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#### *7.18.1 Dendrimers and Hyperbranched Polymers*
Highly branched polymeric materials with large number of end groups can offer unique physical properties. Dendrimers (described in Chap. [1\)](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2212-9_1) differ from linear polymers in viscosity and thermal behavior. A variety o... | {
"Header 1": "*7.17.2 Polyphenylene*",
"token_count": 1734,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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#### *Section 7.1*
- 1. Describe the types of monomers that can undergo step-growth polymerizations.
- 2. Illustrate step-growth polymerization on formation of poly(butylene adipate), showing dimers, tetramers, etc.
- 3. Does the size of the molecule influence the reactivity of the functional group? Explain.
- 4. How... | {
"Header 1": "Review Questions",
"token_count": 538,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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- 1. Discuss nylon nomenclature.
- 2. Discuss the chemistry of preparation of nylons 1, 3, 4, and 5 showing all the equations.
- 3. Discuss the common synthetic routes to caprolactam.
- 4. Describe conditions for the preparation of nylon 6.
- 5. Describe with chemical equations the preparations of nylon 7 and 9. What... | {
"Header 1": "*Section 7.3*",
"token_count": 609,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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- 1. What are the important industrial sulfur-containing polymers?
- 2. Show the synthetic routes by which aromatic sulfones can be prepared.
- 3. Describe the preparation of poly(phenylene sulfide), properties, and uses.
- 4. How are poly(alkylene sulfide) prepared and used commercially?
#### *Section 7.10*
- 1. I... | {
"Header 1": "*Section 7.9*",
"token_count": 605,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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1. What are polyphosphazines, how are they formed and used?
#### *Section 7.17*
- 1. What chemical options are available to improve heat stability and toughness of polymeric materials?
- 2. Discuss fluorine containing aromatic polymers.
- 3. Discuss the chemistry of preparation of polyphenylene.
- 4. Discuss Diels–... | {
"Header 1": "*Section 7.16*",
"token_count": 1994,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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Kulikova, and N. M. Teplyakov, *J. Polymer Sci.,* 1962, *56*, 417
- 33. W.F. Christopher and D.W. Fox, *Polycarbonates*, Reinhold, New York, 1962; H. Schnell, *Chemistry and Physics of Polycarbonates*, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1964; H. Vernaleken in *Interfacial Syntheses*, E.F.Millich and C.E. Carreher Jr. ed.,... | {
"Header 1": "*Section 7.16*",
"token_count": 1995,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
} |
R. Hill and E.E. Walker, *J. Polymer Sci.,* 3, 609 (1948)
- 73. C.W, Bunn and E.V. Garner, *Proc. Roy. Soc.(London),* A189, 39 (1947)
- 74. J. Preston and W.B. Black, *J. Polymer Sci., Polymer Letters,* 3, 845 (1965)
- 75. J. Preson and W.B. Black, *J. Polymer Sci.,* C 23, 441 (1968)
- 76. B.F. Malichenko, V.V. Senkova... | {
"Header 1": "*Section 7.16*",
"token_count": 1980,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
} |
Polymer Sci., Polymer Symp.,* 70, 129 (1983); N.-H. You, Y. Nakamura, T. Higashihara, S. Ando, and M. Ueda, *Am. Chem. Soc. Polymer Preprints,* 2009, *50* (1), 493
- 103. W.G.B. Huysmans and W.A. Waters, *J. Am. Chem. Soc., (B),* 1163 (1967)
- 104. G.D. Cooper and A. Katchman, Chapt. 43 in "*Addition and Condensation P... | {
"Header 1": "*Section 7.16*",
"token_count": 1979,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
} |
ed., Dekker, New York, 1988
- 135. P.F. Bruins, *Epoxy Resin Technology*, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1968; B. Sedlacek and J. Kahovek (eds.), *Crosslinked Epoxies*, de Gruyler, New York, 1986; R.S. Bauer (ed.), *Epoxy Resin Chemistry*, 2 vols., A.C.S. Sympos. Series, Am. Chem. Soc., Washington, D.C., 1979 and 1983
-... | {
"Header 1": "*Section 7.16*",
"token_count": 1992,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
} |
Ed.,* 16, 124 (1977); *Science*, 193, 1214 (1976); *Polymer*, 21, 673 (1980); T. L Evans and H.R. Allcock, *J. Macromol. Sci.- Chem.,* A16, 409 (1981); H.R. Allcock, *J. Polymer Sci., Polym. Symp.,* 70, 71 (1983)
- 174. H.C. Brown, *J. Polymer Sci.,* 44, 9 (1960)
- 175. J. M. Cox, B.A. Wright, and W.W. Wright, *J. Appl... | {
"Header 1": "*Section 7.16*",
"token_count": 1958,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
} |
## 2,890,206 (1959); 2,890,207 (1959); 3.074,915 (1963)
- 203. V. Saukaran and C.S. Marvel, *J. Polymer Sci., Polymer Chem. Ed.,* 18, 1835 (1980)
- 204. K. Meyersen and J.Y.C. Wang, *J. Polymer Sci.,* A-1,5, 1845 (1967)
- 205. F.C. De Schryver, W.J. Feast, and G. Smets, *J. Polymer Sci.,* A-1.8, 1939 (1970)
- 206. H. V... | {
"Header 1": "*Section 7.16*",
"token_count": 1974,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
} |
6870 (1991)
- 243. H.M. Gajiwala and R. Zand, *Macromolecules,* 26, 5976 (1993)
- 244. A.P. Chafin et al., *Macromolecules*, 30, 1515 (1997)
- 245. S-D. Lee, F. Sanda, and T. Endo, *J. Polymer Sci. Polym Chem.Ed.*, 35, 1333 (1997)
- 246. P.E. Doodson, T.L. Wallow, and B.M. Novak, *Macromolecules*, 31, 2047 (1998)
- 247... | {
"Header 1": "*Section 7.16*",
"token_count": 722,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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There are many naturally occurring polymeric materials. Many are quite complex. It is possible, however, to apply an arbitrary classification and to divide them into six main categories. These are:
- 1. Polysaccharides. This category includes starch, cellulose, chitin, pectin, alginic acid, natural gums, and others.
