context stringlengths 158 2.13k | question stringlengths 13 202 | answers.text list | answers.answer_start list | feat_id list | feat_title list | feat_metadata.split list | feat_metadata.model_in_the_loop list | start_logits list | end_logits list |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jochi died in 1226, during his father's lifetime. Some scholars, notably Ratchnevsky, have commented on the possibility that Jochi was secretly poisoned by an order from Genghis Khan. Rashid al-Din reports that the great Khan sent for his sons in the spring of 1223, and while his brothers heeded the order, Jochi remain... | Why did Jochi supposedly doubt his father's character? | [
"massacred so many people and laid waste so many lands"
] | [
665
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Trade liberalization may shift economic inequality from a global to a domestic scale. When rich countries trade with poor countries, the low-skilled workers in the rich countries may see reduced wages as a result of the competition, while low-skilled workers in the poor countries may see increased wages. Trade economis... | What is the reason for rising inequality in the United States? | [
"technological innovation"
] | [
734
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"5e6ce9ba20e8f6548dce95ea1f66f4e7f8ef5e8b"
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The historical measure of a steam engine's energy efficiency was its "duty". The concept of duty was first introduced by Watt in order to illustrate how much more efficient his engines were over the earlier Newcomen designs. Duty is the number of foot-pounds of work delivered by burning one bushel (94 pounds) of coal. ... | What was the secret to producing the best results? | [
"high-pressure steam"
] | [
634
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"54ee7e48f9d31464b95d7c4f2aef7eaf0e4c652e"
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There are some common misconceptions about the outer and inner chloroplast membranes. The fact that chloroplasts are surrounded by a double membrane is often cited as evidence that they are the descendants of endosymbiotic cyanobacteria. This is often interpreted as meaning the outer chloroplast membrane is the product... | Why did people believe the outside membrane is from the host? | [
"double membrane is often cited as evidence that they are the descendants of endosymbiotic cyanobacteria"
] | [
133
] | [
"fa1c3ea94d2b5b24d6fb0aa674779f2970117c5d"
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It is a common misconception to ascribe the stiffness and rigidity of solid matter to the repulsion of like charges under the influence of the electromagnetic force. However, these characteristics actually result from the Pauli exclusion principle.[citation needed] Since electrons are fermions, they cannot occupy the s... | How rare is the misconception that solid matter is rigid because of like charges? | [
"common"
] | [
8
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"9ed7642d485d2a7db5922fb8a1ccb4d8484c03e7"
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Tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat are grown in the fertile highlands, one of the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa. Livestock predominates in the semi-arid savanna to the north and east. Coconuts, pineapples, cashew nuts, cotton, sugarcane, sisal, and corn are grown in the lower-lyi... | One of the most successful agricultural production region is located where? | [
"Africa"
] | [
145
] | [
"cff9e5122593c2431a9de52b34e8705d20a456b0"
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Korean economist Hoesung Lee is the chair of the IPCC since October 8, 2015, following the election of the new IPCC Bureau. Before this election, the IPCC was led by his vice-Chair Ismail El Gizouli, who was designated acting Chair after the resignation of Rajendra K. Pachauri in February 2015. The previous chairs were... | Who was elected later, Rajendra K. Pachauri or Robert Watson? | [
"Rajendra K. Pachauri"
] | [
321
] | [
"e6d28d5766a27b32708abb5f5602b7f6fbaea334"
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Sanctifying Grace is that grace of God which sustains the believers in the journey toward Christian Perfection: a genuine love of God with heart, soul, mind, and strength, and a genuine love of our neighbors as ourselves. Sanctifying grace enables us to respond to God by leading a Spirit-filled and Christ-like life aim... | Who thought perfection was possible? | [
"Wesley"
] | [
336
] | [
"4fc6c0ebbb74109e7452ed1a78cea8eff9739ca7"
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"United_Methodist_Church"
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On 17 December 1941, seven Protestant regional church confederations issued a statement agreeing with the policy of forcing Jews to wear the yellow badge, "since after his bitter experience Luther had already suggested preventive measures against the Jews and their expulsion from German territory." According to Daniel ... | To which ethnic group did Martin Luther belong? | [
"The German people"
] | [
794
] | [
"4a6c8d147f7789efa8e50ae7cc4cd2183a6ab4ef"
] | [
"Martin_Luther"
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The first fortified settlements on the site of today's Warsaw were located in Bródno (9th/10th century) and Jazdów (12th/13th century). After Jazdów was raided by nearby clans and dukes, a new similar settlement was established on the site of a small fishing village called Warszowa. The Prince of Płock, Bolesław II of ... | What is the latest century in which settlements could have been established at Jazdow? | [
"13th"
] | [
121
] | [
"6b6533c67a52af5f7ee844522ddb1497503ca839"
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Throughout the Middle Ages, Newcastle was England's northern fortress. Incorporated first by Henry II, the city had a new charter granted by Elizabeth in 1589. A 25-foot (7.6 m) high stone wall was built around the town in the 13th century, to defend it from invaders during the Border war against Scotland. The Scots ki... | Which of the following was a king: William Wallace, Elizabeth or Henry IV? | [
"Henry IV"
] | [
611
] | [
"3fea12720bda31698bc9872e3cdd5fe3686954d1"
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"Newcastle_upon_Tyne"
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There is evidence that there have been significant changes in Amazon rainforest vegetation over the last 21,000 years through the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and subsequent deglaciation. Analyses of sediment deposits from Amazon basin paleolakes and from the Amazon Fan indicate that rainfall in the basin during the LGM ... | Where is the amount of moist vegetation in older forest measured? | [
"paleolakes"
] | [
234
] | [
"09b7a7e0ee6f55e8534ddf140b2082e28496a9fb"
] | [
"Amazon_rainforest"
