → kinetic energy) — 6 marks.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q12g", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(g)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Rinne dalta an ráiteas seo a leanas: \"Preabann liathróidí leadóige glasa níos airde ná liathróidí leadóige oráiste.\" An féidir hipitéis mar sin a thástáil? Cosain do fhreagra.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Ceapaim (yes, it can be tested) — 3 marks; and a valid justification (cosaint bhailí) — 3 marks.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q13ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(a)(i)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 5, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "[Léitear sliocht 'An mbíonn Líra Gréine ag Pláinéid Eile?' faoi uruithe ar an Domhan agus ar Mhars, agus na gealacha Phobos agus Deimos.] (a)(i) Cad is grianchóras ann?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A reading passage with a photograph of a total solar eclipse (a black disc with a bright corona ring) accompanying the comprehension on eclipses on Earth and Mars.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Grian (the Sun) // agus na réada a bhíonn á fhithisiú (and the bodies that orbit it). Marking for (a): 5 + 2(2).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q13aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 4, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Is cuid de réaltra Bhealach na Bó Finne é ár ngrianchóras. Cad is réaltra ann?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Bailiúchán réaltaí (a collection of stars). Marking for (a): 5 + 2(2).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q13bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(b)(i)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ainmnigh pláinéad atá níos gaire don Ghrian ná an Domhan.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Mearcair / Véineas (Mercury / Venus) — 3 marks.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q13bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ainmnigh an ghealach is mó atá ag Mars.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Phobos — 3 marks.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q13c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(c)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cén fáth nár chóir duit breathnú choíche ar urú gan cosaint cheart do na súile?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Aon tagairt do dhamáiste na súile (any reference to eye damage) — 3 marks.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q13di", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(d)(i)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tarraing léaráid lipéadaithe chun samhail d'urú gréine a thaispeáint.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A blank space in which the candidate draws a labelled solar-eclipse model.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Labelled diagram with the order Réalta (Sun) — Gealach (Moon) — Pláinéad (Earth): the Moon is between the Sun and Earth. — 6 marks.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q13dii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(d)(ii)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tarraing léaráid lipéadaithe chun samhail d'urú gealaí a thaispeáint.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A blank space in which the candidate draws a labelled lunar-eclipse model.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Labelled diagram with the order Réalta (Sun) — Pláinéad (Earth) — Gealach (Moon): the Earth is between the Sun and Moon. — 6 marks.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q13e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(e)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cén fáth a mbíonn cuma bheag ar an nGrian nuair a bhreathnaítear uirthi ó na pláinéid atá ina bhfathaigh gháis?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Achar fada (large distance — the gas-giant planets are far from the Sun) — 3 marks.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q13f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(f)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Faoi láthair, bainimid úsáid as róbait mar an spáscharr Curiosity chun Mars a thaiscéaladh. Tabhair breac-chuntas ar dhá chúis a bhfuil sé deacair do dhaoine Mars a thaiscéaladh iad féin.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Two reasons, e.g. Achar fada (large distance) / easpa acmhainní nó ocsaigin nó uisce nó bia (lack of resources, oxygen, water or food) / domhantarraingt íseal (low gravity) / aonrú (isolation) / costas ard (high cost) / méideanna móra de dhé-ocsaíd charbóin san atmaisféar (large amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere) / teochtaí fuara (cold temperatures) / nochtadh go radaíocht (radiation exposure) / atmaisféar tanaí (thin atmosphere) / deacair le teacht anuas (hard to land) / adhaimsir (storms) / ithir nimhiúil (toxic soil). Dhá cheann ar bith — 2(3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q13g", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(g)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Ar feadh na gcéadta bliain, chreid réalteolaithe go mbíonn an Ghrian ag fithisiú an Domhain. Tá a fhios againn anois go bhfuil sé sin mícheart. Tabhair breac-chuntas ar shampla eile de bhealach inar athraigh ár dtuiscint eolaíochta ar rud éigin le himeacht ama.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Aon chur síos bailí (roimh agus tar éis) athrú inár dtuiscint eolaíoch — any valid example of scientific understanding changing over time. — 2(3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q14a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(a)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "[Iniúchadh ar cé chomh daingean is atá arán de réir mar a éiríonn sé níos sine: tomhaiseadh an fórsa a theastaíonn chun taiscéalaí a bhrú 3 mm isteach in arán bán agus in arán donn thar 48 lá.] Céard é aonad an fhórsa?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of a texture-analyser probe pressing down on a slice of bread, beside a line graph: x-axis 'Aois an aráin (uaireanta an chloig)' 0 to 48, y-axis 'An fórsa (N) chun an taiscéalaí a bhrú isteach 3 mm' 0 to 4. Two rising lines: 'Arán bán' (white bread, upper/orange line, higher force) and 'Arán donn' (brown bread, lower/blue line). Force needed increases with bread age, more steeply for white bread.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Newton — 3 marks.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q14b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(b)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ainmnigh gléas atá oiriúnach chun fad 1 mm a thomhas.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Cailpéir / rialóir / méadarshlat (caliper / ruler / metre stick) — 3 marks.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q14c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(c)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Luaigh dhá athróg is gá a choimeád tairiseach i rith an turgnaimh seo chun a chinntiú gur tástáil chóir a bheidh ann.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Two of: tiús an aráin (bread thickness) / teocht (temperature) / aerbhrú (air pressure) / an áit ar cuireadh an brú (where the pressure is applied) / doimhneacht an chomhbhrúite (depth of compression) / other valid variable. Dhá cheann ar bith — marking (c): 5 + 1.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q14d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(d)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 12, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Sa tábla thíos, cuir tic (✓) taobh le conclúid ar bith a dtacaíonn an graf léi agus cros (✗) taobh le conclúid ar bith nach dtacaíonn an graf léi. (Conclúidí: Is fusa arán bán a chomhbhrú de réir mar a théann sé in aois. / Tá sé níos deacra sean-arán bán a chomhbhrú ná arán donn úr. / Tá arán donn níos sláintiúla duit ná arán bán. / Éiríonn arán bán níos deacra a chomhbhrú níos tapúla ná arán donn.)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A table of four conclusions, each to be marked with a tick (supported by the graph) or a cross (not supported). The decision relies on the force-vs-age graph for white and brown bread.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Is fusa arán bán a chomhbhrú de réir mar a théann sé in aois → ✗; Tá sé níos deacra sean-arán bán a chomhbhrú ná arán donn úr → ✓; Tá arán donn níos sláintiúla duit ná arán bán → ✗; Éiríonn arán bán níos deacra a chomhbhrú níos tapúla ná arán donn → ✗. Marking (d): 7 + 2(2) + 1.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q14ei", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(e)(i)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Is foinse mhaith carbaihiodráite é arán. Is cothaitheach í an charbaihiodráit atá ina comhpháirt riachtanach d'ár réim bia. Ainmnigh cothaitheach eile atá riachtanach inár réim bia.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Another nutrient: próitéin (protein) / saill (fat) / vitimín nó vitimíní (vitamin) / mianraí nó mianra ainmnithe (minerals). Marking (e): 5 + 2(2).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q14eii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(e)(ii)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Ainmnigh foinse mhaith den chothaitheach seo.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "A good source of the named nutrient (foinse an chothaithigh eile ainmnithe i gceart). Marking (e): 5 + 2(2).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q14eiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(e)(iii)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Cén fáth an bhfuil an cothaitheach seo riachtanach inár réim bia?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Cur síos ceart ar an bhfáth a bhfuil an cothaitheach eile riachtanach (a correct reason why that nutrient is needed). Marking (e): 5 + 2(2).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q14f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(f)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 12, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Bhain buachaill greim as ceapaire d'arán donn. Tamall gearr ina dhiaidh sin, bhí na cealla i gcorp an bhuachalla ábalta an fuinneamh sa charbaihiodráit san arán a úsáid. Déan cur síos ar na próisis a tharla don arán (agus don charbaihiodráit ann) ón am a chuir an buachaill an t-arán ina bhéal go dtí gur úsáid a chealla an fuinneamh sa charbaihiodráit.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A small cartoon of a boy eating a sandwich, with an apple and a drink, accompanies the question; no data-bearing image.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Description of the processes from mouth to cells: any reference to physical digestion (díleá fisiciúil / chewing) / chemical digestion (díleá ceimiceach / enzymes) / absorption and transport in blood (ionsú / d'iompar fola) / respiration releasing energy (riospráid / scaoileadh fuinnimh). Marking (f): 7 + 2(2) + 1.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q15ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(a)(i)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Taispeántar sa phictiúr thíos samhail saotharlainne de chóras análaithe an duine. Seasann an clogad do chreat na n-easnacha agus seasann an leathán rubair don scairt. Ainmnigh an chuid den chóras análaithe dá seasann an feadán a bhfuil lipéad X air.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of a bell-jar breathing model: 'Clogad (creat na n-easnacha)' = the bell jar representing the rib cage; X points to the glass tube/straw at the top (the trachea); Y points to two balloons inside (the lungs); 'Leathán rubair (scairt)' = the rubber sheet across the base representing the diaphragm.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Traicé / píobán garbh (trachea / windpipe) — 3 marks.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q15aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ainmnigh an chuid den chóras análaithe dá seasann na balúin a bhfuil lipéad Y orthu.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to the balloons labelled Y inside the bell-jar breathing model.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Scamhóg(a) (lung(s)) — 3 marks.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q15b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(b)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Déan cur síos ar an rud a tharlaíonn do na balúin (Y) nuair a tharraingítear an leathán rubair (an scairt) anuas.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to the bell-jar model: pulling the rubber sheet (diaphragm) downward.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Méadaíonn siad (they expand / inflate / get bigger) — 3 marks.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q15c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(c)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Déan cur síos ar fhabht nó ar easnamh amháin atá sa tsamhail seo. Mínigh cén fáth ar fabht nó easnamh é.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "A flaw/limitation named (e.g. the rigid bell jar / the balloons are not realistic) with an explanation (easnamh + míniú bailí) — 3 + 3 marks.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q15di", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(d)(i)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "De réir mar a ghluaiseann an fhuil thar an gcóras análaithe, gluaiseann roinnt gás idir an t-aer agus an fhuil. Mínigh cén fáth a bhfuil níos mó ocsaigine san aer a tharraingímid isteach ná mar atá san aer a ligimid amach.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Bogann sí ó na scamhóga go dtí an fhuil / idirsar (oxygen passes from the lungs into the blood during respiration, so less is exhaled) — 3 marks.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q15dii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(d)(ii)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Mínigh cén fáth a bhfuil an méid céanna nítrigine san aer a tharraingímid isteach agus atá san aer a ligimid amach.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Ní úsáidtear í / ní bhogann sí isteach san fhuil / droch-intuaslagthacht (nitrogen is not used by the body and does not move into the blood / it is poorly soluble) — 3 marks.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q15e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(e)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tar éis di an córas análaithe a fhágáil, gluaiseann an fhuil go dtí an t-orgán a chaidéalaíonn mórthimpeall an choirp í. Taispeántar an t-orgán seo sa léaráid thíos. Ainmnigh an t-orgán a thaispeántar.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Line diagram (cross-section) of a human heart showing the four chambers, the septum and the major blood vessels, to be identified.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "An croí (the heart) — 3 marks.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q15f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(f)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Tarraing saigheada ar an léaráid chun an treo a sreabhann an fhuil a thaispeáint.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "The same heart cross-section diagram; the candidate adds arrows showing the direction of blood flow through the heart.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Saigheada ceart ar thaobh dheas an chroí / saigheada ceart ar thaobh chlé an chroí (correct arrows on the right side and left side of the heart). Part of (e)-(f) marking: 10 + 2(1).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q15g", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(g)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Scaoileann miocrorgánaigh mar an giosta gáis freisin. [Taispeánann grianghraf iniúchadh ar na tosca a mbíonn tionchar acu ar thoirt an gháis a scaoileann an giosta. Rinneadh tástáil A ag 5 °C, tástáil B ag 20 °C, agus tástáil C ag 35 °C. Bailíodh an gás a scaoiltear i mbalún. De réir mar a mhéadaigh teocht an imoibrithe (ó A go C), bailíodh toirt níos mó den ghás sa bhalún.] Mol dhá chúis go mb'fhéidir go mbeadh méadú ar thoirt an gháis a bhaileofaí de thoradh ar mhéadú ar theocht an imoibriúcháin.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of three conical flasks each containing a cloudy yeast suspension with a balloon over the neck, labelled A (5 °C), B (20 °C) and C (35 °C). The balloon is progressively more inflated from A to C, showing more gas collected at higher temperature.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Two reasons, e.g. the yeast/microorganisms are more active at higher temperature / the reaction is faster / particles move faster / more gas is produced (any valid pair). 2(3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q15h", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(h)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Déan cur síos ar ról dearfach amháin agus ar ról diúltach amháin a bhíonn ag miocrorgánaigh i sláinte an duine.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "A positive role (e.g. aid digestion in the gut / make antibiotics / make bread, yogurt or cheese) and a negative role (e.g. cause disease / cause food spoilage). 3 + 3 marks.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q2a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(a)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Taispeántar sna léaráidí thíos na córais atáirgthe sa bhaineannach daonna agus san fhireannach daonna. Úsáid an litir A chun an chuid de na córais atáirgthe ina dtáirgtear an ghnéaschill bhaineann (úibh) a lipéadú.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Two anatomical line diagrams: a female reproductive system (front view showing uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries) and a male reproductive system (side view showing testis, vas deferens, urethra and penis). Candidate labels structures with letters A, B, C, D.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Label A on the ovary (ubhagán). Part of overall marking (a)-(d): 7 + 2(2).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q2b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(b)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Úsáid an litir B chun an chuid de na córais atáirgthe ina dtáirgtear an ghnéaschill fhireann (spéirm) a lipéadú.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Same female/male reproductive-system line diagrams as in part (a). Candidate marks letter B on the structure producing the male gamete (sperm) — the testis.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Label B on the testis (uirí / testis). Part of overall marking (a)-(d): 7 + 2(2).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q2c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(c)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Úsáid an litir C chun an chuid de na córais atáirgthe ina dtáirgtear an ghnéaschill bhaineann toirchiú de ghnáth a lipéadú.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Same reproductive-system diagrams. Candidate marks letter C on the structure where fertilisation normally occurs — the fallopian tube.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Label C on the fallopian tube (feadán fallópach). Part of overall marking (a)-(d): 7 + 2(2).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q2d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(d)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Úsáid an litir D chun an chuid de na córais atáirgthe ina bhforbraíonn an féatas le linn toirchis a lipéadú.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Same reproductive-system diagrams. Candidate marks letter D on the structure where the foetus develops during pregnancy — the uterus.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Label D on the uterus (útaras). Part of overall marking (a)-(d): 7 + 2(2).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q2e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(e)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Laghdaíonn an frithghiniúint an seans go dtárlóidh toircheas. Déan cur síos ar mhodh frithghiniúna amháin.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Any valid description of a method of contraception (cur síos bailí ar mhodh frithghiniúna) — 3 marks.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q3a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(a)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 11, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Léaráid de phróifíl fuinnimh le haghaidh imoibriú eisiteirmeach atá sa léaráid thíos. Úsáid na focail sa liosta thíos agus líon isteach na boscaí chun an léaráid seo a lipéadú. (Táirgí / Imoibreáin / Fuinneamh / Fuinneamh gníomhachtúcháin).", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Energy profile diagram for an exothermic reaction. Vertical axis to be labelled 'Fuinneamh' (Energy); horizontal axis labelled 'Dul chun cinn an imoibrithe' (Reaction progress). The red curve starts on a higher plateau on the left (to be labelled 'Imoibreáin' = Reactants), rises to a peak (the hump, with a vertical double-arrow marked 'Fuinneamh gníomhachtúcháin' = Activation energy), then falls to a lower plateau on the right (to be labelled 'Táirgí' = Products).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Box labels: left plateau = Imoibreáin (Reactants); y-axis = Fuinneamh (Energy); peak/hump = (Fuinneamh) gníomhachtúcháin (Activation energy); right (lower) plateau = Táirgí (Products). Marking (a): 7 + 2(2) + 1.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q3b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(b)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is éard atá in imoibriú eisiteirmeach ná imoibriú a thugann amach teas. Cad é an t-ainm a thugtar ar an imoibriú a thógann isteach teas?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Inteirmeach (endothermic) — 3 marks.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q4", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 15, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is sliocht é seo thíos faoi thrí staid an damhna. Tá na cúig fhocal seo a leanas in easnamh ón sliocht: (ceimiceach / caomhnú / galú / leá / fisiceach). Scríobh na focail atá in easnamh sna spásanna atá ann dóibh. [Sliocht le bearnaí maidir le staid an damhna: solad, leacht agus gás; nuair a dhéantar solad a théamh athraíonn sé ina leacht — ___; nuair a dhéantar leacht a théamh athraíonn sé ina ghás — ___; is athrú ___ staide é seo; ní athraítear an damhna ann; ___ damhna; is athrú ___ staide é seo.]", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph beneath the cloze passage showing ice cubes melting into water with gas/air bubbles, illustrating the three states of matter (solid, liquid and the change of state).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "The five missing words in order: Leá (melting), Galú (evaporation), Fisiceach (physical), Ceimiceach (chemical), Caomhnú (conservation). Marking: 11 + 4(1).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q5a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(a)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Bhain dalta úsáid as an léaráid de chiorcad ar dheis chun iniúchadh a dhéanamh ar an dóigh a n-athraíonn an sruth a bhíonn ag sreabhadh tríd an bhfriotóir R de réir an voltais (difríocht poitéinsil) trasna air. Is aimphéadar é A. Cé acu a thomhaiseann aimphéadar, an sruth nó an voltas?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Circuit diagram: a fixed resistor R in series, with a voltmeter V connected in parallel across it, a variable resistor (rheostat, shown as a rectangle with an arrow) at the top, a battery/cell on the right, and an ammeter A in the main loop at the bottom.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Sruth (current) — 3 marks. (An ammeter measures current.)", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q5b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(b)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Fuair an dalta amach go raibh an sruth a bhí ag sreabhadh tríd an bhfriotóir i gcomhréir leis an voltas trasna air. Cé acu graf, X nó Y, a thaispeánann go bhfuil an sruth i gcomhréir leis an voltas? Cosain do fhreagra.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Two graphs of Sruth (I) on the y-axis versus Voltas (V) on the x-axis. Graf X shows a curved line that is initially flat then curves steeply upward (non-linear). Graf Y shows a straight line through the origin (linear, directly proportional).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Y — 3 marks; justification: líne dhíreach (straight line / linear graph through origin) — 3 marks.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q5c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(c)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sreabhann sruth 6 A tríd an bhfriotóir nuair a fheidhmítear voltas 12 V trasna air. Ríomh friotaíocht an fhriotóra. Bíodh an t-aonad san áireamh i do fhreagra.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "2 — 3 marks; Ω / ohms (unit) — 3 marks. (R = V/I = 12/6 = 2 Ω.)", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q6a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(a)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "San éiceolaíocht, is féidir gach ceann de na píosaí trealaimh a thaispeántar thíos a úsáid i staidéar ar ghnáthóg. Cuir ciorcal thart ar ainm cheann amháin de na píosaí trealaimh seo agus déan cur síos ar conas a d'úsáidfeá é. (Pútar / Eangach / Gaiste ceap tuisle).", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Three photographs of ecological sampling apparatus labelled: 'Pútar' (a pooter — a small jar/tube with two flexible tubes for sucking up small animals), 'Eangach' (a sweep/butterfly net) and 'Gaiste ceap tuisle' (a pitfall trap — a beaker/cup set into the ground with a cover above it).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Circle one apparatus and give a correct use. Pútar: suck an animal up through a tube // suck through a tube with mesh or a short glass tube. Eangach: sweep/swing through grass for air animals (or through water). Gaiste ceap tuisle: place a container in the ground // catches an animal that falls in. Any 2(3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q6b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Ainmnigh dhá acmhainn a mbíonn crann, ar nós na gcrann ar dheis, in iomaíocht le haghaidh a fháil.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of a woodland of tall trees in a forest (referenced as 'na crainn ar dheis' — the trees on the right).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Two of: solas gréine (light) / uisce (water) / cothaithigh / mianraí (minerals) / spás (space) / or other valid resource. Dhá cheann ar bith — 2(3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q6c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(c)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Déan cur síos ar shlí amháin ar féidir linn cabhrú leis an mbithéagsúlacht éiceolaíoch a chaomhnú.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Any valid conservation measure, e.g. reduce/stop pesticide use, reintroduce species, create a reserve/habitat, plant trees, protect species, or other valid answer — 3 marks.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q7a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(a)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Taispeántar sa ghraf thíos an dóigh ar athraigh luas cairr in aghaidh an ama le linn turais. Céard é uasluas an chairr le linn an turais seo?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Speed-time graph: y-axis 'Luas (m/s)' from 0 to 35, x-axis 'Am (s)' from 0 to 240. Plotted points/segments: A at (0,15) flat to B at (60,15); rising straight line from B up to C at (120,30); falling straight line from C down to D at (180,0); flat along the axis from D to E at (240,0).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "30 (m/s) — 3 marks. Marking for (a)-(d): 2(6) + 2 + 1.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q7b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(b)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Ríomh luasghéarú an chairr idir na suíomhanna B agus C.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to the speed-time graph: from B (60 s, 15 m/s) to C (120 s, 30 m/s), so change in speed 15 m/s over 60 s.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "0.25 (m/s²) — acceleration = (30-15)/(120-60) = 15/60 = 0.25 m/s². Marking for (a)-(d): 2(6) + 2 + 1.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q7c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(c)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 2, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Déan cur síos ar ghluaisne an chairr idir na suíomhanna C agus D.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to the speed-time graph: from C (120 s, 30 m/s) the line falls to D (180 s, 0 m/s) — a downward slope.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Luasmhoilliú / moilliú síos (decelerating / slowing down). Marking for (a)-(d): 2(6) + 2 + 1.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q7d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(d)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 1, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Déan cur síos ar ghluaisne an chairr idir na suíomhanna D agus E.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to the speed-time graph: from D (180 s, 0 m/s) to E (240 s, 0 m/s) — the line stays on the x-axis at zero speed.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Ina stad / nach bhfuil ag bogadh (stopped / not moving). Marking for (a)-(d): 2(6) + 2 + 1.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q8a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(a)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Taispeántar sa léaráid turgnamh a rinne dalta chun iniúchadh a dhéanamh ar an imoibriú idir aigéad agus bun. Ainmnigh bun a d'fhéadfaí a úsáid san iniúchadh seo.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of an acid-base titration: a burette on a clamp stand containing 'Aigéad' (acid) above a conical flask containing 'Bun' (base), with a pH meter/probe placed in the flask giving a digital reading.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Any correctly named base (bun ceart ainmnithe) — 3 marks.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q8b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(b)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ainmnigh aigéad a d'fhéadfaí a úsáid san iniúchadh seo.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Any correctly named acid (aigéad ceart ainmnithe) — 3 marks.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q8c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(c)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Taispeántar sa léaráid tóireadóir pH agus méadar pH a d'úsáid an dalta sa turgnamh. Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart chun an cheist seo thíos a fhreagairt. Ag tús an turgnaimh, is é an léamh ba chóir a bheith ar mhéadar an pH: Níos lú ná 7 / 7 / Níos mó ná 7.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Níos mó ná 7 (more than 7) — 3 marks. (At the start the flask contains the base, which is alkaline.)", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q8di", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(d)(i)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Bheartaigh dalta eile táscaire a úsáid, in ionad méadar pH, chun an t-imoibriú idir aigéad agus bun a iniúchadh. Ainmnigh táscaire a d'fhéadfaí a úsáid sa turgnamh seo.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Any valid indicator, e.g. Oráiste meitile (methyl orange), Táscaire Uilíoch (universal indicator), Litmis (litmus), Feanóltailéin (phenolphthalein), Cabáiste dearg (red cabbage). Marking for (d)(i)+(ii): 2(3) — accept any valid indicator named with its correct colour in base.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q8dii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(d)(ii)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Cén dath a bhíonn ar an táscaire seo nuair a chuirtear é le bun?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Colour in base, matching the indicator named: Oráiste meitile → Buí/oráiste (yellow/orange); Táscaire Uilíoch → Gorm/corcra (blue/purple); Litmis → Gorm (blue); Feanóltailéin → Bándearg (pink); Cabáiste dearg → Gorm/glas (blue/green). Marking for (d)(i)+(ii): 2(3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q9a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(a)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 12, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Líon an tábla thíos agus tú ag úsáid Tábla Peiriadach na ndúl chun cóimheas na n-adamh agus an fhoirmle cheimiceach a thuar le haghaidh gach ceann de na comhdhúile ar an liosta. Ba chóir duit tagairt do leathanach 79 den leabhrán Foirmlí agus Táblaí agus an cheist seo á freagairt agat. Tá an chéad sraith líonta duit. (Comhdhúil — An chéad dúil — An dara dúil — Cóimheas — Foirmle: Clóiríd mhaignéisiam = Maignéisiam (Mg), Clóirín (Cl), 1:2, MgCl2; Clóiríd photaisiam = Potaisiam (K), Clóirín (Cl); Suilfíd hidrigine = Hidrigin (H), Sulfar (S); Ocsaíd alúmanaim = Alúmanam (Al), Ocsaigin (O)).", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A table to be completed with columns: Comhdhúil (compound), An chéad dúil (first element), An dara dúil (second element), Cóimheas (ratio), Foirmle (formula). The first row (Clóiríd mhaignéisiam → Mg, Cl, 1:2, MgCl2) is given. A photograph of a yellow mineral/crystal sample sits beside the table.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Completed rows: Clóiríd photaisiam = Potaisiam (K), Clóirín (Cl), 1:1, KCl; Suilfíd hidrigine = Hidrigin (H), Sulfar (S), 2:1, H2S; Ocsaíd alúmanaim = Alúmanam (Al), Ocsaigin (O), 2:3, Al2O3. Marking: 1 + 2 per completed row.", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2023-common-level-IV-q9b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2023, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(b)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Is miotal é alúmanam ach is neamh-mhiotal é sulfar. Breac síos dhá dhifríocht idir mhiotail agus neamh-mhiotail.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Two differences, e.g. metals conduct electricity / non-metals do not conduct electricity; metals are shiny/lonrach / non-metals are not; (plus other valid differences such as malleability, melting point). Dhá cheann ar bith — 2(3).", "source_pdf": "2023 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q1a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(a)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagram shows a grassland food chain. The black arrows indicate the movement of energy through the food chain. Identify the producer (organism that makes its own food) in the food chain. (Grass / Snail / Blackbird / Fox)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Food chain diagram with images: Sun and Grass (producer) at the start, then Snail, then Blackbird, then Fox. Black arrows labelled X point from one organism to the next, showing energy flow up the chain.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Grass", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q1b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(b)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Identify the secondary consumer in the food chain. (Grass / Snail / Blackbird / Fox)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Same grassland food chain: Grass -> Snail -> Blackbird -> Fox. Secondary consumer is the third organism in the chain.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Blackbird", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q1c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(c)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Energy is converted from one form to another at arrow X. Identify this energy conversion. (Energy to kinetic energy / Chemical energy to kinetic energy / Solar energy to chemical energy / Heat energy to chemical energy)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Arrow X in the food chain diagram represents the transfer from the Sun/Grass producer level into the chain.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Solar energy to chemical energy", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q1d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(d)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Organisms release energy to their environment. What form of energy is released to the environment at arrow Y? (Solar / Heat / Nuclear)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Arrow Y in the food chain diagram represents energy released from organisms to the environment.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Heat", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q1e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(e)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Suggest a reason why food chains rarely have more than four trophic (feeding) levels.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "(Large amount of) energy lost (at each trophic level) / low transfer of energy (from one trophic level to the next) / little energy remains (after four trophic levels)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q10a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(a)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "When electronic equipment is discarded, it is called 'e-waste'. This waste contains both valuable and hazardous materials. Not all countries process e-waste correctly. The chart shows the e-waste collection rates for different regions in 2019. Name the region (or regions) that had the highest rate of e-waste collection in 2019.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Horizontal bar chart of e-waste collection rate (%) by region in 2019: Europe and North America 46.9%, Eastern and South-Eastern Asia 11.9%, Australia and New Zealand 9.0%, Northern Africa and Western Asia 5.1%, Central and Southern Asia 4.6%, Sub-Saharan Africa 1.6%, Latin America 1.2%, World 22.8%. x-axis 0% to 50%.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Europe and North America", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q10b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(b)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "What was the e-waste collection rate for the world in 2019?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Bar chart shows the 'World' bar at 22.8%.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "22.8(%)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q10c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(c)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Suggest one way a country could improve e-waste collection rates.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Any valid suggestion", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q10d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(d)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Would you consider the above data a reliable source of information regarding e-waste disposal? Justify your answer.