page_content stringlengths 12 2.63M | metadata unknown |
|---|---|
**Articulation.** Finally, we have the act of articulation, which means the muscular movements of the mouth, tongue, larynx, vocal cords, and so forth that are responsible for the intonations, timing, and rapid changes in intensities of the sequential sounds. The *facial and laryngeal regions of the motor cortex* act... | {
"Header 1": "ANATOMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL RELATIONS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX TO THE THALAMUS AND OTHER LOWER CENTERS",
"Header 2": "FUNCTIONS OF SPECIFIC CORTICAL AREAS",
"token_count": 2030,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
**Classification of Memories.** We know that some memories last for only a few seconds, whereas others last for hours, days, months, or years. For the purpose of discussing these types of memories, we can use a common classification that divides memories into the following: (1) *short-term memory,* which includes mem... | {
"Header 1": "ANATOMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL RELATIONS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX TO THE THALAMUS AND OTHER LOWER CENTERS",
"Header 2": "FUNCTIONS OF SPECIFIC CORTICAL AREAS",
"token_count": 2030,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
#### **Number of Neurons and Their Connectivities Often Change Significantly During Learning**
During the first few weeks, months, and perhaps even a year or more of life, various parts of the brain produce many new neurons that send out numerous axon branches to make connections with other neurons. If the new axon... | {
"Header 1": "ANATOMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL RELATIONS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX TO THE THALAMUS AND OTHER LOWER CENTERS",
"Header 2": "FUNCTIONS OF SPECIFIC CORTICAL AREAS",
"token_count": 2033,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
Cell 157:163, 2014.
Koch C, Massimini M, Boly M, Tononi G: Neural correlates of consciousness: progress and problems. Nat Rev Neurosci 17:307, 2016.
- Mansouri FA, Koechlin E, Rosa MGP, Buckley MJ: Managing competing goals - a key role for the frontopolar cortex. Nat Rev Neurosci 18:645, 2017.
- Murray EA, Rudebeck... | {
"Header 1": "ANATOMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL RELATIONS OF THE CEREBRAL CORTEX TO THE THALAMUS AND OTHER LOWER CENTERS",
"Header 2": "FUNCTIONS OF SPECIFIC CORTICAL AREAS",
"token_count": 606,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
Control of behavior is a function of the entire nervous system. Even the wakefulness and sleep cycle discussed in Chapter 60 is one of our most important behavioral patterns.
In this chapter, we deal first with the mechanisms that control activity levels in different parts of the brain. Then we discuss the causes of ... | {
"Header 1": "**The Limbic System and the Hypothalamus— Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brain**",
"token_count": 2041,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
Nerve fibers from this area spread throughout the brain, the same as shown for the rat in the top frame of Figure 59-2, and they secrete norepinephrine. The norepinephrine generally excites the brain to increased activity. However, it has inhibitory effects in a few brain areas because of inhibitory receptors at certai... | {
"Header 1": "**The Limbic System and the Hypothalamus— Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brain**",
"token_count": 2027,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
For example, the role of the hypothalamus to help regulate arterial pressure is discussed in Chapter 18, thirst and water conservation in Chapter 30, appetite and energy expenditure in Chapter 72, temperature regulation in Chapter 74, and endocrine control in Chapter 76. To illustrate the organization of the hypothalam... | {
"Header 1": "**The Limbic System and the Hypothalamus— Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brain**",
"token_count": 2040,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
Young for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm in fruit flies.
The SCN is organized into specific functional groups that control the rhythmic patterns of biological clocks in other parts of the body. These biological clocks are comprised of a complex set of gene transcription fac... | {
"Header 1": "**The Limbic System and the Hypothalamus— Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brain**",
"token_count": 2015,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
However, if the sensory experience does not elicit a sense of either reward or punishment, repetition of the stimulus over and over leads to almost complete extinction of the cerebral cortical response—that is, the animal becomes *habituated* to that specific sensory stimulus and thereafter ignores it.
If the stimulu... | {
"Header 1": "**The Limbic System and the Hypothalamus— Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brain**",
"token_count": 2033,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
They also seem to project into the limbic system one's current status in relation to both surroundings and thoughts. On the basis of this information, the amygdala is believed to make the person's behavioral response appropriate for each occasion.