... | {
"Header 1": "8.1 Naturally Occurring Polymers",
"token_count": 1616,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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Acetolysis of cellulose, however, yields cellobiose, a disaccharide, 4-O-b-D-glucopyranosyl-D-glucopyranose:
$$HO$$
$OH$ $OHO$ $OHO$ $OHO$ $OHO$ $OHO$ $OHO$ $OHO$ $OHO$ $OHO$ $OHO$ $OHO$ $OHO$ $OHO$ $OHO$ $OHO$ $OHO$ $OHO$ $OHO$ $OHO$ $OHO$ $OHO$ $OHO$ $OHO$ $OHO$ $OH... | {
"Header 1": "8.1 Naturally Occurring Polymers",
"token_count": 2037,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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In another process cellulose is dissolved in ammoniacal cupric hydroxide (Cu(NH3)4(OH)2). The solution is then spun as a fiber into a dilute sulfuric acid solution to regenerate the cellulose. The product is called *Cuprammonium rayon*. The material may still be manufactured on a limited scale.
The third, probably ... | {
"Header 1": "8.1 Naturally Occurring Polymers",
"token_count": 2036,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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The water-soluble ethers, like methyl, carboxymethyl, and hydroxyethyl, are used as thickeners in foods and in paper manufacturing.
Cellulose can be reacted with acrylonitrile to form a cyanoethylether. The Michael condensation takes place with alkali cellulose:
O HO ONa O ONa n N O HO O n O N O N
Cyanoethylated ... | {
"Header 1": "8.1 Naturally Occurring Polymers",
"token_count": 1690,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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Other polysaccharides found in nature include *alginic acid* that is isolated from certain brown seaweeds [[17\]](#page-574-0). The monomers of this polymer, similar to cellulose, are linked *trans* or b to each other, through the 1,4 positions:
O HO OH O OH O
A sulfate group bearing polysaccharide is isolated from... | {
"Header 1": "*8.2.4 Miscellaneous Polysaccharides*",
"token_count": 2042,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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An almost all *trans*-1,4 polymer called *gutta-percha* is found in the exudations of various trees of the genus *Palaquium, Sapotaceae, and Habit.* The molecular weights of these polymers range from 42,000 to 100,000. *Balata* and *chicle*, also mainly *trans*-1,4-polyisoprenes, are found in saps of some plants in W... | {
"Header 1": "*8.2.4 Miscellaneous Polysaccharides*",
"token_count": 631,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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Twenty-five known naturally occurring amino acids were isolated from various proteins by hydrolysis. All but one of them, glycine, possess an asymmetric carbon. Table [8.1](#page-559-0) lists the naturally occurring amino acids and gives their structures [[26,](#page-574-0) [28,](#page-574-0) [31\]](#page-574-0).
Amo... | {
"Header 1": "*8.5.1* a*-Amino Acids*",
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"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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Or, some sections may be linked chemically by sulfur–sulfur bonds of cystine groups. There may also be areas
Fig. 8.3 a-Helix structure of proteins
where the folding of the helix is such that it allows hydrogen bonding between distant sites. The overall, three-dimensional picture of ... | {
"Header 1": "*8.5.1* a*-Amino Acids*",
"token_count": 2007,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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Allan and Dunaway demonstrated that by means of <sup>19</sup>F nuclear magnetic resonance that the transition state involved a bipyramidal oxyphosphorane intermediate [\[72](#page-575-0)].