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Yes / No + valid justification. (Accept Yes / No without justification for 2m; accept valid justification without Yes / No for 4m.)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q11a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(a)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 8, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagram shows a rollercoaster car at the start of its track. The letters A to G indicate the position of the car at certain stages during its journey along the track. The car is stationary (not moving) at point A. It takes 10 seconds for the car to reach point B. As the car passes point B it is travelling at a speed of 2.5 m/s. Calculate the acceleration of the car between points A and B. Include the unit for your answer.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of a rollercoaster track with points A to G marked. A is at the start (car stationary), B is at the bottom/base, then the track rises to a high point C and continues over a series of hills D, E, F to the finish G. The hills decrease in height from the start toward the finish.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "0.25 (acceleration = change in speed / time = 2.5 / 10 = 0.25) [6 marks; award 3m for incomplete processing] + unit m/s^2 or m/s/s or ms^-2 [2 marks]", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q11b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(b)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 12, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "After the car passes point B, it is pulled upwards by a cable towards point C as shown in the diagram. The blue arrows indicate three forces (1, 2 and 3) acting on the car as it is being pulled upwards. Match each of the words from the following list with the correct force: Weight, Friction, Tension.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Section of the rollercoaster track between B and C with the car being pulled up by a cable. Three blue force arrows numbered 1, 2 and 3 act on the car (arrow up the cable, arrow opposing motion along track, arrow downward).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Arrow 1 = Tension; Arrow 2 = Friction; Arrow 3 = Weight. (4 marks each)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q11c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(c)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Which letter represents the point on the track when the car has the most potential energy? Justify your answer.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Rollercoaster track diagram with points A to G; C is the highest point on the track.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "C (3) + It is the highest point on track (3)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q11d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(d)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 4, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "On the rollercoaster drawn above, the hills decrease in height from the start of the track to the finish point. Suggest a reason why.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Rollercoaster track diagram showing hills decreasing in height from start (A/B/C end) toward the finish (G).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Valid reason (e.g. energy is lost to friction/heat so the car has less energy as it travels, so later hills must be lower)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q12a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(a)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Carbon dioxide gas can be produced in the laboratory by reacting hydrochloric acid with marble chips (calcium carbonate). Three students were asked to measure the total volume of carbon dioxide gas produced when an excess of marble chips was reacted with 100 cm^3 of dilute hydrochloric acid. Each student set up the apparatus shown in the diagram. They each repeated the investigation three times. Results (Run 1 / Run 2 / Run 3): Student 1: 220, 210, 230 cm^3; Student 2: 240, 240, 240 cm^3; Student 3: 220, 220, 220 cm^3. The correct total volume of gas that should have been collected was 240 cm^3. Which student collected data that were precise but not accurate? Put a tick in the correct box. (Student 1 / Student 2 / Student 3)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Apparatus diagram: a conical flask containing marble chips and hydrochloric acid, connected by a delivery tube to an inverted measuring/gas collection vessel (over water) to collect the carbon dioxide gas. A results table lists Run 1, Run 2, Run 3 volumes for Students 1, 2 and 3.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Student 3 (values all 220, consistent/precise but not equal to the correct 240, so not accurate)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q12b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(b)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Which student collected data that were neither accurate nor precise? Put a tick in the correct box. (Student 1 / Student 2 / Student 3)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Results table: Student 1 readings 220, 210, 230 cm^3 (scattered and not equal to the correct 240).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Student 1", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q12c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(c)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Which student collected data that were both accurate and precise? Put a tick in the correct box. (Student 1 / Student 2 / Student 3)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Results table: Student 2 readings all 240, 240, 240 cm^3 (consistent and equal to the correct value 240).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Student 2", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q12d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(d)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 12, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The students carried out a second investigation. This time they measured the mass of carbon dioxide produced at regular intervals using the apparatus shown (marble chips and hydrochloric acid in a flask plugged with cotton wool, on a balance). Data: Time (min) 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10; Mass of CO2 (g) 0, 0.8, 1.4, 2.0, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.0, 3.0. In the space below, draw a line graph of the students' results.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Apparatus diagram: conical flask with marble chips and hydrochloric acid, plugged with cotton wool, standing on a balance. A blank grid is provided with y-axis Mass of CO2 (g) 0 to 3.0 and x-axis Time (min) 0 to 10. The data form a curve rising steeply then levelling off at 3.0 g by about 8 min.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Graph: 11 points plotted correctly (11 marks, scaled to 1) + all 11 points connected (1 mark). Curve rises and plateaus at 3.0 g.", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q12e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(e)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "At what time was the reaction complete?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "8 (mins) (the mass of CO2 stops increasing / plateaus at 3.0 g)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q12f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(f)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "On your graph above, draw a dashed line (- - - - -) to show the result you would expect if the above investigation was repeated exactly as before, but using smaller marble chips of the same total mass.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Same Mass of CO2 vs Time grid. Expected dashed line should rise more steeply (faster reaction with smaller chips / larger surface area) and level off at the same final mass of 3.0 g, before 8 minutes.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Steeper // Levels off at 3.0 g before 8 min (3 marks for steeper curve + 3 marks for levelling at same final mass earlier)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q13a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(a)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A group of scientists carried out an investigation to see if cress seeds would grow at the same rate in lunar soil (soil from the Moon) compared to Earth soil. Five cress seeds were planted in lunar soil and five cress seeds were planted in Earth soil. Write a suitable hypothesis for this investigation.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of a cress seedling growing in soil, with the seedling labelled.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Valid hypothesis (e.g. cress seeds will grow at a different / the same rate in lunar soil compared to Earth soil). Award 2 m where only one variable is mentioned.", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q13b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(b)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Identify the variable changed by the scientists during the investigation.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "(Type of) soil", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q13c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(c)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name one variable the scientists should have kept constant during the investigation.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Mass of soil / seed type / number of seeds / volume of water / temperature / light intensity / size of container / oxygen concentration / other correct", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q13d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(d)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Explain why five cress seeds were used instead of just one.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "More reliable data", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q13e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(e)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The growth of the seedlings was monitored over a number of days. The table shows the results for the investigation on days 6 and 16 after the experiment was set up. (Cress grown in lunar soil: small seedling with leaf and root on Day 6, slightly larger on Day 16. Cress grown in Earth soil: larger seedling on Day 6, much larger and bushier on Day 16.) Do the results support your hypothesis as written in part (a)? Justify your answer.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Comparison table with rows Day 6 and Day 16 and columns 'Cress grown in lunar soil' and 'Cress grown in Earth soil'. Cress in Earth soil is noticeably larger/bushier at both stages than cress in lunar soil, showing Earth soil grew better.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Yes / No based on valid hypothesis in (a) with justification. (Accept Yes / No based on valid hypothesis in (a) without justification for 2m; accept a justification based on valid hypothesis in (a) without Yes / No for 4m.)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q13fi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(f)(i)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "In 2019, a robotic spacecraft landed on the Moon carrying an experiment using cress. The cress was placed in a tin with silkworms, soil and water. The organisms in the tin had access to sunlight through a tube. The cress produced oxygen for the silkworms and the silkworms produced carbon dioxide for the cress. What name is given to the relationship between organisms where they rely on each other for survival? Put a tick in the correct box. (Competition / Adaptation / Interdependence)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Interdependence", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q13fii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(f)(ii)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name the biological process carried out by the cress that produced oxygen for the silkworms.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Photosynthesis", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q13fiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(f)(iii)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Name two factors that could have affected the rate of this biological process in the above experiment.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Temperature // carbon dioxide (CO2) // water (H2O) // light // radiation - any two. (Marks 2(3): 3 marks scaled to 2, i.e. roughly half-marks for each factor.)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q14a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(a)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 4, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "As the Moon orbits the Earth, the percentage of the Moon's surface visible from Earth changes. These changes are called the phases of the Moon. The graph below shows the percentage (%) of the surface of the Moon visible from Ireland during eight consecutive phases of the Moon. The phases (1 to 8) are shown on the x-axis. The phases of the Moon are 'waxing' when the portion of the Moon visible from Earth increases over time. Which line (red or blue) represents the phases of the Moon that are waxing?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Line graph: y-axis '% of the Moon's surface visible from Earth' (0 to 100), x-axis 'Phases of the Moon' (1 to 8). A red line rises from a low value up to ~100 (increasing = waxing) and a blue line falls from ~100 back down (decreasing = waning). A photograph of the Moon as seen during phase 3 is shown beside the graph.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Red", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q14b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(b)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 4, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "In the circle on the right, shade in the part of the Moon that would appear dark when seen from Ireland during phase 7.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "An empty circle is provided to represent the Moon. At phase 7 (on the graph the visible % is about 50%), so half the circle should be shaded dark and half light.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Diagram showing a half-shaded circle (half of the Moon shaded dark, half light) - a half-moon appearance.", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q14c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(c)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 4, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Which of the Moon phases from 1 to 8 represents the phase of the Moon when a total solar eclipse (an eclipse of the Sun) might occur on Earth?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to the phases graph; a total solar eclipse occurs at the new Moon (lowest % visible, phase 1).", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q14d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(d)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Explain why total solar eclipses only occur when the Earth and the Sun are on opposite sides of the Moon.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Moon blocks light (from the Sun reaching the Earth) or implied", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q14e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(e)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The table shows the distance of the Moon from Earth on different days during a month of the year. The percentage (%) of the Moon visible from Earth is also shown. Date / Approximate distance of the Moon from Earth (x 10^3 km) / % of the Moon visible from Earth: 8 / 393 / 10; 12 / 404 / 44; 16 / 396 / 81; 20 / 377 / 100; 24 / 368 / 80; 28 / 371 / 47. A total lunar eclipse (an eclipse of the Moon) occurred during this month. On which date did it occur?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Table of Date, approximate distance of Moon from Earth (x 10^3 km) and % of Moon visible from Earth. A total lunar eclipse occurs at full Moon (100% visible), which is on date 20.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q14f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(f)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "When the Moon is visible, it is because light from the Sun reflects off its surface towards Earth. On which date did it take the least amount of time for the light to reach Earth from the Moon? Justify your answer.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Distance table: the smallest distance is 368 (x 10^3 km) on date 24, so light takes the least time then.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "24 (3) + (Moon was) closest to Earth / shortest distance (3)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q14g", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(g)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Does the data in the table suggest that the Moon travels in a regular circular path around the Earth? Justify your answer.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Distance table shows the Moon's distance from Earth varies (368 to 404 x 10^3 km), so the path is not a regular circle.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "No or implied (3) + Distance (from Moon to Earth) is not constant or explained (3)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q15a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(a)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Two groups of students carried out a quadrat survey of a field. They identified five different plants. The groups also calculated the percentage (%) frequency of each of these plants. Group A took one quadrat sample. Group B took five quadrat samples. The results for both groups are shown. How could students have identified any unknown plants?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Two results tables. Group A (one quadrat): row Quadrat 1 with ticks for Daisy, Dandelion, Grass; % Frequency row 100/100/100/100/100. Group B (five quadrats): a tick/cross grid for Daisy, Plantain, Dandelion, Buttercup, Grass across Quadrats 1-5, with % Frequency row 60/80/(blank)/80/100. A photograph of grass/field is shown.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "(Identification) key", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q15b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(b)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Which group, A or B, carried out a fairer survey? Justify your answer.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Group A used one quadrat; Group B used five quadrats (larger sample size).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "(Group) B (3) + Valid justification (e.g. more quadrats / larger sample size gives more reliable / fairer results) (3)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q15c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(c)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Calculate the percentage (%) frequency of dandelion for the results obtained by Group B.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Group B grid: dandelion appears (tick) in 2 of the 5 quadrats, so % frequency = 2/5 x 100 = 40%.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "40 (%) (Award 2m for incomplete processing)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q15d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(d)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is percentage (%) frequency an example of qualitative or quantitative data? Explain your answer.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Quantitative (6) + (Based on) numbers (3)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q15e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(e)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The size of the quadrat used by the students was 0.5 m x 0.5 m. Calculate the area of the quadrat in m^2.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of a square quadrat labelled 0.5 m on each side. Area = 0.5 x 0.5 = 0.25 m^2.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "0.25 (m^2) (Award 3m for incomplete processing)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q15f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(f)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "On further investigation of the field, group B identified a plant called 'ragwort'. On average there were two ragwort plants in every quadrat they surveyed. If the area of the field was 3500 m^2, calculate the total number of ragwort plants in the field.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "28 000 (number of quadrats in field = 3500 / 0.25 = 14000; x 2 ragwort per quadrat = 28000) (Award 2m for incomplete processing)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q16a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(a)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Matter exists as solids, liquids and gases. Substance X is a solid at -50 degrees C. A sample of substance X was heated at a constant rate. The time taken for substance X to change from a solid to a liquid to a gas was measured. The graph below shows the results obtained. In which state does substance X have the highest temperature? Put a tick in the correct box. (Solid / Liquid / Gas)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Heating curve: y-axis Temperature (degrees C) from -50 to 250, x-axis Time (min) 0 to 21. The curve rises from about -50 (Solid), flattens at a melting plateau around 50 degrees C (labelled Melting, between Solid and Liquid), rises through the Liquid region, flattens at a boiling plateau around 150 degrees C (labelled Boiling, between Liquid and Gas), then rises into the Gas region reaching about 225 degrees C. Particle diagrams (close-packed for Solid, looser for Liquid, spread out for Gas) accompany each region.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Gas", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q16b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(b)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "In which state does substance X have a fixed volume and no fixed shape? Put a tick in the correct box. (Solid / Liquid / Gas)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Liquid", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q16c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(c)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "In which state does substance X have a fixed volume and a fixed regular shape? Put a tick in the correct box. (Solid / Liquid / Gas)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Solid", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q16d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(d)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "At what temperature does substance X change from a solid to a liquid?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Heating curve: the melting plateau (solid to liquid) occurs at about 50 degrees C.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "50 (degrees C)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q16e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(e)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "How long did it take substance X to completely evaporate (change from a liquid to a gas) after it reached its boiling point?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Heating curve: the boiling plateau (liquid to gas) lasts about 6 minutes on the time axis.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "6 (min)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q16f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(f)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Melting and boiling are examples of endothermic processes. In the space below, draw an energy profile diagram for an endothermic process. Label both axes.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Blank axes provided for an energy profile (reaction profile) diagram. Expected: x-axis labelled Reaction (progress), y-axis labelled Energy, with the products at a higher energy than the reactants (and an activation-energy hump).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "X-axis: Reaction (progress) (3); Y-axis: Energy (3); Correct profile drawn (3) - products end at higher energy than reactants, with an activation energy peak.", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q16g", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(g)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Which one of the following statements correctly describes what happens to the particles in substance X as the temperature increases? Put a tick in the correct box. (The energy of the particles increases and they move closer together. / The energy of the particles decreases and they move closer together. / The energy of the particles increases and they move further apart. / The energy of the particles decreases and they move further apart.)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "The energy of the particles increases and they move further apart", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q16h", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(h)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "State one way of converting substance X from a gas back to a liquid.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Cool / condense / increase pressure", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q17ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "17(a)(i)", "parent_question": "17", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Read the following passage, taken from a NASA website, and answer the questions that follow. 'Carbon is the backbone of life on Earth. We are made of carbon, we eat carbon, and our economies, homes and means of transport are built on carbon. We need carbon, but we also need to manage carbon carefully, because Earth's natural processes and human activities are linked through the carbon cycle...' Explain why carbon is 'the backbone of life on Earth'.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "We are made of carbon / we eat carbon / our economies (homes) (means of transport) are built on carbon", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q17aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "17(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "17", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Where is most of Earth's carbon stored?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Rocks", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q17bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "17(b)(i)", "parent_question": "17", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Several processes are involved in the transfer of carbon from one reservoir to another. Some of these carbon transfer processes are listed (Combustion, Dissolving, Weathering, Decomposition). The table below shows the transfer of carbon from Reservoir A to Reservoir B. In each case, carbon is transferred from reservoir A to reservoir B. Use the words in the list above to identify the carbon transfer process in each case. Reservoir A / Reservoir B: Atmosphere / Ocean water (Dissolving given); Fossil fuel / Atmosphere; Land plants / Soil; Limestone / Ocean or fresh water.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Table with columns Reservoir A, Reservoir B and Carbon transfer process. Rows: Atmosphere -> Ocean water = Dissolving (given example); Fossil fuel -> Atmosphere = ?; Land plants -> Soil = ?; Limestone -> Ocean or fresh water = ?.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Fossil fuel -> Atmosphere = Combustion (3); Land plants -> Soil = Decomposition (3); Limestone -> Ocean or fresh water = Weathering/Dissolving (3).", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q17bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "17(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "17", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name a biological process, other than decomposition, which adds carbon dioxide to the atmosphere.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Respiration", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q17ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "17(c)(i)", "parent_question": "17", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "The passage refers to the planet Venus. The table below compares Earth and Venus. (Diameter (km): Earth 12 756, Venus 12 104; Approximate distance to the Sun (x 10^6 km): Earth 151, Venus 108; Time to orbit the Sun (Earth days): Earth 365, Venus 225; Mass (kg): Earth 5.97 x 10^24, Venus 4.87 x 10^24; Density (kg/m^3): Earth 5.52, Venus 5.24; Average surface temperature (degrees C): Earth 14, Venus 460; Liquid water present: Earth Yes, Venus No; Composition of atmosphere: Earth 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, 0.04% carbon dioxide; Venus 96% carbon dioxide, 3.5% nitrogen.) Venus is often called 'Earth's planetary twin'. State two pieces of evidence from the table to support this.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Comparison table of Earth vs Venus properties (diameter, distance to Sun, orbital time, mass, density, surface temperature, liquid water, atmosphere composition). Similar values: diameter (12756 vs 12104), mass (5.97 vs 4.87 x 10^24), density (5.52 vs 5.24).", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Similar diameter // similar mass // similar density - any two. (Marks 2(3): 3 marks scaled to 2 over the two correct points.)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q17cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "17(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "17", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The atmosphere on Venus has a very high percentage of carbon dioxide compared to Earth. Using the data in the table, suggest one reason why.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Earth/Venus table shows Venus has no liquid water present (Earth Yes, Venus No).", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "No (liquid) water (to dissolve carbon dioxide)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q2a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(a)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 10, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The images show sources used by humans to generate electricity (Water, Coal, Oil, Wind, Sun). Classify each of the sources as renewable or non-renewable by putting a tick in the correct column.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Images of five electricity sources: Water (hydroelectric dam), Coal (power plant with smoke stacks), Oil (oil pump/barrel), Wind (wind turbine), Sun. A table lists Source | Renewable | Non-renewable for each.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Water = Renewable; Coal = Non-renewable; Oil = Non-renewable; Wind = Renewable; Sun = Renewable (2 marks each)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q2b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(b)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 5, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "\"Energy producers face ethical issues in the way energy is extracted and/or produced.\" Do you agree with this statement? Justify your answer.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Yes / No + valid justification. (Accept Yes / No without justification for 2m; accept valid justification without Yes / No for 4m.)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q3a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(a)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A student set up the experiment shown to compare the densities of oil and sand with the density of water. The contents of both beakers were stirred and left to stand for five minutes. Which substance, oil or sand, was more dense than water? Justify your answer.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Two beakers each containing 200 cm^3 water. Left beaker: 10 g oil added, ends up floating as a layer on top of the water. Right beaker: 10 g sand added, ends up settled at the bottom below the water.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Sand // It sank / did not float / at the bottom (3 marks for substance + 3 marks for justification)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q3b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(b)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Oil is insoluble in water. What evidence is there in the diagram to support this statement?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Beaker diagram shows the 10 g oil forming a distinct layer floating on top of the water rather than mixing in.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Oil (floats) on top / did not dissolve / they separate into layers", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q3c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(c)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "In the space below, draw a labelled diagram of a separation technique that could be used to separate the sand from the water.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Diagram of valid separation technique (e.g. filtration) (3) + any one correct label (3)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q4", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 15, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The four graphs (A, B, C and D) describe the motion of four different objects. Graph A: distance vs time, straight line rising from origin (steady increase). Graph B: distance vs time, horizontal line (constant distance). Graph C: speed vs time, straight line rising from origin. Graph D: speed vs time, horizontal line (constant speed). Use the statements to describe the motion of the object in each graph (one statement is used twice): 1. The object did not move. 2. The object moved with constant speed. 3. The object accelerated.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Four motion graphs. A: distance (y) vs time (x), straight diagonal line from origin = constant speed. B: distance vs time, flat horizontal line = stationary. C: speed (y) vs time (x), straight diagonal line from origin = acceleration. D: speed vs time, flat horizontal line = constant speed.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "A = The object moved with constant speed (statement 2); B = The object did not move (statement 1); C = The object accelerated (statement 3); D = The object moved with constant speed (statement 2). Marks 3+4+4+4.", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q5a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(a)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Examine the circuit diagrams A and B. All of the bulbs have the same resistance. In circuit A, what would happen if bulb 1 'blew' or failed? Put a tick in the correct box. (Bulbs 2 and 3 would go out / Bulbs 2 and 3 would shine with the same brightness as before / Bulbs 2 and 3 would shine more brightly / Bulbs 2 and 3 would shine less brightly)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Circuit A: 12 V battery with a switch and Bulb 1, Bulb 2, Bulb 3 connected in series (one loop). Circuit B: 12 V battery with a switch and Bulb 1, Bulb 2, Bulb 3 connected in parallel (separate branches).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Bulbs 2 and 3 would go out", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q5b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(b)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 5, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "In circuit B, what would happen if bulb 1 'blew' or failed? Put a tick in the correct box. (Bulbs 2 and 3 would go out / Bulbs 2 and 3 would shine with the same brightness as before / Bulbs 2 and 3 would shine more brightly / Bulbs 2 and 3 would shine less brightly)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Circuit B is the parallel circuit (12 V battery, switch, Bulb 1, Bulb 2 and Bulb 3 each on their own branch).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Bulbs 2 and 3 would shine with the same brightness as before", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q5c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(c)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "In circuit A, a voltmeter was used to measure the potential difference (voltage) across bulb 1. What reading would you expect to see on the voltmeter? Put a tick in the correct box. (0 volts / 3 volts / 4 volts / 12 volts)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Circuit A is the series circuit with a 12 V battery and three identical bulbs in series, so each bulb has one third of 12 V across it.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "4 volts", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q5d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(d)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 1, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "In circuit B, a voltmeter was used to measure the potential difference (voltage) across bulb 1. What reading would you expect to see on the voltmeter? Put a tick in the correct box. (0 volts / 3 volts / 4 volts / 12 volts)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Circuit B is the parallel circuit with a 12 V battery; each parallel branch has the full battery voltage across it.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "12 volts", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q6a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(a)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Gregor Mendel studied how characteristics are inherited by experimenting with pea plants. In their cells, pea plants contain two versions (alleles) of the gene for height. The alleles can be represented by the letters T and t. The possible pairs of alleles are TT (tall), Tt (tall) and tt (dwarf). These are called genotypes. Parent 1 (tall, genotype Tt) is crossed with Parent 2 (tall, genotype Tt). The offspring genotypes are TT, Tt, Tt, tt. What is the ratio of tall plants to dwarf plants in the offspring of this cross? (1:3 / 3:1 / 1:1)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Genetics (Punnett-style) table for the cross. Parent 1 = Tt, Parent 2 = Tt; gametes T or t from each; offspring row shows TT, Tt, Tt, tt. Images of tall and dwarf pea plants accompany the table.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "3:1", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q6b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Which of the following are the possible genotypes of the gametes produced by parent 2? (T or T / T or t / t or t)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Genetics table: Parent 2 has genotype Tt, so its gametes can carry T or t.