#### **Function of the Limbic Cortex**
The most poorly understood po... | {
"Header 1": "**The Limbic System and the Hypothalamus— Behavioral and Motivational Mechanisms of the Brain**",
"token_count": 1453,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
All of us are aware of the many different states of brain activity, including sleep, wakefulness, extreme excitement, and even different levels of mood such as exhilaration, depression, and fear. All these states result from different activating or inhibiting forces generated usually within the brain. In Chapter 59, we... | {
"Header 1": "**States of Brain Activity—Sleep, Brain Waves, Epilepsy, Psychoses, and Dementia**",
"token_count": 2029,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
#### **Cycle Between Sleep and Wakefulness**
The preceding discussions have merely identified neuronal areas, transmitters, and mechanisms that are related to sleep; they have not explained the cyclical, reciprocal operation of the sleep-wakefulness cycle. There is as yet no definitive explanation. Therefore, we mi... | {
"Header 1": "**States of Brain Activity—Sleep, Brain Waves, Epilepsy, Psychoses, and Dementia**",
"token_count": 2032,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
This phenomenon is demonstrated in **[Figure](#page-715-1) [60-3](#page-715-1)**, which shows, when the eyes were closed, synchronous discharge of many neurons in the cerebral cortex at a frequency of about 12/sec, thus causing *alpha waves.* Then, when the eyes were opened, the activity of the brain increased greatly... | {
"Header 1": "**States of Brain Activity—Sleep, Brain Waves, Epilepsy, Psychoses, and Dementia**",
"token_count": 1983,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
The time after the seizure, prior to the return of normal neurological function, is called the *postictal period.*
*Psychomotor, temporal lobe,* and *limbic seizures* are terms that have been used in the past to describe many of the behaviors that are now classified as complex partial seizures. However, these terms... | {
"Header 1": "**States of Brain Activity—Sleep, Brain Waves, Epilepsy, Psychoses, and Dementia**",
"token_count": 1988,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
#### **Depression and Manic-Depressive Psychoses— Decreased Activity of the Norepinephrine and Serotonin Neurotransmitter Systems**
Evidence has accumulated suggesting that *mental depression psychosis,* which occurs in more than 8 million people in the United States, might be caused by *diminished formation in the... | {
"Header 1": "**States of Brain Activity—Sleep, Brain Waves, Epilepsy, Psychoses, and Dementia**",
"token_count": 2035,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
Nat Rev Neurosci 20:109, 2019.
Arrigoni E, Chee MJS, Fuller PM: To eat or to sleep: That is a lateral hypothalamic question. Neuropharmacology 154:34, 2019.
Besedovsky L, Lange T, Haack M: The sleep-immune crosstalk in health and disease. Physiol Rev 99:1325, 2019.
Butterfield DA, Halliwell B: Oxidative stress, d... | {
"Header 1": "**States of Brain Activity—Sleep, Brain Waves, Epilepsy, Psychoses, and Dementia**",
"token_count": 960,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
The *autonomic nervous system* is the portion of the nervous system that controls most visceral functions of the body*.* This system helps to control arterial pressure, gastrointestinal motility, gastrointestinal secretion, urinary bladder emptying, sweating, body temperature, and many other activities. Some of these a... | {
"Header 1": "**The Autonomic Nervous System and the Adrenal Medulla**",
"token_count": 2023,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
Also, this sacral group of parasympathetics supplies nerve signals to the external genitalia to cause erection.
**Preganglionic and Postganglionic Parasympathetic Neurons.** The parasympathetic system, like the sympathetic system, has both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons. However, except in the case of a few... | {
"Header 1": "**The Autonomic Nervous System and the Adrenal Medulla**",
"token_count": 2011,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
Therefore, when secreted into the blood, both norepinephrine and epinephrine remain active for 10 to 30 seconds, but their activity declines to extinction over 1 minute to several minutes.
#### **RECEPTORS ON THE EFFECTOR ORGANS**
Before acetylcholine, norepinephrine, or epinephrine secreted at an autonomic nerve e... | {
"Header 1": "**The Autonomic Nervous System and the Adrenal Medulla**",
"token_count": 2045,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
Parasympathetic excitation contracts the *ciliary muscle,* which is a ringlike body of smooth muscle fibers that encircles the outside ends of the lens radial ligaments. This contraction releases the tension on the ligaments and allows the lens to become more convex, causing the eye to focus on objects near at hand. Th... | {
"Header 1": "**The Autonomic Nervous System and the Adrenal Medulla**",
"token_count": 2031,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
Sympathetic stimulation also has multiple metabolic effects such as release of glucose from the liver and an increase in blood glucose concentration, glycogenolysis in liver and muscle, skeletal muscle strength, basal metabolic rate, and mental activity. Finally, the sympathetics and parasympathetics are involved in ex... | {
"Header 1": "**The Autonomic Nervous System and the Adrenal Medulla**",
"token_count": 2042,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
At first, the blood flow rises markedly because of the lost vascular tone, but over a period of days to weeks the blood flow returns much of the way back toward normal because of a progressive increase in the intrinsic tone of the vascular musculature itself, thus partially compensating for the loss of sympathetic tone... | {
"Header 1": "**The Autonomic Nervous System and the Adrenal Medulla**",
"token_count": 2041,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
Although regulation of respiration is not considered to be an autonomic function, it is one of the *involuntary* functions of the body.
#### **Control of Brain Stem Autonomic Centers by Higher Areas.** Signals from the hypothalamus and even from the cerebrum can affect activities of almost all the brain stem autonomi... | {
"Header 1": "**The Autonomic Nervous System and the Adrenal Medulla**",
"token_count": 2045,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
Clin Auton Res 28:273, 2018.
- Gourine AV, Ackland GL: Cardiac vagus and exercise. Physiology (Bethesda) 34:71, 2019.
- Guyenet PG, Bayliss DA: Neural control of breathing and CO2 homeostasis. Neuron 87:946, 2015.
