In the agreement , Recognition agreed to pay the government $ 20,000 in return for the release of all claims against the company , Mr. Moore and Mr. Reedy .

In the agreement , <org>Recognition</org> agreed to pay the government $ <money>20,000</money> in return for the release of all claims against the company , Mr. <person>Moore</person> and Mr. <person>Reedy</person> .


The five additional defendants were n't parties to the settlement .

The <cardinal>five</cardinal> additional defendants were n't parties to the settlement .


A trial on criminal allegations against the company and the same two former executives began Sept. 27 in federal court for the District of Columbia .

A trial on criminal allegations against the company and the same <cardinal>two</cardinal> former executives began <date>Sept. 27</date> in federal court for <org>the District of Columbia</org> .


They were indicted last October on charges of fraud , theft and conspiracy related to an effort to win $ 400 million in Postal Service equipment contracts by the maker of data management equipment .

They were indicted <date>last October</date> on charges of fraud , theft and conspiracy related to an effort to win <money>$ 400 million</money> in <org>Postal Service</org> equipment contracts by the maker of data management equipment .


The company and its executives deny the charges .


In a related development , Recognition Equipment said the Postal Service has barred the company from bidding on postal contracts for an additional 120 days .

In a related development , <org>Recognition Equipment</org> said <org>the Postal Service</org> has barred the company from bidding on postal contracts for <date>an additional 120 days</date> .


The Postal Service originally suspended the company Oct. 7 , 1988 , and has been renewing the ban ever since .

<org>The Postal Service</org> originally suspended the company <date>Oct. 7</date> , <date>1988</date> , and has been renewing the ban ever since .


The company said it will continue to pursue a lifting of the suspension .


Walter Sisulu and the African National Congress came home yesterday .

<person>Walter Sisulu</person> and <org>the African National Congress</org> came home <date>yesterday</date> .


After 26 years in prison , Mr. Sisulu , the 77 - year - old former secretary - general of the liberation movement , was dropped off at his house by a prison services ' van just as the sun was coming up .

After <date>26 years</date> in prison , Mr. <person>Sisulu</person> , the <date>77 - year - old</date> former secretary - general of the liberation movement , was dropped off at his house by a prison services ' van just as the sun was coming up .


At the same time , six ANC colleagues , five of whom were arrested with him in 1963 and sentenced to life imprisonment , were reunited with their families at various places around the country .

At the same time , <cardinal>six</cardinal> <org>ANC</org> colleagues , <cardinal>five</cardinal> of whom were arrested with him in <date>1963</date> and sentenced to life imprisonment , were reunited with their families at various places around the country .


And as the graying men returned to their homes , the ANC , outlawed in South Africa since 1960 and still considered to be the chief public enemy by the white government , defiantly returned to the streets of the country 's black townships .

And as the graying men returned to their homes , the <org>ANC</org> , outlawed in <gpe>South Africa</gpe> since <date>1960</date> and still considered to be the chief public enemy by the white government , defiantly returned to the streets of the country 's black townships .


A huge ANC flag , with black , green and gold stripes , was hoisted over the rickety gate at Mr. Sisulu 's modest house , while on the street out front , boys displayed the ANC colors on their shirts , caps and scarves .

A huge <org>ANC</org> flag , with black , green and gold stripes , was hoisted over the rickety gate at Mr. <person>Sisulu</person> 's modest house , while on the street out front , boys displayed the <org>ANC</org> colors on their shirts , caps and scarves .


At the small four - room home of Elias Motsoaledi , a leading ANC unionist and a former commander in the group 's armed wing , Umkhonto we Sizwe , well - wishers stuck little ANC flags in their hair and a man tooted on an antelope horn wrapped in ANC ribbons .

At the small <cardinal>four</cardinal> - room home of <person>Elias Motsoaledi</person> , a leading <org>ANC</org> unionist and a former commander in the group 's armed wing , <org>Umkhonto we Sizwe</org> , well - wishers stuck little <org>ANC</org> flags in their hair and a man tooted on an antelope horn wrapped in <org>ANC</org> ribbons .


`` I am happy to see the spirit of the people , '' said Mr. Sisulu , looking dapper in a new gray suit .

`` I am happy to see the spirit of the people , '' said Mr. <person>Sisulu</person> , looking dapper in a new gray suit .


As the crowd outside his home shouted `` ANC , ANC , '' the old man shot his fists into the air .

As the crowd outside his home shouted `` <org>ANC</org> , <org>ANC</org> , '' the old man shot his fists into the air .


`` I 'm inspired by the mood of the people . ''


Under the laws of the land , the ANC remains an illegal organization , and its headquarters are still in Lusaka , Zambia .

Under the laws of the land , the <org>ANC</org> remains an illegal organization , and its headquarters are still in <gpe>Lusaka</gpe> , <gpe>Zambia</gpe> .


But the unconditional release of the seven leaders , who once formed the intellectual and organizational core of the ANC , is a de facto unbanning of the movement and the rebirth of its internal wing .

But the unconditional release of the <cardinal>seven</cardinal> leaders , who once formed the intellectual and organizational core of the <org>ANC</org> , is a de facto unbanning of the movement and the rebirth of its internal wing .


`` The government can never put the ANC back into the bottle again , '' said Cassim Saloojee , a veteran anti-apartheid activist on hand to welcome Mr. Sisulu .

`` The government can never put the <org>ANC</org> back into the bottle again , '' said <person>Cassim Saloojee</person> , a veteran anti-apartheid activist on hand to welcome Mr. <person>Sisulu</person> .


`` Things have gone too far for the government to stop them now .


There 's no turning back . ''


There was certainly no stopping the tide of ANC emotion last night , when hundreds of people jammed into the Holy Cross Anglican Church in Soweto for what became the first ANC rally in the country in 30 years .

There was certainly no stopping the tide of <org>ANC</org> emotion <time>last night</time> , when <cardinal>hundreds</cardinal> of people jammed into <org>the Holy Cross Anglican Church</org> in <gpe>Soweto</gpe> for what became the <ordinal>first</ordinal> <org>ANC</org> rally in the country in <date>30 years</date> .


Deafening chants of `` ANC '' and `` Umkhonto we Sizwe '' shook the church as the seven aging men vowed that the ANC would continue its fight against the government and the policies of racial segregation on all fronts , including the armed struggle .

Deafening chants of `` <org>ANC</org> '' and `` <org>Umkhonto we Sizwe</org> '' shook the church as the <cardinal>seven</cardinal> aging men vowed that the <org>ANC</org> would continue its fight against the government and the policies of racial segregation on all fronts , including the armed struggle .


And they called on the government to release Nelson Mandela , the ANC 's leading figure , who was jailed with them and remains in prison .

And they called on the government to release <person>Nelson Mandela</person> , the <org>ANC</org> 's leading figure , who was jailed with them and remains in prison .


Without him , said Mr. Sisulu , the freeing of the others `` is only a half - measure . ''

Without him , said Mr. <person>Sisulu</person> , the freeing of the others `` is only a <cardinal>half</cardinal> - measure . ''


President F.W. de Klerk released the ANC men -- along with one of the founding members of the Pan Africanist Congress , a rival liberation group -- as part of his efforts to create a climate of trust and peace in which his government can begin negotiations with black leaders over a new constitution aimed at giving blacks a voice in national government .

President <person>F.W. de Klerk</person> released the <org>ANC</org> men -- along with <cardinal>one</cardinal> of the founding members of <org>the Pan Africanist Congress</org> , a rival liberation group -- as part of his efforts to create a climate of trust and peace in which his government can begin negotiations with black leaders over a new constitution aimed at giving blacks a voice in national government .


But Pretoria may instead be creating a climate for more turmoil and uncertainty in this racially divided country .

But <gpe>Pretoria</gpe> may instead be creating a climate for more turmoil and uncertainty in this racially divided country .


As other repressive governments , particularly Poland and the Soviet Union , have recently discovered , initial steps to open up society can create a momentum for radical change that becomes difficult , if not impossible , to control .

As other repressive governments , particularly <gpe>Poland</gpe> and <gpe>the Soviet Union</gpe> , have recently discovered , initial steps to open up society can create a momentum for radical change that becomes difficult , if not impossible , to control .


As the days go by , the South African government will be ever more hard pressed to justify the continued imprisonment of Mr. Mandela as well as the continued banning of the ANC and enforcement of the state of emergency .

As <date>the days</date> go by , the <norp>South African</norp> government will be ever more hard pressed to justify the continued imprisonment of Mr. <person>Mandela</person> as well as the continued banning of the <org>ANC</org> and enforcement of the state of emergency .


If it does n't yield on these matters , and eventually begin talking directly to the ANC , the expectations and promise raised by yesterday 's releases will turn to disillusionment and unrest .

If it does n't yield on these matters , and eventually begin talking directly to the <org>ANC</org> , the expectations and promise raised by <date>yesterday</date> 's releases will turn to disillusionment and unrest .


If it does , the large number of right - wing whites , who oppose any concessions to the black majority , will step up their agitation and threats to take matters into their own hands .


The newly released ANC leaders also will be under enormous pressure .

The newly released <org>ANC</org> leaders also will be under enormous pressure .


The government is watching closely to see if their presence in the townships leads to increased anti-government protests and violence ; if it does , Pretoria will use this as a reason to keep Mr. Mandela behind bars .

The government is watching closely to see if their presence in the townships leads to increased anti-government protests and violence ; if it does , <gpe>Pretoria</gpe> will use this as a reason to keep Mr. <person>Mandela</person> behind bars .


Pretoria has n't forgotten why they were all sentenced to life imprisonment in the first place : for sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the government .

<gpe>Pretoria</gpe> has n't forgotten why they were all sentenced to life imprisonment in the <ordinal>first</ordinal> place : for sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the government .


In addition , the government is figuring that the releases could create a split between the internal and external wings of the ANC and between the newly freed leaders and those activists who have emerged as leaders inside the country during their imprisonment .

In addition , the government is figuring that the releases could create a split between the internal and external wings of the <org>ANC</org> and between the newly freed leaders and those activists who have emerged as leaders inside the country during their imprisonment .


In order to head off any divisions , Mr. Mandela , in a meeting with his colleagues before they were released , instructed them to report to the ANC headquarters in Lusaka as soon as possible .

In order to head off any divisions , Mr. <person>Mandela</person> , in a meeting with his colleagues before they were released , instructed them to report to the <org>ANC</org> headquarters in <gpe>Lusaka</gpe> as soon as possible .


The men also will be faced with bridging the generation gap between themselves and the country 's many militant black youths , the so - called young lions who are anxious to see the old lions in action .


