"""Train 3 transformers to compare convergence:
  1. Chebyshev residual (shallow, 12 layers)
  2. Standard residual (shallow, 12 layers)  
  3. Standard residual (deep, 24 layers, same params via smaller hidden)

All trained on same data, same compute budget.
"""
import torch
import torch.nn as nn
import torch.nn.functional as F
from torch.utils.data import DataLoader, Dataset
import math, time, json, os
import numpy as np

DEVICE = "mps"  # Apple Silicon
SEED = 42
torch.manual_seed(SEED)
np.random.seed(SEED)

# === Config ===
VOCAB = 256  # byte-level for simplicity
SEQ_LEN = 128
BATCH = 32
HIDDEN = 256
HEADS = 8
HEAD_DIM = HIDDEN // HEADS
N_STEPS = 5000
LR = 3e-4
EVAL_EVERY = 250

# === Dataset: Shakespeare byte-level ===
class ByteDataset(Dataset):
    def __init__(self, data, seq_len):
        self.data = data
        self.seq_len = seq_len
    def __len__(self):
        return len(self.data) - self.seq_len - 1
    def __getitem__(self, idx):
        x = self.data[idx:idx+self.seq_len]
        y = self.data[idx+1:idx+self.seq_len+1]
        return torch.tensor(x, dtype=torch.long), torch.tensor(y, dtype=torch.long)

# Download Shakespeare
DATA_PATH = "/tmp/shakespeare.txt"
if not os.path.exists(DATA_PATH):
    print("Downloading Shakespeare...", flush=True)
    import urllib.request
    url = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/karpathy/char-rnn/master/data/tinyshakespeare/input.txt"
    urllib.request.urlretrieve(url, DATA_PATH)

with open(DATA_PATH, "rb") as f:
    raw = list(f.read())
split = int(len(raw) * 0.9)
train_data = raw[:split]
val_data = raw[split:]
train_ds = ByteDataset(train_data, SEQ_LEN)
val_ds = ByteDataset(val_data, SEQ_LEN)
train_dl = DataLoader(train_ds, batch_size=BATCH, shuffle=True, drop_last=True)
val_dl = DataLoader(val_ds, batch_size=BATCH, shuffle=False, drop_last=True)
print("Data: %d train, %d val tokens" % (len(train_data), len(val_data)), flush=True)

# === Attention block ===
class CausalSelfAttention(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, hidden, heads):
        super().__init__()
        self.heads = heads
        self.head_dim = hidden // heads
        self.qkv = nn.Linear(hidden, 3 * hidden)
        self.out = nn.Linear(hidden, hidden)
    def forward(self, x):
        B, T, C = x.shape
        qkv = self.qkv(x).reshape(B, T, 3, self.heads, self.head_dim).permute(2, 0, 3, 1, 4)
        q, k, v = qkv[0], qkv[1], qkv[2]
        att = (q @ k.transpose(-2, -1)) * (self.head_dim ** -0.5)
        mask = torch.triu(torch.ones(T, T, device=x.device, dtype=torch.bool), diagonal=1)
        att = att.masked_fill(mask, float("-inf"))
        att = F.softmax(att, dim=-1)
        out = (att @ v).transpose(1, 2).reshape(B, T, C)
        return self.out(out)

# === MLP ===
class MLP(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, hidden):
        super().__init__()
        self.fc1 = nn.Linear(hidden, 4 * hidden)
        self.fc2 = nn.Linear(4 * hidden, hidden)
    def forward(self, x):
        return self.fc2(F.gelu(self.fc1(x)))

# === Standard Transformer Block ===
class StandardBlock(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, hidden, heads):
        super().__init__()
        self.ln1 = nn.LayerNorm(hidden)
        self.attn = CausalSelfAttention(hidden, heads)
        self.ln2 = nn.LayerNorm(hidden)
        self.mlp = MLP(hidden)
    def forward(self, x):
        x = x + self.attn(self.ln1(x))
        x = x + self.mlp(self.ln2(x))
        return x