- Guyenet PG, Stornetta RL, Holloway BB et al: Rostral ventrolateral medulla and hypertension. Hypertensio... | {
"Header 1": "**The Autonomic Nervous System and the Adrenal Medulla**",
"token_count": 472,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
Thus far, we have discussed the function of the brain as if it were independent of its blood flow, its metabolism, and its fluids. However, this is far from true because abnormalities of any of these aspects can profoundly affect brain function. For example, total cessation of blood flow to the brain causes unconscious... | {
"Header 1": "**Cerebral Blood Flow, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain Metabolism**",
"token_count": 2029,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
Deoxyhemoglobin is a paramagnetic molecule (i.e., attracted by an externally applied magnetic field), whereas oxyhemoglobin is diamagnetic (i.e., repelled by a magnetic field). The presence of deoxyhemoglobin in a blood vessel causes a measurable difference of the magnetic resonance (MR) proton signal of the vessel and... | {
"Header 1": "**Cerebral Blood Flow, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain Metabolism**",
"token_count": 2046,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
The brain and the cerebrospinal fluid have about the same specific gravity (with only about a 4% difference), so the brain simply floats in the fluid. Therefore, a blow to the head, if it is not too intense, moves the entire brain simultaneously with the skull, causing no one portion of the brain to be momentarily cont... | {
"Header 1": "**Cerebral Blood Flow, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain Metabolism**",
"token_count": 2029,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
The arachnoidal villi function like valves that allow cerebrospinal fluid and its contents to flow readily into the blood of the venous sinuses while not allowing blood to flow backward in the opposite direction. Normally, this valve action of the villi allows cerebrospinal fluid to begin to flow into the blood when ce... | {
"Header 1": "**Cerebral Blood Flow, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain Metabolism**",
"token_count": 2020,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
**Total Brain Metabolic Rate and Metabolic Rate of Neurons.** Under resting but awake conditions, brain metabolism accounts for about 15% of the total metabolism in the body, even though brain mass is only 2% of the total body mass. Therefore, under resting conditions, brain metabolism per unit mass of tissue is abou... | {
"Header 1": "**Cerebral Blood Flow, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain Metabolism**",
"token_count": 1486,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
The alimentary tract provides the body with a continual supply of water, electrolytes, vitamins, and nutrients, which requires the following: (1) movement of food through the alimentary tract; (2) secretion of digestive juices and digestion of the food; (3) absorption of water, various electrolytes, vitamins, and diges... | {
"Header 1": "**Cerebral Blood Flow, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain Metabolism**",
"Header 2": "**General Principles of Gastrointestinal Function—Motility, Nervous Control, and Blood Circulation**",
"token_count": 2034,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
As explained in Chapter 8, calcium ions act through a calmodulin control mechanism to activate the myosin filaments in the fiber, causing attractive forces to develop between the myosin filaments and the actin filaments, thereby causing the muscle to contract.
The slow waves do not cause calcium ions to enter the smo... | {
"Header 1": "**Cerebral Blood Flow, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain Metabolism**",
"Header 2": "**General Principles of Gastrointestinal Function—Motility, Nervous Control, and Blood Circulation**",
"token_count": 2022,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
**Sympathetic Stimulation Usually Inhibits Gastrointestinal Tract Activity.** The sympathetic fibers to the gastrointestinal tract originate in the spinal cord between segments T5 and L2. Most of the preganglionic fibers that innervate the gut, after leaving the cord, enter the *sympathetic chains* that lie lateral t... | {
"Header 1": "**Cerebral Blood Flow, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain Metabolism**",
"Header 2": "**General Principles of Gastrointestinal Function—Motility, Nervous Control, and Blood Circulation**",
"token_count": 2028,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
*Motilin* is secreted by the stomach and *upper duodenum* during fasting, and the only known function of this hormone is to *increase gastrointestinal motility*. Motilin is released cyclically and stimulates waves of gastrointestinal motility called *interdigestive myoelectric complexes* that move through the stomach... | {
"Header 1": "**Cerebral Blood Flow, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain Metabolism**",
"Header 2": "**General Principles of Gastrointestinal Function—Motility, Nervous Control, and Blood Circulation**",
"token_count": 2048,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
For example, during active absorption of nutrients, blood flow in the villi and adjacent regions of the submucosa increases as much as eightfold. Likewise, blood flow in the muscle layers of the intestinal wall increases with increased motor activity in the gut. After a meal, the motor activity, secretory activity, and... | {
"Header 1": "**Cerebral Blood Flow, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain Metabolism**",
"Header 2": "**General Principles of Gastrointestinal Function—Motility, Nervous Control, and Blood Circulation**",
"token_count": 2032,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
The time that food remains in each part of the alimentary tract is critical for optimal processing and absorption of nutrients. In addition, appropriate mixing must be provided. Because the requirements for mixing and propulsion are quite different at each stage of processing, multiple automatic nervous and hormonal me... | {
"Header 1": "**Propulsion and Mixing of Food in the Alimentary Tract**",
"token_count": 2029,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
**The Esophageal Stage of Swallowing Involves Two Types of Peristalsis.** The esophagus functions primarily to conduct food rapidly from the pharynx to the stomach, and its movements are organized specifically for this function.