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "T or t", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q6c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(c)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Which of the following is the genotype of parent 2? (TT / Tt / tt)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Genetics table identifies Parent 2 as a tall plant with genotype Tt.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Tt", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q6d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(d)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Which version (allele) of the gene for height is dominant? (T / t)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "T", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q6e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(e)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Which type of reproduction is illustrated above? (Sexual / Asexual)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Sexual", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q7", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 15, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Comets and asteroids are objects found in our solar system. Some of the properties of comets and asteroids are listed in the table below. Each property is true for either a comet, an asteroid, or both. Write the word 'comet' or 'asteroid' or 'both' in the table next to each property. Properties: Usually contains ice; Mostly located in a belt between Mars and Jupiter; Forms a tail when it passes through the inner solar system; Often found in orbit around the Sun; Usually located in the outer solar system.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Table with column 'Property' and column 'Comet or asteroid or both'. Photographs of a comet (with tail) and an asteroid (rocky body) are shown beside the table.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Usually contains ice = Comet; Mostly located in a belt between Mars and Jupiter = Asteroid; Forms a tail when it passes through the inner solar system = Comet; Often found in orbit around the Sun = Both; Usually located in the outer solar system = Comet. (3 marks each)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q8", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 15, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagrams show the reproductive systems of a human female and a male. Complete the table by matching the words in the list to the letters in the diagram. (Words: Uterus, Sperm duct, Ovary, Testis, Fallopian tube). Letters: A, B, C (female diagram); D, E (male diagram).", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Two labelled anatomical diagrams. Female reproductive system with letters A (ovary), B (fallopian tube), C (uterus). Male reproductive system with letters D (testis) and E (sperm duct). A table maps Letter -> Part of reproductive system.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "A = Ovary; B = Fallopian Tube; C = Uterus; D = Testis; E = Sperm duct. (3 marks each)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q9a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(a)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 2, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Electrical appliances use electrical energy to perform a specific function. The electric kettle in the picture has an electrical power of 2300 W. Which of the following sentences describes electrical power? Put a tick in the correct box. (A force that slows down the flow of current. / The rate at which electrical energy is used in an electric circuit. / The rate of movement of electrical charge through an electric circuit.)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of an electric kettle rated at 2300 W.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "The rate at which electrical energy is used in an electric circuit", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q9b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(b)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 2, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The potential difference (voltage) across the kettle is 230 V. What is the current flowing through the kettle? Put a tick in the correct box. (0.1 A / 10 A / 100 A)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "10 A (Power / Voltage = 2300 / 230 = 10 A)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q9c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(c)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 2, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Calculate the resistance of the kettle. Include the unit for your answer.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "23 // Ohm (Omega) (Resistance = Voltage / Current = 230 / 10 = 23 Omega; 1 mark for value + 1 mark for unit)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-EV-q9d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(d)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Electrical energy is converted to other forms of energy when a kettle is in use. The kettle in the image above is energy efficient. Three forms of energy are listed below (Heat, Sound, Light). Use these words to label the Sankey diagram for the kettle.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Sankey diagram: a large input arrow labelled 'Electrical energy' splits into one large output arrow (the useful output) and two smaller arrows branching downward. Boxes are to be labelled with Heat, Sound and Light.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Large (main) output arrow = Heat; the two smaller branch arrows = Sound and Light (Sound/Light interchangeable). (3 marks for 3 correct labels)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q1a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(a)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sa léaráid, taispeántar biashlabhra ar thalamh féaraigh. Léiríonn na saigheada dubha gluaiseacht fuinnimh tríd an mbiashlabhra. Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart chun na ceisteanna (a) go dtí (d) a fhreagairt. (a) Sainaithin an táirgeoir (orgánach a dhéanann a bhia féin) sa bhiashlabhra. Féar / Seilide / Lon dubh / Sionnach", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Food chain on grassland: An Ghrian (Sun) -> Féar (grass) -> Seilide (snail) -> Lon dubh (blackbird) -> Sionnach (fox). Black arrows show energy flow; arrow X is between Sun and grass, arrow Y leaves organisms (energy lost to environment).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Féar", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q1b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(b)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sainaithin an tomhaltóir tánaisteach sa bhiashlabhra. Féar / Seilide / Lon dubh / Sionnach", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Same food chain: Féar -> Seilide -> Lon dubh -> Sionnach. Secondary consumer is the blackbird (Lon dubh), which eats the snail (primary consumer).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Lon dubh", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q1c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(c)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tiontaítear fuinneamh ó fhoirm amháin go foirm eile ag saighead X. Sainaithin an tiontú fuinnimh seo. Fuinneamh teasa ina fhuinneamh cinéiteach / Fuinneamh ceimiceach ina fhuinneamh cinéiteach / Fuinneamh gréine ina fhuinneamh ceimiceach / Fuinneamh fuaime ina fhuinneamh ceimiceach", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Arrow X is between An Ghrian (Sun) and Féar (grass), representing energy transfer from sunlight into the grass (photosynthesis).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Fuinneamh gréine chuig fuinneamh ceimiceach (Solar/Sun energy into chemical energy)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q1d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(d)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Scaoileann orgánaigh fuinneamh chuig a dtimpeallacht. Cén cineál fuinnimh a scaoiltear chuig an timpeallacht ag saighead Y? Fuinneamh gréine / Fuinneamh teasa / Fuinneamh núicléach", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Arrow Y points from the organisms out to the environment, representing energy released (as heat) at each trophic level.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Teas (Heat)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q1e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1(e)", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Mol fáth arb annamh a bhíonn níos mó ná ceithre leibhéal thrófacha (cothaithe) i mbiashlabhra.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "(Méid mór de) fhuinneamh caillte (ag gach leibhéal trófach) / aistriú íseal fuinnimh (ó leibhéal trófach amháin go dtí an chéad cheann eile) / beagán fuinnimh fágtha (tar éis ceithre leibhéal trófach). [A large amount of energy is lost at each trophic level / low energy transfer between trophic levels / little energy left after four trophic levels.]", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q10a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(a)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Nuair a dhiúscraítear (caitear amach) trealamh leictreonach, tugtar ‘dramhthrealamh leictreonach’ air. Bíonn idir ábhair luachmhara agus ábhair ghuaiseacha sa dramhaíl seo. Ní gach tír a phróiseálann dramhaíl leictreonach mar is ceart. Sa chairt thíos taispeántar rátaí bailithe an dramhthrealaimh leictreonaigh i réigiúin éagsúla in 2019. (a) Ainmnigh an réigiún (na réigiúin) ina raibh an ráta bailithe dramhthrealaimh leictreonaigh ab airde in 2019.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Horizontal bar chart of e-waste collection rate (%) by region, 2019: An Eoraip agus Meiriceá Thuaidh 46.9%, Oirthear agus Oir-Dheisceart na hÁise 11.9%, An Astráil agus an Nua-Shéalainn 9.0%, Tuaisceart na hAfraice agus Iarthar na hÁise 5.1%, An Áise Láir agus Deisceart na hÁise 4.6%, An Afraic fho-Shahárach 1.6%, Meiriceá Laidineach 1.2%, An Domhan (World) 22.8%.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "An Eoraip agus Meiriceá Thuaidh (Europe and North America).", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q10b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(b)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cén ráta bailithe dramhthrealaimh leictreonaigh a bhí ag an domhan in 2019?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Bar chart shows the 'An Domhan' (World) bar at 22.8%.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "22.8(%)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q10c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(c)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Mol slí amháin a bhféadfadh tír a ráta bailithe dramhthrealaimh leictreonaigh a fheabhsú.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Aon mholadh bailí (Any valid suggestion).", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q10d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(d)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "An measfá gur foinse eolais iontaofa atá sna sonraí thuas faoi dhiúscairt dramhthrealaimh leictreonaigh? Cosain do fhreagra.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Mheasfainn / Ní mheasfainn + cosaint bhailí (Would / Would not consider it reliable + valid justification). (Award 2m for opinion without justification; 4m for valid justification without opinion.)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q11a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(a)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 8, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sa léaráid taispeántar carr rollchóstóra ag tús a raoin. Cuireann na litreacha A go dtí G suíomh an chairr in iúl ag pointí áirithe le linn a thurais feadh an raoin. Tá an carr ina stad (níl sé ag gluaiseacht) ag pointe A. Tógann sé 10 soicind ar an gcarr pointe B a shroicheadh. Agus an carr ag dul thar phointe B tá sé ag gluaiseacht ar luas 2.5 m/s. (a) Ríomh luasghéarú an chairr idir pointe A agus pointe B. Bíodh an t-aonad san áireamh i do fhreagra. Ríomh:", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Roller-coaster track drawn as a side profile. Points A (Tús/start) to G (Críoch/end) mark the car's position: A at start, then up to peaks at C (highest), with descending hills D, E, F towards G. A 'Cábla' (cable) section is shown after B.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "0.25 (acceleration value; award 3m for incomplete processing) + unit m/s^2 (or m/s/s or ms^-2). [6 + 2]", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q11b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(b)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 12, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "I ndiaidh don charr dul thar phointe B, tarraingítear in airde le cábla é i dtreo gcarr de réir mar a tharraingítear in airde é. Léiríonn na saigheada gorma trí fhórsa (1, 2 agus 3) a bhíonn ag feidhmiú ar an gcarr de réir mar a tharraingítear in airde é. Meaitseáil gach ceann de na focail sa liosta thíos leis an bhfórsa ceart. Focail: Meáchan, Frithchuimilt, Teannas.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "The car on an inclined cable section with three blue arrows labelled 1, 2 and 3 showing forces acting on it. A table with rows Saighead (1, 2, 3) and Fórsa is to be completed.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Saighead 1 = Teannas (tension); 2 = Frithchuimilt (friction); 3 = Ualach/Meáchan (weight). [4 + 4 + 4]", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q11c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(c)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cé acu litir a sheasann don phointe ar an raon ag a bhfuil an méid is mó fuinneamh poitéinsiúil ag an gcarr? Cosain do fhreagra.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to the roller-coaster track profile; point C is the highest point on the track (greatest gravitational potential energy).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "C // Is é an pointe is airde ar an raon (It is the highest point on the track). [3 + 3]", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q11d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(d)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 4, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ar an rollchóstóir atá léirithe thuas, laghdaíonn airde na gcnoc ó thús an raoin go dtí an críochphointe. Mol cúis leis sin.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to the roller-coaster profile in which successive hills decrease in height from start to finish.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Cúis bhailí (Any valid reason, e.g. energy is lost to friction/heat/sound, so there is less energy available for each successive hill).", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q12a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(a)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is féidir gás dé-ocsaíde carbóin a tháirgeadh sa tsaotharlann ach aigéad hidreaclórach a chur ag imoibriú le sliseanna marmair (carbónáit chailciam). Iarradh ar thriúr mac léinn toirt iomlán na dé-ocsaíde carbóin a tháirgeadh a thomhas nuair a cuireadh farasbarr de shliseanna marmair ag imoibriú le 100 cm^3 d’aigéad hidreaclórach caol. Rinne gach mac léinn an t-imoibriú trí huaire. Toirteanna na dtorthaí (cm^3): Mac léinn 1 = 220, 210, 230; Mac léinn 2 = 240, 240, 240; Mac léinn 3 = 220, 220, 220. Ba é 240 cm^3 an toirt iomlán cheart den ghás ba chóir a bheith bailithe. (a) Cén mac léinn a bhailigh sonraí a bhí beacht ach nach raibh cruinn?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Apparatus diagram: conical flask containing aigéad hidreaclórach (HCl) and sliseanna marmair (marble chips), delivery tube to an inverted measuring cylinder collecting gás dé-ocsaíde carbóin over uisce (water). A results table gives each student's three run volumes (cm^3). Correct full volume = 240 cm^3.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Mac léinn 3 (accurate/consistent but not equal to the correct value).", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q12b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(b)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cén mac léinn a bhailigh sonraí nach raibh cruinn ná beacht?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to the results table (Mac léinn 1 = 220/210/230; Mac léinn 2 = 240/240/240; Mac léinn 3 = 220/220/220; correct = 240).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Mac léinn 1 (results neither close to correct value nor consistent).", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q12c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(c)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cén mac léinn a bhailigh sonraí a bhí cruinn agus beacht araon?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to the results table; Mac léinn 2 obtained 240/240/240 cm^3, matching the correct value of 240 cm^3.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Mac léinn 2 (results both consistent and equal to the correct value).", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q12d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(d)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 12, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Rinne na mic léinn an dara hiniúchadh. An uair seo, d’úsáid siad gaireas ar dheis chun mais na dé-ocsaíde carbóin a tháirgeadh a thomhas ag eatraimh rialta. Sonraí: Am (nóim) 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10; Mais CO2 (g) 0, 0.8, 1.4, 2.0, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, 3.0, 3.0. (d) Tarraing líneghraf de thorthaí na mac léinn sa spás thíos.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Apparatus: conical flask of HCl and marble chips with a cotton-wool plug (olann chadáis) on a balance (Meá), measuring CO2 mass loss over time. A blank grid is provided (x-axis Am 0–10 min, y-axis Mais CO2 0–3.0 g) for plotting the 11 data points.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Graf: 11 points plotted correctly [11(1)] + all 11 points connected [1]. Curve rises steeply then levels off at 3.0 g.", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q12e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(e)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cén t-am ag a raibh an t-imoibriú i gcrích?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to the line graph / data; CO2 mass becomes constant at 3.0 g from 8 minutes onward (8, 9, 10 min all = 3.0 g).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "8 (nóiméad / minutes).", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q12f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(f)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tarraing líne bhriste (- - - - -) ar do ghraf thuas chun an toradh a léiriú a mbeifeá ag súil leis dá n-athdhéanfaí an t-iniúchadh thuas go díreach mar a rinneadh cheana é, ach sliseanna marmair níos lú a bheith in úsáid ach mais iomlán na sliseanna a bheith mar an gcéanna.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Candidate adds a broken (dashed) line to the same CO2-mass-vs-time graph. Expected curve is steeper (faster reaction) and plateaus before 8 minutes, but at the same final mass of 3.0 g (smaller marble pieces = greater surface area, same total mass).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Níos géire (steeper) // Leibhéil ar 3.0 g roimh 8 nóiméad (levels off at 3.0 g before 8 minutes). [3 + 3]", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q13a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(a)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Rinne grúpa eolaithe iniúchadh go bhfeicfí an bhfásfadh síolta biolair ag an ráta céanna in ithir ghealaí (ithir ón nGealach) i gcomparáid le hithir an Domhain. Cuireadh cúig shíol biolair in ithir ghealaí agus cuireadh cúig shíol biolair in ithir de chuid an Domhain. (a) Scríobh hipitéis oiriúnach don iniúchadh seo.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Close-up photograph of a young cress seedling (síológ) with a leaf labelled. Five cress seeds were planted in lunar soil and five in Earth soil.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Hipitéis bhailí (Any valid hypothesis, e.g. cress seeds will/will not grow at the same rate in lunar soil as in Earth soil). (Award 2m for naming only one variable.)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q13b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(b)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sainaithin an athróg a d’athraigh na heolaithe le linn an iniúchta.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "(Cineál) ithreach (the type of soil – the independent variable).", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q13c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(c)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ainmnigh athróg amháin ba cheart do na heolaithe a choimeád tairiseach le linn an iniúchta.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Mais na hithreach / cineál síl / líon na síolta / toirt uisce / teocht / déine solais / méid an choimeádáin / tiúchan ocsaigine / freagraí cearta eile (any valid control variable, e.g. mass of soil, type of seed, number of seeds, volume of water, temperature, light intensity, container size).", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q13d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(d)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Mínigh an fáth ar úsáideadh cúig shíol biolair seachas síol biolair amháin.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Sonraí níos iontaofa (to give more reliable data / a fair, repeatable result).", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q13e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(e)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Rinneadh monatóireacht ar fhás na síológ thar roinnt laethanta. Sa tábla, taispeántar torthaí an iniúchta ar lá 6 agus ar lá 16 tar éis an turgnamh a leagan amach. (e) An dtacaíonn na torthaí leis an hipitéis a scríobh tú i gcuid (a)? Cosain do fhreagra.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Results table comparing cress grown in lunar soil (Biolar a fásadh in ithir ghealaí) versus Earth soil (de chuid an Domhain) at Lá 6 and Lá 16. Day 6: both small seedlings with Duilleog (leaf) and Fréamh (root) labelled. Day 16: the Earth-soil plant is much larger and leafier than the smaller lunar-soil plant.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Tacaíonn / Ní thacaíonn na torthaí leis an hipitéis i (a) + cosaint bhailí (Supports / does not support the hypothesis + valid justification). (Award 2m for opinion without justification; 4m for justification without opinion.)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q13fi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(f)(i)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sa bhliain 2019, thuirling spásairthach róbatach ar an nGealach agus turgnamh á iompar aige ina raibh planda biolair á úsáid. Cuireadh an biolair i stán in éineacht le seiriceán, le hithir agus le huisce. Bhí fáil ag na horgánaigh ar stán ar sholas na gréine trí fheadán. Tháirg an biolar ocsaigin do na seiriceáin agus tháirg na seiriceáin dé-ocsaíd charbóin don bhiolar. (f)(i) Cén t-ainm a thugtar ar an gcoibhneas idir orgánaigh ina mbraitheann siad ar a chéile chun maireachtáil? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart. Iomaíocht / Oiriúnú / Idirspleáchas", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Idirspleáchas (Interdependence).", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q13fii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(f)(ii)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ainmnigh an próiseas bitheolaíochta a chuir an biolar i gcrích agus a tháirg ocsaigin do na seiriceáin.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Fótaisintéis (Photosynthesis).", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q13fiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(f)(iii)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ainmnigh dhá thoisc a d’fhéadfadh dul i bhfeidhm ar ráta an phróisis bhitheolaíochta seo sa turgnamh thuas.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Teocht (temperature) // dé-ocsaíd charbóin (CO2) // uisce (H2O) // solas (light) // radaíocht – any two. [2(3)]", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q14a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(a)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 4, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "De réir mar a fhithisíonn an Ghealach an Domhan, athraíonn an céatadán de dhromchla na Gealaí a bhíonn infheicthe ón Domhan. Tugtar céimeanna na Gealaí ar na hathruithe seo. Sa ghraf, taispeántar an céatadán (%) de dhromchla na Gealaí a bhíonn infheicthe ó Éirinn le linn ocht gcéim leantacha den Ghealach. (a) Bíonn céimeanna na Gealaí ‘ag líonadh’ nuair a bhíonn an chuid den Ghealach atá infheicthe ón Domhan ag méadú in imeacht ama. Cé acu líne (dearg nó gorm) a sheasann do chéimeanna na Gealaí atá ag líonadh?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Line graph: x-axis Céimeanna na Gealaí (Moon phases 1–8), y-axis % of Moon's surface visible from Ireland. A red line rises to 100% (around phase 5) and a blue line then falls. A photograph shows the Moon as seen from Ireland at phase 3 (partly illuminated).", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Dearg (Red line). [part of combined 4+4+4+3 mark allocation for (a)-(d)]", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q14b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(b)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 4, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Sa chiorcal ar dheis, scáthaigh an chuid den Ghealach a mbeadh cuma dhorcha uirthi nuair a d’fheicfí ó Éirinn í le linn céim 7.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "An empty circle is provided to be shaded to show the dark portion of the Moon as seen from Ireland at phase 7.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Circle with the appropriate half/portion shaded (scheme shows the right-hand half shaded dark). [part of combined 4+4+4+3]", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q14c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(c)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 4, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Cé acu ceann de chéimeanna na Gealaí ó 1 go dtí 8 a sheasann don chéim sin na Gealaí nuair a d’fhéadfadh lánnrú gréine (an ghrian faoi urú) a bheith ann ar Domhan?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to the Moon-phase graph (phases 1–8). A solar eclipse occurs at the new-moon phase (phase 1, when the visible % is at its minimum).", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "1 (phase 1 / new moon). [part of combined 4+4+4+3]", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q14d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(d)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Mínigh cén fáth nach dtarlaíonn lánnrú gréine ach amháin nuair a bhíonn an Domhan agus an Ghrian ar thaobhanna urchomhaireacha den Ghealach.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Bacann an ghealach solas (ón nGrian ag teacht go dtí an Domhan) nó intuigthe (The Moon blocks the sunlight from reaching the Earth, or implied). [part of combined 4+4+4+3]", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q14e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(e)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sa tábla, taispeántar fad na Gealaí ón Domhan ar laethanta éagsúla i mí áirithe den bhliain. Taispeántar freisin an céatadán (%) den Ghealach a bhíonn infheicthe ón Domhan. Dáta / Fad neasach na Gealaí ón Domhan (×10^3 km) / % den Ghealach atá infheicthe ón Domhan í: 8 / 393 / 10; 12 / 404 / 44; 16 / 396 / 81; 20 / 377 / 100; 24 / 368 / 80; 28 / 371 / 47. (e) Tharla lánnrú gealaí (an Ghealach faoi urú) le linn na míosa seo. Cén dáta a tharla sé?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Data table of Moon-Earth distance (Fad neasach, ×10^3 km) and % of Moon visible from Earth on six dates: Dáta 8=393km/10%; 12=404/44; 16=396/81; 20=377/100; 24=368/80; 28=371/47. A lunar eclipse occurs at full moon (100% visible) = Dáta 20.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "20 (Dáta 20 – full moon, 100% visible).", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q14f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(f)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Nuair a bhíonn an Ghealach le feiceáil, bíonn sé sin amhlaidh mar go mbíonn solas ón nGrian á fhrithchaitheamh ó dhromchla na Gealaí i dtreo an Domhain. Cén dáta ar ar thóg sé an méid is lú ama ar an solas ón nGealach an Domhan a bhaint amach? Cosain do fhreagra.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to the distance table; the shortest Moon-Earth distance (368 ×10^3 km) is on Dáta 24, so reflected light takes least time then.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "24 // (Bhí an ghealach) is cóngaraí don Domhan / fad is giorra (the Moon was closest to Earth / shortest distance). [3 + 3]", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q14g", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(g)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "An dtugann na sonraí sa tábla le tuiscint go ngluaiseann an Ghealach i gconair chiorclach timpeall an Domhain? Cosain do fhreagra.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to the distance table; Moon-Earth distance varies (368 to 404 ×10^3 km), so the orbit is not a perfect circle.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Ní thugann nó intuigthe // Níl an fad (ón nGealach go dtí an Domhan) leanúnach nó níor míníodh é (It does not / implied; the Moon-Earth distance is not constant, so the orbit is not circular). [3 + 3]", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q15a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(a)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Rinne dhá ghrúpa mac léinn suirbhé cuadraí ar pháirc. Shainaithin siad cúig phlanda éagsúla. Ríomh na grúpaí minicíocht chéatadánach (%) gach ceann de na plandaí seo freisin. Thóg grúpa A sampla cuadraí amháin. Thóg grúpa B cúig shampla cuadraí. Plandaí: Nóinín, Naprún Phádraig, Caisearbhán, Cam an ime, Féar. (a) Conas a d’fhéadfadh na daltaí plandaí anaithnide ar bith a shainaithint?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Two presence/absence tables (✓/✗) of five plant types across quadrats for Grúpa A (one quadrat, all present, 100% frequencies) and Grúpa B (five quadrats with varied presence; frequencies e.g. Nóinín 60%, Caisearbhán/Cam an ime ~80%, Féar 100%). A photo of a grassy field shows a quadrat outline.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Eochair (aitheantais) (use of an identification key).", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q15b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(b)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cé acu grúpa, A nó B, a rinne an suirbhé ab fhearr? Cosain do fhreagra.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to the two quadrat tables: Grúpa A used only one quadrat; Grúpa B used five quadrats.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "(Grúpa) B + cosaint bhailí (e.g. used more quadrats, so more reliable/representative data). [3 + 3]", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q15c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(c)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ríomh minicíocht chéatadánach (%) an chaisearbháin i gcás na dtorthaí a fuair grúpa B. Ríomh:", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to Grúpa B's quadrat table; the dandelion (caisearbhán) was present in 2 of the 5 quadrats, giving a percentage frequency of 40%.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "40 (%) (award 2m for incomplete processing).", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q15d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(d)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "An sampla de shonraí cáilíochtúla nó de shonraí cainníochtúla atá sa mhinicíocht chéatadánach (%)? Mínigh do fhreagra.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Cainníochtúil (Quantitative) // (Bunaithe ar) uimhreacha (it is based on numbers). [6 + 3]", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q15e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(e)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is é méid an chuadraí a d’úsáid na daltaí ná 0.5 m × 0.5 m. (e) Ríomh achar an chuadraí ina m^2. Ríomh:", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A square quadrat is drawn with each side labelled 0.5 m.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "0.25 (m^2) (award 3m for incomplete processing).", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q15f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(f)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tar éis iniúchadh breise a dhéanamh ar an bpáirc, shainaithin grúpa B planda ar a dtugtar ‘buachalán buí’. Ar an meán bhí dhá phlanda buachaláin bhuí i ngach cuadraí a ndearna siad suirbhé air. Dá mba é 3500 m^2 achar na páirce, ríomh líon iomlán na bplandaí buachaláin bhuí sa pháirc. Ríomh:", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "28 000 (2 plants per 0.25 m^2 = 8 per m^2; 8 × 3500 = 28 000). (Award 2m for incomplete processing.)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q16a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(a)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Bíonn ábhar le fáil ina sholad, ina leacht nó ina ghás. Is solad í substaint X ag −50 °C. Rinneadh sampla de shubstaint X a théamh ar ráta tairiseach. Tomhaiseadh an t-am a thóg sé ar shubstaint X athrú ó bheith ina solad go raibh sí ina leacht agus ansin ina gás. Sa ghraf, taispeántar torthaí a fuarthas. (a) Cén staid ina mbíonn an teocht is airde i substaint X? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart. Solad / Leacht / Gás", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Heating curve: x-axis Am (nóim, 0–21 min), y-axis Teocht (°C, −50 to 250). The line rises with plateaus labelled Leá (melting) and Fiuchadh (boiling); regions labelled Solad, Leacht, Gás. Particle-arrangement diagrams shown for each state (solid/liquid/gas).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Gás", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q16b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(b)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cén staid ina mbíonn toirt sheasta i substaint X agus cruth seasta uirthi? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart. Solad / Leacht / Gás", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to the heating-curve / particle diagrams; a solid has both a fixed volume and a fixed shape.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Solad", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q16c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(c)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cén staid ina mbíonn toirt sheasta i substaint X ach cruth athraitheach uirthi? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart. Solad / Leacht / Gás", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to the heating-curve / particle diagrams; a liquid has a fixed volume but a changeable shape.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Leacht", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q16d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(d)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cén teocht ag a n-athraíonn substaint X ó bheith ina solad go mbíonn sí ina leacht?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Read from the heating-curve graph: the melting plateau (Leá) is at 50 °C.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "50 (°C)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q16e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(e)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cé mhéad ama a thóg sé ar shubstaint X galú (athrú ó bheith ina leacht go mbíonn sí ina gás) go hiomlán tar éis di a fiuchphointe a shroicheadh?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Read from the heating-curve graph: the boiling/vaporisation plateau (Fiuchadh) lasts 6 minutes.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "6 (nóiméad / minutes)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q16f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(f)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is samplaí de phróisis inteirmeacha iad leá agus fiuchadh. Sa spás thíos, tarraing léaráid phróifíle fuinnimh do phróiseas inteirmeach. Lipéadaigh an dá ais.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Blank axes provided (with a box on the y-axis and a box on the x-axis) for the candidate to draw an endothermic energy-profile diagram. Scheme answer: y-axis = Fuinneamh (Energy), x-axis = Imoibriú (reaction progress); curve where products are at higher energy than reactants.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "X-ais: Imoibriú (dul chun cinn) (reaction progress); Y-ais: Fuinneamh (energy); Próifíl cheart tarraingthe (correct endothermic profile drawn – products higher in energy than reactants). [3 + 3 + 3]", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q16g", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(g)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cé acu ceann de na ráitis seo a leanas a chuireann síos i gceart ar a dtarlaíonn do na cáithníní i substaint X de réir mar a mhéadaíonn an teocht? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart. Méadaíonn fuinneamh na gcáithníní agus bogann siad níos gaire dá chéile / Laghdaíonn fuinneamh na gcáithníní agus bogann siad níos gaire dá chéile / Méadaíonn fuinneamh na gcáithníní agus bogann siad níos faide ó chéile / Laghdaíonn fuinneamh na gcáithníní agus bogann siad níos faide ó chéile.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Méadaíonn fuinneamh na gcáithníní agus bogann siad níos faide ó chéile (The particles' energy increases and they move further apart).", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q16h", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(h)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Luaigh slí amháin chun substaint X a thiontú ó bheith ina gás ar ais ina leacht.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "X a fuarú / a chomhdhlúthú / brú a mhéadú (Cool X / condense it / increase the pressure).", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q17ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "17(a)(i)", "parent_question": "17", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Léigh an sliocht seo a leanas a tógadh ó shuíomh gréasáin NASA, agus freagair na ceisteanna a leanann é. [Sliocht faoin gcarbón mar chnámh droma na beatha ar Domhan: tá carbón i ngach rud beo, sa talamh, sna haigéin agus san atmaisféar, agus aistríonn an timthriall carbóin é idir na taiscumair seo.] (a)(i) Mínigh cén fáth arb é an carbón ‘cnámh droma na beatha ar Domhan’.