Says Peter Mokaba , president of the South African Youth Congress : `` We will be expecting them to act like leaders of the ANC . ''

Says <person>Peter Mokaba</person> , president of <org>the South African Youth Congress</org> : `` We will be expecting them to act like leaders of the <org>ANC</org> . ''


They never considered themselves to be anything else .


At last night 's rally , they called on their followers to be firm , yet disciplined , in their opposition to apartheid .

At <time>last night 's</time> rally , they called on their followers to be firm , yet disciplined , in their opposition to apartheid .


`` We emphasize discipline because we know that the government is very , very sensitive , '' said Andrew Mlangeni , another early Umkhonto leader who is now 63 .

`` We emphasize discipline because we know that the government is very , very sensitive , '' said <person>Andrew Mlangeni</person> , another early <org>Umkhonto</org> leader who is now <date>63</date> .


`` We want to see Nelson Mandela and all our comrades out of prison , and if we are n't disciplined we may not see them here with us .

`` We want to see <person>Nelson Mandela</person> and all our comrades out of prison , and if we are n't disciplined we may not see them here with us .


The economy 's temperature will be taken from several vantage points this week , with readings on trade , output , housing and inflation .

The economy 's temperature will be taken from several vantage points <date>this week</date> , with readings on trade , output , housing and inflation .


The most troublesome report may be the August merchandise trade deficit due out tomorrow .

The most troublesome report may be the <date>August</date> merchandise trade deficit due out <date>tomorrow</date> .


The trade gap is expected to widen to about $ 9 billion from July 's $ 7.6 billion , according to a survey by MMS International , a unit of McGraw - Hill Inc. , New York .

The trade gap is expected to widen to <money>about $ 9 billion</money> from <date>July</date> 's <money>$ 7.6 billion</money> , according to a survey by <org>MMS International</org> , a unit of <org>McGraw - Hill Inc.</org> , <gpe>New York</gpe> .


Thursday 's report on the September consumer price index is expected to rise , although not as sharply as the 0.9 % gain reported Friday in the producer price index .

<date>Thursday</date> 's report on the <date>September</date> consumer price index is expected to rise , although not as sharply as the <percent>0.9 %</percent> gain reported <date>Friday</date> in the producer price index .


That gain was being cited as a reason the stock market was down early in Friday 's session , before it got started on its reckless 190 - point plunge .

That gain was being cited as a reason the stock market was down early in <date>Friday</date> 's session , before it got started on its reckless <cardinal>190</cardinal> - point plunge .


Economists are divided as to how much manufacturing strength they expect to see in September reports on industrial production and capacity utilization , also due tomorrow .

Economists are divided as to how much manufacturing strength they expect to see in <date>September</date> reports on industrial production and capacity utilization , also due <date>tomorrow</date> .


Meanwhile , September housing starts , due Wednesday , are thought to have inched upward .

Meanwhile , <date>September</date> housing starts , due <date>Wednesday</date> , are thought to have inched upward .


`` There 's a possibility of a surprise '' in the trade report , said Michael Englund , director of research at MMS .

`` There 's a possibility of a surprise '' in the trade report , said <person>Michael Englund</person> , director of research at <org>MMS</org> .


A widening of the deficit , if it were combined with a stubbornly strong dollar , would exacerbate trade problems -- but the dollar weakened Friday as stocks plummeted .

A widening of the deficit , if it were combined with a stubbornly strong dollar , would exacerbate trade problems -- but the dollar weakened <date>Friday</date> as stocks plummeted .


In any event , Mr. Englund and many others say that the easy gains in narrowing the trade gap have already been made .

In any event , Mr. <person>Englund</person> and many others say that the easy gains in narrowing the trade gap have already been made .


`` Trade is definitely going to be more politically sensitive over the next six or seven months as improvement begins to slow , '' he said .

`` Trade is definitely going to be more politically sensitive over <date>the next six or seven months</date> as improvement begins to slow , '' he said .


Exports are thought to have risen strongly in August , but probably not enough to offset the jump in imports , economists said .

Exports are thought to have risen strongly in <date>August</date> , but probably not enough to offset the jump in imports , economists said .


Views on manufacturing strength are split between economists who read September 's low level of factory job growth as a sign of a slowdown and those who use the somewhat more comforting total employment figures in their calculations .

Views on manufacturing strength are split between economists who read <date>September</date> 's low level of factory job growth as a sign of a slowdown and those who use the somewhat more comforting total employment figures in their calculations .


The wide range of estimates for the industrial output number underscores the differences : The forecasts run from a drop of 0.5 % to an increase of 0.4 % , according to MMS .

The wide range of estimates for the industrial output number underscores the differences : The forecasts run from a drop of <percent>0.5 %</percent> to an increase of <percent>0.4 %</percent> , according to <org>MMS</org> .


A rebound in energy prices , which helped push up the producer price index , is expected to do the same in the consumer price report .


The consensus view expects a 0.4 % increase in the September CPI after a flat reading in August .

The consensus view expects a <percent>0.4 %</percent> increase in the <date>September</date> CPI after a flat reading in <date>August</date> .


Robert H. Chandross , an economist for Lloyd 's Bank in New York , is among those expecting a more moderate gain in the CPI than in prices at the producer level .

<person>Robert H. Chandross</person> , an economist for <org>Lloyd 's Bank</org> in <gpe>New York</gpe> , is among those expecting a more moderate gain in the CPI than in prices at the producer level .


`` Auto prices had a big effect in the PPI , and at the CPI level they wo n't , '' he said .


Food prices are expected to be unchanged , but energy costs jumped as much as 4 % , said Gary Ciminero , economist at Fleet / Norstar Financial Group .

Food prices are expected to be unchanged , but energy costs jumped <percent>as much as 4 %</percent> , said <person>Gary Ciminero</person> , economist at <org>Fleet / Norstar Financial Group</org> .


He also says he thinks `` core inflation , '' which excludes the volatile food and energy prices , was strong last month .

He also says he thinks `` core inflation , '' which excludes the volatile food and energy prices , was strong <date>last month</date> .


He expects a gain of as much as 0.5 % in core inflation after a summer of far smaller increases .

He expects a gain of <percent>as much as 0.5 %</percent> in core inflation after a <date>summer</date> of far smaller increases .


Housing starts are expected to quicken a bit from August 's annual pace of 1,350,000 units .

Housing starts are expected to quicken a bit from <date>August</date> 's <date>annual</date> pace of <cardinal>1,350,000</cardinal> units .


Economists say an August rebound in permits for multifamily units signaled an increase in September starts , though activity remains fairly modest by historical standards .

Economists say an <date>August</date> rebound in permits for multifamily units signaled an increase in <date>September</date> starts , though activity remains fairly modest by historical standards .


Two - Way Street


If the sixty - day plant - closing law 's fair , Why should we not then amend the writ To require that all employees give Similar notice before they quit ?

If the <date>sixty - day</date> plant - closing law 's fair , Why should we not then amend the writ To require that all employees give Similar notice before they quit ?


-- Rollin S. Trexler .


Candid Comment


When research projects are curtailed due to government funding cuts , are we `` caught with our grants down '' ?


-- C.E. Friedman .


Assuming the stock market does n't crash again and completely discredit yuppies and trading rooms , American television audiences in a few months may be seeing Britain 's concept of both .

Assuming the stock market does n't crash again and completely discredit yuppies and trading rooms , <norp>American</norp> television audiences in <date>a few months</date> may be seeing <gpe>Britain</gpe> 's concept of both .


`` Capital City '' is a weekly series that premiered here three weeks ago amid unprecedented hype by its producer , Thames Television .

<work_of_art>`` Capital City ''</work_of_art> is a <date>weekly</date> series that premiered here <date>three weeks ago</date> amid unprecedented hype by its producer , <org>Thames Television</org> .


The early episodes make you long for a rerun of the crash of 1987 .

The early episodes make you long for a rerun of <event>the crash of 1987</event> .


Let 's make that 1929 , just to be sure .

Let 's make that <date>1929</date> , just to be sure .


According to the program 's publicity prospectus , `` Capital City , '' set at Shane Longman , a fictional mid-sized securities firm with 500 million capital , `` follows the fortunes of a close - knit team of young , high - flying dealers , hired for their particular blend of style , genius and energy .

According to the program 's publicity prospectus , `` <work_of_art>Capital City</work_of_art> , '' set at <org>Shane Longman</org> , a fictional mid-sized securities firm with 500 million capital , `` follows the fortunes of a close - knit team of young , high - flying dealers , hired for their particular blend of style , genius and energy .


But with all the money and glamour of high finance come the relentless pressures to do well ; pressure to pull off another million before lunch ; pressure to anticipate the market by a fraction of a second ... ''

But with all the money and glamour of high finance come the relentless pressures to do well ; pressure to pull off <cardinal>another million</cardinal> before lunch ; pressure to anticipate the market by <time>a fraction of a second</time> ... ''


You need n't be a high - powered securities lawyer to realize the prospectus is guilty of less than full disclosure .


The slickly produced series has been criticized by London 's financial cognoscenti as inaccurate in detail , but its major weakness is its unrealistic depiction of the characters ' professional and private lives .

The slickly produced series has been criticized by <gpe>London</gpe> 's financial cognoscenti as inaccurate in detail , but its major weakness is its unrealistic depiction of the characters ' professional and private lives .


Turned loose in Shane Longman 's trading room , the yuppie dealers do little right .

Turned loose in <org>Shane Longman 's</org> trading room , the yuppie dealers do little right .


Judging by the money lost and mistakes made in the early episodes , Shane Longman 's capital should be just about exhausted by the final 13th week .

Judging by the money lost and mistakes made in the early episodes , <org>Shane Longman 's</org> capital should be just about exhausted by <date>the final 13th week</date> .


In the opening episode we learn that Michelle , a junior bond trader , has indeed pulled off another million before lunch .

In the opening episode we learn that <person>Michelle</person> , a junior bond trader , has indeed pulled off <cardinal>another million</cardinal> before lunch .


Trouble is , she has lost it just as quickly .


Rather than keep the loss a secret from the outside world , Michelle blabs about it to a sandwich man while ordering lunch over the phone .

Rather than keep the loss a secret from the outside world , <person>Michelle</person> blabs about it to a sandwich man while ordering lunch over the phone .


Little chance that Shane Longman is going to recoup today .

Little chance that <org>Shane Longman</org> is going to recoup <date>today</date> .


Traders spend the morning frantically selling bonds , in the belief that the U.S. monthly trade figures will look lousy .

Traders spend the <time>morning</time> frantically selling bonds , in the belief that the <gpe>U.S.</gpe> <date>monthly</date> trade figures will look lousy .


Ah , perfidious Columbia !