The esophagus normally exhibits two types of peristaltic movements: *primary peristalsi... | {
"Header 1": "**Propulsion and Mixing of Food in the Alimentary Tract**",
"token_count": 2005,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
**Hunger Contractions.** Besides the peristaltic contractions that occur when food is present in the stomach, another type of intense contractions, called *hunger contractions,* often occurs *when the stomach has been empty* for several hours or more. These contractions are rhythmic peristaltic contractions in the *b... | {
"Header 1": "**Propulsion and Mixing of Food in the Alimentary Tract**",
"token_count": 2044,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
These hormones are discussed at greater length elsewhere in this text, especially in Chapter 65 in relation to control of gallbladder emptying and control of the rate of pancreatic secretion.
In summary, hormones, especially CCK, scan inhibit gastric emptying when excess quantities of chyme, especially acidic or fa... | {
"Header 1": "**Propulsion and Mixing of Food in the Alimentary Tract**",
"token_count": 2046,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
**Feedback Control of the Ileocecal Sphincter by Reflexes From the Cecum.** The degree of contraction of the ileocecal sphincter and the intensity of peristalsis in the terminal ileum are controlled significantly by reflexes from the cecum. When the cecum is distended, contraction of the ileocecal sphincter becomes i... | {
"Header 1": "**Propulsion and Mixing of Food in the Alimentary Tract**",
"token_count": 2001,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
When it becomes convenient for the person to defecate, the defecation reflexes can purposely be activated by taking a deep breath to move the diaphragm downward and then contracting the abdominal muscles to increase the pressure in the abdomen, thus forcing fecal contents into the rectum to cause new reflexes. Reflex... | {
"Header 1": "**Propulsion and Mixing of Food in the Alimentary Tract**",
"token_count": 1041,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
Throughout the gastrointestinal tract, secretory glands subserve two primary functions: (1) *digestive enzymes* are secreted in most areas of the alimentary tract, from the mouth to the distal end of the ileum; and (2) mucous glands located from the mouth to the anus provide *mucus* for lubrication and protection of al... | {
"Header 1": "**Secretory Functions of the Alimentary Tract**",
"token_count": 2008,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
Mucus is slightly different in different parts of the gastrointestinal tract, but in all locations it has several important characteristics that make it both an excellent lubricant and a protectant for the gut wall:
- 1. Mucus has adherent qualities that make it adhere tightly to the food or other particles and to sp... | {
"Header 1": "**Secretory Functions of the Alimentary Tract**",
"token_count": 2042,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
Salivation also occurs in response to reflexes originating in the stomach and upper small intestines—particularly when irritating foods are swallowed or when a person is nauseated because of some gastrointestinal abnormality. The saliva, when swallowed, helps to remove the irritating factor in the gastrointestinal tr... | {
"Header 1": "**Secretory Functions of the Alimentary Tract**",
"token_count": 2040,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
**Secretion and Activation of Pepsinogen.** Several slightly different types of pepsinogen are secreted by the peptic and mucous cells of the gastric glands, but all the pepsinogens perform the same basic functions.
When pepsinogen is first secreted, it has no digestive activity. However, as soon as it comes in con... | {
"Header 1": "**Secretory Functions of the Alimentary Tract**",
"token_count": 383,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
The pyloric glands are structurally similar to the oxyntic glands but contain few peptic cells and almost no parietal cells. Instead, they contain mostly mucous cells that
are identical with the mucous neck cells of the oxyntic glands. These cells secrete a small amount of pepsinogen, as discussed earlier, and an esp... | {
"Header 1": "**Secretory Functions of the Alimentary Tract**",
"Header 2": "PYLORIC GLANDS SECRETE MUCUS AND GASTRIN",
"token_count": 2022,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
#### **Chemical Composition of Gastrin and Other Gastrointestinal Hormones**
*Gastrin, cholecystokinin* (CCK), and *secretin* are all large polypeptides with approximate molecular weights of 2000, 4200, and 3400, respectively. The terminal five amino acids in the gastrin and CCK molecular chains are the same. The f... | {
"Header 1": "**Secretory Functions of the Alimentary Tract**",
"Header 2": "PYLORIC GLANDS SECRETE MUCUS AND GASTRIN",
"token_count": 2038,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
Secretin, in contrast to the first two basic stimuli, stimulates secretion of large quantities of water solution of sodium bicarbonate by the pancreatic ductal epithelium.
**Multiplicative Effects of Different Stimuli.** When all the different stimuli of pancreatic secretion occur at once, the total secretion is far ... | {
"Header 1": "**Secretory Functions of the Alimentary Tract**",
"Header 2": "PYLORIC GLANDS SECRETE MUCUS AND GASTRIN",
"token_count": 1999,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
Nevertheless, as much as 12 hours of bile secretion (usually ≈450 ml) can be stored in the gallbladder because water, sodium, chloride, and most other small electrolytes are continually absorbed through the gallbladder mucosa, concentrating the remaining bile constituents that contain the bile salts, cholesterol, lecit... | {
"Header 1": "**Secretory Functions of the Alimentary Tract**",
"Header 2": "PYLORIC GLANDS SECRETE MUCUS AND GASTRIN",
"token_count": 2020,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
In the process of secreting bile salts, about 1 to 2 grams of cholesterol are removed from the blood plasma and secreted into the bile each day.