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30 US states have banned corporal punishment, the others (mostly in the South) have not. It is still used to a significant (though declining) degree in some public schools in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Tennessee and Texas. Private schools in these and most other states may also use it... | The majority of what has banned corporal punishment? | [
"US states"
] | [
3
] | [
"c86d18f4f0db1af5929747f681baaa8693c7460f"
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"Teacher"
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Although Kenya is the most industrially developed country in the African Great Lakes region, manufacturing still accounts for only 14% of the GDP. Industrial activity, concentrated around the three largest urban centres, Nairobi, Mombasa and Kisumu, is dominated by food-processing industries such as grain milling, beer... | What is the primary occupation of Jua Kali? | [
"small-scale manufacturing"
] | [
702
] | [
"c02f79c8ba73b9984bf72f2809a69f0a3ed27b94"
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"Kenya"
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The largest share of Kenya's electricity supply comes from hydroelectric stations at dams along the upper Tana River, as well as the Turkwel Gorge Dam in the west. A petroleum-fired plant on the coast, geothermal facilities at Olkaria (near Nairobi), and electricity imported from Uganda make up the rest of the supply. ... | What type of electricity does Kenya primarily use? | [
"hydroelectric"
] | [
59
] | [
"933dd33f9f45ecde61c31167a2c3231226f051fa"
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"Kenya"
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The three-stage Saturn V was designed to send a fully fueled CSM and LM to the Moon. It was 33 feet (10.1 m) in diameter and stood 363 feet (110.6 m) tall with its 96,800-pound (43,900 kg) lunar payload. Its capability grew to 103,600 pounds (47,000 kg) for the later advanced lunar landings. The S-IC first stage burned... | Which two stages burned the same thing? | [
"second and third"
] | [
450
] | [
"6fa527015dfd08017b93fefd9ebe9c7dfa2f784d"
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In the summer of 1521, Luther widened his target from individual pieties like indulgences and pilgrimages to doctrines at the heart of Church practices. In On the Abrogation of the Private Mass, he condemned as idolatry the idea that the mass is a sacrifice, asserting instead that it is a gift, to be received with than... | The main organ that pumps blood throughout the body is? | [
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Official corporal punishment, often by caning, remains commonplace in schools in some Asian, African and Caribbean countries. For details of individual countries see School corporal punishment. | Where is corporal punishment used, besides Asian and Caribbean countries? | [
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] | [
93
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Train operator Virgin Trains East Coast provides a half-hourly frequency of trains to London King's Cross, with a journey time of about three hours, these services call at Durham, Darlington, York, Doncaster, Newark North Gate and Peterborough and north to Scotland with all trains calling at Edinburgh and a small numbe... | What is the station from which the trains that can go to Scotland leave? | [
"London King's Cross"
] | [
86
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"c8f599f82dc9626d944edf94161897e27c67b7e5"
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Newton came to realize that the effects of gravity might be observed in different ways at larger distances. In particular, Newton determined that the acceleration of the Moon around the Earth could be ascribed to the same force of gravity if the acceleration due to gravity decreased as an inverse square law. Further, N... | What mathematical formula helped Newton relate the acceleration of the Moon around the Earth? | [
"inverse square law"
] | [
290
] | [
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] | [
1870
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Martin Luther married Katharina von Bora, one of 12 nuns he had helped escape from the Nimbschen Cistercian convent in April 1523, when he arranged for them to be smuggled out in herring barrels. "Suddenly, and while I was occupied with far different thoughts," he wrote to Wenceslaus Link, "the Lord has plunged me into... | When was Luther 41 years old? | [
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] | [
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In the summer of 1521, Luther widened his target from individual pieties like indulgences and pilgrimages to doctrines at the heart of Church practices. In On the Abrogation of the Private Mass, he condemned as idolatry the idea that the mass is a sacrifice, asserting instead that it is a gift, to be received with than... | What was the ultimate goal for a monk? | [
"to win salvation"
] | [
745
] | [
"1e1c07f542cacc28bad8bcb5824f5f932866d008"
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"Martin_Luther"
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The notion "force" keeps its meaning in quantum mechanics, though one is now dealing with operators instead of classical variables and though the physics is now described by the Schrödinger equation instead of Newtonian equations. This has the consequence that the results of a measurement are now sometimes "quantized",... | Objects that function or are related to the laws and work set by Sir Isaac Newton are described as? | [
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210
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Anti-inflammatory drugs are often used to control the effects of inflammation. Glucocorticoids are the most powerful of these drugs; however, these drugs can have many undesirable side effects, such as central obesity, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, and their use must be tightly controlled. Lower doses of anti-inflammato... | What type of drug might cause weight gain around the abdominal region? | [
"Glucocorticoids"
] | [
79
] | [
"454bdbde473f6c914f31ea970d9631bca79a8e8d"
] | [
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Luther's rediscovery of "Christ and His salvation" was the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation. His railing against the sale of indulgences was based on it. | Who became reformed? | [
"Luther"
] | [
0
] | [
"befd5a1b3eb3436e6f0a32ba9659c6bcec5f18fe"
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The Mongols learned from captives of the abundant green pastures beyond the Bulgar territory, allowing for the planning for conquest of Hungary and Europe. Genghis Khan recalled Subutai back to Mongolia soon afterwards, and Jebe died on the road back to Samarkand. The famous cavalry expedition led by Subutai and Jebe, ... | Jebe died where | [
"on the road back to Samarkand"
] | [
234
] | [
"a235308870a5d0df64b7c6c717e673a8a0d2316f"
