System:
You are an expert in research tasked with generating detailed prompts for various aspects of academic research papers. Each task involves creating a specific type of prompt based on the provided information. Here are the definitions of each part you will work with:

- Context: The status quo of related literature or reality which motivated this study. This could normally be a problem, a research question, or a research gap that has not been successfully addressed by previous work. This is anything that happened before this study.
- Key Idea: The main intellectual merit of this paper, often in comparison to the context. This could normally be a novel idea or solution proposed in this paper that distinguishes it from what's already done in literature. This is proposed in this study.
- Method: The specific research method that investigates and validates the key idea. This could be an experimental setup, a theoretical framework, or other necessary methodology to implement and/or evaluate the key idea. This is performed in this study.
- Outcome: The factual statement about the study output. This could be the experiment results and any other measurable outcome that has occurred. It marks whether the key hypothesis is testified or not. This is produced in this study.
- Projected Impact: The author-anticipated impact of the work on the field, and potential further research identified by the author that may improve or extend this study. This is anything being anticipated but has not happened yet.

Based on the context: 'Automated content moderation requires accurate, context-sensitive hate speech evaluation, and multimodal large language models could improve this by integrating contextual information, necessitating assessment of their performance and alignment with human judgement.', the key idea: 'The study uses conjoint experiments to systematically audit MLLMs' context-sensitive hate speech evaluations by varying post attributes and benchmarking model decisions against human judgements, including tests of prompting and sensitivity to visual identity cues.', and the method: 'Models were given a hate speech policy and evaluated simulated social media posts that varied in slur usage, user demographics and other attributes; their decisions were benchmarked against judgements from 1,854 human participants, with further analyses of prompting effects and responsiveness to visual identity cues.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Larger, more advanced models made context-sensitive evaluations closely aligned with human judgement; pervasive demographic and lexical biases persisted, particularly among smaller models; prompting amplified context sensitivity but did not eliminate biases, and some models were especially responsive to visual identity cues.


Based on the context: 'Comparing information structures between deep neural networks and the human brain is a key approach, with prior work showing vision–language models (e.g., CLIP) align better with ventral occipitotemporal cortex activity than vision-only models, but interpretation is limited by the black-box nature of DNNs.', the key idea: 'Combine model–brain fitness analyses with human brain-lesion data to causally test how disrupting communication between visual and language systems affects the ability of vision–language models to explain visual cortex activity, thereby probing language modulation of human vision.', and the method: 'Across four datasets, evaluate model–brain correspondence in VOTC for CLIP versus label-supervised (ResNet) and unsupervised (MoCo) models, assess lateralization, and analyze 33 stroke patients by correlating white matter integrity between VOTC and the left angular gyrus with model–brain similarity.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

CLIP consistently captured unique variance in VOTC neural representations relative to ResNet and MoCo, with a left-lateralized advantage; reduced visual–language white matter integrity was associated with decreased CLIP–brain correspondence and increased MoCo–brain correspondence.


Based on the context: 'Climate-related disasters like wildfires and floods pose escalating risks, yet motivating individuals to adopt protective measures is a persistent challenge due to barriers such as psychological distance.', the key idea: 'A behavioral intervention personalizes climate risk communications by integrating proximal cues (e.g., recipients' suburbs) to reduce psychological distance and foster place attachment.', and the method: 'A pre-registered randomized field experiment with 12,985 Australian homeowners in wildfire-prone areas compared localized, place-cued emails to generic communications and measured click-throughs and information-seeking about wildfire preparedness.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Localized messages doubled the likelihood of seeking further preparedness information compared to generic messages (odds ratio 2.03, 95% CI 1.33–3.16), increasing click-throughs and engagement.


Based on the context: 'Collision-like, contact-based causes are central in theories of causation, yet many causes involve no direct contact, motivating study of how causal language relates to causal reasoning.', the key idea: 'The paper posits a tight link between semantics/pragmatics and causal cognition, investigating how children map causal verbs to different types of causes (proximal vs. distal and absences), with the proposal that lexical causatives denote direct causes and periphrastic causatives denote indirect causes.', and the method: 'Three experiments with 691 children and 270 adults measured how participants applied verbs like 'caused' and 'broke' to events involving proximal/distal causes and absences, including eliciting explanations via 'why' questions.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Four-year-olds mapped 'caused' to distal causes and 'broke' to proximal causes; they did not initially map 'caused' to absences but referenced absences when asked 'why' an outcome occurred; by age 4, lexical causatives were linked to direct causes and periphrastic causatives to indirect causes, with understanding of causation by absence developing later.


Based on the context: 'Debates on the drivers of state formation emphasize agriculture as a catalyst, with competing claims that intensive agriculture’s surplus enabled states, that cereal grains’ taxation potential was pivotal, and that writing emerged to record taxes.', the key idea: 'The study proposes a global phylogenetic approach to test the temporal relationships among grain cultivation, intensive agriculture, taxation, writing, and state formation across cultures.', and the method: 'Trait data from 868 cultures were mapped onto a worldwide language tree and analyzed using Bayesian phylogenetic methods to infer the sequence and associations among the traits and state formation.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Analyses indicate intensive agriculture was as likely a consequence as a cause of state formation; grain cultivation most likely preceded state formation and predicted taxation; writing more likely emerged in tax-raising societies and was not lost once states formed; causal interpretations are limited by model assumptions and small sample sizes in some data.


Based on the context: 'Human language exhibits systematic structure with words and phrases, motivating an explanation of how such structure arises and its relation to general cognitive constraints.', the key idea: 'Languages can be understood as codes that minimize predictive information, leading to systematic and local expression of approximately independent features akin to words and phrases.', and the method: 'The study uses simulations to examine codes that minimize predictive information and analyzes cross-linguistic text corpora to compare predictive information against baselines at phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexical semantics.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Simulations show that minimizing predictive information yields message groupings into approximately independent features expressed locally, and empirical analyses find that human languages have low predictive information compared with baselines across multiple linguistic levels.


Based on the context: 'Humans possess culturally dependent repertoires that exceed individual innovation capacity, and it is unclear whether non-human animals require social learning to achieve adult-like breadths of knowledge by key developmental milestones or can rely primarily on independent exploration.', the key idea: 'The study proposes that orangutan diet repertoires are culturally dependent and that social learning is critical to drive diet development beyond individual exploratory potentials.', and the method: 'An empirically validated agent-based model was built from an extensive dataset of wild orangutan behavior to simulate immature diet development under conditions with and without multiple forms of social learning.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

In the model, diets reached adult-like breadths only when immatures benefited from multiple social learning mechanisms, and social learning was necessary for achieving adult-like breadths by the age of independence from mothers.


Based on the context: 'Due to deinstitutionalization, police often serve as first responders to mental health crises and can initiate involuntary psychiatric detentions, which are controversial, costly, and sometimes medically inappropriate.', the key idea: 'Assess the causal impact of a ‘co-responder’ program that pairs mental health professionals with police on qualified emergency calls, targeting reductions in involuntary psychiatric detentions without adverse public safety effects.', and the method: 'Two quasi-experimental designs using incident-level data from California communities evaluate the program’s effects on involuntary psychiatric detentions, calls for service, criminal offenses, and arrests.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

The co-responder program reduced involuntary psychiatric detentions by 16.5% (370 fewer over 2 years; b = −0.180, 95% CI −0.325 to −0.034) with no detectable effects on calls for service, criminal offenses, or arrests, and reductions reflect both altered incident disposition and fewer future mental health emergencies.


Based on the context: 'Human languages are highly diverse, yet linguists have long debated the extent and causes of recurring grammatical universals.', the key idea: 'The study rigorously tests 191 proposed grammatical universals using the Grambank database with Bayesian spatiophylogenetic analyses that account for genealogical descent and geographical proximity.', and the method: 'Bayesian analyses of grammatical features across the world's languages in Grambank, incorporating both genealogy and geography, alongside evolutionary analyses of language change to evaluate proposed universals.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Statistical support is found for about one-third of the proposed universals, primarily involving word order and hierarchical universals; evolutionary analyses show that languages tend to change in ways that converge on preferred patterns.


Based on the context: 'Reinforcement learning algorithms have been successful in explaining reward-based learning, including instrumental learning in contextual bandit tasks and accounting for brain signal variance, but human reward learning involves multiple processes like memory and choice perseveration that can be misattributed to RL.', the key idea: 'The study examines how much human reward-based learning is truly supported by RL computations and proposes a dual-process account combining a fast working-memory-based mechanism with a slower habit-like associative mechanism.', and the method: 'The author reanalyzes and conducts computational modeling across seven datasets (n=594) from diverse samples in an instrumental learning context designed to factor out other processes.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Reward-based learning behavior is best explained by the joint influence of a fast working-memory process and a slower habit-like associative process, neither of which aligns with a standard RL algorithm on its own.