Cholesterol is almost completely insoluble in pure water, but the bile salts and lecithin in bile combine physically with the cholesterol to form ultramicroscopic *micelles*... | {
"Header 1": "**Secretory Functions of the Alimentary Tract**",
"Header 2": "PYLORIC GLANDS SECRETE MUCUS AND GASTRIN",
"token_count": 2037,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
However, the diarrhea also washes away irritant factors, which promotes earlier recovery from the disease than might otherwise occur.
#### Bibliography
- Adriaenssens AE, Reimann F, Gribble FM: Distribution and stimulus secretion coupling of enteroendocrine cells along the intestinal tract. Compr Physiol 8:1603, 20... | {
"Header 1": "**Secretory Functions of the Alimentary Tract**",
"Header 2": "PYLORIC GLANDS SECRETE MUCUS AND GASTRIN",
"token_count": 756,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
The major foods on which the body lives (with the exception of small quantities of substances such as vitamins and minerals) are *carbohydrates, fats,* and *proteins.* They generally cannot be absorbed in their natural forms through the gastrointestinal mucosa, and for this reason, they are useless as nutrients without... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestion and Absorption in the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"token_count": 2043,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
Collagen is a major constituent of the intercellular connective tissue of meats; therefore, for the digestive enzymes to penetrate meats and digest the other meat proteins, it is necessary that the collagen fibers be digested. Consequently, in people who lack pepsin in the stomach juices, the ingested meats are less we... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestion and Absorption in the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"token_count": 2021,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
Because these polar groups are negatively charged, they allow the entire micelle globule to dissolve in the water of the digestive fluids and to remain in stable solution until the fat is absorbed into the blood.
The bile salt micelles also act as a transport medium to carry the monoglycerides and free fatty acids, b... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestion and Absorption in the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"token_count": 2008,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
The principles of this mechanism, discussed in Chapter 4, are also essentially the same as for absorption of sodium from the gallbladder and renal tubules, as discussed in Chapter 28.
Sodium absorption is powered by active transport of sodium from inside the epithelial cells through the basal and lateral walls of the... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestion and Absorption in the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"token_count": 2039,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
Essentially all the carbohydrates in food are absorbed in the form of monosaccharides; only a small fraction is absorbed as disaccharides and almost none is absorbed as larger carbohydrate compounds. By far the most abundant of the absorbed monosaccharides is *glucose*, which usually accounts for more than 80% of the c... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestion and Absorption in the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"Header 2": "Carbohydrates Are Mainly Absorbed as Monosaccharides",
"token_count": 2036,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
When the total quantity entering the large intestine through the ileocecal valve or by way of large intestine secretion exceeds this amount, the excess appears in the feces as diarrhea. As noted earlier, toxins from cholera or certain other bacterial infections often cause the crypts in the terminal ileum and large int... | {
"Header 1": "**Digestion and Absorption in the Gastrointestinal Tract**",
"Header 2": "Carbohydrates Are Mainly Absorbed as Monosaccharides",
"token_count": 1104,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
Effective therapy for most gastrointestinal disorders depends on a basic knowledge of gastrointestinal physiology. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss a few representative types of gastrointestinal malfunction that have special physiological bases or consequences.
#### **Disorders of Swallowing and the Esophagu... | {
"Header 1": "**Physiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders**",
"token_count": 2031,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
In addition to the mucus protection of the mucosa, the duodenum is protected by the *alkalinity of the small intestinal secretions.* Especially important is *pancreatic secretion,* which contains large quantities of sodium bicarbonate that neutralize the hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice, thus also inactivating ... | {
"Header 1": "**Physiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders**",
"token_count": 1961,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
As a result, the person experiences the following: (1) severe nutritional deficiency, which often results in wasting of the body; (2) osteomalacia (i.e., demineralization of the bones because of lack of calcium); (3) inadequate blood coagulation caused by lack of vitamin K; and (4) macrocytic anemia of the pernicious a... | {
"Header 1": "**Physiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders**",
"token_count": 2016,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
At the onset of vomiting, strong intrinsic contractions occur in both the duodenum and the stomach, along with partial relaxation of the esophageal-stomach sphincter, thus allowing vomitus to begin moving from the stomach into the esophagus. From here, a specific vomiting act involving the abdominal muscles takes ove... | {
"Header 1": "**Physiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders**",
"token_count": 2023,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
Cell 178:1041, 2019.
- Schirmer M, Garner A, Vlamakis H, Xavier RJ: Microbial genes and pathways in inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Rev Microbiol 17:497, 2019.
- Schlottmann F, Patti MG: Esophageal achalasia: current diagnosis and treatment. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 12:711, 2018.
- Simrén M, Tack J: New treatme... | {
"Header 1": "**Physiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders**",
"token_count": 311,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
The next few chapters deal with metabolism in the body—the chemical processes that make it possible for the cells to continue living. It is not the purpose of this text to present the chemical details of all the various cellular reactions, which lie in the discipline of biochemistry. Instead, these chapters are devoted... | {
"Header 1": "**Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Formation of Adenosine Triphosphate**",
"token_count": 2007,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
#### **Phosphorylation of Glucose**
Immediately upon entry into the cells, glucose combines with a phosphate radical in accordance with the following reaction:
Glucose
$$\xrightarrow{\text{Glucokinase or hexokinase}}$$
Glucose-6-phosphate
This phosphorylation is promoted mainly by the enzyme *glucokinase* in th... | {
"Header 1": "**Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Formation of Adenosine Triphosphate**",
"token_count": 2047,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
In this conversion, no ATP is formed, but up to six molecules of ATP are formed when the four released hydrogen atoms are later oxidized, as discussed later.