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The IPCC does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data. Lead authors of IPCC reports assess the available information about climate change based on published sources. According to IPCC guidelines, authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources. Authors may refer to non-peer-reviewed source... | What constitutes the bulk of the IPCC reports? | [
"information about climate change based on published sources"
] | [
129
] | [
"2ad6e56dfe50b306c36b462855bc00e315dda89c"
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The first European to travel the length of the Amazon River was Francisco de Orellana in 1542. The BBC's Unnatural Histories presents evidence that Orellana, rather than exaggerating his claims as previously thought, was correct in his observations that a complex civilization was flourishing along the Amazon in the 154... | What media outlet was instrumental in furthering research about the Amazon? | [
"BBC"
] | [
742
] | [
"387db32defb1223cf7b1a7f66721c6367fa2ea86"
] | [
"Amazon_rainforest"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
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The delay in the CSM caused by the fire enabled NASA to catch up on man-rating the LM and Saturn V. Apollo 4 (AS-501) was the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V, carrying a Block I CSM on November 9, 1967. The capability of the Command Module's heat shield to survive a trans-lunar reentry was demonstrated by using t... | What was the final test of the Command Module's heat shield? | [
"using the Service Module engine to ram it into the atmosphere at higher than the usual Earth-orbital reentry speed"
] | [
313
] | [
"5daceaa80f9160f55e5577c00bfa2d2d9197a614"
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"Apollo_program"
] | [
"validation"
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Apicomplexans are another group of chromalveolates. Like the helicosproidia, they're parasitic, and have a nonphotosynthetic chloroplast. They were once thought to be related to the helicosproidia, but it is now known that the helicosproida are green algae rather than chromalveolates. The apicomplexans include Plasmodi... | what type of organism is helicosproidia | [
"green algae"
] | [
245
] | [
"f68cbda281c6e9bd87c6f7506fb64059fdc9f1ee"
] | [
"Chloroplast"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
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Other scholars argue that, even if his views were merely anti-Judaic—that is, opposed to Judaism and its adherence rather than the Jews as an ethnic group—their violence lent a new element to the standard Christian suspicion of Judaism. Ronald Berger writes that Luther is credited with "Germanizing the Christian critiq... | What religion was Luther? | [
"Christian"
] | [
304
] | [
"f8cb3cfc5d2a8c6c9037e1af35bbb693300fdce0"
] | [
"Martin_Luther"
] | [
"validation"
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Due to its electronegativity, oxygen forms chemical bonds with almost all other elements to give corresponding oxides. The surface of most metals, such as aluminium and titanium, are oxidized in the presence of air and become coated with a thin film of oxide that passivates the metal and slows further corrosion. Many o... | Which of the following is not crucial to oxidation: air or non-stoichiometric compounds? | [
"non-stoichiometric compounds"
] | [
355
] | [
"9f9bc277431d7c6bd2310b0244d85704406dc759"
] | [
"Oxygen"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
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Teachers face several occupational hazards in their line of work, including occupational stress, which can negatively impact teachers' mental and physical health, productivity, and students' performance. Stress can be caused by organizational change, relationships with students, fellow teachers, and administrative pers... | What time related issue can be blamed on issues such as these? | [
"long hours"
] | [
376
] | [
"fa8c1260ec017246270d41fb5b3deee84f18f042"
] | [
"Teacher"
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Denver took the opening kickoff and started out strong with Peyton Manning completing an 18-yard pass to tight end Owen Daniels and a 22-yard throw to receiver Andre Caldwell. A pair of carries by C. J. Anderson moved the ball up 20 yards to the Panthers 14-yard line, but Carolina's defense dug in over the next three p... | What team did Shaq Thompson play for? | [
"Carolina"
] | [
634
] | [
"4aa630327f9811615517937ab490a45415df156c"
] | [
"Super_Bowl_50"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
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The chloroplasts of plant and algal cells can orient themselves to best suit the available light. In low-light conditions, they will spread out in a sheet—maximizing the surface area to absorb light. Under intense light, they will seek shelter by aligning in vertical columns along the plant cell's cell wall or turning ... | Why do chloroplasts seek shelter? | [
"reduces exposure and protects them from photooxidative damage"
] | [
370
] | [
"f04ae436490004e3349db80efac86a2870f67881"
] | [
"Chloroplast"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
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A piece of paper was later found on which Luther had written his last statement. The statement was in Latin, apart from "We are beggars," which was in German. | In what form of communication did Luther leave his last statement? | [
"written"
] | [
53
] | [
"6de3c7fcf5c958f243990ffe5ffd7ba13c4e4456"
] | [
"Martin_Luther"
] | [
"validation"
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Many counties offer alternative licensing programs to attract people into teaching, especially for hard-to-fill positions. Excellent job opportunities are expected as retirements, especially among secondary school teachers, outweigh slowing enrollment growth; opportunities will vary by geographic area and subject taugh... | What is being used to suck people in? | [
"alternative licensing programs"
] | [
20
] | [
"dba3f7f6aa2e3fd687cdf47c98b71dcaa0057fb4"
] | [
"Teacher"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
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The IPCC does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data. Lead authors of IPCC reports assess the available information about climate change based on published sources. According to IPCC guidelines, authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources. Authors may refer to non-peer-reviewed source... | What type of information is more highly valued by the IPCC? | [
"peer-reviewed"
] | [
252
] | [
"6ebdf8baf6a44e0a4335a2f07bfb72e601508c88"
] | [
"Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change"
] | [
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Disorders of the immune system can result in autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases and cancer. Immunodeficiency occurs when the immune system is less active than normal, resulting in recurring and life-threatening infections. In humans, immunodeficiency can either be the result of a genetic disease such as severe ... | What type of insulin-related disease is caused by autoimmune disease? | [