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Is as carbón atáimid féin déanta / ithimid carbón / tá ár ngeilleagair (tithe) (modhanna iompair) tógtha ar an gcarbón (We are made of carbon / we eat carbon / our economies, houses and transport are built on carbon).", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q17aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "17(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "17", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cá bhfuil an chuid is mó de charbón an Domhain i dtaisce?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Carraigeacha (Rocks).", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q17bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "17(b)(i)", "parent_question": "17", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tá baint ag roinnt próiseas le haistriú carbóin ó thaiscumar amháin go taiscumar eile. Tá roinnt de na próisis aistrithe carbóin seo liostaithe thíos. Próisis: Dó, Tuaslagadh, Síonchaitheamh, Dianscaoileadh. (b)(i) Sa tábla, aistrítear carbón ó thaiscumar A go taiscumar B i ngach cás. Úsáid na focail sa liosta thuas chun an próiseas aistrithe carbóin a shainaithint i ngach cás. (An chéad cheann déanta duit.) Rónna: Atmaisféar → Uisce aigéin = Tuaslagadh (déanta); Breosla iontaise → Atmaisféar = ?; Plandaí talún → Ithir = ?; Aolchloch → Uisce aigéin nó fionnuisce = ?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A 3-column table (Taiscumar A, Taiscumar B, Próiseas aistrithe carbóin) of carbon-transfer pairs to be completed using the listed processes. First row given: Atmaisféar → Uisce aigéin = Tuaslagadh.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Breosla iontaise → Atmaisféar = Dóchán (combustion); Plandaí talún → Ithir = Dianscaoileadh (decomposition); Aolchloch → Uisce aigéin nó fionnuisce = Síonchaitheamh/Tuaslagadh (weathering/dissolving). (3 marks each.)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q17bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "17(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "17", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ainmnigh próiseas bitheolaíoch, seachas dianscaoileadh, a chuireann dé-ocsaíd charbóin isteach san atmaisféar.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Riospráid (Respiration).", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q17ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "17(c)(i)", "parent_question": "17", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tagraítear don phláinéad Véineas sa sliocht. Déantar comparáid sa tábla idir an Domhan agus Véineas. [Tábla: Trastomhas (km) Domhan 12 756, Véineas 12 104; Fad go dtí an Ghrian (×10^6 km) 151 / 108; Am fithisithe (laethanta) 365 / 225; Mais (kg) 5.97×10^24 / 4.87×10^24; Dlús (kg/m^3) 5.52 / 5.24; Meánteocht ar dromchla (°C) 14 / 460; Uisce leachtach i láthair Tá / Níl; Comhdhéanamh an atmaisféir Domhan 78% nítrigin/21% ocsaigin/0.04% dé-ocsaíd charbóin, Véineas 96% dé-ocsaíd charbóin/3.5% nítrigin.] (c)(i) Is minic a thugtar ‘leathchúpla pláinéadach an Domhain’ ar Véineas. Luaigh dhá phíosa fianaise ón tábla chun tacú leis sin.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Comparison table of An Domhan (Earth) vs Véineas (Venus): diameter 12 756 vs 12 104 km; distance to Sun 151 vs 108 ×10^6 km; orbital period 365 vs 225 days; mass 5.97×10^24 vs 4.87×10^24 kg; density 5.52 vs 5.24 kg/m^3; mean surface temp 14 vs 460 °C; liquid water present Tá vs Níl; atmosphere Earth 78% N2/21% O2/0.04% CO2, Venus 96% CO2/3.5% N2.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Trastomhas comhchosúil // mais chomhchosúil // dlús comhchosúil (similar diameter // similar mass // similar density) – any two. [2(3)]", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q17cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "17(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "17", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tá céatadán an-ard dé-ocsaíde carbóin ina atmaisféar ag Véineas i gcomparáid leis an Domhan. Agus tú ag úsáid na sonraí sa tábla, mol cúis amháin leis sin.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to the Earth/Venus comparison table; Venus has 96% CO2 in its atmosphere and a mean surface temperature of 460 °C (greenhouse effect). The question itself notes Venus's high CO2; the answer concerns liquid water.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Gan uisce (leachtach) (chun dé-ocsaíd charbóin a thuaslagadh) (There is no liquid water present to dissolve/absorb the carbon dioxide).", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q2a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(a)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 10, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sna híomhánna, taispeántar foinsí a úsáideann daoine chun leictreachas a ghiniúint. (a) Cuir tic (✓) sa cholún ceart chun gach ceann de na foinsí a rangú mar fhoinse in-athnuaite nó mar fhoinse neamh-in-athnuaite. Foinsí: Uisce, Gual, Ola, An Ghaoth, An Ghrian.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Five labelled energy-source images: Uisce (hydroelectric/water), Gual (coal power station), Ola (oil rig/barrel), An Ghaoth (wind turbine), An Ghrian (the Sun). A table with columns In-athnuaite (renewable) / Neamh-in-athnuaite (non-renewable) is to be ticked.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Uisce = In-athnuaite (renewable); Gual = Neamh-in-athnuaite (non-renewable); Ola = Neamh-in-athnuaite; An Ghaoth = In-athnuaite; An Ghrian = In-athnuaite. (2 marks per correct row.)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q2b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(b)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 5, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "“Beidh ar tháirgeoirí fuinnimh aghaidh a thabhairt ar shaincheisteanna eitice maidir leis an tslí ina ndéantar fuinneamh a eastóscadh agus/nó a tháirgeadh.” An aontaíonn tú leis an ráiteas seo? Cosain do fhreagra.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Aontaím / Ní aontaím + cosaint bhailí (Agree / Disagree + valid justification). (Award 2m for agree/disagree with no justification; 4m for valid justification with no agree/disagree.)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q3a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(a)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Shocraigh mac léinn an turgnamh chun dlús gainimh agus dlús ola a chur i gcomparáid le dlús uisce. (a) Cé acu substaint, an gaineamh nó an ola, a bhí níos dlúithe ná an t-uisce? Cosain do fhreagra.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A beaker contains 200 cm^3 uisce (water). 10 g ola (oil) floats as a layer on top of the water; 10 g gaineamh (sand) has sunk to the bottom of the beaker.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Gaineamh (Sand) // Chuaigh sé go tóin poill / ní raibh sé ar snámh / ag bun (it sank to the bottom / it was not floating). [3 + 3]", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q3b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(b)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tá ola dothuaslagtha in uisce. Cén fhianaise atá sa léaráid a thacaíonn leis an ráiteas seo?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Same beaker diagram: oil sits as a distinct layer floating on top of the water, not mixed in.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Ola (ag snámh) ar bharr / níor thuaslaig sé / scarann sé i sraitheanna (Oil floating on top / it did not dissolve / it separates into layers).", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q3c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(c)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sa spás thíos, tarraing léaráid lipéadaithe de theicníc dheighilte a d’fhéadfaí a úsáid chun an gaineamh a dheighilt ón uisce. Léaráid lipéadaithe:", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "An empty box labelled 'Léaráid lipéadaithe:' is provided for the candidate to draw a labelled separation-technique diagram (e.g. filtration).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Léaráid ar theicníc bhailí scartha (Diagram of a valid separation technique, e.g. filtration) + aon lipéad ceart (any one correct label). [3 + 3]", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q4", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 15, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Léiríonn na ceithre ghraf (A, B, C agus D) gluaisne ceithre réad éagsúla. Úsáid na ráitis thíos chun cur síos ar ghluaisne an réada i ngach ceann de na ceithre ghraf. (Tabhair faoi deara gur chóir ceann amháin de na ráitis a úsáid faoi dhó.) Ráitis: 1. Níor ghluais an réad. 2. Ghluais an réad ar luas tairiseach. 3. Tháinig ardú ar luas an réada. Tabhair ráiteas do gach graf A, B, C agus D.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Four line graphs. Graf A: Fad (distance) vs Am (time) - straight line rising from origin. Graf B: Fad vs Am - horizontal line. Graf C: Luas (speed) vs Am - straight line rising from origin. Graf D: Luas vs Am - horizontal line.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "A = Ghluais an réad ar luas tairiseach (statement 2); B = Níor ghluais an réad (statement 1); C = Tháinig ardú ar luas an réada (statement 3); D = Ghluais an réad ar luas tairiseach (statement 2). [3 + 4 + 4 + 4]", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q5a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(a)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Scrúdaigh na léaráidí de chiorcad thíos, A agus B, agus freagair na ceisteanna a leanann iad. Tá an fhriotaíocht chéanna ag na bolgáin uile. (a) I gciorcad A, cad a tharlódh dá ‘séidfeadh’ bolgán 1 nó dá dteipfeadh air? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart. Rachadh bolgán 2 agus 3 as / Bheadh bolgán 2 agus 3 chomh lonrach céanna i gcónaí / Ní bheadh bolgán 2 agus 3 chomh lonrach céanna / Bheadh bolgán 2 agus 3 níos lonraí", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Ciorcad A: a series circuit with a 12 V cell (Ceallra 12 V), a switch (Lasc) and three bulbs (Bolgán 1, 2, 3) in a single loop. Ciorcad B: a parallel circuit with a 12 V cell, a switch and three bulbs each on its own branch.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Rachadh bolgán 2 agus 3 as (Bulbs 2 and 3 would go out).", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q5b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(b)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 5, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "I gciorcad B, cad a tharlódh dá ‘séidfeadh’ bolgán 1 nó dá dteipfeadh air? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart. Rachadh bolgán 2 agus 3 as / Bheadh bolgán 2 agus 3 chomh lonrach céanna i gcónaí / Ní bheadh bolgán 2 agus 3 chomh lonrach céanna / Bheadh bolgán 2 agus 3 níos lonraí", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Ciorcad B is a parallel circuit: each bulb is on its own branch from the 12 V cell, so the others stay lit if one fails.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Bheadh bolgán 2 agus 3 chomh lonrach agus a bhíodh (Bulbs 2 and 3 would be as bright as before).", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q5c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(c)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "I gciorcad A, úsáideadh voltmhéadar chun an difríocht poitéinsil (voltas) trasna bholgán 1 a thomhas. Cén léamh a mbeifeá ag súil lena fheiceáil ar an voltmhéadar? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart. 0 volta / 3 volta / 4 volta / 12 volta", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Ciorcad A (series): three identical bulbs across a 12 V supply, so the p.d. across one bulb is roughly one third of 12 V (i.e. 4 V).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "4 volta", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q5d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(d)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 1, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "I gciorcad B, úsáideadh voltmhéadar chun an difríocht poitéinsil (voltas) trasna bholgán 1 a thomhas. Cén léamh a mbeifeá ag súil lena fheiceáil ar an voltmhéadar? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart. 0 volta / 3 volta / 4 volta / 12 volta", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Ciorcad B (parallel): each bulb branch is across the full 12 V supply, so the p.d. across bulb 1 is 12 V.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "12 volta", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q6a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(a)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Glactar le Gregor Mendel mar bhunaitheoir na géineolaíochta. Is trí thurgnaimh le plandaí pise a rinne sé staidéar ar an gcaoi a fhaightear tréithe ó oidhreacht. Bíonn dhá leagan (ailléil) de ghéin na hairde ag piseanna ina gcealla. Is féidir na litreacha A agus a a úsáid chun seasamh do na hailléilí. Is féidir na péirí ailléilí a d’fhéadfadh a bheith ann ná AA (ard), Aa (ard) agus aa (abhcach). Sa tábla, léirítear crosáil ghéiniteach idir dhá phlanda pise arda (Tuismitheoir 1 Aa × Tuismitheoir 2 ?). Géinitíopaí na sleachta: AA, Aa, Aa, aa. (a) Céard é cóimheas na bplandaí arda leis na plandaí abhcacha i sliocht na crosála seo? 1:3 / 3:1 / 1:1", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Genetics cross table (Punnett-style). Tuismitheoir 1 genotype = Aa; Tuismitheoir 2 = ? Gametes shown as A or a. The four offspring (sliocht) genotypes are AA, Aa, Aa, aa (i.e. 3 tall : 1 dwarf). Pea-plant images illustrate tall vs dwarf.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "3:1", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q6b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cé acu géinitíopaí díobh seo is féidir a bheith ag na gaiméití a tháirgeann tuismitheoir 2? A nó A / A nó a / a nó a", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to the genetics cross table; gametes of the heterozygous tall parent (Aa) can be A or a.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "A nó a", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q6c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(c)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cé acu géinitíopa díobh seo atá ag tuismitheoir 2? AA / Aa / aa", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to the cross producing offspring AA, Aa, Aa, aa from two tall parents; parent 2 must be Aa.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Aa", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q6d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(d)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cé acu leagan (ailléil) de ghéin na hairde atá ceannasach? A / a", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "A", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q6e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(e)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cén cineál atáirgthe a léirítear thuas? Gnéasach / Éighnéasach", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Gnéasach (Sexual)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q7", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 15, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is réada iad cóiméid agus astaróidigh atá le fáil sa ghrianchóras seo againne. Tá roinnt d’airíonna na gcóiméad agus na n-astaróideach liostaithe sa tábla thíos. Tá gach áirí fíor i gcás cóiméid nó i gcás astaróidigh nó i gcás an dá cheann. Scríobh ‘cóiméad’ nó ‘astaróideach’ nó ‘an dá cheann’ sa tábla taobh le gach áirí. Airí: Bíonn oighear ann de ghnáth; Suite den chuid is mó i gcrios idir Mars agus Iúpatar; Foirmítear eireaball air agus é ag gabháil tríd an ngrianchóras inmheánach; Le fáil go minic i bhfithis mhórthimpeall na Gréine; Suite de ghnáth sa ghrianchóras seachtrach.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Two photographs at top right: a Cóiméad (comet, with bright tail) and an Astaróideach (asteroid, rocky cratered body). A table lists five characteristics (Airí) to be classified as comet / asteroid / both (an dá cheann).", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Bíonn oighear ann de ghnáth = Cóiméad; Suite i gcrios idir Mars agus Iúpatar = Astaróideach; Foirmítear eireaball = Cóiméad; Le fáil i bhfithis mórthimpeall na Gréine = An dá cheann; Suite sa ghrianchóras seachtrach = Cóiméad. (3 marks each.)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q8", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 15, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sna léaráidí thíos taispeántar córas atáirgthe an bhaineannaigh dhaonna agus an fhireannaigh dhaonna. Meaitseáil na focail sa liosta thíos leis na litreacha sa léaráid chun an tábla a chomhlánú. Focail: Útaras, Duct speirme, Ubhagán, Uírí, Feadán Fallópach. Litreacha A–E.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Two anatomical diagrams: the human female reproductive system labelled A, B, C and the human male reproductive system labelled D, E. A = ovary region, B = Fallopian tube, C = uterus, D = testis, E = sperm duct.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "A = Ubhagán (ovary); B = Feadán Fallópach (Fallopian tube); C = Útaras (uterus); D = Uirí (testes); E = Ducht speirme (sperm duct). (3 marks each.)", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q9a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(a)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 2, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Úsáideann gléasanna leictreacha fuinneamh leictreach chun feidhmeanna ar leith a chomhlíonadh. Is é 2300 W an chumhacht leictreach atá ag an gciteal leictreach sa phictiúr. (a) Cén abairt díobh seo a leanas a chuireann síos ar chumhacht leictreach? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart. Fórsa a mhoillíonn sreabhadh srutha / An ráta ar a n-úsáidtear fuinneamh leictreach i gciorcad leictreach / Ráta gluaiseachta luchta leictrigh trí chiorcad leictreach.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Photograph of an electric kettle (citeal). Power rating stated as 2300 W.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "An ráta ar a n-úsáidtear fuinneamh leictreach i gciorcad leictreach (The rate at which electrical energy is used in an electrical circuit).", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q9b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(b)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 2, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is é 230 V an difríocht poitéinsil (voltas) trasna an chitil. Cad é an sruth atá ag sreabhadh tríd an gciteal? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart. 0.1 A / 10 A / 100 A", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "10 A", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q9c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(c)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 2, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ríomh friotaíocht an chitil. Bíodh an t-aonad san áireamh i do fhreagra. Ríomh:", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "23 // Ω (Resistance ~23 Ω; 1 mark for value, 1 mark for unit Ω). [1 + 1]", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2024-common-level-IV-q9d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2024, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9(d)", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tiontaítear fuinneamh leictreach ina chineálacha fuinnimh eile nuair a bhíonn citeal in úsáid. Tá an citeal san íomhá thuas tíosach ar fhuinneamh. Liostaítear trí chineál fuinnimh thíos. Úsáid na focail seo chun an léaráid Sankey le haghaidh an chitil a lipéadú. Focail: Teas, Fuaim, Solas. Ionchur: Fuinneamh leictreach.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A Sankey diagram with input 'Fuinneamh leictreach' (electrical energy) on the left, a large arrow leaving to the right (useful output) and two smaller downward arrows (wasted outputs). The three words Teas (heat), Fuaim (sound), Solas (light) are to be placed.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Useful (large) output = Teas (heat); two wasted (downward) outputs = Fuaim/Solas (Sound/Light). [3(3)]", "source_pdf": "2024 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q1", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 15, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Many factors can influence the Earth's climate. These factors can be natural (i.e. not caused by humans) or mainly due to human activity. Some examples of these factors are listed in the table below. Decide if each of the factors are natural or mainly due to human activity by putting a tick (✓) in the correct column. Factors: Ocean currents; Volcanic eruptions; Cutting down trees; Movement of tectonic plates; Burning of fossil fuels.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A table with three columns (Factor / Natural / Mainly due to human activity) and five factor rows: Ocean currents, Volcanic eruptions, Cutting down trees, Movement of tectonic plates, Burning of fossil fuels. Below the table are six photographs illustrating the factors (a fire/burning fossil fuels, a felled/cut-down tree, an erupting volcano, a tectonic-plate cross-section diagram, and ocean waves).", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Ocean currents = Natural; Volcanic eruptions = Natural; Cutting down trees = Mainly due to human activity; Movement of tectonic plates = Natural; Burning of fossil fuels = Mainly due to human activity. (5 correct ticks at 3 marks each.)", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q10a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(a)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Energy profile diagrams for three different chemical reactions, A, B and C, are shown. (a) In which reaction, A or B or C, do the reactants have the lowest energy?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Three energy profile diagrams, each with y-axis 'Energy (kJ)' from 0 to 120 and x-axis 'Reaction progress'. Reaction A: reactants start at a moderate energy with a small hump (low activation energy), products slightly lower. Reaction B: reactants start low, with a large hump (high activation energy) rising near 120, products end higher than reactants. Reaction C: reactants start high near 120 with a hump, products end much lower (exothermic). Reactants have lowest energy in Reaction B.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "(Reaction) B.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q10b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(b)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Which reaction, A or B or C, gives out the most heat?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "(Reaction) C.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q10c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(c)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Which reaction, A or B or C, has the lowest activation energy (requires the least amount of energy to get started)?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "(Reaction) A.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q10d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(d)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Which of the following statements about activation energy is true? Put a tick (✓) in the correct box. 'A low activation energy results in a reaction which will be fast.' / 'A low activation energy results in a reaction which will be slow.'", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "A low activation energy results in a reaction which will be fast.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q11a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(a)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A student set up the circuit shown to investigate the operation of a light emitting diode (LED). (a) Identify component X in the circuit. You may use the symbols on pages 72 – 78 of the Formulae and Tables booklet to help you answer this question.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A circuit diagram containing component X (drawn as a cell/battery symbol — two pairs of long/short parallel lines), an LED, a Resistor and a Switch connected in a loop. X is the power source (battery).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Battery.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q11b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(b)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The student made the following statements about the circuit above. Indicate if each statement is true or false by putting a tick (✓) in the correct column. Statements: 'The resistor is connected in series with the LED.'; 'When the switch is closed, the LED will emit light.'; 'The resistor increases the current flowing in the LED.'", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "'The resistor is connected in series with the LED' = True; 'When the switch is closed, the LED will emit light' = False; 'The resistor increases the current flowing in the LED' = False. (3 marks each.)", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q11ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(c)(i)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A thermistor is a type of resistor. The apparatus shown was used to collect the data needed to calculate the resistance of a thermistor at different temperatures. (c)(i) Identify instrument Y which was used to measure the current in the circuit.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Apparatus diagram: a thermistor in a water bath on a hot plate, with a thermometer in the water bath. A circuit (battery at top) connects to two meters labelled Y and Z. Instrument Y measures current; instrument Z measures voltage across the thermistor.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Ammeter.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q11cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "(c)(ii) Identify instrument Z which was used to measure the voltage across the thermistor.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Voltmeter.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q11di", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(d)(i)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The resistance of the thermistor was calculated using measurements for voltage and current taken at various temperatures. The graph shows how the resistance varied with temperature (Resistance in kΩ on the y-axis vs Temperature in °C on the x-axis; 1 kΩ = 1000 Ω). (d)(i) Put a tick (✓) in the box beside the statement which correctly finishes the following sentence: 'When the thermistor was heated from 0 °C to 20 °C, ...' (its resistance increased by 14 kΩ / its resistance decreased by 14 kΩ / its resistance decreased by 26 kΩ / its resistance decreased by 36 kΩ).", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Line graph: x-axis 'Temperature (°C)' 0 to 70, y-axis 'Resistance (kΩ)' 0 to 40. Curve starts at about 40 kΩ at 0 °C and falls steeply, decreasing as temperature rises (a decreasing/decay curve), levelling off near 0 kΩ around 60–70 °C. At 0 °C resistance ≈ 40 kΩ and at 20 °C ≈ 14 kΩ.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Its resistance decreased by 26 kΩ.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q11dii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(d)(ii)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "(d)(ii) At one stage of the investigation, the current in the thermistor was 0.0004 A and the voltage across it was 8 V. Using this data, calculate the resistance of the thermistor at this stage. You may use page 61 of the Formulae and Tables booklet to help you answer this question. Hence, use the graph above to determine the temperature of the thermistor when these readings were taken.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Resistance = V ÷ I = 8 ÷ 0.0004 = 20 000 (ohms / Ω) or 20 (kΩ). Award 3 marks for 8 ÷ 0.0004 or correct processing leading to an incorrect answer (6 marks). Temperature from graph = 12 (°C) (3 marks).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q12ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(a)(i)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Objects can have the same volume but different surface areas. The diagram shows two solid objects, A and B. Both objects have a volume of 64 cm^3. (a)(i) Explain how the volume of either of these objects could be calculated.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Two solid cuboids. Object A is a cube measuring 4 cm × 4 cm × 4 cm. Object B is a tall rectangular bar measuring 16 cm high × 2 cm × 2 cm. Both have volume 64 cm³.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Length × width × height.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q12aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "(a)(ii) The total surface area of object A is 96 cm^2. Calculate the total surface area of object B.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Ends: ([2 × 2] × 2) = 8 cm² (award 1m for 2 × 2). Sides: ([16 × 2] × 4) = 128 cm² (award 1m for 16 × 2). Total: (8 + 128 =) 136 cm².", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q12b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(b)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "The diagram shows part of the small intestine. One of the functions of the small intestine is to absorb digested nutrients into the blood. Diagram X shows a healthy small intestine. Diagram Y shows the small intestine of a person with a digestive disorder. (b) Using your knowledge of surface area, explain why people who have this disorder may be under-nourished.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "An illustration of the small intestine with two close-up cross-section diagrams of the intestinal wall. Diagram X shows numerous long finger-like projections (villi) giving a large surface area. Diagram Y shows flattened/reduced villi giving a much smaller surface area. A label 'Villi' points to the projections.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "No (smaller) villi // less (surface) area. (Scheme 2(3).)", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q12ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(c)(i)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The rate of chemical reactions is influenced by surface area. The diagram shows three dishes, 1, 2 and 3. Each dish contains 2 g of marble chips. (c)(i) Name an instrument that could be used to measure 2 g of marble chips.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Three dishes each holding 2 g of marble chips of different sizes: Dish 1 contains small chips, Dish 2 contains very fine/many tiny chips (smallest particle size = largest total surface area), Dish 3 contains a few large lumps (largest particle size).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Balance / scales.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q12cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "(c)(ii) Which dish contains marble chips with the largest total surface area? Put a tick (✓) in the correct box (Dish 1 / Dish 2 / Dish 3).", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Dish 2.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q12di", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(d)(i)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Marble chips react with hydrochloric acid to produce carbon dioxide gas. A group of students was asked to investigate the effect of marble chip size on the rate of this reaction. They used the apparatus shown in the diagram. Some of the variables that might change or be kept constant during this investigation are listed below: The concentration of hydrochloric acid; The volume of gas produced each minute; The temperature of the acid; The size of the marble chips; The loudness of the noise in the room; The total mass of the marble chips. (d)(i) From the list, identify three variables which the students should have kept constant during the investigation.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Apparatus diagram: a conical flask containing marble chips and hydrochloric acid, connected via a delivery tube to collect carbon dioxide gas. Labels point to 'Carbon dioxide gas', 'Marble chips' and 'Hydrochloric acid'.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Three of: The concentration of hydrochloric acid; The temperature of the acid; The total mass of the marble chips. (3 marks each.)", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q12dii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(d)(ii)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "(d)(ii) From the list, identify one relevant variable which changed during the investigation.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "The volume of gas produced each minute / the size of the marble chips.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q12ei", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(e)(i)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The graph below shows the results obtained by the students (Volume of CO2 produced (cm^3) on the y-axis vs Time (min) on the x-axis; three curves coloured green, red and blue). (e)(i) Which of the curves (green or red or blue) on the graph corresponds to the reaction with the slowest rate? Justify your answer.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Line graph: y-axis 'Volume of CO₂ produced (cm³)', x-axis 'Time (min)'. Three curves all rising and plateauing at the same final volume. The green curve rises most steeply and plateaus first (fastest rate). The red curve is intermediate. The blue curve rises most gradually (slowest rate) but reaches the same final volume.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Blue. Justify: Less steep (3 + 3 marks).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q12eii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(e)(ii)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "(e)(ii) Which of the curves (green or red or blue) on the graph corresponds to the reaction which finished first? Justify your answer.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Green. Justify: Levels off first (3 + 3 marks).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q12f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(f)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 8, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "The students collected carbon dioxide gas in this investigation. Describe how you would produce another common gas in the laboratory, including how you would test the gas to confirm its identity.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Method (3 marks); Two requirements named (scheme 2(3)); Test for gas including result (3 marks). Examples accepted include OXYGEN — method: mix/add hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with catalase / named source / manganese dioxide (MnO2); or electrolysis/voltameter of water with acidified H2SO4; or expose pondweed to light in water; test: relights a glowing splint. HYDROGEN — method: electrolysis/voltameter of water (acidified with H2SO4); or mix/add correct metal with water; or mix/add correct metal with hydrochloric acid / sulfuric acid / ethanoic acid (CH3COOH); test: burns with a pop.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q13a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(a)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 24, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The table shows data comparing four of the planets in our solar system – Venus, Mercury, Mars and Earth. Properties (Venus / Mercury / Mars / Earth): Acceleration due to gravity (m/s^2) = 8.9 / 3.7 / 3.7 / 9.8; Time taken to rotate on its own axis (Earth days) = 243 / 59 / 1 / 1; Time taken to orbit the Sun (Earth days) = 225 / 88 / 687 / 365; Mass (× 10^24 kg) = 4.87 / 0.330 / 0.642 / 5.97; Diameter (km) = 12 104 / 4879 / 6792 / 12 756; Volume (× 10^10 km^3) = 92.84 / 6.08 / 16.31 / 108.32; Density (kg/m^3) = 5243 / 5429 / 3934 / 5513; Mean surface temperature (°C) = 464 / 167 / −65 / 15; Distance from the Sun (× 10^6 km) = 108.2 / 57.9 / 227.9 / 149.6; Number of moons = 0 / 0 / 2 / 1. (a) Based only on the data above, indicate if each statement below is true or false by putting a tick (✓) in the correct column.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A data table with rows of planetary properties (acceleration due to gravity, rotation period, orbital period, mass, diameter, volume, density, mean surface temperature, distance from Sun, number of moons) and columns for Venus, Mercury, Mars and Earth, with the numerical values transcribed in the question text. Followed by a list of eight statements each to be marked True or False.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Statements (True/False): 'Acceleration due to gravity is the same on Mars and Mercury' = True; 'The planet with the smallest density has the largest volume' = False; 'The number of moons orbiting the planets decreases the further the planets are from the Sun' = False; 'Mars has the lowest mean surface temperature and is furthest from the Sun' = True; 'The planet with the smallest mass is the planet furthest from the Sun' = False; 'The planet with the largest diameter is the planet which takes the longest to orbit the Sun' = False; 'Venus takes longer to rotate on its own axis compared to the time it takes to orbit the Sun' = True; 'An eclipse can occur on Mercury' = False. (8 × 3 marks.)", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q13b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(b)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagram below shows the positions of the Sun, the Moon and Earth when an eclipse was observed from Earth (size and distance are not to scale). Positions A and B are locations on Earth's surface. (b) Which statement correctly describes the type of eclipse that was occurring and the position on Earth where this eclipse was observed? Put a tick (✓) in the correct box. (A lunar eclipse was observed from position A. / A lunar eclipse was observed from position B. / A solar eclipse was observed from position A. / A solar eclipse was observed from position B.)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram (not to scale) showing the Sun on the left, the Moon in the middle, and Earth on the right. The Moon lies between the Sun and Earth and casts a shadow onto Earth. Positions A and B are marked on Earth's surface: A is on the side facing the Moon (in the Moon's shadow), B is further along Earth's surface.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "A solar eclipse was observed from position A.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q13c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(c)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Name the phase of the Moon visible from Earth at position A.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "New (moon).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q13d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(d)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Which diagram sequence below shows the correct order of lunar phases as viewed from Earth for a period of one lunar cycle? Put a tick (✓) in the correct box. (Three candidate sequences of Moon-phase symbols are shown.)