The trade figures turn out well , and all those recently unloaded bonds spurt in price .


So much for anticipating the market by a fraction of a second .

So much for anticipating the market by <time>a fraction of a second</time> .


And a large slice of the first episode is devoted to efforts to get rid of some nearly worthless Japanese bonds -LRB- since when is anything Japanese nearly worthless nowadays ? -RRB- .

And a large slice of the <ordinal>first</ordinal> episode is devoted to efforts to get rid of some nearly worthless <norp>Japanese</norp> bonds -LRB- since when is anything <norp>Japanese</norp> nearly worthless nowadays ? -RRB- .


Surprisingly , Shane Longman survives the week , only to have a senior executive innocently bumble his way into becoming the target of a criminal insider trading investigation .

Surprisingly , <org>Shane Longman</org> survives <date>the week</date> , only to have a senior executive innocently bumble his way into becoming the target of a criminal insider trading investigation .


Instead of closing ranks to protect the firm 's reputation , the executive 's internal rivals , led by a loutish American , demand his resignation .

Instead of closing ranks to protect the firm 's reputation , the executive 's internal rivals , led by a loutish <norp>American</norp> , demand his resignation .


The plot is thwarted when the firm 's major stockholder , kelp farming on the other side of the globe , hurries home to support the executive .


But the investigation continues .


If you can swallow the premise that the rewards for such ineptitude are six - figure salaries , you still are left puzzled , because few of the yuppies consume very conspicuously .

If you can swallow the premise that the rewards for such ineptitude are <cardinal>six</cardinal> - figure salaries , you still are left puzzled , because few of the yuppies consume very conspicuously .


In fact , few consume much of anything .


Two share a house almost devoid of furniture .

<cardinal>Two</cardinal> share a house almost devoid of furniture .


Michelle lives in a hotel room , and although she drives a canary - colored Porsche , she has n't time to clean or repair it ; the beat - up vehicle can be started only with a huge pair of pliers because the ignition key has broken off in the lock .

<person>Michelle</person> lives in a hotel room , and although she drives a canary - colored <org>Porsche</org> , she has n't time to clean or repair it ; the beat - up vehicle can be started only with a huge pair of pliers because the ignition key has broken off in the lock .


And it takes Declan , the obligatory ladies ' man of the cast , until the third episode to get past first base with any of his prey .

And it takes <person>Declan</person> , the obligatory ladies ' man of the cast , until the <ordinal>third</ordinal> episode to get past <ordinal>first</ordinal> base with any of his prey .


Perhaps the explanation for these anomalies is that class - conscious Britain is n't ready to come to terms with the wealth created by the Thatcherian free - enterprise regime .

Perhaps the explanation for these anomalies is that class - conscious <gpe>Britain</gpe> is n't ready to come to terms with the wealth created by the Thatcherian free - enterprise regime .


After all , this is n't old money , but new money , and in many cases , young money .


This attitude is clearly illustrated in the treatment of Max , the trading room 's most flamboyant character .

This attitude is clearly illustrated in the treatment of <person>Max</person> , the trading room 's most flamboyant character .


Yuppily enough , he lives in a lavishly furnished converted church , wears designer clothes and drives an antique car .


But apparently to make him palatable , even lovable , to the masses , the script inflates pony - tailed Max into an eccentric genius , master of 11 Chinese dialects .

But apparently to make him palatable , even lovable , to the masses , the script inflates pony - tailed <person>Max</person> into an eccentric genius , master of <cardinal>11</cardinal> <norp>Chinese</norp> dialects .


He takes his wash to the laundromat , where he meets a punky French girl who dupes him into providing a home for her pet piranha and then promptly steals his car and dumps it in Dieppe .

He takes his wash to the laundromat , where he meets a punky <norp>French</norp> girl who dupes him into providing a home for her pet piranha and then promptly steals his car and dumps it in <gpe>Dieppe</gpe> .


In producing and promoting `` Capital City , '' Thames has spent about as much as Shane Longman loses on a good day .

In producing and promoting `` <work_of_art>Capital City</work_of_art> , '' <org>Thames</org> has spent about as much as <org>Shane Longman</org> loses on <date>a good day</date> .


The production costs are a not inconsiderable 8 million -LRB- $ 12.4 million -RRB- , and would have been much higher had not the cost of the trading floor set been absorbed in the budget of `` Dealers , '' an earlier made - for - TV movie .

The production costs are a not inconsiderable 8 million -LRB- <money>$ 12.4 million</money> -RRB- , and would have been much higher had not the cost of the trading floor set been absorbed in the budget of `` <work_of_art>Dealers</work_of_art> , '' an earlier made - for - TV movie .


Another half million quid went for a volley of full - page advertisements in six major British newspapers and for huge posters in the London subway .

<money>Another half million quid</money> went for a volley of full - page advertisements in <cardinal>six</cardinal> major <norp>British</norp> newspapers and for huge posters in the <gpe>London</gpe> subway .


These expenses create a special incentive for `` Capital City 's '' producers to flog it , or a Yank - oriented version of it , in America .

These expenses create a special incentive for <work_of_art>`` Capital City 's ''</work_of_art> producers to flog it , or a <norp>Yank</norp> - oriented version of it , in <gpe>America</gpe> .


Thames 's U.S. marketing agent , Donald Taffner , is preparing to do just that .

<org>Thames</org> 's <gpe>U.S.</gpe> marketing agent , <person>Donald Taffner</person> , is preparing to do just that .


He is discreetly hopeful , citing three U.S. comedy series -- `` Three 's Company , '' `` Too Close for Comfort '' and `` Check It Out '' -- that had British antecedents .

He is discreetly hopeful , citing <cardinal>three</cardinal> <gpe>U.S.</gpe> comedy series -- `` <work_of_art>Three 's Company</work_of_art> , '' `` <work_of_art>Too Close for Comfort</work_of_art> '' and `` <work_of_art>Check It Out</work_of_art> '' -- that had <norp>British</norp> antecedents .


Perhaps without realizing it , Mr. Taffner simultaneously has put his finger on the problem and an ideal solution : `` Capital City '' should have been a comedy , a worthy sequel to the screwball British `` Carry On '' movies of the 1960s .

Perhaps without realizing it , Mr. <person>Taffner</person> simultaneously has put his finger on the problem and an ideal solution : <work_of_art>`` Capital City ''</work_of_art> should have been a comedy , a worthy sequel to the screwball <norp>British</norp> `` <work_of_art>Carry On</work_of_art> '' movies of <date>the 1960s</date> .


The seeds already are in the script .


The first episode concluded with a marvelously cute scene in which the trading - room crew minded a baby , the casualty of a broken marriage at the firm .

The <ordinal>first</ordinal> episode concluded with a marvelously cute scene in which the trading - room crew minded a baby , the casualty of a broken marriage at the firm .


And many in the young cast bear striking resemblances to American TV and movie personalities known for light roles .

And many in the young cast bear striking resemblances to <norp>American</norp> TV and movie personalities known for light roles .


Joanna Kanska looks like a young Zsa Zsa Gabor ; William Armstrong , who plays Max , could pass for Hans Conreid , and Douglas Hodge -LRB- Declan -RRB- for James Farentino ; Rolf Saxon is a passable Tommy Noonan and Dorian Healy could easily double for Huntz Hall , the blank - faced foil of the Bowery Boys comedies .

<person>Joanna Kanska</person> looks like a young <person>Zsa Zsa Gabor</person> ; <person>William Armstrong</person> , who plays <person>Max</person> , could pass for <person>Hans Conreid</person> , and <person>Douglas Hodge</person> -LRB- <person>Declan</person> -RRB- for <person>James Farentino</person> ; <person>Rolf Saxon</person> is a passable <person>Tommy Noonan</person> and <person>Dorian Healy</person> could easily double for <person>Huntz Hall</person> , the blank - faced foil of the <work_of_art>Bowery Boys</work_of_art> comedies .


So , OK kids , everybody on stage for `` Carry On Trading '' : The cast is frantically searching the office for misplaced Japanese bonds that suddenly have soared in value because Dai - Ichi Kangyo Bank has just bought the White House .

So , OK kids , everybody on stage for `` <work_of_art>Carry On Trading</work_of_art> '' : The cast is frantically searching the office for misplaced <norp>Japanese</norp> bonds that suddenly have soared in value because <org>Dai - Ichi Kangyo Bank</org> has just bought <org>the White House</org> .


The pressure is too much for Zsa Zsa , who slaps a security guard .

The pressure is too much for <person>Zsa Zsa</person> , who slaps a security guard .


He backflips into a desktop computer terminal , which explodes , covering Huntz Hall 's face with microchips .

He backflips into a desktop computer terminal , which explodes , covering <person>Huntz Hall 's</person> face with microchips .


And all the while , the bonds are in the baby 's diaper .


It should run forever .


Mr. Rustin is senior correspondent in the Journal 's London bureau .

Mr. <person>Rustin</person> is senior correspondent in the <org>Journal</org> 's <gpe>London</gpe> bureau .


Axa - Midi Assurances of France gave details of its financing plans for its proposed $ 4.5 billion acquisition of Farmers Group Inc. , in amended filings with insurance regulators in the nine U.S. states where Farmers operates .

<org>Axa - Midi Assurances</org> of <gpe>France</gpe> gave details of its financing plans for its proposed <money>$ 4.5 billion</money> acquisition of <org>Farmers Group Inc.</org> , in amended filings with insurance regulators in the <cardinal>nine</cardinal> <gpe>U.S.</gpe> states where <org>Farmers</org> operates .


The proposed acquisition is part of Sir James Goldsmith 's unfriendly takeover attempt for B.A.T Industries PLC , the British tobacco , retailing , paper and financial services concern that is parent of Los Angeles - based Farmers .

The proposed acquisition is part of Sir <person>James Goldsmith</person> 's unfriendly takeover attempt for <org>B.A.T Industries PLC</org> , the <norp>British</norp> tobacco , retailing , paper and financial services concern that is parent of <gpe>Los Angeles</gpe> - based <org>Farmers</org> .


In an attempt to appease U.S. regulators ' concern over a Goldsmith acquisition of Farmers , Sir James in August agreed to sell Farmers to Axa if he is successful in acquiring B.A.T .

In an attempt to appease <gpe>U.S.</gpe> regulators ' concern over a <person>Goldsmith</person> acquisition of <org>Farmers</org> , Sir <person>James</person> in <date>August</date> agreed to sell <org>Farmers</org> to <org>Axa</org> if he is successful in acquiring <org>B.A.T</org> .


As part of the agreement , Axa agreed to invest $ 1 billion in Hoylake Investments Ltd. , Sir James 's acquisition vehicle .