"diabetes mellitus type 1"
] | [
638
] | [
"2b31ce679030e2ef882c72b18820434be4a6c1db"
] | [
"Immune_system"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
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In 1781 James Watt patented a steam engine that produced continuous rotary motion. Watt's ten-horsepower engines enabled a wide range of manufacturing machinery to be powered. The engines could be sited anywhere that water and coal or wood fuel could be obtained. By 1883, engines that could provide 10,000 hp had become... | Less efficient steam engines were available in what year? | [
"1781"
] | [
3
] | [
"5af1dd24b10439176c219fd3e3ad3460a6385a38"
] | [
"Steam_engine"
] | [
"validation"
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"Combined"
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Two Block I CSMs were launched from LC-34 on suborbital flights in 1966 with the Saturn IB. The first, AS-201 launched on February 26, reached an altitude of 265.7 nautical miles (492.1 km) and splashed down 4,577 nautical miles (8,477 km) downrange in the Atlantic ocean. The second, AS-202 on August 25, reached 617.1 ... | Which Block I CSM was not launched in August? | [
"AS-201"
] | [
103
] | [
"b810190bb95a01e931c605ffb0d2ee1fad50efe5"
] | [
"Apollo_program"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
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The UMC supports federal funding for research on embryos created for IVF that remain after the procreative efforts have ceased, if the embryos were provided for research instead of being destroyed, were not obtained by sale, and those donating had given prior informed consent for the research purposes. The UMC stands i... | According to the UMC, when is it acceptable to use embryos for research? | [
"embryos created for IVF that remain after the procreative efforts have ceased, if the embryos were provided for research instead of being destroyed, were not obtained by sale, and those donating had given prior informed consent for the research purposes"
] | [
49
] | [
"1392471d5181732e2a3d424a93c4865cd3f46692"
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"United_Methodist_Church"
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"validation"
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The objective is typically a course of study, lesson plan, or a practical skill. A teacher may follow standardized curricula as determined by the relevant authority. The teacher may interact with students of different ages, from infants to adults, students with different abilities and students with learning disabilitie... | Infants are instructed by whom? | [
"A teacher"
] | [
81
] | [
"bca4aa465b233cb899d8caa1c9e6d42bbbb85c3f"
] | [
"Teacher"
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"validation"
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"Combined"
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The IPCC does not carry out research nor does it monitor climate related data. Lead authors of IPCC reports assess the available information about climate change based on published sources. According to IPCC guidelines, authors should give priority to peer-reviewed sources. Authors may refer to non-peer-reviewed source... | What determines which sources are used and how they are mentioned? | [
"IPCC guidelines"
] | [
203
] | [
"94b8ca3e49cab0057a6c8b237db0a6c919c8cdd1"
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The Mongol military was also successful in siege warfare, cutting off resources for cities and towns by diverting certain rivers, taking enemy prisoners and driving them in front of the army, and adopting new ideas, techniques and tools from the people they conquered, particularly in employing Muslim and Chinese siege ... | What did the Mongols gain from sneaky war methods? | [
"break enemy formations and to lure small enemy groups away from the larger group and defended position for ambush and counterattack"
] | [
482
] | [
"b6583a93f08d2a6bb3536dcd67478dc53f241553"
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"Genghis_Khan"
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Apollo 8 was planned to be the D mission in December 1968, crewed by McDivitt, Scott and Schweickart, launched on a Saturn V instead of two Saturn IBs. In the summer it had become clear that the LM would not be ready in time. Rather than waste the Saturn V on another simple Earth-orbiting mission, ASPO Manager George L... | what period in time is mentioned last? | [
"Christmas Eve"
] | [
966
] | [
"6a491674c0c54b43f6927311916683924cacfe8f"
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"Apollo_program"
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Historically, the Methodist Church has supported the temperance movement. John Wesley warned against the dangers of drinking in his famous sermon, "The Use of Money," and in his letter to an alcoholic. At one time, Methodist ministers had to take a pledge not to drink and encouraged their congregations to do the same. ... | For what reason does the United Methodist Church support temperance? | [
"it \"affirms our long-standing support of abstinence from alcohol as a faithful witness to God's liberating and redeeming love for persons.\""
] | [
366
] | [
"e77d4ddce8e04c0930e5a69149ebce34eb04e20e"
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"United_Methodist_Church"
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Wiesner kept up the pressure, even making the disagreement public during a two-day September visit by the President to Marshall Space Flight Center. Wiesner blurted out "No, that's no good" in front of the press, during a presentation by von Braun. Webb jumped in and defended von Braun, until Kennedy ended the squabble... | What was the name of the moon lander? | [
"Lunar Excursion Module (LEM)"
] | [
448
] | [
"7f78469fc99d60101b600217ad154444656228a9"
] | [
"Apollo_program"
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Denver took the opening kickoff and started out strong with Peyton Manning completing an 18-yard pass to tight end Owen Daniels and a 22-yard throw to receiver Andre Caldwell. A pair of carries by C. J. Anderson moved the ball up 20 yards to the Panthers 14-yard line, but Carolina's defense dug in over the next three p... | Who caught a longer pass from Manning, Owen Daniels or Andre Caldwell? | [
"Andre Caldwell"
] | [
160
] | [
"cc17d50ffc922b0993d846f480e8a44d4f166c7d"
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Genghis Khan is regarded as one of the prominent leaders in Mongolia's history. He is responsible for the emergence of the Mongols as a political and ethnic identity because there was no unified identity between the tribes that had cultural similarity. He reinforced many Mongol traditions and provided stability and uni... | How is Khan's views relevantly used today? | [
"anti-corruption efforts as Genghis Khan sought equal protection under the law for all citizens regardless of status or wealth"