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Three candidate rows, each showing a sequence of eight Moon-phase symbols (combinations of full, gibbous, half, crescent and new) connected by arrows, representing possible orderings of the lunar cycle. The correct row shows a continuous progression through the phases.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "The sequence beginning with a full (filled) Moon and progressing correctly through the phases (the marking-scheme model answer shows the row: full → waning gibbous → last quarter → waning crescent → new → waxing crescent → first quarter → waxing gibbous → full).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q13e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(e)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "How many complete revolutions does the Moon make around the Earth each month?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "One (revolution).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q13f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(f)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Explain why total eclipses do not occur every time the Moon revolves around the Earth.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "The Sun, Moon and Earth are not always aligned / the Moon's orbit is tilted.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q13g", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(g)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 12, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Space agencies are working together to set up a lunar time zone using atomic clocks. (g) Atomic clocks measure time using the vibration of atoms. Discuss another technological application of physics. In your answer, you should refer to the impact your example has on science, society and the environment. (Name of technological application; Impact on science; Impact on society; Impact on the environment.)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Name of technological application (3 marks); Impact on science - how the named object has improved or developed or helped our scientific understanding (3 marks); Impact on society - how the named object has affected society, positive or negative (3 marks); Impact on the environment - how the named object has affected the environment, positive or negative (3 marks).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q13h", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(h)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Discuss, using three examples, the future role of space exploration in society.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Three valid examples discussed (scheme 3(1+2): 1m for example, 2m for discussion, for each). Different examples and discussion from headings such as: improve our knowledge of the Universe / potential colonisation of other planets / creates jobs / space tourism / improves international relations / to obtain resources / advancements in climate science / development of new technologies / other valid examples.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q14a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(a)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Photosynthesis and respiration are biological processes. (a) What is meant by the term biological?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Living.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q14bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(b)(i)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagram below shows the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration in a plant cell. (b)(i) Name the part of the cell where photosynthesis takes place.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of a plant cell with a plant (in a pot) absorbing solar energy and releasing Gas Z. A cycle links a Chloroplast and a Mitochondrion: Carbon dioxide + Water → (in chloroplast) Glucose + Gas Z; Glucose + Gas Z → (in mitochondrion) Energy + Carbon dioxide + Water. Labels: Solar energy, Chloroplast, Mitochondrion, Glucose + Gas Z, Carbon dioxide + Water, Energy, Gas Z.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Chloroplast.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q14bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "(b)(ii) Name the part of the cell where respiration takes place.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Mitochondrion.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q14biii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(b)(iii)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "(b)(iii) Glucose reacts with gas Z in the mitochondrion. Identify gas Z.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Oxygen.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q14ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(c)(i)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The graph on the right shows the relationship between light intensity and the rate of photosynthesis for two different plants, A and B. (c)(i) Explain the relationship between light intensity and the rate of photosynthesis for plant B.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Line graph: x-axis 'Light intensity', y-axis 'Rate of photosynthesis'. Two curves: Plant A rises steeply at low light intensity and levels off (plateaus) at a high rate; Plant B (dotted line) rises gradually and stays at a much lower rate, increasing slowly as light intensity increases.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "As light (intensity) increases, (the rate of) photosynthesis increases (accept converse relationship). (3 + 3 marks.)", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q14cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "(c)(ii) Which plant, A or B, is better adapted to a habitat where there is low light intensity? Justify your answer.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "(Plant) A. Justify: higher rate (of photosynthesis at lower light intensity). (3 + 3 marks.)", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q14d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(d)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The graph below shows how carbon dioxide uptake by two plants of the same species varied as the seasons changed (Carbon dioxide uptake on the y-axis vs Time of year on the x-axis, marked June, December, June; one curve for a plant in the northern hemisphere and one for the southern hemisphere). Explain the pattern observed for either plant during this time frame. You should refer to the tilt of the Earth in your answer.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Line graph: x-axis 'Time of year' marked June, December, June; y-axis 'Carbon dioxide uptake'. Two wave-like (sinusoidal) curves out of phase by half a year: 'Plant in northern hemisphere' (peaks in northern summer ~June, low in December) and 'Plant in southern hemisphere' (opposite phase, peaks ~December).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Reference to: When the Earth is tilted towards the Sun OR when the Earth is tilted away from the Sun; more light received / less light received; higher (rate of) photosynthesis / lower (rate of) photosynthesis. (2 + 2 + 2 marks.)", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q14ei", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(e)(i)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "A student carried out an experiment to investigate the process of respiration in peas. They used the apparatus shown in the diagram (Flask A with live peas, Flask B with dead peas, each with a thermometer). (e)(i) Why is it important that the flasks do not allow heat in or out?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Two sealed flasks, each filled with peas and containing a thermometer. Flask A is labelled '(Live peas)' and Flask B is labelled '(Dead peas)'. The thermometers monitor the temperature inside each flask.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "To show that the temperature increase came from the peas.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q14eii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(e)(ii)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 15, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The temperature in each flask was monitored over a period of 18 hours. The student recorded the results, as shown in the table below. Time (hours) / Temperature °C Flask A / Flask B: 0 → 20 / 20; 3 → 22 / 20; 6 → 25 / 21; 9 → 28 / 20; 12 → 32 / 21; 15 → 35 / 21; 18 → 37 / 20. (e)(ii) In the space below, draw line graphs for both sets of results.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A blank grid for plotting (x-axis 'Time (hours)' 0 to 18, y-axis 'Temperature (°C)' 20 to 40) accompanied by a results table. Flask A temperature rises steadily from 20 °C to 37 °C over 18 hours; Flask B stays roughly constant around 20–21 °C.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Graphs – points (13 marks, scheme notes y-axis increments between '30' and '35' are not consistent; marks available for the points (12,32), (15,35) and (18,37)). Two lines drawn through relevant points (2 marks); one mark can be awarded for joining the first four data points for Flask A.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q14eiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(e)(iii)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "(e)(iii) What should the student conclude from the results?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Respiration occurred in flask A (live peas) but not in flask B (dead peas). Award 2m for reference to respiration and one result only (Flask A/live peas or Flask B/dead peas).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q14fi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(f)(i)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The graph below shows how the rates of photosynthesis and respiration for a plant varied over a period of 24 hours (Rate of reaction vs Time (hours), with Night, Day, Night marked; one curve for Photosynthesis and one for Respiration). (f)(i) On the graph above, draw a circle around a point where the rate of respiration equals the rate of photosynthesis.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Line graph: x-axis 'Time (hours)' with Night, Day, Night periods marked (Moon symbols for night, Sun symbol for day), y-axis 'Rate of reaction'. The Photosynthesis curve is bell-shaped, near zero during night and peaking high during the day. The Respiration curve is roughly constant (a gentle near-horizontal line) across the 24 hours. The two curves intersect at two points (where photosynthesis rises to and falls from the respiration level).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Correct circle drawn (at a point where the photosynthesis and respiration curves intersect).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q14fii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(f)(ii)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "(f)(ii) What causes the day-night cycle on Earth?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "The rotation of the Earth (on its axis).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q14fiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(f)(iii)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "(f)(iii) Explain why the rate of respiration remains relatively constant over 24 hours, compared to the rate of photosynthesis.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Respiration is light independent, photosynthesis is light dependent. Award 2m for respiration is light independent or photosynthesis is light dependent.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q2a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(a)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagram below shows the processes involved in the changes of state of matter. The diagram is incomplete. (a) Write the words Solid, Liquid and Gas into the correct circles to complete the diagram.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A triangular changes-of-state diagram with three empty circles (top, bottom-left, bottom-right) connected by labelled double-headed arrows: between the top and bottom-left circles 'Melting' and 'Freezing'; between the top and bottom-right circles 'Evaporation' and 'Condensation'; between the bottom-left and bottom-right circles 'Desublimation' and 'Sublimation'. Top circle = Liquid, bottom-left = Solid, bottom-right = Gas.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Top circle = Liquid; bottom-left circle = Solid; bottom-right circle = Gas. (3 marks, 3 correct.)", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q2b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(b)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Are the processes shown in the diagram examples of physical or chemical changes? Put a tick (✓) in the correct box (Physical / Chemical). Justify your answer.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Physical (3 marks). Justify: no new substance formed / no change in (chemical) composition; accept: can be reversed (3 marks).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q3a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(a)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Two students, A and B, investigated the effect of exercise on heart rate (the number of heart beats per minute, bpm). They monitored their heart rates at rest for 2 minutes. They then monitored their heart rates while exercising and for a number of minutes after exercising had stopped. The results of their investigation are shown in the graph below. (a) Which student, A or B, had a lower heart rate at the start of the investigation?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Line graph: x-axis 'Time (mins)' from 0 to 18, y-axis 'Heart rate (bpm)' from 50 to 120. Two lines, Student A and Student B, plus a vertical reference 'Exercise stopped' line at around 8 minutes. Both heart rates start low at rest (~60-70 bpm), rise during exercise to a peak (~110-120) and fall again afterwards. Student A starts with a lower resting heart rate than Student B.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "(Student) B.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q3b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(b)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "How much higher was the heart rate of student A compared to student B after 6 minutes?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "20 (bpm).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q3c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(c)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "For how many minutes did the students exercise? Put a tick (✓) in the correct box (2 / 4 / 6 / 8).", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "4 (minutes).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q3d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(d)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "In general, heart rate returns to normal more quickly in people who exercise frequently. Which student, A or B, do you think is likely to exercise more frequently? Put a tick (✓) in the correct box (Student A / Student B).", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Student B.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q3e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(e)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Other than frequent exercise, name a lifestyle factor which contributes to good heart health.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Valid lifestyle factor (e.g. healthy diet, not smoking, reduced stress, etc.).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q4a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(a)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The image shows a person throwing a football. Three forces act on the football as it moves through the air. These forces are listed and numbered in the table below: Weight = 1; Lift = 2; Friction (air resistance) = 3. (a) Match each arrow to the type of force acting on the ball as it moves through the air by writing the numbers 1, 2 and 3 in the correct boxes on the diagram.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of a football moving to the right (large arrow labelled 'Direction of football movement' points right). Three force arrows with empty boxes attach to the ball: an arrow pointing up (with box), an arrow pointing left into the ball i.e. opposing the rightward motion (with box), and an arrow pointing down (with box). A small image of a person throwing a football is also shown.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Up arrow = 2 (Lift); arrow opposing motion / pointing left = 3 (Friction / air resistance); down arrow = 1 (Weight). (3 correct at 3 marks each.)", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q4b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(b)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The mass of the football was 0.4 kg. Acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s^2. Calculate the weight of the football. Include the unit for your answer.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Weight = mass × g = 0.4 × 9.8 = 3.92 (accept 3.9 and 4). Award 3 marks for incomplete processing. Unit: Newtons / N (1 mark).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q5ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(a)(i)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 4, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Atoms contain subatomic particles. The diagram below represents the structure of the atom proposed by Niels Bohr in 1913. (a)(i) In Bohr's model, subatomic particle S orbits the nucleus and has a negative charge. What is the name of this particle? Put a tick (✓) in the correct box (Electron / Neutron / Proton).", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of a Bohr-model atom: a central nucleus (cluster of red and grey particles) with electrons (small blue dots) on circular orbits/shells around it. A label 'Nucleus' points to the centre and a label 'S' points to a particle on an outer orbit.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Electron.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q5aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 4, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "(a)(ii) Which subatomic particle is located in the nucleus of an atom and has no charge? Put a tick (✓) in the correct box (Electron / Neutron / Proton).", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Neutron.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q5aiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(a)(iii)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 4, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "(a)(iii) Bohr's model of the atom is often referred to as a 'planetary model'. Suggest a reason for this.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "(Electrons orbit the nucleus) like planets orbit the Sun.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q5bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(b)(i)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 2, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "(b) Elements consist of atoms. The diagram below represents a chemical reaction between two elements. Element X reacts with hydrogen to form compound Y. (i) Identify element X by putting a tick (✓) in the correct box below. (You may use page 79 of the Formulae and Tables booklet to help you answer this question.) (Lithium / Magnesium / Nitrogen).", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of a chemical reaction shown with grouped spheres representing atoms/molecules: 'Element X' (a cluster of green spheres) + 'Hydrogen' (pairs of small white spheres) → 'Compound Y' (combined molecules of green and white spheres).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Nitrogen.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q5bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 1, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "(b)(ii) Hence, write the chemical formula for compound Y.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "NH3 (NH₃).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q6a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(a)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagram below shows the pH of some common household substances (Lemon juice, Water and Bleach marked on a pH scale from 0 to 14). (a) Classify each of the substances in the diagram as acidic or basic or neutral (Lemon juice; Water; Bleach).", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A coloured pH scale (rainbow strip) numbered 0 to 14. Arrows point to three substances on the scale: Lemon juice at about pH 2-3 (acidic), Water at pH 7 (neutral, green), and Bleach at about pH 12 (basic). Below is a table to classify each substance as Acidic / Basic / Neutral.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Lemon juice = Acidic; Water = Neutral; Bleach = Basic. (3 marks each.)", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q6b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Some insect stings are acidic and some are basic. A type of cream can be used to treat (by neutralisation) some insect stings. One of the ingredients in the cream is sodium bicarbonate, which is a base. Which type of sting (acidic or basic) could this cream be used to treat?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A photograph showing cream being applied to a person's arm (treatment of an insect sting).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Acidic.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q6c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(c)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Identify one product from the list below which is commonly formed when an acid and a base react (Water / Oxygen / Hydrogen).", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Water.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q7a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(a)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 4, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Organisms live in ecosystems. (a) State one way in which humans can benefit from ecosystems.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Valid benefit stated (e.g. food, oxygen, medicine, raw materials, etc.).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q7b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(b)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 4, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Global warming is threatening biodiversity (variety of life on Earth). The chart shows predicted loss in biodiversity at four different global temperature increases (+4°C, +3°C, +2°C, +1°C) on world maps, with a key (< 25%, 25 – 50%, 50 – 75%, > 75%). (b) According to the chart, what is the relationship between global temperatures and the variety of life on Earth?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Four world maps each labelled with a temperature increase (+4°C, +2°C, +3°C, +1°C). A colour-coded key shows 'Predicted loss in biodiversity': < 25%, 25–50%, 50–75%, > 75%. The maps show greater shaded biodiversity loss at higher temperature increases. Source: adapted from Living Planet Report, 2022, worldwildlife.org.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "As (global) temperatures increase, variety of life (biodiversity) decreases.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q7c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(c)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Other than reducing our use of fossil fuels, describe two ways in which humans can conserve biodiversity.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Two valid ways described (scheme: 'Two valid ways described'). Note: Q7 total scale is 4 + 4 + 4 + 2 + 1; marks split across parts is derived.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q8", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 15, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "The diagram shows the human breathing system, with parts labelled A, B, C, D and E. Complete the table by matching the words in the list below to the letters in the diagram (Diaphragm, Trachea, Bronchus, Lung, Alveolus). Letters: A, B, C, D, E.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Anatomical diagram of the human breathing system showing two lungs with bronchial tree and air sacs. Label D points to the windpipe at the top, C points to a main airway branch in the centre, E points to the body of a lung, A points to the small air sacs/clusters at the base of a lung, and B points to the dome-shaped muscle beneath the lungs.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "A = Alveolus; B = Diaphragm; C = Bronchus; D = Trachea; E = Lung. (3 marks each.)", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-EV-q9", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 15, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Time, mass, temperature and density are fundamental properties of the physical world. The passage below describes these properties. The following words are missing from the passage: Density, Temperature, Mass, Acceleration, Time. Write the missing words in the spaces provided. '____ is a measure of the amount of matter in an object and affects an object's resistance to ____. ____ is a measure of the mass per unit volume of an object and is related to the ability of a substance to float in a liquid. ____ is a dimension in which events unfold continuously, forming the basis for understanding change and motion. ____ is directly proportional to the kinetic energy of the particles within a substance and affects the physical state and behaviour of a substance.'", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "In order: Mass; Acceleration; Density; Time; Temperature. (3 marks each.)", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q1", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 15, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Bíonn tionchar ag a lán tosca ar aeráid an Domhain. Is féidir gur tosca nádúrtha iad (i.e. tosca nach é an duine is cúis leo) nó gur tosca iad arb í gníomhaíocht an duine go príomha is cúis leo. Tugtar roinnt samplaí de na tosca sa tábla thíos. Socraigh cé acu an tosc nádúrtha nó tosc arb í gníomhaíocht an duine go príomha is cúis léi gach ceann de na tosca agus cuir tic (✓) sa cholún ceart. (Tosca: Feachtaí aigéin; Brúchtanna bolcánacha; Crainn a leagan; Bogadh plátaí teicteonacha; Dó breoslaí iontaise)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A table with three columns (Tosc / Nádúrtha / Gníomhaíocht an duine go príomha is cúis léi) listing five factors affecting Earth's climate to be ticked as natural or human-caused: Feachtaí aigéin (acid rain), Brúchtanna bolcánacha (volcanic eruptions), Crainn a leagan (deforestation/felling trees), Bogadh plátaí teicteonacha (tectonic plate movement), Dó breoslaí iontaise (burning fossil fuels). Page also has photographs of forest fire, volcano, forest/trees, ocean wave and a geological/Earth-layers image.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Feachtaí aigéin → Nádúrtha; Brúchtanna bolcánacha → Nádúrtha; Crainn a leagan → Gníomhaíocht an duine; Bogadh plátaí teicteonacha → Nádúrtha; Dó breoslaí iontaise → Gníomhaíocht an duine. (5 marks each correct, 3 required scale: 5(3))", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q10a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(a)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Léirítear thíos na léaráidí próifíle fuinnimh le haghaidh trí imoibriú cheimiceacha éagsúla, A, B agus C. Cé acu imoibriú, A nó B nó C, a bhfuil an fuinneamh is ísle ag na himoibreáin ann?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Three energy-profile graphs (Fuinneamh kJ on y-axis 0–120 vs Dul chun cinn an imoibrithe on x-axis). Imoibriú A: reactants ~60, small activation bump, products ~45 (slightly exothermic, low activation energy). Imoibriú B: reactants start low ~25, large peak ~110, products ~55 (endothermic, products higher than reactants). Imoibriú C: reactants ~60, peak ~120, products very low ~5 (strongly exothermic, large activation energy).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "(Imoibriú) B", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q10b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(b)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cé acu imoibriú, A nó B nó C, a thugann amach an méid is mó teasa?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "(Imoibriú) C", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q10c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(c)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cé acu imoibriú A nó B nó C, a bhfuil an fuinneamh gníomhachtúcháin is ísle aige (a bhfuil gá aige leis an méid fuinnimh is lú chun go dtosódh sé)?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "(Imoibriú) A", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q10d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(d)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cé acu ráiteas díobh seo a leanas atá fíor faoi fhuinneamh gníomhachtúcháin? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart. (Imoibriú tapa is toradh d'fhuinneamh gníomhachtúcháin íseal. / Imoibriú mall is toradh d'fhuinneamh gníomhachtúcháin íseal.)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Imoibriú tapa is toradh d'fhuinneamh gníomhachtúcháin íseal.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q11a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(a)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Leag scoláire amach an ciorcad a thaispeántar chun feidhmiú dé-óide astaithe solais (LED) a iniúchadh. Sainaithin comhpháirt X sa chiorcad. Is féidir leat na siombailí ar leathanaigh 72–78 den leabhrán Foirmlí agus Táblaí a úsáid chun cabhrú leat a cheist seo a fhreagairt.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A circuit diagram (Roinn B Ceist 11) containing an LED, a Friotóir (resistor), a Lasc (switch), and component X drawn as a battery/cell symbol (two long-and-short parallel lines), all connected in series.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Bataire (battery/cell)", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q11b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(b)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Rinne an scoláire na ráitis a leanas maidir leis an gciorcad thuas. Cuir in iúl cé acu fíor nó bréagach atá gach ráiteas agus cuir tic (✓) sa cholún ceart. Ráitis: (1) Tá an friotóir i sraithcheangal leis an LED. (2) Nuair a dhúntar an lasc, astóidh an LED solas. (3) Méadaíonn an friotóir an sruth a bhíonn ag sreabhadh san LED.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "(1) Tá an friotóir i sraithcheangal leis an LED → Fíor [3]; (2) Nuair a dhúntar an lasc, astóidh an LED solas → Bréagach [3]; (3) Méadaíonn an friotóir an sruth a bhíonn ag sreabhadh san LED → Bréagach [3].", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q11ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(c)(i)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is éard is teirmeastar ann cineál friotóra. Úsáideadh an gaireas a thaispeántar agus bailíodh na sonraí a bhí ag teastáil chun friotaíocht teirmeastair ag teochtaí difriúla a ríomh. Sainaithin gléas Y a úsáideadh chun an sruth sa chiorcad a thomhas.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Apparatus diagram: a beaker (Dabhach uisce / water bath) on a hotplate (Teophláta), containing a thermometer (Teirmiméadar) and a thermistor (Teirmeastar) immersed in the water. The circuit includes two meters labelled Y and Z. Y is connected in series (measures current); Z is connected across the thermistor (measures voltage).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Aimpmhéadar (ammeter)", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q11cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sainaithin gléas Z a úsáideadh chun an voltas trasna an teirmeastair a thomhas.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Voltmhéadar (voltmeter)", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q11di", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(d)(i)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ríomhadh friotaíocht an teirmeastair agus úsáid á baint as tomhais voltais agus srutha a glacadh ag teochtaí éagsúla. Ar an ngraf thíos taispeántar an t-athrú a tháinig ar an bhfriotaíocht leis an teocht. Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca taobh leis an ráiteas a chríochnaíonn an abairt a leanas i gceart: Nuair a rinneadh an teirmeastar a théamh ó 0 °C go dtí 20 °C, (mhéadaigh a fhriotaíocht de 14 kΩ / laghdaigh a fhriotaíocht de 14 kΩ / laghdaigh a fhriotaíocht de 26 kΩ / laghdaigh a fhriotaíocht de 36 kΩ).", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Graph of Friotaíocht (kΩ) on y-axis 0–40 vs Teocht (°C) on x-axis 0–70. A smooth curve falls steeply from ~40 kΩ at 0 °C, ~14 kΩ at 20 °C, levelling to ~4 kΩ at 70 °C (resistance decreases as temperature increases). Note: 1 kΩ = 1000 Ω.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "laghdaigh a fhriotaíocht de 26 kΩ (40 kΩ at 0 °C − 14 kΩ at 20 °C = decrease of 26 kΩ).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q11dii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(d)(ii)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ag pointe amháin le linn an iniúchta, ba é an sruth sa teirmeastar ná 0.0004 A agus ba é an voltas trasna air ná 8 V. Úsáid na sonraí seo agus ríomh friotaíocht an teirmeastair ag an bpointe seo. Is féidir leat leathanach 61 den leabhrán Foirmlí agus Táblaí a úsáid. Uaidh sin, úsáid an graf thuas agus aimsigh teocht an teirmeastair nuair a glacadh na léamha sin.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Friotaíocht = V/I = 8 ÷ 0.0004 = 20 000 Ω / 20 kΩ [6] (tabhair 3m má tá 8 ÷ 0.0004 tugtha nó má tá freagra mícheart tugtha cé go raibh an phróiseáil ceart). Teocht (ón ngraf) = 12 °C [3].", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q12ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(a)(i)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "D'fhéadfadh gurbh ionann an toirt atá i réada ach nárbh ionann an t-achar dromchla atá iontu. Sa léaráid taispeántar dhá réad sholadacha, A agus B. Tá toirt 64 cm³ sa dá réad. Mínigh an chaoi a bhféadfaí toirt ceachtar de na réada seo a ríomh.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Two solid shapes of equal volume (64 cm³). Réad A: a cube with each edge 4 cm (4 × 4 × 4). Réad B: a long cuboid with cross-section 2 cm × 2 cm and length 16 cm (2 × 2 × 16).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Fad × leithead × airde (length × width × height).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q12aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is é achar dromchla iomlán réad A ná 96 cm². Ríomh achar dromchla iomlán réad B.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Réad B is a 2 cm × 2 cm × 16 cm cuboid; two square ends (2×2) and four long faces (2×16).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Bun agus Barr (top+bottom) = (2×2)×2 = 8 cm² [3]; Taobhanna (sides) = (16×2)×4 = 128 cm² [3]; Iomlán = 8 + 128 = 136 cm² [3]. (Tabhair 1m for each correct partial.)", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q12b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(b)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 5, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Sa léaráid taispeántar cuid den stéig bheag. Ceann de na feidhmeanna atá ag an stéig bheag is ea cothaithigh dhíleáite a ionsú isteach san fhuil. I léaráid X taispeántar stéig bheag shláintiúil. I léaráid Y taispeántar stéig bheag duine ar a bhfuil neamhord díleá. Agus an t-eolas atá agat ar an achar dromchla á úsáid agat, mínigh an fáth a mbeadh daoine a bhfuil an neamhord seo orthu ar ghannchothú.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of part of the small intestine (Stéig bheag) showing villi (Villis). Léaráid X = healthy intestine with dense, tall finger-like villi (large surface area). Léaráid Y = intestine of a person with a digestive disorder, with flattened/absent villi (reduced surface area).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Níl aon villis (níos lú) ann // achar (dromchla) níos lú — fewer/no villi means less surface area for absorbing digested nutrients, so less nutrient is absorbed. [2(3)]", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q12ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(c)(i)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Bíonn tionchar ag achar dromchla ar ráta imoibrithe ceimiceacha. Sa léaráid taispeántar trí mhias, 1, 2 agus 3. I ngach mias tá 2 g de shliseanna marmair. Ainmnigh gléas a d'fhéadfaí a úsáid chun 2 g de shliseanna marmair a thomhas.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Three dishes (Mias 1, 2, 3) each holding 2 g of marble chips of different sizes: Mias 1 = medium chips; Mias 2 = many small/fine chips (greatest total surface area); Mias 3 = a few large chips.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Meá / scálaí (balance / scales).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q12cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cé acu mias ina bhfuil sliseanna marmair leis an achar dromchla iomlán is mó? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart. (Mias 1 / Mias 2 / Mias 3)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": "Mias 2 contains the finest/smallest marble chips, giving the greatest total surface area.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Mias 2", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q12di", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(d)(i)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Imoibríonn sliseanna marmair le haigéad hidreaclórach chun gás dé-ocsaíde carbóin a tháirgeadh. Iarradh ar ghrúpa scoláirí iniúchadh a dhéanamh ar an tionchar atá ag méid na sliseanna marmair ar ráta an imoibrithe seo. D'úsáid siad an gaireas a thaispeántar ar dheis. Tugtar sa liosta thíos cuid de na hathróga a bhféadfadh athrú teacht orthu nó a d'fhéadfaí a choimeád tairiseach le linn an iniúchta seo. Ón liosta, sainaithin trí athróg ba cheart do na scoláirí a choimeád tairiseach le linn an iniúchta.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Apparatus: a conical flask containing marble chips (Sliseanna marmair) and hydrochloric acid (Aigéad hidreaclórach), with gas bubbling off through a delivery tube labelled 'Gás dé-ocsaíde carbóin'. List of variables: Tiúchan an aigéid hidreaclóraigh; Toirt an gháis a tháirgtear gach nóiméad; Teocht an aigéid; Méid na sliseanna marmair; Treise an torainn sa seomra; Mais iomlán na sliseanna marmair.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Tiúchan an aigéid hidreaclóraigh [3]; Teocht an aigéid [3]; Mais iomlán na sliseanna marmair [3]. (Three controlled variables kept constant.)", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q12dii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(d)(ii)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ón liosta, sainaithin athróg ábhartha amháin a d'athraigh le linn an iniúchta.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Toirt an gháis a tháirgtear gach nóiméad / Méid na sliseanna marmair (the relevant variable that changed).