#### **Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle)**
The next stage in the degradation of the glucose molecule is called the *citric acid cycle* (also called the *tricarb... | {
"Header 1": "**Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Formation of Adenosine Triphosphate**",
"token_count": 1953,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
The important members of this electron transport chain include *flavoprotein* (flavin mononucleotide), several *iron sulfide protein[s, ubiquinone](#page-801-0)*, and *cytochromes B, C1, C, A,* and *A3.* Each electron is shuttled from one of these acceptors to the next until it finally reaches cytochrome A3, which is c... | {
"Header 1": "**Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Formation of Adenosine Triphosphate**",
"token_count": 1947,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
When their quantities begin to be excessive, these two end products react with each other to form lactic acid, in accordance with the following equation:
*Lactic dehydrogenase* CH + + <sup>3</sup> C COOH NADH H+ OH (Pyruvic acid)
(Lactic acid) CH + <sup>3</sup> C COOH NAD+ OH H
Thus, under anaerobic conditions, t... | {
"Header 1": "**Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Formation of Adenosine Triphosphate**",
"token_count": 2009,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
#### **Blood Glucose**
The normal blood glucose concentration in a person who has not eaten a meal within the past 3 to 4 hours is about 90 mg/dl. After a meal containing large amounts of carbohydrates, this level seldom rises above 140 mg/dl unless the person has diabetes mellitus, which is discussed in Chapter 79... | {
"Header 1": "**Metabolism of Carbohydrates and Formation of Adenosine Triphosphate**",
"token_count": 797,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
Several chemical compounds in food and in the body are classified as *lipids,* including the following: (1) *neutral fat*, also known as *triglycerides;* (2) *phospholipids;* (3) *cholesterol;* and (4) a few others of less importance. Chemically, the basic lipid moiety of triglycerides and phospholipids is *fatty acids... | {
"Header 1": "**Lipid Metabolism**",
"token_count": 2023,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
In the postabsorptive state, after all the chylomicrons have been removed from the blood, more than 95% of all the lipids in the plasma are in the form of *lipoprotein*. These lipids are small particles—much smaller than chylomicrons, but qualitatively similar in composition—containing *triglycerides*, *cholesterol*, *... | {
"Header 1": "**Lipid Metabolism**",
"Header 2": "Lipoproteins—Their Special Function in Transporting Cholesterol and Phospholipids",
"token_count": 2009,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
To understand the essential steps in the beta-oxidation process, note that in Equation 1 in **[Figure 69-3,](#page-810-0)** the first step is combination of the fatty acid molecule with coenzyme
```
Thiokinase
(1) RCH2CH2COOH + CoA + ATP
RCH2CH2CH2COCoA + AMP + Pyrophosphate
(Fatty acyl-CoA)
Acyl dehydrogenase
(2) ... | {
"Header 1": "**Lipid Metabolism**",
"Header 2": "Lipoproteins—Their Special Function in Transporting Cholesterol and Phospholipids",
"token_count": 1379,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
A large share of the initial degradation of fatty acids occurs in the liver, especially when large amounts of lipids are being used for energy. However, the liver uses only a small proportion of the fatty acids for its own intrinsic metabolic processes. Instead, when the fatty acid chains have been split into acetyl-Co... | {
"Header 1": "**Lipid Metabolism**",
"Header 2": "Formation of Acetoacetic Acid in the Liver and Its Transport in the Blood",
"token_count": 1674,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
Once the synthesized fatty acid chains have grown to contain 14 to 18 carbon atoms, they bind with glycerol to form triglycerides. The enzymes that cause this conversion are highly specific for fatty acids, with chain lengths of 14 carbon atoms or greater, a factor that controls the physical quality of the triglyceride... | {
"Header 1": "**Lipid Metabolism**",
"Header 2": "Combination of Fatty Acids With $\\alpha$ -Glycerophosphate to Form Triglycerides",
"token_count": 2027,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
The ability of humans to store excess energy in adipose tissue is tremendous, with some people achieving body weights in excess of 500 kilograms (1100 pounds), mainly as a result of fat accumulation.
Several strains of rodents have been found in which *hereditary obesity* occurs. In at least one of these strains, the... | {
"Header 1": "**Lipid Metabolism**",
"Header 2": "Combination of Fatty Acids With $\\alpha$ -Glycerophosphate to Form Triglycerides",
"token_count": 2019,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
Also, these lipid substances help prevent water evaporation from the skin; without this protection, the amount of evaporation can be 5 to 10 liters per day (as occurs in patients with burns who have lost their skin) instead of the usual 300 to 400 milliliters.