] | [
821
] | [
"29d0def8808b47a72902c40be85c3fbe707bc71f"
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"Genghis_Khan"
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"validation"
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Historically, the Methodist Church has supported the temperance movement. John Wesley warned against the dangers of drinking in his famous sermon, "The Use of Money," and in his letter to an alcoholic. At one time, Methodist ministers had to take a pledge not to drink and encouraged their congregations to do the same. ... | What describes the temperance movement? | [
"abstinence from alcohol"
] | [
407
] | [
"d2110e4cb476977ffc1466bfa7c69e05dd62a7c8"
] | [
"United_Methodist_Church"
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"validation"
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The city is served by the Tyne and Wear Metro, a system of suburban and underground railways covering much of Tyne and Wear. It was opened in five phases between 1980 and 1984, and was Britain's first urban light rail transit system; two extensions were opened in 1991 and 2002. It was developed from a combination of ex... | What broadcast a signal? | [
"antennae"
] | [
913
] | [
"9fbc26b6fc112178ebfc25b950cce5642251cef1"
] | [
"Newcastle_upon_Tyne"
] | [
"validation"
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From 1510 to 1520, Luther lectured on the Psalms, the books of Hebrews, Romans, and Galatians. As he studied these portions of the Bible, he came to view the use of terms such as penance and righteousness by the Catholic Church in new ways. He became convinced that the church was corrupt in its ways and had lost sight ... | Who was not the Messiah, Jesus or God? | [
"God"
] | [
451
] | [
"cb181751f76b4e871df0cc540028a9c5a3c2f5f3"
] | [
"Martin_Luther"
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"validation"
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The negotiations were successfully concluded on 17 February 1546. After 8 a.m., he experienced chest pains. When he went to his bed, he prayed, "Into your hand I commit my spirit; you have redeemed me, O Lord, faithful God" (Ps. 31:5), the common prayer of the dying. At 1 a.m. he awoke with more chest pain and was warm... | What happened to the negotiations in February 17, 1546? | [
"concluded"
] | [
35
] | [
"4d9c664ec8a1d3aac367d20a6ce2ba89dcfaf3b9"
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"Martin_Luther"
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Oxygen presents two spectrophotometric absorption bands peaking at the wavelengths 687 and 760 nm. Some remote sensing scientists have proposed using the measurement of the radiance coming from vegetation canopies in those bands to characterize plant health status from a satellite platform. This approach exploits the f... | What is the ultimate goal of the technique of measuring radiance coming from vegetation canopies? | [
"monitoring the carbon cycle"
] | [
620
] | [
"3be1f73f23f2751f6fc949cb14f9364307918ed4"
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"Oxygen"
] | [
"validation"
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Luther devised the catechism as a method of imparting the basics of Christianity to the congregations. In 1529, he wrote the Large Catechism, a manual for pastors and teachers, as well as a synopsis, the Small Catechism, to be memorised by the people themselves. The catechisms provided easy-to-understand instructional ... | what faith is first mentioned? | [
"Christianity"
] | [
68
] | [
"f6c3e085f131ae0ed11ac4d20eeefc03bc99c9d3"
] | [
"Martin_Luther"
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The United Methodist Church, along with other Methodist churches, condemns capital punishment, saying that it cannot accept retribution or social vengeance as a reason for taking human life. The Church also holds that the death penalty falls unfairly and unequally upon marginalized persons including the poor, the unedu... | Who opposes the death penalty? | [
"The United Methodist Church, along with other Methodist churches"
] | [
0
] | [
"84b765dd67c97a38b7b5514a98c1a4859544e430"
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"United_Methodist_Church"
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Central Banking economist Raghuram Rajan argues that "systematic economic inequalities, within the United States and around the world, have created deep financial 'fault lines' that have made [financial] crises more likely to happen than in the past" – the Financial crisis of 2007–08 being the most recent example. To c... | What is extending easier credit an example of? | [
"monetary stimulation"
] | [
665
] | [
"8b13444cd562747a9a43ac9fe7a32781ed29aa84"
] | [
"Economic_inequality"
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"validation"
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In early 1961, direct ascent was generally the mission mode in favor at NASA. Many engineers feared that a rendezvous —let alone a docking— neither of which had been attempted even in Earth orbit, would be extremely difficult in lunar orbit. Dissenters including John Houbolt at Langley Research Center emphasized the im... | Where did Robert Seamans work? | [
"NASA"
] | [
505
] | [
"d0c2dd869c168a9894f29f5c7d1ee12aca159366"
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"Apollo_program"
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In the Middle East, and particularly in Iran, Genghis Khan is almost universally condemned as a destructive and genocidal warlord who caused enormous damage and destruction to the population of these areas. Steven R. Ward wrote that "Overall, the Mongol violence and depredations killed up to three-fourths of the popula... | What was the nationality of the individuals who were particularly affected by the wrath of Khan? | [
"Iranian"
] | [
332
] | [
"c5b47e1a191faa344a27fa200bf7ea7efb6265c1"
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"Genghis_Khan"
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2013 Economics Nobel prize winner Robert J. Shiller said that rising inequality in the United States and elsewhere is the most important problem. Increasing inequality harms economic growth. High and persistent unemployment, in which inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Un... | Giving more to what is more harm for our economy? | [
"inequality"
] | [
157
] | [
"18cb5f2f17c432d7996ca2c90b70d65f7ed67bd5"
] | [
"Economic_inequality"
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The largest share of Kenya's electricity supply comes from hydroelectric stations at dams along the upper Tana River, as well as the Turkwel Gorge Dam in the west. A petroleum-fired plant on the coast, geothermal facilities at Olkaria (near Nairobi), and electricity imported from Uganda make up the rest of the supply. ... | What suggests Kenya's power supply is not self sufficient? | [
"electricity imported from Uganda"
] | [
255
] | [
"fa9a35de62dc319aefa2e2e0bc369155af408383"