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q12ei", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(e)(i)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Ar an ngraf thíos taispeántar na torthaí a fuair na scoláirí. Cé acu ceann de na cuair (glas nó dearg nó gorm) ar an ngraf a chomhfhreagraíonn don imoibriú leis an ráta is moille? Cosain do fhreagra.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Graph of Toirt CO₂ a táirgeadh (cm³) on y-axis vs Am (nóiméid) on x-axis, with three curves: green (glas) rises steepest and plateaus first; red (dearg) intermediate; blue (gorm) rises least steeply (slowest reaction). All curves level off at the same final volume.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Gorm [3]. Cosain: Níl sé chomh géar leis na cinn eile (the blue curve is the least steep, indicating the slowest rate) [3].", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q12eii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(e)(ii)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Cé acu ceann de na cuair (glas nó dearg nó gorm) a chomhfhreagraíonn don imoibriú is túisce a chríochnaigh? Cosain do fhreagra.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Glas [3]. Cosain: Is é is túisce a éiríonn leibhéal (the green curve is first to level off/plateau, so its reaction finished first) [3].", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q12f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(f)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Bhailigh na scoláirí gás dé-ocsaíde carbóin san iniúchadh seo. Déan cur síos ar an gcaoi a dtáirgfeá gás comónta eile sa tsaotharlann, agus cuir san áireamh an chaoi a ndéanfá tástáil ar an ngás chun a dheimhniú cén gás atá ann.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Modh (valid method to produce a common gas, e.g. Ocsaigin/Hidrigin) [3]; dhá riachtanas (two requirements of the preparation) [2(3)]; an tástáil a rinneadh ar an ngás agus an toradh tugtha (test performed and result stated, e.g. for O₂: cipín lonrach a athlasadh; for H₂: dónn sé de phreab) [3]. (Reference table on scheme p.12 lists accepted preparations/tests for Ocsaigin and Hidrigin.)", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q13a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(a)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 24, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sa tábla thíos taispeántar sonraí ina bhfuil comparáid idir ceithre cinn de na pláinéid inár ngrianchóras – Véineas, Mearcair, Mars agus an Domhan. I bhfianaise na sonraí thuas, agus na sonraí sin amháin, cuir tic (✓) sa cholún ceart lena thaispeánann cé acu fíor nó bréagach atá gach ráiteas. Ráitis: (1) Is ionann an luasghéarú de bharr na domhantarraingthe ar Mhars agus ar Mhearcair. (2) Is é an pláinéad is lú dlús an ceann is mó toirt. (3) Laghdaíonn líon na ngealach a bhíonn ag fithisiú na bpláinéad dá fhad na pláinéid ón nGrian. (4) Is ar Mhars atá an mheánteocht dromchla is ísle agus is é is faide ón nGrian. (5) Is é an pláinéad is lú mais an ceann is faide ón nGrian. (6) Is é an pláinéad ag a bhfuil an trastomhas is mó an pláinéad a ghlacann an méid is mó ama chun an Ghrian a fhithisiú. (7) Tógann sé níos mó ama ar Véineas rothlú ar a hais féin ná an t-am a thógann sé uirthi an Ghrian a fhithisiú. (8) Is féidir le hurú tarlú ar Mhearcair.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Data table comparing four planets (Véineas, Mearcair, Mars, An Domhan). Rows: Luasghéarú de bharr na domhantarraingthe (m/s²) = 8.9, 3.7, 3.7, 9.8; Am rothlú ar a ais féin (laethanta) = 243, 59, 1, 1; Am fithisiú na Gréine (laethanta) = 225, 88, 687, 365; Mais (×10²⁴ kg) = 4.87, 0.330, 0.642, 5.97; Trastomhas (km) = 12104, 4879, 6792, 12756; Toirt (×10¹⁰ km³) = 92.84, 6.08, 16.31, 108.32; Dlús (kg/m³) = 5243, 5429, 3934, 5513; Meánteocht an dromchla (°C) = 464, 167, −65, 15; Fad ón nGrian (×10⁶ km) = 108.2, 57.9, 227.9, 149.6; Líon na nGealach = 0, 0, 2, 1.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "(1) Fíor; (2) Bréagach; (3) Bréagach; (4) Fíor; (5) Bréagach; (6) Bréagach; (7) Fíor; (8) Bréagach. (3 marks each statement.)", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q13b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(b)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sa léaráid thíos taispeántar na suíomhanna ina raibh an Ghrian, an Ghealach agus an Domhan nuair a breathnaíodh urú ón Domhan (níl méid ná fad slí de réir scála). Is suíomhanna ar dhromchla an Domhain iad A agus B. Cé acu ráiteas a dhéanann cur síos ceart ar an gcineál uraithe a tharla agus ar an suíomh ar an Domhan ónar breathnaíodh an t-urú sin? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart. (Breathnaíodh urú gealaí ó shuíomh A / Breathnaíodh urú gealaí ó shuíomh B / Breathnaíodh urú gréine ó shuíomh A / Breathnaíodh urú gréine ó shuíomh B)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Eclipse diagram (not to scale): An Ghrian (Sun) on the left, then An Ghealach (Moon) in the middle, then An Domhan (Earth) on the right. The Moon lies directly between Sun and Earth, casting a shadow onto Earth's surface. Two positions on Earth are marked A (in the shadow/umbra) and B (outside the shadow).", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Breathnaíodh urú gréine ó shuíomh A (a solar eclipse observed from position A).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q13c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(c)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ainmnigh an chéim den Ghealach a bhí le feiceáil ón Domhan ag suíomh A.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "(Gealach) úr (New Moon).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q13d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(d)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cé acu seicheamh léaráidí thíos a thaispeánann an t-ord ceart de chéimeanna na Gealaí mar a bhí siad le feiceáil ón Domhan ar feadh ciogal gealaí amháin? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Four candidate rows of moon-phase image sequences (circles showing varying illuminated/dark fractions: new, crescent, quarter, gibbous, full, etc.). The student ticks the row showing the correct order of lunar phases over one cycle. The scheme's correct sequence runs: full/new through crescent, quarter, gibbous and back.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "The row showing the correct ordered sequence of moon phases over one lunar cycle (as illustrated in the marking scheme).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q13e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(e)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cé mhéad imrothlú iomlán a dhéanann an Ghealach timpeall an Domhain gach mí?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "(Imrothlú) amháin (one).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q13f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(f)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Mínigh an fáth nach dtarlaíonn lánuruithe gach uair a imrothlaíonn an Ghealach timpeall an Domhain.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Ní bhíonn an Ghrian, an Ghealach agus an Domhan ailínithe an t-am ar fad / fithis chlaonta ag an nGealach (the Sun, Moon and Earth are not always aligned / the Moon's orbit is tilted).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q13g", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(g)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 12, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Tá gníomhaireachtaí spáis ag obair le chéile chun crios ama a bhunú don Ghealach agus úsáidfear cloig adamhacha chun é sin a dhéanamh. Úsáideann cloig adamhacha creathadh adamh chun am a thomhas. Pléigh feidhm theicneolaíochta eile den fhisic. I do fhreagra, is cóir duit tagairt do thionchar do shampla ar an eolaíocht, ar an tsochaí agus ar an timpeallacht. (Ainm na feidhme teicneolaíochta; Tionchar ar an eolaíocht; Tionchar ar an tsochaí; Tionchar ar an timpeallacht.)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Ainm na feidhme teicneolaíochta [3]; Tionchar ar an eolaíocht (positive or negative impact on science) [3]; Tionchar ar an tsochaí (impact on society, positive or negative) [3]; Tionchar ar an timpeallacht (impact on environment, positive or negative) [3].", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q13h", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(h)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Pléigh an ról a bheidh ag an taiscéalaíocht spáis sa tsochaí amach anseo agus tabhair trí shampla.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Plé déanta ar thrí shampla bhailí; samplaí éagsúla tugtha agus plé déanta orthu as ceann amháin nó níos mó de na ceannteidil seo a leanas: feabhas a chur ar ár gcuid eolais ar an gCruinne / d'fhéadfaí pláinéid eile a chóiliniú / poist a chruthú / turasóireacht spáis / caidreamh idirnáisiúnta a fheabhsú / acmhainní a fháil / dul chun cinn san eolaíocht aeráide / teicneolaíochtaí nua a fhorbairt / samplaí bailí eile. [3(1+2): 1m don sampla, 2m don phlé]", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q14a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(a)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is próisis bhitheolaíocha iad fótaisintéis agus riospráid. Cad atá i gceist leis an téarma bitheolaíoch?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Beo (relating to living things / life).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q14bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(b)(i)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sa léaráid thíos taispeántar an coibhneas idir fótaisintéis agus riospráid i gcill planda. Ainmnigh an chuid den chill ina dtarlaíonn fótaisintéis.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of a plant cell linking photosynthesis and respiration. A green Clóraplast (chloroplast) carries out photosynthesis (Fuinneamh gréine / sunlight + Dé-ocsaíd charbóin + Uisce + Gás Z → Glúcós + Gás Z), and a Miteacoindre (mitochondrion) carries out respiration (Glúcós + Gás Z → Dé-ocsaíd charbóin + Uisce + Fuinneamh). Cyclic arrows connect the two organelles; a potted plant with 'Gás Z' label is shown on the left.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Clóraplast (chloroplast).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q14bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ainmnigh an chuid den chill ina dtarlaíonn riospráid.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Miteacoindre (mitochondrion).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q14biii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(b)(iii)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Imoibríonn glúcós le gás Z sa mhiteacoindre. Sainaithin gás Z.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Ocsaigin (oxygen).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q14ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(c)(i)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Sa ghraf ar dheis taispeántar an coibhneas idir an déine solais agus an ráta fótaisintéise do dhá phlanda éagsúla, A agus B. Mínigh an coibhneas idir an déine solais agus an ráta fótaisintéise do phlanda B.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Graph of Ráta fótaisintéise (y-axis) vs Déine solais (x-axis) for two plants. Planda A (solid line) rises steeply then levels off/plateaus at higher light intensity. Planda B (dotted line) rises more gradually and continues increasing at the displayed light intensities.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "De réir mar a thagann méadú ar an solas (a dhéine), tagann méadú ar fhótaisintéis (a ráta) — as light intensity increases, the rate of photosynthesis increases. (Glac le coibhneas coinbhéartach.) [3 + 3]", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q14cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Cé acu planda, A nó B, is fearr atá oiriúnaithe do ghnáthóg ina bhfuil déine solais íseal? Cosain do fhreagra.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "(Planda) A [3]. Cosain: ráta níos airde (fótaisintéise ag déine solais níos ísle) — Plant A has a higher photosynthesis rate at low light intensity [3].", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q14d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(d)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Ar an ngraf thíos taispeántar an chaoi ar athraigh an iontógáil dé-ocsaíde carbóin ag dhá phlanda den speiceas céanna de réir mar a d'athraigh na séasúir. Mínigh an patrún a breathnaíodh le linn an achair ama seo do cheachtar de na plandaí. Ba chóir duit tagairt a dhéanamh do chlaonadh an Domhain i do fhreagra.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Graph of Iontógáil dé-ocsaíde carbóin (CO₂ uptake, y-axis) vs Am den bhliain (time of year, x-axis labelled Meitheamh – Nollaig – Meitheamh). Two out-of-phase sinusoidal curves for plants of the same species: one in the northern hemisphere (Planda sa leathsféar thuaidh) peaking in northern summer, and one in the southern hemisphere (Planda sa leathsféar theas) peaking at the opposite time of year.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Nuair a bhíonn an Domhan claonta i dtreo na Gréine, faigheann sé níos mó solais, (Ráta) fótaisintéise níos airde [2]; nó Nuair a bhíonn an Domhan claonta ón nGrian, faigheann sé níos lú solais, (Ráta) fótaisintéise níos ísle [2]; (dhá leathsféar as fíor dá chéile mar gheall ar chlaonadh an Domhain) [2]. [2 + 2 + 2]", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q14ei", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(e)(i)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Rinne scoláire turgnamh chun próiseas na riospráide i bpiseanna a iniúchadh. Bhain sé úsáid as an ngaireas a thaispeántar sa léaráid. Cén fáth a bhfuil sé tábhachtach nach ligeann na fleascáin teas isteach ná amach?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Two vacuum flasks each containing peas with a thermometer (Teirmiméadar) inserted. Fleascán A = Piseanna beo (living peas); Fleascán B = Piseanna marbha (dead peas). Temperature was monitored over 18 hours.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Chun a léiriú gurbh iad na piseanna ba chúis leis an ardú teochta (so that any heat change is due to the peas only; the insulated flask prevents heat entering/leaving and acts as a fair test).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q14eii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(e)(ii)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 13, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Rinneadh monatóireacht ar an teocht sa dá fhleascán thar thréimhse 18 n-uair an chloig. Thaifead an scoláire na torthaí, mar a thaispeántar sa tábla thíos. Sa spás thíos, tarraing líneghraf don dá thacar torthaí. (Sonraí: Am 0–22–20; 3–22–20; 6–25–21; 9–28–20; 12–32–21; 15–35–21; 18–37–20 — i.e. Fleascán A / Fleascán B.)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Blank grid: y-axis Teocht (°C) 20–40, x-axis Am (uaireanta an chloig) 0–18. Data table — Am (hrs) / Fleascán A / Fleascán B: 0/20/20, 3/22/20, 6/25/21, 9/28/20, 12/32/21, 15/35/21, 18/37/20. Flask A (living peas) temperature rises steadily 20→37 °C; Flask B (dead peas) stays roughly constant ~20–21 °C.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Dhá líne tarraingthe trí phointí ábhartha — plot points (12,32), (15,35), (18,37) etc.; only four points lie between values 30 and 35 [2(1) for two lines]. Tabhair marc amháin má cheanglaítear na chéad cheithre phointe sonraí le chéile i gcás Fhleascán A. [13(1) total]", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q14eiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(e)(iii)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cén chonclúid ba chóir don scoláire a bhaint as na torthaí?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Tharla riospráid i bhfleascán A (piseanna beo) ach níor tharla riospráid i bhfleascán B (piseanna marbha) — the living peas respired and released heat, raising the temperature, while the dead peas did not. [3] (Tabhair 2m sa chás go bhfuil tagairt déanta do riospráid agus d'aon toradh amháin.)", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q14fi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(f)(i)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Taispeántar ar an ngraf thíos an chaoi ar athraigh rátaí fótaisintéise agus riospráide planda thar thréimhse 24 uair an chloig. Ar an ngraf thuas, tarraing ciorcal timpeall ar an bpointe ag a bhfuil an ráta riospráide cothrom leis an ráta fótaisintéise.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Graph of Ráta imoibriúcháin (y-axis) vs Am (uaireanta an chloig, x-axis) over 24 hours, marked Oíche – Lá – Oíche (night–day–night) with moon and sun icons. The Fótaisinteis curve (blue) is a bell shape, zero at night and peaking at midday. The Riospráid curve (red) is roughly flat/constant across the 24 hours. The two curves cross twice (where rates are equal).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Ciorcal ceart tarraingthe — a circle drawn at a point where the photosynthesis curve crosses (equals) the respiration curve.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q14fii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(f)(ii)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cad is cúis leis an timthriall lae agus oíche ar an Domhan?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": "Rothlú an Domhain (ar a ais) — the rotation of the Earth on its axis.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q14fiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(f)(iii)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Mínigh an fáth a bhfanann an ráta riospráide tairiseach, a bheag nó a mhór, thar thréimhse 24 uair an chloig, i gcomparáid leis an ráta fótaisintéise.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Tá riospráid neamhspleách ar sholas, tá fótaisintéis spleách ar sholas — respiration is independent of light (occurs continuously day and night) whereas photosynthesis depends on light.", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q2a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(a)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Sa léaráid thíos taispeántar na próisis a bhíonn i gceist in athruithe staide damhna. Is léaráid neamhiomlán í. Scríobh na focail Solad, Leacht agus Gás sna ciorcail chearta chun an léaráid a chomhlánú.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A triangular state-change diagram with three empty circles at the vertices to be labelled Solad (solid), Leacht (liquid), Gás (gas). Double-headed arrows between circles are labelled with the change processes: Leá (melting) and Reo (freezing) between solid and liquid; Comhdhlúthú (condensation) and Galú (evaporation) between liquid and gas; Dínéalú and Néalú (sublimation/deposition) between solid and gas. Correct: top circle = Leacht, bottom-left = Solad, bottom-right = Gás.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Top circle = Leacht; bottom-left = Solad; bottom-right = Gás. (3 marks each correct label: 3(3))", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q2b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(b)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "An meastar gur athruithe fisiceacha nó athruithe ceimiceacha iad na próisis a thaispeántar sna samplaí sa léaráid? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart. (Fisiceach / Ceimiceach). Cosain do fhreagra.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Fisiceach (physical) [3]. Cosain: ní fhoirmítear aon substaint nua / ní thagann aon athrú ar an gcomhdhéanamh (ceimiceach); accept: leis gur féidir é a athrú ar ais (reversible) [3].", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q3a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(a)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cé acu scoláire, A nó B, a raibh ráta croí níos ísle aici ag tús an iniúchta?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Line graph: x-axis Am (nóiméid) 0–18, y-axis Ráta croí (bsn) 50–120. Scoláire A (green) starts ~70 bsn, rises to a peak of 120 at 6 min, then falls to ~70 by 18 min. Scoláire B (red) starts ~65 bsn, rises to a peak of 100 at 6 min, then falls back to ~65 by ~12 min. An arrow labelled 'Deireadh na haclaíochta' (end of exercise) marks 6 min.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "(Scoláire) B", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q3b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(b)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cé mhéad níos airde a bhí ráta croí scoláire A i gcomparáid le scoláire B tar éis 6 nóiméad?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "From the same heart-rate graph: at 6 min Scoláire A = 120 bsn and Scoláire B = 100 bsn, difference = 20 bsn.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "20 (bsn)", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q3c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(c)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cé mhéad nóiméad a raibh na scoláirí i mbun aclaíochta ar a bhfeadh? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart. (2 / 4 / 6 / 8)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "4 (nóiméad)", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q3d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(d)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Go ginearálta, filleann an ráta croí ar an ngnáthráta níos tapúla i gcás daoine a dhéanann aclaíocht go minic. Cé acu scoláire, A nó B, is dóichí a dhéanann aclaíocht níos minice, dar leat? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart. (Scoláire A / Scoláire B)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Scoláire B", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q3e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(e)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Seachas aclaíocht a dhéanamh go minic, ainmnigh toisc stíle maireachtála a chuireann le sláinte croí mhaith.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Toisc bhailí stíle maireachtála (any valid lifestyle factor, e.g. aiste bia shláintiúil / gan a bheith ag caitheamh tobac).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q4a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(a)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "San íomhá taispeántar duine ag caitheamh liathróide. Gníomhaíonn trí fhórsa ar an liathróid agus í ag gluaiseacht tríd an aer. Tá liosta de na fórsaí seo sa tábla thíos agus uimhir ag gach ceann (Meáchan = 1; Ardú = 2; Frithchuimilt (frioctaíocht an aeir) = 3). Meaitseáil gach saighead leis an gcineál fórsa a bhíonn ag gníomhú ar an liathróid agus í ag gluaiseacht tríd an aer agus scríobh na huimhreacha 1, 2 agus 3 sna boscaí cearta sa léaráid.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A rugby ball moving in the direction of a large horizontal arrow labelled 'Treo gluaiseachta na liathróide' (direction of ball motion, pointing right). Three force arrows with empty boxes: an arrow pointing up (lift), an arrow pointing down (weight), and an arrow pointing left into the ball / opposite to motion (air resistance). Student matches numbers 1=Meáchan (weight), 2=Ardú (lift), 3=Frithchuimilt (air resistance) to the arrows.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "Up arrow = 2 (Ardú/lift); down arrow = 1 (Meáchan/weight); arrow into ball opposing motion = 3 (Frithchuimilt/air resistance). (3 marks each: 3(3))", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q4b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(b)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": 6, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ba é mais na liathróide 0.4 kg. Is é an luasghéarú de bharr na domhantarraingthe 9.8 m/s². Ríomh meáchan na liathróide. Bíodh an t-aonad san áireamh i do fhreagra.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "3.92 (= 0.4 × 9.8). Glac le 3.9 agus 4. Tabhair 3m má tá an phróiseáil neamhiomlán [5]. Aonad: Niútan / N [1].", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q5ai", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(a)(i)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 4, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Bíonn cáithníní fo-adamhacha in adaimh. Sa léaráid thíos léirítear struchtúr an adaimh mar a mhol Niels Bohr é sa bhliain 1913. I samhail Bohr, fithisíonn cáithnín fo-adamhach S an núicléas agus bíonn lucht diúltach air. Cén t-ainm atá ar an gcáithnín seo? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart. (Leictreon / Neodrón / Prótón)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Bohr-model diagram of an atom: a central cluster labelled Núicléas (nucleus) made of red/orange particles, surrounded by concentric orbital rings with blue particles. An arrow labels one outer-shell particle as 'S'. S orbits the nucleus and carries a negative charge.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Leictreon", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q5aii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(a)(ii)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 4, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cén cáithnín fo-adamhach a bhíonn suite i núicléas an adaimh agus nach mbíonn lucht air? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart. (Leictreon / Neodrón / Prótón)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Neodrón", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q5aiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(a)(iii)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 4, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tagraítear go minic do shamhail Bohr den adamh mar 'shamhail phláinéadach'. Mol cúis leis sin.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "(Fithisíonn leictreoin an núicléas) díreach mar a fhithisíonn pláinéid an Ghrian (electrons orbit the nucleus just as planets orbit the Sun).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q5bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(b)(i)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 2, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is adaimh a bhíonn i ndúile. Léirítear sa léaráid thíos imoibriú ceimiceach idir dhá dhúil. Imoibríonn dúil X le hidrigin chun comhdhúil Y a dhéanamh. Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart thíos chun dúil X a shainaithint. (Is féidir leat leathanach 79 den leabhrán Foirmlí agus Táblaí a úsáid.) (Litiam / Maignéisiam / Nítrigin)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Particle-model reaction diagram: Dúil X = two green atoms (a diatomic X2 molecule); Hidrigin = three pairs of black atoms (3 H2 molecules); arrow to Comhdhúil Y = molecules each made of one green atom bonded to three black atoms (so XH3-type). Ratio (X2 + 3H2 → 2XH3) indicates X = nitrogen, Y = NH3.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Nítrigin", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q5bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": 1, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Uaidh sin, scríobh an fhoirmle cheimiceach do chomhdhúil Y.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "NH₃", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q6a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(a)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 9, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Sa léaráid thíos taispeántar pH roinnt substaintí tí comónta. Rangaigh gach ceann de na substaintí sa léaráid mar aigéadach nó bunata nó neodrach. (Substaintí: Sú líomóide; Uisce; Tuarthóir)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A coloured pH scale from 0 (red) to 14 (purple) with arrows marking three household substances: Sú líomóide (lemon juice) at pH 3, Uisce (water) at pH 7, and Tuarthóir (bleach) at pH 12. A table is to be completed classifying each as Aigéadach / Bunata / Neodrach.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Sú líomóide → Aigéadach [3]; Uisce → Neodrach [3]; Tuarthóir → Bunúsach (basic) [3].", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q6b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Tá cealga feithidí áirithe aigéadach agus tá roinnt eile bunata. Is féidir cineál áirithe uachtair a úsáid chun cóireáil a dhéanamh (trí neodrú) ar roinnt cealga feithide. Ceann amháin de na comhábhair atá san uachtar is ea déchharbónáit sóidiam, agus is bun é sin. Cén cineál ceilge (aigéadach nó bunata) a bhféadfaí an t-uachtar seo a úsáid chun cóireáil a dhéanamh air?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A photograph of a person applying cream to a foot/leg, illustrating treatment of an insect sting with a sodium-bicarbonate (basic) cream.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Aigéadach (an acidic sting, neutralised by the basic cream).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q6c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(c)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sainaithin táirge amháin ón liosta thíos a fhoirmítear go coitianta nuair a imoibríonn aigéad agus bun le chéile. (Uisce / Ocsaigin / Hidrigin)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": "Uisce", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q7a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(a)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 4, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Cónaíonn orgánaigh in éiceachórais. Luaigh slí amháin inar féidir le daoine leas a bhaint as éiceachórais.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Buntáiste bailí luaite (any valid benefit, e.g. bia/foinse bia, ocsaigin, leigheasanna, áineas).", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q7b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(b)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 8, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Is bagairt ar an mbithéagsúlacht (éagsúlacht na beatha ar Domhan) é an téamh domhanda. De réir na cairte, cén gaol atá idir teochtaí an domhain agus éagsúlacht na beatha ar Domhan?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Four world maps showing projected biodiversity loss (Caillteanas bith-éagsúlachta tuartha) at four global-warming scenarios: +4°C, +3°C, +2°C, +1°C. Key/Eochair: <25% (pale), 25–50%, 50–75%, >75% (red). More of the map is red (>75% loss) at +4°C and progressively less red toward +1°C, showing higher temperature → greater biodiversity loss. Source: Living Planet Report 2022, worldwildlife.org.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "De réir mar a thagann méadú ar theochtaí (domhanda), tagann laghdú ar éagsúlacht na beatha (bithéagsúlacht) — i.e. as temperature increases, biodiversity decreases [4 + 4].", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q7c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(c)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": 3, "marks_confidence": "derived", "question_text": "Seachas laghdú a dhéanamh ar an méid úsáide a bhainimid as breoslaí iontaise, déan cur síos ar dhá shlí inar féidir le daoine an bhithéagsúlacht a chaomhnú.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "Cur síos déanta ar dhá shlí bhailí (two valid conservation methods, e.g. crainn a phlandáil, gnáthóga a chosaint, athchúrsáil, fiadhúlra a chosaint) [2 + 1].", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q8", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8", "parent_question": "8", "marks": 15, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Sa léaráid, léirítear córas análaithe an duine. Meaitseáil na focail sa liosta thíos leis na litreacha sa léaráid chun an tábla a chomhlánú. (Scairt / Traicé / Broncas / Scamhóg / Ailbheolas)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Labelled diagram of the human respiratory system with letters A–E. A points to the grape-like clusters at the end of the airways (alveoli); B points to a curved orange band beneath the lungs (diaphragm); C points to the branching airway where the trachea splits (bronchus); D points to the single tube at the top (trachea); E points to the pink lung organ. A table maps each letter A–E to a part.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": "A = Ailbheolas (alveoli); B = Scairt (diaphragm); C = Broncas (bronchus); D = Traicé (trachea); E = Scamhóg (lung). (3 marks each)", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2025-common-level-IV-q9", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2025, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 15, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Is airíonna bunúsacha sa saol fisiceach iad am, mais, teocht agus dlús. Déantar cur síos ar na hairíonna seo sa sliocht thíos. Tá na focail a leanas in easnamh ón sliocht (Dlús, Teocht, Mais, Luasghéarú, Am): Is tomhas í ____ ar an méid damhna i réad agus bíonn tionchar aici ar fhriotaíocht an réada in aghaidh ____. Is tomhas é ____ ar mhais réada in aghaidh an aonaid toirte agus tá baint aige leis an gcumas atá i substaint snámh ar leacht. Is toise é ____ ina dtarlaíonn imeachtaí go leanúnach, rud a chruthaíonn an bunús chun athrú agus gluaisne a thuiscint. Tá ____ i gcomhréir dhíreach le fuinneamh cinéiteach na gcáithníní i substaint agus bíonn tionchar aici ar staid fhisiceach agus ar iompraíocht substainte. Scríobh na focail atá in easnamh sna spásanna atá ar fáil dóibh.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": "1: Mais [3]; 2: Luasghéarú [3]; 3: Dlús [3]; 4: Am [3]; 5: Teocht [3].", "source_pdf": "2025 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q1", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1", "parent_question": "1", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "The diagram shows the human digestive system and its associated organs. Complete the table below by matching the letters in the diagram to the parts of the digestive system. Parts to match: Small intestine, Large intestine, Mouth, Oesophagus, Stomach.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Anatomical diagram of the human digestive system within a body outline. Labelled organs already given: Liver, Gall bladder, Pancreas. Letters to identify: A points to the mouth/throat region (top), B points to the oesophagus (vertical tube in chest), C points to the stomach (upper abdomen, curved sac), D points to the large intestine (colon, lower right), E points to the small intestine (coiled lower-central region). Student completes a 2-column table (Part of digestive system | Letter) for Small intestine, Large intestine, Mouth, Oesophagus, Stomach.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q10a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(a)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "The diagram shows the position of the Moon on four days during one lunar cycle. The positions are numbered 1, 2, 3 and 4. The diagram is not drawn to scale. The photograph shows the view of the Moon from Dublin in September 2024. Answer questions (a) to (e) by putting a tick in the correct box. Identify the position from which the photograph was taken. (Position 1 / Position 2 / Position 3 / Position 4)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of the Moon orbiting the Earth: the Earth is central, with 'Light from the Sun' shown as parallel arrows coming from the left. Four Moon positions are marked around the Earth - Position 1 (top), Position 2 (left, between Earth and Sun side), Position 3 (bottom), Position 4 (right, far side from Sun). A photograph beside it shows the Moon over a desert/rocky horizon (appearing as a gibbous/near-full phase as seen from Dublin, September 2024).", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q10b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(b)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Identify the position of the Moon when a solar eclipse could occur. Put a tick in the correct box. (Position 1 / Position 2 / Position 3 / Position 4)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q10c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(c)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Which diagram below shows how the Moon would appear from Earth at position 3? Put a tick in the correct box.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A row of Moon-phase shapes (illuminated/shaded circles) is provided as tick-box options, e.g. new moon, crescent, half (quarter), gibbous and full moon, from which the student selects the phase corresponding to Moon position 3.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q10d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(d)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Starting at Position 1, identify the position of the Moon after approximately 15 days. Put a tick in the correct box. (Position 1 / Position 2 / Position 3 / Position 4)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q10e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(e)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "The distance of the Moon from Earth varies during the lunar cycle. What effect does this have on our observation of the Moon from Earth? (An apparent change in the rotation of the Moon. / An apparent change in the diameter of the Moon.) Put a tick in the correct box.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q11a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(a)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Hydrogen peroxide decomposes slowly to produce oxygen gas. The rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide can be increased by using a catalyst. The rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide was investigated using the apparatus on the right. 100 cm^3 of hydrogen peroxide was placed in a flask with 1.0 g of a suitable catalyst at room temperature (20 degrees C). The volume of oxygen gas collected was recorded every 10 seconds for 60 seconds. The results are shown in the graph below. The letters A, B and C represent different stages of the reaction. Which letter, A or B or C, represents the stage of the reaction when oxygen gas was being produced at the fastest rate?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Apparatus diagram: a conical flask containing the catalyst and hydrogen peroxide connected by a delivery tube to a gas collection set-up; 'Oxygen gas' is shown being given off and collected over water. Graph: vertical axis 'Volume of oxygen gas collected (cm^3)' 0-100, horizontal axis 'Time (s)' 0-60. The curve rises steeply from the origin, then levels off into a plateau near ~90 cm^3. Region A = the early steep portion (fast rate), B = the middle portion where the curve is bending/slowing, C = the flat plateau (reaction finished, rate ~0).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q11b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(b)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "What volume of oxygen gas was collected after 10 seconds?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Read from the same graph (Volume of oxygen gas collected (cm^3) vs Time (s)): the value of the curve at t = 10 s.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q11c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(c)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "On the graph above, draw a dashed line ( - - - - ) to show the result you would expect if the investigation was repeated exactly as before, but using a hydrogen peroxide solution of lower concentration.