#### *8.5.3 Synthetic Methods for the Preparation of Polypeptides*
Studies of protein structures and their functions in nature ... | {
"Header 1": "*8.5.1* a*-Amino Acids*",
"token_count": 1937,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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These are protein-bound polymers that are essential in many biological processes. They perform such functions as directing the syntheses of proteins in living cells and constitute the chemical basis of heredity [[56,](#page-574-0) [57\]](#page-574-0). The polymers are polyphosphate esters of sugars that contain pendant... | {
"Header 1": "8.6 Nucleic Acids",
"token_count": 2047,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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Some were found to be as high as 100 million. Analyses of DNA structures show that the numbers of adenine bases are always the same as the number of thymine bases. Also, the numbers of guanine bases always equal the numbers of cytosines. Based on the information from various analyses and an X-ray investigation of the s... | {
"Header 1": "8.6 Nucleic Acids",
"token_count": 555,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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One synthetic procedure can be illustrated as follows:
$$\begin{array}{c} \begin{array}{c} \begin{array}{c} \\ \\ \\ \\ \end{array} \end{array} \begin{array}{c} \\ \\ \end{array} \begin{array}{c} \\ \\ \end{array} \begin{array}{c} \\ \\ \end{array} \begin{array}{c} \\ \\ \end{array} \begin{array}{c} \\ \\ \end{array}... | {
"Header 1": "8.6 Nucleic Acids",
"token_count": 2618,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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The same is true of the acetyl portion that also serves to block the 3<sup>0</sup> hydroxyl position. The product can be used for further expansion of the chain.
Another approach to the syntheses of nucleic acids is to use polymeric supports as in the syntheses of polypeptides. The preparation of protecting groups fo... | {
"Header 1": "8.6 Nucleic Acids",
"token_count": 2026,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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R.L. Whistler and E.F. Paschall, eds. *Starch, Chemistry and Technology*, vols. I and II, Academic Press, N.Y. 1965
- 12. N.M. Bikales and L. Segal, eds. *Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives*, Wiley-Interscience, N.Y. 1971; A. Hebeish and J.T. Guthrie, *The Chemistry and Technology of Cellulose Derivatives*, Springer-V... | {
"Header 1": "8.6 Nucleic Acids",
"token_count": 1959,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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Davidson, *The Biochemistry of Nucleic Acids*, 7th ed., Academic Press, New York, 1972
- 57. N.K. Kochetkov and E.I. Budovskii, (eds.), *Organic Chemistry of Nucleic Acids*, Plenum Press, London, Part A 1971, Part B 1972; L.B. Townsend and R.S. Tipson, (eds.), *Nucleic Acid Chemistry*, Wiley-Interscience, New York, 198... | {
"Header 1": "8.6 Nucleic Acids",
"token_count": 895,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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#### 9.1 Reactivity of Macromolecules
In consideration of various chemical reactions of macromolecules, the reactivity of their functional groups must be compared to those of small molecules. The comparisons have stimulated many investigations and led to conclusions that functional groups exhibit equal reactivity in ... | {
"Header 1": "Organic Reactions of Polymers",
"token_count": 704,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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In the first one, the reactivities of chlorine-terminated low and high molecular weight polystyrenes towards polystyryllithium are equal in benzene and cyclohexane solvents:
$$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$$
In the second one, the reactivity of primary amine-terminated polyoxyethylenes with sul... | {
"Header 1": "Organic Reactions of Polymers",
"token_count": 2021,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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Reactions that are bimolecular can be affected by the viscosity of the medium [[9](#page-691-0)]. The translational motions of flexible polymeric chains are accompanied by concomitant segmental rearrangements. Whether this applies to a particular reaction, however, is hard to tell. For instance, two dynamic processes a... | {
"Header 1": "*9.1.1 Diffusion-Controlled Reactions*",
"token_count": 1460,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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Changes in solubility can occur during the courses of various reactions. Such changes are observed, for instance, during the chlorination of polyethylene in aromatic and chlorinated solvents [[29\]](#page-691-0). There is an increase in the solubility until 30% conversion is reached. After that, solubility decreases an... | {
"Header 1": "*9.1.4 Effects of Changes in Solubility*",
"token_count": 1428,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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The products are the corresponding chlorine and bromine containing polymers with little degradation of the polysilane backbone:
$$\begin{array}{c|c} & & & \\ & & \\ \hline \\ Si \end{array} \begin{array}{c} & & \\ \hline \\ Si \end{array} \begin{array}{c} & \\ \hline \\ \hline \\ \end{array} \begin{array}{c} & \\ \hl... | {
"Header 1": "*9.1.4 Effects of Changes in Solubility*",
"token_count": 2305,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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These appear to be: (1) additions to the double bond; (2) substitutions; (3) cyclizations; and (4) cross-linkings. As a result, the additions of halogens to the double bonds are only a minor portion of the overall reaction scheme [\[37](#page-691-0), [38\]](#page-691-0). In CCl<sup>4</sup> , the following steps are kno... | {
"Header 1": "*9.1.4 Effects of Changes in Solubility*",
"token_count": 1793,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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Polyisoprenes and polybutadienes can also be modified by reactions with carbenes. Dichlorocarbene adds to natural rubber dissolved in chloroform in a phase transfer reaction with aqueous NaOH [[54\]](#page-692-0). A phase transfer reagent must be used with the aqueous NaOH. Solid sodium hydroxide can be used without a ... | {
"Header 1": "*9.2.3 Addition of Carbenes*",
"token_count": 1231,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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A number of polar additions to unsaturated polymers are known. These include Michael addition, hydroboration, 1,3-dipolar additions, ene reaction, the Ritter reaction, Diels–Alder additions, and others.