As part of the agreement , <org>Axa</org> agreed to invest <money>$ 1 billion</money> in <org>Hoylake Investments Ltd.</org> , Sir <person>James</person> 's acquisition vehicle .


Of the total $ 5.5 billion to be paid to Hoylake by Axa , about $ 1 billion will come from available resources of Axa 's parent , Axa - Midi Group , $ 2.25 billion will be in the form of notes issued by Axa , and the remaining $ 2.25 billion will be in long - term bank loans .

Of the total <money>$ 5.5 billion</money> to be paid to <org>Hoylake</org> by <org>Axa</org> , <money>about $ 1 billion</money> will come from available resources of <org>Axa</org> 's parent , <org>Axa - Midi Group</org> , <money>$ 2.25 billion</money> will be in the form of notes issued by <org>Axa</org> , and the remaining <money>$ 2.25 billion</money> will be in long - term bank loans .


In an interview Thursday , Claude Bebear , chairman and chief executive officer of Axa , said his group has already obtained assurances from a group of banks led by Cie . Financiere de Paribas that they can provide the loan portion of the financing .

In an interview <date>Thursday</date> , <person>Claude Bebear</person> , chairman and chief executive officer of <org>Axa</org> , said his group has already obtained assurances from a group of banks led by <org>Cie . Financiere de Paribas</org> that they can provide the loan portion of the financing .


The other banking companies in the group are Credit Lyonnais , Societe Generale , BankAmerica Corp. and Citicorp , he said .

The other banking companies in the group are <org>Credit Lyonnais</org> , <org>Societe Generale</org> , <org>BankAmerica Corp.</org> and <org>Citicorp</org> , he said .


Mr. Bebear said Axa - Midi Group has `` more than $ 2.5 billion of non-strategic assets that we can and will sell '' to help pay off debt from the acquisition .

Mr. <person>Bebear</person> said <org>Axa - Midi Group</org> has `` <money>more than $ 2.5 billion</money> of non-strategic assets that we can and will sell '' to help pay off debt from the acquisition .


He said the assets to be sold would be `` non-insurance '' assets , including a beer company and a real estate firm , and would n't include any pieces of Farmers .

He said the assets to be sold would be `` non-insurance '' assets , including a beer company and a real estate firm , and would n't include any pieces of <org>Farmers</org> .


`` We wo n't put any burden on Farmers , '' he said .

`` We wo n't put any burden on <org>Farmers</org> , '' he said .


The amended filings also point out that under a new agreement , Hoylake has an absolute obligation to sell Farmers to Axa upon an acquisition of B.A.T .

The amended filings also point out that under a new agreement , <org>Hoylake</org> has an absolute obligation to sell <org>Farmers</org> to <org>Axa</org> upon an acquisition of <org>B.A.T</org> .


`` We hope that with what we did , the regulators will not need to evaluate Hoylake , and they can directly look at the agreement with us , because Hoylake wo n't be an owner of Farmers at anytime , '' Mr. Bebear said .

`` We hope that with what we did , the regulators will not need to evaluate <org>Hoylake</org> , and they can directly look at the agreement with us , because <org>Hoylake</org> wo n't be an owner of <org>Farmers</org> at anytime , '' Mr. <person>Bebear</person> said .


Any change of control in Farmers needs approval of the insurance commissioners in the nine states where Farmers and its related companies are incorporated .

Any change of control in <org>Farmers</org> needs approval of the insurance commissioners in the <cardinal>nine</cardinal> states where <org>Farmers</org> and its related companies are incorporated .


The amended filings were required because of the new agreement between Axa and Hoylake , and to reflect the extension that Sir James received last month under British takeover rules to complete his proposed acquisition .

The amended filings were required because of the new agreement between <org>Axa</org> and <org>Hoylake</org> , and to reflect the extension that Sir <person>James</person> received <date>last month</date> under <norp>British</norp> takeover rules to complete his proposed acquisition .


Hoylake dropped its initial 13.35 billion -LRB- $ 20.71 billion -RRB- takeover bid after it received the extension , but said it would launch a new bid if and when the propsed sale of Farmers to Axa receives regulatory approval .

<org>Hoylake</org> dropped its initial 13.35 billion -LRB- <money>$ 20.71 billion</money> -RRB- takeover bid after it received the extension , but said it would launch a new bid if and when the propsed sale of <org>Farmers</org> to <org>Axa</org> receives regulatory approval .


A spokesman for B.A.T said of the amended filings that , `` It would appear that nothing substantive has changed .

A spokesman for <org>B.A.T</org> said of the amended filings that , `` It would appear that nothing substantive has changed .


The new financing structure is still a very - highly leveraged one , and Axa still plans to take out 75 % of Farmers ' earnings as dividends to service their debt . ''

The new financing structure is still a very - highly leveraged one , and <org>Axa</org> still plans to take out <percent>75 %</percent> of <org>Farmers</org> ' earnings as dividends to service their debt . ''


That dividend is almost double the 35 % currently taken out of Farmers by B.A.T , the spokesman added .

That dividend is almost double the <percent>35 %</percent> currently taken out of <org>Farmers</org> by <org>B.A.T</org> , the spokesman added .


`` It would have severe implications for Farmers ' policy holders . ''

`` It would have severe implications for <org>Farmers</org> ' policy holders . ''


To fend off Sir James 's advances , B.A.T has proposed a sweeping restructuring that would pare it to a tobacco and financial services concern .

To fend off Sir <person>James</person> 's advances , <org>B.A.T</org> has proposed a sweeping restructuring that would pare it to a tobacco and financial services concern .


Dismal sales at General Motors Corp. dragged the U.S. car and truck market down below year - ago levels in early October , the first sales period of the 1990 model year .

Dismal sales at <org>General Motors Corp.</org> dragged the <gpe>U.S.</gpe> car and truck market down below <date>year - ago</date> levels in <date>early October</date> , the <ordinal>first</ordinal> sales period of the <date>1990</date> model year .


The eight major domestic auto makers sold 160,510 North American - made cars in the first 10 days of October , a 12.6 % drop from a year earlier .

The <cardinal>eight</cardinal> major domestic auto makers sold <cardinal>160,510</cardinal> <norp>North American</norp> - made cars in <date>the first 10 days of October</date> , a <percent>12.6 %</percent> drop from <date>a year earlier</date> .


Domestically built truck sales were down 10.4 % to 86,555 pickups , vans and sport utility vehicles .

Domestically built truck sales were down <percent>10.4 %</percent> to <cardinal>86,555</cardinal> pickups , vans and sport utility vehicles .


The heavy use of incentives to clear out 1989 models appears to have taken the steam , at least initially , out of 1990 model sales , which began officially Oct. 1 .

The heavy use of incentives to clear out <date>1989</date> models appears to have taken the steam , at least initially , out of <date>1990</date> model sales , which began officially <date>Oct. 1</date> .


This appears particularly true at GM , which had strong sales in August and September but saw its early October car and truck results fall 26.3 % from last year 's unusually high level .

This appears particularly true at <org>GM</org> , which had strong sales in <date>August</date> and <date>September</date> but saw its <date>early October</date> car and truck results fall <percent>26.3 %</percent> from <date>last year 's</date> unusually high level .


Overall , sales of all domestic - made vehicles fell 11.9 % from a year ago .

Overall , sales of all domestic - made vehicles fell <percent>11.9 %</percent> from <date>a year ago</date> .


Without GM , overall sales for the other U.S. automakers were roughly flat with 1989 results .

Without <org>GM</org> , overall sales for the other <gpe>U.S.</gpe> automakers were roughly flat with <date>1989</date> results .


Some of the U.S. auto makers have already adopted incentives on many 1990 models , but they may have to broaden their programs to keep sales up .

Some of the <gpe>U.S.</gpe> auto makers have already adopted incentives on many <date>1990</date> models , but they may have to broaden their programs to keep sales up .


`` We 've created a condition where , without incentives , it 's a tough market , '' said Tom Kelly , sales manager for Bill Wink Chevrolet in Dearborn , Mich .

`` We 've created a condition where , without incentives , it 's a tough market , '' said <person>Tom Kelly</person> , sales manager for <org>Bill Wink Chevrolet</org> in <gpe>Dearborn</gpe> , <gpe>Mich</gpe> .


Car sales fell to a seasonally adjusted annual selling rate of 5.8 million vehicles , the lowest since October 1987 .

Car sales fell to a <date>seasonally</date> adjusted <date>annual</date> selling rate of <cardinal>5.8 million</cardinal> vehicles , the lowest since <date>October 1987</date> .


The poor performance contrasts with a robust selling rate of almost eight million last month .

The poor performance contrasts with a robust selling rate of <cardinal>almost eight million</cardinal> <date>last month</date> .


Furthermore , dealers contacted late last week said they could n't see any immediate impact on sales of Friday 's steep market decline .

Furthermore , dealers contacted <date>late last week</date> said they could n't see any immediate impact on sales of <date>Friday</date> 's steep market decline .


GM 's domestic car sales dropped 24.3 % and its domestic trucks were down an even steeper 28.7 % from the same period a year ago .

<org>GM</org> 's domestic car sales dropped <percent>24.3 %</percent> and its domestic trucks were down an even steeper <percent>28.7 %</percent> from the same period <date>a year ago</date> .


All of the GM divisions except Cadillac showed big declines .

All of the <org>GM</org> divisions except <org>Cadillac</org> showed big declines .


Cadillac posted a 3.2 % increase despite new competition from Lexus , the fledging luxury - car division of Toyota Motor Corp .

<org>Cadillac</org> posted a <percent>3.2 %</percent> increase despite new competition from <org>Lexus</org> , the fledging luxury - car division of <org>Toyota Motor Corp</org> .


Lexus sales were n't available ; the cars are imported and Toyota reports their sales only at month - end .

<org>Lexus</org> sales were n't available ; the cars are imported and <org>Toyota</org> reports their sales only at <date>month - end</date> .


The sales drop for the No. 1 car maker may have been caused in part by the end in September of dealer incentives that GM offered in addition to consumer rebates and low - interest financing , a company spokesman said .

The sales drop for the No. <cardinal>1</cardinal> car maker may have been caused in part by the end in <date>September</date> of dealer incentives that <org>GM</org> offered in addition to consumer rebates and low - interest financing , a company spokesman said .


Last year , GM had a different program in place that continued rewarding dealers until all the 1989 models had been sold .

<date>Last year</date> , <org>GM</org> had a different program in place that continued rewarding dealers until all the <date>1989</date> models had been sold .


Aside from GM , other car makers posted generally mixed results .

Aside from <org>GM</org> , other car makers posted generally mixed results .