] | [
"Kenya"
] | [
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Research shows that student motivation and attitudes towards school are closely linked to student-teacher relationships. Enthusiastic teachers are particularly good at creating beneficial relations with their students. Their ability to create effective learning environments that foster student achievement depends on th... | What is the student's inside goal? | [
"improving himself"
] | [
536
] | [
"e5bfdd94a7525c2fac9d3a0a548d32298c80ac70"
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"Teacher"
] | [
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Warsaw's first stock exchange was established in 1817 and continued trading until World War II. It was re-established in April 1991, following the end of the post-war communist control of the country and the reintroduction of a free-market economy. Today, the Warsaw Stock Exchange (WSE) is, according to many indicators... | What happened after world war II that allowed the WSE to headquarter in the former PZPR building and allowed a less restrictive economy? | [
"the end of the post-war communist control of the country"
] | [
143
] | [
"143a199ed0b6daabe5e1c25ee7c6fc90276f1308"
] | [
"Warsaw"
] | [
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The Broncos took an early lead in Super Bowl 50 and never trailed. Newton was limited by Denver's defense, which sacked him seven times and forced him into three turnovers, including a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown. Denver linebacker Von Miller was named Super Bowl MVP, recording five solo tackles, 2½ sac... | What did the Denver defense do to Newton along with seven sacks and three forced turnovers? | [
"a fumble which they recovered for a touchdown"
] | [
183
] | [
"d3716a369d83dbcab82da1c95ec467fff64194f3"
] | [
"Super_Bowl_50"
] | [
"validation"
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In the United States especially, several high-profile cases such as Debra LaFave, Pamela Rogers, and Mary Kay Letourneau have caused increased scrutiny on teacher misconduct. | What happened in US courts? | [
"several high-profile cases"
] | [
33
] | [
"40df53340633d2d5dd513f7f455e746e8bb6f557"
] | [
"Teacher"
] | [
"validation"
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The other major method of producing O2 gas involves passing a stream of clean, dry air through one bed of a pair of identical zeolite molecular sieves, which absorbs the nitrogen and delivers a gas stream that is 90% to 93% O2. Simultaneously, nitrogen gas is released from the other nitrogen-saturated zeolite bed, by r... | what direction does the oxygen go when removing nitrogen | [
"in the reverse direction of flow"
] | [
430
] | [
"66cf801cfc2aee3f9f71700794f5b7078fe4c2ea"
] | [
"Oxygen"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
] | [
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It is possible to use a mechanism based on a pistonless rotary engine such as the Wankel engine in place of the cylinders and valve gear of a conventional reciprocating steam engine. Many such engines have been designed, from the time of James Watt to the present day, but relatively few were actually built and even few... | How popular were the engines? | [
"relatively few were actually built"
] | [
273
] | [
"182aaf5b217988b5080be82ca0c9f5ba5f80444c"
] | [
"Steam_engine"
] | [
"validation"
] | [
"Combined"
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In honor of the 50th Super Bowl, the pregame ceremony featured the on-field introduction of 39 of the 43 previous Super Bowl Most Valuable Players. Bart Starr (MVP of Super Bowls I and II) and Chuck Howley (MVP of Super Bowl V) appeared via video, while Peyton Manning (MVP of Super Bowl XLI and current Broncos quarterb... | Who, between Manning and Howley, was NOT MVP of Super Bowl XLI? | [
"Howley"
] | [
199
] | [
"e458c2fe9c5be2b4a3fc0034e4f86a365688b187"
] | [
"Super_Bowl_50"
] | [
"validation"
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The armed forces are regularly deployed in peacekeeping missions around the world. Further, in the aftermath of the national elections of December 2007 and the violence that subsequently engulfed the country, a commission of inquiry, the Waki Commission, commended its readiness and adjudged it to "have performed its du... | Why were the armed forces originally in the Mt Elgon area and in the district of Mandera central? | [
"counter-insurgency operations"
] | [
439
] | [
"90c63c1503d9210d5878b5f85da192c262303fd5"
] | [
"Kenya"
] | [
"validation"
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If angiosperm shoots are not exposed to the required light for chloroplast formation, proplastids may develop into an etioplast stage before becoming chloroplasts. An etioplast is a plastid that lacks chlorophyll, and has inner membrane invaginations that form a lattice of tubes in their stroma, called a prolamellar bo... | How long does it take a prolameller to start forming chylakoids after exposure to chlorophyll? | [
"a few minutes"
] | [
416
] | [
"0cbfc3594ec2b484d67ce8fd07c54fb0299d3810"
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"Chloroplast"
] | [
"validation"
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Luther's rediscovery of "Christ and His salvation" was the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation. His railing against the sale of indulgences was based on it. | what was Jesus and salvation used for | [
"the foundation for the Reformation"
] | [
91
] | [
"614992a4a093cd24e32ac62b1295360c170130d5"
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"Martin_Luther"
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The largest share of Kenya's electricity supply comes from hydroelectric stations at dams along the upper Tana River, as well as the Turkwel Gorge Dam in the west. A petroleum-fired plant on the coast, geothermal facilities at Olkaria (near Nairobi), and electricity imported from Uganda make up the rest of the supply. ... | What might suggest Kenya's power supply is on a sustainable path? | [
"The largest share of Kenya's electricity supply comes from hydroelectric stations"
] | [
0
] | [
"fed0eb6598d4a5a3f1726be2ceadf79aba63c7fd"
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The Hoppings, reputedly the largest travelling fair in Europe, takes place on Newcastle Town Moor every June. The event has its origins in the Temperance Movement during the early 1880s and coincides with the annual race week at High Gosforth Park. Newcastle Community Green Festival, which claims to be the UK's biggest... | What special era did the Hoppings come into being? | [
"Temperance Movement"
] | [
143
] | [
"3312912406f620b146ec4b583bc1382255d73775"
] | [
"Newcastle_upon_Tyne"
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"validation"
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Luther's rediscovery of "Christ and His salvation" was the first of two points that became the foundation for the Reformation. His railing against the sale of indulgences was based on it. | What crucial thing did Luther reencounter that lead him to understand the problem with indulgences? | [