#### 9.2.5.1 Michael Addition
Among polar additions to unsaturated polymers are reactions of amines and ammonia w... | {
"Header 1": "*9.2.5 Polar Additions*",
"token_count": 1699,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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The products can undergo typical reactions of the isocyanate group [[74\]](#page-692-0), as for instance:
N I O [HX] I HX NH<sup>2</sup> NaOH NH
as well as:
$$\begin{array}{c|c} & & & \\ & & & \\ & & & \\ & & & \\ & & & \\ & & & \\ & & & \\ & & & \\ & & & \\ & & & \\ & & & \\ & & & \\ & & & \\ & & & \\ & & & \\ &... | {
"Header 1": "*9.2.5 Polar Additions*",
"token_count": 1784,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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The reaction can be illustrated as follows [[77\]](#page-692-0):
$$= + CO + H - H_2O - N - R$$
#### 9.2.5.5 The Ritter Reaction
This reaction can be carried out on natural rubber and on synthetic polyisoprenes [[78\]](#page-692-0):
$$\begin{array}{c} & & & \\ & & & \\ & & & \\ & & & \\ & & & \\ & & & \\ & & & \... | {
"Header 1": "*9.2.5 Polar Additions*",
"token_count": 1567,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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The product then reacts with mercaptans, aided by a photosensitizer (like benzophenone) and ultraviolet light [85]:
$$\begin{array}{c} \begin{array}{c} \begin{array}{c} \\ \\ \\ \end{array} \end{array} \begin{array}{c} \\ \\ \end{array} \begin{array}{c} \\ \\ \end{array} \begin{array}{c} \\ \\ \end{array} \end{array}... | {
"Header 1": "*9.2.5 Polar Additions*",
"token_count": 2709,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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Patent literature describes procedures that use hydrogen peroxide in the presence of organic acids or their heavy metal salts. Reaction conditions place a limitation on the molecular weights of the polymers, because it is easier to handle lower viscosity solutions. A modification of the procedures is to use peracetic a... | {
"Header 1": "*9.2.5 Polar Additions*",
"token_count": 1085,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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Cyclization reactions of natural rubber and other polymers from conjugated dienes have been known for a long time. The reactions occur in the presence of Lewis and strong protonic acids. They result in loss of elastomeric properties and some unsaturation. Carbon cations form in the intermediate step and subsequent form... | {
"Header 1": "*9.3.2 Cyclizations and Intramolecular Rearrangements*",
"token_count": 1121,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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The *Schmidt* and *Beckmann rearrangements* were carried out on copolymers of ethylene and carbon monoxide [\[129](#page-693-0)]:
$$\begin{array}{c|c}
& & & & \\
& & & \\
& & & \\
& & & \\
& & & \\
& & & \\
& & & \\
& & & \\
& & & \\
& & & \\
& & & \\
& & & \\
& & & \\
& & & \\
& & & \\
& & & \\
& & & \\
& & & \\
& &... | {
"Header 1": "*9.3.2 Cyclizations and Intramolecular Rearrangements*",
"token_count": 2036,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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The two reactions, however, are different, though both take place by free-radical mechanism. When carried out in the dark at 100C or higher, no catalyst is needed, probably because there are residual peroxides from oxidation of the starting material. Oxygen must be excluded because it inhibits the reaction and degrades... | {
"Header 1": "*9.3.2 Cyclizations and Intramolecular Rearrangements*",
"token_count": 299,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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$Cl$ • + $\sim$ $\sim$ $\sim$ + $\sim$ + $\sim$ + $\sim$ + $\sim$ + $\sim$ + $\sim$ + $\sim$ + $\sim$ + $\sim$ + $\sim$ + $\sim$ + $\sim$ + $\sim$ + $\sim$ + $\sim$ + $\sim$ + $\sim$ + $\sim$ + $\sim$ + $\sim$ + $\sim$ + $\sim$ + $\sim$ + $\sim$ + $\sim$ + $\si... | {
"Header 1": "*9.3.2 Cyclizations and Intramolecular Rearrangements*",
"token_count": 2047,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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The amount of chlorination affects the properties of the product. At low levels of substitution, the material still resembles the parent compound. When, however, the level of chlorine reaches 30–40%, the material becomes an elastomer. At levels exceeding 40%, the polymer stiffens again and becomes hard.
Commercial ch... | {
"Header 1": "*9.3.2 Cyclizations and Intramolecular Rearrangements*",
"token_count": 1169,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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Procedures for commercial *chlorinations of poly(vinyl chloride)* vary. Low temperature chlorinations are done on aqueous dispersions of the polymers that are reacted with chlorine gas in the presence of swelling agents, like chloroform. These are light catalyzed reactions, usually carried out at about 50C. They result... | {
"Header 1": "*9.4.2 Substitution Reactions of Halogen-Bearing Polymers*",
"token_count": 1067,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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One such modification is a reaction with an isocyanate [[162\]](#page-694-0):
$$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$$
By a similar reaction, phosphinimine groups can be formed on the polymer backbone [\[162](#page-694-0)]:
$$\begin{array}{c|c} & & & \\ & & & \\ \hline \end{array} \begin{array}{c} &... | {
"Header 1": "*9.4.2 Substitution Reactions of Halogen-Bearing Polymers*",
"token_count": 2169,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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It appears likely, however, that some of them might get removed and double bonds might form instead in the backbone.