Based on the context: 'Computational modelling in psychology and neuroscience faces underappreciated challenges, with appropriate sample size determination—especially for model selection analyses—being critical but often overlooked.', the key idea: 'A power analysis framework for Bayesian model selection is introduced to guide sample size decisions and evaluate the ability to correctly identify the true model among alternatives.', and the method: 'The study develops a power analysis framework for Bayesian model selection and applies it to an empirical review of 52 psychology and human neuroscience studies, while examining the statistical properties of fixed effects model selection.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Power increases with sample size and decreases as more models are considered; 41 of 52 reviewed studies had less than 80% probability of correctly identifying the true model; fixed effects model selection shows high false positive rates and strong sensitivity to outliers.


Based on the context: 'The study is motivated by the question of how the human brain resolves conflicts in sensory input to generate conscious perception, examined through binocular rivalry.', the key idea: 'The paper identifies mesoscale mechanisms whereby interocular inhibition between adjacent ocular dominance columns in the superficial layers of primary visual cortex, together with eye-specific feedback from the intraparietal sulcus, resolve local perceptual conflicts into coherent conscious perception.', and the method: 'High-resolution 7T functional MRI was used to measure column- and layer-specific activity in human cortical and subcortical regions during binocular rivalry, probing ocular dominance columns in V1, ocular layers in the LGN, and feedback from the intraparietal sulcus.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Eye-specific rivalry arises from interocular inhibition in superficial V1 ocular dominance columns rather than LGN ocular layers, and intraparietal sulcus feedback actively biases and synchronizes local V1 competitions into perceptually coherent representations even without awareness of eye-of-origin information.


Based on the context: 'There is growing interest in how individuals adjust goals when encountering striving difficulties, but research is fragmented across theoretical perspectives and life domains.', the key idea: 'A comprehensive meta-analytic review introduces a conceptual model that categorizes and maps antecedents and outcomes of goal disengagement, reengagement, and goal-striving flexibility to consolidate the field.', and the method: 'A systematic search across multiple databases (last updated May 2025) identified eligible studies on predictors and outcomes of goal adjustment; 1,421 effect sizes from 235 studies were categorized and analyzed using random-effects meta-analyses, with study quality assessed using QualSyst.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

The review found associations between multiple antecedent categories and goal disengagement, reengagement and flexibility, and between these aspects of goal adjustment and wellbeing, functional, and goal-related outcomes; each aspect is predicted by unique combinations of antecedents and predicts distinct outcomes. The overall evidence quality was judged low to moderate due to reliance on cross-sectional studies, risk of publication bias, and high heterogeneity.


Based on the context: 'Sensorimotor feedback underlies active sensing, and in olfaction the sniff is the primary motor behavior; it is expected that sniff dynamics vary with detailed odour characteristics and correspond to neural activity.', the key idea: 'Fine-grained perceptual features of odours, including odour identity, can modulate sniff dynamics and be inferred from them, with olfactory cortical areas modulating sniffing in real time.', and the method: 'Analysis of a high-precision functional MRI dataset comprising more than 4,300 sniffs per participant across 160 odours over approximately 18 hours, probing the relationship between odour-induced sniff modulations, perceptual features, and brain activity in olfactory regions.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Fine-grained odour information and odour identity were decoded from sniffing dynamics, and olfactory brain regions, particularly the amygdala, were involved in percept-driven modulation of sniffing behavior.


Based on the context: 'Brain-wide association studies have focused on inter-regional coupling, while intra-regional spontaneous dynamics remain largely unexplored despite their importance for understanding inter-individual differences.', the key idea: 'Characterizing intra-regional resting-state haemodynamic dynamics with rich time-series features to derive stable, individual-specific 'barcodes' that capture inter-individual variation and enable generalizable brain–behaviour associations beyond traditional connectivity measures.', and the method: 'Analyzed four neuroimaging cohorts (ages 8–82 years; N=30,148), extracted ~5,000 time-series features from resting-state signals across 271 brain regions, identified a reliable subset as individual barcodes, and tested associations between barcode dimensions and behavioural traits (substance use, general cognitive abilities) across datasets and age groups.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Stable individual-specific barcodes were identified across datasets; nonlinear autocorrelations in unimodal regions were linked to substance use traits and random walk dynamics in higher-order networks to general cognitive abilities; these associations generalized across life stages and populations, with age-specific variation for substance use and consistent patterns for cognition.


Based on the context: 'Artificial neural networks often experience interference when acquiring new knowledge, and it is commonly claimed that humans overcome this challenge.', the key idea: 'Humans show similar patterns of transfer and interference to artificial neural networks during continual learning, with identifiable individual differences ('lumpers' vs. 'splitters') that correspond to network regimes promoting overlapping versus distinct representations.', and the method: 'Participants and neural networks learned sequential rule-based tasks in an A–B–A design, with task similarity manipulated; transfer and interference were measured via retesting, and networks were trained in rich (overlapping) or lazy (distinct) regimes to mirror human behavioral profiles.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Both humans and networks benefited more from prior knowledge when tasks were similar but exhibited greater interference when retested; in networks this arose from reusing representations that accelerate new learning while overwriting prior knowledge; humans included 'lumpers' with more interference and better transfer and 'splitters' with less interference and worse transfer, mirrored by network training regimes.


Based on the context: 'Attention is a crucial form of capital on social media, yet the mechanisms governing its allocation remain poorly understood.', the key idea: 'Attention depends more on how users express themselves (e.g., emoji variety and multiple emotions) than on who they are (e.g., demographics, background, personality), and attention is easier to acquire than to sustain.', and the method: 'The study analyzes a nationally representative, online–offline-integrated dataset of a Generation Z cohort in China, conducts causal analyses of expression features on attention, and uses agent-based simulations to probe underlying mechanisms.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Expression features have a causal effect on attracting attention and outweigh demographic and background factors; empathy evocation emerges as the primary mechanism; expression modes are largely independent of individual characteristics; attention from highly appealing expressions is sensitive to changes over time and thus hard to sustain.


Based on the context: 'Young adults face rising loneliness and mental health challenges, motivating research on barriers to social connection.', the key idea: 'The study introduces an 'empathy perception gap'—people underestimate others’ empathy—and proposes bridging this gap by presenting peers’ self-reported empathy and nudging social risk-taking to foster connection.', and the method: 'A longitudinal study of 5,192 undergraduates assessed perceived peer empathy and well-being, complemented by two field experiments that shared data on peers’ empathy and provided behavioral nudges encouraging social risk-taking.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Perceiving peers as empathic was associated with better current and future well-being; students systematically underestimated peers’ empathy, and lower perceived empathy predicted reduced social risk-taking and increased isolation. Interventions reduced the perception gap, increased social behaviors, and expanded social networks months later.


Based on the context: 'Emotional events are vividly remembered and emotions involve brain-wide network interactions, but it is unclear whether and how whole-brain dynamics contribute to memory encoding.', the key idea: 'Emotional arousal enhances memory encoding by strengthening functional integration across large-scale brain networks, with an integrated brain state (increased cohesion across functional modules) proposed as the mechanism linking arousal to recall fidelity.', and the method: 'Functional MRI, graph theory, text analyses, and pupillometry were combined in a naturalistic paradigm where participants perceived narratives and later recalled them in their own words, analyzing three independent datasets to test associations and mediation among arousal, network integration, and memory fidelity.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Emotionally arousing narrative moments were associated with increased functional integration across brain networks, which predicted subsequent recall fidelity, and network integration mediated the effect of arousal on recall, supported by consistent within- and between-network interactions across datasets.


Based on the context: 'Psychometric network models are widely used to explore multivariate data, with edges interpreted as evidence of conditional associations, yet the statistical support for these edges is seldom evaluated.', the key idea: 'Quantify the statistical evidence for network edges using a Bayesian approach (inclusion Bayes factors) to assess how strongly reported associations are supported.', and the method: 'Reanalysis of 293 networks from 126 published papers using inclusion Bayes factors (BF10) for each edge, categorizing evidence strength and examining how sample size relates to robustness.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

About one-third of edges showed inconclusive evidence (1/3 < BF10 < 3), roughly half showed weak evidence (BF10 > 3 or BF10 < 1/3), and fewer than 20% were strongly supported (BF10 > 10 or BF10 < 1/10); larger sample sizes yielded more robust networks.