**Cellular Structural Functions of Phospholipids and Chol... | {
"Header 1": "**Lipid Metabolism**",
"Header 2": "Combination of Fatty Acids With $\\alpha$ -Glycerophosphate to Form Triglycerides",
"token_count": 2040,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
Hypertension, for example, increases the risk for atherosclerotic coronary artery disease by at least twofold. Likewise, persons with diabetes mellitus have, on average, more than a twofold increased risk of developing coronary artery disease. When hypertension and diabetes mellitus occur together, the risk for coron... | {
"Header 1": "**Lipid Metabolism**",
"Header 2": "Combination of Fatty Acids With $\\alpha$ -Glycerophosphate to Form Triglycerides",
"token_count": 1746,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
About three-quarters of the body solids are proteins. These proteins include structural proteins, enzymes, nucleoproteins, proteins that transport oxygen, proteins of the muscle that cause muscle contraction, and many other types that perform specific intracellular and extracellular functions throughout the body.
The... | {
"Header 1": "**Protein Metabolism**",
"token_count": 2046,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
The molecules of all the amino acids are much too large to diffuse readily through the pores of the cell membranes. Therefore, significant quantities of amino acids can move
either inward or outward through the membranes only by facilitated transport or active transport using carrier mechanisms. The nature of some of... | {
"Header 1": "**Protein Metabolism**",
"token_count": 2039,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
Glutamine is present in the tissues in large quantities, and one of its principal functions is to serve as an amino radical storehouse.
Note also that the reactions are reversible so that transfer of amino groups can also occur during degradation of amino acids, as discussed later.
Transamination is promoted by sev... | {
"Header 1": "**Protein Metabolism**",
"token_count": 2016,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
In essence, it is believed that thyroxine has little specific effect on protein metabolism but does have an important general effect by increasing the rates of both normal anabolic and normal catabolic protein reactions.
#### Bibliography
- Bröer S, Fairweather SJ: Amino acid transport across the mammalian intestin... | {
"Header 1": "**Protein Metabolism**",
"token_count": 638,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
Although the liver is a discrete organ, it performs many different interrelating functions. The critical interrelated functions of the liver become especially evident when abnormalities of the liver occur. This chapter summarizes some of the major functions of the liver, including the following: (1) filtration and stor... | {
"Header 1": "**The Liver**",
"token_count": 2023,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
#### **Regulation of Liver Mass—Regeneration**
The liver possesses a remarkable ability to restore itself after significant hepatic tissue loss from either partial hepatectomy or acute liver injury, as long as the injury is uncomplicated by viral infection or inflammation. Partial hepatectomy, in which up to 70% of... | {
"Header 1": "**The Liver**",
"token_count": 2037,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
An amino radical is then transferred through several stages of *transamination* from an available amino acid to the keto acid to take the place of the keto oxygen.
#### **Other Metabolic Functions of the Liver**
**The Liver Is a Storage Site for Vitamins.** The liver has a particular propensity for storing vitamins... | {
"Header 1": "**The Liver**",
"token_count": 2036,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
In hemolytic jaundice, almost all the bilirubin is in the "unconjugated" form; in obstructive jaundice, it is mainly in the "conjugated" form. A test called the *van den Bergh reaction* can be used to differentiate between the two.
When total obstruction of bile flow occurs, no bilirubin can reach the intestines to b... | {
"Header 1": "**The Liver**",
"token_count": 1356,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
#### ENERGY INTAKE AND OUTPUT BALANCED UNDER STEADY-STATE CONDITIONS
Proteins, carbohydrates, and fats in the diet provide energy for various body functions or for storage and later use. Stability of body weight and composition over long periods requires that a person's energy intake and energy expenditure be balance... | {
"Header 1": "**Dietary Balances; Regulation of Feeding; Obesity and Starvation; Vitamins and Minerals**",
"token_count": 2013,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
Conversely, in the state of starvation, after the carbohydrates and fats have been depleted, the body's protein stores are consumed rapidly for energy, sometimes at rates approaching several hundred grams per day rather than the normal daily rate of 30 to 50 grams.
#### **Methods for Determining Metabolic Utilization... | {
"Header 1": "**Dietary Balances; Regulation of Feeding; Obesity and Starvation; Vitamins and Minerals**",
"token_count": 1981,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
A few of the many substances that have been shown to alter appetite and feeding behavior in experimental studies are listed in **[Table 72-2](#page-834-0)** and are generally categorized as (1) *orexigenic* substances that stimulate feeding or (2) *anorexigenic* substances that inhibit feeding.