9.4 Substitution Reactions 595
Poly(vinyl chloride) reacts with various thiols in ethylene diamine to produce monosulfide derivatives [\[165](#page-694-0)]:
$$\begin{array}{c|c} \hline \\ \hline \\... | {
"Header 1": "*9.4.2 Substitution Reactions of Halogen-Bearing Polymers*",
"token_count": 956,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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On the other hand, when poly(vinyl chloride) is reacted with metal hydrides, like lithium aluminum hydride in a mixture of tetrahydrofuran and decalin at 100C, macroalkanes form [[172\]](#page-694-0):
$$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$$
Replacement of the chlorine with *N*,*N*-dialkyl dithiocarba... | {
"Header 1": "*9.4.2 Substitution Reactions of Halogen-Bearing Polymers*",
"token_count": 2207,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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#### *9.4.3 Substitution Reactions of Polymers with Aromatic Rings*
There are some interesting reports in the literature on reactions carried out on the backbones of polystyrenes. There are also many reports in the literature on aromatic substitution reactions of polystyrene. Only a few, however, are in industrial ... | {
"Header 1": "*9.4.2 Substitution Reactions of Halogen-Bearing Polymers*",
"token_count": 2021,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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Both linear and cross-linked chloromethylated polystyrenes react smoothly with triphenylphosphine to give derivatives that react with various aldehydes [[196,](#page-694-0) [197](#page-694-0)]. Phase transfer catalysts can also be used in carrying out nucleophilic substitutions with the aid of sulfides, like tetrahydro... | {
"Header 1": "*9.4.2 Substitution Reactions of Halogen-Bearing Polymers*",
"token_count": 2038,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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Partial sulfonations of polystyrenes are achieved in the presence of ethers. When more than 50% of the aromatic rings are sulfonated, the polymers become water-soluble. At lesser amounts of sulfonation, 25–50%, the polymers are solvent-soluble [\[212](#page-695-0), [213\]](#page-695-0).
When polystyrene is sulfonated... | {
"Header 1": "*9.4.2 Substitution Reactions of Halogen-Bearing Polymers*",
"token_count": 2029,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
} |
Sodium metalated polystyrene reacts in a similar manner [\[228\]](#page-695-0):
9.4 Substitution Reactions 605
$$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$$
Polyiodostyrene is a good starting material for many other reactions. Some of them are [[233,](#page-695-0) [234](#page-695-0)]:
$$+ 2 \downarrow ... | {
"Header 1": "*9.4.2 Substitution Reactions of Halogen-Bearing Polymers*",
"token_count": 2046,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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The product of such reduction is acetylated with acetic anhydride in pyridine [[237\]](#page-695-0) as follows:
O O + LiAlH<sup>4</sup> OH
OH + O O O N O O
9.4 Substitution Reactions 607
Hydrolysis in water of the product of acetylation, followed by treatment with hot *m*-cresol, and subsequent extraction with ... | {
"Header 1": "*9.4.2 Substitution Reactions of Halogen-Bearing Polymers*",
"token_count": 1893,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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This is a convenient route to formation of polymers with such pendant organometallic groups [\[253](#page-695-0)]:
$$+$$
$H_2NOH$ $+$ $H_2NOH$ $+$ $HON$ $NH_2$ $NH_2$ $NH_2$ $NH_2$ $NH_2$ $NH_2$ $NH_2$ $NH_2$ $NH_2$ $NH_2$ $NH_2$ $NH_2$ $NH_2$ $NH_2$ $NH_2$ $NH_2$ $NH_2$ $N... | {
"Header 1": "*9.4.2 Substitution Reactions of Halogen-Bearing Polymers*",
"token_count": 1981,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
} |
One example is a condensation with pyridinium and quinolinium salts [\[260](#page-695-0)]:
+ N OH OH O O N
The material cyclodimerizes on exposure to light [[261\]](#page-695-0) (see Chap. [10](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2212-9_10) for additional discussion of this subject).