Based on the context: 'Climate change impacts vary across locations, raising the possibility that migration from high-risk to lower-risk areas could reduce future damages; assessing whether such migration is already occurring can inform expectations about future responses.', the key idea: 'The study examines whether hurricanes and tropical storms trigger county-level outmigration in the USA and whether migration reduces exposure, leveraging comprehensive storm path data and differentiating responses by storm destructiveness and local economic activity.', and the method: 'An empirical analysis uses data on the paths of all Atlantic basin hurricanes and tropical storms from 1992 to 2017 to relate county-level outmigration to storm exposure, track population-weighted exposure over time, and compare responses by storm severity and economic activity.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

On average, storms are not followed by outmigration and population-weighted exposure to storms increased over 1992–2017; very destructive storms lead to outmigration, often to other high-risk counties; counties with high economic activity experience net in-migration after a storm, indicating that benefits of high-risk areas outweigh incentives to relocate to reduce future exposure.


Based on the context: 'Prior research on seriation suggests children struggle to apply algorithmic strategies in simple sorting tasks, despite efficient algorithms enhancing problem-solving.', the key idea: 'Children can spontaneously discover and apply efficient sorting algorithms when faced with a more demanding variant of the task with hidden ranks, indicating greater competence than previously believed.', and the method: 'Children completed a sorting task with animated bunnies whose heights were hidden behind a wall; their performance and strategies were analyzed across ages to identify spontaneous use of efficient algorithms.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Children performed far above chance, independently discovered efficient algorithms such as selection sort and shaker sort, and older children sorted more effectively and used efficient strategies more frequently.


Based on the context: 'Addressing societal challenges requires unrelated individuals to reduce conflict and coordinate actions, yet the role of honour—often studied in relation to conflict—in competition and cooperation is underexplored.', the key idea: 'The study examines how perceived normative honour values and personally endorsed honour values predict competition and cooperation, framing honour as a cultural logic with distinct forms.', and the method: 'A preregistered online experiment with 3,371 participants from 13 societies elicited incentivized competition decisions in a contest game and cooperation decisions in a step-level public goods game, alongside measures of perceived societal honour norms and personal honour endorsements.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Perceived normative honour values were associated with greater competition and greater cooperation at both societal and individual levels; endorsing defence of family reputation predicted greater coordination, while endorsing self-promotion and retaliation predicted weaker coordination.


Based on the context: 'It was unclear whether maternal and paternal risks of suicide attempt differ during and after pregnancy.', the key idea: 'The study investigates week-specific sex differences in parental suicide attempt risk across preconception, pregnancy, and the postpartum year, including whether the typical sex difference observed in the general population reverses.', and the method: 'A nationwide register-based study in Sweden covering 2,196,276 pregnancies defined the year before conception, pregnancy, and the year after birth, and estimated week-specific incidence rate ratios of suicide attempts for mothers and fathers.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

There were 7,469 suicide attempts among mothers (1.39 per 1,000 person-years) and 8,338 among fathers (1.62 per 1,000 person-years); mothers had lower risk during and after pregnancy with the lowest IRR of 0.14 (0.11–0.17) in the first postpartum week; fathers’ risk was stable before childbirth, lower in the first 10 postpartum weeks (IRRs 0.69–0.91), and higher later postpartum (IRRs 1.10–1.72); compared to fathers, mothers had lower risk during and after pregnancy (e.g., IRR 0.22 (0.18–0.28) in the first postpartum week), indicating a reversal of the typical sex difference during and after pregnancy.


Based on the context: 'Economic games integrated with network science are used to study social behavior, but traditional models and experiments restrict players from taking different actions toward distinct social neighbors, limiting social networking agency.', the key idea: 'Introducing and manipulating social networking agency—allowing individuals to tailor actions to each neighbor—to examine its effects on cooperation, trust, and fairness in economic games.', and the method: 'An experimental paradigm that varies network agency was applied to the prisoner’s dilemma, trust game, and ultimatum game (N=735 each), comparing groups with greater agency to control groups on prosocial behaviors, wealth, and inequality.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Granting greater network agency increased cooperation, trust, and fairness across all three games and led to higher wealth and lower inequality relative to control groups.


Based on the context: 'Social norms messaging is widely used as a cost-effective strategy to change health behaviors, but its overall effectiveness has not been comprehensively evaluated.', the key idea: 'A pre-registered, comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials assesses the effectiveness of social norms messaging on health behaviors, incorporating robust adjustments for publication bias and moderator analyses.', and the method: 'Randomized controlled trials from developed countries targeting individuals aged 16+ were systematically identified across multiple databases; risk of bias was assessed with Cochrane RoB 2 by two reviewers; a random-effects meta-analysis standardized effects to Cohen’s d, evaluated heterogeneity with I², applied robust Bayesian meta-analysis to adjust for publication bias, and conducted moderator analyses by message type, delivery modality, health domain, and population.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Across 89 studies (n=85,759), social norms messaging showed a small pooled effect (d=0.1, 95% CI [0.09, 0.19], P<0.001) that disappeared after controlling for publication bias; moderator analyses revealed no significant differences by message type, modality, health domain, or population.


Based on the context: 'Low-socioeconomic-status and immigrant households benefit most from high-quality early childcare yet access it least, with large enrolment disparities in France; cognitive and behavioral barriers are suspected contributors.', the key idea: 'Reducing administrative burden and information costs through informational interventions and personalized support is proposed to address social inequalities in early childcare applications and access.', and the method: 'A multi-arm randomized controlled trial with 1,849 households in France tested an information-only intervention versus personalized support aimed at alleviating administrative burdens, measuring effects on application and access rates.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

The information-only treatment had minimal impact, while personalized support significantly eliminated SES and migration gaps in applications; despite higher application rates, impacts on access rates for low-SES and immigrant households were limited.


Based on the context: 'School interventions aimed at improving adolescents’ general knowledge of vaccination are rare, despite their potential to reduce vaccine hesitancy.', the key idea: 'Two scalable school-based interventions—a set of ready-to-use pedagogical activities for teachers and a chatbot—are proposed to improve adolescents’ attitudes toward and knowledge of vaccination compared to the standard curriculum.', and the method: 'A cluster-randomized trial with 8,589 French ninth graders from 399 schools compared the two interventions against the standard curriculum, measuring changes in attitudes toward vaccination (primary outcome) and knowledge.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.


Based on the context: 'Understanding how sentences are represented in the human brain and in large language models is a substantial challenge for cognitive science.', the key idea: 'A one-shot rule-inference task is introduced to test whether humans and large language models encode tree-structured constituents within sentences by guiding deletions of words.', and the method: 'Participants (N=372; native Chinese or English speakers and bilinguals) and large language models (e.g., ChatGPT) were asked to infer which words should be deleted from sentences, and analyses assessed whether deletions aligned with constituency rules specific to Chinese and English.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Both humans and large language models preferentially deleted constituents rather than non-constituent strings, in a language-specific manner; these patterns cannot be explained by models based only on word properties or positions, and the deleted strings allow successful reconstruction of the underlying constituency tree structure, demonstrating latent tree-structured representations in both groups.


Based on the context: 'Private hosting of refugees in Europe has increased during the Ukrainian displacement crisis, but its impact on refugee integration remains understudied.', the key idea: 'The study assesses the short- to medium-term effects of private hosting on multidimensional integration outcomes for Ukrainian refugees in Germany by leveraging a matching platform dataset.', and the method: 'Using data from a large non-profit platform, the study compares integration outcomes of refugees matched with private hosts to those of observably similar applicants who were not matched (n=1,700), evaluating social, psychological, navigational, linguistic, economic, and political dimensions.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Private hosting led to significant improvements in social, psychological, and navigational integration, with no discernible effects on linguistic, economic, or political integration; the study provides causal evidence of these effects.


Based on the context: 'Traditional smoking cessation interventions have limited coverage, and while digital approaches show promise, their comparative efficacy across methodological frameworks and technology types is unclear.', the key idea: 'The study systematically compares digital smoking cessation interventions by methodology and technology type to determine which approaches are most effective relative to standard care.', and the method: 'A frequentist random-effects network meta-analysis of 152 randomized controlled trials categorized interventions by methodology and technology type, with cross-matched subgroup and sensitivity analyses.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Personalized interventions improved cessation versus standard care (RR 1.86, 95% CI 1.54–2.24); group-customized interventions were more effective (RR 1.93, 95% CI 1.30–2.86) than standard digital interventions (RR 1.50, 95% CI 1.31–1.72); text message-based interventions were most effective (RR 1.63, 95% CI 1.38–1.92); middle-aged individuals benefited more than younger individuals; short- and medium-term programs outperformed long-term ones; sensitivity analyses supported these low-to-moderate findings, with limitations including methodological heterogeneity, potential bias, inconsistent definitions, and limited long-term follow-up.