Ford Motor Co. had a 1.8 % drop in domestic car sales but a 2.4 % increase in domestic truck sales .

<org>Ford Motor Co.</org> had a <percent>1.8 %</percent> drop in domestic car sales but a <percent>2.4 %</percent> increase in domestic truck sales .


Chrysler Corp. had a 7.5 % drop in car sales , echoing its generally slow performance all year .

<org>Chrysler Corp.</org> had a <percent>7.5 %</percent> drop in car sales , echoing its generally slow performance <date>all year</date> .


However , sales of trucks , including the company 's popular minivans , rose 4.3 % .

However , sales of trucks , including the company 's popular minivans , rose <percent>4.3 %</percent> .


Honda Motor Co. 's sales of domestically built vehicles plunged 21.7 % from a year earlier .

<org>Honda Motor Co. 's</org> sales of domestically built vehicles plunged <percent>21.7 %</percent> from <date>a year earlier</date> .


Honda 's plant in Marysville , Ohio , was gearing up to build 1990 model Accords , a Honda spokesman said .

<org>Honda</org> 's plant in <gpe>Marysville</gpe> , <gpe>Ohio</gpe> , was gearing up to build <date>1990</date> model <org>Accords</org> , a <org>Honda</org> spokesman said .


`` We 're really confident everything will bounce back to normal , '' he added .


Separately , Chrysler said firm prices on its 1990 - model domestic cars and minivans will rise an average of 5 % over comparably equipped 1989 models .

Separately , <org>Chrysler</org> said firm prices on its <date>1990</date> - model domestic cars and minivans will rise an average of <percent>5 %</percent> over comparably equipped <date>1989</date> models .


Firm prices were generally in line with the tentative prices announced earlier this fall .

Firm prices were generally in line with the tentative prices announced <date>earlier this fall</date> .


At that time , Chrysler said base prices , which are n't adjusted for equipment changes , would rise between 4 % and 9 % on most vehicle .

At that time , <org>Chrysler</org> said base prices , which are n't adjusted for equipment changes , would rise <percent>between 4 % and 9 %</percent> on most vehicle .


a - Totals include only vehicle sales reported in period .


c - Domestic car


d - Percentage change is greater than 999 % .

d - Percentage change is greater than <percent>999 %</percent> .


x - There were 8 selling days in the most recent period and 8 a year earlier .

x - There were <cardinal>8</cardinal> selling days in the most recent period and <cardinal>8</cardinal> <date>a year earlier</date> .


Percentage differences based on daily sales rate rather than sales volume .

Percentage differences based on <date>daily</date> sales rate rather than sales volume .


Antonio L. Savoca , 66 years old , was named president and chief executive officer of the Atlantic Research Corp. subsidiary .

<person>Antonio L. Savoca</person> , <date>66 years old</date> , was named president and chief executive officer of the <org>Atlantic Research Corp.</org> subsidiary .


Mr. Savoca had been a consultant to the subsidiary 's rocket - propulsion operations .

Mr. <person>Savoca</person> had been a consultant to the subsidiary 's rocket - propulsion operations .


Mr. Savoca succeeds William H. Borten , who resigned to pursue personal interests .

Mr. <person>Savoca</person> succeeds <person>William H. Borten</person> , who resigned to pursue personal interests .


Sequa makes and repairs jet engines .

<org>Sequa</org> makes and repairs jet engines .


It also has interests in military electronics and electro - optics , marine transportation and machinery used to make food and beverage cans .


It was n't so long ago that a radio network funded by the U.S. Congress -- and originally by the Central Intelligence Agency -- was accused by officials here of employing propagandists , imperialists and spies .

It was n't so long ago that a radio network funded by the <gpe>U.S.</gpe> <org>Congress</org> -- and originally by <org>the Central Intelligence Agency</org> -- was accused by officials here of employing propagandists , imperialists and spies .


Now , the network has opened a news bureau in the Hungarian capital .

Now , the network has opened a news bureau in the <norp>Hungarian</norp> capital .


Employees held an open house to celebrate and even hung out a sign : `` Szabad Europa Radio '' -- Radio Free Europe .

Employees held an open house to celebrate and even hung out a sign : `` <org>Szabad Europa Radio</org> '' -- <org>Radio Free Europe</org> .


`` I think this is a victory for the radio , '' says Barnabas de Bueky , a 55 - year - old former Hungarian refugee who works in the Munich , West Germany , headquarters as deputy director of the Hungarian service .

`` I think this is a victory for the radio , '' says <person>Barnabas de Bueky</person> , a <date>55 - year - old</date> former <norp>Hungarian</norp> refugee who works in the <gpe>Munich</gpe> , <gpe>West Germany</gpe> , headquarters as deputy director of the <norp>Hungarian</norp> service .


In fact , the network hopes to set up offices in Warsaw and anywhere else in the East Bloc that will have it .

In fact , the network hopes to set up offices in <gpe>Warsaw</gpe> and anywhere else in <loc>the East Bloc</loc> that will have it .


But the rapid changes brought on by glasnost and open borders are altering the network 's life in more ways than one .

But the rapid changes brought on by glasnost and open borders are altering the network 's life in more ways than <cardinal>one</cardinal> .


In fact , Radio Free Europe is in danger of suffering from its success .

In fact , <org>Radio Free Europe</org> is in danger of suffering from its success .


While the network currently can operate freely in Budapest , so can others .

While the network currently can operate freely in <gpe>Budapest</gpe> , so can others .


In addition , competition for listeners is getting tougher in many ways than when broadcasting here was strictly controlled .


Instead of being denounced as an evil agent of imperialism , Radio Free Europe is more likely to draw the criticism that its programs are too tame , even boring .

Instead of being denounced as an evil agent of imperialism , <org>Radio Free Europe</org> is more likely to draw the criticism that its programs are too tame , even boring .


`` They have a lot to do these days to compete with Hungarian radio , '' says Andrew Deak , a computer - science student at the Technical University in Budapest .

`` They have a lot to do <date>these days</date> to compete with <norp>Hungarian</norp> radio , '' says <person>Andrew Deak</person> , a computer - science student at <org>the Technical University</org> in <gpe>Budapest</gpe> .


`` The Hungarian -LCB- radio -RCB- reporters seem better informed and more critical about about what 's going on here . ''

`` The <norp>Hungarian</norp> -LCB- radio -RCB- reporters seem better informed and more critical about about what 's going on here . ''


Indeed , Hungary is in the midst of a media explosion .

Indeed , <gpe>Hungary</gpe> is in the midst of a media explosion .


Boys on busy street corners peddle newspapers of every political stripe .


Newsstands are packed with a colorful array of magazines .


Radio and television are getting livelier and bolder .


The British Broadcasting Corp. and the U.S. State Department 's Voice of America broadcast over Hungarian airwaves , though only a few hours a day each in Hungarian .

<org>The British Broadcasting Corp.</org> and the <gpe>U.S.</gpe> <org>State Department</org> 's <org>Voice of America</org> broadcast over <norp>Hungarian</norp> airwaves , though <time>only a few hours a day each</time> in <language>Hungarian</language> .


Australian press magnate Rupert Murdoch has bought 50 % stakes in two popular and gossipy Hungarian newspapers , while Britain 's Robert Maxwell has let it be known here that he is thinking about similar moves .

<norp>Australian</norp> press magnate <person>Rupert Murdoch</person> has bought <percent>50 %</percent> stakes in <cardinal>two</cardinal> popular and gossipy <norp>Hungarian</norp> newspapers , while <gpe>Britain</gpe> 's <person>Robert Maxwell</person> has let it be known here that he is thinking about similar moves .


But Radio Free Europe does n't plan to fade away .

But <org>Radio Free Europe</org> does n't plan to fade away .


With its mission for free speech and the capitalist way , the network 's staff says it still has plenty to do -- in Hungary and in the `` Great Eastern Beyond . ''

With its mission for free speech and the capitalist way , the network 's staff says it still has plenty to do -- in <gpe>Hungary</gpe> and in <loc>the `` Great Eastern Beyond</loc> . ''


Radio Free Europe and its sister station for the Soviet Union , Radio Liberty , say they wo n't cut back their more than 19 hours of daily broadcasts .

<org>Radio Free Europe</org> and its sister station for <gpe>the Soviet Union</gpe> , <org>Radio Liberty</org> , say they wo n't cut back their <time>more than 19 hours</time> of <date>daily</date> broadcasts .


They are still an important source of news for 60 million listeners in 23 exotic tongues : from Bulgarian and Belorussian to Kazakh and Kirghiz .

They are still an important source of news for <cardinal>60 million</cardinal> listeners in <cardinal>23</cardinal> exotic tongues : from <language>Bulgarian</language> and <language>Belorussian</language> to <language>Kazakh</language> and <language>Kirghiz</language> .


The establishment of its first bureau in Warsaw Pact territory shows the depth of some of the changes in Eastern Europe .

The establishment of its <ordinal>first</ordinal> bureau in <law>Warsaw Pact</law> territory shows the depth of some of the changes in <loc>Eastern Europe</loc> .


Months before the decision by the Hungarian Communist Party to rename itself Socialist and try to look more appealing to voters , the country 's rulers were trying to look more hospitable .

<date>Months</date> before the decision by the <norp>Hungarian</norp> <org>Communist Party</org> to rename itself <org>Socialist</org> and try to look more appealing to voters , the country 's rulers were trying to look more hospitable .


It proved a perfect time for Radio Free Europe to ask for permission to set up office .

It proved a perfect time for <org>Radio Free Europe</org> to ask for permission to set up office .


Not only did the Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs approve Radio Free Europe 's new location , but the Ministry of Telecommunications did something even more amazing : `` They found us four phone lines in central Budapest , '' says Geza Szocs , a Radio Free Europe correspondent who helped organize the Budapest location .

Not only did <org>the Hungarian Ministry of Foreign Affairs</org> approve <org>Radio Free Europe 's</org> new location , but <org>the Ministry of Telecommunications</org> did something even more amazing : `` They found us <cardinal>four</cardinal> phone lines in central <gpe>Budapest</gpe> , '' says <person>Geza Szocs</person> , a <org>Radio Free Europe</org> correspondent who helped organize the <gpe>Budapest</gpe> location .


`` That is a miracle . ''


It 's a far cry from the previous treatment of the network , which had to overcome jamming of its frequencies and intimidation of local correspondents -LRB- who filed reports to the network by phone , secret messengers or letters -RRB- .