*Schotten-Baumann esterifica... | {
"Header 1": "*9.4.2 Substitution Reactions of Halogen-Bearing Polymers*",
"token_count": 2045,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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Only some of the hydroxyl groups, however, are converted to amide structures [\[264](#page-696-0)]:
$$\begin{array}{c|c} & & & \\ \hline & & & \\ OH & OH & \\ \hline & & & \\ OH & \\ \hline & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & ... | {
"Header 1": "*9.4.2 Substitution Reactions of Halogen-Bearing Polymers*",
"token_count": 2043,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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Most evidence points to an ionic mechanism and a sulfonium ion intermediate [[272\]](#page-696-0). It was shown [\[273](#page-696-0)] that a straightforward reaction of sulfur with rubber is insufficient. Somehow, between 40 and 100 atoms of sulfur must be combined in order to obtain one cross-link. Out of 40–100 atoms... | {
"Header 1": "*9.4.2 Substitution Reactions of Halogen-Bearing Polymers*",
"token_count": 1999,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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This results in formation of stable tertiary polymer radicals that react with maleic anhydride to form graft copolymers:
Not all chain transferring to the backbones results in formations of graft copolymers. An example is polymerization of vinyl acetate in the presence of poly(methyl methacrylate). No graft copolymer... | {
"Header 1": "*9.4.2 Substitution Reactions of Halogen-Bearing Polymers*",
"token_count": 1771,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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High degrees of grafting by free-radical mechanism can be attained when polymerizations are initiated from the backbones of the polymer. One way this can be done is to form peroxides on the backbone structures. Decompositions of such peroxides can yield initiating radicals. Half of them will be attached to the backbone... | {
"Header 1": "*9.6.4 Initiations of Polymerizations from the Backbone of Polymers*",
"token_count": 1928,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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Mercerized cotton and sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose will react with *p*-aminophenacyl chloride:
$$\begin{array}{c} OH \\ \hline HO \\ O \\ \end{array} \begin{array}{c} OH \\ \hline \\ O \\ \end{array} \begin{array}{c} OH \\ \hline \\ NH_2 \end{array} \begin{array}{c} OH \\ \hline \\ O \\ \end{array} \begin{a... | {
"Header 1": "*9.6.4 Initiations of Polymerizations from the Backbone of Polymers*",
"token_count": 2189,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
} |
Acrylonitrile forms graft copolymer readily without formation of any homopolymers. Styrene and vinyl acetate, however, do not. A modification of this technique is to conduct the diazotization reaction in the presence of emulsifiers [\[335](#page-697-0)]. The amounts of graft copolymers that form with acrylic and methac... | {
"Header 1": "*9.6.4 Initiations of Polymerizations from the Backbone of Polymers*",
"token_count": 637,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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Photo labile groups on polymers can serve as sites for photoinitiated graft copolymerizations. For instance, when polymers and copolymers of vinyl ketone decompose in ultraviolet light in the presence of acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate or vinyl acetate graft copolymers form [[357\]](#page-697-0):
O O O O O + CH<su... | {
"Header 1": "*9.6.5 Photochemical Syntheses of Graft Copolymers*",
"token_count": 2023,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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#### *9.6.6 Graft Copolymer Formation with the Aid of High-Energy Radiation*
High-energy radiation sources include gamma rays from radioactive elements, electron beams from accelerators, and gamma rays from nuclear reactors. The energy radiated by these sources is sufficiently high to rupturing covalent bonds. This... | {
"Header 1": "*9.6.5 Photochemical Syntheses of Graft Copolymers*",
"token_count": 690,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
} |
Both anionic and cationic mechanisms can be used to form graft copolymers. A typical example of graft copolymer formation by anionic mechanism is grafting polyacrylonitrile to polystyrene [\[364](#page-697-0)]:
$$\begin{array}{c} & & & & \\ & & & \\ & & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & &... | {
"Header 1": "*9.6.7 Preparation of Graft Copolymers with Ionic Chain-Growth and Step-Growth Polymerization Reactions*",
"token_count": 1223,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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Propylene monomer polymerization results in formations of isotactic polymeric branches:
$$\begin{array}{c|c} & \underline{\text{Al}(\text{C2H5})\text{2H}} & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & \\ & & ... | {
"Header 1": "*9.6.7 Preparation of Graft Copolymers with Ionic Chain-Growth and Step-Growth Polymerization Reactions*",
"token_count": 2037,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
} |
Allylic chlorines form very active carbon cations in the presence of this initiator. This is also true of macromolecular carbon cation sources [[402\]](#page-698-0). As a result, very high grafting efficiency is achieved in many different polymerizations using macromolecular cationogens and alkylaluminum compounds. In ... | {
"Header 1": "*9.6.7 Preparation of Graft Copolymers with Ionic Chain-Growth and Step-Growth Polymerization Reactions*",
"token_count": 1696,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
} |
In a rather interesting reaction, ethylene oxide can be graft-copolymerized with nylon 6,6 [[406\]](#page-698-0). Formation of the graft copolymer greatly enhances flexibility of the material, while the high melting point of the nylon is still maintained. Thus, nylon 6,6 that contains as much as 50% by weight of grafte... | {
"Header 1": "*9.6.8 Miscellaneous Graft Copolymerizations*",
"token_count": 2020,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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The prepolymer is coupled with *N*-methylamino-2,2<sup>0</sup> -diethanol to form a segmented polymer:
N N
Similar products form from isocyanate-terminated polyethers. This material can be cross-linked with difunctional quaternizing agents, such as 1,4-bis(chloromethyl) benzene [\[434](#page-699-0)]:
$$\begin{arr... | {
"Header 1": "*9.6.8 Miscellaneous Graft Copolymerizations*",
"token_count": 240,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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These block copolymers form readily when appropriate Ziegler-Natta catalysts are used [\[436](#page-699-0)]. This is discussed in Chaps. [4](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2212-9_4) and [6.](http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2212-9_6) In addition, there is a special technique for preparations of such block cop... | {
"Header 1": "*9.7.6 Block Copolymers of Poly(*a*-Olefin)s*",
"token_count": 713,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
} |
This technique allows formation of many different types of block copolymers [\[437](#page-699-0)]. Lithium metal can be used to initiate polymerizations in solvents of varying polarity. Monomers, like styrene, amethylstyrene, methyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, 2-vinylpyridine, 4-vinyl pyridine, acrylonitrile, and... | {
"Header 1": "*9.7.7 Simultaneous Use of Free Radical and Ionic Chain-Growth Polymerizations*",
"token_count": 1073,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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Formation of block copolymers by this method depends upon the ability to form "living" chain ends. Among the anionic systems, the following polymerizations fit this requirement:
- 1. Polymerizations of nonpolar monomers with alkali metal-aromatic electron transfer initiators in ethers [\[398](#page-698-0)].