Based on the context: 'Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is sensitive to individual biophysical differences such as hair and skin characteristics, which can bias signal quality and disproportionately affect diverse populations.', the key idea: 'The study quantifies how hair properties, skin pigmentation, and other factors affect fNIRS signal quality and proposes practical recommendations to enhance inclusivity in fNIRS research.', and the method: 'Signal quality was assessed in n=115 individuals while measuring hair properties, skin pigmentation, head size, sex, and age; the authors also developed a suggested metadata table and guidance for cap and optode configurations and hair management techniques.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Hair properties and skin pigmentation, along with head size, sex, and age, were found to impact fNIRS signal quality, and the study produced recommendations to optimize data collection across varied participants.


Based on the context: 'Prior research has established that human mobility exhibits scale-free patterns and proposed models explaining these distributions, but it has not explicitly addressed how geographical constraints (landmasses, waterways, and built environment) structure mobility.', the key idea: 'The study separates the effect of geography from mobility choices by incorporating geography via the pair distribution function, revealing an underlying power-law behavior across five orders of magnitude and linking spatial settlement structure to mobility.', and the method: 'Using millions of movement records, the authors apply physics-based models and integrate geography through the pair distribution function to encapsulate the structure of locations, thereby decoupling geographical layout from observed mobility choices.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Separating geography from mobility choices reveals a power law spanning five orders of magnitude and identifies an underlying pattern in movement independent of geographical layout, showing how the spatial distribution of human settlements shapes human mobility.


Based on the context: 'Complementary, alternative and integrative medicine (CAIM) use is highly prevalent among autistic individuals, but the evidence for its effects remains uncertain.', the key idea: 'Conduct an umbrella review of meta-analyses on CAIM for autism across the lifespan and develop a web platform to standardize and disseminate the findings.', and the method: 'Five databases were searched up to December 31, 2023 for systematic reviews with meta-analyses; independent pairs of investigators screened and extracted data; meta-analyses were reestimated using a consistent statistical approach, methodological quality was assessed with AMSTAR-2, and certainty of evidence was appraised using an algorithmic GRADE framework.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Fifty-three meta-analytic reports were identified, enabling 248 meta-analyses across 19 CAIMs; no high-quality evidence supports the efficacy of any CAIM for core or associated autism symptoms, with several showing promising but very low-quality evidence; safety is rarely evaluated; an interactive platform was launched (https://ebiact-database.com).


Based on the context: 'There is a lack of large-scale studies examining cultural differences and generational trends in spousal correlations for psychiatric disorders, even though spousal trait similarity can affect prevalence, comorbidity, and bias genetic architecture estimates.', the key idea: 'A large-scale, cross-national and generational investigation assesses the consistency of spousal correlations across nine psychiatric disorders.', and the method: 'Analyses of three national registries computed spousal trait correlations: Taiwan (five million spousal pairs), Denmark (571,534 pairs), and published Swedish results (707,263 pairs), with generational changes examined in Taiwan for cohorts born after the 1930s.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

A majority of psychiatric disorders show consistent spousal correlations across nations and over generations, and spouses often share psychiatric disorders.


Based on the context: 'Systemic racism drives racial disparities in the US, but while structural and interpersonal racism are well characterized, cultural racism lacks a robust, validated measure.', the key idea: 'A theory-driven, empirical latent measure of cultural racism is developed using nine indicators to quantify this dimension of systemic racism.', and the method: 'Confirmatory factor analysis on nine indicators defines the cultural racism factor, followed by analysis of CDC WONDER mortality data (2018–2021) to assess associations with all-cause mortality rates and life expectancy for Black and white adults.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Each unit increase in the cultural racism factor is associated with approximately 136 (95% CI: 90 to 182) additional all-cause deaths per 100,000 and about a one-year decline in life expectancy (−1; 95% CI: −2 to −1), with associations consistent across Black and white adults.


Based on the context: 'Resistance to cognitive biases is a crucial component of rationality that affects judgement and decision-making, motivating a synthesis of educational debiasing efforts.', the key idea: 'A systematic review and meta-analysis quantifies the effectiveness of educational interventions in reducing cognitive biases among students, focusing on randomized controlled trials.', and the method: 'A systematic review identified 54 randomized controlled trials (383 effect sizes; 10,941 participants) and a meta-analysis synthesized 160 effects from 41 studies; most interventions used cognitive strategies targeting biases (e.g., confirmation bias), and risk of bias and publication bias were assessed.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Educational interventions produced a small but statistically significant reduction in committing biases compared with controls (g = 0.26, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.39, P < 0.001); some biases (e.g., representativeness heuristic) were harder to overcome; included studies had unclear or high risk of bias and some risk of publication bias.


Based on the context: 'As populations age globally, ensuring equitable access to essential services for older adults is increasingly important.', the key idea: 'A fairness index is introduced to compare revealed service accessibility between high-ageing and low-ageing Census Block Groups across health care, housing, and food.', and the method: 'The study constructs a fairness index and analyzes datasets spanning diverse demographic and geographic contexts to assess revealed accessibility of key services for ageing populations across the USA, including comparisons between high-ageing and low-ageing areas and projections over time.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Ageing communities generally exhibit better accessibility, but the advantage is uneven and projected to decline; up to 70% of high-ageing areas in some states lack access to ageing-specific services, indicating substantial geographic disparities.


Based on the context: 'It is unknown whether information from different sensory modalities is accumulated by distinct processes and whether these processes have separate decision criteria during multisensory detection.', the key idea: 'Auditory and visual evidence are accumulated in distinct processes that sub-additively co-activate a single, thresholded motor process during redundant detection.', and the method: 'Two experiments (n=22; n=21) employed a paradigm tracing neural evidence accumulation via centro-parietal positivity, modeled alongside response time distributions; analyses included redundant and conjunctive audio-visual detection, joint neural–behavioral modeling, and a follow-up onset-asynchrony experiment.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Auditory and visual evidence were found to be accumulated in distinct processes, and cumulative evidence in the two modalities sub-additively co-activated a single motor process during redundant detection.


Based on the context: 'Multiple overlapping socioeconomic vulnerabilities are associated with an increased burden of HIV and progression to AIDS among Brazilian women.', the key idea: 'The study assesses the intersectional effectiveness of the Programa Bolsa Família conditional cash transfer on reducing AIDS incidence and AIDS-related mortality among low-income daughters and mothers.', and the method: 'Using a quasi-experimental impact evaluation design, the authors analyze a cohort of 12.3 million low-income Brazilian women (2007–2015) to estimate rate ratios for AIDS incidence and AIDS-related mortality associated with participation in PBF, stratified by intersecting vulnerabilities.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

PBF was associated with reductions in AIDS incidence and mortality: daughters had RR 0.53 (incidence) and RR 0.45 (mortality); mothers had RR 0.58 (incidence) and RR 0.57 (mortality), with stronger effects among those with one or two intersecting vulnerabilities, notably brown/Black and extremely low income (RR 0.47), and the greatest effect in extremely low-income, brown/Black mothers with higher education (RR 0.44).


Based on the context: 'Many controversies arise from disagreements between moral rules and utilitarian cost–benefit reasoning.', the key idea: 'Moral learning from outcomes can shift individuals’ reliance between rule-based and cost–benefit decision strategies, with metacognitive learning about strategies shaping moral decision-making.', and the method: 'Across four experiments (total N=2,328), participants faced realistic dilemmas between rule-prescribed and CBR choices, observed the consequences before the next dilemma over 13 choices, and were analyzed using computational modelling to assess metacognitive versus action-specific learning; transfer to donation decisions and moral convictions was also measured.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Participants adaptively adjusted their decisions according to which strategy produced better consequences, modelling indicated many learned about decision strategies in general, and learning transferred to incentive-compatible donation decisions and moral convictions beyond the experiment.


Based on the context: 'Prior research often uses composite socioeconomic status measures and examines either health or happiness, leaving unclear the distinct effects of income versus education on health and well-being, amid rising inequality.', the key idea: 'The study separates SES indicators (income and education) to assess their unique associations with both health and well-being at individual and community levels using daily-life data.', and the method: 'A large adult sample (N=71,385) from more than 10 countries and 13,089 U.S. ZIP codes was analyzed; a subset (N=29,567) participated in a 3-week Ecological Momentary Assessment providing daily reports of emotions, blood pressure, and heart rate (Nobs=329,543).', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Higher education was consistently linked to better health indicators, higher income was associated with greater well-being, and individual-level SES predicted outcomes more strongly than community-level SES.


Based on the context: 'Style is a major form of creative expression, yet prior work has focused on its social, political, and aesthetic significance rather than the cognitive and computational mechanisms underlying style perception.', the key idea: 'Style perception is characterized as a process that separates form from content, proposing that this capacity is grounded in psychological mechanisms that parse stylistic information independently of object identity.', and the method: 'Ten experiments using classic psychophysical paradigms with both naturalistic images and synthetic stimuli, complemented by an object recognition model to capture human judgments of image similarity across different styles.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Experiments reveal perceptual tuning to stylistic information, representational constancy across stylistic variation, and mental rendering of novel styled objects; the object recognition model successfully captures human similarity judgments across styles.