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Student adds a dashed curve to the existing graph; expected curve rises more slowly and plateaus at a lower final volume of oxygen than the original solid curve (lower concentration => slower rate and less total oxygen).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q11d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(d)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Which of the following statements explains why oxygen gas can be collected using the method shown in the diagram? Put a tick in the correct box. (Oxygen gas has a low solubility in water and is more dense than water. / Oxygen gas has a high solubility in water and is more dense than water. / Oxygen gas has a low solubility in water and is less dense than water. / Oxygen gas has a high solubility in water and is less dense than water.)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q11e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(e)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Hydrogen peroxide decomposes faster at higher temperatures. Explain in detail why an increase in temperature increases the rate of a chemical reaction.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q11fi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(f)(i)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide is an exothermic reaction. The energy profile diagram for an exothermic reaction is shown below. What is an exothermic reaction?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Energy profile (reaction profile) diagram: vertical axis 'Energy', horizontal axis 'Reaction progress'. Curve starts at the Reactants energy level, rises to a peak (activation energy hump) and falls to a lower Products energy level (products lower than reactants, i.e. energy released = exothermic).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q11fii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(f)(ii)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "What is the effect of using a catalyst on this reaction? On the diagram, show the overall energy change for this reaction. [Refers to (ii): effect of a catalyst on the activation energy; and (iii): on the diagram, show the overall energy change.]", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to the same exothermic energy profile diagram. (ii) asks for the effect of a catalyst (lowers the activation energy / lowers the peak, shown as a lower red/black curve). (iii) asks the student to mark the overall energy change (the vertical difference between reactant and product energy levels) on the diagram.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q11fiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(f)(iii)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "On the diagram, show the overall energy change for this reaction.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Student marks on the exothermic energy profile diagram the overall energy change - the vertical gap between the reactants energy level and the (lower) products energy level.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q12a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(a)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Scientists use microscopes to magnify cells (make them look bigger). The diagram on the right shows a light microscope. Draw a circle around a part of the microscope which magnifies cells.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram/photograph of a light microscope (eyepiece, objective lenses on a rotating nosepiece, stage, focus knobs, base). The student circles a magnifying part - the eyepiece lens or an objective lens.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q12b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(b)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "The diagram shows a human egg cell fusing with a human sperm cell (the diagram is not drawn to scale). This event is called 'fertilisation'. How does the structure of a sperm cell differ from the structure of an egg cell?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of fertilisation: a large round egg cell with its nucleus shown, surrounded by an outer layer, with a small sperm cell (head plus long tail/flagellum) penetrating it. Labels: 'Sperm cell', 'Egg cell', 'Nucleus'. Illustrates the sperm being small and motile with a tail versus the much larger non-motile egg cell.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q12c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(c)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "What important genetic structures are found in the nuclei of these cells?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q12d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(d)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "The human female reproductive system is shown below. The menstrual cycle is approximately 28 days long. At which time in the menstrual cycle does fertilisation usually take place? Put a tick in the correct box. (Days 1 - 5 / Days 6 - 10 / Days 11 - 17 / Days 18 - 28)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of the human female reproductive system (uterus/womb, two ovaries, fallopian tubes/oviducts, cervix, vagina) shown in the typical front-view butterfly shape.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q12e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(e)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Write the letter X on the part of the reproductive system where fertilisation usually takes place.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Same diagram of the female reproductive system; the student marks X on the fallopian tube (oviduct), where fertilisation usually occurs.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q12f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(f)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "During pregnancy, the fertilised egg develops into a foetus. The graph below shows the relationship between the length of a foetus and its age. The image below shows a human foetus during early pregnancy. The length of the foetus is 60 mm. Use the graph to estimate the age (in weeks) of the foetus shown above.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Graph: vertical axis 'Length of foetus (mm)' 0-90, horizontal axis 'Age of foetus (weeks)' running roughly 8-20. The plotted line/curve rises with age (increasing length). An ultrasound scan image of a foetus is shown beside the graph (labelled 60 mm). Student reads off the age corresponding to a length of 60 mm.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q12gi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(g)(i)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "The diagram shows a human foetus during the final weeks of pregnancy. Identify the structure labelled Y in the diagram.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of a human foetus in the womb during late pregnancy. Label 'Foetus' points to the developing baby and label 'Y' points to another structure (the placenta and/or umbilical cord connecting the foetus to the uterine wall).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q12gii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(g)(ii)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "What is the role of this structure during pregnancy?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q12h", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(h)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Ethical issues related to human reproduction sometimes arise. Discuss an ethical issue associated with human reproduction.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q13a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(a)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "The diagram shows the locations of three people on Earth at a particular time on a particular day of the year. Their locations are numbered 1, 2 and 3. The diagram is not drawn to scale. On the diagram above, shade the part of the Earth which is in darkness at this time.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of the Earth as a circle with its axis (N at top, S at bottom) tilted, and the equator marked. Three locations are marked with small people: 1 (northern hemisphere), 2 (near the equator), 3 (southern hemisphere). 'Light from the Sun' is shown as horizontal parallel arrows coming from the right side, so the right-facing half is in daylight and the left-facing half is in darkness (to be shaded).", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q13b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(b)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Which location, 1 or 2 or 3, is experiencing winter? Justify your answer.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q13c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(c)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Which location, 1 or 2 or 3, will experience the most daylight hours on this day? Put a tick in the correct box. (Location 1 / Location 2 / Location 3)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q13d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(d)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Which diagram below shows the angle at which sunlight hits the ground at noon at location 1? Put a tick in the correct box.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Three small diagrams of a person standing on flat ground with a Sun ray arrow striking the ground: (1) sun low, ray hitting at a shallow/low angle from near the horizon; (2) sun directly overhead, ray hitting vertically at 90 degrees; (3) sun at an intermediate/oblique angle. Student selects the one matching location 1 (a higher-latitude location where the noon Sun is lower in the sky, i.e. an oblique/shallow angle).", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q13e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(e)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "In the model below, the letters A, B, C and D represent the positions of a planet at various times as it orbits its star. State three differences between a star and its planet.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Model diagram: a central yellow Star with a green Planet shown at four positions around an elliptical orbit - A (left), B (bottom), C (right), D (top) - with arrows indicating the direction of orbit.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q13f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(f)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "As the distance between a planet and its star decreases, the gravitational force exerted on the planet by the star increases. Which of the graphs below illustrates how the gravitational force of a star on its planet changes as it moves from position A to B to C to D? Put a tick in the correct box.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Three graphs to choose between, each with 'Gravitational force' on the vertical axis and positions A, B, C, D marked on the horizontal axis. Given the elliptical orbit (A and C nearer/farther extremes), the correct graph shows the force varying with distance - rising where the planet is closest to the star and falling where it is farthest. Options include a curve that dips in the middle, a curve that peaks in the middle, and an up-then-down hump.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q13g", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(g)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "If the planet in the diagram above was Earth, approximately how many months would it take to move from position A to position B?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q14a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(a)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "The diagram below describes how species are related to each other by evolution. Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow. The table lists statements about the organisms in the diagram. Indicate if each statement is true or false by putting a tick in the correct column. Statements: 'All of the organisms in the diagram have a bony skeleton.'; 'All of the organisms in the diagram have four limbs.'; 'Primates and fish both produce an amniotic egg.'; 'Amphibians have four limbs and produce an egg with a shell.'; 'Primates and rodents have four limbs and hair.'", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "An evolutionary tree (cladogram) with a downward 'Time' arrow on the right. From a 'Common ancestor' at the top, branching nodes are labelled with shared characteristics: 'Bony skeleton', then 'Four limbs', then 'Amniotic egg', then on one branch 'Egg with a shell' and on another branch 'Hair'. The leaves (organisms) at the bottom are: Bird, Reptile, Rodent, Primate, Amphibian, Fish (with small illustrations). Fish branches off lowest (bony skeleton only); Amphibian next (four limbs, no amniotic egg); then amniotic-egg group splits into 'Egg with a shell' (Bird, Reptile) and 'Hair' (Rodent, Primate).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q14b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(b)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Select an organism from the diagram or from a habitat you have studied. State one adaptation of this organism and describe how the adaptation helps the organism survive in its habitat. (Name of organism: ____; Adaptation: ____; Describe: ____)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q14ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(c)(i)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Outline the theory of evolution by natural selection.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q14cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Outline how this theory explains the diversity of living things.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q15a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(a)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "A student investigated how the speed of a toy car changed as it moved across an uneven surface. They measured the distance travelled by the car every second for 10 seconds. They then used this data to calculate the speed of the car. Their data for speed and time are listed in the table below. Time (s): 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Speed (m/s): 0.00, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.40, 0.40, 0.40, 0.40, 0.55, 0.70. Name an instrument the student could have used to measure time during the investigation.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Data table with two rows. Time (s): 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10. Speed (m/s): 0.00, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.40, 0.40, 0.40, 0.40, 0.55, 0.70. Speed rises steadily 0-4 s, stays constant at 0.40 m/s from 4-8 s, then rises again to 0.70 m/s by 10 s.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q15b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(b)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Draw a line graph to illustrate the student's data in the space below.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Blank gridded graph provided for plotting: vertical axis 'Speed (m/s)' marked 0.00 to 0.80 in 0.10 steps, horizontal axis 'Time (s)' marked 0 to 10. Student plots the data from the table (rise, plateau at 0.40 m/s, then rise to 0.70 m/s).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q15ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(c)(i)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "For how many seconds was the car moving at constant speed?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q15cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Use your answer from part (i) to calculate the distance travelled by the car during this time. Include the unit for your answer.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q15d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(d)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "On our roads, cars move at greater speeds. The graph on the right shows how the speed of two cars, Car 1 and Car 2, changed during the first 60 seconds of their journey. They started at the same set of traffic lights. They then travelled on the same road in the same direction. The table below lists statements about the motion of the cars. Indicate if each statement is true or false by putting a tick in the correct column. Statements: 'The speed of Car 2 was constant in the first 10 seconds.'; 'At 20 seconds, both cars were travelling at the same speed.'; 'At 30 seconds, the speed of Car 1 was faster than the speed of Car 2.'; 'Car 1 reached its maximum speed faster than Car 2.'", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Speed-time graph for two cars: vertical axis 'Speed (m/s)' 0-30, horizontal axis 'Time (s)' 0-60. Car 1 (red line) accelerates quickly and levels off at a higher speed (~30 m/s plateau). Car 2 (blue line) accelerates more gradually and levels off at a lower speed (~20 m/s). The two lines cross at around 20 s.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q15e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(e)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Car 2 travelled a distance of 300 metres in the first 20 seconds of the journey. The area of the shaded portion of the graph represents the distance travelled by Car 1 in the same time. Using the scales on the axes, calculate the area of the shaded portion of the graph. Hence, determine the distance between the two cars at this point of their journey.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Same speed-time graph (Speed (m/s) vs Time (s)) with the region under Car 1's line for the first 20 seconds shaded. Student calculates the area of the shaded portion (= distance travelled by Car 1 in 20 s) using the axis scales, then compares it with Car 2's stated 300 m to find the distance between the two cars.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q16a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(a)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Magnesium (Mg) is a metallic element with an atomic number of 12. What is meant by the term 'element'?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A periodic-table-tile illustration of magnesium showing the symbol Mg, the name Magnesium, and the atomic number 12.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q16b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(b)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Some of the properties of metals and non-metals are listed in the table below. Decide if each property relates to a metal or a non-metal by putting a tick in the correct column. Properties: 'Lustrous (shiny)'; 'Brittle'; 'Normally liquid or gas at room temperature'; 'Good conductor of heat and electricity'.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Three-column table (Property | Metal | Non-metal) with four property rows: Lustrous (shiny); Brittle; Normally liquid or gas at room temperature; Good conductor of heat and electricity. Student ticks Metal or Non-metal for each.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q16ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(c)(i)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "A student placed magnesium metal on a combustion spoon. They ignited the metal and inserted the spoon into a jar of oxygen gas. When the reaction was finished, they measured the mass of magnesium oxide formed. Explain why this is an example of a chemical change.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of the experiment: a gas jar containing 'Oxygen gas' with a 'Combustion spoon' lowered into it holding 'Burning magnesium metal' that is alight inside the jar.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q16cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Would you expect the mass of magnesium oxide formed to be greater than or equal to or less than the mass of magnesium used at the start? Justify your answer.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q16d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(d)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Use the Periodic Table on page 79 of the Formulae and Tables booklet to predict the ratio of magnesium to oxygen in magnesium oxide. Hence write the chemical formula for magnesium oxide.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q16ei", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(e)(i)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "The student dissolved a small mass of magnesium oxide in water to form a base called magnesium hydroxide. Describe how you would carry out a laboratory test to determine the pH of the solution formed.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q16eii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(e)(ii)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Magnesium hydroxide is an ingredient in some medicines used to treat acid indigestion. Would you expect the pH of the stomach contents to increase or decrease after this medicine is taken? Justify your answer.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A photograph shows a bottle of white antacid liquid (magnesium hydroxide medicine) being poured onto a spoon.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q2a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(a)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "The diagram shows a model of the water cycle. The arrows represent some of the processes involved in the water cycle. Answer by putting a tick in the correct box. Which process changes water from a liquid to a gas? (Condensation / Precipitation / Evaporation / Transpiration)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "3D model diagram of the water cycle: the Sun at upper left over a body of water and a mountain; curved arrows show water moving from the sea, up over the land/mountain, falling as rain, and flowing back. Letter X labels an arrow at the mountain peak (water vapour rising to form clouds).", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q2b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(b)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Which process causes clouds to form? Put a tick in the correct box. (Condensation / Precipitation / Evaporation / Transpiration)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q2c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(c)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Which process is represented by the letter X on the diagram? Put a tick in the correct box. (Condensation / Precipitation / Evaporation / Transpiration)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to letter X on the water cycle diagram, which labels the arrow at the mountain peak where water vapour rises from the surface to form clouds.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q2d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(d)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Which process occurs when water vapour moves out of the leaves of a plant into the atmosphere? Put a tick in the correct box. (Condensation / Precipitation / Evaporation / Transpiration)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q2e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(e)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Explain the role of the Sun in the water cycle. You should refer to examples of changes of state in your answer.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q3a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(a)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "A student investigated the relationship between the extension of a spring and the force applied to it. Diagram 1 shows the arrangement of the apparatus used by the student at the start of the investigation. Diagram 2 shows the arrangement of the apparatus during the investigation. Which form of energy is stored in an extended spring? Put a tick in the correct box. (Chemical / Potential / Sound)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Two diagrams of the same apparatus. Diagram 1 (Start of the investigation): a retort stand holding a spring hanging vertically with a metal disc attached at its lower end (spring unstretched). Diagram 2 (During the investigation): the same retort stand and spring now stretched to a greater length labelled 'Extended spring' (mass added pulls the spring down, increasing its length/extension).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q3b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(b)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Each metal disc had a mass of 100 grams. Name an instrument which could have been used to measure the mass of a metal disc.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q3c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(c)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Calculate the force (weight) of one metal disc. Include the unit for your answer. (Acceleration due to gravity = 9.8 m/s^2)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q3d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(d)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "As the number of metal discs added to the spring increased, the extension of the spring increased. The student concluded that the extension of the spring was directly proportional to the force applied. Using the axes provided, draw a sketch of a graph to show this relationship.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Blank graph axes provided for the student to sketch on: vertical axis labelled 'Extension', horizontal axis labelled 'Force'. Expected sketch is a straight line through the origin (directly proportional relationship).", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q4a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(a)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "The article 'Modernised spacesuits revealed for Artemis Moon landings' (about NASA's new spacesuits for the planned return to the Moon, with features such as flexibility, better communication, dust and radiation protection, and resistance to extreme temperatures) is from an online news website. Read it and answer the questions that follow. The article describes some of the modern features of the spacesuits. State two of these features.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Accompanying photograph of an astronaut wearing a white spacesuit beside the article text box titled 'Modernised spacesuits revealed for Artemis Moon landings'.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q4b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(b)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "The article mentions the 'harsh environment of space'. Describe an aspect of space exploration which makes it hazardous for humans.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q4c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(c)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "State two benefits of space exploration for society.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q5a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(a)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "The food web in the diagram shows the feeding relationships between organisms in a grassland habitat. Identify a primary consumer from the food web.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Food web diagram for a grassland habitat with arrows pointing from food to consumer. Organisms shown: Grass, Caterpillar, Cricket, Greenfly, Thrush, Hedgehog, Ladybird, Frog, Owl. Grass is eaten by Caterpillar, Cricket and Greenfly (primary consumers). Higher consumers include Thrush, Hedgehog, Ladybird, Frog and Owl (top predator).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q5b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(b)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "What do the arrows in the food web represent?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q5c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(c)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "The thrush is in competition for food with another organism in the food web. Identify this organism.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q5d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(d)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Write out a food chain containing at least three feeding (trophic) levels from the food web.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q5e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(e)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Which piece of apparatus could be used to capture greenfly in a grassland habitat? Put a tick in the correct box. (Quadrat / Pooter)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Two apparatus drawings to choose between: a Quadrat (an open square grid frame used to sample area) and a Pooter (a small jar with two tubes used to suck up and capture small insects).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q6a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(a)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "The diagram shows the arrangement of equipment used by two students, A and B, to determine the volume of a solid sphere made of iron. Identify instrument X which was used to measure the volume of water displaced from the overflow can.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Apparatus diagram: an overflow can (displacement can) filled with water holds an iron sphere; water displaced flows out of the spout into instrument X (a graduated/measuring cylinder). Two students' eye-lines are shown reading the cylinder: Student A reads from above (looking down at an angle), Student B reads at eye level (horizontal line of sight) at the liquid surface.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q6b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Which student, A or B, took a more accurate reading from instrument X?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q6c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(c)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "The volume of the sphere was 50 cm^3. The mass of the sphere was 395 g. Calculate the density of the sphere. Include the unit for your answer.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q6d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(d)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Another student calculated the density of other solid objects made of iron. Each object had a different volume. Which graph shows the relationship between volume and density as the volume of a solid iron object increases? Put a tick in the correct box.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Three small graphs to choose between, each with Density on the vertical axis and Volume on the horizontal axis: (1) a horizontal flat line (density constant as volume increases), (2) a straight line rising with positive slope (density increasing), (3) a straight line falling with negative slope (density decreasing). For iron, density is constant regardless of volume, so the correct graph is the horizontal flat line.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q7a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(a)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "The passage below describes the universe. The following words are missing from the passage: comet, solar system, galaxy. Write the missing words in the spaces provided. Passage: 'The universe includes space and all the matter and energy that space contains. The universe is believed to have formed 13.8 billion years ago. A collection of billions of stars is called a ____. The Sun and all of the objects which orbit it are collectively called the ____. An example of an object which orbits a star is a ____.'", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q7bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(b)(i)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "State the name of a scientific model which describes the origin of the universe.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q7bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Outline two pieces of evidence to support the model you have named.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q8a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(a)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "During your studies, you designed and built a device that transforms energy from one form to another in order to perform a function. You also examined ways to improve the efficiency of your device. Draw a labelled diagram of the device you designed and built.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Blank box provided headed 'Labelled diagram:' for the student to draw their own designed-and-built energy-transforming device.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q8b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(b)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Identify the main energy conversion that took place when your device was in use.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q8c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(c)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Put a tick in the box beside the statement which correctly finishes the following sentence: 'If a device is described as efficient, this means that ...' (it works very quickly. / it uses very little energy. / it wastes very little energy.)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-EV-q9", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "EV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9", "parent_question": "9", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "The work of a scientist involves planning and conducting experiments. In order to do this, suitable laboratory equipment must be considered. The diagrams below show pieces of laboratory equipment which have been assembled in order to carry out a range of experiments. Match each diagram with the correct experiment in the table below. Experiments: 'To investigate the temperature at which a solid melts'; 'To separate an insoluble solid from a liquid'; 'To separate two liquids, one of which is insoluble in the other'; 'To separate a mixture of coloured inks'.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Four labelled apparatus diagrams. Diagram 1: a filter funnel with filter paper holding a solid sitting in a conical flask (filtration - separating an insoluble solid from a liquid). Diagram 2: a separating funnel containing two layers, Oil on top and Water below, mounted over a conical flask (separating two immiscible liquids). Diagram 3: a thermometer in a test tube of solid being heated over a Bunsen burner (investigating melting point of a solid). Diagram 4: a test tube/beaker with chromatography paper showing separated coloured ink spots travelling up (chromatography - separating a mixture of coloured inks). Student writes the matching diagram number against each experiment.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q1", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "1", "parent_question": "1", "marks": 15, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Roinn A. Ceist 1 (15 marc). Taispeántar sa léaráid thíos córas díleá an duine agus na horgáin a bhaineann leis. Meaitseáil na litreacha sa léaráid leis na codanna den chóras díleá chun an tábla thíos a chomhlánú. Codanna sa tábla: Stéig bheag; Stéig mhór; Béal; Éasafagas; Goile. (Lipéid sa léaráid: A, B, C, D, E, Ae, Máilín an domlais, Paincréas.)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of the human digestive system overlaid on a body outline. Labelled with leader lines: A (mouth/oesophagus region near head), B (oesophagus), C (stomach/goile area), Ae (liver/'Ae'), Máilín an domlais (gall bladder), Paincréas (pancreas, labelled directly), D (small intestine, lower right), E (large intestine, lower). A table to complete pairs each named part (Stéig bheag = small intestine, Stéig mhór = large intestine, Béal = mouth, Éasafagas = oesophagus, Goile = stomach) with the correct letter from the diagram.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q10a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(a)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Ceist 10 (15 marc). Taispeántar sa léaráid suíomh na Gealaí ar cheithre lá le linn ciogal gealaí amháin. Tá na huimhreacha 1, 2, 3 agus 4 ar na suíomhanna. Níl an léaráid de réir scála. Taispeántar sa ghrianghraf an radharc ar an nGealach ó Bhaile Átha Cliath i Meán Fómhair 2024. Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart chun ceisteanna (a) — (e) a fhreagairt. (a) Tabhair suíomh na Gealaí le fios nuair a tógadh an grianghraf. Suíomh 1 / Suíomh 2 / Suíomh 3 / Suíomh 4.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram (not to scale) of the Sun-Earth-Moon system: 'Solas ón nGrian' (sunlight) shown as horizontal yellow arrows from the left striking 'An Domhan' (Earth, centre). Four Moon positions arranged around Earth: Suíomh 1 (top), Suíomh 2 (left, between Sun and Earth), Suíomh 4 (right, far side from Sun), Suíomh 3 (bottom). Alongside is a photograph of a megalithic stone monument (referencing the view of the Moon from Dublin / Newgrange winter-solstice context, Meán Fómhair/September 2024).", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q10b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(b)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(b) Tabhair suíomh na Gealaí le fios nuair a d'fhéadfadh urú gréine tarlú. Suíomh 1 / Suíomh 2 / Suíomh 3 / Suíomh 4.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q10c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(c)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(c) Cé acu léaráid thíos a léiríonn an chuma a bheadh ar an nGealach ón Domhan ag suíomh 3? (Roghnaítear ó cheithre léaráid de chéimeanna na gealaí / phases of the Moon.)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Four Moon-phase illustrations offered as tick-box options, each a circle with differing illuminated/shadowed portions (e.g. half-lit, gibbous, full/dark) representing how the Moon would appear from Earth when at position 3.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q10d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(d)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(d) Má thosaítear i Suíomh 1, tabhair suíomh na Gealaí le fios tar éis timpeall 15 lá. Suíomh 1 / Suíomh 2 / Suíomh 3 / Suíomh 4.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q10e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "10(e)", "parent_question": "10", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(e) Tagann athrú, le linn chiogal na Gealaí, ar an bhfad atá an Ghealach ón Domhan. Cén tionchar a bhíonn aige sin ar an gcaoi a mbreathnaímid an Ghealach ón Domhan? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart. Roghanna: Dealraíonn sé go bhfuil athrú tagtha ar rothlú na Gealaí. / Dealraíonn sé go bhfuil athrú tagtha ar thrastomhas na Gealaí.