# === Chebyshev Transformer Block ===
class ChebyshevBlock(nn.Module):
    """Two-step Chebyshev recurrence: h_{n+1} = 2*f(h_n) - h_{n-1}"""
    def __init__(self, hidden, heads):
        super().__init__()
        self.ln1 = nn.LayerNorm(hidden)
        self.attn = CausalSelfAttention(hidden, heads)
        self.ln2 = nn.LayerNorm(hidden)
        self.mlp = MLP(hidden)
        # Learnable mixing coefficient (starts at standard residual)
        self.alpha = nn.Parameter(torch.tensor(0.5))
    def forward(self, x, x_prev):
        # Compute layer output
        f_x = x + self.attn(self.ln1(x))
        f_x = f_x + self.mlp(self.ln2(f_x))
        # Chebyshev recurrence: blend between standard and two-step
        # alpha=0.5 -> standard residual, alpha=1.0 -> full Chebyshev
        alpha = torch.sigmoid(self.alpha)
        h_new = (1 + alpha) * f_x - alpha * x_prev
        return h_new

# === Full Models ===
class StandardTransformer(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, vocab, hidden, heads, n_layers):
        super().__init__()
        self.embed = nn.Embedding(vocab, hidden)
        self.pos = nn.Embedding(SEQ_LEN, hidden)
        self.blocks = nn.ModuleList([StandardBlock(hidden, heads) for _ in range(n_layers)])
        self.ln_f = nn.LayerNorm(hidden)
        self.head = nn.Linear(hidden, vocab, bias=False)
        self.n_layers = n_layers
    def forward(self, x):
        B, T = x.shape
        h = self.embed(x) + self.pos(torch.arange(T, device=x.device))
        for block in self.blocks:
            h = block(h)
        return self.head(self.ln_f(h))

class ChebyshevTransformer(nn.Module):
    def __init__(self, vocab, hidden, heads, n_layers):
        super().__init__()
        self.embed = nn.Embedding(vocab, hidden)
        self.pos = nn.Embedding(SEQ_LEN, hidden)
        self.blocks = nn.ModuleList([ChebyshevBlock(hidden, heads) for _ in range(n_layers)])
        self.ln_f = nn.LayerNorm(hidden)
        self.head = nn.Linear(hidden, vocab, bias=False)
        self.n_layers = n_layers
    def forward(self, x):
        B, T = x.shape
        h = self.embed(x) + self.pos(torch.arange(T, device=x.device))
        h_prev = h.clone()  # initial h_{-1} = h_0
        for block in self.blocks:
            h_new = block(h, h_prev)
            h_prev = h
            h = h_new
        return self.head(self.ln_f(h))

# === Training ===
def count_params(model):
    return sum(p.numel() for p in model.parameters())

def evaluate(model, dl):
    model.eval()
    total_loss = 0
    n = 0
    with torch.no_grad():
        for xb, yb in dl:
            xb, yb = xb.to(DEVICE), yb.to(DEVICE)
            logits = model(xb)
            loss = F.cross_entropy(logits.view(-1, VOCAB), yb.view(-1))
            total_loss += loss.item()
            n += 1
            if n >= 20:
                break
    model.train()
    return total_loss / n

def train_model(name, model):
    model = model.to(DEVICE)
    params = count_params(model)
    print("\n%s: %d params (%.2fM), %d layers" % (name, params, params/1e6, model.n_layers), flush=True)

    opt = torch.optim.AdamW(model.parameters(), lr=LR)
    scheduler = torch.optim.lr_scheduler.CosineAnnealingLR(opt, N_STEPS)

    losses = []
    val_losses = []
    step = 0
    t0 = time.perf_counter()

    while step < N_STEPS:
        for xb, yb in train_dl:
            if step >= N_STEPS:
                break
            xb, yb = xb.to(DEVICE), yb.to(DEVICE)
            logits = model(xb)
            loss = F.cross_entropy(logits.view(-1, VOCAB), yb.view(-1))
            opt.zero_grad()
            loss.backward()
            torch.nn.utils.clip_grad_norm_(model.parameters(), 1.0)
            opt.step()
            scheduler.step()
            losses.append(loss.item())
            step += 1

            if step % EVAL_EVERY == 0:
                vl = evaluate(model, val_dl)
                val_losses.append((step, vl))
                elapsed = time.perf_counter() - t0
                print("  step %d/%d: train=%.4f val=%.4f (%.0fs)" % (
                    step, N_STEPS, np.mean(losses[-100:]), vl, elapsed), flush=True)