Based on the context: 'Extinction learning suppresses fear responses and is central to understanding anxiety disorders, but it is unclear whether rodent findings on amygdala/hippocampal theta oscillations and context-dependent engrams apply to humans or how they relate to episodic memory mechanisms.', the key idea: 'The study investigates human extinction learning by combining intracranial EEG with representational similarity analysis, proposing that extinction relies on stable, context-specific memory traces coordinated across the extinction network and that amygdala theta oscillations signal safety rather than threat.', and the method: 'Intracranial EEG recordings from epilepsy patients during fear and extinction learning were analyzed alongside representational similarity analysis to characterize cue- and context-specific memory traces and their coordination, including assessments of theta oscillations and predictive relationships tested in a subsequent period.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Amygdala theta oscillations during extinction signaled safety; extinction memory traces were stable, context-specific, and coordinated across the network; context specificity during extinction predicted reoccurrence of fear memory traces at test, and reoccurrence of extinction memory traces predicted safety responses; mutual competition of fear and extinction traces explains fear renewal and extinction retrieval.


Based on the context: 'Prior neuroimaging work found that friends exhibit neural similarities, but cross-sectional designs left unclear whether neural similarity precedes friendship or emerges from it; various factors like proximity and interpersonal similarities are known correlates of friendship.', the key idea: 'Pre-existing neural similarity in responses to naturalistic stimuli predicts who will become friends and grow closer in a developing social network.', and the method: 'Neural responses to movie clips were recorded from strangers before they met, and their friendship network was tracked from two to eight months later; analyses examined social network distances and changes over time, controlled for sociodemographic similarities, and localized implicated neural processes.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Higher pre-existing neural similarity predicted closer network proximity and friendship eight months later, and people who grew closer over six months had been more neurally similar as strangers; these effects persisted after controlling for sociodemographic similarities, with localization pointing to similarities in interpretation, attention, and emotional responses.


Based on the context: 'There has been speculation about the extent of large language model usage in academic writing, with a need for systematic measurement across scientific publishing.', the key idea: 'The study proposes a population-level framework based on word frequency shifts to estimate the prevalence of LLM-modified text in scientific papers over time.', and the method: 'A systematic analysis was conducted on 1,121,912 preprints and published papers from January 2020 to September 2024 across arXiv, bioRxiv, and Nature portfolio journals, applying a word frequency shift-based estimator to detect LLM modification. The analysis examined trends by field and associations with first-author preprint frequency, research area crowdedness, and paper length.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

LLM usage shows a steady increase, with the largest and fastest growth in computer science (up to 22%) and lower evidence in mathematics and Nature portfolio journals (up to 9%). Estimates of LLM modification are higher in papers from frequent preprint posters, in crowded research areas, and in shorter papers, indicating broad use of LLMs in scientific writing.


Based on the context: 'Altruism supports cooperative behavior, and the study explores whether widely used large language models generate completions simulating altruism when prompted like dictator game experiments.', the key idea: 'The paper tests early language models with dictator-game-style prompts to evaluate whether they simulate altruism versus payoff maximization and examines robustness across models, parameters, phrasing, currencies, and instruction sets using explainable AI techniques.', and the method: 'Experiments in late 2022 and early 2023 prompted models (including text-davinci-003 and later GPT-4) with dictator-game-like inputs and non-social decision tasks, replicated the tests, varied prompt phrasing, model parameters, and currencies, and used explainable AI to assess effects of instructions to ignore past research or focus on participants' needs.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Text-davinci-003 consistently simulated payoff maximization in non-social tasks but altruism in dictator games; similar patterns held under replication, prompt and parameter changes, currency variations, and for GPT-4; instructing the system to ignore past research had little effect, whereas focusing on particular participants' needs noticeably changed results.


Based on the context: 'Prevailing accounts treat social learning strategies as fixed heuristics independent of experience, which cannot explain the observed flexibility and individual variability in whom people choose to learn from.', the key idea: 'A domain-general, feature-based reward learning framework is proposed that formalizes how individuals learn to associate social features (such as others’ behavior or success) with reward, providing a unifying mechanistic account of social learning strategies.', and the method: 'Six experiments (n=1,941) measure adjustments in social learning in response to experienced rewards, complemented by agent-based simulations that examine how the learning process generates key social learning strategies across different environments.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

People flexibly adjust their social learning based on experienced rewards, and simulations demonstrate that this learning mechanism produces canonical social learning strategies across diverse environments.


Based on the context: 'Neurophysiological mechanisms underlying brain maturation are fundamental to attention and memory, and human brain regions develop at different rates into the third and fourth decades of life.', the key idea: 'The study characterizes developmental trajectories of aperiodic (1/f-like) neural activity as a proxy for neural noise across brain regions and examines how attentional state modulates age effects, linking these dynamics to cognitive control and memory.', and the method: 'A preregistered analysis of intracranial EEG from 5,691 electrodes in 101 participants aged 5.93–54 years during a visual attention-to-memory task and resting state, mapping aperiodic slope metrics and relating them to structural imaging measures of grey matter volume.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Aperiodic slopes flatten with age into young adulthood in association and sensorimotor cortices; in prefrontal cortex, task-based slopes are steeper than task-free in adults and the opposite in children; age-related differences in task-based slopes explain gains in memory performance; grey matter volume differences are associated with aperiodic slopes, challenging structure-based models of early sensorimotor development.


Based on the context: 'Time spent on the job is a fundamental aspect of working conditions that influences many facets of individuals’ lives, motivating examination of how a 4-day workweek affects workers’ well-being.', the key idea: 'Evaluate an organization-wide, income-preserving 4-day workweek intervention, preceded by work reorganization to improve efficiency and collaboration, to assess impacts on worker well-being.', and the method: 'Pre- and post-trial analysis of a 6-month intervention across 141 organizations in Australia, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, the UK, and the USA with 2,896 employees, including 12 control companies; outcomes measured included burnout, job satisfaction, mental health, and physical health; correlations between company- and individual-level hours reductions and well-being gains were examined, along with mediation by work ability, sleep problems, and fatigue.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

The intervention improved burnout, job satisfaction, mental health, and physical health, effects not seen in control companies; both company- and individual-level hours reductions correlated with well-being gains, with larger individual-level reductions associated with greater improvements; improved work ability, reduced sleep problems, and decreased fatigue mediated the gains.


Based on the context: 'Predicting human decisions under risk and uncertainty is a longstanding challenge, with existing models struggling even in stylized lottery-choice tasks.', the key idea: 'A hybrid model, BEAST gradient boosting (BEAST-GB), integrates the behavioural theory BEAST with machine learning to improve prediction of risky choices.', and the method: 'The model was evaluated via the CPC18 prediction competition and tested on two large datasets, with comparisons against neural networks and dozens of behavioural models, including assessments of generalization to unseen experimental contexts.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

BEAST-GB won CPC18, predicted more accurately than neural networks and many behavioural models, generalized robustly across unseen contexts, surpassed direct empirical generalization, and helped refine the behavioural theory itself.


Based on the context: 'Occupational specialization is tied to gender, racial, and class identities, segmenting the labor market into perceived White/Black and male/female roles and skill sets.', the key idea: 'The study differentiates how segregation operates by showing that gender divisions align with required occupational skills, whereas racial divisions align with socio-economic status and historical inequalities within skill sets.', and the method: 'A large-scale analysis of administrative data from 100 million formal Brazilian workers (2003–2019) across 426 occupations, identifying distinct skill demands and socio-economic statuses linked to race/skin colour and gender.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Women and men are segmented by gender-associated skill sets (e.g., engineering versus caregiving), while within these skill sets Black individuals are disproportionately concentrated in lower socio-economic status positions; these occupational specialization patterns remained stable despite recent socio-economic changes.


Based on the context: 'Fluent speech requires serially ordering and preparing motor plans for target sounds, but the neural mechanisms underlying speech-motor sequencing are not fully characterized.', the key idea: 'Sustained neural activity, particularly in the middle precentral gyrus, underlies speech-motor sequencing and plays a central role beyond phasic production and feedback signals.', and the method: 'High-density direct cortical recordings were obtained from 14 participants as they spoke utterances with varying phonemic and syllabic sequence complexity after a target reading and delay; electrocortical stimulation of the middle precentral gyrus was also used.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Phasic activations tied to production and auditory feedback were observed alongside sustained activity throughout target presentation, delay, and production; sustained activity in the middle precentral gyrus was modulated by sequence complexity and predicted reaction time, and stimulation caused speech disfluencies similar to apraxia of speech.