In fact , some of the network 's Hungarian listeners say they owe Radio Free Europe loyalty because it was responsible in many ways for keeping hope alive through what one writer here calls the `` Dark Ages of the 20th Century . ''

In fact , some of the network 's <norp>Hungarian</norp> listeners say they owe <org>Radio Free Europe</org> loyalty because it was responsible in many ways for keeping hope alive through what <cardinal>one</cardinal> writer here calls <date>the `` Dark Ages of the 20th Century</date> . ''


`` During the past four years , many of us have sat up until late at night listening to our radios , '' says the writer .

`` During <date>the past four years</date> , many of us have sat up until late at <time>night</time> listening to our radios , '' says the writer .


`` There were some very brave broadcasts . ''


The listeners , too , had to be brave .


Through much of the post-World War II period , listening to Western broadcasts was a crime in Hungary .

Through much of the <event>post-World War II</event> period , listening to Western broadcasts was a crime in <gpe>Hungary</gpe> .


`` When we listen to the Europe station , my mother still gets nervous , '' says a Budapest translator .

`` When we listen to the <loc>Europe</loc> station , my mother still gets nervous , '' says a <gpe>Budapest</gpe> translator .


`` She wants to turn down the volume and close the curtains . ''


Now , the toughest competition for Radio Free Europe comes during the late - night slot .

Now , the toughest competition for <org>Radio Free Europe</org> comes during the <time>late - night</time> slot .


Hungarian radio often saves its most politically outspoken broadcasts for around midnight .

<norp>Hungarian</norp> radio often saves its most politically outspoken broadcasts for around <time>midnight</time> .


Television , which most of the time is considered rather tame , has entered the running with a new program , `` The End of the Day , '' which comes on after 11 p.m .

Television , which most of the time is considered rather tame , has entered the running with a new program , `` <work_of_art>The End of the Day</work_of_art> , '' which comes on after <time>11 p.m</time> .


It is a talk show with opposition leaders and political experts who discuss Hungary 's domestic problems as well as foreign affairs .

It is a talk show with opposition leaders and political experts who discuss <gpe>Hungary</gpe> 's domestic problems as well as foreign affairs .


Those who want to hear even more radical views have to get up at five on Sunday morning for `` Sunday Journal , '' on Hungarian Radio .

Those who want to hear even more radical views have to get up at <cardinal>five</cardinal> on <date>Sunday</date> <time>morning</time> for `` <work_of_art>Sunday Journal</work_of_art> , '' on <org>Hungarian Radio</org> .


The competitive spirit is clearly influencing Radio Free Europe , which is trying to beef up programs .

The competitive spirit is clearly influencing <org>Radio Free Europe</org> , which is trying to beef up programs .


The Budapest office plans to hire free - lance reporters to cover the latest happenings in Hungarian country towns from Nagykanizsa in the west to Nyiregyhaza in the east .

The <gpe>Budapest</gpe> office plans to hire free - lance reporters to cover the latest happenings in <norp>Hungarian</norp> country towns from <gpe>Nagykanizsa</gpe> in the west to <gpe>Nyiregyhaza</gpe> in the east .


The Hungarian service has a daily 40 - minute news show called Newsreel , with international and domestic news , plus a daily news review of opinions from around the world .

The <norp>Hungarian</norp> service has a <date>daily</date> <time>40 - minute</time> news show called <work_of_art>Newsreel</work_of_art> , with international and domestic news , plus a <date>daily</date> news review of opinions from around the world .


There 's also a host of new programs , trying to lighten up on the traditional diet of politics .


A daily 35 - minute program called `` The March of Time '' tries to find interesting tidbits of lighthearted news and gossip from around the world .

A <date>daily</date> <time>35 - minute</time> program called `` <work_of_art>The March of Time ''</work_of_art> tries to find interesting tidbits of lighthearted news and gossip from around the world .


There 's a program for women and a science show .


And to attract younger listeners , Radio Free Europe intersperses the latest in Western rock groups .

And to attract younger listeners , <org>Radio Free Europe</org> intersperses the latest in Western rock groups .


The Pet Shop Boys are big this year in Budapest .

<org>The Pet Shop Boys</org> are big <date>this year</date> in <gpe>Budapest</gpe> .


`` We are starving for all the news , '' says Mr. Deak , the student .

`` We are starving for all the news , '' says Mr. <person>Deak</person> , the student .


`` Every moment we want to know everything about the world .


Proposals for government - operated `` national service , '' like influenza , flare up from time to time , depress the resistance of the body politic , run their course , and seem to disappear , only to mutate and afflict public life anew .


The disease metaphor comes to mind , of course , not as an aspersion on the advocates of national service .


Rather , it is born of frustration with having to combat constantly changing strains of a statist idea that one thought had been eliminated in the early 1970s , along with smallpox .

Rather , it is born of frustration with having to combat constantly changing strains of a statist idea that one thought had been eliminated in <date>the early 1970s</date> , along with smallpox .


It is back with us again , in the form of legislation to pay volunteers under a `` National and Community Service Act , '' a proposal with a serious shot at congressional passage this fall .

It is back with us again , in the form of legislation to pay volunteers under a `` National and Community Service Act , '' a proposal with a serious shot at congressional passage <date>this fall</date> .


Why does the national - service virus keep coming back ?


Perhaps it is because utopian nostalgia evokes both military experience and the social gospel .


If only we could get America 's wastrel youth into at least a psychic uniform we might be able to teach self - discipline again and revive the spirit of giving .

If only we could get <gpe>America</gpe> 's wastrel youth into at least a psychic uniform we might be able to teach self - discipline again and revive the spirit of giving .


A quarter of a century ago national service was promoted as a way of curing the manifest inequities of the draft -- by , of all things , expanding the draft .

<date>A quarter of a century ago</date> national service was promoted as a way of curing the manifest inequities of the draft -- by , of all things , expanding the draft .


Those of us who resisted the idea then suspect today that an obligation of government service for all young people is still the true long - term aim of many national - service backers , despite their protests that present plans contain no coercion .

Those of us who resisted the idea then suspect <date>today</date> that an obligation of government service for all young people is still the true long - term aim of many national - service backers , despite their protests that present plans contain no coercion .


Choice of the volunteer military in the 1970s seemed to doom national service as much as the draft .

Choice of the volunteer military in <date>the 1970s</date> seemed to doom national service as much as the draft .


But the virus was kept alive in sociology departments until a couple of years ago , when it again was let loose .

But the virus was kept alive in sociology departments until <date>a couple of years ago</date> , when it again was let loose .


This time it attempted to invade two connected problems , the rising cost of higher education and the rising expense to the federal government of educational grants and loans .

This time it attempted to invade <cardinal>two</cardinal> connected problems , the rising cost of higher education and the rising expense to the federal government of educational grants and loans .


Why not keep and even expand the loans and grants , the advocates reasoned , but require some form of service from each recipient ?


Military service , moreover , could be a national - service option .


Thus , undoubtedly it was hoped that the new strain of national service would prove contagious , infecting patriotic conservatives , pay - as - you - go moderates , and idealistic liberals .


The Democratic Leadership Council , a centrist group sponsoring the plan , surely thought it might help the party to attract support , especially among college students and their parents .

<org>The Democratic Leadership Council</org> , a centrist group sponsoring the plan , surely thought it might help the party to attract support , especially among college students and their parents .


A provision allowing grants to be applied to first - home purchases was added to appeal to those who had had enough of schooling .

A provision allowing grants to be applied to <ordinal>first</ordinal> - home purchases was added to appeal to those who had had enough of schooling .


The DLC plan envisaged `` volunteers '' planting trees , emptying bedpans , tutoring children , and assisting librarians for $ 100 a week , tax free , plus medical care .

The <org>DLC</org> plan envisaged `` volunteers '' planting trees , emptying bedpans , tutoring children , and assisting librarians for $ <money>100</money> a week , tax free , plus medical care .


With a tax - free $ 10,000 voucher payment at the end of each year , the volunteers would be making a wage comparable to $ 17,500 a year .

With a tax - free $ <money>10,000</money> voucher payment at <date>the end of each year</date> , the volunteers would be making a wage comparable to $ <money>17,500</money> a year .


Mind you , most of `` the volunteers '' would be unskilled 17 - to 18 - year - olds , some not even high school graduates , and many saving money by living at home .

Mind you , most of `` the volunteers '' would be unskilled <date>17 - to 18 - year - olds</date> , some not even high school graduates , and many saving money by living at home .


They would be doing better financially under national service than many taxpayers working at the same kinds of jobs and perhaps supporting families .


As it happened , political resistance developed among educational and minority interests that count on the present education grant system , so the national - service devotees decided to abandon the supposedly crucial principle of `` give in order to get . ''


Opposition to national service from the Pentagon , which wants to protect its own recruitment process , also led to the military - service option being dropped .

Opposition to national service from the <org>Pentagon</org> , which wants to protect its own recruitment process , also led to the military - service option being dropped .


Clearly , a new rationale for national service had to be cooked up .


What better place to turn than Sen. Edward Kennedy 's Labor Committee , that great stove of government expansionism , where many a stagnant pot of porridge is kept on the back burner until it can be brought forward and presented as nouvelle cuisine ?

What better place to turn than Sen. <person>Edward Kennedy</person> 's <org>Labor Committee</org> , that great stove of government expansionism , where many a stagnant pot of porridge is kept on the back burner until it can be brought forward and presented as nouvelle cuisine ?


In this case , the new recipe for national service called for throwing many assorted legislative leftovers into one kettle : a demonstration project for educational aid -LRB- particularly satisfying to the DLC and Sen. Sam Nunn -RRB- , a similar demonstration program for youth conservation -LRB- a la Sen. Chris Dodd -RRB- , a competitive grants program to states to spark youth and senior citizen volunteer projects -LRB- a Kennedy specialty -RRB- , a community service work - study program for students -LRB- pleasing to the palate of Sen. Dale Bumpers , among others -RRB- , plus engorgement of the VISTA volunteer program and the Retired Senior Volunteer , Foster Grandparent , and Senior Companion programs .

In this case , the new recipe for national service called for throwing many assorted legislative leftovers into <cardinal>one</cardinal> kettle : a demonstration project for educational aid -LRB- particularly satisfying to the <org>DLC</org> and Sen. <person>Sam Nunn</person> -RRB- , a similar demonstration program for youth conservation -LRB- a la Sen. <person>Chris Dodd</person> -RRB- , a competitive grants program to states to spark youth and senior citizen volunteer projects -LRB- a <person>Kennedy</person> specialty -RRB- , a community service work - study program for students -LRB- pleasing to the palate of Sen. <person>Dale Bumpers</person> , among others -RRB- , plus engorgement of the <org>VISTA</org> volunteer program and the <org>Retired Senior Volunteer</org> , <org>Foster Grandparent</org> , and <org>Senior Companion</org> programs .