"Christ and His salvation"
] | [
25
] | [
"2013520fab5e11d6ebb2a6f13b7f38f70a532876"
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"Martin_Luther"
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Wesleyan theology stands at a unique cross-roads between evangelical and sacramental, between liturgical and charismatic, and between Anglo-Catholic and Reformed theology and practice. It has been characterized as Arminian theology with an emphasis on the work of the Holy Spirit to bring holiness into the life of the p... | The UMC is generally seen as being more conservative on some issues than what christian denominations? | [
"the United Church of Christ and the Episcopal Church"
] | [
1030
] | [
"41ba94e257bf4c2ed4fa26666f303cec27dc02cb"
] | [
"United_Methodist_Church"
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"validation"
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Korean economist Hoesung Lee is the chair of the IPCC since October 8, 2015, following the election of the new IPCC Bureau. Before this election, the IPCC was led by his vice-Chair Ismail El Gizouli, who was designated acting Chair after the resignation of Rajendra K. Pachauri in February 2015. The previous chairs were... | Who was chair of the IPCC in 1999? | [
"Robert Watson"
] | [
364
] | [
"d6d4ee9209d4a23ec2d6237232e7c9175edc954b"
] | [
"Intergovernmental_Panel_on_Climate_Change"
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Ludwig Krapf recorded the name as both Kenia and Kegnia believed by most to be a corruption of the Kamba version. Others say that this was—on the contrary—a very precise notation of a correct African pronunciation /ˈkɛnjə/. An 1882 map drawn by Joseph Thompsons, a Scottish geologist and naturalist, indicated Mt. Kenya ... | How else might you spell Kenia? | [
"Kegnia"
] | [
49
] | [
"a77ed028dfe552a79b30335975dafc16c6930c8b"
] | [
"Kenya"
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In the autumn of 1991, talks were held for the broadcast rights for Premier League for a five-year period, from the 1992 season. ITV were the current rights holders, and fought hard to retain the new rights. ITV had increased its offer from £18m to £34m per year to keep control of the rights. BSkyB joined forces with t... | Who bid against ITV for broadcasting rights after the 1991 season | [
"BSkyB joined forces with the BBC to make a counter bid"
] | [
294
] | [
"ab2a795b9b488f9ebd50cc84f0a30b44a057c6d2"
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"Sky_(United_Kingdom)"
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"validation"
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The catechism is one of Luther's most personal works. "Regarding the plan to collect my writings in volumes," he wrote, "I am quite cool and not at all eager about it because, roused by a Saturnian hunger, I would rather see them all devoured. For I acknowledge none of them to be really a book of mine, except perhaps t... | What was in general, not personal to Luther? | [
"my writings"
] | [
85
] | [
"c76a5fe00f285bb332b7ed2359d7cb4fdc4831dc"
] | [
"Martin_Luther"
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"validation"
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Tea, coffee, sisal, pyrethrum, corn, and wheat are grown in the fertile highlands, one of the most successful agricultural production regions in Africa. Livestock predominates in the semi-arid savanna to the north and east. Coconuts, pineapples, cashew nuts, cotton, sugarcane, sisal, and corn are grown in the lower-lyi... | What causes farmers not being able to access markets? | [
"Poor roads, an inadequate railway network, under-used water transport and expensive air transport"
] | [
646
] | [
"d1f83e63db3693501bf5197ae171cb533007c738"
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In addition, there are $2 million worth of other ancillary events, including a week-long event at the Santa Clara Convention Center, a beer, wine and food festival at Bellomy Field at Santa Clara University, and a pep rally. A professional fundraiser will aid in finding business sponsors and individual donors, but stil... | Who will the personages in charge of administering day to day operations and making decisions for the urban area in which the event is held provide a boost to? | [
"professional fundraiser"
] | [
227
] | [
"15b67782cf97259d2eca8e59a318e06f394f7f90"
] | [
"Super_Bowl_50"
] | [
"validation"
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Several commemorative events take place every year. Gatherings of thousands of people on the banks of the Vistula on Midsummer’s Night for a festival called Wianki (Polish for Wreaths) have become a tradition and a yearly event in the programme of cultural events in Warsaw. The festival traces its roots to a peaceful p... | Where do the speeches take place? | [
"by the river bank"
] | [
777
] | [
"9b18c8e7ded8d8b2cb8d9be630f19c3c681314fe"
] | [
"Warsaw"
] | [
"validation"
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The origin of the legendary figure is not fully known. The best-known legend, by Artur Oppman, is that long ago two of Triton's daughters set out on a journey through the depths of the oceans and seas. One of them decided to stay on the coast of Denmark and can be seen sitting at the entrance to the port of Copenhagen.... | Where did the first mermaid retire? | [
"coast of Denmark"
] | [
237
] | [
"396fc8cf1271c5afaf7267437e8e47b88c814757"
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"Warsaw"
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In a report, published in early February 2007 by the Ear Institute at the University College London, and Widex, a Danish hearing aid manufacturer, Newcastle was named as the noisiest city in the whole of the UK, with an average level of 80.4 decibels. The report claimed that these noise levels would have a negative lon... | What is one thing that may have attributed to Newcastle being found as the noisiest city in the whole of the UK? | [
"Newcastle's case included a motorway underpass without pedestrian access"
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495
] | [
"37d4bbb88b540021eb7b58d5c11f0160fc71ec19"
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Luther's translation used the variant of German spoken at the Saxon chancellery, intelligible to both northern and southern Germans. He intended his vigorous, direct language to make the Bible accessible to everyday Germans, "for we are removing impediments and difficulties so that other people may read it without hind... | From what did Luther want to remove impediments? | [
"the Bible"
] | [
183
] | [
"5579ab947e67d642917e044bfdb84489ec76faa0"
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"Martin_Luther"