Based on the context: 'Persistent neural activity is known to support working memory when memorized items have equal importance, but how unattended items are encoded—often presumed to be ‘activity-silent’—is poorly understood.', the key idea: 'Unattended working memory items, like attended ones, are proposed to be encoded via persistent activity in human medial temporal lobe neurons, challenging the ‘activity-silent’ account.', and the method: 'Neuronal recordings from image-selective medial temporal lobe cells in human subjects (n=12) during tasks requiring shifts of attention between concurrently stored items, with decoding analyses at single-trial and population levels.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Both attended and unattended items were encoded through persistent activity; a dynamic transformation in neuronal subspace emerged after cue presentation; unattended item information was decodable at the single-trial level from preselected image-selective cells but not from the entire medial temporal lobe population.


Based on the context: 'Healthy diets have been associated with reduced dementia risk, motivating data-driven optimization of dietary interventions beyond a priori patterns.', the key idea: 'A machine learning-assisted approach constructs an optimized dietary pattern (MODERN diet) and a MODERN score to better capture foods linked to lower dementia risk.', and the method: 'Using 185,012 UK Biobank participants over 10 years, the study conducted a food-wide association analysis to identify 25 food groups, ranked their importance with machine learning to prioritize eight, built and externally validated a 0–7 MODERN score, examined associations across 63 health outcomes, and explored pathways via multimodal neuroimaging, metabolomics, inflammation and proteomics.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

The MODERN score showed stronger associations with lower dementia-related risk (HR highest vs lowest tertiles: 0.64, 95% CI: 0.43–0.93) than the MIND diet (0.75, 0.61–0.92), had notable associations with mental/behavioral disorders, and biomarker analyses revealed potential pathways.


Based on the context: 'There is an unresolved question of whether ideological polarization has increased over recent decades or whether voters have simply sorted into parties that better match their ideology.', the key idea: 'The study introduces a methodology to quantify multidimensional ideological polarization by embedding respondents across political, social, and economic topics into a two-dimensional ideological space and tracking demographic groups over time.', and the method: 'Using American National Election Studies data, respondents are positioned in a two-dimensional ideological space and linked to demographic attributes to chart how political and socioeconomic groups move through this space across time.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Income and racial groups have increasingly aligned into parties without increasing their ideological distance; Democrats and Republicans have moved farther from the center and become more ideologically distant over the past 30 years; Democratic voters have become more heterogeneous after 2010, indicating a decline in partisan sorting in the past decade.


Based on the context: 'Gossip constitutes a substantial portion of daily conversation and spreads through social networks, creating the challenge of disseminating information widely while keeping it hidden from the target.', the key idea: 'People strategically spread gossip by leveraging social network topology—specifically social distance and popularity—guided by internal mental representations of information cascades.', and the method: 'Experiments 1–3 used a gossip-sharing task in artificial social networks (N=568), experiment 4 tested behavior in a real-world social network (N=187), and computational modeling examined mental representations of cascade dynamics.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Participants chose recipients based on popularity and social distance to maximize spread and avoid the target, with similar patterns observed in a real-world network; modeling suggests these behaviors rely on internal models of information cascades.


Based on the context: 'Although large language models exhibit social–emotional abilities that could support human–AI interactions, it remains unclear whether empathy is perceived differently when attributed to AI versus humans.', the key idea: 'The study tests whether perceived empathy depends on the attributed source by labeling identical AI-generated empathic responses as coming from humans or AI, and examines preferences for human versus AI emotional engagement.', and the method: 'Across nine studies (n=6,282), participants received AI-generated empathic responses to their emotional situations that were labeled as human- or AI-provided; the experiments varied response lengths, delays, iterations, and large language models, and measured perceived empathy, support, emotional reactions, and interaction choices.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Human-attributed responses were rated as more empathic and supportive and elicited more positive and fewer negative emotions than AI-attributed ones; participants’ belief that AI aided human-attributed responses reduced perceived empathy and support; effects replicated across manipulations and were primarily driven by responses emphasizing emotional sharing and care; participants consistently preferred human interaction for emotional engagement.


Based on the context: 'There is widespread concern that consuming news on social media leaves people uninformed or misinformed.', the key idea: 'The study tests whether following news organizations on Instagram and WhatsApp improves knowledge, belief accuracy, and trust compared to following non-news accounts.', and the method: 'A preregistered two-wave online field experiment in France and Germany (N=3,395) asked participants to follow two accounts for 2 weeks with notifications on; treatment participants followed news organization accounts and controls followed accounts on cooking, cinema or art, with outcomes measured across information and attitude domains.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Following news accounts increased current affairs knowledge, the ability to discern true from false news stories, awareness of true news stories, and trust in the news, with no significant effects on feelings of being informed, political efficacy, affective polarization, or interest in news or politics.


Based on the context: 'Strategic decision-making is a crucial part of human interaction, and previous datasets and theories have not captured the full complexity of initial play in two-player matrix games.', the key idea: 'Apply machine learning to predict human strategic choices and develop an interpretable behavioural model, using a deep neural network to capture systematic variation beyond leading theories.', and the method: 'Analyze over 90,000 human decisions across more than 2,400 procedurally generated two-player matrix games; train a deep neural network on this dataset and modify it to build an interpretable model.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

The deep neural network predicts human choices more accurately than leading theories and reveals systematic variation unexplained by existing models; the interpretable model shows that optimal responding and reasoning about others are highly context dependent and influenced by game complexity.


Based on the context: 'Visual cortical areas have been increasingly understood in isolation, but their representational relationships across the network remain unclear.', the key idea: 'The study introduces relational neural control to discover and modulate shared and unique representational content across visual cortical areas using in silico fMRI responses and controlling images.', and the method: 'Relational neural control was applied to univariate and multivariate fMRI responses to generate in silico responses for many images, identify controlling images that align or disentangle area responses, and validate these in silico discoveries with in vivo fMRI data from independent participants.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Controlling images were found that align or disentangle responses between areas, revealing a typical network-level configuration where shared and unique representational content varies with cortical distance, categorical selectivity, and position in the visual hierarchy; these findings were validated on in vivo fMRI responses.


Based on the context: 'Co-offending—crimes committed by two or more individuals—is shaped by social processes like peer influence and group cohesion, and studying it elucidates how relationships affect criminal decision-making.', the key idea: 'A comprehensive synthesis quantifies co-offending by providing pooled estimates of prevalence and group size and examines variations by crime type, age, and gender using a Bayesian meta-analytic framework.', and the method: 'A preregistered systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis aggregated data from 110 studies across 17 countries, analyzing prevalence of co-offences, prevalence of co-offenders, and average group size with large samples of offences and offenders, and comparing subgroups by offence type, age, and sex.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Pooled prevalence of co-offences was 0.29 (95% CrI 0.22–0.35), prevalence of co-offenders was 0.50 (95% CrI 0.43–0.56), and average group size was 2.73 (95% CrI 2.63–2.84); property crimes had higher prevalence of co-offending than violent crimes, violent offences involved larger groups, youth co-offended more and in larger groups than adults, and males formed larger groups with no notable sex differences in co-offender prevalence.


Based on the context: 'Generative AI models are trained on textual data that are inherently cultural, raising questions about whether they exhibit cultural tendencies across languages and key constructs of cultural psychology.', the key idea: 'The study proposes that generative AI exhibits language-contingent cultural tendencies in social orientation (interdependent vs. independent) and cognitive style (holistic vs. analytic), and that these tendencies can be modulated by cultural prompts.', and the method: 'The authors analyze GPT’s responses to a large set of measures in Chinese versus English, replicate the findings in ERNIE, assess real-world implications via advertisement recommendations, and conduct exploratory analyses using cultural role prompts.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

When used in Chinese versus English, GPT shows a more interdependent social orientation and more holistic cognitive style; these tendencies are replicated in ERNIE, reflected in ad recommendations, and can be adjusted with cultural prompts.


Based on the context: 'People not only form social networks, they construct mental maps of them, motivating examination of the accuracy and biases in these cognitive representations.', the key idea: 'A new sampling strategy is introduced to evaluate social network cognition at scale by comparing observers’ beliefs about ties to systematically mapped village networks, including genetic relatedness in a subset of villages.', and the method: 'Data were collected from 10,072 adults across 82 Honduran villages to elicit judgments of social ties and map the underlying village networks; in 17 villages, genetic relatedness of 1,333 residents was discerned, and an experimental information introduction to peers assessed information access among respondents.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Observers overestimated social interactions among kin and were 33.38 percentage points more accurate for non-kin ties (95% CI: 31.27–35.49); accuracy was higher among popular, middle-aged, and educated observers, lower across different religions or wealth, and villages cultivating coffee showed greater bias toward seeing networks as connected. More accurate respondents had better access to experimentally introduced information, and overall people inflated the number of connections in their networks.