Before the menu is printed , the House may add more ingredients , also changing the initial price , now posted at some $ 330 million .

Before the menu is printed , the <org>House</org> may add more ingredients , also changing the initial price , now posted at some <money>$ 330 million</money> .


It is widely known that `` too many cooks spoil the broth , '' but that wisdom does not necessarily reflect the view of the cooks , especially if they are senators .


The `` omnibus '' bill coming out of Congress may be unwholesome glop , but the assorted chefs are happy and the restaurant is pushing the dish very hard .

The `` omnibus '' bill coming out of <org>Congress</org> may be unwholesome glop , but the assorted chefs are happy and the restaurant is pushing the dish very hard .


The aroma of patronage is in the air .


Is the voluntary sector so weak that it needs such unsolicited assistance ?


On the contrary , it is as robust as ever .


According to the Gallup Poll , American adults contribute an average of two hours a week of service , while financial contributions to charity in the 1980s have risen 30 % -LRB- adjusted for inflation -RRB- .

According to <org>the Gallup Poll</org> , <norp>American</norp> adults contribute an average of <time>two hours</time> a week of service , while financial contributions to charity in <date>the 1980s</date> have risen <percent>30 %</percent> -LRB- adjusted for inflation -RRB- .


Even if government does see various `` unmet needs , '' national service is not the way to meet them .


If we want to support students , we might adopt the idea used in other countries of offering more scholarships based on something called `` scholarship , '' rather than on the government 's idea of `` service . ''


Or we might provide a tax credit for working students .


What we do not need to do is start a war , and then try to justify it by creating a GI Bill .

What we do not need to do is start a war , and then try to justify it by creating <law>a GI Bill</law> .


To the extent we lack manpower to staff menial jobs in hospitals , for example , we should raise pay , pursue labor - saving technology , or allow more legal immigration , rather than overpay high school graduates as short - term workers and cause resentment among permanent workers paid lesser amounts to do the same jobs .


Will national service , in the current highly politicized and opportunistic form exert enough appeal to get adopted ?


Not necessarily .


Polls show wide , generalized support for some vague concept of service , but the bill now under discussion lacks any passionate public backing .


Nonetheless , Senate Democrats are organizing a roll of supporting `` associations , '' `` societies '' and `` councils , '' some of which may hope to receive the paid `` volunteers . ''

Nonetheless , <org>Senate</org> <norp>Democrats</norp> are organizing a roll of supporting `` associations , '' `` societies '' and `` councils , '' some of which may hope to receive the paid `` volunteers . ''


So far , the president seems ill - disposed to substitute any of the omnibus for his own free - standing proposal to endow a `` Points of Light '' foundation with $ 25 million to inform citizens of all ages and exhort them to genuine volunteerism .

So far , the president seems ill - disposed to substitute any of the omnibus for his own free - standing proposal to endow a `` <org>Points of Light</org> '' foundation with <money>$ 25 million</money> to inform citizens of all ages and exhort them to genuine volunteerism .


However , even this admirable plan could become objectionable if the White House gives in to congressional Democratic pressure to add to the scope of the president 's initiative or to involve the independent foundation in `` brokering '' federal funds for volunteer projects .

However , even this admirable plan could become objectionable if <org>the White House</org> gives in to congressional <norp>Democratic</norp> pressure to add to the scope of the president 's initiative or to involve the independent foundation in `` brokering '' federal funds for volunteer projects .


There 's no need for such concessions .


The omnibus can be defeated , the virus controlled , and real service protected .


National service , the utopian idea , still wo n't go away then , of course , but the millions of knee - socked youth performing works of `` civic content '' will be mobilized only in the imagination of their progenitors .

National service , the utopian idea , still wo n't go away then , of course , but <cardinal>the millions</cardinal> of knee - socked youth performing works of `` civic content '' will be mobilized only in the imagination of their progenitors .


Mr. Chapman is a fellow at the Indianapolis - based Hudson Institute .

Mr. <person>Chapman</person> is a fellow at the <gpe>Indianapolis</gpe> - based <org>Hudson Institute</org> .


This article is adapted from remarks at a Hoover Institution conference on national service , in which Mr. Szanton also participated .

This article is adapted from remarks at a <org>Hoover Institution</org> conference on national service , in which Mr. <person>Szanton</person> also participated .


Drug Emporium Inc. said Gary Wilber , 39 years old , who had been president and chief operating officer for the past year , was named chief executive officer of this drugstore chain .

<org>Drug Emporium Inc.</org> said <person>Gary Wilber</person> , <date>39 years old</date> , who had been president and chief operating officer for <date>the past year</date> , was named chief executive officer of this drugstore chain .


He succeeds his father , Philip T. Wilber , who founded the company and remains chairman .

He succeeds his father , <person>Philip T. Wilber</person> , who founded the company and remains chairman .


Robert E. Lyons III , 39 , who headed the company 's Philadelphia region , was appointed president and chief operating officer , succeeding Gary Wilber .

<person>Robert E. Lyons III</person> , <date>39</date> , who headed the company 's <gpe>Philadelphia</gpe> region , was appointed president and chief operating officer , succeeding <person>Gary Wilber</person> .


American Physicians Service Group Inc. said it purchased about 42 % of Prime Medical Services Inc. for about $ 5 million from Texas American Energy Corp .

<org>American Physicians Service Group Inc.</org> said it purchased <percent>about 42 %</percent> of <org>Prime Medical Services Inc.</org> for <money>about $ 5 million</money> from <org>Texas American Energy Corp</org> .


American Physicians said it also replaced four Texas American representatives on Prime 's five - member board .

<org>American Physicians</org> said it also replaced <cardinal>four</cardinal> <org>Texas American</org> representatives on <org>Prime</org> 's <cardinal>five</cardinal> - member board .


American provides a variety of financial services to doctors and hospitals .

<org>American</org> provides a variety of financial services to doctors and hospitals .


Prime , based in Bedminster , N.J. , provides management services to cardiac rehabilitation clinics and diagnostic imaging centers .

<org>Prime</org> , based in <gpe>Bedminster</gpe> , <gpe>N.J.</gpe> , provides management services to cardiac rehabilitation clinics and diagnostic imaging centers .


For the year ended June 30 , Prime had a net loss of $ 3 million on sales of $ 13.8 million .

For <date>the year ended June 30</date> , <org>Prime</org> had a net loss of <money>$ 3 million</money> on sales of <money>$ 13.8 million</money> .


The inflation - adjusted growth rate for France 's gross domestic product for the second quarter was revised upward to 0.8 % from the previous three months from the initial estimate of 0.7 % , the National Statistics Institute said .

The inflation - adjusted growth rate for <gpe>France</gpe> 's gross domestic product for <date>the second quarter</date> was revised upward to <percent>0.8 %</percent> from <date>the previous three months</date> from the initial estimate of <percent>0.7 %</percent> , <org>the National Statistics Institute</org> said .


The state agency said the latest revision left the growth rate for the first - quarter compared with the previous three months unchanged at 1.3 % .

The state agency said the latest revision left the growth rate for <date>the first - quarter</date> compared with <date>the previous three months</date> unchanged at <percent>1.3 %</percent> .


If the economy continues to expand by 0.8 % a quarter for the rest of the year , it would leave GDP growth for all of 1989 at 3 % , the institute said .

If the economy continues to expand by <percent>0.8 %</percent> <date>a quarter</date> for the rest of <date>the year</date> , it would leave GDP growth for all of <date>1989</date> at <percent>3 %</percent> , the institute said .


That would be down from the 3.8 % rise posted in 1988 .

That would be down from the <percent>3.8 %</percent> rise posted in <date>1988</date> .


The Canadian government announced a new , 12 - year Canada Savings Bond issue that will yield investors 10.5 % in the first year .

The <norp>Canadian</norp> government announced a new , <date>12 - year</date> Canada Savings Bond issue that will yield investors <percent>10.5 %</percent> in <date>the first year</date> .


The annual interest rate for each of the next 11 years will be set each fall , when details of a new series are released .

The <date>annual</date> interest rate for <date>each of the next 11 years</date> will be set <date>each fall</date> , when details of a new series are released .


Canada Savings Bonds are major government instruments for meeting its financial requirements .


The government has about 41.4 billion Canadian dollars -LRB- US$ 35.2 billion -RRB- of such bonds currently outstanding .

The government has <money>about 41.4 billion Canadian dollars</money> -LRB- <money>US$ 35.2 billion</money> -RRB- of such bonds currently outstanding .


Only Canadian residents are permitted to buy Canada Savings Bonds , which may be redeemed any time at face value .

Only <norp>Canadian</norp> residents are permitted to buy Canada Savings Bonds , which may be redeemed any time at face value .


The bonds go on sale Oct. 19 .

The bonds go on sale <date>Oct. 19</date> .


The debate over National Service has begun again .


After a decade in which more than 50 localities established their own service or conservation corps and dozens of school systems made community service a prerequisite to high - school graduation , the focus has shifted to Washington .

After <date>a decade</date> in which <cardinal>more than 50</cardinal> localities established their own service or conservation corps and <cardinal>dozens</cardinal> of school systems made community service a prerequisite to high - school graduation , the focus has shifted to <gpe>Washington</gpe> .


At least 10 bills proposing one or another national program were introduced in Congress this spring .

At least <cardinal>10</cardinal> bills proposing one or another national program were introduced in <org>Congress</org> <date>this spring</date> .


One , co-sponsored by Sen. Sam Nunn -LRB- D. , Ga . -RRB- and Rep. Dave McCurdy -LRB- D. , Okla. -RRB- , would have restricted federal college subsidies to students who had served .

<cardinal>One</cardinal> , co-sponsored by Sen. <person>Sam Nunn</person> -LRB- <norp>D.</norp> , <gpe>Ga .</gpe> -RRB- and Rep. <person>Dave McCurdy</person> -LRB- <norp>D.</norp> , <gpe>Okla.</gpe> -RRB- , would have restricted federal college subsidies to students who had served .


An omnibus bill assembled by Sen. Edward Kennedy -LRB- D. , Mass. -RRB- , and including some diluted Nunn - McCurdy provisions along with proposals by fellow Democratic Sens. Claiborne Pell , Barbara Mikulski and Christopher Dodd , has been reported out of the Senate Labor Committee .

An omnibus bill assembled by Sen. <person>Edward Kennedy</person> -LRB- <norp>D.</norp> , <gpe>Mass.</gpe> -RRB- , and including some diluted <person>Nunn</person> - McCurdy provisions along with proposals by fellow <norp>Democratic</norp> Sens. <person>Claiborne Pell</person> , <person>Barbara Mikulski</person> and <person>Christopher Dodd</person> , has been reported out of <org>the Senate Labor Committee</org> .