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Manning finished the year with a career-low 67.9 passer rating, throwing for 2,249 yards and nine touchdowns, with 17 interceptions. In contrast, Osweiler threw for 1,967 yards, 10 touchdowns and six interceptions for a rating of 86.4. Veteran receiver Demaryius Thomas led the team with 105 receptions for 1,304 yards a... | Who had a higher passer rating, Manning or Osweiler? | [
"Osweiler"
] | [
146
] | [
"71b106bf93e2ed878bf2a117cd9851a1d0bb72ce"
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From 1510 to 1520, Luther lectured on the Psalms, the books of Hebrews, Romans, and Galatians. As he studied these portions of the Bible, he came to view the use of terms such as penance and righteousness by the Catholic Church in new ways. He became convinced that the church was corrupt in its ways and had lost sight ... | Which of the following is not one of the books of the Bible: Hebrews, Messiah, or Galatians? | [
"Messiah"
] | [
650
] | [
"6d79acfd5670a3410ab3438ef4c275ac07f24be1"
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"Martin_Luther"
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It is likely that a multicomponent, adaptive immune system arose with the first vertebrates, as invertebrates do not generate lymphocytes or an antibody-based humoral response. Many species, however, utilize mechanisms that appear to be precursors of these aspects of vertebrate immunity. Immune systems appear even in t... | What type of organism does not have a restriction modification system, bacteria or bacteriophages? | [
"bacteriophages"
] | [
505
] | [
"9d59ff9da121402eb9ecdcc48f2e7da20e673851"
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Concerns were raised over whether Levi's Stadium's field was of a high enough quality to host a Super Bowl; during the inaugural season, the field had to be re-sodded multiple times due to various issues, and during a week 6 game earlier in the 2015 season, a portion of the turf collapsed under Baltimore Ravens kicker ... | Which of the following people is an athlete, Ed Mangan or Justin Tucker? | [
"Justin Tucker"
] | [
320
] | [
"bb0d8253597b6456bf75db37b8df5a49c425b757"
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The United Methodist Church, along with other Methodist churches, condemns capital punishment, saying that it cannot accept retribution or social vengeance as a reason for taking human life. The Church also holds that the death penalty falls unfairly and unequally upon marginalized persons including the poor, the unedu... | What does the death penalty ultimately result in. | [
"taking human life"
] | [
172
] | [
"c6186ab3408d83a647aff15964959fc8cd4d798b"
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"United_Methodist_Church"
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In 1542, Luther read a Latin translation of the Qur'an. He went on to produce several critical pamphlets on Islam, which he called "Mohammedanism" or "the Turk". Though Luther saw the Muslim faith as a tool of the devil, he was indifferent to its practice: "Let the Turk believe and live as he will, just as one lets the... | Why did Luther start doubting the practice of the Islam religion | [
"Luther saw the Muslim faith as a tool of the devil"
] | [
169
] | [
"5e3ea0bb611b08acd505be75ecfe3d8429798ea9"
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Chemical barriers also protect against infection. The skin and respiratory tract secrete antimicrobial peptides such as the β-defensins. Enzymes such as lysozyme and phospholipase A2 in saliva, tears, and breast milk are also antibacterials. Vaginal secretions serve as a chemical barrier following menarche, when they b... | What antimicrobial material can women not produce? | [
"semen"
] | [
349
] | [
"cca36859d751dac3adb59142b6055545c4f0355b"
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"Immune_system"
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The delay in the CSM caused by the fire enabled NASA to catch up on man-rating the LM and Saturn V. Apollo 4 (AS-501) was the first unmanned flight of the Saturn V, carrying a Block I CSM on November 9, 1967. The capability of the Command Module's heat shield to survive a trans-lunar reentry was demonstrated by using t... | Why did NASA cancel a third unmanned test? | [
"Saturn V ready to fly men"
] | [
1325
] | [
"1181ce0f6d5a1e98c7d7804ddb2501e25669ea26"
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"Apollo_program"
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Research shows that student motivation and attitudes towards school are closely linked to student-teacher relationships. Enthusiastic teachers are particularly good at creating beneficial relations with their students. Their ability to create effective learning environments that foster student achievement depends on th... | Student teacher interactions are waht for success? | [
"crucial"
] | [
418
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"Teacher"
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It was only the orbit of the planet Mercury that Newton's Law of Gravitation seemed not to fully explain. Some astrophysicists predicted the existence of another planet (Vulcan) that would explain the discrepancies; however, despite some early indications, no such planet could be found. When Albert Einstein formulated ... | What was found to be flawed after Einstein disproved the existence of Vulcan? | [
"Newton's Theory of Gravity"
] | [
532
] | [
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The immune system protects organisms from infection with layered defenses of increasing specificity. In simple terms, physical barriers prevent pathogens such as bacteria and viruses from entering the organism. If a pathogen breaches these barriers, the innate immune system provides an immediate, but non-specific respo... | What part of the immune system is first? | [
"physical barriers"
] | [
118
] | [
"e2e91c5d611f0e01856960c510ff3ccc26bebd12"
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"Immune_system"
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Luther's disappearance during his return trip back to Wittenberg was planned. Frederick III had him intercepted on his way home in the forest near Wittenberg by masked horsemen who were made to appear as armed highwaymen. They escorted Luther to the security of the Wartburg Castle at Eisenach. During his stay at Wartbu... | what was the last location mentioned? | [
"Louvain"
] | [
754
] | [
"5b68444290d8ba905e37a605357fcad0afceaa87"
] | [
"Martin_Luther"
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"validation"
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Other scholars argue that, even if his views were merely anti-Judaic—that is, opposed to Judaism and its adherence rather than the Jews as an ethnic group—their violence lent a new element to the standard Christian suspicion of Judaism. Ronald Berger writes that Luther is credited with "Germanizing the Christian critiq... | How were Luther's beliefs classified? | [
"anti-Judaic"
] | [
57
] | [
"583e5e3968a2528f64b364803390b35feead2f98"
] | [
"Martin_Luther"
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"validation"
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