Based on the context: 'Australia’s Eastern Highlands have been viewed as a cold-climate barrier to Late Pleistocene mobility, with older evidence limited to elevations below the periglacial zone, and this model has not been adequately tested with regionally specific, high-resolution archaeological data.', the key idea: 'Excavation of a high-altitude cave provides the earliest evidence of high-elevation ice age occupation in Australia, challenging the barrier model by showing occupation during the Last Glacial Maximum and interactions along the mountain range.', and the method: 'High-resolution archaeological excavation at Dargan Shelter (1,073 m) documenting in situ hearths and stone artefacts, with artefact sourcing to sites along the mountain range to assess interactions and repeated use.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Occupation at Dargan Shelter first occurred ~20,000 years ago during the Last Glacial Maximum, making it the highest elevation Pleistocene site identified in Australia; multiple hearths and 693 stone artefacts were recovered, and sourcing indicates interactions to the north and south and repeated use of the cold-climate landscape.


Based on the context: 'Laypeople rely on experts to understand the world but struggle to assess explanations they are ill-equipped to evaluate, raising the question of how non-experts derive understanding from jargon-laden explanations.', the key idea: 'The study identifies when and why jargon makes explanations more satisfying despite reducing comprehensibility, proposing that laypeople assume jargon fills gaps in otherwise incomplete explanations and exploring debiasing via self-explanation.', and the method: 'Across nine experiments with 6,698 participants, the researchers compared reactions to scientific explanations with and without jargon, measured satisfaction and comprehensibility, and tested an intervention in which people generate their own explanations.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Jargon decreased comprehensibility yet increased satisfaction for short explanations because people assume it fills explanatory gaps; generating one's own explanations reduced inflated judgments of poor explanations with jargon and improved calibration of self-assessed explanatory ability.


Based on the context: 'Conversational meaning is built by integrating produced and perceived speech across hierarchical linguistic timescales, yet the neural mechanisms of these interactive sense-making processes are largely unknown.', the key idea: 'Modeling brain representations of conversational content across multiple timescales using contextual embeddings from a large language model to distinguish shared versus modality-specific codes for production and comprehension.', and the method: 'Functional MRI during hours of spontaneous conversations, with neural representations modeled using GPT-derived contextual embeddings at varying timescales (words, sentences, discourse).', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Linguistic representations were shared and distinct between production and comprehension; shared codes were localized in language-selective regions at shorter timescales, while modality-specific representations showed opposing timescale selectivity—shorter for production and longer for comprehension—indicating distinct contextual integration mechanisms.


Based on the context: 'Humans solve complex multistage decision problems using hierarchical and counterfactual strategies, but the computational constraints underlying these strategies are not well understood.', the key idea: 'The study proposes that hierarchical, counterfactual, and postdictive strategies are computationally rational adaptations to specific cognitive constraints and that these strategies lie along a continuum.', and the method: 'A task was designed to reliably engage hierarchical and counterfactual strategies, followed by hypothesis-driven human experiments to identify constraints, and training recurrent neural networks under systematically varied limitations to test for human-like behavior.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Three constraints were identified—a parallel-processing bottleneck that promotes hierarchical analysis, a compensatory but capacity-limited counterfactual process, and working-memory noise that reduces counterfactual fidelity—and only recurrent neural networks subjected to all three reproduced human-like behavior; further analysis showed these strategies form a continuum of rational adaptations.


Based on the context: 'Individual sensitivity to environmental exposures may be genetically influenced, yet variants underlying genotype-by-environment interplay are hard to detect and population-based methods can suffer from systemic biases.', the key idea: 'Use genome-wide association studies of monozygotic twin differences via family-based variance analyses as an alternative, more robust approach to study the genetic architecture of environmental sensitivity in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental phenotypes.', and the method: 'Combined data from 21,792 monozygotic twins (10,896 pairs) across 11 studies and conducted GWAS meta-analyses of twin phenotypic differences in children, adolescents, and adults for seven traits (ADHD symptoms, autistic traits, anxiety/depression symptoms, psychotic-like experiences, neuroticism, wellbeing), using family-based variance analyses.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Estimated SNP-based proportions of phenotypic variance (h2 = 0–18%) with imprecision, and identified 13 genome-wide significant associations including genes related to stress reactivity for depression, growth factors for autistic traits, and catecholamine uptake for psychotic-like experiences; the study is the largest genetic analysis of monozygotic twins to date, with limited statistical power in some analyses.


Based on the context: 'Prior research on online misinformation often operates at the source level, focusing on unreliable domains that constitute a small share of news consumption, which obscures the repurposing of factually true information from reliable sources to advance misleading narratives.', the key idea: 'Identify articles from reliable sources that are frequently co-shared by users who also shared fake news, and extract narratives present in misinformation and fact-checked false claims to detect use of mainstream news in promoting misleading narratives.', and the method: 'Analyze Twitter/X data from May 2018 to November 2021 matched to a US voter file; identify co-shared articles from reliable sources and concurrently extract narratives present in fake news content and claims fact checked as false; compare narrative occurrence in co-shared versus non-co-shared articles from the same sources.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Narratives present in misinformation content are significantly more likely to occur in co-shared articles than in articles from the same reliable sources that are not co-shared, consistent with users using mainstream sources to enhance the credibility and reach of potentially misleading claims.


Based on the context: 'Human amygdala and hippocampus neurons are classically thought to encode person identity invariant to visual features, yet how visual information from higher visual cortical areas is transformed into a semantic person representation remains largely unknown.', the key idea: 'The study demonstrates a region-based feature code for faces, where single neurons encode faces based on shared visual features rather than associations of known concepts, contrary to prevailing views.', and the method: 'Across four experiments, single-neuron recordings were obtained from 3,581 neurons in 19 neurosurgical patients over 111 sessions, analyzing feature-based responses and using receptive fields to predict responses to new face stimuli.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Feature neurons encoded groups of faces irrespective of identity, broad semantic categories, or familiarity, and the neurons’ receptive fields predicted their responses to novel face stimuli, supporting feature-based encoding in the human amygdala and hippocampus.


Based on the context: 'Primate vision exhibits topographic organization, but standard convolutional neural networks learn identical features across space and lack topography, limiting their ability to model cortical maps and related behaviours.', the key idea: 'The study introduces all-topographic neural networks (All-TNNs) as end-to-end models that naturally develop primate-like topographic maps and can capture spatially structured processing while operating efficiently.', and the method: 'Researchers designed and trained All-TNNs, analyzed their learned orientation and category selectivity maps and energy usage, and validated them against human behaviour using a newly collected dataset of spatial biases in object recognition, comparing performance to control models.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

All-TNNs developed smooth orientation and category selectivity maps, showed enhanced processing of task-relevant regions, operated on a low energy budget, and significantly outperformed control models in predicting human spatial biases in object recognition.


Based on the context: 'Prior evidence on the development of scene viewing is limited and has suggested that viewing behavior may be adult-like by around eight years old.', the key idea: 'The study proposes that gaze behavior develops protractedly, with adult-like spatial and semantic viewing biases emerging gradually over up to two decades, challenging earlier assumptions of early maturation.', and the method: 'Eye movements from 6,720 participants aged 5 to 72 were recorded while freely viewing 40 natural scenes, including a large-scale museum setting, to analyze semantic salience, oculomotor biases, exploration tendencies, and fixation patterns across age.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Semantic salience for social features changes until adolescence; text salience increases across the first two decades; oculomotor center and horizontal biases develop until adolescence; exploration increases while fixation patterns become less idiosyncratic and more canonical through adolescence.


Based on the context: 'Global redistributive and climate policies rarely feature in public debates despite potential public support, raising questions about the sincerity and robustness of stated support.', the key idea: 'The study documents that global policies—including a Global Climate Scheme with a global carbon price funding equal cash transfers—are genuinely supported by majorities, even in wealthy countries, and tests whether this support is sincere.', and the method: 'Large-scale surveys of 40,680 respondents in 20 countries assess support for global policies, complemented by surveys of 8,000 respondents in the USA, France, Germany, Spain, and the UK and several survey experiments to test understanding of personal costs, sincerity of support, and preferences for political programmes including the scheme.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Strong majority support is found for the Global Climate Scheme (three quarters in Europe and half in the USA) even when respondents understand its personal cost; support is sincere, and political programmes including the scheme are preferred; widespread support also emerges for other globally redistributive policies such as increased foreign aid and a wealth tax funding low-income countries.