- 2. Poly... | {
"Header 1": "*9.7.8 Preparation of Block Copolymers by Homogeneous Ionic Copolymerization*",
"token_count": 2033,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
} |
Other functional compounds that can be used in such reactions are alkyl or aryl halides, succinic anhydride, *n*-bromophthalimide [\[448](#page-699-0)], and chlorosilanes [[449\]](#page-699-0).
Because block copolymers can often offer properties that are unattainable with simple blends or random copolymers [\[364](#p... | {
"Header 1": "*9.7.8 Preparation of Block Copolymers by Homogeneous Ionic Copolymerization*",
"token_count": 2044,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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The first one yields free radical and the second one ionic species. Heterolytic scissions require more energy, but should not be written off as completely unlikely [\[413](#page-698-0)]. Early work was done with natural rubber [\[413](#page-698-0)]. It swells when exposed to many monomers and forms a visco-elastic mass... | {
"Header 1": "*9.7.8 Preparation of Block Copolymers by Homogeneous Ionic Copolymerization*",
"token_count": 1304,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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One early study of *thermal degradation of polyethylene* was carried out on low molecular weight polymers [\[453](#page-699-0)]. Later the work was repeated with high-density polyethylene [[454](#page-699-0)]. The volatile products were identified by gas chromatography. The biggest portion of the volatiles was found to... | {
"Header 1": "*9.8.2 Thermal Degradation of Polyolefins and of Polymers from Conjugated Dienes*",
"token_count": 2007,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
} |
The following mechanism of degradation was proposed [\[469](#page-700-0), [470\]](#page-700-0):
$$O = O = O = O = O = O = O = O = O = O =$$
More recently, another study was carried out on the thermal decomposition of homopolymers of ethyl methacrylate, *n*-butyl methacrylate, and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate as well... | {
"Header 1": "*9.8.2 Thermal Degradation of Polyolefins and of Polymers from Conjugated Dienes*",
"token_count": 2028,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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An intramolecular initiation process that explains constant rate of dehydrochlorination was also proposed [[496\]](#page-700-0):
$$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$$
It was pointed out that poly(vinyl chloride) is, in a sense, its own worst enemy, in that all the structural defects that are know... | {
"Header 1": "*9.8.2 Thermal Degradation of Polyolefins and of Polymers from Conjugated Dienes*",
"token_count": 1335,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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The thermal decomposition of step-growth polymers cannot take place by a chain reaction like that of chain-growth polymers. As a result, these materials degrade in a random fashion, rupturing at the weakest bonds first.
#### *9.9.1 Thermal Degradation of Polyoxides*
*Polyoxymethylene* depolymerizes into formaldehyd... | {
"Header 1": "9.9 Thermal Degradation of Common Step-Growth Polymers",
"token_count": 1347,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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The thermal degradation of polyamides starts with free-radical cleavage of nitrogen-carbon bonds [520]. Degradation of *nylon* 6 can be illustrated as follows:
$$\begin{array}{c|ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$$
When nylon 6 is heated for 100 h at 305°C, half of the nitrogen escapes from the polymer and a small... | {
"Header 1": "9.9.3 Thermal Degradation of Polyamides",
"token_count": 1128,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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The technique mentioned in the previous section of pyrolysis and radiochemical gas chromatography was also applied in a study to thermal degradation of *aromatic polyimides* [\[512](#page-700-0)]. Aromatic polyimides are more stable thermally than previously discussed polymers and require higher temperature for decompo... | {
"Header 1": "*9.9.5 Thermal Degradation of Polyimides, Polyoxidiazoles, and Polyquinoxalines*",
"token_count": 1724,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
} |
The thermal *degradation of polyoxidiazoles* was shown to proceed mainly through the heterocyclic rings that are apparently the weak spots [\[514](#page-700-0), [515\]](#page-700-0):
$$O_2 + CO_2 + NC$$
$O_2 + H_2N$
$O_3 + H_2N$
$O_4 + H_2N$
$O_5 + H_2N$
$O_6 + H_2N$
$O_7 + H_2N$
$O_8 + H_2N$
$O_8 + H_2N$
$O_8 + H_... | {
"Header 1": "*9.9.5 Thermal Degradation of Polyimides, Polyoxidiazoles, and Polyquinoxalines*",
"token_count": 2035,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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The degradation of cellulose triacetate in vacuum was analyzed with the aid of chromatography, mass spectrometry, infra-red, and NMR spectroscopy [[517](#page-701-0)]. The mechanism of degradation was proposed by Scotney to consist primarily of deacetylation in the polymer chain and scission of the chain at the 1,4 gly... | {
"Header 1": "*9.9.8 Thermal Degradation of Cellulosic Materials*",
"token_count": 718,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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Polymers that lack double bonds, like polyethylene, can be considered high molecular weight paraffin. They are slow to oxidize in the absence of UV light, much like the low molecular weight hydrocarbons. On the other hand, polymeric materials with double bonds oxidize rapidly. Nevertheless, polymers like polyethylene m... | {
"Header 1": "*9.9.11 Oxidation of Chain-Growth Polymers*",
"token_count": 845,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
} |