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q11a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(a)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Roinn B (210 marc). Ceist 11 (30 marc). Dianscaoileann sárocsaíd hidrigine go mall chun gás ocsaigine a tháirgeadh. Is féidir ráta dianscaoilte sárocsaíde hidrigine a mhéadú ach catalaíoch a úsáid. Cuireadh 100 cm^3 de shárocsaíd hidrigine i bhfleascán le 1.0 g de chatalaíoch oiriúnach ag teocht an tseomra (20 °C). Rinneadh toirt an gháis ocsaigine a bailíodh a thaifeadadh gach 10 soicind ar feadh 60 soicind. Taispeántar an torthaí ar an ngraf thíos. Léiríonn na litreacha A, B agus C céimeanna éagsúla san imoibriú. (a) Cé acu litir, A nó B nó C, a léiríonn an chéim den imoibriú ina raibh gás ocsaigine á tháirgeadh ag an ráta ba thapa?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A line graph of 'Toirt an gháis ocsaigine a bailíodh (cm^3)' (y-axis, 0–100) versus 'Am (s)' (x-axis, 0–60). The curve rises steeply at first then levels off to a plateau near 95–100 cm^3. Region A is marked on the steep early part of the curve, B near the upper bend, and C along the flat plateau. Beside the graph is the apparatus: a conical flask with the peroxide+catalyst connected by a delivery tube to an inverted measuring cylinder/gas jar over water (labelled Catalaíoch, Sárocsaíd hidrigine, Gás ocsaigine, Uisce).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q11b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(b)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(b) Cén toirt de ghás ocsaigine a bhí bailithe tar éis 10 soicind?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q11c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(c)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(c) Tarraing líne bhriste (- - - - - -) ar an ngraf thuas a thaispeánann an toradh a mbeifeá ag súil leis dá n-athdhéanfaí an t-imscrúdú díreach mar a rinneadh cheana, ach le tiúchan níos ísle de shárocsaíd hidrigine sa tuaslagán.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Student adds a dashed line to the same volume-of-oxygen vs time graph, expected to rise more slowly and plateau at a lower final volume (lower peroxide concentration).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q11d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(d)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(d) Cé acu ceann de na ráitis seo a leanas a mhíníonn an fáth ar féidir gás ocsaigine a bhailiú leis an modh a thaispeántar sa léaráid? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart. (Roghanna a bhaineann le hintuaslagthacht íseal gáis ocsaigine in uisce agus le dlús an gháis i gcomparáid le huisce.)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q11e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(e)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(e) Dianscaoileann sárocsaíd hidrigine níos tapa ag teochtaí níos airde. Mínigh go mion an fáth a dtagann méadú ar ráta imoibrithe cheimicigh nuair a thagann méadú ar an teocht.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q11fi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(f)(i)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Imoibriú eisiteirmeach is ea sárocsaíd hidrigine a dhianscaoileadh. Taispeántar thíos an léaráid de phróifíl an fhuinnimh in imoibriú eisiteirmeach. Taispeánann an líne dhubh dul chun cinn an imoibrithe gan catalaíoch a úsáid. Taispeánann an líne dhearg dul chun cinn an imoibrithe nuair a úsáidtear catalaíoch. (f) (i) Cad is imoibriú eisiteirmeach ann?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "An energy-profile diagram: y-axis 'Fuinneamh' (energy), x-axis 'Dul chun cinn an imoibrithe' (reaction progress). Two curves over the same path: a black (dubh) curve without catalyst showing a higher activation-energy hump, and a red (dearg) curve with catalyst showing a lower hump; both start at 'Imoibreáin' (reactants) at higher energy and end at 'Táirgí' (products) at lower energy (net energy released = exothermic).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q11fii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(f)(ii)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(ii) Nuair a úsáidtear catalaíoch, cén tionchar a bhíonn aige sin ar an bhfuinneamh gníomhachtúcháin don imoibriú seo?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q11fiii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "11(f)(iii)", "parent_question": "11", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(iii) Ar an léaráid, taispeáin an t-athrú fuinnimh foriomlán san imoibriú sin.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Candidate marks the overall (net) energy change on the energy-profile diagram — the vertical difference between the reactant level and the lower product level.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q12a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(a)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Ceist 12 (30 marc). Úsáideann eolaithe micreascóip chun cealla a fhormhéadú (cuma níos mó a chur orthu). Taispeántar micreascóp solais sa léaráid ar dheis. (a) Tarraing ciorcal timpeall ar chuid den mhicreascóp a fhormhéadaíonn cealla.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A photograph/illustration of a light microscope (on the right of the page) showing the eyepiece, body tube, objective lenses, stage and base. The candidate must circle the part that magnifies cells (the lenses — eyepiece/objective).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q12b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(b)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(b) Conas atá struchtúr speirmchille difriúil le struchtúr ubhchille?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A diagram of fertilisation: a large egg cell (Ubhchill) with its nucleus (Núicléis) labelled, surrounded by several sperm cells (Speirmchill) with tails approaching it.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q12c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(c)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(c) Cad iad na struchtúir ghéiniteacha thábhachtacha a fhaightear i núicléis na gceall sin?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q12d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(d)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Taispeántar córas atáirgthe an bhaineannaigh dhaonna thíos. (d) Scríobh an litir X ar an gcuid den chóras atáirgthe ina dtarlaíonn toirchiú de ghnáth.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "An anatomical diagram of the human female reproductive system (uterus, two ovaries, fallopian tubes/oviducts, cervix, vagina). The candidate must mark the letter X where fertilisation normally occurs (the fallopian tube/oviduct).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q12e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(e)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Timpeall 28 lá a mhaireann an timthriall míosta. (e) Cén t-am sa timthriall míosta a tharlaíonn toirchiú de ghnáth? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart. Laethanta 1 — 5 / Laethanta 6 — 10 / Laethanta 11 — 17 / Laethanta 18 — 28.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q12f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(f)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Sa léaráid taispeántar fás féatas daonna le linn sheachtainí deiridh an toirchis. Léirítear sa ghraf thíos an coibhneas idir fad an fhéatais agus aois an fhéatais. San íomhá thíos taispeántar féatas daonna le linn luath-thoirchis. Is é fad an fhéatais ná 60 mm. (f) Úsáid an graf chun meastachán a dhéanamh ar aois (ina seachtainí) an fhéatais a thaispeántar thuas.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A line graph: y-axis 'Fad an fhéatais (mm)' from ~10 to 90, x-axis 'Aois an fhéatais (seachtainí)' from 6 to 14; the curve rises (steeply then more gradually) showing fetal length increasing with age. Beside it is an ultrasound/echograph image of a human fetus (credited commons.wikimedia.org, Dr. W. Moroder). The candidate reads off the age corresponding to a 60 mm fetus.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q12gi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(g)(i)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Sa léaráid taispeántar féatas daonna le linn sheachtainí deiridh an toirchis. (g) (i) Sainaithin an struchtúr a bhfuil an lipéad Y air sa léaráid.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A cross-section diagram of a fetus (Féatas) inside the womb in the late weeks of pregnancy. A leader line marks structure Y (located between the fetus and the uterus wall — the placenta). 'Féatas' is also labelled.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q12gii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(g)(ii)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(ii) Cad é ról an struchtúir sin le linn toirchis?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q12h", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "12(h)", "parent_question": "12", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Tagann ceisteanna eitice chun cinn uaireanta maidir le hatáirgeadh sa duine. (h) Pléigh ceist eitice a bhaineann le hatáirgeadh sa duine.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q13a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(a)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Ceist 13 (30 marc). Sa léaráid taispeántar suíomhanna triúr daoine ar an Domhan ag am áirithe ar lá áirithe den bhliain. Tá na huimhreacha 1, 2 agus 3 ar a suíomhanna. Níl an léaráid de réir scála. (a) Ar an léaráid thuas, scáthaigh an chuid den Domhan atá sa dorchadas ag an am áirithe sin.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of the tilted Earth: a circle representing the Earth with its rotational axis (Ais an Domhain) tilted, the equator (Meánchiorcal an Domhain) drawn as a dashed line, and three people stick-figures at positions 1 (upper/northern), 2 (middle) and 3 (lower/southern). Sunlight (Solas ón nGrian) is shown as horizontal yellow arrows arriving from the right. The candidate shades the night side (the half facing away from the Sun).", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q13b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(b)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(b) Cé acu suíomh, 1 nó 2 nó 3, ag a bhfuil an geimhreadh ann? Cosain do fhreagra.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q13c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(c)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart chun ceisteanna (c) agus (d) a fhreagairt. (c) Cé acu suíomh, 1 nó 2 nó 3, ag a mbeidh an líon is mó uaireanta an chloig de sholas an lae ar an lá áirithe sin? Suíomh 1 / Suíomh 2 / Suíomh 3.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q13d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(d)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(d) Cé acu léaráid thíos a léiríonn an uillinn ag a mbuaileann solas na gréine an talamh ar mheán lae ag suíomh 1?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Three small diagrams offered for tick selection, each showing a stick person standing on the ground with the Sun and a ray striking the ground at a different angle: (1) Sun low with rays at a shallow/glancing angle, (2) Sun overhead with rays vertical, (3) Sun at an intermediate angle. The candidate selects the one matching midday at position 1.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q13e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(e)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Sa tsamhail thíos, léiríonn na litreacha A, B, C agus D na suíomhanna ag a bhfuil pláinéad ag amanna éagsúla. (e) Luaigh trí dhifríocht idir réalta agus a pláinéad.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of a planet (Pláinéad) orbiting a star (Réalta, drawn as a yellow circle at the centre) along an elliptical path; positions A (left), B (bottom), C (right) and D (top) mark the planet at four points on its orbit, with arrows showing the direction of travel.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q13f", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(f)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "De réir mar a laghdaíonn an fad slí idir pláinéad agus a réalta, méadaíonn an fórsa imtharraingthe a fheidhmíonn an réalta ar an bpláinéad. (f) Cé acu ceann de na graif thíos a léiríonn an chaoi a n-athraíonn fórsa imtharraingthe réalta ar a pláinéad de réir mar a ghluaiseann an réalta ó shuíomh A go B go C go D? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Three graphs offered for tick selection, each with y-axis 'Fórsa imtharraingthe' and x-axis marked with positions A, B, C, D: (1) a wavy/double-hump curve, (2) a U-shaped curve dipping in the middle, (3) an inverted-U / single hump peaking in the middle. The candidate picks the one matching how gravitational force varies with orbital distance (force greatest when the planet is closest to the star).", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q13g", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "13(g)", "parent_question": "13", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(g) Dá mba é an Domhan an pláinéad sa léaráid thuas, cé mhéad mí, go neasach, a thógfadh sé air gluaiseacht ó shuíomh A go suíomh B?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q14a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(a)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Ceist 14 (30 marc). Déantar cur síos sa léaráid thíos ar an gcaoi a bhfuil speicis gaolmhar dá chéile trí éabhlóid. Déan staidéar ar an léaráid agus freagair na ceisteanna a leanas. (a) Tá ráitis sa tábla maidir leis na horgánaigh sa léaráid. Cuir tic (✓) sa cholún ceart lena chur in iúl cé acu fíor nó bréagach atá gach ráiteas. Ráitis: 'Tá creatlach chnámhach ag gach ceann de na horgánaigh sa léaráid.'; 'Tá ceithre ghéag ag gach ceann de na horgánaigh sa léaráid.'; 'Táirgeann príomhaigh agus éisc araon ubh aimnianach.'; 'Tá ceithre ghéag ag amfaibiaigh agus táirgeann siad ubh a bhfuil blaosc uirthi.'; 'Tá ceithre ghéag agus gruaig ar phríomhaigh agus ar chreimirí.'", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A cladogram / evolutionary tree. From a common ancestor (Sinsearach coiteann) at the top, branch points are labelled with traits: Creatlach chnámhach (bony skeleton/backbone), then Ceithre ghéag (four limbs), then Ubh aimnianach (amniotic egg), splitting into Ubh a bhfuil blaosc uirthi (shelled egg) and Gruaig (hair). The terminal organisms across the bottom (with small pictures) are: Éan (bird), Reiptíl (reptile), Creimire (rodent), Príomhach (primate), Amfaibiach (amphibian), Iasc (fish). A downward arrow labelled 'Am' (time) runs along the right side. A table of five true/false (Fíor/Bréagach) statements follows.", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q14b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(b)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(b) Roghnaigh orgánach as an léaráid nó as gnáthóg a bhfuil staidéar déanta agat uirthi. Luaigh oiriúnú amháin de chuid an orgánaigh sin agus déan cur síos ar an gcaoi a gcabhraíonn an t-oiriúnú leis an orgánach maireachtáil ina ghnáthóg. (Ainm an orgánaigh / Oiriúnú / Cur síos.)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q14ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(c)(i)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(c) (i) Tabhair breac-chuntas ar theoiric na héabhlóide trí roghnú nádúrtha.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q14cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "14(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "14", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(ii) Tabhair breac-chuntas ar an gcaoi a míníonn an teoiric sin éagsúlacht nithe beo.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q15a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(a)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Ceist 15 (45 marc). Rinne scoláire imscrúdú ar an gcaoi ar athraigh luas cairr bréige de réir mar a ghluais sé trasna dromchla neamhchothrom. Thomhais sí an fad a thaistil an carr gach soicind ar feadh 10 soicind. Ansin, d'úsáid sí na sonraí sin chun luas an chairr a ríomh. Tá a cuid sonraí maidir le luas agus am liostaithe sa tábla thíos. Am (s): 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. Luas (m/s): 0.00, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.40, 0.40, 0.40, 0.40, 0.55, 0.70. (a) Ainmnigh gléas a d'fhéadfadh an scoláire a úsáid chun an t-am a thomhas le linn an imscrúdaithe.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A data table of the toy car's motion. Am (s): 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10. Luas (m/s): 0.00, 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, 0.40, 0.40, 0.40, 0.40, 0.40, 0.55, 0.70 — i.e. speed rises steadily to 0.40 m/s, stays constant from 4 s to 8 s, then increases again.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q15b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(b)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(b) Tarraing líneghraf sa spás thíos chun sonraí an scoláire a léiriú.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A blank gridded graph is provided: y-axis 'Luas (m/s)' from 0.00 to 0.80 (in 0.10 steps), x-axis 'Am (s)' from 0 to 10. The candidate plots the table data as a line graph.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q15ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(c)(i)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(c) (i) Cé mhéad soicind a bhí an carr ag gluaiseacht ar luas tairiseach?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q15cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(ii) Úsáid do fhreagra ar (i) chun an fad a thaistil an carr le linn an ama sin a ríomh. Bíodh an t-aonad san áireamh i do fhreagra.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q15d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(d)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Gluaiseann carranna ar luasanna níos airde ar na bóithre. Léiríonn an graf ar dheis an chaoi ar athraigh luas dhá charr, Carr 1 agus Carr 2, le linn an chéad 60 soicind dá dturas. Thosaigh siad ag na soilse tráchta céanna. Ansin, thaistil siad ar an mbóthar céanna agus sa treo céanna. (d) Tá ráitis sa tábla maidir leis an dá charr. Cuir tic (✓) sa cholún ceart lena chur in iúl cé acu fíor nó bréagach atá gach ráiteas. Ráitis: 'Bhí luas Charr 2 tairiseach sa chéad 10 soicind.'; 'Ag 20 soicind, bhí an dá charr ag taisteal ar an luas céanna.'; 'Ag 30 soicind, bhí luas Charr 1 níos tapa ná luas Charr 2.'; 'Shroich Carr 1 a uasluas níos tapa ná Carr 2.'", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A speed-time graph: y-axis 'Luas (m/s)' 0–30, x-axis 'Am (s)' 0–60. Carr 2 (red line) rises linearly to 20 m/s by 10 s then stays constant at 20 m/s. Carr 1 (blue line) rises linearly to 30 m/s by 30 s then stays constant at 30 m/s. The two lines cross at about 20 s / 20 m/s. A table of four true/false statements about the two cars follows.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q15e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "15(e)", "parent_question": "15", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Fad 300 méadar a thaistil Carr 2 sa chéad 20 soicind den turas. Léiríonn achar na coda scáthaithe den ghraf an fad a thaistil Carr 1 san am céanna. (e) Bain úsáid as na scálaí ar na haiseanna chun achar na coda scáthaithe den ghraf a ríomh. Uaidh sin, aimsigh an fad idir an dá charr ag an bpointe sin dá dturas.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to the same speed-time graph as 15(d); the area under Carr 1's line up to 20 s is shaded (a triangle, since Carr 1 accelerates uniformly from 0 to ~20 m/s over 20 s). The candidate computes this shaded area (= distance Carr 1 travelled) using the axis scales and compares it with Carr 2's stated 300 m to find the gap between the cars.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q16a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(a)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Ceist 16 (45 marc). Dúil mhiotalach is ea maignéisiam (Mg) agus is é 12 an uimhir adamhach atá aige. (a) Cad is brí leis an téarma 'dúil'?", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A periodic-table tile graphic for magnesium is shown: atomic number 12, symbol Mg, name 'Maignéisiam', relative atomic mass 24.3050.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q16b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(b)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(b) Liostaítear roinnt de na hairíonna atá ag miotail agus ag neamh-mhiotail sa tábla thíos. Déan cinneadh i dtaobh cé acu le miotal nó le neamh-mhiotal a bhaineann gach airí agus cuir tic (✓) sa cholún ceart. Airíonna: Lonrach; Briosc; Leacht nó gás de ghnáth ag teocht an tseomra; Seoltóir maith teasa agus leictreachais.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A table with column headings Airí (property), Miotal (metal), Neamh-mhiotal (non-metal). Rows: Lonrach (lustrous/shiny), Briosc (brittle), Leacht nó gás de ghnáth ag teocht an tseomra (usually liquid or gas at room temperature), Seoltóir maith teasa agus leictreachais (good conductor of heat and electricity). Candidate ticks metal or non-metal for each.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q16ci", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(c)(i)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Chuir scoláire miotal maignéisiam ar spúnóg dhócháin. Las sé an miotal agus chuir sé an spúnóg isteach i bpróca de ghás ocsaigine. Nuair a bhí deireadh leis an imoibriú, thomhais sé an mhais d'ocsaíd mhaignéisiam a foirmíodh. (c) (i) Mínigh an fáth ar sampla d'athrú ceimiceach é sin.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram of magnesium burning in oxygen: a deflagrating spoon (spúnóg dhócháin) holding burning magnesium (Miotal maignéisiam ag dó, with a bright flame) lowered into a gas jar of oxygen (Gás ocsaigine).", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q16cii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(c)(ii)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(ii) An mbeifeá ag súil go mbeadh mais na hocsaíde maignéisiam a foirmíodh níos mó ná nó cothrom le nó níos lú ná mais an mhaignéisiam a úsáideadh ag an tús? Cosain do fhreagra.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q16d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(d)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(d) Úsáid an Tábla Peiriadach ar leathanach 79 den leabhrán Foirmlí agus Táblaí chun cóimheas an mhaignéisiam le hocsaigin in ocsaíd mhaignéisiam a thuar. Uaidh sin, scríobh an fhoirmle cheimiceach d'ocsaíd mhaignéisiam.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q16ei", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(e)(i)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(e) (i) Thuaslaig scoláire méid beag d'ocsaíd mhaignéisiam in uisce chun bun ar a dtugtar hiodrocsaíd mhaignéisiam a fhoirmiú. Déan cur síos ar an gcaoi a ndéanfá tástáil saotharlainne chun pH an tuaslagáin a foirmíodh a aimsiú.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q16eii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "16(e)(ii)", "parent_question": "16", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(ii) Is comhábhar í hiodrocsaíd mhaignéisiam i roinnt cógas a úsáidtear chun mí-dhíleá aigéadach a chóireáil. Cé acu ardú nó ísliú ar pH an méid atá sa ghoile a mbeifeá ag súil leis i ndiaidh do dhuine an cógas sin a ghlacadh? Cosain do fhreagra.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Accompanied by a photograph of a medicine (an indigestion remedy) being poured from a blue bottle onto a spoon.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q2a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(a)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Ceist 2 (15 marc). Taispeántar sa léaráid samhail de thimthriall an uisce. Léiríonn na saigheada roinnt de na próisis a bhíonn i gceist i dtimthriall an uisce. Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart chun ceisteanna (a) — (d) a fhreagairt. (a) Cé acu próiseas ina n-athraíonn uisce ó leacht go gás? Comhdhlúthú / Frasaíocht / Galú / Trasghalú.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Diagram (samhail) of the water cycle: a mountain/sea landscape with An Ghrian (the Sun) top left, arrows showing evaporation from the sea, cloud formation, precipitation over the mountain, and an arrow labelled X pointing from the cloud back down. Four tick-box options offered: Comhdhlúthú (condensation), Frasaíocht (precipitation), Galú (evaporation), Trasghalú (transpiration).", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q2b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(b)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(b) Cé acu próiseas is cúis le scamaill a fhoirmiú? Comhdhlúthú / Frasaíocht / Galú / Trasghalú. (Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart.)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q2c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(c)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(c) Cé acu próiseas a léirítear leis an litir X sa léaráid? Comhdhlúthú / Frasaíocht / Galú / Trasghalú. (Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart.)", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Refers to arrow X in the water-cycle diagram (an arrow from the cloud directing toward the ground/mountain).", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q2d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(d)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(d) Cé acu próiseas a tharlaíonn nuair a bhogann galuisce amach as duilleoga planda agus isteach san atmaisféar? Comhdhlúthú / Frasaíocht / Galú / Trasghalú. (Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart.)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q2e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "2(e)", "parent_question": "2", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(e) Mínigh ról na Gréine i dtimthriall an uisce. Ba chóir duit tagairt a dhéanamh do shamplaí d'athruithe staide i do fhreagra.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q3a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(a)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Ceist 3 (15 marc). Rinne scoláire imscrúdú ar an gcoibhneas idir an síneadh i lingeán agus an fórsa a fheidhmítear ar an lingeán. I léaráid 1, taispeántar leagan amach an fhearais a d'úsáid an scoláire ag tús an imscrúdaithe. I léaráid 2, taispeántar leagan amach an fhearais le linn an imscrúdaithe. (a) Cé acu cineál fuinnimh a stóráiltear i lingeán sínte? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart. Fuinneamh ceimiceach / Fuinneamh poitéinsiúil / Fuinneamh fuaime.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Two apparatus diagrams of a Hooke's-law / spring extension set-up on a clamp stand (seastán freangáin). Léaráid 1 (labelled 'Tús an imscrúdaithe'): a vertical spring (lingeán) hanging from the clamp, with a stack of metal discs (diosca miotail) on the bench and a single mass hook hanging unloaded. Léaráid 2 (labelled 'Le linn an imscrúdaithe'): the spring is stretched (lingeán sínte) by a hanging metal disc, showing greater extension. Tick options: Fuinneamh ceimiceach, Fuinneamh poitéinsiúil, Fuinneamh fuaime.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q3b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(b)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Bhí mais 100 gram i ngach diosca miotail. (b) Ainmnigh gléas a d'fhéadfaí a úsáid chun mais diosca miotail a thomhas.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q3c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(c)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(c) Ríomh fórsa (meáchan) diosca miotail amháin. Tabhair an t-aonad i do fhreagra. (Luasghéarú de bharr na domhantarraingthe = 9.8 m/s^2)", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q3d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "3(d)", "parent_question": "3", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "De réir mar a mhéadaigh líon na ndioscaí miotail a cuireadh leis an lingeán, mhéadaigh an síneadh sa lingeán. Tháinig an scoláire ar an gcomhréir dhíreach leis an bhfórsa a feidhmíodh. (d) Úsáid na haiseanna atá ann agus tarraing sceitse de ghraf a léiríonn an coibhneas sin.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A blank pair of axes is provided for the student to sketch the graph: y-axis labelled 'Síneadh' (extension), x-axis labelled 'Fórsa' (force). Expected to show a straight-line direct proportion.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q4a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(a)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Ceist 4 (15 marc). Seo thíos alt as suíomh nuachta ar líne. Léigh é agus freagair na ceisteanna a leanas. (Sliocht: faoi chultacha spáis nuachtóirithe nochta le haghaidh tuirlingtí Artemis ar an nGealach — NASA agus an Ghníomhaireacht Spáis Eorpach, cultacha le mísreán an dúchain, díonta in aghaidh radaíochta, agus le fáil 6 bhíthíní 0 KhI 1972 ann.) (a) Déantar cur síos san alt ar roinnt de ghnéithe nua-aimseartha na gcultacha spáis. Luaigh dhá cheann de na gnéithe sin.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Reading-comprehension question with a photo of an astronaut in a white space suit standing on a grey lunar surface, planting a marker/flag, with an Earth-like body in the dark sky. Caption credits nasa.gov / mrp.org. The article concerns modern Artemis Moon-landing space suits.", "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q4b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(b)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(b) Luaitear 'timpeallacht gharbh an spáis' san alt. Déan cur síos ar ghné den taiscéalaíocht spáis a fhágann go mbíonn sí baolach don duine.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q4c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "4(c)", "parent_question": "4", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(c) Luaigh dhá thairbhe don tsochaí a bhaineann leis an taiscéalaíocht spáis.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q5a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(a)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Ceist 5 (15 marc). Sa bhia-eangach sa léaráid, taispeántar na gaolmhaireachtaí cothaithe idir orgánaigh i ngnáthóg féaraigh. (a) Sainaithin tomhaltóir tosaigh as an mbia-eangach.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A food web (bia-eangach) shown with arrows linking organisms: Féar (grass) → Criogar (grasshopper) and → Cuil ghlas (greenfly/aphid); Criogar → Smólach (thrush) and → Gráinneog (hedgehog); Cuil ghlas → Bóín Dé (ladybird); Bolb (caterpillar) → Smólach; Gráinneog → Ulchabhán (owl); Frog → Ulchabhán; arrows also link Bóín Dé and Frog upward. Top predator is Ulchabhán (owl).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q5b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(b)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(b) Cad a léiríonn na saigheada sa bhia-eangach?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q5c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(c)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(c) Tá an smólach in iomaíocht do bhia le horgánach eile sa bhia-eangach. Sainaithin an t-orgánach sin.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q5d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(d)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(d) Scríobh amach biashlabhra ina bhfuil trí leibhéal thrófacha (cothaithe) ar a laghad as an mbia-eangach.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q5e", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "5(e)", "parent_question": "5", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(e) Cé acu píosa fearais a d'fhéadfaí a úsáid chun an chuil ghlas a ghabháil i ngnáthóg féaraigh? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart. Roghanna: Cuadraí / Pútar.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Two pieces of field equipment shown for tick selection: 'Cuadraí' (a quadrat, drawn as a square gridded frame) and 'Pútar' (a pooter, drawn as a small jar/container with two tubes used to suck up small insects).", "topic": "Biology", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q6a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(a)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Ceist 6 (15 marc). Taispeántar sa léaráid leagan amach an fhearais a d'úsáid beirt scoláirí, A agus B, chun toirt sféir sholadaigh de dhéanamh iarainn a aimsiú. (a) Sainaithin gléas X, an gléas a úsáideadh chun toirt an uisce a dílaithríodh as an gcanna forsceite a thomhas.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Apparatus for measuring the volume of a solid iron sphere by water displacement. An overflow can (canna forsceite) containing water sits on a stand; an iron sphere (sféar iarainn) is shown being lowered in; the displaced water overflows through a spout into a measuring cylinder labelled X. Two students view the cylinder: Scoláire A reads from above (eye line angled down to the meniscus), Scoláire B reads level (horizontal dashed eye line to the meniscus). Uisce (water) labelled.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q6b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(b)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(b) Cé acu scoláire, A nó B, a ghlac léamh níos cruinne ó ghléas X?", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q6c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(c)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Ba é toirt an sféir ná 50 cm^3. Ba é mais an sféir ná 395 g. (c) Ríomh dlús an sféir. Bíodh an t-aonad san áireamh i do fhreagra.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q6d", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "6(d)", "parent_question": "6", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Ríomh scoláire eile dlús earraí soladacha eile de dhéanamh iarainn. Bhí toirt dhifriúil i ngach earra. (d) Cé acu graf a léiríonn an coibhneas idir toirt agus dlús de réir mar a mhéadaíonn toirt earra sholadaigh iarainn? Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca ceart.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Three small graphs offered for tick selection, each with y-axis 'Dlús' (density) and x-axis 'Toirt' (volume): (1) a horizontal flat line (density constant as volume increases); (2) an upward sloping straight line; (3) a downward sloping straight line. Correct relationship is that density stays constant regardless of volume for the same material.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q7a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(a)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Ceist 7 (15 marc). (a) Déantar cur síos ar an gcruinne sa sliocht thíos. Tá na focail seo a leanas in easnamh as an sliocht: cóiméad, grianchóras, réaltra. Scríobh na focail atá in easnamh isteach sna spásanna atá ann dóibh. Sliocht: 'Is éard atá sa chruinne ná an spás agus an damhna agus an fuinneamh go léir atá sa spás. Creidtear gur fhoirmigh an chruinne 13.8 billiún bliain ó shin. Tugtar ____ ar ghrúpa de na billiúin réaltaí. Tugtar an ____ ar an nGrian agus ar na réada go léir a fhithisíonn timpeall uirthi le chéile. Sampla de réad a fhithisíonn timpeall ar réalta is ea ____.'", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q7bi", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(b)(i)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(b) (i) Luaigh ainm samhla eolaíochta a dhéanann cur síos ar bhunús na cruinne.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q7bii", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "7(b)(ii)", "parent_question": "7", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(ii) Tabhair breac-chuntas ar dhá phíosa fianaise a thacaíonn leis an tsamhail atá ainmnithe agat.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Earth & Space", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q8a", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(a)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "Ceist 8 (15 marc). Le linn do chuid staidéir, dhear tú agus thóg tú feiste a thiontaíonn cineál amháin fuinnimh go cineál eile chun feidhm a chomhlíonadh. Rinne tú scrúdú freisin ar bhealaí chun éifeachtúlacht d'fheiste a fheabhsú. (a) Tarraing léaráid lipéadaithe den fheiste a dhear tú agus a thóg tú.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "A large blank box headed 'Léaráid lipéadaithe:' is provided for the candidate to draw a labelled diagram of an energy-converting device they designed and built during their studies.", "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q8b", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(b)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(b) Sainaithin an príomhthiontú fuinnimh a tharla nuair a bhí d'fheiste in úsáid.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q8c", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "8(c)", "parent_question": "8", "marks": null, "marks_confidence": "uncertain", "question_text": "(c) Cuir tic (✓) sa bhosca in aice leis an ráiteas a chríochnaíonn an abairt seo a leanas i gceart: 'Má deirtear go bhfuil feiste éifeachtúil, ciallaíonn sé sin ___': go n-oibríonn sí go han-tapa. / gur beag fuinneamh a úsáideann sí. / gur beag fuinneamh a chuireann sí amú.", "has_images": false, "image_notes": null, "topic": "Physics", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" }, { "id": "2026-common-level-IV-q9", "subject_n": "Science", "year": 2026, "paper": 0, "version": "IV", "material_type": "exampapers", "question_number": "9", "parent_question": "9", "marks": 15, "marks_confidence": "high", "question_text": "Ceist 9 (15 marc). Bíonn eolaithe ag pleanáil agus ag déanamh turgnamh mar chuid den obair a dhéanann siad. Ní mór trealamh oiriúnach saotharlainne a chur san áireamh chun é sin a dhéanamh. Taispeántar sna léaráidí thíos píosaí de threalamh saotharlainne atá curtha le chéile chun réimse turgnamh a dhéanamh. Meaitseáil gach léaráid leis an turgnamh ceart sa tábla thíos (scríobh uimhir na léaráide in aghaidh gach turgnaimh). Turgnaimh: (1) Imscrúdú a dhéanamh ar an teocht ag a leánn solad; (2) Solad dothuaslagtha a dheighilt ó leacht; (3) Dhá leacht, a bhfuil ceann acu dothuaslagtha sa cheann eile, a dheighilt óna chéile; (4) Meascán de dhúigh dhaite a dheighilt óna chéile.", "has_images": true, "image_notes": "Four labelled apparatus diagrams to match to experiments. Léaráid 1: a filter funnel with filter paper sitting in a conical flask, labelled 'Solad' (filtration of an insoluble solid from liquid). Léaráid 2: a separating funnel above a flask showing two layers labelled 'Ola' (oil, top) and 'Uisce' (water, bottom) — separating two immiscible liquids. Léaráid 3: a test tube of solid (labelled 'Solad') being heated over a Bunsen burner flame with a thermometer — investigating melting point. Léaráid 4: a chromatography set-up, a tall beaker with a paper strip showing a coloured spot separating into a streak — separating dyes/inks.", "topic": "Chemistry", "marking_scheme_answer": null, "source_pdf": "2026 - Science - Common Level (Irish) - Exam Paper.pdf" } ]