Based on the context: 'Beliefs underpin human cognition and decision-making, yet research on how beliefs interrelate has been limited to issue-specific studies and has relied heavily on surveys, lacking a model that encapsulates beliefs and their interrelationships.', the key idea: 'Leverage online user debate data to map thousands of beliefs into a semantic embedding space constructed with a fine-tuned large language model, capturing nuanced relationships, interconnectedness, and polarization among diverse beliefs.', and the method: 'Fine-tune a large language model on debate data to build neural belief embeddings, map individual positions within this space, and use distances to analyze relationships, predict new beliefs, and estimate cognitive dissonance.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

The constructed belief space captures interconnectedness and polarization across social issues; positions within the space predict individuals’ new beliefs and allow estimation of cognitive dissonance from distances between existing and new beliefs.


Based on the context: 'The necessity of multisensory grounding for complex concept formation is debated, and recent large language models challenge whether language alone can yield human-like conceptual representations.', the key idea: 'Assess whether ungrounded LLMs recover human-like features by comparing their conceptual representations to human norms across non-sensorimotor, sensory, and motor domains, and test whether visual learning improves alignment.', and the method: 'Compared multidimensional representations of approximately 4,442 lexical concepts from the Glasgow Norms (N=829) and the Lancaster Norms (N=3,500) with state-of-the-art LLMs with and without visual learning, evaluating similarity across domain types.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Similarity between model and human representations decreases from non-sensorimotor to sensory domains and is minimal in motor domains; models with visual learning show enhanced similarity in visual-related dimensions.


Based on the context: 'Social media offers direct channels for science communication, but only a subset of academics engage, potentially shaping public perceptions through their topics and tone.', the key idea: 'The study systematically characterizes academics’ politically salient expression on Twitter by linking nearly 100,000 scholars’ tweets to their academic records and comparing their communication with broader Twitter populations.', and the method: 'An observational analysis of an international dataset of nearly 100,000 academics links Twitter content to academic records and examines politically salient topics (climate action, cultural and economic concepts), including comparisons with the US Twitter population.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

The study finds large, systematic variation in political expression; US academics often diverge from the US Twitter population in topic focus and style; academics are not necessarily more extreme in beliefs; strong progressive stances on climate and social issues are driven by a small, vocal subset, highlighting potential gaps between academic voices and public discourse.


Based on the context: 'Political animosity is rising and threatens democracy, and while intergroup contact and mutually beneficial cooperation are known to reduce animosity, it is unclear whether this can be achieved in anonymous online contexts.', the key idea: 'A cooperative online quiz game (Tango) pairs Republicans and Democrats to engage in real-time, mutually beneficial cooperation to reduce outparty animosity.', and the method: 'Five randomized controlled experiments (N=4,493; four preregistered) had participants play about an hour with an outparty partner in an online quiz game while communicating in real time, measuring negative partisanship, warmth, economic allocations, meta-perceptions, and democracy-related attitudes with follow-ups up to four months.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Gameplay with an outparty partner reduced negative partisanship; increased warmth, more equitable economic allocations, and more favorable outparty meta-perceptions persisted up to four months; democracy-related attitudes improved with effects persisting for one week; the game received high enjoyability ratings.


Based on the context: 'Human memory often takes the form of cognitive graphs that enable relations and generalization, but how such structured memory influences the motor system is less clear.', the key idea: 'Structured memory representations (mental graphs) can organize the storage and retrieval of newly learned hierarchical visuomotor associations, suggesting that action selection involves traversal of a graph-like structure.', and the method: 'Human participants (N=182) learned visuomotor mappings with or without an imposed latent structure linking visual features (e.g., color, shape) to intuitive motor distinctions (hands, pairs of fingers), and were tested using transitional response times and forced-response experiments; persistence was examined after multiple days of practice.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

In structured mappings, transitional response times indicated that retrieving the correct response invoked traversal of a structured mental graph, with forced-response experiments revealing similar computations within individual trials; graph-like representations persisted after multiple days of practice.


Based on the context: 'Human habit formation is commonly studied via learning arbitrary stimulus–response associations, with habitualness assessed by withholding responses or generating different responses; prior studies using these methods have yielded conflicting findings.', the key idea: 'The discrepancy in findings is proposed to stem from the fact that the two methods target distinct forms of habit linked to different components of action control: response initiation versus response preparation.', and the method: 'A series of experiments with a total sample size of 215 participants, complemented by computational modeling, compare tasks that probe response initiation and response preparation to assess their dissociability.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

The studies demonstrate that the two approaches indeed measure dissociable forms of habit, showing that behavior can become habitual in multiple, qualitatively different ways.


Based on the context: 'Inhibitory control is critical for daily functioning and psychiatric disorders, yet the widely used congruency effect has low reliability, limiting its utility in clinical and basic research.', the key idea: 'The study investigates whether precise individual estimates of the congruency effect can be obtained, proposing that extensive within-person sampling is necessary to achieve reliable measures.', and the method: 'More than 5,000 trials were collected from nine participants across four inhibitory control tasks, and a combination of datasets and simulations was used to assess reliability; the dataset is made publicly available.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Precise individual estimates of the congruency effect are achievable but require substantially more trials than typical, with over 1,000 trials per participant needed to reduce within-participant variability and improve reliability; extensive sampling reveals true individual differences and improves observations from alternative modeling approaches.


Based on the context: 'There is a longstanding debate across the human sciences about why people follow rules, with particular controversy over the role of intrinsic respect for rules versus extrinsic incentives.', the key idea: 'The study introduces CRISP, an interdisciplinary framework that models rule-conformity as a function of intrinsic respect for rules, extrinsic incentives, social expectations, and social preferences.', and the method: 'CRISP is tested through four series of online experiments with 14,034 English-speaking participants, including baseline conditions where participants face an arbitrary costly rule while acting anonymously and alone, and variations that manipulate pro-social motives and extrinsic incentives while measuring social expectations and contagion.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Between 55–70% of participants conform to an arbitrary costly rule even when violations harm no one; people expect rule-conformity and deem it socially appropriate; rule-breaking is contagious but moderate; pro-social motives and extrinsic incentives increase conformity, yet unconditional rule-following and social expectations account for most rule-conformity.


Based on the context: 'Autism spectrum disorder is clinically heterogeneous, with ongoing debates about phenotypic differences between boys and girls; identifying such differences at first symptom onset is considered critical for early detection, aetiological insights, and intervention improvement.', the key idea: 'A large-scale, early-age, multi-method assessment examines sex differences in toddlers with ASD, developmental delay, and typical development across standardized and experimental measures to determine whether sex differences are present at first symptom onset.', and the method: 'Using the Get SET Early programme, the study analyzed 2,618 toddlers (mean age ~27 months) via cross-sectional, longitudinal, and clustering analyses employing statistical and machine learning approaches across groups, with measures including the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Mullen Scales of Early Learning, and the GeoPref eye-tracking test.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

There were no significant sex differences in toddlers with ASD across 17 of 18 measures, including symptom severity, receptive and expressive language, and social attention; in contrast, typically developing girls outperformed boys on several measures, and subtyping into low, medium, and high clusters similarly showed virtually no sex differences in ASD.


Based on the context: 'Understanding gene–environment interaction in complex traits is crucial, but existing statistical methods for GxE inference struggle with scalability and interpretability.', the key idea: 'PIGEON is a unified variance component framework for quantifying polygenic GxE that enables summary statistics–based estimation and clarifies objectives for GxE studies.', and the method: 'The study develops a variance component analytical approach that uses only summary statistics and validates it through theoretical analysis and empirical applications, including a quasi-experimental gene-by-education study, gene-by-sex interaction analyses for 530 traits in UK Biobank, and a clinical trial on smoking cessation.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

PIGEON was demonstrated to be effective in estimating polygenic GxE, successfully analyzing gene-by-education effects on health outcomes, quantifying gene-by-sex interactions across 530 UK Biobank traits, and identifying genetic interactors explaining treatment effect heterogeneity in a smoking cessation trial.


Based on the context: 'Equitable access to economic, social, and environmental infrastructure is vital for sustainable development, yet there are knowledge gaps in measuring infrastructure accessibility and inequality and in understanding their associations with human health.', the key idea: 'A comprehensive global assessment quantifies infrastructure access and inequality across economic, social, and environmental domains and examines their links to health outcomes across 166 countries.', and the method: 'The study generates gridded maps of infrastructure distribution and uses population-weighted exposure models and mixed-effects regressions to analyze access disparities and their health implications across 166 countries.', predict the outcome of this research. Output only the outcome without explanation.

Global South countries have only 50–80% of the infrastructure access of Global North countries and 9–44% higher inequality; both access and inequality are associated with health outcomes, with the strongest relationships observed for economic infrastructure.