Oxidation of step-growth polymers follows the paths that are similar to oxidation reactions of organic molecules. Thus, oxidation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) was shown to proceed as follows [\[529](#page-701-0)]:
Path1
$$\begin{array}{cccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$$
Path2
$$\begin{array}{cccccccccccc... | {
"Header 1": "*9.9.12 Oxidation of Step-Growth Polymers*",
"token_count": 1552,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
} |
The photolysis of the carbonyl derivatives is as follows [541]:
$$CH_2 \bullet$$
$CH_2 \bullet$ $CH_2 \bullet$ $CH_2 \bullet$ $CH_2 \bullet$ $CH_2 \bullet$ $CH_2 \bullet$ $CH_2 \bullet$ $CH_2 \bullet$ $CH_2 \bullet$ $CH_2 \bullet$ $CH_2 \bullet$ $CH_2 \bullet$ $CH_2 \bullet$ $CH_2 \bullet$ ... | {
"Header 1": "*9.9.12 Oxidation of Step-Growth Polymers*",
"token_count": 2016,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
} |
There are also traces of styrene, *p*-methylstyrene, and toluene [[101\]](#page-693-0). The gas evolution is accompanied by cross-linking. The start of the process is pictured as follows [\[547](#page-701-0)]:
$$\begin{array}{c|ccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccccc$$
The products react to further yield hydrogen, cros... | {
"Header 1": "*9.9.12 Oxidation of Step-Growth Polymers*",
"token_count": 2040,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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When poly(vinyl chloride) films are irradiated in the presence of benzophenone, the initiation is a result of hydrogen abstraction from the polymer by the excited triplet of the aromatic ketone [\[555](#page-701-0)]: This is followed by degradation that takes place by a chain mechanism:
$$\begin{array}{c} & & \\ & ... | {
"Header 1": "*9.9.12 Oxidation of Step-Growth Polymers*",
"token_count": 2026,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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Electronically excited singlet oxygen molecules form as a result [[564\]](#page-701-0).
$$>$$
C $= O^3(n \to \pi^*) + O_2(^3\Sigma_g{}^-) \to C = O(S_0) + ^1O_2$
The Norrish Type II reaction then takes place with a cleavage of carbon to carbon bonds, formation of olefins and, subsequently, formation of hydroperoxi... | {
"Header 1": "*9.9.12 Oxidation of Step-Growth Polymers*",
"token_count": 2036,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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Discuss how paired group and neighboring group effects influence random irreversible reactions.
- 5. Discuss reactions that favor large molecules.
#### *Section 9.2*
- 1. Explain, showing chemical equations, how hydrochlorination of natural rubber is often accompanied by cyclization.
- 2. Discuss chlorination of na... | {
"Header 1": "*9.9.12 Oxidation of Step-Growth Polymers*",
"token_count": 2035,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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Discuss the thermal degradation of the epoxy resins
- 6. How do the polyimides and the polyquinoxalines degrade thermally?
- 7. Discuss the thermal degradation of polysulfones
- 8. How do cellulosic materials degrade thermally?
#### *Section 9.12*
1. How does hydrolytic degradation of polymers take place?
#### *S... | {
"Header 1": "*9.9.12 Oxidation of Step-Growth Polymers*",
"token_count": 1998,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
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Technol.,* 17, 759 (1944)
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"Header 1": "*9.9.12 Oxidation of Step-Growth Polymers*",
"token_count": 1995,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
} |
Francik, *J. Polymer Sci., Chem. Ed.,* 20, 2809 (1982)
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"Header 1": "*9.9.12 Oxidation of Step-Growth Polymers*",
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"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
} |
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"Header 1": "*9.9.12 Oxidation of Step-Growth Polymers*",
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} |
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"Header 1": "*9.9.12 Oxidation of Step-Growth Polymers*",
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"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
} |
Phys.,* 47, 704 (1950)
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"Header 1": "*9.9.12 Oxidation of Step-Growth Polymers*",
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"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
} |
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"Header 1": "*9.9.12 Oxidation of Step-Growth Polymers*",
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"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
} |
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"Header 1": "*9.9.12 Oxidation of Step-Growth Polymers*",
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"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
} |
Abstr.*, 58, 11509 (1963)
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"Header 1": "*9.9.12 Oxidation of Step-Growth Polymers*",
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"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
} |
Frunze, *Synthetic Hetero-Chain Polyamides*, S. Manson, Jerusalem. 1987
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"Header 1": "*9.9.12 Oxidation of Step-Growth Polymers*",
"token_count": 1989,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
} |
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"Header 1": "*9.9.12 Oxidation of Step-Growth Polymers*",
"token_count": 1963,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
} |
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"Header 1": "*9.9.12 Oxidation of Step-Growth Polymers*",
"token_count": 1979,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/2012_Book_PrinciplesOfPolymerChemistry.pdf"
} |
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