    # Final eval
    vl = evaluate(model, val_dl)
    val_losses.append((step, vl))
    elapsed = time.perf_counter() - t0
    print("  FINAL: val=%.4f, %.0fs, %.1f steps/s" % (vl, elapsed, N_STEPS/elapsed), flush=True)

    return {
        "name": name,
        "params": params,
        "layers": model.n_layers,
        "train_losses": losses,
        "val_losses": val_losses,
        "time": elapsed,
        "final_val": vl,
    }

# === Deep standard: SAME hidden, MORE params (2x layers = ~2x params) ===
HIDDEN_DEEP = HIDDEN  # same width
HEADS_DEEP = HEADS    # same heads

print("=" * 60, flush=True)
print("CHEBYSHEV vs STANDARD TRANSFORMER COMPARISON", flush=True)
print("=" * 60, flush=True)
print("Shallow: %d layers, hidden=%d, heads=%d" % (12, HIDDEN, HEADS), flush=True)
print("Deep:    %d layers, hidden=%d, heads=%d" % (24, HIDDEN_DEEP, HEADS_DEEP), flush=True)
print("Steps: %d, Batch: %d, Seq: %d" % (N_STEPS, BATCH, SEQ_LEN), flush=True)

# Run all 3
results = []

# 1. Chebyshev shallow
model1 = ChebyshevTransformer(VOCAB, HIDDEN, HEADS, 12)
r1 = train_model("Chebyshev-12L", model1)
results.append(r1)
del model1
torch.mps.empty_cache() if hasattr(torch.mps, 'empty_cache') else None

# 2. Standard shallow
model2 = StandardTransformer(VOCAB, HIDDEN, HEADS, 12)
r2 = train_model("Standard-12L", model2)
results.append(r2)
del model2
torch.mps.empty_cache() if hasattr(torch.mps, 'empty_cache') else None

# 3. Standard deep (matched params)
model3 = StandardTransformer(VOCAB, HIDDEN_DEEP, HEADS_DEEP, 24)
r3 = train_model("Standard-24L", model3)
results.append(r3)
del model3

# === Summary ===
print("\n" + "=" * 60, flush=True)
print("RESULTS", flush=True)
print("=" * 60, flush=True)
print("%-20s %8s %6s %10s %10s" % ("Model", "Params", "Layers", "Final Val", "Time"), flush=True)
print("-" * 58, flush=True)
for r in results:
    print("%-20s %8d %6d %10.4f %8.0fs" % (r["name"], r["params"], r["layers"], r["final_val"], r["time"]), flush=True)

# Convergence comparison: val loss at step 1000, 2500, 5000
print("\nConvergence:", flush=True)
print("%-20s %10s %10s %10s" % ("Model", "Step 1000", "Step 2500", "Step 5000"), flush=True)
print("-" * 52, flush=True)
for r in results:
    vals = dict(r["val_losses"])
    v1k = vals.get(1000, vals.get(750, "N/A"))
    v25k = vals.get(2500, "N/A")
    v5k = vals.get(5000, vals.get(4750, "N/A"))
    print("%-20s %10s %10s %10s" % (
        r["name"],
        "%.4f" % v1k if isinstance(v1k, float) else v1k,
        "%.4f" % v25k if isinstance(v25k, float) else v25k,
        "%.4f" % v5k if isinstance(v5k, float) else v5k,
    ), flush=True)

# Save results
save = {r["name"]: {"val_losses": r["val_losses"], "params": r["params"],
                      "final_val": r["final_val"], "time": r["time"]} for r in results}
with open("/tmp/donkey_cheb_train_results.json", "w") as f:
    json.dump(save, f, indent=2)
print("\nSaved to /tmp/donkey_cheb_train_results.json", flush=True)