It might well win Senate passage .

It might well win <org>Senate</org> passage .


President Bush has outlined his own Youth Entering Service -LRB- YES -RRB- plan , though its details remain to be specified .

President <person>Bush</person> has outlined his own Youth Entering Service -LRB- YES -RRB- plan , though its details remain to be specified .


What is one to think of all this ?


Doctrine and special interests govern some responses .


People eager to have youth `` pay their dues to society '' favor service proposals -- preferably mandatory ones .


So do those who seek a `` re-energized concept of citizenship , '' a concept imposing stern obligations as well as conferring rights .


Then there are instinctive opponents .


To libertarians , mandatory service is an abomination and voluntary systems are illegitimate uses of tax money .


Devotees of the market question the value of the work national service would perform :


If the market wo n't pay for it , they argue , it ca n't be worth its cost .


Elements of the left are also reflexively opposed ; they see service as a cover for the draft , or fear the regimentation of youth , or want to see rights enlarged , not obligations .


But what about those of us whose views are not predetermined by formula or ideology ?


How should we think about national service ?


Let 's begin by recognizing a main source of confusion -- `` national service '' has no agreed meaning .


Would service be voluntary or compulsory ?


Short or long ?


Part - time or full - time ?


Paid or unpaid ?


Would participants live at home and work nearby or live in barracks and work on public lands ?


What kinds of work would they do ?


What does `` national '' mean ?


Would the program be run by the federal government , by local governments , or by private voluntary organizations ?


And who would serve ?


Only males , as with the draft , or both sexes ?


Youth only or all ages ?


Middle - class people , or poor people , or a genuine cross-section ?


Many or few ?


Those are not trivial questions , and the label `` national service '' answers none of them .


Then how should we think about national service ?


As a starting point , here are five propositions : 1 . Consider the ingredients , not the name .

As a starting point , here are <cardinal>five</cardinal> propositions : <cardinal>1</cardinal> . Consider the ingredients , not the name .


Ignore `` national service '' in the abstract ; consider specific proposals .


They will differ in crucial ways .


2 . `` Service '' should be service .

<cardinal>2</cardinal> . `` Service '' should be service .


As commonly understood , service implies sacrifice .


It involves accepting risk , or giving up income , or deferring a career .


It follows that proposals like Nunn - McCurdy , whose benefits to enrollees are worth some $ 17,500 a year , do not qualify .

It follows that proposals like <person>Nunn</person> - McCurdy , whose benefits to enrollees are worth some $ <money>17,500</money> <date>a year</date> , do not qualify .


There is a rationale for such bills : Federal subsidies to college students amount to `` a GI Bill without the GI '' ; arguably those benefits should be earned , not given .

There is a rationale for such bills : Federal subsidies to college students amount to `` <law>a GI Bill</law> without the GI '' ; arguably those benefits should be earned , not given .


But the earnings exceed by 20 % the average income of young high - school graduates with full - time jobs .

But the earnings exceed by <percent>20 %</percent> the average income of young high - school graduates with full - time jobs .


Why call that service ?


3 . Encouragement is fine ; compulsion is not .

<cardinal>3</cardinal> . Encouragement is fine ; compulsion is not .


Compelled service is unconstitutional .


It is also unwise and unenforceable .


-LRB- Who will throw several hundred thousand refusers in jail each year ? -RRB-

-LRB- Who will throw <cardinal>several hundred thousand</cardinal> refusers in jail each year ? -RRB-


But through tax policy and in other ways the federal government encourages many kinds of behavior .


It should also encourage service -- preferably by all classes and all ages .


Its encouragement should strengthen and not undercut the strong tradition of volunteering in the U.S. , should build on the service programs already in existence , and should honor local convictions about which tasks most need doing .

Its encouragement should strengthen and not undercut the strong tradition of volunteering in the <gpe>U.S.</gpe> , should build on the service programs already in existence , and should honor local convictions about which tasks most need doing .


4 . Good programs are not cheap .

<cardinal>4</cardinal> . Good programs are not cheap .


Enthusiasts assume that national service would get important work done cheaply : forest fires fought , housing rehabilitated , students tutored , day - care centers staffed .


There is important work to be done , and existing service and conservation corps have shown that even youths who start with few skills can do much of it well -- but not cheaply .


Good service programs require recruitment , screening , training and supervision -- all of high quality .


They involve stipends to participants .


Full - time residential programs also require housing and full - time supervision ; they are particularly expensive -- more per participant than a year at Stanford or Yale .

Full - time residential programs also require housing and full - time supervision ; they are particularly expensive -- more per participant than <date>a year</date> at <org>Stanford</org> or <org>Yale</org> .


Non-residential programs are cheaper , but good ones still come to some $ 10,000 a year .

Non-residential programs are cheaper , but good ones still come to some $ <money>10,000</money> a year .


Are they worth that ?


Evaluations suggest that good ones are -- especially so if the effects on participants are counted .


But the calculations are challengeable .


5 . Underclass youth are a special concern .

<cardinal>5</cardinal> . Underclass youth are a special concern .


Are such expenditures worthwhile , then ?


Yes , if targeted .


People of all ages and all classes should be encouraged to serve , but there are many ways for middle - class kids , and their elders , to serve at little public cost .


They can volunteer at any of thousands of non-profit institutions , or participate in service programs required by high schools or encouraged by colleges or employers .

They can volunteer at any of <cardinal>thousands</cardinal> of non-profit institutions , or participate in service programs required by high schools or encouraged by colleges or employers .


Underclass youth do n't have those opportunities .


They are not enrolled in high school or college .


They are unlikely to be employed .


And they have grown up in unprecedentedly grim circumstances , among family structures breaking down , surrounded by self - destructive behaviors and bleak prospects .


But many of them can be quite profoundly reoriented by productive and disciplined service .


Some wo n't accept the discipline ; others drop out for other reasons .


But some whom nothing else is reaching are transformed .


Learning skills , producing something cooperatively , feeling useful , they are no longer dependent -- others now depend on them .


Even if it is cheaper to build playgrounds or paint apartments or plant dune - grass with paid professionals , the effects on the young people providing those services alter the calculation .


Strictly speaking , these youth are not performing service .


They are giving up no income , deferring no careers , incurring no risk .


But they believe themselves to be serving , and they begin to respect themselves -LRB- and others -RRB- , to take control of their lives , to think of the future .


That is a service to the nation .


It is what federal support should try hardest to achieve .


Mr. Szanton , a Carter administration budget official , heads his own Washington - based strategic planning firm .

Mr. <person>Szanton</person> , a <person>Carter</person> administration budget official , heads his own <gpe>Washington</gpe> - based strategic planning firm .


He is a co-author of `` National Service : What Would It Mean ? ''

He is a co-author of `` <work_of_art>National Service : What Would It Mean</work_of_art> ? ''


-LRB- Lexington Books , 1986 -RRB- .

-LRB- <org>Lexington Books</org> , <date>1986</date> -RRB- .


Government officials here and in other countries laid plans through the weekend to head off a Monday market meltdown -- but went out of their way to keep their moves quiet .

Government officials here and in other countries laid plans through <date>the weekend</date> to head off a <date>Monday</date> market meltdown -- but went out of their way to keep their moves quiet .


Federal Reserve Chairman Alan Greenspan was on the telephones , making it clear to officials in the U.S. and abroad that the Fed was prepared to inject massive amounts of money into the banking system , as it did in October 1987 , if the action were needed to prevent a financial crisis .

<org>Federal Reserve</org> Chairman <person>Alan Greenspan</person> was on the telephones , making it clear to officials in the <gpe>U.S.</gpe> and abroad that the <org>Fed</org> was prepared to inject massive amounts of money into the banking system , as it did in <date>October 1987</date> , if the action were needed to prevent a financial crisis .


And at the Treasury , Secretary Nicholas Brady talked with friends and associates on Wall Street while Assistant Secretary David Mullins carefully analyzed data on the Friday market plunge .

And at the <org>Treasury</org> , Secretary <person>Nicholas Brady</person> talked with friends and associates on Wall Street while Assistant Secretary <person>David Mullins</person> carefully analyzed data on the <date>Friday</date> market plunge .


But the officials feared that any public announcements would only increase market jitters .


In addition , officials at the Fed and in the Bush administration decided that avoiding overt actions and statements over the weekend would give them more strength and flexibility should Friday 's market drop turn into this morning 's rout .

In addition , officials at the <org>Fed</org> and in the <person>Bush</person> administration decided that avoiding overt actions and statements over <date>the weekend</date> would give them more strength and flexibility should <date>Friday</date> 's market drop turn into this <time>morning</time> 's rout .


`` The disadvantage at this point is that anything you do that looks like you are doing too much tends to reinforce a sense of crisis , '' said one government official , insisting on anonymity .

`` The disadvantage at this point is that anything you do that looks like you are doing too much tends to reinforce a sense of crisis , '' said <cardinal>one</cardinal> government official , insisting on anonymity .


The Fed 's efforts at secrecy were partly foiled Sunday morning , when both the New York Times and the Washington Post carried stories quoting a senior Fed official saying the central bank was prepared to pour cash into the banking system Monday morning .

The <org>Fed</org> 's efforts at secrecy were partly foiled <date>Sunday</date> <time>morning</time> , when both <org>the New York Times</org> and <org>the Washington Post</org> carried stories quoting a senior <org>Fed</org> official saying the central bank was prepared to pour cash into the banking system <date>Monday</date> <time>morning</time> .


Fed Chairman Greenspan was surprised by both stories , according to knowledgeable sources , and insisted he had n't authorized any public comment .

<org>Fed</org> Chairman <person>Greenspan</person> was surprised by both stories , according to knowledgeable sources , and insisted he had n't authorized any public comment .


Nevertheless , Fed officials acknowledged the stories were reasonably accurate portrayals of the central bank 's game plan .

Nevertheless , <org>Fed</org> officials acknowledged the stories were reasonably accurate portrayals of the central bank 's game plan .


It is prepared to assume the same role it played in October 1987 , providing money to the markets if necessary to keep the financial system afloat .

It is prepared to assume the same role it played in <date>October 1987</date> , providing money to the markets if necessary to keep the financial system afloat .


The Fed provides money to the banking system by buying government securities from financial institutions .

The <org>Fed</org> provides money to the banking system by buying government securities from financial institutions .


The reticence of federal officials was evident in the appearance Sunday of Budget Director Richard Darman on ABC 's `` This Week . ''

The reticence of federal officials was evident in the appearance <date>Sunday</date> of Budget Director <person>Richard Darman</person> on <org>ABC</org> 's `` This <work_of_art>Week</work_of_art> . ''