**Neurons and Neurotra... | {
"Header 1": "**Dietary Balances; Regulation of Feeding; Obesity and Starvation; Vitamins and Minerals**",
"token_count": 1981,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
#### **Short-Term Regulation of Food Intake**
When a person is driven by hunger to eat voraciously and rapidly, what turns off the desire to eat when he or she has eaten enough? There has not been enough time for changes in the body's energy stores to occur, and it takes hours for enough nutritional factors to be a... | {
"Header 1": "**Dietary Balances; Regulation of Feeding; Obesity and Starvation; Vitamins and Minerals**",
"token_count": 2020,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
**Summary of Long-Term Regulation.** Even though our information on the different feedback factors in longterm feeding regulation is imprecise, we can make the following general statement: When the energy stores of the body fall below normal, the feeding centers of the hypothalamus and other areas of the brain become... | {
"Header 1": "**Dietary Balances; Regulation of Feeding; Obesity and Starvation; Vitamins and Minerals**",
"token_count": 2043,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
The intrauterine environment of an obese mother may influence development of the embryo, including epigenetic effects on germ cells that become sperm or oocytes. The sperm and oocytes of male and female parents may also be altered by epigenetic changes that occur secondary to obesity, thus predisposing subsequent gener... | {
"Header 1": "**Dietary Balances; Regulation of Feeding; Obesity and Starvation; Vitamins and Minerals**",
"token_count": 1985,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
*Anorexia* can be defined as *a reduction in food intake caused primarily by diminished appetite,* as opposed to the literal definition of "not eating." This definition emphasizes the important role of central neural mechanisms in the pathophysiology of anorexia in diseases such as cancer, when other common problems,... | {
"Header 1": "**Dietary Balances; Regulation of Feeding; Obesity and Starvation; Vitamins and Minerals**",
"token_count": 2035,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
When vitamin A is lacking, the epithelial structures of the body tend to become stratified and keratinized. Vitamin A deficiency manifests itself by (1) scaliness of the skin and sometimes acne; (2) failure of growth of young animals, including cessation of skeletal growth; (3) failure of reproduction, associated espec... | {
"Header 1": "**Dietary Balances; Regulation of Feeding; Obesity and Starvation; Vitamins and Minerals**",
"token_count": 2014,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
#### **Vitamin B12**
Several *cobalamin* compounds that possess a common prosthetic group exhibit so-called vitamin B12 activity. This prosthetic group contains cobalt, which has bonds similar to those of iron in the hemoglobin molecule. It is likely that the cobalt atom functions in much the same way that the iron... | {
"Header 1": "**Dietary Balances; Regulation of Feeding; Obesity and Starvation; Vitamins and Minerals**",
"token_count": 2045,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
**Table 72-4** Recommended or Adequate Daily Dietary Intakes of Minerals for Adult Men and Women
| | | Amount |
|------------|----------|----------|
| Mineral | Men | Women |
| Sodium | 1500 mg | 1500 mg |
| Potassium | 3400 mg | 2600 mg |
| Chloride | 2300 mg | 2300 mg ... | {
"Header 1": "**Dietary Balances; Regulation of Feeding; Obesity and Starvation; Vitamins and Minerals**",
"token_count": 2028,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
[https://o](https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/list-VitaminsMinerals/) [ds.od.nih.gov/factsheets/list-VitaminsMinerals/](https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/list-VitaminsMinerals/)
- Neeland IJ, Poirier P, Després JP: Cardiovascular and metabolic heterogeneity of obesity: clinical challenges and implications for managemen... | {
"Header 1": "**Dietary Balances; Regulation of Feeding; Obesity and Starvation; Vitamins and Minerals**",
"token_count": 485,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
#### **Adenosine Triphosphate Functions as an "Energy Currency" in Metabolism**
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be used by cells to synthesize large quantities of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which is used as an energy source for almost all other cellular functions. For this reason, ATP has been called an ... | {
"Header 1": "**Energetics and Metabolic Rate**",
"token_count": 2022,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
When a person stops breathing, a small amount of oxygen is already stored in the lungs and an additional amount is stored in the hemoglobin of the blood. This oxygen is sufficient to keep the metabolic processes functioning for only about 2 minutes. Continued life beyond this time requires an additional source of energ... | {
"Header 1": "**Energetics and Metabolic Rate**",
"token_count": 2004,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
#### **Metabolic Rate**
The *metabolism* of the body simply means all the chemical reactions in all the cells of the body, and the *metabolic rate* is normally expressed in terms of the rate of heat liberation during chemical reactions.
**Heat Is the End Product of Almost All the Energy Released in the Body.** In... | {
"Header 1": "**Energetics and Metabolic Rate**",
"token_count": 2039,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
For this reason, BMR is usually corrected for differences in body size by expressing it as Calories per hour per square meter of body surface area, calculated from height and weight. The average
**Figure 73-4.** Normal basal metabolic rates at different ages for each sex.
values for m... | {
"Header 1": "**Energetics and Metabolic Rate**",
"token_count": 2009,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
Trends Endocrinol Metab 24:408, 2013.
- Chouchani ET, Kazak L, Spiegelman BM: New advances in adaptive thermogenesis: UCP1 and beyond. Cell Metab 29:27, 2019.
- Fernández-Verdejo R, Aguirre C, Galgani JE: Issues in measuring and interpreting energy balance and its contribution to obesity. Curr Obes Rep 8:88, 2019.
- Fe... | {
"Header 1": "**Energetics and Metabolic Rate**",
"token_count": 525,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
#### NORMAL BODY TEMPERATURES
**Body Core Temperature and Skin Temperature.** The temperature of the deep tissues of the body—the "core" of the body—usually remains very constant, within ±1°F (±0.6°C), except when a person has a febrile illness. Indeed, a nude person can be exposed to temperatures as low as 55°F or a... | {
"Header 1": "**Body Temperature Regulation and Fever**",
"token_count": 2031,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/1671268744mpp.pdf"
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.